THE ANATO MIS T’s V A D E-M E C U M: CONTAINING THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN BO DU By ROBERT HOOPER, Of PEMBROKE COLLEGE , OXFORD, M. D. F. L. S. &"<■ Nifi utile eft quad facimus, ftulta eft gloria. FIRST AMERICAN, FROM THE THIRD LONDON, EDITION'S BOSTON: PRINTED BY DAVID CARLISLE, Tor THOMAS & ANDREWS, WEST & GREENLEAF, JOHN WEST, and CALEB BINGHAM, 1801-. J T is the intention of the writer, in the fol- lowing Compendium, to prefent to the itu- dent a ufeful anatomical confpectus, or pock- et manual of anatomy and phynology ; giv- ing a lhort but accurate defcription of the dif- ferent parts of the human body and their functions ; with a gloffary, or explanation of the principal terms ufed in that fcience. The utility of fuch a performance will be generally acknowledged, efpecially when it is confidered that there is no fuch work written upon a fimilar plan. The motive that induced the author to form and collect together, in one fmall pocket vol- ume, this elementary production, was his hav- ing himfelf experienced the want of fuch an affiftant when applying to that branch of phi- lofophy. He, therefore, folicits permiffion to recommend it to ftudents, not as a work wherein any thing new is to be met with, but merely as their occafional companion in the profecution of their ftudies. St. Marylebone Infirmary, September 23, 1800. ( 5 ) CONTENTS. -Introduction Anatomy, Divifion of Osteology - Table of the Bones Bones of the Cranium Face - - - Comities of the Face Bones of the Trunk Cbefi — ■ ■ Loins Pelvis - upper Extremity — " lower Extremity Periosteum Cartillages Osteogeny Connexion of Bones Syndesmology * Myology Mufcles of the Cranium —————— Eyelids - — Eyeball „ Nofe and Mouth — — external Ear ■ ■■■ — — internal Ear lower Jaw Mufcles about the Neck — — Fauces Pharynx of the Abdomen " ■ Male Organs — Anus ' Female Organs 66 . 7 a. Mu fU Thorax upper Extremity ' of the Os Humeri - on the Fore-arm - Hand - of the lower Extremity - on the Thigh A a Page 3 9 a. it *3 a6 3 * 33 37 38 ib. 40 44 47 ib. 48 JO ja 38 60 /£. 61 a. (>3 64 63 78 O 70 74 76 73 74 75 77 83 85 86 89 90 93 C 6 ) Mufcles on the Leg - - Foot Physiology and Phenomena of muscular Mo- tion Bursalogy Angiology Arteries Action of Arteries Veins - - Anion of Veins - Abforbents Fhyfology of Abforption - « Sanguif.cation ^Neurology Nerves of the Brain ■■ fpinal Marrow Great intercofial Nerves Fhyfology of the Functions of the nervous Syfem Smelling Seeing Hearing ‘Tailing »• Touching Adenology Glands of the Shin - Cranium Neck . ■ ■ - Thora-.t « ... — Abdomen — Male Organs, — Female Organs Fhyfiology of Secretion Splanchnology Common Integuments Fhyfiology of Pcrfpiration y fccra of the Head Dura Mater * ' Membrana arachnoidea Fia Mater Brain _ Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Anion of the Cerebrum, Cerebellum , Medulla oblongata , and Medulla fpinalis Bye Bar « ' ifc : . 5 Page 94 96 98 ' 100 107 ib. 117 Il8 123 124 128 129 ib* 130 136 140 141 142 ib. 143 144 ib. 145 146 ib . 148 149 ib. 150 1 si 15 * *J 3 154 155 156 157 ib. 158 ib. IS 9 ib. ib. 160 161 163 164 MotttA ( 7 > Mouth Pbyfiology of Mafication ' Tongue Fauces Pharynx Oefopbagus ~ “ Pbyfiology of Deglutition Larynx - Pbyfiology of the Voice Speech Ventriloquifm Trachea Breafs Pleura Diaphragm Lungs Phyfology of Refpiration Pericardium Heart Circulation of the Blood - Of the Abdomen and its Vifcera Peritoneum Omentum ~ — Stomach Digefion, or- Cbymif cation Intefines - Chylif cation - Expulfisn of the Faces Mefentery Liver Gall-bladder Spleen Pancreas LaHeals Kidneys Excretion of the Urine Supra-renal Capfule - Of the Pelvis Urinary Bladder Male Organs of Generation Penis ‘Teficles Secretion and Excretion of the Semen Vefcula feminales Female Organs of Generation Vagina Uterus Phyfology of Menfruation P-ACE 164 165 ib. l 66 ib- ihj ib. 168 169 ib. ib. ib. 170 171 ib. 17 a *73 i74 ib. i 77 179 ib. lb. 180 181 .18 a 184 ib. il. 185 186 ib • 187 ib. 188 ib. 189 ib, ib. 190 ib. 191 19Z 193 J94 ib. ib. *9S . Pbyfiology Plyjiotogy of Conception ■- . Of the gravid Uterus - Placenta - „ Funiculus umbilicalis Membranous Ovum of the Fatus Liquor Amnii - Fatus . Peculiarities in the arterial and venal Syfcm of the Fatus - i _ Circulation of tie Flood. in tbe Fatus Hvgrology The Blood ~ _ The Lymph The Vapour of the Sheaths of tBi Nerves. Fluids in the Cavity of the Cranium — — — — Nofrils — Mouth _ Fauces Fyes Neck Ears Thorax Er.eafs ■ Abdomen Farts of Generation in Men - — Women Articulations Bones A Glossary of the comyson Integuments. Page 196 *9r 4 198 si. ib. 199 ib. 200 ib. 20 1 202 ib. ft. 203 ib. ib. ib. 205 ib. 206 ib. 20 7 20 3 209 210 ib. ib. 2X3, ANATOMY ANATOMY, A SCIENCE which explains the ftm&ure and ufe of every part of the human body. The examination of brute animals, fillies, reptiles, plants, polypi, &c, in order to illus- trate more clearly, or to demonftrate by anal- ogy the ftru&ure and fun&ions of man, is called Comparative Anatomy. Anatomy is divided into nine parts — namely. Ofleology, r Syndefmology, < w s >< CO SPECIES. r Synchcndrofis, when a bone is united with another by means of an intervening cartilage ; as the vertebras and bones of the pubi3. ' Syjfarcofis, when a bone is connected with another by means of an intervening mufcle ; as the os hyoides with the (tern urn. Syneurojis , when a bone is united to another by J an intervening membrane ; as the bones of the head of the foetus. Syndefmojis , when a bone is connected to anoth- er by means of an intervening ligament ; as the radius with the ulna, &c. Synofto/is, when two bones, originally fepa- i rj tted, are united to one another by bony mat- Iter. t , SYNDESMOLOGY, OK, DOCTRINE OF THE LIGAMENTS. Ligaments are elaftic and ftrong mem- branes connecting the extremities of the move- able bones. Division, into capfular , which furround joints like a bag, and connecting liga- ments. Use. The capfular ligaments con- nect the extremities of the moveable bones, and prevent the efflux of fynovia ; the exter- nal and internal connecting ligaments fereng .li- en the extremities of the moveable bones. Ligament? Ligaments of the lower j at*. The condyles of the lower jaw are connected with the articular fmufes of the temporal bone by two ligaments, the capfular and lateral ligament. Ligaments of the occipital bone, AND VERTEBRAE OF THE NECK. The CGU- dyles of the occipital bone are united with the articular depreffions of the firfb vertebra by the capfular, broad, anterior, and pofterior ligaments, the ligaments of the odontoid prcc- efs, and Hgamentum nuchae.. Ligaments of the vertebras. The vertebrae are connected together by means of their bodies and oblique proceffes. The bod- ies by a foft cartilaginous fub fiance, and the proceffes by ligaments, viz. the tranfverfe lig- ament of the firft vertebrae ; the anterior and pofterior common ; the interfpinous ; the intertranfverfe ; the intervertebral ligaments - the capfular ligaments of the oblique proeeff- es ; and the ligaments of the laft vertebrae cf the loins with the os facrum,. Ligaments of the ribs, me pofterjor extremity of the ribs is united with the verte- brae ; the anterior with the fternum. The ligaments of the pofterior extremity are. the capfular ligaments of the greater and lexer heads ; the internal and external ligament.- cf the neck of the ribs ; and a ligament peculiar to the laft rib. The ligaments of the anteri- or extremity are, the capfular ligaments of t 54 ) the • cartilages of the true ribs, and the liga- ments of the ribs inter fe . Ligaments of the sternum. The lig- aments connefting the three portions of the fternum to the ribs are, the membrana propria of the fternum ; and the ligaments of the en- fftbrm cartilage. Ligaments of the pelvis. The liga- ments which conneft the offa innominata with the os facrum are, three ligamenta ileo-facra y two facro-ifchiatic ligaments ; two tranfverfe ligaments of the pelvis ; the ligamentum ob- turans of the foramen ovale, and the ligamen- tum Poupartii, or inguinale. Ligaments of the os coccygis. The bans of the os coccygis is connected to the a- pex of the os facrum, by the capfular and lon- gitudinal ligaments. Ligaments of the clavicle. The an- terior extremity is connefted with the fternum and ftrft rib ; and the poftSrior extremity with the acromion of the fcapula, by the interclav- ieulaig the capfular ligament, the ligamentum rhomboideurn, and in the pofterior extremity,, the canfular ligament. Ligaments bF the scapula. The prop- er ligaments which conn eft the fcapula with the pofterior extremity of the clavicle are the conoid and trapezoid ligaments. Ligaments C 55 T Ligaments g? the humerus. The head of the humerus is connected with the glenoid cavity of the fcapula by the capfular ligament* Ligaments of the articulation of the cubit. The elbow joint is formed by the inferior extremity of the humerus, and fu» perior extremities of the ulna and radius,. The ligaments connecting thefe bones are, the capfular, the brachio-cubital, and the brachio- radial ligaments. Ligaments of the radius. The radius is affixed to the humerus, cubit, and carpus 3 by peculiar ligaments, namely, the fuperior, inferior, oblique, and interofleous ligaments. Ligaments of the carpus. The liga- ments which conneCt the eight bones of the wrilt together, and with the fore-arm and metacarpus, are, the capfular ligament of the carpus ; the fir ft and fecond tranfverfe liga- ment ; the oblique ligament ; and the capfular ligament proper to the bones of the carpus. Ligaments of the metacarpus. The bones of the metacarpus are in part connect- ed with the fecond row of bones of the car- pus, and in part together, by the articular and interofleous ligaments. Ligaments of the fingers. The fin- gers and phalanges are connected together, and with the metacarpus ; and the thumb with the carpus, by the lateral ligaments of the fingers, and ligament of the thumb with the os trapezium of the carpus, Ligaments Ligaments which keep the tendons OF THE MUSCLES OF THE HAND IN THEIR proper place. The ligaments which keep the tendons of the mufcles of the hand in their place, are fituated partly in the palm, and partly on the back of the hand. In the back of the hand are, the external tranfverfe liga- ment of the carpus, the vaginal, and the tranf- verfe ligaments of the extenfor tendons. In the palm of the hand are, the internal tranf- verfe ligament of the carpus, the vaginal or crucial ligaments of the flexor tendons of the phalanges, and the acceffory ligaments of the flexor tendons.. Ligaments of the articulation of the femur. The head of the os femoris is ftrongly annexed to the acetabulum of the os innominatum, by two very (trong ligaments, the capfular ligament, and ligamentum teres, or reftraining ligament.. Ligaments of the articulation of the knee. The knee joint is formed by the condyles of the os femoris, head of the tibia and the patella. The ligaments are the cap- fiilar, the polferior, the external and internal lateral ligaments, the crucial and the alar liga- ments, the ligaments of the femilunar cartilag- es, and ligaments of the patella. Ligaments of the fibula. The fibula is connected with the tibia by means of the capfular ligament qf the fuperior extremity. ( 57 3 the interoffeous ligament, and the ligaments or the inferior extremity. Ligaments of the articulation of the tarsus. The inferior extremity of the tibia and fibula forms the cavity into which the astragalus of the tarfus is received. This articulation is effected by the anterior, middle, and pofterior ligament of the fibula, the liga- mentum tibiae deltoides, the capfular ligament, and the ligaments proper to the bones of the tarfus. Ligaments of the metatarsus. The bones of the metatarfus are connected in part together, and in part with the tarfus, by means of the capfular ligament, the articular liga- ments, the tranfverfe ligaments in the back and foie of the foot, and the interoifeous liga- ments of the metatarfus. Ligaments of the toes. The uhalan- ges of the toes are unned partly together, and partly with the metatarfus, by the capfular and lateral ligaments. Ligaments which retain the ten- dons of the muscles of the foot in their proper place. Thefe ligaments are found partly in the back and partly in the foie of the foot. They are the vaginal ligament of the tibia, the tranfverfe or crucial ligaments of the tarfus, the ligaments of the tendons of the peronei mufcles, the lacinated ligament, the vaginal ligament of the extenfcr mufcle ( 58 ) tmd flexor pollicis, the vaginal ligaments of the flexor tendons, the acceflory ligaments of the flexor tendons, and the tranfverfe liga- ments of the extenfor tendons. MYOLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE MUSCLES.- A muscle is a fibrous body. Division, into head, belly, and tail. Adhesion, the head and rtail are firmly attached to the bones ; the place of attachment of the former is called its origin ; it is ufually that part nearefl: the trunk of the body : the latter is termed the infertion , which is more remote from the trunk of the body, and is implanted into the part to be moved. The body adheres laxly to other parts, by means of the cellular membrane, in order that it may fvvell when the rnufcle acts. Substance, flefhy in the belly, ten- dinous in the extremities. The former is com- peted of flefhy fibres, which are irritable and fenfible ; the latter of white fibres, which are neither fenfible nor irritable. When the ten- dinous extremity of a rnufcle is rounded, it is called a tendon ; when broad and expanded, aponeurqfis , and fometimes fafeia. Mufcles are varioufly named, according to the arrangement of their fibres, or from their action ; or from their origin and infertion. \ or from their figure * or Or fituation : thus when the fibres go to the fame direction, it is faid to be a fimple mufcle \ when they are in rays, a radiated mufcle ° 7 when arranged like the plume of a feather, a penniform mufcle ; and when two penniform mufcles are contiguous,. a co?npound penniform. Mufcles fometimes furround certain cavities of the body, forming a thin lamina, as in the •inteftinal canal, bladder, &c. When they are fituated around any opening, fo as to Ihut or open it, they are termed fphinders . There are many mufcles named from their aflion, as the flexors, extenfors, deprelfors, levators, corrugatores fupercilii, See. The mufcles which receive names from their origin and infertion are very numerous ; as the flerno-cleido-maffcoideus, ftylo-hyoideus, ftyfo-glolfus, &c. The deltoid, peftineus, pyramidalis, &c. are named from their figure, and the'pedloralis, lingualis, temporalis, ptery- goideus, &c. from their fituation. Mufcles that concur in producing the fame aflion, are called congeneres ; but thofe that a£t con- trary to each other antagonijta. Vessels. Arteries, veins, and abforbents, abound in the fielhy part ; but very few indeed in the ten- dinous. Nerves of mufcles are alfo numer- ous in the flefliy parts, and wanting in the tendinous. Use. Mufcles are the organs of motion,- MUSCLES MUSCLES OF THE INTEGUMENTS OF THE CRANIUM. ( 6'o ) c nj ^ £ QJ ,±4 . • CJ S\- 3 t 3 O r£l ^ > -Q Ph O o Eh hh +J o ^ § U j-< o rQ « .5 » c o £ i=j •*■* *& a‘S pH O r-P • Uh •'O' o c3 T3 2 ^ Ph n! Ph. — O > ■ ,-Q C P < c/2 pH O 3 % 3 g> . u hO TS mJ . g o •R y <1 O - e •<, cc o • *>»' to O |d Ki V. O I Q fuperiork, orbit, near the optic tarfus of the upper eye- railing the upper eye- foramen. , lid. lid. | The. reader will be pleafed to obferve, that although all the mufcles (a few only excepted, which are marked tht's*) are in pair?, mention is made here only of the mufcles of one fide. ( 61 ) . A • C ? o -d ^ 'p re a ^ h fe « jj ^ p 5 fc *~ I ft ■w « Pi ° '2 f jj'g | 6 * -5 c o re ^ S g ex, & s -2 T3 .V 5=1 O o o o o ■hFHB ■H £ C3 *§ c§ Ct3 eg § ^) ij ^ ^ C5 n © 5-i H3 a re 04 S4 <■— aj o a a O 4 a jj 4J +* 4 O <44 H ° <4-. O -a h Jb £ a* "o b t Q3 ^ U '0 2 g a, a •— j J-» <5 .2 Ctf Sh P W P* (L> £ rP ^ . 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The fup. max. bone, The angle of the To raife and move near the os jugale ; and lower jaw upwards to the jaw a little for- ( 66 ) . £ bJO i G -a >-< d aJ .2- * <& .4d t-4H £ 4-1 d CJ £ G v' G3 r-Q id r* d G J-. 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O 3* t 2 T fa-3 C S3 '£ fa U O R fa fa a *-0 CV“ u rC H : ^ ' o G ,co <4-1 O *bb-- "3 tes fU ' a o - 2 ^ P*v3 <2 *3- r O W O • rj a C O o co Jj ^12 fa b S *1 2 “ ' xi C « ^ > t: <-2 £ tj __ C rj a *-£ rs O ^ K « „• n j fa fa fa o ^ pi *-; > -fa &, . H i_. S~ fa J bz GO o „ "O o> -C 1 c-B r 3 -p 5 1 1 & 4 ” j~ ' . §«- 0 ft fa c « o fa fa'H^ H q u v W U M dJ O O fa P P '*■' fa y ~fa ft > 5? 1 C3 •gs Cj 5*» o § vertebras* . -vical vertebra. C 82 ) & «j ua £ 4 -J Cw Tu > c .+2 -M’ J- j_, CD tt 4S .a r.u iT 2 TS ^ 1 ^ J- «J3 0 ,^3 u -a H 05 s-. a fi a •£ £ SdM a a o cd « — 1 h u S o t > G *-T-H co rj gfea S ^ O 0.-2 Co ta ;a > cu . O ! o %> ’'O' o nd 1 c I « 55 s fat .4 % •»H ?5 'So % •a. a te cu O g\ C S3, ) & rt *5 $3 _ P « a § W o 4-» § ® o H ? 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Two heads, one from The tuberofity at To bend the fore? the coracoid procefs, the upper end of the ra- arm, which it does with the other, called the dius, at its fore part, great ftrength, and to : long head,' from the and a little below its aflilt the fupinators. ( 85 ) bO _G » ju» "»3 3 3 o> hO .S tg 1 ts « G QJ X ra jj OJ G y w ,-C +-> -d _ r-; p-( jo r3 *■ fl ** £ 04 t , , 04 ~ O u ^ Si S <0 G 0^ (D c5 25 . GG c m b ^4 2 <2 ra £ rt G _ > G ^ E -1 H3 *3 ft* H ct 1 6 . a 3 Qj MUSCLES’ MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE FORE-ARM, ( 86 ) *3 rc O CD ud sd ^ -id c P-« ^ P Ad fc3 Ctf O Md nd P O H bO bO .B ^3 c 3 r 5 p Ad 5-H '“P , , r-t « t3 cy ^ bo os ^ «-° s W) a ° A „h :h -S A, <£ TP cS •A ^ X CD cd _p ,p H nd P o Ad ”3 jd r " g-< oj b bO 5 s rt c_p O Ad CD Ad ■SH be ra _l P t^H <-P O ! cj ; ^3 ^ ! 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Extenfor fecundi inter- The back of the ulna A The third and laft Ifc ftretch the thumb wdii, and interoffeous liga- bone of the thumb. obliquely backwards. ( 88 3 G h « Uh ■T y O O iJ 3 .y 3 o ^ OH co ^ ^ § h g S o ^ . s ,4 . s S Vi ^3 0 e g .■§ ^ *-s ?s -SP h ^0 « c Q) *13 -c^ ' g p 5 *3 Cj kj a Is fe, ~l § Pronator radii quad- The inner and lower The radius oppofite T o roll the radius in» ratus. part of the ulna. to its origin. ' wards. ( 89 ) ^ « 3 H, ,3 "3 H Pm W >— I ffi O n w <1 Z ►— i CO co W Z a CO z S 43 cw O ° ^•3 Eh |- g H a - - 'o i; . bp h3 rt a «J 43 t 3 -m £ 0 ,ci ai '-i-H /-H QJ -H C; o i-Q fcS o P rTJ S G G o A eg ’ , 03 CJ rs the :iga- Lum» nO a i re g 3 43 43 43 bJO 43 -o 3 IS cd O Eh M3 O | 6 H -? o | H S>iM t-G 1 rG £ -M >o O P< 8 -5 ^•5 n h y i4-, G ZT 4-J G aj £ q H T3 bO * H a Name. Arlfes from Inferted into Vfe. AbduHormn'mi digitt The annular liga- The lint bone of the To draw the little mntius. rnent and os pififorme. 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The external condyle The upper and inner To affift in bending' -M 1 »’■ G C 42 «J o 42 cj G 4-» X cj o 42 o 42 -G r« CJ CJ -M *Tj 4-» T3 .s M rS G cj 4-» GJ G CJ ■F X CJ o fcS c2 * CJ T) G CJ r-Q CJ o s O F o F H- ^ b.O O H ' o H 'p .S & _-M « gj «-3i M.y 4 u C5 CJ CJ g ? ’cj cj d Gh cj r* ,D 33 =3 G 4 ■o 3 CJ CO ^M u d CCS CO ’ (J Jd +-» ^ W CN w^> ■ fV ja ta S o o a S CJ , CJ J-J <>M 3 O CO. y F-S S SM rf +J bJD Ph er C5 Co V. C9 - % i 03 E 'O & G O }_j (LI O •*-J o QJ OJ Ph CJ Pb S u +-» OJ *"* -a o £ c -d 18 u ^ . S 3 %. 3 s< a t; bo u Oh 2 Z a a & to ZJ o H cd • G £ * -C H > o V-i . S - S C o rQ 5 S o >> r-Q bO ' - 3 J -G O • ' — > cbJ : <£ o 'S : U-, O rC 8 cu £ ;s u , o 5 o <*• ^ d >> c£j ^ ^ r n ZJ b ° bOT? '-C <3J o 4-> ’> -5 *g O .- h -c rG > ^ 3 !"u >~> 1 1 .2 rt fe* ^ 4 b ^ H 2* fc} a i- i- C> •o-. ~ -^) -.Fkxor Name. Anfes from Inserted into Xfe. Flexor longus polllcis A little below the The la ft bone of the To bend the great pedis* head of the fibula. great toe. toe. ( 96 ) E-t O o .pH w K •H X O Q w Eh < ft Eh HH CO !* ft ft ft X u 05 w ft O 05 ft 43 T) C .O Eh -8 - ri X 4J ft! O -ft i ’■a T3 G o ■ r d ^ c rS Cft 1 ft u fcJO o X*t =3 G cd cd C *"cd ft-t ft W Hd ^ c , O Oh U O ft i> o ft 8 , * ,b-> , • £ft b J> o -d § Tl uft G eg P, C -M Oh O Cd CL, H ft O . Uh o s, £ CO C 'u s fc g Uh 3 o . 1=1 bO C ^ O co •nd G G U) .IH -ft * co 'Cft Ph cd fJQ co- S . ^ bH ja^iS s '§ & 3 r H B S .<5 ? p <5 v V - 5^ ^ Q> V v 5 fe. ■‘S s R f***. cu { 97 ) to .