DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Treasure "Room Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/historyoffourfooOOtops // THE HISTORY O F Four footed Beafts, SERPENTS, AND INSECTS, % * \ v THE HISTORY OF Four-footed Beads SERPENT S: Dcfcribing at Large Their True and Lively Figure, ' their fever al Names, Conditions, IQnds, Virtues ( both Natural and Medicinal ) Countries of their Breed, their Love and Hatred to Mankind , and the wonderful work of God in their Creation, Prefervation , and Dellru&ion. Interwoven with curious variety of Hiftorical Narrations out of Scriptures, Fathers, Philofophers, Phyficians,and Poets: Illuftrated with divers Hieroglypaicks and Emblems,^, both plejf'anr. and profitable for Students in all Faculties and Profalions. Collefted out of the Writings of Q 2Sf ^ J D U S C E S A[ e\ and other Authors, By EDWARD TO

2i: Printed by £. Cotes , for Sa^bridge at the Bible on Ludgate-htil, T. Williams at the Bible m Littlt-Brtt4W, and T. Jobvjon^ztihc Key m P*:ds Church yard. M DC LVIII. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE TV Lord Manjuefle DORCHESTER, Earl of KINGSTON E, Vicount E W J^K B> &c. My very Noble L o"r d, ! 0«r Lordfhip W/ knoTts that Honour attends upon Virtue ' as the jhadoT* doth upon the fubftance } there is fuch a magnetick force in Goodnefs, that it draVos the hearts of men after it. The Tporld obferves that Your Honour is a great Lover of the "toorks of Learned Writers, Tbhich is an infallible argument of an excellent mind reftding in You. Wherefore I here humbly offer unto Your Noble Patronage the mo jl Famous and Incomparable Hijlory o/Conradus Gesne r, a great Thilofopher and fhyfitian, Tohoby his Vaft expences, and indefatigable pains j Collected and Digefted into tTt?o Volums, "tohat ever be found fcattered here and there in almojl infinite Authors, concerning Fourfooted-Beafts and Serpents, adding alfo Tohat he could pofibly attain toby his olon experience y and correspondence held With other famous Scholars every lohere. After him Mr. Edward Topfel a Learned Divine, <%evijed and Augmented the fame Hijlory ; as it is not altogether fo difficult to add fomethingto^hat is firfl begun, and to build upon fuch a foundaiion^ohichloas before fo artificially laid. He hath deferVed "bell of our Englifli Nation in fo doing ; and the more, that he doth Vith fo much modefly attribute the praife of the "tohole Ibork to the Majler Workman to fi>hom it was chiefly due. The fame Gefner, afte/ Mr. Edward Wotton had begun, undertook to compofe the Hijlory of Infects • ~tobkh as it is a bufinefs of more curio fity and difficulty to *torite exatlly of - } fo all things confidered, they jerve as much to fet forth the Wifdom and 'PoTiber of God as the greatefl Creatures he hath made, and are as beneficial to Mankind, not only for dainty Food, but for the many Fhyjical ujes that arijefrom them. John 'Baptifi fed upon Locufts and A i feilde The Epiftle Dedicatory. T&'ddc Honey, and we read that our Saviour eat a piece of a Honey comb. Theje little Infe&sare not fo contemptible as the World generally thinks they are, for they can do at much by their multitudes, as the other can by their magnitude ^hen M „ e Hornet frail be able fuddenly to kill a Horfe, and Gnats, Ants and Wafts to bid refiftance to 'Bears, Lions and Elephants, and to depopulate Tbbole Countries. The Frogs, Locufts, and Lice ,V?ere none of the le aft Judgements in the Land of Egypt. , Mr* Thomas P ennius, another the Wijdom and Omnipo* tence of God in the Creation of theft Creatures, and Goodnefs to beftoTfr them upon Man, both for profit and delight • and though many of them be Dangerous and Venomous, yet they were not fo "toben God fir ft made them. For the Wifeman faith, That God made not death, neither takes he pleafure in the deftru&i- onofthe living, for he created all things that they mighe have their being, and the Generations of the W orld were healthful, and there was no poifon of deftru&ion in them, no Kingdom of death upon the earth, but ungodly • men The Epiftle Dedicatory. men by their wicked works and words, called it to them. This 'Book will plentifully furnijhm ivitb (Remedies againft mofl ofthefe inconveniences ^hich k no fmall occajion to put us in mind boTV much "we Jland obliged to the memories of the learned Authours of it • who jparedno coft nor pains that they might prove hem* ficial to the then prejent, and to fucceedtng Ages. And the fame reafon is "Very firong in behalf of thofe "who now have been at this