£3 3 ~ G o .2 O c — i «ci H3 -g '£h ra cS w -fj •f= •*•' • is 5 ^ to ^ ~ *3 s« s p '-i-l 4 -J O u tJ .. o £ Eh W) U> o rj *C Q> R OO U QJ cc ■*-> o "o 5 bog § « t -H , r* G co £ "p G h nj £ £h S a i C rH ;s & 1 ^ cH * >: *^s k *§ ■*« i ,4 ^3 £ 1 K 1 5$ >3 . ^ * ^ u • •s: 'S . Jo *§ *§ ■»«t r§ c§ ■50 o -1, 1 % ^ . , «-5 t§ . ^ *5 >§:& iS k * b ^ • • N k fHYSJOLOGf C 9§ ) PHYSIOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF MUSCU- LAR MOTION. Miifcular motions are of three kinds ♦ namely, voluntary, involuntary, and mixed. The voluntary motions of mufcles are filch as proceed from an immediate exertion of the active powers of the will : thus the mind directs the arm to be raifed or depreffed, the knee to be bent,' tile tongue to move, ,&c. The involuntary motions of mufcles are thofe which are performed by organs^ feem- ingly of their own accord, without any atten- tion of the mind or confcioufnefs of its aCtive power ; as the contraction and dilatation of the heart, arteries, veins, abforbents, ftomach, snteflines, 8zc. The mixed motions are thofe which are In part under the control of the will, but which ordinarily a £t without our being confcious of their adting ; as is perceiv- ed in the mufcles of refpiration, the inter- .coftals, the abdominal mufcles, and the -'(liaphragm. When a mufcle a£ts, it becomes Ihorter and thicker ; both its origin and infertion are drawn towards its middle. The fphincter mufcles are always in action ; and fo likewife are antagonift mufcles, even when they feem at reft. When two antagonift mufcles move with equal force, the part which they are de- iigned to move remains at reft ; but if one of the antagonift mufcles remains at reft, while ( 99 ) the other acts, the part is moved towards tlie centre of motion. All the mufcles of living animals are con- ftantly endeavouring to fhorten themfelves. When a mufcle is divided, it contracts. If a mufcle be ftretched to a certain extent, it con- tracts, and endeavours to acquire its former dimenfions, as foon as the ftretchtng caufe is removed : this takes place in the dead body ; in -mufcles cut out of the body, and alfo in parts not mufcular, and is called by the immortal Haller vis mortua , and by fome -vis ehjiica. It is greater in living than in dead bodies, ; and is called the tone of the mufcles. When a mufcle is wounded, touched, or otherwife irritated, it contracts independent of the will ; this power is called irritability, and by Haller vis injita ; it is a property pe- culiar to and inherent in the mufcles. The parts of our body which poffefs this property are called irritable, as the heart, arteries, muf- eles, &c. to diftinguifh them from thofe parts which have no mufcular fibres. With regard to the degree of this property peculiar to vari- ous parts, the heart is the moil irritable, then the ftomach and inteftines ; the diaphragm, the arteries, veins, abforbents, and at length the various mufcles follow ; but the degree of irritability depends upon the age, fex, temper ament, mode of living, climate, ft ate of health idipfyncrafy, and likewife upon the nature c the ftimulus, Whet ( ICO ) When a mufcle is Simulated, either through the medium of the will or any foreign body, it contracts, and its contraction is greater or lefs in proportion as the ftimulus applied is greater or lefs. The contraction of mufcies is different according to the purpofe to be ferved by their contraction : thus, the heart contracts with a jerk - 7 the urinary bladder, flowly and uniformly ; puncture a mufcle, and its fibres vibrate ; and the abdominal mufcies aCt flowly in expelling the contents of the rec- tum. Relaxation generally fucceeds the con- traction of mufcies, and alternates with it. The use of this property is very confider- able ; for upon it depends all mufcular mo- tion, and the function of every vifcus, except that of the nerves* BURSALOCY, DOCTRINE OF THE BURSA! MUCOSAL Burs.® mucofse are mucous bags, compof- ed of a proper membrane, containing a kind of mufcous fat, formed by the exhaling arte- ries of their internal furface. They are of different sizes and firmness, and are con- nected here and thereby cellular membrane, with the capfular ligaments of cavities, ten- dons, bones, or ligaments. Their interna! furfacs ( 101 ) furface is highly vafcular, fmooth, and finning. Situation. Various. Division, into vagi- nal and vehicular. Use. To lubricate the mufcles and tendons, which are very frequent- ly in motion. BURSJE MUCOSiE OF THE HEAD. i. A burfa of the Juferibr oblique mufcle of the eye fituated behind its trochlea in the or- bit. 2. The burfa. of the digq/lricus , fituated in the internal furface. of its tendon. 3. A burfa of the circumf exits , or. tenfor palati, fitu- ^ ated between the hooklike procefs. of the fphee- lioid bone and the tendon of that mufcle. 4. A burfa of the Jlerno hyoideus tnufcle, fituated between the os hyoideus and. larynx,. EURSFE MUCOSAS, SITUATED ABOUT THE SHOULDER. JOINT. x. The external' acromial, fituated under the acromion, between the coracoid procefs, del- toid mufcle, and capfular ligament. 2. The internal acromial , fituated. above the tendon of the infra-fpinatus and teres major : it often communicates with the former. 3. The cora- coid burfa , fituated near, the root of the cora- coid procefs : it is fometimes double, and fometimes triple. 4. The clavicular burfa , found where the clavicle touches the coracoid procefs. 5. The fab cl avian burfa , between the tendon of the fubclavicularis mufcle and the firft rib. 6 . The coraco-brachial , placed between the common origin of this mufcle and, 1 2 the.' ( 102 > the biceps and the capfular ligament. 7. The biirfa of the pedoralis major, fituated under the head of the humerus, between the internal furface of the tendon of that mufcle and an- other burfa placed on the long head of the biceps. 8. An external burfa of the teres ma- jor , under the head of the os humeri, between, it and the tendon of the teres major. 9. An internal burfa of the teres major , found within the mufcle where the fibres of its tendon di- verge. 10. A burfa of the latif/hnus dorf, be- tween the tendon of this mufcle and the os humeri. 11. The humero-bicipital burfa, in the vagina of the tendon of the biceps. There are other burfse mucofce about the humerus, but their fituation is uncertain. BURS-ffi MUCOSjE, situated near the EL- BOW JOINT. i . The radio-bicipital, fituated between the tendon of the biceps, brachialis, and anterior tubercle of the radius. 2. The cubito-radial ,, between the tendon of the biceps, fupinator brevis, and the ligament common to the radi- us and ulna. 3. The anconeal burfa, between the olecranon and tendon of the anconeus mufcle. 4. The capitulo-radinl burfa , be- tween the tendon common to the extender car- pi radiai'is brevis, and extenfor communis digitormn and round head of the radius. There are other burfas, but as their fituation varies, they are omitted. BURSAE C 3 BURSTS OF THE INFERIOR. PART OP THS FORE-ARM AND HAND. On the Infids of the Wrift and Hand . 1. Avery large burfa, for the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus. 2. Four fort burfar on the fore part of the tendons^ of the flexor fublimis. 3. A large burfa behind the tendon of the -flexor pollicis longus, between it and the fore part of the radius, capfular ligament of the wrift, and os trapezium. 4. A large burfa behind the tendons of the flexor digito- rum profundus and on the fore part of the end of the radius, and fore part of the capfu- lar ligament of the wrm. In feme fubjecls it communicates with the former, e. An oblong burfa , between the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis and os trapezium. 6 . A very fmall burfa between the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris and os pififorme.. On the back Part of the Wrift and Hand. j 7. A burfa between the tendon of the abduc- tor pollicis longus and the radius. 8. A large burfa between the two extenfores carpi radi- ales. 9. Another below it, common to the extenfores carpi radiales. 10. A burfa, at the infertion of the tendon of the extenl’or carpi radialis. 1 1. An oblong burfa , for the tendon of the extenfor pollicis longus, and which com- mumcateS' ( IQ4 )' municates with 9. 12 .A burfa for the ten- don of the extenfor poUieis loiigus, between it and the metacarpal bone of the thumb. 13. A burfa between the tendons of the extenfor of the fore, middle, and ring fingers. 14 .A burf. for the extenfors of the little finger. 15. A burfa between the tendon of the exten- for carpi ulnaris and ligament of the wrifL There are alfo burfae mu cofoe between the mufculi lumbrieales and interoffei.- SUR.S2E SITUATED- ME/CR THE HIP JOINT. On the fore Part of the Joint. 1. The ileo-puberal , fituated between the iliacus internes, pfoas magnus, and the capfu- lar ligament of the head of the femur. 42. The pectineal, between the tendon of the pectineus and the thigh-bone.- 3. A J 'mall burfa of the glutens medius mufcle, fituated between it and the great trochanter, before the,. infertion of the pyriformis.. 4. A burfa of the gluteus minimus mufcle between its., tendon and the great trochanter.. 5. The gluteo-fafcial, be- tween the gluteus.- maximus and vaflus ex- tern us.. On the pojlerior Part of the IPip Joint. 6. The iubcro-fchlatic burfa, fituated between the obturator interims mufcle, the poflerior fpine of theifchium, and its tuberofity. 7. The sbturatory burfa, which is obk>Pg 5 and found between. between the obturator internus and gemini mufcles and the capfular ligament. 8. A bur - . fa of the femi-membranofus , under its origin and the long head of the biceps femoris. 9. Tbs gluico-trochanteral burfa , fituated between the tendon of the pfoas mufcle and the root of the great trochanter. 10. Two gluteo femoral burfa , fituated between the tendon of the gluteus maximus and os femoris. 1 1 . A burfa of the quadratics femoris , fituated between it and the little trochanter. 12. The iliac burfa , fituated between the tendon of the iliacus in* ternus and the little trochanter. KURS2E MUCOS2E, SITUATED NEAR THf KNEE ^OINT. i. The fupra-genual , which adheres to the tendons of the vafcus and cruraiis and the fore part of the thigh bone. 2. The infra- genital burfa , fituated under the ligament of the patella, and often communicates with the above. 3. The anterior genual , placed be- tween the tendon of the fartorins gracilis and femitendinofus and internal and lateral liga- ment of the knee. 4. The poferior genual , which is fometimes double, and is fituated be- tween the tendons of the femi-membranofus, the internal head of the gaflrocnetnius, the capfular ligament, and internal condyle. 5. The popliteal , confpicuous between the ten- don of that mufcle, the external condyle of the femur, the femilunar cartilage, and exter- C 106 ) Dal condyle of the tibia. 6 . The burfa of the biceps cruris, between the external part of the tendon, the biceps cruris, and the external lateral ligament of the knee. 33URS.E MUCOS.35, SITUATED IN THE FOOT. On the Backy Side, and hind Part of the Foot. 1. A burfa of the tibialis anticus , between its tendon, the lower part of the tibia, and capfular ligament of the ankle. 2. A burfa between the tendon of the extenfor policis pedus longus, the tibia and capfular ligament of the ankle. 3. A burfa of the exte 7 ifor digit or um communis, between its tendons, the tibia and ligament of the ankle. 4. A large' burfa , common to the tendons of the peronei: mufcles. 5. A burfa of the peroneus brevis, proper to its tendon. 6 . The calcaneal burfa „ between the tendo Achillis and os calcis. In the Sole of the Foot* i. A burfa for the tendon - of the' peroneus longus . 2. A burfa common to the tendon of the flexor pollicis pedis longus, and the tendon of the flexor digitorum pedis communis lon- gus profundus. 3, A burfa of the tibialis pqflicus, between its tendon, the tibia, and aflragalus. 4. Five burfa for the flexor ten- dons , which begin a little above the firft joint of each toe, and extend to the root of the third phalanx or infertion of the tendons. ANGIOLOGY. ( *°7 ) ANGIOLOGY, , * OR DOCTRINE OF THE VESSELS. Vessels are long, membranous canals, which carry blood, lymph, or chyle. Divis- ion, into arteries, veins and abforbenfs. Situation. Except the epidermis, membrana arachnoidea, and nails, every part of the body has veffels, which injections demonftraie. OF ARTERIES. Arteries are elafcic membranous canals, which pulfate : they always become narrower as they proceed from the heart towards the extremities. Origin, from the ventricles of the heart ; namely, the pulmonary artery from the right, and the aorta from the left, ventricle : fo that there are only two arteries, of which the red; are branches. Termina- tion, in veins, exhaling veffels, or they anaf- tomofe with one another. Composed of three membranes, called coats ; an external one, a middle coat, which is mufcular, and an inner one, which is fmooth. Use, to convey blood from the heart to the different parts of the body, for nutrition ; prefervation of life ; generation of heat ; and the fecretion of dif- ferent fluids, 05 ( io8 ) OF THE AORTA. The aorta arifes from the left ventricle of the heart, forms an arch towards the dorfal vertebra;, then dcfcends through the opening of the diaphragm into the abdomen, in which it proceeds by the left fide of the fpine to the laff vertebra of the loins, where it divides into ' the two iliac arteries. In this courfe it gives oft', juft above its origin, two coronary arteries to the heart, and then forms an arch. The arch of the aorta, gives off three branches, which fupply the head, neck, and arms, with blood ; thefe are, I. Arteria innominata, which divides into tire right carotid and right fubclavian arteries. II. The left carotid. HI. The left subclavian. The carotid arteries, having emerged from the cheft, run up along the neck one on | each fide of the trachea, to the angle of the lower jaw, where they divide into external and internal. The external carotid gives off eight branches to the neck and face. 1. Arieria, T'hyroidea, which is very tortu- ous, fupplies the thyroid gland, and gives off i branches tc'feveral adjacent -mufcles. 2 . A Lingiutlis , which lies flat upon the fide of the tongue, and gives off the ramus /y- Adcus, dorfails lingua fublingualis , and rad:. a. A si. ' C I0 9 ) 3. A. Labialis, called alfo the externa! mait* ill ary, the angular , and facial artery : it gives off the palaiina inferior , the fubmentalis , and the coronary of the lips. 4. A. Pharyngea inferior ■, which fends a number of fmaji twigs about the fauces and bafis of the cranium. 5. A. Occipitalis , from which the pofterior temporal arifes. 6. A. Pofterior auris , which furnifhes the parts about the cartilages of the ear with blood, and tranfmits the arteria tympani and ftylo-maftoidea. 7. A. Maxillaris interna , which is extreme- ly tortuous, and gives off — the fpinous artery •to the dura mater— the lower maxillary artery , which is included in the lower jaw, and fup- plies the teeth and face— the pterygoid arteries, which nourifh the pterygoid mufcles— two deep temporal arteries , which lie wider than the tem- poral mufcle. The internal maxillary then, gives off a branch , which almoft immediately I divides into the alveolar and infra-orbital ; then an artery to the palate, the fuperior pa/a- I fine ; the upper pharyngeal , which plays about the fphsenoid fmus ; and, laftly, the nafal ar~ tcry , which is tranfmitted through the fphae- no-palatine foramen to the cavity of the nof- •trils. 8. A. Temporalis , which perforates the pa- rotid gland, and fends off the tranfverfalis fa- ciei, . which inofculates with the arteries of the K face 5 ( no ) face 5 and feveral branches which go to the ear, forehead, and about the temples. The internal carotid leaves the exter- nal at the angle of the jaw, and proceeds by the par vagum and intercoftal nerve to the ca- rotid canal in the petrous portion of the tem- poral bone, where it is lhaped like the letter f, and enters the cranium at the fide of the fella turcica, having given off two very fmall twigs to the pituitary gland, and 3d, 4th, and 5th pair of nerves ; and when it has reached the anterior clinoid procefs, it fends off — 1. Arteria Opthaimica , which is diftributed on the eye. 2. A. Anterior cerebri , which proceeds be- fore the fella turcica, unites with its fel- low, and forms the circle of Willis, from wdiich a branch proceeds to the third ventri- cle, feptum lucidum and the arteria corporis callofi. 3. A. Media cerebri , which runs between the anterior and middle lobes of the brain, gives off th & artery of the choroid pic""' is loft on the middle lobe of the brain 4. A. Communicant, which proceeds back- wards, and 'loon inofeulates with the vertebral. The subclavian artery arifes on the rightfide from the arteriainnominata,andonthe ■ .-ft from the arch of the aorta. Each fubcla- vkn rives off live branches. The internal mammary, from which ,T : - the A. the mice, A .. comes phrenki , the pe- ricardiac, and the pArodco-pericardiac, C I” ) 2. The inferior thyroid * from which arife the ramus thyroideus , the tracheal arteries , the afcending thyroid , and the tranfuerfalis hu- meri. 3. A. Vertebra! is y which proceeds into the vertebral foramina, to afcend into the cavi- ty of the cranium, where it unites upon the cuneiform procefs of the occipital bone with its fellow of the other fide, and forms the ba- silary artery, which immediately gives off the pojlerior artery of the cerebellum ; it then proceeds upon the tuberculum annulare, to give off four branches, two to the right, and two to the left, which conftitute the A. anterior cerebetli , which branch to the cura cerebelli, the cerebellum, vermis, cura cere- bri, corpora quadrigemina, pineal gland, and fourth ventricle ; and the A. pojlerior cere- bri , which is joined by the communicans , and fupply the thaimi nervorum opticorum, the centrum geminum, infundibulum, and crura fornicis, and the pofterior lobes of the brain, inofculating with feveral arteries. 4. A. Cer-vica/is profunda. 5. A. Cervicalis fuperficialis , both of which are diiiributed about the mufcles of the neck. 6. A. Jatercojlalis fuperior , which lies be- tween the two upper ribs. 7. At. S upra-fcap ularis , which fometimes arifes from the A. thyrodea, when it is called the tranfuerfalis humeri . As- ( 112 ) As foon as the fubclavian has arrived in the axilla, it is called the axillary artery, which runs into the arm, where it is termed the brachial. The axillary artery gives off, 1. The four mammary arteries , called thorn* cica fupsrior ; thoracica longier ; thoracica. humeri ana, and thoracica alaris or axillaris , which fupply blood to the nmfcles about the bread. 2. The. Jub-Jcapularis , which fupplies the lower furface of the fcapula. 3. The circumjlexa pojperior. 4. Circwnfexa anterior , which ramify about the joint. The brachial or humeral artery gives, •off, 1 . Many lateral veffels. 2. A. Profunda humeri faperior. 3. A. Profunda humeri inferior . 4. Ramus anajlomoticus magnus , which an-- aftomofes round the elbow joint. The brachial then becomes the ujpar, and gives off. the radial. The ulnar or cubital artery fends- off, 1. The recurrent branches , which an aft o- mofe with the ramus anaftomoticus mag- nus.. 2. A, Inter offea communis. It then fends fmall branches to the adjacent muffles, as it prgceeds down to the wrift j juft before it ar- rives-' ~ ( ”3 ) rives here, it gives off A. dorfalis ulnar is r which goes round to the back of the little fin- ger. At the wrifl it gives off A. pahnaris pro- funda •, then forms a great arterial arch, call- ed the fup erf dal palmer arch , which fupplies branches to the fingers. The radial gives off the radial recurrent , proceeds to the wrifl, where the pu Ifeis felt, and gives off the faperfcialis voice, and then divides into the A. dorfalis poll ids, A. radialis indicis, A. magna poUicis y and A. palmar is pro- funda. The descending, aorta gives off in the breaft , 1. The bronchial, which nourifh the lungs. 2. The cefophageal, which go to the sefophagus. 3. The intercofals, between the ribs. 4. The inferior diaphragmatic. Within the abdomen, it gives off eight branches. 1. The cceLiAC, which, divides into three branches.. L. A&c ria Hepatica , which,, gives off, a. A. Duqdeno-gaftrica , which fends off the right gafro-epipioic and the pancreatico-ducde- nali's. The latter tranfmits the pilorica inferi- or and the tranfverfe pancreatic. /?. A. pilorka fuperior hepatica. The hepatic artery, then ramifies through the liver. A. Ccronaria venlriculi, or Gafrica , A. 2 which ( 1 14 ) ■which gives off the fupcrlor coronary and fupe- rior piloric arteries. 3. A. Splenica , from which arife the pan- creatica magna and pancreatic a parva, the p ex- terior gajiric arteries , the left gaftro-epiploic ar- tery, and the r cafa brevia. 2. 'The fiperior mef enteric, or meferaic, of which the colica media , colica dextra, and the ileo-colica are branches. 3. The renal arteries , or emulgents, which are fhort, and divide into three or four branches in the pelvis of the kidney. 4. The fpennatic arteries , which are very fmall and long, and proceed' with the fpermat— ic cord to the tefticles. 5. The inferior meferaic , from which arifes the left colic artery and the internal hcemorrhoidah 6. The lumbar arteries , which nourifh the mufcles and vertebras of the loins. 7. The middle facral artery , which is dis- tributed about the facrum. The aorta then bifurcates,, and becomes the iliac arteries. The iliacs foon divide into internal and ex- ternal. Each INTERNAL ILIAC Or HYPOGASTRIC artery gives off five branches : 1. The lateral facral arteries, three, or four in number. 2. The gluteal , which ramify upon the back of the haunch bone, and fuppiy the gluteal mufcles. 3. The fchiatic , which turns downwards along;| a I C 11 5 ) along the hip, and gives off the coccygeal ar- tery. 4. Arteria pudica communis , which is fome- times a branch of the fciatic artery ; it pro- ceeds out of the pelvis, through the fciatic: notch, returns into the pelvis, and runs towards ; the fymphyfis of the pubis. In this courfe it gives off branches to the veficulee feminalss and proflrate gland ; and the lower or external hemorrhoidal artery to the anus, and then forms th eA. perinei, the A. penis, which proceed one on each fide j and a branch which plung- es deep into the fub fiance of the penis. 5. The obturatory , which paffes through the oval foramen, and is diflributed on the thick mufcles in the centre of the thigh.. Each external iliac gives off, 1. The epigaftricy which is reflected from Poupart’s ligament upwards, along the abdo- men.. 2. A. Circumflexailiaca , which runs back - wards along the crifla ilii. The external iliac then paffes under. Poupart’s ligament, becomes the femoral or crural artery, and is continued along the thigh into the popliteal. In this courfe it. gives off near the groin, 1. The profunda femoris, which gives off the A. perforans prima ; the A. perforans fecunda, magna ; the A. perforans tertia ; the A. perfo- rans quarta , which nourifh the mufcles of the thigh. Theiemoral artery then makes a fpi- ral turn round the os femoris, and fends off {mail C 116 ) fmall branches of no importance to adjacent mufcles. About two hands breadth from the knee it gives out, 2. The Ramus anajlomoticus magnus , which ramifies about the knee joint. The femoral artery having reached the ham is called the popliteal, which gives off fev- eral fmall branches about the joint, and di- vides below the ham into the tibialis anti'ca and tibialis pojlica . The Tibialis antica foon perforates the interoffeous ligament, and paffes along the tib- ia over the bones of the tarfus, and then inof- culates with the back arteries. In this courfe. it gives off,. 1. The recurrent ,. which inofculates with the articular branches of the popliteal : it then fends off fmall branches to neighbouring muf- cles, as it paffes down the leg. 2. A. Malleolaris interna. , about the inner ankle., 3. A. Malleolaris externa , about the outer ankle. 4. A. Tarfea , which lies upon the bones of the tarfus., 5. A. Metatarfea , to the tendons of the pe- ronei mufcles. 6 . Dcrfalis externa halucis , which runs a- long the metatarfal bone of the great toe. The Tibialis postica paffes- along the back part of the tibia, goes round the inner ankle, and divides at the heel into the two plantar arteries. In this courfe it fends off. ( rr r ) r. A. Nutritia tibia , which gives branches to the popliteus, foleus and tibialis anticus mufcles, before it enters the boi^g. 2. Many /mail branches , as it pafles down- wards. 3. A. .Plant arts interna , which runs along the inner edge of the foie of the foot, and fends off four branches about the foot. 4. A . Plantaris interna , which forms an arch and inofculates with the anterior tibia! artery, and gives off the digital branches to the toes., PULMONARY ARTERY. The pulmonary artery arifes from the right ventricle of the heart, and conveys the blood into the lungs, that is returned to the heart by the veins ; not for their nutrition, but to receive from the air in the lungs a certain principle, neceifary for the continuance of life, andwhichthe arterial blood diftributes to every part of the body. It foon divides into a right and left, the right going to the right lung and the left to the left lung, where they divide in- to innumerable ramifications, and form a beautiful net-work , or plexus of vejfels , upon the air veficles, and then terminate in the pul- monary veins. THE ACTION OF THE ARTERIES. The arteries, by the impulfe of the blood from the ventricles of the heart, are dilated and- ( 1I§ ) $.nd irritated, and by means of their mufculaf coat contract upon the blood, and thus propel it to the gfands, mufcles, bones, membranes, and ev^ry^parc* of the body for their nutrition and the various fecretions, and then into the veins. This dilatation and contraction is tailed the pulse, which is perceptible in the trunks and branches of the arteries, but not in the capillary veffels, except when inflamma- tion is going on. OF VEINS. Veins are membranous canals which da not pulfate : they gradually become larger as they advance tawards the heart, in which they terminate, and bring back the blood from the arteries.. Origin. From the extremities of the arteries by anaflotnofis. Termi- nation of all the veins is into the auri- cles of the heart. Division, into trunks, branches, ramuli, &c. Situation. They run by the tides of arteries, but more fuper- ficialiy.v Composed like arteries of three membranes, but which are femi-tranfparent and more delicate. Valves are thin ferni- lunar membranous folds, which prevent the return of the blood in the vein. The blood is returned from every part of the body into the right auricle : — the vena cava fuperior receives it from the head, neck, thorax, and fuperior extremities : — the vena cava inferior from the abdomen and inferior extremities ; ( ”9 ) extremities ; — -and the coronary vein receives it from the coronary arteries of the heart. THE VENA CAVA SUPERIOR. This vein terminates in the fuperior part of the right auricle, into which it evacuates the blood, from The right and left fubclavian veins and the •vena azygos. The right and left fubclavian veins receive the blood from the head and upper extremi- ties, in the following manner. The veins of the fingers, called digitals , re- ceive their blood from the digital arteries, and empty it into, 1. The cephalic of the thumb , which runs on the back of the hand along the thumb, and evacuates itfelf into the external radial. 2. The falvatella , which runs along the little finger, unites with the former, and emp- ties its blood into the internal and external cubital veins. At the bend of the fore-arm are three veins, called the great cephalic, the bafilic, and the median. . The great cephalic runs along the fuperior part of the fore-arm, and receives the blood from the external radial. The basilic afcends on the under fide, and receives the blood from the external and internal cubital veins , and fome branches which accompany the brachial artery, called vena fat ell it um. The ( 120 ) The median is fituated in the middle of the fore-arm, and arifes from the union of feveral branches. Thefe three veins all unite above the bend of the arm, and form The brachial vein, which receives all their blood, and is continued into the axilla, where it is called The axillary vein. This riceives alfo the blood from the fcapula, and fuperior and inferior parts of the cheft, by the fuperior and inferior thoracic vein , the vena mifcularis , and the fcapularis. The axillary vein then palfes under the clav~ icle, where it is called the subclavian, which unites with the external and internal jugular veins, and the vertebral vein which brings the blood from the vertebral finufes ; it receives alfo the blood from the mediafiinal , pericardiac , diaphragmatic , thymic , internal mammary and laryngeal veins, and then unites with its fellow, to form the vena cava fuperior, or, as it is fometimes called, vena cava de- fenders. The blood from the external and internal parts of the head and face is returned in the following manner into the external and inters nal jugulars, which terminate inthefubclavians. The frontal , angular , temporal , auricular fub lingual , and occipital veins receive the blood from the parts after which they are named ; thefe all converge to each fide of the neck, and form a trunk, called the external JUGULAR VEIN-. The C *21 ) The blood from the brain, cerebellum, me- dulla oblongata, and membranes ofthefe parts, is received into the lateral finufes, or veins of the dura mater, one of which empties its blood through the foramen lacerum in ball ■cranii into the internal jugular, which defcends in the neck by the carotid arteries, receives the blood from the thyroideal and in- ternal maxillary veins , and empties it fell' into -Vne fubclavians within the thorax-. The vena azygos receives the blood from the bronchial, fuperior txfophageal , vertebral and intercojlal veins , and empties it into the fupe- rior c-ava. VENA CAVA INFERIOR. The vena cava inferior is the trunk of all 'the abdominal veins and thofe of the lower extremities, from which parts the blood is •returned in the following manner. The veins of the toes, called the digital veins, receive the blood from the digital arteries, and form on the back of the foot three branches, one on the great toe called the cephalic, another which runs along the little toe, called the vena faphe- na, and one oil the back of the foot, vena dor - falls pedis ; and on the foie of the foot they evacuate themfelves into the plantar veins. The three veins on the upper part of the foot coming together above the ankle, form the anterior tibial' ; and the plantar veins with a branch from the calf of the leg, called the faral vein, form the pofeerior tibia! ; a branch L aifo ( 122 ) alfo afcends in the direction of the fibula, called the peroneal vein. Thefe three branch* es unite before the ham, into one branch, the fab -popliteal vein , which afcends through the ham, carrying all the blood from the foot ; it then proceeds upon the anterior part of the thigh, where it is termed the crural or femoral vein , receives feveral mufcular branches, and paffes under Poupart’s ligament into the cavi- ty of the pelvis, where it is called the exter? NAL ILIAC. The arteries which are diftributed about the pelvis evacuate their blood into the external hemorrhoidal veins , the hypogajlric veins , the internal pudendal , the vena magna ipftus penis , and obturatory veins , all of w'hich unite in the pelvis, and form the internal iliac vein. The external iliac vein receives the blood from the external pudendal veins, and then unites with the internal iliac at the laft vertebra of the loins, and form the vena cava in- ferior, or ascendens, which afcends on' the right fide cf the fpine, receiving the blood from the fa oral lumbar , right fpcrmatic veins , and the vena cava hepatic a ; and having ar- rived at the diaphragm, it paffes through the right foramen, and enters the right auricle of the heart, into which it evacuates all the blood from the abdominal vifeera and lower extremities, vena ( I2 5 ) VENA CAVA HEPATICAi This vein ramifies in the fubftatic'e of the liver, and brings the blood into the vena cava inferior from the branches of the vena porta:, a great vein which carries the blood from the abdominal vifcera into the fubftance of the liver. The trunk of this vein, about the fiflure of the liver in which it is fituated, is divided into the hepatic and abdominal por- tions. The abdominal -portion is compofed of fplenic, ?neferaic and internal hemorrhoidal veins. Thefe three venous branches carry all the blood from the ftomach, fpleen, pancreas, omentum, mefentery, gall-bladder, and the fmall and large inteftines, into the firms of the vena portae. The hepatic portion of the vena portae enters the fubftance of the liver, divides into innumerable ramifications, which fecrete the bile, and the fuperfluous blood pafles into correfponding branches of the vena cava hepa - tic a. THE ACTION OF THE VEINS. Veins do not pulfate ; the blood which they receive from the arteries flows through them very dowry, and is conveyed to the right au- ricle of the heart, by the contraflility of their coats, the prefiure of the blood from the arte- ries, called the vis a tergo , the contraction of ( 124 ) die mufcles, and refpiration ; and k is pre- vented from going backwards in the vein by the valves, of which there are a great number.. OF THE ABSORBENTS. Absorbents are very thin and pellucid vef- fels, which carry the lymph from every part of the body ; fubftances applied to the furface of the body, and the chyle from the inteftines ; into the thoracic dud. Division, into lac- teals and lymphatics . They are called lacleals in the inteftines and mefentery, and lymphatics. in every other park Figure, branching, be- coming broader as they proceed towards their termination. Valves, numerous, giving them a knotted appearance. Situation. It is fuppofed that they exift in every part of the body, although they have not been as yet de- tected in fome, as the brain, &c. Origin. The cellular membrane, the vifcera, the excre- tory duds of the vifcera, the external furface, and every part of the body. Termination, in the thoracic dud, or fubclavian veins. Lym- phatic or conglobate glands are fitua- ted every where in the courfe of the lymphat- ics. Substance. They confift of tender, pellucid, ftrong tunics. The use of the nbfor- bents is to carry back the lymph from differ- ent parts ; to convey the chyle from the intef- tines to the thoracic dud, where they become mixed and diluted ) and to abforb fubftances ( 125 ) from furfaces and parts on which they origin- ate. absorbents of the head and neck. Abforbents are found on the fcalp and a- bout the vifcera of the neck, which unite into a confiderable branch that accompanies the ju- gular vein. Abforbents have not been detect- ed in the human brain ; yet there can be no doubt of there being fuch vefiels : it is probable that they pafs out of the cranium through the canalis caroticus and foramen lacerum in baft eranii, on each fide, and join the above jugular branch , which pafles through fome glands as. It proceeds into the cheft to the angle of the fubclavian and jugular vein. absorbents of the upper extremities. The abforbents of the upper extremities are divided into fuperficial and deep-feated. The. faperficial abforbents afcend under the fkin in every direction to the wrift, from whence a branch proceeds upon the pofterior furface of the fore-arm to the head of the radius, over the internal condyle of the humerus, up to the axilla, receiving feveral branches as it proceeds. Another branch proceeds from the wrift along the interior part of the fore-arm, and forms a net-work with a branch coming over the ulna from the pofterior part, and amends on the in- fide of the humerus to the glands of the axilla. The deep-feated abforbents accompany the huger bieod-veffdls, and pafs through two i JLi z eiands. ( 126 ) glands about the middle of the humerus, and afcend to the glands of the axilla. The fu- perficial and deep-feated abforbents having palled through the axillary glands, form two trunks , which unite into one , to be inferted with the jugular abforbents into the thoracic dud, at the angle formed by the union of the fub- clavian with the jugular vein. ABSORBENTS QF THE INFERIOR EXTREM- ITIES. Thefe are alfo fuperficial and deep-feated. The fuperficial ones lie between the fkin and mufcle.;-. Thofe of the toes and foot form a branch which afcends upon the back, of the foot over the tendon of the crurseus anticus, forms with other branches a plexus above the ankles, then proceeds along the tibia over the knee, fometimes paffes through a gland, and proceeds up the infide of the thigh to the fubinguinal glands. The deep-feated abforbents follow the courfe of the arteries, and accompany the femoral ar- tery. in which courfe they pafs through forne glands in the leg and above the knee, and then proceed to fome deep-feated fubinguinal glands. The abforbents from about the external parts of the pubis, as the penis, perineum, and from the external parts of the pelvis, in gener- al proceed to the inguinal glands. The fub- inguinal and inguinal glands fend forth feyeral branches, which pafs through the abdominal ring into the cavity of the abdomen. \ ABSORBENj S ( i*r J ABSORBENTS OF THE ABDOMINAL AND THO«i RACIC VISCERA. The abforbents of the lower extremities ac- company the external iliac artery, where they are joined by many branches from the uterus , urinary bladder , fpermatie chord , and fome branches accompanying the internal iliac ar- tery : they then afcend to the facrum, where they form a plexus? which proceeds over the pfoas mufcles, and meeting with the la&eals of the mefentery form the thoracic du£t, or trunk of the abforbents, which is of a ferpen- tine form,, about the ftze of a crow-quill, and runs up the dorfal vertebrae, through the pof- terior opening of the diaphragm, between the aorta and vena azygos, to the angle formed by the union of the fubclavian and jugular veins. In this eourfe it receives The abforbents. of the kidneys , which are fu- perhcial and deep-feated, and unite as they proceed towards the thoracic du£t. The abforbents of the fpleen , which are upon its peritoneal coat, and unite with- thofe of the pancreas. A branch from a plexus of veffels paffing above and below the duodenum, and formed by the abforbents of the Jlomach , which come from the leffer and greater curvature, and are united about the pylorus with thofe of the pan- creas and liver , which converge from the ex- ternal furface and internal parts towards ■ the portae C ) portae of the liver, and alfo by feveral brar\ch« es from the gall-bladder. PHYSIOLOGY OF ABSORPTION, Abforption is the taking up of fubftances which are applied to the mouths of abforbing vefiels ; thus the chyle is abforbed from the inteftinal tube by the lafteals, the vapour of circumfcribed cavities, and of the cells of the cellular membrane by the lymphatics of thofe parts ; and thus mercury and other fuftances are taken into the fyftem, when rubbed on the ffciii. The principle by which this abforption takes place is a power inherent in the mouths of abforbing velfels, a vis infita, dependent on the high degree of irritability of their internal membrane by which the veflfels contract and propel the fluid forwards. Hence the ufe of this fun ft ion appears to be of the utmofl impor- tance, viz. to fupply the blood with chyle ; to remove the fuperfluous vapours of circum- fcribed cavities, otherwife dropfies, as hydro- cephalus, hydrothorax, hydrocordis, afcites, hydrocele, &c. would conftantly be taking place ; to remove the fuperfluous vapour from the cells of the cellular membrane dif- perfed throughout every part of the body, that anafarca may not take place ; to remove the hard, and foft parts of the body ; and to convey ! C *29 ) convey into the fyflem medicines which are ap» plied to the furface of the body. SANGUIFICATION. Sanguification appears to be nothing more than the mixing, by the aftion of the blood- veflels, of the chyle with the blood ; for as it paffes from the fubclavian vein, it changes its colour, and when it has reached the heart, cannot be diftinguifhed from the mafs of cir- culating blood. NEUROLOGY* OR DOCTRINE OF THE NERVES. Nerves are long whitifh cords, compofed of bundles or fafciculi of fibres, which ferve for fenfation. Origin. The cerebrum, cer- ebellum, medulla oblongata, and medulla fpi- nalis. Termination. The organs of fenfe ; vifcera; veflels ; mufcles ; bones, &c. Fig- ure, branched. Divided into trunks, - branches, ramuli, capillary fibres, papillae, nervous plexufes, and ganglions, or knots. Substance, pulpy. Division, into cerebral and fpinal. Number , thirty -nine pair; nine pair of cerebral nerves, and thirty pair of fpin- al. The nine pair of cerebral nerves are, i. The ( I 3 ° ) 7 , The olfa&ory. s. The optic. 3. Oculo- rum motorii. 4. The pathetic, or trochlea- tores. 5. The trigemini, or divifi. 6. The abducent. 7. The auditory and facial. 8. The par vagum, or great fympathetic nerves. 