Vaft charge to sprint and to perfect the fame, that it never fhould be loft by time or cafualties, "which conjume all tUngs j and to fupply the "whole Work "with a double Thyfical Index, to eafe the Pleaders labour, that he might not Zander up and do"wn, and lofe himfelf in thvs great TVildemefs o^Beafts and Infe&sje arching after that he /lands in need of but may in an infant be provided "with all thofe knolVn remedies theje feVeral Creatures can afford him. Should fuch a Fabrique 06 this decay and come to ruine, the dam- mage*were unfpeakable and irreparable i the Maufolean Sepulchre, the Coloi- lus of Rhodes, or the Pyramids of Egypt might jooner be renewed arid built again. Wherefore Men are bound in conscience y by the Latvs of Cod, of Jfyture , and of ]S(ations, to confder of the great Expence and Tains nOw taken in it, and to promote the Work tothebeft advantage of the prefent undertakers for the publick good, Tvho have nOw brought it to this perfection, that they may Jay of it , "what Ovid did of his Metamorphofis Jamqueopus exegi,quod nec Jovis ira,nec ignis, Necpoterit ferrum, necedaxabolere Vetuftas. The Work is ended, which can envies fume, Nor Sword, nor Fire, nor wafting time confume. HeVer TV as there Jo compleate a Hiftory of the Creatures as this is Jincc the daies of Solomon, "who "writ the ftory of r Beafts and Creeping things : and indeed it re- quires a £\ingly Treafure and Under ■ /landing to accompli fh it. And Petrus Gii- lius Writes, that in former Ages, all the Hftories of Creatures "were compiled by Kjngs, or Dedicated to them • "who are beftable to bear the charge of it, and mo ft fit be honoured "with it. What 'would the World no~w give for that Book of So- lomons, 'which by the negligence of ungrateful men and length of time is utterly loft ? How highly then ought "toe to efteem of this Hiftory of Gefner and Muf- fet, which is inferiour to none but that * For what Ariftotle jet forth upon this fubjeEi at the appointment of Alexander the Great, and for 'which he received from him 400 Talents as a Kjngly regard, is aM comprehended in this, "with the- addition of many hundreds more that have travelled in the fame "way. Orpheus, 'whom the Poets fo much magnifiefor dra'wtng the Beasts after him, could do no more "with all his melodious harmony, then theje famous and ingenious Men have done. And becaufe 1 cannot but think, what the Poets fancied concerning him, ~was but an Hieroglyphical reprefentation(according to the dim light they had) of all the Crea- tures coming to Noah into the Ark, this Hiftory feems to me to be like another Ark o/Noah, 'wherein the feVeral kinds of beajls are once again met together, for their better preferVation in the under ft anting ofMan^ hotvever there "were multitudes of Birds in the Ark "which are not here(tt may be becaufe Aldrovandus and others have A 4 "written The Epiftle Dedicatory. Written Lryiy to that purpofe) yet here are abundance of InfeBs that never Were in Nt>fcb6 J)"k, and thereof we never had, or IN can find extant, any compleate Hiftory untill this Was made • which is like to another (paradife, inhere tbt en brought to Adam, are again defcribed by their Matures. and named in mojl Languages \ which ferVes to make form reparation for the great lofs of that excellent knowledge of the Creative, fyhfch our firjl Barents brought upon their poftenty when they fell from God. We read in the 10^ of the Acts, that when a veffel Was let doW?ifrom hcaVen,whercm there Were all manner of Fourfooted-Beafts. and Creeping things , that 6V. Peter wondered at it : who then can choofe but ad* mire to fee Jo many living Creatures that Mature hath divided and jcattered in Woods , Mount ams and Vallies, over the face of the whole earth, to come all together to a general mufler, and to ac~t their feVeral parts in order upon the fame Theater . ? Iconfefs there are many Menfo barbarous, that they make no account of this kind of learning, but think all charge and pains frtntlejs that is imployed this Way • fheW* nig themfelves herein more unreafonable and brutifh then the irrational 'Beafls^ For next unto Man are thefe Creatures rankt in dignity , and they Were ordained by God to live upon the fame earth , and to be FelloW*commoners with Man ; having all the plants and Vegetables appointed them for their food as Well as Man had; and have obtained one priviledge beyond us, in that thy were created before Man Was • and ever fince they are obnoxious to the fame cafualties, and have the fame coming into the World, and goingout that We have-, For that which befals the Sons of Men befals Bea(b,even one thing befals them both,as the one dyeth, fo dyeth the other ; fo that Man hath no preeminence above the Beafts. All go unto one place, all are of the duft, and all return to duft again : Ecclef 3. 