9. The lingual pair. The thirty pair of fpiiial nerves are divided into eight pair of cervical, twelve pair of dorfal, five pair of lumbar, and five pair of facral nerves. Use, for fenfation in fenfible parts, for the five external fenfes, as touch, fight, hearing, fmelling, and tafte j and for the motion of mn'fcles. OF THE NERVES OF THE BRAIN. The first pair, or Olfaftory nerves , arife from the corpora ftraita, pafs forwards over the fphaenoid and frontal bones, one to each fide of the crifta galli, where they fend off a number of branches, which go through the cribriform foramina of the ethmoid bone, to be diftributed on the pituitary membrane of the nofe. Use, for fmelling. The second pair, or Optic nerves , arife from the t^tlmi nervorum opticorum, decuf- fate each other, then pafs through the forami- na optica, and perforate the bulb of the eye, and in it form the retina , which is the organ of vifion. The third pair, or Oculorum motorii , a- rife ( I 3 I ) rife from the crura cerebri, near the polls Va> rolii, pafs forward towards the top of the pe- trous portion of the temporal bone, where they perforate the dura mater, and proceed to the orbital nffure, to be inferted into the mufcles of the bulb of the eye, which they move. The fourth pair, or The Pathetic nerves, arife from the crura of the cerebellum lateral- ly? pafs forward, and pierce tne dura mater below the third pair, and proceed with them through the orbital fiffure, to be inferted into the trochlearis mufcle of the eye. I fie fifth pair, or Trigemini , arife from the anterior part of the crura of the cerebel- lum, and are divided within the cavity of the cranium into three branches, viz. the opthal- mic or orbital, and the fuperior and inferior [maxillary. The orbital nerve gives off a branch , near [its origin, which unites with a branch of the Qxth pair, to form the great intercoftal nerve • lit then divides into three branches, the frontal, which goes through the fuperciliary foramen :o the mufcles and integuments of the fore- head ; the lachrymal , which goes to the lach- rymal gland ; and the nafal , which goes for- ward to the inner canthus of the eye, where t gives off a branch or two, then returns into he cranium, and paffes through the cribri- °rm plate of the ethmoid bone, and is diftrib- ited on the pituitary membrane. The ( * 3 2 ) 'The fuperior maxillary nerve goes through the foramen rotundum, is divided into ift, the fphano-palatine , which goes through the fphaeno-palatine foramen, fends twigs to the internal pterygoid mufcle, then enters the cav- ity of the noftrils, and is loft on the Euftachi- an tube, foft palate, and pituitary ftnus of, the fphaenoid bone ; 2d. the posterior alveolar branch, which defcends through the foramen by the laft grinder, and is distributed to the molares ; 3d. the infra-orbital nerve, which goes through the infra orbital foramen, and is distributed on the mufcles of the cheek, nofe, lips, and communicates with the facial nerve. The inferior maxillary goes out of the cra- nium, through the foramen ovale, giving branches to the mufcles and glands in its courfe, and to the facial nerve, and divides as it paffes over the pterygoid mufcle, into, ift. the internal . lingual , which is connected with the chorda tympani, and fupplies the fubiin* gual glands and contiguous mufcles, but more efpecially the tongue : 2d. the more proper inferior maxillary , which goes into the canalis mentalis of the lower jaw, and gives a branch to each tooth, and comes out again to fupply the lower lip and chin. The sixth pair, or Abducent nerves , a- rife from the pofterior part of the pons Varo- lij, proceed forwards, perforates the dura mater, and fend off fome branches near the fella | C 133 ) fella turcica, which unite with branches of the ophthalmic nerve of the fifth pair, to form the great intercoflal nerve ; . they then accompany the third and fourth pair through the orbital fiffure, and are diflributed on the redti extend Inufcles of the bulb of the eye. The sfventh pair, or Auditory nerties, as they are commonly called, originate on each fide by two branches, th e portio dura and port in mollis . The portio dura is, in fact, a nerve of the face, and is therefore, with more propriety, called the Facial nerve : it arifes from the fourth ventricle of the brain, paffes through the 'petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it gives off the chorda tympani , proceeds through the ftylo-mafloid foramen, perforates the parotid gland, and then divides into feven or eight branches, which eonflitute the pes an- ferinus , and fupply the ear, parotid gland, and mufcles of the face, and communicate with the branches of the fifth pair on the face. The portio mollis arifes from the medulla -ob- longata and the fourth ventricle, enters the in- ternal auditory paffage, and is diflributed by innumerable branches on the membrane of the cochlea, veflibuliim, forming the immediate argan of hearing. The eighth fair, or Par vagum , arifeby everal branches, partly from the medulla cb- ongata and partly from the fourth ventricle yehind the pons Varolii. It is connected at its e irigin with the acceffory nerves of Willis , which 1 M • amend ( J 34 ) afcend through the great occipital foramen from the fifth cervical nerve : thefe nerves pro- ceed together through the foramen lacerum in bafi cranii. The acceffory nerves then fepa- rate from the par vagurn, and vanilh in the fter- no-clido maftoideus and cucullaris mufcles : the par vagurn then gives off branches in the neck to the tongue, larynx, and thyroid gland, from which parts they acquire names, and then defcends into the cavity of the thorax, where it gives off, i ft. The right and left recurrent ; the for- mer arifes on the right fide, near the fubcla- vian artery, which it furrounds, and then re- turns upwards to the thyroid gland : the latter arifes under the arch of the aorta, which it fur- rounds, and then afcends to the oefcphagus. Both nerves are loft in the mufcles of the la- rynx and pharnyx. 2dly. Several branches which proceed to the ' fuperior part of the pericardium, to form with other nerves the cardiac plexus , which fends branches to the heart. 3dly. The par vagurn then extends on the pofterior furface of the lungs, on each fide, and gives off fome branches , which, with oth- ers from the cardiac plexus and recurrent nerves, form a right and left pulmonic plexus , which fupplies the lungs and trachea. 4thly. Both trunks of the par vagum then defcend with the oefophagus, and give off i ramifications, which form the cefophageal plexus } ( i35 ) plexus, from which the oefophag'us and adjoin- ing parts are fupplied* 5 thly. Having palled the diaphragm with the cefophagus, they form, about the cardia, two Jiomachic plexifes : the anterior is expand- ed over the anterior furface of the ftomach and its greater curvature ; the pofterior over the pofterior furface and lefter curvature, and it tranfmits alfo branches to the liver, pancre- as, and diaphragm. 6thlv. The par vagum alfo fends fome branches to unite with the great intercoftal, and thus concurs in forming the hepatic, fplen- ic, and renal plexufes. The ninth, or Lingual pair of nerves, arife from the medulla oblongata, between the corpora olivaria and pyramidalxa, pafs out of the fkull through the foramina condyloidea anteriora, and communicate with the par vag- um and firft pair of cervical nerves : they then proceed forwards between the jugular vein and carotid arterv, to be diftributed on the mufcles of the tongue and os hycides. Thus it appears that the olfactory, ophthal- mic, and oculorum motorii arife from the ce- rebrum ; the trochleatores and trigemini from the cerebellum ; and the auditory, par vag- um, and linguales, from the medulla oblonga- ta. > OF ( *36 ) OF THE NERVES OF THE MEDU'L- LA SPINALIS. Thofe nerves are called spinal which pafs out through the lateral or intervertebral for- amina of the fpine. ihey are divided into cervical , dorfal , Ium - bar , and facrai nerves. CERVICAL NERVES. The cervical nerves are eight pairs. The firjt are called the occipital ; they arife from the beginning of the fpinal marrow, pafs out between the margin of the occipital foramen and atlas, form a ganglion on its tranfverfe procefs, and are distributed about the occiput and neck. The fecond pair of cervical nerves fend a branch to the acceffory nerve of Willis, and proceed to the parotid gland and external ear. The third cervical pair fupply the integu- ments of the.fcapula, cucullaris, and triangu- laris mufcles, and fend a branch to the dia- phragmatic nerve. The fourth , fifth, fixth ,feventh, and eighth pair all converge to form the brachial plexus, from which arife the fix following Mk. NERVES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. 1. The axillary nerve, which fometirfies arife s from the radial nerve. It runs back- wards and outwards around the neck of the humerus. ( 137 ) humerus, and ramifies in the mufcles of the fcapula. 2. The external cutaneal, which perforates the coraco-brachialis mufcle to the bend of the arm, where it accompanies the •v median vein as far as the thumb, and it is loft in its. integuments. 3. The internal cutaneal, which de- fcends on the infide of the arm, where it bi- furcates. From the bend of the arm, the an- terior branch accompanies the bafilic vein, to be inferted into the fkin of the palm of the hand ; the pofterior branch runs down the internal part of the fore-arm, to vanifh in the fkin of the little finger.. 4. The median nerve, which accompanies the brachial artery to the cubit, then paffes be- tween the brachiaiis internus, pronator rotun- dus, and the perforatus and perforans, under the ligament of the wrift to the palm of the hand, where it fends off branches in every di- rection, to the mufcles of the hand, and then fupplies the digital nerves, which go to the ex- tremities of the thumb, fore and middle fin- gers. The ulnar nerve, which defcends between the brachial artery and bafilic vein, between the internal condyle of the humerus, and the olecranon, and divides in the fore-arm into an internal and an external branch. The former paffes over the ligament of the wrift and fefa- moid bone to the hand, where it divides into M 2 three C 13* ) three branches, two of which go to the ring* and little finger, and the third forms an arch towards the thumb in the palm of the hand, and is loft in the contiguous mufcies. The latter paffes over the tendon of the extenfor carpi uiharis and back of the hand, to fupply alio the two laft fingers. 6. The radial nerve, which fometimes gives off the axillary nerve. It paffes back- wards, about the os humeri, defcends on the outiide of the arm between the brachialis ex- tern us and internus mufcies to the cubit ; then proceeds between the fupinator longus and brevis to the fuperior extremity of the ra- dius, giving off various branches to adjacent mufcies, . At this place it divides into two branches : one goes along the radius, between the fupinator longus and radialis internus to the back of the hand, and terminates in tire in- teroffeous mufcies, the thumb and three firft fingers the ether paffes between the fupina- tor brevis 'and head of the radius, and is loft ill. the mufcies of the fore-arm. DORSAL NERVES.. The dorsal nerves are twelve pairs in- number. The firft pair gives off a branch to the brachial plexus. All the dorfal nerves are diftributed to the mufcies of the back, inter- coftals, ferrati, pefforal, abdominal mufcies and diaphragm. The five inferior pairs go to the cartilages of the ribs, and are called coftah DUMB. AS. t *39 ) 1 LUMBAR NERVES, The five pair of lumbar nerves are be* flowed about the loins and mufcles, and Ikin of the abdomen and loins, fcrotum, ovaria,. and diaphragm. The fecond, third, and fifth pair unite and form the obturator nerve, which defcends over the pfoas mufcle into the pel- vic and paffes through the foramen thyroide- uni to the obturator mufcle, triceps, pedtine— us, Sic. The third and fourth, with fome branches of the fecond pair, form the crural nerve , which pafies under Poupart’s ligament with the femoral artery, fends off branches to the adjacent parts, and defcends in the difeftion of the fartorius mufcle to the internal condyle of the femur, from whence it accompanies the faphena vein to the internal ankle, to be loft : in the fkin of the great toe. The fifth pair are joined to the fir ft pair o£ | the facral nerves, I - SACRAL NERVES/ There are five pair of sace.al nerves, all j of which arife from the cauda equina, or ter- J minaticn of the medulla fpinalis ; fo called i from the nerves refembling the tail of a liorfe, ! The four firft pair give off branches to the pel- vic vifeera, and are afterwards united to the laft lumbar, to form a large plexus, which gives off the ifchiatic nerve , the largeft in the body. The ifchiatic nerve immediately at its origin ~ fends I (' 140 J fends off branches to the bladder, re&um, and parts of generation ; proceeds from the cavity of the pelvis through the ifchiatic notch, be- tween the tuberofity of the ifchium and great trochanter, to the ham, where it is called the popliteal nerve. In the ham it divides into two branches, i. The peroneal , which defcends on the fibula, and diffributes many branches to the mufcles of the leg and back of the foot, 2. The tibial, which penetrates the gaftrocne- mii mufcles to the internal ankle, paffes through a notch in the os calcis to the foie of the foot, where it divides into an internal and external plantar nerve, which fupply the muf- cles and aponeurofis of the foot and the toes. ©F THE GREAT INTERCOSTAL OR SYMPA- THETIC NERVES,. The great intercoftal nerve arifes in the cav- ity of the cranium from the union of a branch of the fixth with a recurrent branch of the fifth pair, called the Viduan nerve. It paffes out of the cranium through the carotid canal, and de-, fcends on the fides of the cervical, dorfal, and' lumbar vertebrae and facrum, in which courfe it is joined by filaments from all the fpinal nerves, forming fmall ganglions at their junc-| tions. In the neck it forms only three cervical ganglions , from which arife the cardiac nerves and pulmonic plexufes , which fend nerves- to the! heart and lungs. In the thorax there arift five branches from the third, fifth, feventh, eighth. ( J 4I 3 eighth, and ninth ganglions, which defcend Ist the courfe of the vertebrae, and pafs through the diaphragm, where they unite on each -fide into one trunk, the fplanchnk or anterior intercojiat nerve , which foon unite together, and form the GREAT SEMILUNAR GANGLION, from which nerves are given off to all the abdominal vif- cera, forming ten plexufes, which communi- . cate with one another, and are named after the adjacent vifcera, viz. the coeliac plexus, fit- uated near the cceliac artery, and fupplying the ftomach ; the fplenic, near the fpleen ; the he - fatic , near the portae of the liver ; the fuperior , middle, and inferior mefenteric plexus j two- renal and two fpermatic plexufes. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Nerves are the organs of our fenfes. Bodies applied to certain parts of our fyftem produce changes in thofe parts, which changes are con- yeyed in an unknown manner to the brain by means of the nerves only, and sensation is produced ; fo that fenfation is a property pecu- liar to the nervous fibre, as irritability is to the nufcular fibre : and hence all fentient parts i ire fupplied with nerves, although they cannot t >e detefted by the eye. \ The fenfes are diftinguifhed into internal i md external, The ( 142 > The internal senses are ideas which the fenforium commune, or mind, forms to it- felf, and may be produced from the external fenfes, or they may be excited fpontaneoufly ; fuch are, memory , imagination , confciencc , the pajfions of the mind , and reafoning , by the fu* perior excellence of which, man differs fo em- inently from the brute. . The external senses are, fmelling, fee- ing, hearing, tailing, and touching. OF SMELLING. Smelling is a fenfation by which we per- ceive the fmell of fubftances. The organ of fmell is the nervous papillae of the olfactory or firifc pair of nerves, which are diftributed on every part of the pituitary membrane of the! nofe. OF SEEING.' Seeing is a fenfation by which we perceive 1 bodies around us, and their vifible qualities. The organ of fight is the retina, an expanfion', of the optic or fecond pair of nerves. The obA jed of fight is the rays of light which pene-j trate the bulb of the eye and ftimulate the ret- ina. Light is a fubtile and folid material, which emanates from the fun or any lucid body with a very rapid motion, in right lines, which are called rays of light , and penetrate to the retina in the following manner : the rays of light fall on the pellucid and convex cornea o: the eye, by whole denfity and convexity they an C '143 ) are united into a focus, which pafles the aque- I ous humour and pupil of the eye, to be more icondenfed by the cryftaline lens. The rays of light thus concentrated, penetrate the vitre- ous humour, to ftimulate the retina, upon which they imprefs the image of external ob- jects to be reprefented to the mind through the medium of the optic nerves. OF HEARING. Hearing is a fenfation by which we per* ceive the found of any fonorous body. Sound is a tremulous motion of the air ex- cited by linking any fonorous body. Sound is conveyed to an enormous diftance in the at- mofphere, in flraight lines, which are called fonorous rays. Soft bodies diminiih or (tide bund ; elaftic ones increafe it. The organ of rearing is the portio mollis of the feventh iair of nerves, whofe pulp is beautifully dif- :r-ibuted in the veftibulum, femicircular Ca- lais, and cochlea of the ear. Hearing is per- formed in the following manner : the rays of bund emanating from a fonorous body al- ive at the ear, which by its elafticity and pe- :uliar formation, concentrates them, that they nay pafs along the external auditory foramen, o the membrana tympani, which they caufe o vibrate. The trembling tympanum com- nunicates its vibrations to the malleus, which s in contact with it ; the malleus conveys hern to the incus, the incus to the os orbicu- are, and the os orbiculare to the ftapes. The {tapes ( 144 ) Itapes adhering to the feneftra ovalis caufes it to vibrate. The trembling feneftra ovalis com- municates its vibrations to the water contained in the veftibuium and femicircular canals, and caufes very gentle motions of the nervous ex- panfion contained therein, which tranfmit them to the fenforium commune, where the mind is informed of the prefence of found, and judges of its difference. Gravity and ac- cutenefs of found depend upon the number of vibrations given at the fame time. o OF TASTING. Tailing is a fenfation by which we diftin- •guifh the qualities of bitter, fvveet, four, &c. fubftances. The nervous papillae of the ninth or lingual pair of nerves, which are fituated in the apex and margins of the tongue, are the chief organs, of tafte. The parts fubfervi- ent to tafte are- — The tongue , which gives a convenient fttuation to the nervous papillae, and by its extenfive motion applies them to the fubftance to be tafted- — The epidermis of the tongue, which moderates any exceflive ftimuli — The faliva and mucus of the mouth, which affift the organ of tafte when it is nec-^ efiary that the fubftances fhould be diffolved in order to be tafted, and which alfo keep the nervous papillae rnoift. OF TOUCHING. Touching is, a fenfation by which we dir tinguifh C *45 ) -tmguifh the qualities of hardnefs, foftnefs, heat and cold, &c. of fubftances, and by which we perceive any fubftance that comes in contact with the fkin, particularly at the points of the fingers. The organs of touch are the nervous papillae of the fkin, which are extremely numerous and fenfible at the points of the fingers. Too great a fenfation is moderated by the epidermis, which alfo defends the papillae from being dried by the air. ADENOLOGY, OR Doctrine of the glands. A gland is a fmall round' body, whic; ferves for the fecretion or alteration of a fluid. Division, into folliculofe, globate, glomerate , and conglomerate ; they are alio divided from the liquid they fecrete or change, into febace- ous, muciparous, lymphatic, lachrymal, fali- val, bilious, laflteal, &c. A folliculofe gland confifis of an hollow vaf- cular ' lembrane-, having an excretory duct % as the muciparous and febaceous glands. A globate gland confifis of a glorner of lym- phatic veflels, connected together by cellular membrane, and has no cavity nor excretory iuct, as the lymphatic glands of the lymphat- c veflels. A glomerate gland is formed of a glorner of N fanguineous ( ) fanguineous veflels ; has no cavity, but is fur- nilhed with an excretory dufr, as the lachry- mal and mammary glands. A conglomerate gland is a gland compofed of many glomerate glands, whofe excretory duels unite, and form one large canal, or duel. The pancreas and falival glands be- long to this clafs. The excretory duel of glands is a thin ca- nal, which goes out of the gland, and excerns the fecreted fluid, by the contractility of its coats. The nerves and vejfcls of glands are numer- ous, and come from the neighbouring parts. Glands are connected with other parts by cellular membrane. They are larger in in- fants than in adults, Use, to fecrete or change a fluid. Glands of the skin. The fubcutaneous glands are febaceous, and fituated under the inferior furface of the Ikin, which they perfo- rate by their excretory duds. Glands in the cavity of the crani- um. i. Glands of the dura mater, called alfo, after their difcoverer, Bacchonian , are fituated near the fuperior longitudinal finus of the du- ra mater, in peculiar foveolas of the os fron- lis and parietal bones. They appear to be globate. 2. Glands of the choroid plexus are globate, and fituated in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles of the brain. 3. The; pituitary gland , fituated in a duplicate re of the dura mater, in the fella turcica of the fphte- . noid 1 ( M 7 ) nold bone. The infundibulurh of the brain terminates in this gland. Glands of the eyes* i. Meibomius’s glands. Thefe are fmall and numerous feba- ceous glands, fituated under thefkin of the eye- lids, near their margins* Their excretory duels open on the margins of the tarfi, and are called p unci a ciliaria. 2. The lachrymal gland, which is glomerate, and fituated above the external angle of the orbit, in a peculiar depreflion of the os fronds. This gland has fix or eight excretory canals, through which the tears are conveyed, and which open upon the internal furface of the upper eyelids. 3. The caruncula lachrymalis, a fmall and red prominence, obvious in the internal angle of the eye, between the tarfi of the eyelids. It confifts of fmall febaceous glands, which fe- crete a feculent humour. Glands of the nostrils. The pituita- ry membrane lining the noftrils and its fmuf- es, is every where furnilhed with muciparous glands , which fecrete the mucus of the nofef Glands of the ear. The ceruminous glands are fituated under the (kin of the mea- tus auditorius externus, a.nd fecrete the wax of the ears. Glands of the mouth. The glands of the mouth, which fecrete the faliva, are called falival , and are, • 1 . The parotid , two large conglomerate glands, fituated under the ear between the mamillary procefs of the tempo- ral bones and angle of the lower jaw. The excretory ( > excretory canal of this gland opens in the mouth, and is called, from its difcoverer, the Stenonian duct. 2. The maxillary , which are conglomerate glands, fituated under the angles of the lower jaw. The excretory duds of thefe glands are alfo called, after their difcov- erer, Warthonian. 3. The fublingual glands, fituated under the tongue. 4. The glands of the cheek , fituated on the internal furface of the cheeks. 