19, 20. And the (prophet David doubts not to compare Man being in honour, and having no under flanging, unto the (Beafls that perijh. As for Mu ?ierals,they are yet another degree beloW < Beafli,all the Gold, Jewels, and 'Dtamonds in the World, are not comparable to any one of the me aneft Creatures that hath Within it the breath of life. God hath bountifully beflowed them all on Man , whom he hath advanced above them all, for food, and raiment, and other neceffary ujes s alfo for his pleajure and recreation : and jo long as We ufe them With Sobriety and- Thankfulnefs , We fliallfnde an infinite benefit and advantage by them • but when we prove ungratefull unto God, they become fo many Inflruments of his Vengeance, againfl finners, to make up that fourfold Judgement, With the Sword, V amine, and (Pefldence, the (prophet threatens the ]cvjswith. 1 fear to be tedious, therefore lbefeech Your Honour to accept this Hiflory in good part from him Who humbly prayethfor Tour Lordfhips temporal and eternal happinejs ,and who is Tour Honours mofi affectionately humble Servant John Ro vvla n d. To the Reverend and Right Worshipful RICHARD J^EI L E> D. of Divinity, Dean of Weftminfler , Mafter of the Savoy, and Clerk of the King his mod Excellent Majefties Clofet \ all felicity Temporal , Spiritual, and Eternal HE Library of EngUJb Books, and Catalogue of Writers, (Rigfa Worthy and Learned Dban, my moft refpe&ed Patron) have grown to the height, not only of a juft number, bur almoft innumerable : and no marvel,for God himfelf hath in all ages prefer- ved Learning in the next place to Life ; for as Life is the Minifterial Governor and Mover in this World, fo is Learning the Minifterial Governor and Mover in Life : As an Interpreter in a ftrangc Countrey is necelfary for a Traveller that is ignorant of Languages (or elfe he mould perifli, ) To is Knowledge and Learning to us poor Pilgrims in this our Perigrination , out of Paradife uno Paradife* whereby confufed Babel* tongues are again reduced to their fignificant Dialects, not in the builders of B a b b l to further and finifh an earthly Tower, but in the builders of Jerusalbm, to bring them all to their own Countrey whieh tbcj feek , and to the defired reft of fouls. JLitera obftttrices artium, quarum benefiao abtnteritu vindicantur. As Life is different and divers, according to the Spirit wherein it is feated, and by which it is nourifhed as with a current •, fo alfo is Learning, according to the taft, ufe, and praclife of Rules, Canons, and Authors, from whom as from a Fountain it taketh both beginning and encreafe: evenasthe Ipirit of a Seipen: is much quicker then the fpiritof an Ox^ and" the Learning of Arifiotle and Pliny more lively and lightfome then the knowledge of other obfeure Philosophers, unworthy to be named, which either through Envy or Non-proficiencie durft never write. Si eum hac txceptom dttur fapicntiajtt ilium in'clufam teneatn^tiec enuntiem^rejiciam, Nuhus boni fine jocio jucttnda eji pofjefiio. And there- fore I faywirh Petrus Blefen : ScientUrum generofapojifefoo in p lures difperfa^non per- ditury & dtftribut* per partes , minoratiwis detnmentum nonjentit i fed ev diuiurniu* per- fetuatafenefcit, qno publicum fecundius fe difftwdit. The greateft men ftored with all helps of Learning , Nature and Fortune, were the firft Writers, who as they did excell other men in Pofteffions and Worldly digni- ty, fothey manikfted their Virtues and Worth in the edition of excellent parts of knowledge , either for the delight or profit of the World , according to the Poets profeffion : Autprodeftevolunt^ Ant delegare Poeta, Aut fimal & jucunda tjf tdonea dtcere vita. Omne lulu punBum^ui mtfeuit mile duUt, Ltftorem deltttando, p*riterc\m montndo. Yet now of late da;es this cuftom hath been almoft difcontinued to the infinite prejudice of facred inviolable Learning and Scicnce,for T urpis Jtpefama datvr minonbm^ (as Auff mm wrote in his time ; for indeed the reafon is pregnant : UAud The Efijile Dedicatory. Haud facile cm'.rgunt, qua urn virtuubm objlat Resangufla domu - But yet the great Rector and Chancellor of all the Academies in the World Jefus Cbrift } mvehom arehidallthetrtafures of\tvtfdom and knowledge, the Maftcr of that Collcdge