5. The labial glands , on the internal furface of the lips, under the common mem- brane of the mouth. 6. The molar glands, fit- uated oh each fide of the mouth, between the maifeter and buccinator mufdes, and whofe excretory duds open near the laft dens molaris. External glands of the neck. 1 . The jugular glands , which are globate, and found under the ikin of the neck about the ex- ternal jugular veins : they are in general about 20 in number. 2. The fubmaxillary glands , alfo globate, and fituated in the fat under the jaw. 3. The cervical , found under the cutis in the fat about the neck. 4. The thyroid , a large gland lying upon the cricoid cartilage, trachea, and horns of the thyroid cartilage. It is uncertain whether it be globate or con- glomerate. Its excretory dud has never been deteded, and its ufe is unknown. Glands of the fauces. The glands fit- uated under the membrane which lines this cavity, are muciparous, and divided, from their fituation, into palatine, uvular , tonfil , lingual , laryngeal, and pharyngeal. Glands ( 149 ) Glands of the breasts. The mamma- ry, or latteal glands, are fituated under the fat of the breads. Their excretory dufts are call- ed tubuli lacliferi, tabuli galaclcferi, and run. from them to the nipple, in which they open. Glands of the thorax, i. Th t thymus, a large gland, peculiar to the foetus, and which difappears foon after birth : it is fituated in the anterior duplicature or fpace of the medialti- num, under the fuperior part of the fternum, and above the pericardium. An excretory duel has not been as yet detected, but lymphatics are feen going from this gland to the thoracic du£l. 2. The bronchial , which are large blackilh glands near the end of the trachea, and beginning of the bronchia, and which fe- crete a blackilh mucus. 3. The oefophageal glands, found under the internal membrane of the cefophagus, and which fecrete the mucus of that canal. 4. The dorfal glands, fituated up- on the 4th or 5th vertebra of the back, be- tween them and the poilerior furface of the cefophagus. They have no excretory du glands. ( 150 ) glands, alfo called acini bilioji , which form the fubftance of the liver, and feparate the bile in- to fmall duds, which, at length, terminate in the duflus hepaticus. 5 . The cyjlic glands , which are muciparous, and found under the internal membrane of the gall-bladder, efpe- cially about its neck. 6. The pancreatic glands, which conftitute the pancreas ; a fmall dud a- rifes from each gland, which unite to form the duclus pancreaticus . See Splanchnoiogy, 7 . The epiploic , or omental glands , which are .globate, and fituated in the omentum. Glands of the loins, i. The fupra- renal glands , fituated in the adipofe membrane, •one above each kidney. An excretory duct has never been deteded, and their ufe is un- known. 2. The kidneys. See Splanchnolo- gy.. 3. The lumbar glands, which are glo- bate, and fituated about the beginning of the thoracic dud. 4. The iliac glands, found a- bout the beginning of the iliac vefiels. 5. The Jacral, which are glokate.glands, and adhere to the os facrum. ' .. is. Glands of the organs of .genera- tion of man. 1 . The -odorifewm. glands o£ the glans penis, which, are febaceous, and fitu- 1 a ted around the corona-glandis. 2. The mu- cous glands of the uMthra *, fituated under the internal membrane of the urethra. The mouths of their excretory duds are called lacuna ?. 3. Gowpcr’s glands (fo called from their inventor) are three large muciparous glands, two of which are fituated before the proflrate gland C *5® ) under the acceleratores urinse, and the third more forward before the bulb of the urethra. 4. The proftrate , a very large, heart-like, firm gland, fituated between the neck of the urina- ry bladder and bulbous part of the urethra.- It. fecretes a lacteal fluid, which is emitted into the urethra by ten or twelve duds near the veru- montanum, during coition. Glands of the female organs of generation, i. The odoriferous glands of the labia majora and nymphce , which are feba- ceous, and fituated under the ikin of thofe parts. 2. The odoriferous glands of the clitoris , which are numerous, fituated about the bails ©f the clitoris, and are of the fame nature as the former. 3, The, mucous glands of the ure- thra, fituated under the internal membrane of the female urethra.. 4. The mucous glands of the vagina, fituated under the internal mem- brane of the vagina*. Glands: of the extremities. The. glands in the groin , o ^inguinal glands , are glo- bate, are fituated in great num- bers in^Bj^Sj.uia-% membrane of the inguinal region, 3jEJ(^eiva5he lymphatic veffels from the glans penis, atm lo^er extremities. The fab axillary glands are ajjfo globate, and are fit- uated in the c^]lular^lfi|jBrane of the arm- pit : they are jdfo •umerous, and receive the lymphatic veiieJs'^om the breads and fupe- rior extremities. Glands of the joints. The fmajj fat- like makes, fituated within the moveable joints, . arc C *52 ) hte erroneously called fynovial glands : -their ftrufture is not glandular, they are compofed of adeps and an arrangement of the internal vafcular membrane of the joint, which gives them a fimbriated appearance. By thefe little mafles the fynovia is feparated from the blood for the eafy motion of the joint. PHYSIOLOGY OF SECRETION. Secretion is a particular function in an ani- mal body, by which a fluid is feparated from the blood, different in its properties from the blood. The organs which fecrete the various hu- mours are the glands. The proximate or im- mediate caufe of fecretion is a fpecific action of the arteries of the gland^ufor gvdf^fecretion is formed from the ex tr e mm^ Q M.ijl ^es (the fecretion of the bile is fio .m^e>pt,iinT|^is Jaw, fcfunc- updfe glands fe- laB-dsfaliva,; the acini iceuwTthe kidnies for the vena portae takes tion of an artery); thjjs' tl? Crete mucus, the faliv the liver, urine, See. The fecreted fluids are tnP^rop the receptacles and duffs through which the fecretion is to pafs to its place of deftination ; fo that the Accretions move akwag the excre- tory per ftimuli to ( *53 ) tory dads by means of the contractility of the coats of the duds and the affift'ance of neighbouring moving powers. SPLANCHNOLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE VISCERA. Body, divided externally into head, trunk, and extremities. Head, divided into face. and hairy part. Hairy part, into vertex. or crown, finciput, or the fore part, occiput, or hinder part, and hides. Face, into fore- :ad, temples, nofe, eyes, mouth, cheeks, chin, and ears. Trunk, divided into neck, thorax, and abdor^n. Neck, into anterior and pofteriorgjHjfc. Thorax, into anterior and Poftefts^filfeu*&£dp<:. Abdomen, in- born ichond) ng the n Hanks he urinar :d groins ler the abdo«j|gjt£ ’ r the pub d lateral regions, ivided into three r hifch lies efoer the the hyp ~ ■round- ed t|fc lies over whofe fides are is the hairy part »pt\#fcen the groins. Un3 the jparts of generation—' in in. men, the fcrotum and penis — an women, the labia and rinia vulvae. The fpace between the genitals and anus is called the perinaunu Extremities, divided into fuperior and in- ferior. Superior extremity, into top of the humerus, brachium, fore arm, and hand. Hand, into carpus, metacarpus, and fingers. Fingers, into pollex, index, digitus medius, digitus annularis, digitus auricularis. Infe- rior extremity, divided into femur, or thigh, crus, or leg, and extremity of the foot. Foot, into tarfus, metatarfus, and toes. Internal division of the body, into three cavities, viz. cavity of the cranium, tho* rax, and abdomen. ENTS, COMMON IN' m ► Thefe are fo call Common coverings they confift of epi tis, aK * A thin, pe.^ry^, jUfrg the external fu ^W^ion, with the cuti inhaling veffels. Col cover the fenfible cutaiieous RE Til C 1 55 ) RETE MUCOSUM. A mucous fubftance, difpofed in a net-like form, between the epidermis and cutis. Col- our, white in Europeans, black in Ethiopi- ans, &c. &c. Use, to cover the fenfible cu- ! taneous papillae, to conned the epidermis with I the cutis, and give the colour to the body. ■ Synonims. Mucus Malpighianus. CUTIS, OR TRUE SKIN. A thick membrane between the rete muco- »fum and adipofe membrane, covering the iwhole body. Substance, fibrous, vafcular, and nervous. Use, for the fituaticn of the iorgan of touch, exhalation, and abforption. See pages 128 and 144. PHYSIOLOGY OF PERSPIRATION. R NAILS, , fituated in the extremi- ties Perfpiration he blood is d by the livided Hie neans aid >art vill of fecretion by which antitv of aquedus flu- of the {kin. It is perfpiration : * g on, by which is kept frnooth any vhic^p only occafionally. ( i J6 ) lies of the fingers and toes. Use, to defend the nervous papillae from contufion. PILI, OR HAIRS. Thin, elaftic, dry filaments, growing out from the fkin. Colour and situation, various. Called capilli on the head ; fu- percilia, or eye-brows, above the eyes ; cilia, or eyelaflies, on the margin of the eyelids ; vibrilfae in the noftrils ; piii auriculares in the meatus auditorius ; myftax on the upper lip 5 fearba on the lower jaw, &c. &e. ADIPOSE AND CELLULAR MEMBRANE. A membrane formed of finall membranous cells, which are fometimes diftended with fat. Situation, under the cutis, and in fome foft? parts. Use, to cover and defend the mufcles ; ru unite the foft parts ; and to render the muf- cular fibres flexile. When without fat, it is called tela ccllulofa , or cella r mpmhranp. which forms the fubflance all the membranes, and commits vjBnBvarts to- gether. OF THE The parts which form the head, are divid- ed into external and nrornal. The external parts are the common integuments ; hair ; a tendinous expanfion ; three pair of mufcles $ pericranium ; and cranium itfelf. The Inter- nal ( 1 57 ) nal parts are, the dura mater ; membrana a- rachnoidea ; pia mater ; cerebrum ; cerebel- lum ; medulla oblongata ; nine pair of nerves ; four arteries, and twenty-two venous fmufes. DURA MATER. A thick membrane, which ftrongly adhere? to the internal furface of the cranium, efpe- cially about the futures. Processes. The falciform procefs , which divides the hemifpheres of the brain ; tertorium cerebelli , which fepa- rates the brain from the cerebellum ; and fep- tum cerebelli , which feparates the two lobes of the cerebellum. Composed of two ftrong membranous layers adhering together by fi- brous texture. Arteries. Meningea anterior, media and pofterior. Veins are called ve- nous fmufes j in number they are twenty-two, the principal of which are the fuperior longitu- dinal, lateral, and inferior longitudinal y ail of which evacuate their blood through the fora- men lacernm in bafi cranii, into the internal jugular veins. -Nerves, none. Glands, fit- uated abotlt the longitudinal fmus, are called Bacchonian. Use, to form the internal pe- riofteum of the cranium, and to contain and defend the cerebrum and internal parts of the brain from compreffion. MEMBRANA arachnoidea. A very delicate and tranfparent membrane, situated between the dura and pia mater, arrpunding the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla O oblongata, O J ( 153 ) oblongata, and medulla fpinalis. Substance, very thin and filamentous, and apparently with- out veil els and nerves. Use, not known. PI A MATER. A thin membrane, firmly accreted to the convolutions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, me dulla oblongata and fpinalis. Substance, al moll wholly vafcular. Use, to diftribute the velfels to, and contain the fubftance of, the cerebrum. CEREBRUM, OR BRAIN. A great vifcus in the cavity of tire cranium Figure, oval. Size, larger in man, in pro portion to his fize, than in any other anima Substance, cortical and medullary. Div ded into two hemifpheres , right and left. Eac hemifphere fubdivided on its inferior furfac ! into three lobes, an anterior, middle, and po terior. Principal cavities, two antcru or lateral ventricles, in each of which are fe 1 eral eminencies and a loole vafcular productic of the pia mater, called the plexus chorofdes ; third and fourth ventricle. Principal part,' corpus call of um , feen when the hemifpheres a: 1 feparated from each other ; feptum pellucidw w hich divides the lateral ventricles j ihc fo ’ nix ; the digital procefes ; pedes hippocampi corpora ftriata, and thalami nervorum opticorui which are found in the lateral ventricles ; vi vula magna cerebri ; ccmmifitra anterior et p, \ terior ; corpora quadrigemina, i. e. nates ah' ( l 59 ) (eftes ; gland id a pinealis ; glanchda pituitaria ; eminently candicantes , and the crura cerebri , all of which can only be learnt upon the fubject. Arteries, branches of the internal carotids and vertebrals. Nerves, none, but emits nine pair. Veins, return from the cortex of the cerebrum, and evacuate themfelves into [twenty-two venous finufes of the dura mater. iUsE. It is the organ of all the fenfes. CEREBELLUM, OR LITTLE BRAIN. j A filial 1 brain fituated under the tentorium ;n the inferior occipital depreflion. Figure, I'ound. Division, into a right and left lobe. Substance, externally cortical ; internally ne dullary. Eminences, two crura cerebelli ; m anterior and pofterior ^vermiform procefs^ md the arbor vita. Cavities, none. Ves- sels, common with the cerebrum. Use, the lime as the cerebrum. MEDULLA OBLONGATA. A medullary part lying upon the bafilary ir cuneiform procefs of the occipital bone, orraed by the connexion of the crura of the :erebrum and cerebellum. Eminences, pons jarolii ; corpora pyramidalia ; and corpora oli- ;aria. Use, the fame as the cerebrum. MEDULLA SPINALIS. A continuation of the medulla oblongata, yhich defeendsinto the fpecus vertebralis,from he foramen magnum occipitale to the third vertebra ( i Go ) vertebra of the loins, in which courfe it trans- mits between the vertebras thirty pair of nerves. Figure, cylindrical. Terminates, in va- rious nerves, which form the cauda equina. Integuments, the dura mater ; tunica arach- noidea ; and pia mater. Substance, exter- nally medullary; internally cortical. Arte- ries, anterior fpinal. Use, to emit thirty pair of nerves, called fpinal. OF THE ACTION OF THE CEREBRUM, CERE- BELLUM, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, AND MEDULLA SPINALIS. The moft important functions of an animal body are thofe of the brain. In order to ex- plain thefe accurately, it is neceffary to men- tion a few experiments which have been made upon animals. Upon dividing, compreffing, or tying a nerve, the mufcles to which the nerve goes be- come paralytic. If the nerve thus divided, compreffed, or tied, had any particular fen- fation, that fenfation no longer exifts ; but up- on untying or removing the compreffion, its peculiar fenfe returns. If the cerebrum, cerebellum, or medulla ob- longata, be irritated, dreadful convulfions take place all over the body. If any part of the brain be comprelied, tort part of the body is deprived of motion which ,! has nerves from the compreifed part. From thefe phenomena, it is evident tear j the the caufe of every fenfation and motion in an animal body arifes from the brain and fpinal marrow, and that from thefe parts it is con- veyed to every fentient part through the me- dium of the nerves. Hence it follows, that the nerves are the organs by which the vari- ous fenfations are produced. The manner, however, in which the nerves exercife fenfe and motion ; how the will is conveyed from the brain to the different parts, and how, from the different parts fenfations are conveyed to the brain, remains involved in oblcurity ; fev- eral hypothefes have been deduced to explain it, but none appear to be fatisfacfory. See alfo page 141. EYE.. The parts which form the eye are divided into external and internal. The external parts are the fupercilia, or eyebrows ; the palpebrae, or eyelids ; the cilia, or eyelafhes ; the lachrymal gland ; the lachrymal caruncle, a fmall fleffiy fubftance at the inner angle of the eye 5 the punfta lachrymalia, two fmall openings on the nafal extremity of each eve- l'afti ; the canali.s lachrymalis, formed by the union of the duffs leading from the puncta lachrymalia, which meet and conftitute it at the internal angle of the eye ; the faccus lach- rymalis, a dilatation of the canalis lachryma - iis, and which ends in the ductus nafalis, a continuation of the fame canal, which con- O 2 veys ( *62 ) vey's the tears into the nofe ; the mufcles of the eyelids ; the mufcles of the bulb of the eye, and the fat of the orbit. The bulb of the eye confifls of eight membranes, two chambers, and three humours. The bulb is covered anteriorly by an exquifitely fenfible and delicate membrane, which begins from the edge of the eyelalh, and is reflected over the eye to the edge of the other eyelafh. This membrane is the feat of inflammations of the eye, and is called the tunica conjunctiva. Membranes. i. The fclerotic , which is white, and the outermoft. 2. The choroid , which is highly vafcular, and whofe veflfels are called, from their direction, the vafa vor- ticofa. 3. The retina , which is the innermoft ; and, 4. The hyaloid , or arachnoid , which in- cludes the vitreous humour. In the anterior part are, 5. The cornea tranfparens , which is a part of the fclerotic. 6. The iris , a part of the choroid : it is of various colours ; hence white, black, blue eyes, &c. 7. The uvea , which is the posterior part of the iris ; and, 8. The capfule of the cryflalline lens. The chambers of the eye are diftinguifhed into anterior and pofterior. The anterior is the fpaoe between the tranfparent cornea and the fore part of the iris ; the pofterior the fpace between th? uvea and capfule of the • cry/' al- ine lens. The humours are the aqueous, the cryflalline lens, and the vitreous. See Uyprolopy. Connexion of the bulb. An-, tcriorly, it is connected with the membra. * a conjunct;' a $ ( ^3 ) conjun&iva ; pofteriorly, with the orbit, by means of mufcles and the optic nerve. Ar- teries, orbitalis interna, the central, and the optic. Veins, empty temfelves into the ex- ternal jugulars. — Nerves. The optic, or firft pair, and branches from the third, fourth, fifth, and fixth pair. Use. It is the organ of vifion. See Phyfiology ofVifion , page 142. EAR. The foft parts which form the ear are di- vided into external and internal. The ex- ternal soft parts are, the auricula, in •which are various prominences and fmufes, as the helix, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, concha auriculae, fcapha, feu folia navicuiaris, and lobuius ; the meatus aud'itorius extern u'A and membrana tympani. The internal soft parts are the periofteum, a proper mem- brane, which lines every part of the internal ear, and the Euftachian tube, which begins by !’ a large opening in the fauces, and gradually diminifhes as it pafles along its bony canal in- to the ear. Arteries, auditoria interna and externa. Veins, empty themfelves into the external jugular. Nerves of the external ear are, branches of the feventh pair, or ner- vus auditorius durus 5 and thofe of the inter- nal part are branches alfo of the feventh pair, but of che portio mollis. Use. It is the or- gan of hearing. See Phyfiology of Hearing, page 143, NOSE, ( 164 ) NOSE. A prominence of the face between the eyes ■and mouth. Division, into root, back, apex, and alte. Soft parts. Common integuments, mufcles, cartillages, periofteum, perichondri- um. Soft parts of the nostrils. A pi- tuitary membrane, which lines the internal furface of the nofe and all its cavities, contains the mucous glands, and has diftributed on it the olfadtory nerves ; and the periofteum. Ar- teries, branches of the internal maxillary. Veins, empty themfelves into the internal ju- gulars. Nerves, branches of the olfadtory, opthahnic, and fuperior maxillary. Mucip- arous glands, fituated every where in the pituitary membrane. Use, for fmelling, ref- piration and fpeech. See Phyfiology of fmelU ing, page 1 42.. cavity of the mouth., The parts which form this cavity are exter- nal and internal. The external are the lips, the philtrum, .the chin, and the cheeks. Composition, common integuments and the mufcles of the upper and under jaw. Arte- ries of the external part are branches of the infra-orbital, inferior alveolar, and facial. Veins, empty themfelves into the external ju- gular. Nerves, from the fifth and feventh pair. The internal parts of the mouth are the palate, two alveolar arches, the gums, tongue, cavity- of the cheeks, and three pair of C 1*5 ) falival glands. Use, for maflication, fpeech, refpiration, deglutition, fudtion, and tafle. PHYSIOLOGY OF MASTICATION. Maflication is the comminution of the food between the teeth, effected by the jaws, the tongue, cheeks, and lips. The powers which move thefe parts are their various mufcles, by which the lower jaw is pulled from the upper and again brought to it, whilfl the tongue per- petually puts the food between the teeth, and the cheecks and lips impede it, when maflica- ted, from falling out of the mouth. By this procefs, the food is divided, lacerated, and, as it were, ground, and mixed with the faliva and mucus of the mouth and the atmofpherical air, and thus rendered fit to be fwallowed and di- gefled ; fo that maflication is im fadt an incip- ient digeflion. TONGUE. A mufcular body, moveable in every direc- tion, fituafed in the cavity of the mouth. Di- vision, into bafis, body, fides, apex. Con- nexion, with the os hyoides, bottom of the infra-lingual cavity, and lower jaw. The ner- vous papillae, which are fituated at the apex of the tongue, are pyrimidal, fungiform, or conoid. Substance, flefliy, covered by cu- ticle, rete mucofum, cutis, and ceilulur mem- brane. ’Lingual arteries, branches of the external carotid. Veins, empty themfelves into the external jugulars. Nerves, from ( i66 ) the fifth, eighth, and ninth pair. Glands are muciparous. Use, for fpeech, maftication, de- glutition, fudtion, and tafte. Seepage 144, OF THE NECK.- The parts which form the neck are divided into external and internal. The external parts are the common integuments ; the mufcles of the neck ; eight pair of cervical nerves ; two carotid arteries ; two vertebral' arteries ; two external jugular veins ; two in- ternal jugular veins ; the jugular glands ; the thyroid gland ; the eighth pair of nerves of the cerebrum ; and the great intercoftak The internal parts are, the fauces ; pharynx 5. cefophagus ; larynx, and the trachea. FAUCES,' The cavity behind the tongue and the cur- tain of the palate, or velum palatinum, Soft parts, common integuments and muciparous glands. Arteries, branches of the external carotid. Veins, empty themfelves into the internal jugular. Muscles, fee Myology. Nerves, from the fifth and eighth pair. Use, for deglutition, refpiration, fpeech, and hear- ing. PHARYNX.' A mufcular fac, like a funnel, fituated be- hind the larynx, adhering to the fauces, and terminating ( l6 7 ) -terminating in the oefophagus. Co.nnected, by means of mufcles, with the cranium ; ver- tebrae ; and os hyoides. Use, to receive the mafticated food, and convey it into the cefoph- agus. (ESOPHAGUS.. A membranous mufcular tube, defcending from the pharynx to the ftomach. Composed of three membranes, viz. a common, mufcular, and villous. Arteries, branches of the aorta. -Veins, empty themfelves into the vena azygos. Nerves, from the eighth pair and great in- tercoftal. Muciparous gla-nds, every where. Use, for deglutition. physiology of deglutition. Deglutition is the conveying of the mafli- cated food from the cavity of the mouth into the fauces, and from the fauces through the oefophagus into the ftomach. This is per- formed by the jaws fhutting, fo as to prevent the food from falling out or the mouth ; the tongue is then applied to the palate, by which the food lying upon the back of the tongue is prefled into the cavity of the fauces, where it is received by the dilated pharynx-. The pharynx then is irritated to contract, by which the food is expelled into the oefophagus, by the contraction of whofe mufcular fibres it is conveyed through the cardia into the ffom- ,ach. The pharynx is dilated by its dilatatory mufcles, and by the root of the tongue, os hyoides, ( i68 ) hyoides, and larynx being drawn forwards and backwards by their proper mufcles. The food is prevented during the a£t of fwallowing from palling into the pofterior opening of the noftrils, the Euftacian tube, and larynx, by the velum pendulum palati and uvula being prefled againft the former, and the epiglottis being bent backwards over the glottis. When a fluid is to be drank, the head in- clines backwards, the fame actions take place, and the fluid pafles on each fide of the epiglot- tis. During deglutition the food is covered with the mucus of the fauces and oefcpha- gus. LARYNX. A cartilaginous cavity, fituatcd behind the tongue in the anterior part of the fauces. Composed of five cartilages ; various muf- cles ; and an internal nervous membrane. Cartilages, the epiglottis , at the root of the tongue ; the thyroid , or /cut form, which is the largeft, and two arytenoid cartilages ; and the cricoid cartilage, which is below the thyroid. A < very fenfible membrane covers their internal furface. The fuperior opening of the larynx, through which the air pafles, is called the glot- tis-. Arteries, branches of the external car- otid. Veins, empty themfelves into the ex- ternal jugular. Serves, branches ct the. ( l6 9 ) eighth pair. Glands, the thyroid. Use. It is the organ of the voice, and ferves alfo for refpiration. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VOICE. The voice is caufed by the found of the air propelled through the glottis ; fo that the or- gan of the voice is the larynx and its mufcles. The Ihrillnefs and roughnefs of the voice depends on the diametre of the glottis, its elafticity, mobility, and lubricity, and the force with which the air is expelled : thus when the diameter is increafed, the voice is more bafs, and vice verfa. SPEECH Is the modification of the voice in the cavity of the mouth and noftrils. • VENTRILOQUISM Confifls in the motion of the uvula, epiglot- tis, and fauces, by which the founds are modu- lated without the lips, teeth, or palate. The mouth being nearly fhut, and the voice re- founding between the larynx and cavity of the nofe, the found is returned as if emitted by fome one at a diftance. TRACHEA. A tube, compofed of cartilaginous rings continued from the larynx, and fituated before the cefophagus. It defeends to the feernum, and there divides into two branches called P bronchia. C I 7° ) bronchia. The bronchia, entering the fub- ftance of the lungs, divide into innumerable little branches, which terminate in the veficu ■* la pulmonale s, or air-cells. The cartilaginous rings of the trachea and bronchia are not completely cartilaginous, but flefhy on the back part. The internal furface is lined by a very fenjible membrane continued from the larynx. Vessels and nerves, common with the larynx. Use, for refpiration and fpeech. OF THE THORAX. The cavity Ctuated between the neck and abdomen is called the thorax ., or breaft. The external parts are, the common integu- ments ; the rnammre, or breafts ; various mufcles and bones. The internal parts are, the pleura ; lungs ; heart j thymus gland ; cefophagus ; thoracic duct ; the arch of the aorta ; branches of the vena cava j the vena azygos ; the eight pair of nerves, and part of the great intercoftal nerve. MAMMjE, or breasts,. Two foft hemifpheres adhering to the an. terior and lateral region of the thorax, moll confpicuous in females. On the middle of the external furface is the papilla , around which is the coloured orb or difc of the pa. pilla, j ( ) pjlla, Called areola . Substance, common, integuments ; adipofe fubitance \ lacteal glands and veilels. Arteries, external and internal mammary. Veins, empty themfelves into the axillary and fubclavian vein. Nerves, branches of the coftalis Superior. Lymphat- ics, empty themfelves into the fubaxiilary glands. Use, to fuckle new-born infants. PLEURA. A membrane lining the internal furface of the thorax, and covering its vifcera. It forms a great procefs, called the mediafdnum , which is a membranous feptum to the cavity of the thorax, dividing it perpendicularly into two cavities, arifing from the duplicature of the pleura. It is connected with the ribs, muf- cles, fternum, bodies of the dorfal vertebrae, pericardium, and diaphragm. Substance, fibrous and va fcular. Arteries, from the intercoftals. Veins, empty themfelves into the intercoftals. Nerves, very few. Use, to divide the thorax into two cavities, and render the furface moift by the vapour it exhales, and to give a membrane to the lungs and pericar- dium. diaphragm. A defliy and tendinous divifion, feparating the cavity of the thorax from the cavity of the abdomen. Adhesion, anteriorly with the fternum and ribs, pofteriorly with the verte- brae. Substance, in the centre, tendinous in p - C 172 ) in the ambit, fleihy ; its fuperior furface is cov- ered by the pleura ; its inferior by the perito- neum. Apertures, a right foramen, through which the vena cava afcendens paffes to the right auricle of the heart, a left foramen , through which the cefophagus and the par va- gum pafs into the cavity of the abdomen, and a pofterior opening, which tranfmits the aorta into the abdomen, and the thoracic duel and vena azygos, into the thorax.. Arteries, from the defeending aorta. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena azygos. Nerves. The diaphragmatic, or phrenic nerves, arife from the fpinal nerves of the neck. Use, for refpiration, fituation of the heart, expulfion of feces, and parturition. LUNGS. Two vifeera, fituated in the cavities of the thorax, by which we breathe. Division, in- to right and left lung ; the right has three lobes , the left only two. Connexion, with the neck and heart. Substance, veficular, vafcular, and bronchial, connected together by a parenchymatous fubftance. It has an external membrane from the pleura. Ves- sels, pulmonary and bronchial. Nerves, from the eighth pair and great intercoftal. Lymphatics, are to be feen on its external furface. Glands, called bronchial. Use, for refpiration, fanguification, and voice. PHYSIOLOGY ( i73 ) PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION. Refpiration conhifts of inspiration , or the in- grefs of the air into the lungs, and expiration , cr the egrefs of the air from the lungs. During deep, refpiration is performed with- out our knowledge, and therefore termed Spontaneous ; but when it can be augmented or diminifhed according to our will, it is termed •voluntary.. The exciting cauSe of infpiration is the air ruffing into the lungs and irritating its nerves, which irritation is by confent of parts communicated to the diaphragm and intercof- tal mufcles, and compels them, to contract. The contraction of the intercoffal mufcles and diaphragm, and the preffure of the elaflic air, therefore dilate the chelL. The air being deprived of its ftimulus, the intercoffal muf- cles and diaphragm become relaxed, the car- tilages of the ribs and abdominal mufcles, before expanded, return to their former date, and thus the air is expelled from the lungs. The fmall branches of the pulmonary artery form a beautiful net-work oS veSels on the in- ternal membrane of the air vehicles. During expiration, the air-veffels are collapfed ; con- fequently.the blood- veffels become tortuous, and the blood is prevented palling. In infpiration then, the air vehicles being dilated, the tortuous veffels are elongated, and a free paffage afford- ed to the blood : the very delicate coats of thefe veffels are alfo rendered ho thin as to buf- fer a chemical action to take place between the P 2 air C *7 4 ) air in the veficles and the blood in the veffels. This conflitutes the primary ufe of refpiration ; viz. the blood abforbing the oxygen from the atmofpheric air, by which the nervous energy is increafed, and it is generally believed, heat generated ; but this fubjeft is yet undeter- mined. PERICARDIUM. A membranous fac furrounding the heart. Adhesion, with the diaphragm, pleura, fler- num, cartilages of the ribs, cefophagus, aorta defcendeiis, and the veins and great arteries going to and from the heart. Arteries, branches of the internal mammary and medi- aftinal. Veins, empty themfelves into the internal mammary. Nerves, from the fu- perficial cardiacs. Use, to contain the heart, and to feparate a fluid, which may lubricate and preferve it from concretion with the peri- cardium. HEART. A mufcular vifcus fituated in the cavity of the pericardium, which ferves for the motion of the blood. Division, externally into bafe, furfaces, and margins ; internally, into auri- cles and ventricles. Situation, oblique, not tranfverfe. The cavities of the heart are called auricles and ventricles. The auri- cles are fituated upon the bafe of the heart, and are fo named from their refemblance to do.es’ ears. They are compofed. of mufcular fibres, • ( 175 ) fibres, which are very delicate, and are lined by an extremely fenfible and contractile mem- brane. They furround the origin of the aor- ta and pulmonary arteries, when diftended, and are feparated from each other by the fep- tum auricularum. The right auricle has opening into it, at its upper part, the vena cava fuperior, at its lower part the vena cava inferior, and at one fide the large coronary vein ; fo that its office is that of receiving the blood from every part of the body. Befides thefe openings , it has one much larger, communicating with the right ventricle, from the margin' of which there hangs into the right ventricle, connected with the -chordae tendinese, a valve, called, from its fhape, xho*tricufpid , or triglochine valves. The left auricle is compofed of the fame materials as the right ; it has opening in- to it the four pulmonary veins ; fo that the blood of the pulmonary artery paffies through the lungs into the left auricle. Befides the openings of the four pulmonary veins, the left auricle has a communication with the left ven- tricle, and from the margin of this opening there hangs into the left ventricle a valve, which, from its refemblance to a bifhop’s mi- tre, is termed the mitral -valve. It is alfo con- nected to the chordee tendinese of the ventricle. The ventricles are fituated in the fubfiance of the heart, and are divided from each other by a thick mufcular feptum, called fepturn cor- dis, The parietes of the ventricles are very thick* ( * 7 $ ) thick, and compofed of ftrong mufcular fibres. In the ventricles are a number of flefhy cords, running in various directions ; thefe are called came # column # , and many of them are con- nected with the valves of the auricular open- ings by tendinous cords, termed chord# tendi- 7iea. The ventricles are lined by a fimilar membrane to that which lines the auricLes. The right ventricle has a communi- cation with the right auricle, as before men- tioned, in order to receive its blood ; it has alfo an opening into the pulmonary artery,, which arifes from it, and' through which or- gan the blood is expelled from, the ventricle. At the origin of the artery three large valves are placed, called, from their fhape, femilunarr valves ; The left ventricle is much ftronger than the right : befdes the opening for the en- trance of the blood from the left auricle, it has alfo an Opening through which it tranfmits its blood, and this is into, the aorta, which arifes from it, and has, like the pulmonary artery,, three femilunar valves placed at is origin. Vessels are common and proper ; the coin - iron are the aorta, pulmonary artery and veins, and the vena cavas ; the proper are the coro- nary arteries and veins. Nerves, branches of the eighth pair and great intercoftal. Use, It is the primary organ of the motion of the bleed. CIRCULATION C r 77 ) CIRCULATION OF THE BLOODr The blood is continually in motion, palling' from the auricles of the heart into the ven- tricles ; from the ventricles into all the arte- ries of the body, and from the arteries into the veins, which return it again to the au- ricles. The blood is brought from every part ' of the body to the heart by the two venae ca- vae (the fuperior bringing it from the head, upper extremities, and thorax, and the inferi- or from the abdomen and inferior extremities,) which terminate in the right auricle. The right auricle, when diflended with blood, con- tracts, and empties itfelf into the right ven- tricle ; the right ventricle then contracts, and propels the blood into the pulmonary artery, the opening between the ventricle and auricle being fhut by the tricufpid valves. The pul- monary artery conveys the blood by its nu- merous ramifications into the fmall branches of the air-cells of the lungs, where it under- goes a change, and paffes into’ the veins which bring it by four trunks into the left auricle of the heart. It is prevented returning from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, by the three femiiunar valves which are placed at its origin. The blood having thus palled through the lungs, and become of a florid colour, diftends the left auricle, which is then ftimulated to contract, and pours the blood ( * 7 ® ) into the left ventricle. The left ventricle next ‘contracts, and propels the blood through the aorta, to be conveyed by its branches to every part of the body. The mitral valves, which are placed at the auricular opening in- to the left ventricle, prevent the blood from returning, when the ventricle contracts, into the auricle : and left the blood fhould be prevented by any impediment palling immedi- ately along the aorta, the three femilunar valves placed at its origin prevent its regurgi- tating into the ventricle. From the numerous arteries of the aorta the blood is conveyed in- to the veins, where it lofes its florid colour, and becomes darker, to be returned, in the way above mentioned, to the right auricle. Thus the blood of the right auricle and ven- tricle, and of the pulmonary arteries, is cf a dark colour ; and that of the pulmonary veins, left auricle, ventricle, and- all the arte- ries (except the pulmonary,) of a florid hue. From what has been faid, it is evident that the adtion of the heart confifts in the alternate contraction and dilatation of its auricles and ventricles. The dilatation cf the heart is termed dlaf- iole , and' the contraction fyjlole . The excef- iive fenfi'bility of the membrane which lines the auricles and ventricles difpofes then! to contraction, which is effected by the irritation of the ftimulus of the blood, and by that of the diftenfion of its cavities. OF ( 'i79 ) OF THE ABDOMEN. A cavity fituated between the thorax and pelvis. Divided into feveral regions, as has already been mentioned. The external Parts are the common integuments, five pair of abdominal mufcles, and the peritoneum. The internal parts, or viscera., are the omentum, ftomach, fmall and large inteflines, liver, gall-bladder, mefentery, lacteal veffels, fpleen, pancreas, kidneys, fupra-renal glands, aorta defcendens, and vena cava afcendens. peritoneum. A membrane lining the internal furface of the abdomen, and covering all its vifcera. Connected, by means of cellular membrane, with the diaphragm, abdominal mufcles, ver- tebrae of the loins, bones of the pelvis, urina- ry bladder, uterus, inteftinum rectum, and all the vifcera of the abdomen. Vessels of the peritoneum, from the adjoining parts. Use, to contain and flrengthen the abdominal vif- cera, and to exhale a vapour to lubricate them, omentum, or epiploon. An aclipofe membrane, a production of the peritoneum, attached to the ftomach, and ly- ing on the anterior furface of the inteflines. Division, ( 180 ) Division, into large and j mall omentum. The former hangs pendulous from the great curvature of the ftomach. The fmall omen- tum fills up the fpace between the fmall cur- vature of the fiomach, liver, &c. Immediate- ly behind the biliary dudts there is an opening which will admit the finger, called the fora- men of Window. Arteries, branches of the cceliac. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena portae. Use, to lubricate the intef- tines j keep them warm ; and to preferve them from concretion. STOMACH. A membranous receptacle, which receives the ingefta from the oefophagus. Situated in the epigaftric region. Divided, when emp- ty, into an anterior and a pofterior furface ; a great and little curvature ; the cardia, or fu- perior opening ; and the pylorus, or inferior opening. Connexion, with the oefophagus, duodenum, omentum, and pancreas. Com- posed of three membranes, or coats,’ viz. a common, mufcular, and villous coat. Ar- teries, branches of the cceliac — the corona- ria, which goes to the fmall curvature — the gaftrica finiflra, which is diftributed to the great and arifes from the fplenic artery, — gaf- trica dextra, which paffes to the great curva- ture, and the pylorica, fupplying the pylorus ; all of which unite with each other, and form a net-work of blood-veflals. Gastric veins empty themfelves into the vena ports, cor ref- ponding C 181 ) ponding with the trunks of the arteries. Nerves, branches of the par vagum. Ab- sorbents, thofe of the fmall curvature ter- minate in thoracic du£t, where the coeliac ar- tery is given off, and thofe palling along the great curvature join with the abforbents of the fpleen. Glands, muciparous, under the in- ternal tunic. Use, to receive the ingefla from the cefophagus, and to retain, mix, digeft, and expel it into the duodenum. DIGESTION, OR CHYMIFIC ATION. Digeflion, or chymification, is the change which food undergoes in the Itomach, by which it is converted into chyme. The circumftances neceifary to effect a healthy digeftion of the food are — 1. A certain degree of heat of the flomach, 2. A free mixture of faliva with the food in the mouth. 3. A certain quantity of healthy gaftric juice. 4. The natural periftakic motion of the flomach. 