wherein he was but a Servant or Steward , that was learned *in all the learning of the Egyptians, (I mean Mofes) the firft writer,thc flrft Author, the firftcommender of know- ledge, andthefirftordainer of a lawful Common- wealth , and Ruler of Church and State, hath not left our age without fome monuments of great Princes, Earls, Lords, Knights, for the ornament and honour of Learning, who for general and particular caufes and benefits have added their Names to the fociety of Writers, and divulged their works in Print, which are likely to be remembred till the Worlds end. Such are our moft Temperate, Juft, Wife, and Learned King and Soveraign. The Right Noble, and Honourable Earl of Surry, long ago departed out of this earthly Horizon. The now li- ving Earls of Dorfet, Northampton, Salisbury ; and many Knights, Six Philip Sidney, Sir George Moore, Sir Richard Bartlet, Sir Francis Haftings, and others. But of Aarons, andfuchasfic attheHelme of the Church, or arc worthily advanced for their know- ledge in Learning and State, I mean both Biftiops and Dotes, almoft innume- rable, of all whom lean fay no more, if I were worthy to fay any thing, then apply Bid). ]uei. unto them particularly that which was faid of one of the greateft Scholars and Divines that ever England had : ■ j)j c obfecro fanfta Pofteritas, nec enim mibi fas eft dicere : tantftm De tantu taciturn, aut tantos audire juvabit. Then why mould I prefumc, being every way the leaft and meaneft of all other, uow the third time to publifh any part of my conceived ftudies for the age prefent and fuccccding, and fo to have my Name inrollcd amongft the benefactors and Authors of Learning? Non omnia grandior at a* gut fugiamm habtt $ feris venit ufus ab annis. Alas Sir, I have never abounded in any thing, except wanund labour, and I thank God that one of thefc hath been prepared to feed the other, therefore I will not ftand upon any mans objections, who like Horfcs as it is in the Fable being led empty, well fed, and without burden, do fcorn the laden AlTe,adding mifety to his load 3 till his back wasbiokc, and then was all laid upon the pampred difdainful Horfe : even fo thefc proud difpleafing fpirits are eafed by the labors of us that bear the burthens, and if they content not them- felvcs with eafe, but will alfo lit in the feat of the fcornful, let them remember, that when our backs be broak, they muft take up the carriage. But pardon me CI betccch you) if by way of Preface 1 open my heart unto your Worlhip, who is better able then ten thoufand of the Momus's, and more charitably generous in receiving fuch gifts with the right hand (as thefe are) although they were given with the left 5 for feeing I have chofen you the Patron of this Work, I will briefly declare and open my mind unto you concerning the whole Volurn, fparing any other praifes of your demerits then thofc which by Mmial are afcribed to Rrgulus, which I will without flattery or fear of the envious thus apply unto you : Cum fit Sophia parfama & cur a deorum, [SSS.Trittitatu"] Ingenio put as nec minor ipfa tuo. Ignorat mentis dare munera, qui ubi librum Et qui maratur [Neiile"] Thura dart. So then leaving thefe perorations, I will endevor to prove unto you that this Work which I now publifh and divulge unto the world,under the Patronage of your Name, is Divine and ncccflary for all men to know ; True, and therefore without flandcr or fufpicious f— dal The Epiftle Dedicatory. fcandall to be received •, and that no man ought rather to publish this unto the World then a Divine or Preacher. For the firft, that the knowledge of Beafts, like as the know* ledge of the other creatures and works of God, is Divine, I fee no caufc why any man fbould doubt thcicof, feeing that at the firft they were created and brought to man as we may read Gen. i . 24, 25. and all by the Lord himfelf, fo that their Life and Creation is Divine in refpeft of their Maker; their naming Divine, in refped that Adam out of the plenty of his own divine wifdom, gave them their fevcral appellations , as it were out of a fountain of Prophefic, foreihewing the nature of every kind in one elegant and fignificant denomination, which to the great lofle of all his children was taken away, loft and con- founded at Babel. When 1 affirm that the knowledge of Beafts is Divinc$ I do mean no other then the right and perfect defcription of their Names, Figures, and Natures, and this is in the Creator himfelf moft Divine, and therefore fuch as is the Fountain, f uch are the ftrcams ifluing