5. The preffure of the contraction and re- laxation of the abdominal mufcles and dia- phragm. From thefe circurn fiances, the par- ticles of the food are foftened, dilfolved, dilut- ed, and intimately mixed into a foft pap, call- ed chyme, which paffes through the pylorus of the flomach into the duodenum. Q, INTESTINES# ' Jk ( 1 84 ) INTESTINES. The membranous tube, Tix times longer than the body, in the cavity of the abdomen, varioufly contorted from the pylorus of the flomach to the anus, is fo called. Division, into fmall and large. The small are the duodenum , which begins at the pylorus of the flomach, and is reflected over the fpine under the peritoneum. It is about twelVe -fingers- breadth in length, and has an oblique perfora- tion near it* middle, which is the common opening to the pancreatic dud and dudus communis choledochus. The jejunum and ileum com pole the remainder .of the fmall in- teflines. They always hang from the mefen- tery into the cavity of the pelvis. There is no alteration of hr u dure in any part of the fmall inteflines, the termination of the one and beginning of the .other is imaginary. The je- junum conilitutes the firfl naif from the duo- denum, the other half is ileum. The fmall inteflines have internally a number of anular folds, which augment the furface for the fitua- tion of the ladeal and other, veifels ; thefe are called valvules conniventes. They are. peculiar to the fmall inteflines. The large intellines are divided into the caecum, colon, and rec- tum. The cacum lies upon the right hip over the iliacus internus mufcle, to which it is at- tached by cellular membrane : it is a large cul defhc : the fmall intefline opens obliquely jnto it, in fuch a manner as to form a valve to • • imne v ' C 1S3 ) impede the return of the feces ; and nearly oppofite to this valve there arifes from the caecum a fmall vermiform canal, imperforated at its extremity, called the appendicula cad verfor'mis. The inteftine is now called colon; it afcends towards the liver, and is called the afcending portion of the colon , and having reach- ed the liver, forms a tranfuere arch acrofs to the other fide. The colon then defcends, forming what is termed its figmoid flexure into the pelvis, where the gut is termed the rectum , which terminates in the. anus. The large in- teftines are tabulated, have fometimes little fat portions adhering to them called appendic- ula epiploica , and alio three longitudinal bands upon their external furface. Composed of three membranes, or coats, one common, a fnufcular one, and the third villous. Con- nexion, with the mefentery, kidnies, os coccygis, arid urinary bladder, and in women with the vagina. Arteries, branches of the fuperior and inferior mefenteric, duodenal, and internal haemorrhoidal. Veins, run- into the meferaic. Their nerves are, productions of the eighth pair and intercoftals. Lacteal vessels.. Thefe arife from the fmall intef- tines, and run into the mefenteric glands. Glands, muciparous, under the villous coat. Use, to receive the chyme, and retain it for a time ; to mix it with the enteric juice and bile ; to feparate and propel the chyle into the lafteal velfels ; and to eliminate the feces. • C II VI. IFI CATION*. C 184 3 CHYLIFICATION. This is the change of the chyme in the finall inteftines into chyle. The chyme in the duodenum is mixed with the pancreatic juice, the bile, and enteric juice ; from which mix- ture, effected by the continual periftaltic mo- tion of the inteftines, a milk-like fluid is fepa- rated, which is termed chyle, and is abforbed by the pendulous opening of the lacteals, and conveyed through the mefentery into the tho- racic du£t, to be fent into and mixed with the blood, to form new blood.. Chylification is performed quicker than chymification, and both are efleCted within three hours. The excrementious particles of the food, called the fseces, are propelled into the cae- cum, through the colon, and where they ac- quire a peculiar fmell, into the reCtum, to be expelled. EXPULSION OF THE FVECES. The irritation of the feces in the reCtum induces it to contract, the fphincter relaxes, and the feces are protruded through the ap- erture of the anus, by the preflure of the ab- dominal mufcles, and the anus clofed again by the contraction of its fphinCter and levator mufcles. MESENTERY. A membranous duplicature, formed of a production of the peritoneum, to which the inteftines C 185 ) inteftines adhere. Division, into mefentery, to which the inteftines adhere, and mefocolon, to which the colon adheres. Connexion, with the lumbar vertebrae. Arteries, infe- rior and fuperior, mefenteric, branches of the aorta defcendens. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena portae. Nerves, branches of the eighth pair and intercoftals. The glands, which are lituated in- the mefentery,. are called mefenteric glands. The lafteals proceed to the glands, and from them to the thoracic duel. Use, to ftrengthen the inteftines, and afford a fituation to the lacleal veffels, glands, and nerves, blood-velfels, &c. of the inteftines,. LIVER. The largeft of the abdominal vifeera, placed; in the right hypochondriac region, and fome- what in the epigaftric. Division, into three lobes ; the great,. fmall, and a lefts one, called the Spigelian. Connexion, with the dia- phragm, by means of the fufpenfory and other ligaments. Substance, vafcular. The glands which compofe the fubftance of the- liver are. called acini blliofi . The excretory ducts of the glands are termed port bili - ari : They arife from the acini of the liver, form larger trunks, called ductus hepatici , which converge together, and conftitute a common canal, the dudus kepaticus , which unites with the cyftic dufl, and forms the duff us communis choledochus. Use, to fe- crete bile, Q^2 GALL-BLADDER C 186 ) GALL-BLADDER. An oblong membranous receptacle, fituated under the liver, in the right hypo chondri urn* Division, into, bottom, body, and neck, which terminates in the du£tus cyfticus. The dudus cyfticus arifes from the gall-bladder, proceeds to the duodenum, and unites with the ductus hepaticus, to form the ductus com* munis choledochns , which perforates the duode- num, and conveys the bile into the inteftines. The gall-bladder is composed of three mem- branes, a common, fibrous, or mufcular and villous. Arteries, branches of the hepatic. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena portae. Absorbents, very numerous. Nerves, from the eighth pair and intercoftals, Glands, muciparous. Use, to retain the gall, which regurgitates from the hepatic duft, there to become thicker, more bitter, and acrid. spleen. A fpongy vifcus, fituated in the left hypo- chondrium, near the fundus of the flomach,. under the ribs. Figure, ovak Connex- ion, with the omentum, diaphragm, pancreas, and colon. Arteries, the fplenic artery is a branch of the cceliac. Veins, empty them- felves into the vena portae. Absorbents, very numerous. Nerves, from the par va- gi, im and great intcrcoftal. Use, unknown. PANCREAS, C 187 ) PANCREAS. A glandular body, of a long figure, com- pared to a dog’s tongue, fituated in the epi- gallric region, under the ftomach. Compos- ed of innumerable fmall glands, the excreto- ry duds of which unite and form the pancre- atic dud. Its external membrane is from the mefocolon. Arteries, from the neighbour- ing parts and fplenic artery. Veins, evacu- ate themfelves into the fplenic. The pancre- atic dud perforates the duodenum with the dudus communis choledochus, and conveys its fecretion into the inteftines.. Use, to fe- crete a humour ftmilar to faliva, and carry it into the duodenum. LACTEAL VESSELS. The abforbing veftels of the mefentery are fo termed, becaufe they convey the chyle, a milk-like fluid, from the inteftines into the thoracic dud. Origin, from the furface of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Ter- mination, in the thoracic dud, or trunk of the abforbents, which runs near the aorta on the fpine, and empties its contents into the jugular vein. As they run through the mef- entery, they pafs through a number of glands, in which the chyle is altered, and then pro- ceed to their trunk. Use. To carry the chyle from the inteftines into the blood. See the Phyfiology of Abforption and the Abforbents ,, pages 124. 128, SIDNEYS,. ( 1 88 ) KIDNEYS. Two vifcera, which fecrete the urine. Sit- uated behind the fac of the peritoneum, near the bodies of the fuperior lumbar vertebrae Substance, of three kinds ; cortical, tubu- lar, and papillous. Integuments, or cov- erings, adipofe membrane, and a membrana propria. The renal arteries.; or emul- gents, are branches of the aorta defcendens. The veins empty themfelves into the cava in- ferior. The nerves of the kidneys are branches of the eighth pair, and intercoftal. The excretory ducts of the kidneys are called the ureters, canals which convey the. urine from the kidneys into the bladder. Use, to fecrete urine... EXCRETION OF THE URINE., The urine is feparated from the blood by the extremities of the renal arteries, which open in the fubftance of the kidney into the. tubuli uriniferi,. from whence it is . received in-, to the pelvis of the kidney, and palfes along the ureter into the urinary bladder guttatim, where it ufually remains a few hours, in con- fequence of the fphincter of the bladder being contrafted. It is prevented returning into, the ureters by their entrance being oblique . and valvular. The. urine having remained a . 'few hours in the bladder, excites a defire to void it, by which ftimulus the fphinfrer be- comes C 189 ; comes relaxed, the mufcular flrudture of the bladder contracts, and by the afliftance of the abdominal mufcles and the acceleratores urinae the urine is propelled along the urethra. SUPRA-RENAL GLANDS. Two triangular flat bodies, situated* one above each kidney. Use, not known. OF THE PELVIS. The pelvis is a cavity below the abdomen and under the pubes, containing the urinary bladder, redtum, and organs of generation. URINARY BLADDER. A membranous fac under the peritoneum, in the cavity of the pelvis. Situation, in men, between the pubes and rectum ; in wom- en, between the pubes and uterus. Divis- ion, into fundus, body, and neck. Compos- ed of three membranes, like the inteftines. Arteries, branches of the hypogaftric and haemorrhoidal. Veins, empty themfelvesinto the hypogaftric. Nerves, branches from the intercoftal and facral nerves. Glands, mucip- arous. Use, to receive, retain, and expel the urine. THE ( * 9 ° ) THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. Thefe are, the penis, tefticles, and veftculae feminales. PENIS." Alfcv called membrum virile, or yard, vs that cylindrical part which hangs under the mons V eneris, -before the fcrotum. Division, into root, body, and head, called glans. The hairy prominence, which covers the pubes, is called v ions Veneris. Substance. It confifts of common integuments, t'\yo corpora cavernofa ; the corpus fpongiofum urethrae ; and the ure- thra. The corpora cavernofa, which form the chief bulk of the penis, are compofed of a cel- lular and very elaftic fubftance, and arife by two crura, one from each amending- ramus of the ifehium. The corpus fpongiofum begins’ before the proftrate gland, and furrounds the urethra. Atitsbeginning.it forms the bul- bous part of the urethra,- and then proceeds forwards, to be expanded at the extremity of the penis into a very vafcular fubftance, call- ed g/ans- penis, which is naturally covered by a fold of the Ikin, called the prepuce . The urethra is a membranous canal, which pro- ceeds from t'he bladder through the corpus fpongiofum urethrae to the meatus or opening in the glans penis. It is endowed with a high degree of fenftbility and contractility. The verumantanUm , < I 9 I ) %'trumontanum, or gallimginis , is a cuta- neous eminence in the uretha, before the neck of the bladder. Glands, muciparous ; odo- riferous’; Gowper’s glands ; and the proftrate. See Adenology. The penis is connected with the uretha, pubes, and ifchium; Arteries are branches of the hypogaftric and ifchiatic. The dorsal vein of the penis, called vena magna ipfius penis , empties itfeif into the vena hypo- gaflrica. Absorbents, run under the conj- mon integuments, to the inguinal glands. Nerves, branches of the facral nerves and ifchiatic. Use, for erection, coition, effufion of femen, and of urine. TESTICLES. Two oval bodies contained in the cavity of the fcrotum. The epididymis is an hard vafcular fubflance, formed of convoluted vas deferens, lying on the tefticle. Integuments of the tefticle are, the fcrotum ; tunica albu- ginea, which is fmooth, and adheres very firm- ly to the body of the tefticle ; and the tunica vaginalis , which defcends with the fpermatic chord, and furrounds the tefticle, as the peri- cardium does the heart. Composed of white {lender canals, which terminate in the epididy- mis, and form into one great canal, the vas deferens, which proceeds from the tefticle in- to the abdomen, over the os pubis, and then defcend# C * 9 2 ) defcends into the pelvis, to be inferted into the veficulae feminales. Spermatic arte- ries, are branches of the aorta. Spermatic veins, empty themfelves into the vena cava, and left vena renalis. Nerves, branches oi the lumbar and great intercoftal. Absor. bents, afcend from the tefticle through the chord. The funiculus fpermaticus , or fper- matic chord, confifts of the vas deferens, fper- matic artery and vein, fpermatic nerves, ab- forbent veflels, and tunica vaginalis, which the cremafter mufcle furrounds. Use, to fe- Crete and prepare femen. SECRETION AND EXGRETION OF THE SEMEN. The femen is fecreted by minute branches of the fpermatic arteries, that depofit it into correfponding feminal veflels, which compofe the great eft part of the body of the tefticle. The femen is the proper ftimulus to thefe vef- fels, which are therefore ftimulated to con- tract, and by a very flow motion convey it in- to the epididymis and vas deferens, by which it is carried through the inguinal ring into the pelvis, to be deposited in the veficulae femi- nales, where it excites a defire to emit it. The cells of the corpora cavernofa penis are dif- tended with blood by the venereal famulus ; hence the penis fwells, and is inclined for co- ition, during which action, at the time of the czflrum venereum, the veficulae feminales con- trad. ( i93 ) traCt, and the femen is thrown with an immenfe force, through the ejaculatory ducts, opening into the urethra, where it is mixed with the fecretion from the proftrate gland, which is expelled at the fame moment, and palfes with it along the urethra, to be propelled by the contraction of the ejaculatory mufcles into the cavity of the uterus* VESICULiE SEMINALES. Two membranous receptacles, which re- ceive and contain the femen from the vafa def- ‘erentia. -They are situated on the back part of the bladder, above its neck. Sub- stance, membranous, white, and covered with a fibrous fubftance. The ejaculatory duels are fome lines long, and enter the cavity of the urethra from each veficle, by a pecu- liar orifice at the top of the verumontanum. Vessels and nerves, from the neighbouring parts. Absorbent vessels, arife from the veficulas feminales, and run to the lymphatic glands about the loins. Use, to contain, re- tain, infpifiate, and excern the femen into the urethra. THE ORGANS OF GENERATION IN WOMEN. The parts which ferve for generation in women are divided into external and internal. R The C 194 ) The external parts are the mons Veneris ; the labia najora , two cutaneous folds, fituat- ed externally ; the labia minora , or nymphie , alfo two cutaneous folds, like a cock’s-comb, placed at the fides of the vagina ; the clitoris , a fmall glandiform body, like a penis in mini- ature, placed under the fuperior commilfure of the nymphse ; and the hymen , a membrane for the molt part femilunar, fituated at the entrance of the virgin vagina. The inter- nal parts are the vagina $ uterus ; Fallo- pian tubes ; ovaria j broad and round liga- ments of the uterus ; and the urethra. VAGINA. An elaftic canal leading from the external opening of the vulva to the uterus. Com- posed of three membranes ; the outermoft is cellular, the middle mufcular, and the in- ternal rugous. Glands, mucous ; fituated under the internal membrane. Use to re- ceive the penis, and for the palfage of the child in delivery. UTERUS, OR WOMB, A fpongy receptable, like a flattened pear ; fituated in the pelvis between the urinary blad- der and rectum. Division, into fundus, body, neck, and orifice, called os tinea. Sub- stance of the uterus, fpongy, interwoven with mufcular fibres. Arteries, the fper- matic which are branches of the aorta ; and the uterine, which are from the hypogaitn,; ( *95 ) and haemorrhoidal. Uterine Veins are without valves, and empty themfeives into the fpermatic, hypogaftric, and external haemor- rhoidal veins. Absorbents run into the iliac glands. Nerves are branches of the facral and ifchiatie. Gtands, mucous. Use, for conception, nutrition of the foetus, parturi- tion, and menftruation. PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION. By a law of nature women menftruate in this climate from about the age of fifteen to forty-five, Menftruation is the. efflux (by fome thought to be a fecretion) of blood from veffels opening into the cavity or the uterus:. During pregnancy, the catamenia , or r.tcnjls, for fo the difcharge is called, lftop, except in fome few inftances, where it is fupplied by the veffels of the vagina. The nature of menftrual blood, if women be healthy, differs only from other blood in its not coagulating, which may be caufed by its flow exit, and its mixture with the fecretions of the uterus and vagina. It differs, however, in quantity, the period of its lirft appearance, its duration, and the fymptoms which precede and accompany it, according to the age, tem- perament, habit of body, climate, feafon of the year, mode of living, and other circum- ftances. Women are faid to be moft fufceptible af the ( i9* )' addon of the vivifying principle of the femen . during the period of menftruation. PHYSIOLOGY OF CONCEPTION. The congrefs between man and woman is called coition, which is fo well known as to require no defeription. During coition the nymphs and clitoris are tumid with blood, and the fimbriae of the Fal- lopian tubes, by a power inherent in them, are ftretched out, and applied over the furface of an ovum in the ovarium. The pleafure which women experience dur- ing coition is very great, and a quantity of mu- cus is fuddenly emitted from the glands of the vagina, during the venereal orgafm, which in former times was erroneoufiy fuppofed to be the femen of the female, but now it is the o- pinion of phyfiologifts that women have no lenten, as anatomy cannot detedt any organ by which it can be fecreted. In order that a woman may conceive , it is req- uisite that fhe (hall have menftruated ; that the ovum in the ovarium fhall have arrived at a date of maturity, and that the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube fhall be ftretched around the mature ovum, fo as to let the cavity of the Fallopian tube come immediately over it. In this ftate, the male femen is emitted into the uterus, and its vivifying part, which is ex- tremely fubtile, and called the aura '/minis , ( *97 ) flies through the cavity of the uterus along the Fallopian tube to the mature ovum, to which it imparts a principle by wh ich it begins to circulate its fluids and is animated. The ovum being thus vivified, enlarges and rup- tures the flender tunic of the ovarium, in which it was enclofed. At the time of its rupturing, the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube embrace it, and it is rolled, by the periftaltic motion of the latter, into the cavity of the u- terus, there to be perfected, and at the expira- tion of nine months to be fent into the world,. OF THE GRAVID UTERUS. The parts of the gravid uterus are, the u- terine placenta, the umbilical chord, the mem- branous ovum of the foetus, the liquor amnii, and the foetus. UTERINE PLACENTA. A fpongy mafs, like a cake, generally adher- ing to the fundus of the gravid uterus, coin- pofed of a net-work of very numerous veffels. Substance, cellular, like afponge filled with veffels. Absorbents have been lately dis- covered. Nerves, nine. Use, to receive and prepare the blood from the uterus for the foetus, and give off branches to the umbilical vein. R 2 funiculus ( r 98 ) FUNICULUS UBILICALIS, OR UMBILICAL CHORD. A chord of an inteftinal form, which runs from the navel of the foetus to the centre of the placenta. Length, moftly about half a yard. Composed of a cutaneous vagina, or fheath,a cellular fubflance, one umbilical vein, and two umbilical arteries. Use. The um- bilical vein of the foetus conveys the blood from the placenta to the foetus, and the two umbilical arteries return it from the foetus to the placenta. MEMBRANOUS OVUM OF THE FOeTUS. The foetus is inclofed in a membranous ovum or bag within the cavity of the uterus. The ovum confifts of three membranes ; an outer, or filamentous, called decidua ; a mid- dle one, called the chorion ; and an inner one, termed the amnion. Use, to include the liq- uor amnii, to prevent its flowing into the uterus, and at the commencement of parturi- tion, to affift in dilating the os uteri. LIQUOR AMNII, OR LIQUOR OF THE AMNION, A lymphatic liquid, enclofed in the cavity of the ovum furrounding the foetus, fecreted by the exhaling arteries of the membranes of the ovum. Quantity, about the time of parturition, two or three pounds. Proper- ty, C 199 3 TY, gelatinous, like turbid ferum of milk. Use, to defend the foetus from the preifure of the uterus, to give it nourilhment, to dilate the orifice of the uterus in labour, and to lubri- cate the vagina. FCeTUS. During the firft month of pregnancy, the ovum is about the fize of a pigeon’s egg ; the foetus fwims in the middle of the liquor amnii, and reprefents a little cloud, which gradually enlarges, and its parts become more firm and perfect. The parts of the foetus at birth dif- fer from the adult, in having a foramen ovale , a canalis arteriofus , and a canalis venofus. The lungs are black, collapfed, and fink in water. The liver is large. AH the fmall glands are alfo proportionately large, and the large intef- tines are filled with meconium. All the can- als and velfels peculiar to the foetus are oblite- rated after birth, and become ligaments. PECULIARITIES IN THE ARTERIAL AND VENAL SYSTEM OF THE FCfiTUS. The foetus has — -an umbilical vein , which goes to the liver, and two umbilical arteries which arife from the internal iliac-— a canalis venofus , or vein, which proceeds from the finus of the vena portae into the vena cava in- ferior — an opening in the feptum of the auri- cles, called the foramen ovale, and a canalis ar- teriofus, or artery which arifes from the pul- monary ( 200 ' ) moftary artery, and paffes obliquely into the aorta. After birth thefe veffels gradually be- come impervious, and at length are removed by the abforbents. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD IN THE FCeTUS. The fcetus receives its blood from the moth- er through the umbilical vein of the funis, which tranfmits it along the dudtus venofus into the vena cava, to be carried to the right auricle of the heart ; from the right auricle it paffes partly through the foramen ovale into the left auricle, and partly into the right ven- tricle. From the right ventricle it is propell- ed into the pulmonary artery, which fends a very fmall proportion through the lungs and the remainder through the canalis arteriofus into the aorta. The blood is returned from the foetus by the two umbilical arteries, along the chord, to the mother. HYGROLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE FLUIDS. The ffuids of the body are divided into crude , as the chyle ; fanguineous, as the blood ; lymphatic as the lymph of the lymphatic vef- fels ; fecreted , or thofe feparated from the blood 3 and excrement Uious, as urine, farces, C 201 3 The fecreted fluids are fubdivided into lac- teal , as the juice of the proftrate gland ; a- qeous , as the aqueous humour of the eye ; mu- cous , as the mucus of the noftrils ; albuminous , as the ferum of the blood ; oleous , as the oil of the adipofe membrane ; and bilious , as the bile. Fluids are alfo divided, from their motion, into circulatory , which continually circulate in the veflels ; cormorant , which circulate with a flow motion, as the femen, oil of the adipofe membrane ; Jlagnant , which remain for a cer- tain time in any receptacle, as cyftic bile, Sc c. FLUIDS COMMON TO THE WHOLE BODY. THE BLOOD. A red fluid, which circulates in the cavities of the heart, arteries, and veins. Colour, in the arteries, of a Jlorid hue ; in the veins darker , except in the pulmonary veins, in which it is of a lighter call. Blood expofed to the atmofphere fpontaneoufly feparates by degrees into two parts, viz. the ferum a yel- low and fomewhat greeniih fluid ; and a cake , called alfo the cruor , or craffamentum , which refembles a red mafs fwimming like an ifland in the ferum. Use, to flimulate the cavities of the heart and veflels to contraction ; to gen- erate ( 203 ) fcrate the heat of the body, and propagate it to every part ; to nourifh every part ; and to fupply all the fecretions, they being all fepa- rated from the blood. The lymph of the lymphatic vessels. A taftelefs cryftalline liquid, contained in the lymphatic veflels. Absorbed from the furface ; tela cellulofa ; vifeera ; and cavities of the vifeera of the whole body j and con- veyed into the thoracic dud. Use, to re- turn the fuperfluous nutritious fluid, the va- pours of cavities, and fubftances applied to the ikin, to the thoracic dud. THE VAPOUR OF THE SHEATHS OF THE NERVES. The aqueous vapour contained in the vag* inae and between the fibrils of the nerves. Se- cretory organ, the arteries of the fheath. Use, to moiften the nervous fibrils. FLUIDS PROPER TO EACH PART. IN THE CAVITY OF THE CRANIUM. The vapour in the ventricles cf the brain. A thin vapour contained in the cavity of the ventricles of the brain, and se- creted by the exhaling arteries of the cho- roid plexus. Use, to prevent the concre- C 203 ) don of the ventricles, and keep the medulla moifl. IN THE CAVITY OF THE NOSTRILS. The mucus of the nostrils. The mu- cus secreted by the muciparous glands of the pituitary membrane, lining the feptum and conchas of the noftrils. Use, to preferve the nervous papillae of the olfa&ory nerves moift, and to moderate exceflive fenfibility. IN THE CAVITY OF THE MOUTH. The saliva. A fluid fecreted by the fal- ivary glands into the mouth. The secre- tory organ is compofed of the parotid ; fub-maxillary ; and fub-lingual glands. Use, to augment the tafle of the food ; to mix with, diffolve, and refolve the food into its principles ; and to moderate third. IN THE CAVITY OF THE FAUCES. The mucus of the fauces. A mucus fecreted by the muciparous glands of the ton- fils, pharynx, &c, Use, to lubricate the fau- ces. IN THE EYES. The aqueous humour of the eye. The very limpid water which fills the anterior and poiterior chambers of the eye. Secretory organ 5 the floating veffels of the corpus cili- are, and exhaling veffels of the iris. Use, to did end the cornea retain the cryftalline lens and ( 204 ) and vitreous humour in their places ; and to tranfmit the focus of the rays of light to the cryftalline lens. The crystalline lens. A lentiform, pellucid, cellular body, diftended by a very limpid aqueous fluid, enclofed in a membra- nous capfule, and fituated in a deprellion in the anterior furface of the vitreous humour. Use, to tranfmit and refradt the focus of the rays of light to the vitreous humour. The vitreous humour. The pellucid vitriform body, which fills the whole bulb of the eye behind the cryftalline lens. Compos- ed of fmall cells diftended with a limpid wa- ter. Use, to expand the bulb, and tranfmit and moderately augment the focus of the rays of light from the cryftalline lens to the retina. The water in the capsule of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. SECRETED by the pel- lucid branches of the artery of the cryftalline lens. Use, to prevent the concretion of the cryftalline lens with its capfule. The pigment of the iris. The colour- ed mucus, w'hich covers the anterior and pof- terior furface of the iris. Use, to refledt the rays of light. The pigment of the choroid mem- brane. The black or brownifh mucus, which covers the anterior furface of the choroid membrane, and the interior of the corpus cili- are. The ( 20 5 ) The tears. A limpid fluid fecreted by the lachrymal gland, and flowing on the fur- face of the eye. Use, to moiften the furface of the eye and eyelids. The juice of Meibomius’s glands. The unctuous humour fecreted by the febace- ous glands of Meibomius, and lubricating the tarfi of the eyelids. Use, to lubricate the tarfi of the eyelids, and -involve the faline ac- ridity of the tears. IN THE CAVITY OF THE -EARS. The cerumen, or wax of the ears. The bitter ceraceous fluid fecreted by the ce- ruminous glands of the meatus auditorius ex- ternus. Use, to lubricate the fenfible mem- brane of that canal, and to prevent infers from entering. The water of the labyrinth. An in- fipid water contained in the cavity of the tym- panum. Use, to preferve the nervous fib- rils of the auditory nerve feft and moift, and to moderate -the tremors of founds. IN THE NECK. The juice of the thyroid gland. Of a yellowifh white colour, efpecially in infants. Use, not known. The mucus o'e The ccsophagus. Secret- ed by the muciparous glands, fxtuated in the cellular membrane. Use, to lubricate the cavity of the cefophagus, and prevent the con- cretion of its fides. IN >s ( 2o6 ) IN THE CAVITY OF THE THORAX. 'The mucus lining the internal furface of die trachea , bronchia , and veficula pul monales. Secretory organ, the muciparous glands fituated under the internal membrane of thofe parts. Use, to prevent the furface of the trachea, bronchia, and veficulse pulmonales from becoming dry by the continual palling of the air. The vapour in the cavity of the thorax. A vapour which exhales from the exhaling veflels of the pleura of the lungs and ribs, into the cavity of the thorax. Use, to .preferve the pleura foft, mo, ill, and flexile ; and to defend and prevent it from the fri&ion of, and concretion with, the lungs. , The vapour or liquor pericardii. Secreted by the arterious exhaling vefleln which open upon the external furface of the heart and internal of the pericardium. Use, to prevent the concretion of the heart with' the pleura ; to diminifh the friftion ; and pre- ferve the parts foft. The juice of the thymus gland. A milky juice fecreted by the arteries opening into the cells of this gland. Use, not known= IN THE BREASTS. The milk of the breasts. A white, Jwcxufh fluid, fecreted by the glandular fab- ric ( 20 7 ) fic of the breafts of women. Use, to be arf alhiient to new-born children. IN THE ABDOMEN.’ The gastric juice. A limpid colourlefs fluid, fecreted by the exhaling veffels of the very numerous arteries, which bedew every part of the ftomach. Use, to digeft the food. The pancreatic juice.- The limpid juice fecreted by this gland, and conveyed through its excretory du£t into the duode- num. Use, to aflift in- the formation of chyle. Bile. A yellowiih-green bitter juice, fe- creted by the glandular fubftance of the liver, and conveyed by the biliary du coitu, into the urethra with the femen. Use, to ferve as a vehicle to the femen. ■ The semen. The prolific liquor fecreted in the teftes, and carried through the epididy- mis and vas deferens into the veficulas femina- les. Use, to be emitted, fub coitu, into the female vagina, and there, by its aura, to pene- trate to, and impregnate, the ovulum in the female ovarium, 2N THE PARTS OF GENERATION IN WOMEN. The smegna of the labia and vulva. The unftuous juice fecreted by the febaceous glands, and covering the internal furface cf the labia and nymphas. Use, to lubricate their fenfible furface, and prevent any irritation /o/2 njiclum. The mucus of the vagina. Secreted by the muciparous glands under the internal membrane. Use, to lubricate the vagina, left S 2 ^ ( 210 ) it be pained by {viQiion,fub coitu, and to pre- vent the concretion of its tides. The liquor 6f the cavity of the ute- rus. Secreted into it by the exhaling arteri- ous veffels. Consistence, in the virgin ute- rus, ferous and turbid ; in the gravid, milky. Use, to moiflen the cavity, and prevent its concretion. in the articulations. The synovia. An un&uous fluid, fecret- ea by the internal membrane of the capfular ligaments furrounding the articulations of the bones. Use, to lubricate the cartilaginous, furfaces of the articulatory bones, and facili- tate their motions, The juice of the bursae mucosae. An unfituous and fomewhat mucilaginous juice,, fecreled by the veffels of the internal mem- brane of the burfte mucofte. Use, to fabric cate the tendons for motion,. IN THE BONES'* The marrow of bones. The oily fub- /tance fecreted by the arteries of the internal periofteum, and contained in the medullary cavities of the long bones, and fpongy fub- flance of others. FLUIDS OF THE COMMON INTEGUMENTS. The mucus of Malpighi, or rete mu* ~ ->sum. The mucus fituated between the epidermis ( 211 ) epidermis and cutis of the whole body, and fecreted by the arterious veflels of the ikin. Use, to conglutinate the epidermis to the cutis ; to moderate the fenfe of touch ; to moiften the nervous cutaneous papillse ; and- give the external colour to the body ; hence it is white in Europeans, black in Ethiopians, &c. The oil of the adipose membrane. Se- creted by the arteries of the cellular mem- brane. Use, to facilitate mufcular motion. Sweat. The aqueous perfpirable matter excreted through the exhaling arteries of the (kin. Use, to keep the ikin moilL . M ■ : i' ; . --v'-:'. ft ■ iv7/a A GLOSSARY, OR. EXPLANATION er ANATOMICAL TERMS. A. J^VbDoMEN. The cavity of the belly ; from aMo to hide, as including the inteftines and ether vifeera. Acetabulum. The cavity which receives the head of the thigh hone ; from acetiim vinegar ; fo called, becaufe it reprefents the acetabulum or faucer of the ancients, in which vinegar was held for the ufe of the table. Acini. The glands of the liver ; from acinus a grape* Acromion. A procefs of the fcapula ; from ax^o? ex- tremity, and upoi the fhoulder. Adenology. The dottrine of the glands ; from aow a gland, and Aoyoj a difeourfe. Amnion. A membrane that furrounds the fetus , which is fft and fiaggy ,* from ccpno; a lamb’s {kin. Amphyarthrofis. A fpecies of connexion of hones , which admits of an olfeure motion ; from both, and an articulation. Anallomolis. The communication of veffels with one another ; from wx through, and ?opx a mouth. Anatomy. ( 214 ) Ailatomy. The dijfeftion of the human body ; from apx, and refctw to diileft. Ancon. The elbow ; from ayxav, from uyuftpitt to embrace, uno ns osyr-nAou mga cna> to enov, becanfe the bones meeting, and being there united, are fold- ed one into another. Anconeus. A mvfcle ; fo called, from xyzm the elbow. Anconoid. Procefs of the cubit ; from ctynuv the el- bow, and abet- ftiape. Angiology. The dottrine of the vsjfels j from ctyyiiai a velfel, and Xoyog a difcourfe. Aorta. Aogrvi ; from air, and mgeai to keep : an artery , fo called, becaufe the ancients fuppofed that only air was contained in it. It may rather be de- rived from to convey, as ferving to convey the blood to the reft of the body. Aponeurofis. A tendinous expanfion ; from xtto from, ■ and vsi/gev a nerve ; from an erroneous fuppofition of the ancients, that it was formed by an expanfion of a nerve. • Apophyfis. A procefs of a bone ; from anotp va to pro- ceed from. A fynonym of procefs. • Arachnoiides. A net-like membrane ; from Kexyj-,i a fpider, and idog likenefs. ■ Artery. From air, and r/i^ea to keep ; becaufe the ancients fuppofed, - that only air was contained in them.- Arthrodia. A fpccies of connexion of bones ; from 1 a. pp go a to articulate. Arytaenoides. The name of two cartilages of the la- • rynx ; ■ alfo applied to fame mufcles of the larynx from ccpyTxsva a funnel, and idog fhape. iWlfagalus. A lone of the tar fas ; fo called, from its- refemblance to a die, ufed in ancient games, from a cockal or die. Atlas. The first vertebra of the ?ieck ; fo called, be-, caufe it fuftains the head ; from the fable of Atlas being ( ^5 ) being fuppofed to have fupported the world ; or from ecT^xa to fuftain, becaufe it fuftains the head. Azygos. A tenji applied to parti without, a fellow ; from <& priv. and a yoke, becaufe it has nc fellow. B. Brachium. The arm ; hence os Irachii, Irachialis ex- ternal, See. from fliort, becaufe in a well- proportioned man it is fhorter from the fhoulder to the hands than from the hip to the feet. Bronchia. The ratnif cations of the trachea, or wind- pipe j from Petx> u to P our J becaufe the ancients be- lieved, that the fluids were conveyed into the itom- ach by the bronchia. Burfa. A bag ; from p.vgrct : generally applied to the burfle mucofle. Bursalogy. The do&rine of the burfa muctfe ; from (Sygcrc* a bag, and Aoyos a difeourfe. €. Calvaria. The top of the cranium ; from cahus bald. Cancelli. Lattice work ; generally applied to the re- ticular fubftance in bones. Cardia. The fuperior opening of the fiomach ; from Kccfna the heart, be-caufe it is fltuated near it. -Carotid. The name of fine arteries of the neck and head ; from x-agoa to caufe to fleep ; for, if tied with a ligature, the animal becomes comatofe, or has the appearance of being afleep. Carpus. Karros j the wrjfi. Chorion. The external membrane of the fetus in utero. Xapo/x, from yyrfia. to efcape, becaufe it always ef- capes from the uterus with the foetus. Choroid membrane and plexus ; from yc^iov the chori- on, and eiJo* likenefs ; fo called, on account of its many blood yeffels refembling the chorion. Clavlcuia. ( 21 6 ) Clavlcula. The clavicle , or collar lorn, a diminutive of clavis a key ; fo called, from its refemblance to an ancient key. Clinoid. ■ Four procejjes of the fella turcica of the eth - raid hone ; are fo called, from y.'Air/, a bed, and likenefs, from their iuppofed refemblance to a couch. Cl i Lor 1 3. A pari of the female pudenda, enclofed by the 'al;a jfiajora ; from xAua to cnclofe or hide. Colon. The firft of the large intefin.es ; from xaAev, quad koiMv, from y.mAo; hollow ; it generally being found empty, and full of wind, in the dead body. Condyle. An eminence in any of the joints ; kovIvAcc, from y.clho an ancient cup, fhaped like a joint. Coraco. Names compounded with this word belong to mnfcles, which are attached to the coracoid procefs of the fcapula ; as coraco-hyoideus, &c. Coracoid procefs of she fcapula ; from a crow, and n’hoi refemblance, it being fiiaped like the beak of a crow. Coronary. From corona a crown. The veffels of the heart , fomach , &c. are fo called, becaufe they fur- round the parts in the manner of a crown. Coronoid. A procefs , fo called, from xo^r.i a crow, and likenefs, from its refemblance to a crow’s beak. Cotyloid cavity of the os innominatum, 'which receives the head of the thigh hone ; from x from yXm a cavity, and refem- blance.- Glomer. A convoluted bundle of vejfels ; generally ap- plied’ to the lymphatic glands. Gloffo. Names compounded with this word belong to mufcles, from their being attached to the tongue ; as Glolfo-pharyngeus — Gloifo-ftaphylinus, & c. from yXo hymen. Hyo. ( 220 ) Hyo. Names compounded with this word belong toe mufcles, which are attached to the os-hyoides ; as hyo-gloifus — hy o-pharyngeus — hyo-thyroides ; from veu$ a the os-hyoides. Ilyoides. A hone of the tongue , fo called , from its re - fmblance to the Greek v ■, from v and uho refem- blance. I iypochondnuni. That part of the body, which lies under the cartilages of the fpurious ribs j from vjm under, and a cartilage. Hypogaftric. The lower region of the fore part of the abdomen ; from vao under, and y«f«g the ftomach. I. Ileum. A portion of the fmall intefines ; from £ and svr.^ov an in- teftine, becaufe it is in the middle of the inteftincs. Mefocolon. That part of the mefentery in the middle f the colon ; from yvrao the middle, and y.c>.™ the colon. Metacarpus. That part of the hand between the carpus and fingers ; from yna after, and tutgxot tire wrift. Metatarfus. That part of the foot between the tarfus and toes ; from y-ra after, and resgs-o; the tarfus. Mylo. Names compounded with this word belong to mufcles, which are attached near the grinders ; as mylo-hyoides ; mylo-pharyngeus, &c. ; from yvM a grinder tooth. Myology. The doctrine of the mufcles } from yoo a inufcle, and. Aoyaj a difeourfe, N. Neurology. The doctrine of the nerves ; from vivcps a nerve, and a « yoj a difeourfe. a Odontoid, or tooth-like procefs ; from cons a tooth, and iihc<; refemblance. CEfophagUS. The canal leading from the pharynx to the Jiomach ; from c.a to carry, and py.ya to eat ; becaufe it carries the food into the flomach. Olecranon. The elbow, or head of the ulna ; from the cubit, and the head. Omentum. An abdominal' vifeus ; fo called, from omen a guefs ; becaufe the foothfayers prophelled from the infpeftion of this part. Omo. Names compounded with this word belong to mufcles which are attached to the fcapula ; as omo- hyoidcus , &c. from the ilioulder. Omoplata The fcapula , or Jhoulder blade ; from mu? th$ Ilioulder,. and bro&d. T 3 Grgafiru ( 222 } Ol'gafm. A violent falacioufnefs , attended with tnrgcf- cence in the parts ; from t^ycta to defire vehemently. Ofteology. The doClrine of the hones ; from oj-sw a. bone, and Aoy«s a difcourfe. P. Pancreas. A vifcus of the abdomen ; fo called, from its flefliy confidence ; from 7ro.v all, and flefh. Parenchyma. The fubfiance connecting together the vef- fls , &c. of the lungs, is fc called, from 7r from mey around, and xxfiiz. the heart. Pericranium. The membrane which covers the hones of the full ; from jrsgr around, and x^aviav the cranium or head. Periofteum, The membrane which furrov.nds the, hones ; from mqy around, and owt a hone. Periftaltic motion of the intefines ; from to. contrafl. Peritoneum. The membrane lining the abdomen , and’ covering its vifcera ; from jrsgmoai to extend around. Phalanx. The hones of the fingers and toes are called, phalanxes, from their regular fituation, like a called; ; from fox the loin, being fituated in the loins. Pterygoid procefs ; from A\igv\ a pen, or wing, and likenefs ; fo called, from its likenefs to a pen, or wing. Pylorus. The lower orifice .. of the ftomacb, which opens into the inteftines ; from wXooi to guard an entrance,, becaufe it guards, as it were, the entrance of the bowels. R. Raphe. A future. from gxA to few. Renes. The kidneys, cvxo rs gift, becaufe through, them the urine flows. Retina. The net-like expanfon of the optic nerve, on the inner furface of the- eye ; from rets a, net. Rhomboides. A mufcle, fa called from its Jhape ; from goftGog a geometrical figure, whofe tides are equal but not right-angled, and eio? a likenefs. Rotula. The knee pan ; a dim. of rota a wheel, from, its fhape. S. • Sacrum. A lone,, fo called ; from facer facred, be« caufe it was once offered in facrifiees. Salyatellsk I 224 ) Salvatella. A vein of the foot ; fo called, becaufe it was thought the opening it preferved health, and cured melancholy ; from falvo to preferve. Sanguis. ‘The blood ; cctto rs ov a nerve ; be- caufe membranes, ligaments, and tendons, were by the ancients confidered as nerves. Syfiarcofis. A fpecies of connexion of bones by means of mufcle ; from >, i 4,0 -is; =•? r - >• '?• r 1 y/ -• >• — '• •.