from the fame into the minds of men. Now it is moft clear in Cenefis how the Holy Ghoft remcmbreth the creation of all living creatures, and the Fourfooted next before the creation of Man, as though they alone were appointed the Ufhers, going immediately before the race of Men. And therefore all the Divines obfervc both in the Hebrew, in the Greek and Latin^ that they were created of three fevenl forts or kinds. The fitftfumentttmy as Oxen, Horfc, Aftes and fuch like, gnia hominum juvamtnta. The (econd^Reptile, quia hominum medicina. The third, Befltaj. a vaflandofor that they were wildc and depopulators of other their afTociateSjrifing alio againft Man, after that by his fall he had loft his firft image and integrity. Now were it not a knowledge D.vine, why mould the holy Scriptures relate it, and divide the kinds ? Yea, why mould all holy Men take examples from the natures of Bcaft, Birds, ejre. and apply them to heavenly things,except by the ordinance of God they were both allowed and commanded fo to do? and therefore in admiration of them the Prophet D4i;/Wcryeth our, ghtam magmfc* [ur>t of era tna Dentine', omnia in [apientia fecifti. The old Mantchees among other blalphemies accufed the creation of hurtful, venomous, ravening, and deftroying Bcafts, affirming them to be made by an evil God,and alfo they acculed the creation of Mice and other un- profitable creatures, becaufe their dulnefs was no kinder to the Lord, but like cruel and covetous Mifers, made no account of thofe Beafts, which brought not profit to their purfc. You know (Right Learned Dean) how that grave Father anfwercd that calumny, firft affirming that the tame thing which fecmed idle to Men, was profitable to God 5 and the fame that appeared ugly to them, was beautiful to him, Jg*4 ommbw ntitnr ad guber- xathnemuMverfi. He therefore wifely comparcth a fool that knows not the ufe of the creatures in this world,to one ignorant that cometh into the workhoufe of a cunning MSn, viewing a number of ft range tools, and having no cunning but in an Axe or a Rake, thinketh jthat all thofe rare inventions or a wife workman are idle toiesrand whilft thus he thinkethjWandring to and fro, not looking to his feet, fuddenly falleth into fome furnace in the fame Work houfe, or chance to take up fome fharp tool whereby he is wounded , then he alfo thinketh that the fame are hurtful and dangerous. Quorum tamen ufum qmd noi'it artifexjnfipientiam e)tn irridet,& verba inepta non curam off/cinam [nam conftantct exercet. But we that are afhamed to deny the ufe of inftruments in the mops of rare Arti- Tans, but rather admire their invention, yet are not afraid to condemn in Gods ftorcrnufe fundry of his creatures, which are rare invcntions,alc hough through folly we be wounded or harmed by them, and therefore he concludeth that all Bcafts arc either «////*, and a- gainft them we dare not fpeak or pewieiofajwhertby we are terrified that we mould not love this perilous lifejor clfe they are foperflua, which to affirm were moft ridiculous i for as in a great houfe all things are not for ufe, but fome for ornament, fo is it in this World, the inferiour Palace ofGod. thus far An fin. Therefore I will conclude this firft part, that not only the knowledge of the profitable creature is divinc> and was firft of all taught by God, but alfo of the hurtful : For a mft Man, faith Solomon, feeth the Plague (by the revelation of God) *nd htdetb himfelf from it. And John Baptift y guts vos docuit ab ira ventura fagere i Thcfe things have I prin- cipally laboured in this Treatife,to fhew unto Men what Beafts are their fricnds,and what their enemies, which to truft, and which avoid,in which to find nourimmcnt,3nd which to ftun as poifon. Another thing that perfwadeth me in the ncccfTary ufe of this Hiftory,that it was divine,wasthe preservation of all creatures living, which are ingendred by copula- tion (except Fifties) in the Ark of Noah, unto Whom itplcafed the Creator at that t ime to infufe an inftinc\and bring them home to man as to a fold: furely it was for that 3 mm 7 be t ft file Dedicatory. might gain out of them much Divine knowledge, ftichas is imprinted in them by nature, asa type or fpark of that great wifdom whereby they were created. In Mice and Serpents a foreknowledge of things to come, in the Ant and Pifraire a providence againft old age : in the Bear the love of young $ in the Lion his (lately pace* in the Cock and Sheep,change of weather as S. Baftl in his Hexameron^ Etiam in Brutis quidem fittari fenfm ejf } ut not prajentt >vu& non addttfi ftmf#,[ed defuturo [xculo omne fludium habemus. For this caufe there were of beafts in holy Scripture three holy ufes, one for Sacrifice, another in Virion, and a third for Reproof and InftrucYion. In Sacrifices were the clean beafts, which Men were bound firft to know, and then to offer ; for it is unreafonablc that thofc things mould be facrcd at the Lo ds altar, which are refufed worthily at private mens Tables. Now although we have no ufc of Sacrificing of Beafts t N*m ficut brut a pro peccatis immolabantur, it a jam vitia pro corporibus . yet wc have ufe of clean Beafts for food and nourimment, and therefore for the inriching of the minds and tables of men, it is neceflary to know not only the liberty that we have to eat, but alfo the quality and nutriment of the Bcaft we cat, not for any Religion, but for health and corporal neceflity. This point is alfo opened in this ftory, and the other of Sacrifice, wherein I have not omitted to fpeak of the Divine ufe of every Beaft, both among the Jtvcs and among the prophane Gentiles. Now for the fecond holy ufe of Beafts in Virions, the Prophet Daniels Vifions, and E^ckicls^ and S. Johns in the Revelation do teftifie of them,whcreby the moft Divines have obfei ved how great Princes and Kingdoms after they have (haken off the praclife of Juftice and Piety, turn Tyrants and ravening Beafts. For fo Man being in honour under- ltandcth not, but becomethlike the Beafts that perifli, and fo as Dionjfius faith by Viri- ons of Beafts, Infma reducuntur fur media in Juprema. Now there were,as S. Augujtwe faith, three kinds of vifions, Senfibiles i inteUeclualts i & tmaginaria : the firft were moft pregnant, becaofe to the underftanding and conceiving, a Man never loft his fenfes, and therefore God did fuddenly create favage Beafts both of natural and extraordinary (hapes, whereby he (hewed to his fcrvants the Prophets, the ruinc or uprifing of beaftly States and Kingdoms. And not only thus, but alfo in heaven (as St. John faith) there are 4 Beafts ful of eyes before the throne of Godjboth which muft needs magnifie the know* kdge of thefe Quadrupedes 5 for feeing God hath ufed them as Sacraments or Myftcries to contain his will, (not only in monltrous treble- headed, or feven horned (hapes, but alfo) in pure, ordinary, natural limbs and members 5 how (hall wc be able to ghefle at the meaning in thcfccrct,thatdonot underftand the revealed < And what ufe can we make ofthc invifible part of that Sacrament, where we know not the meaning of the vifible? Doth the Lord compare the Devil to a Lion ; evill Judges to Bears falfe Prophets to Wolves 5 fecret and crafty perfecutois to Foxes-, open enemies in hoftility to wilde Boars •, Heretickes and falie Preachers to Scorpions ; good men to the Fowlcs of heaven, and Martyrs to Sheep, and yet we have no knowledge of t he natures of Lions, Wolves, Bears, Foxes,wilde Boars, or Scorpions > Surely when Solomon faith to the fluggard,Go to the Pifmircjhewilkthhimtolearnthe nature of the Pifmirc, and then according thereto reform his manners : And fo all the World are bid to learn the natures of all Beafts, for there is alway fomething to be learned in them, according to this faying of St.Bafil^ A deo nihil nonprovidum in nature rebus ejl , neque qmcquam pentnentis ad fe cur a expert, & ft ipfas animalium partes conjideraveris, invemes quod tyeque fuperfltwm quid conditor oppojmt , neque necefjana detraxit. Then it being clear that every Beaft is a natural Vifion, which wc ought to fee and underftand, for the more clear apprehen- fion of the invifible Majefty of God, I will conclude that I have not omitted this parr of the ufe of Beafts, but have collected, exprefted, and declared, what the Writers of all ages have herein obferved. Now the third and laft holy ufe that is made of Beafts m Scripture, is for Reproof and Inftruclion* fo the Lord in Job 38, & 39. mentioneth the Lion, the Raven, the wilde Goats, the Hinds, the Hind-Calves,the wilde AfTes, the Unicorn,the Oftrich, the S:ork, thepuiftant Horfe, the Hawke, the Eagle, the Vulture, the Whale, and theDragon,that is, the Fowles, Fifties, Serpents, and Four-footed Beafts: All which he reckoneth as koown things to Job, and difcourfeth of as ftrangc things in their natures as any wc have inferred for ttuth in our Hiftory, as may appear to any man whatfoever, that will look ftudicully into them. Shall The Epiftle Dedicatory. Shall I add hereunto how Mofesjuid all rhe Prophets, St. John Baptift^ our moft bkf- fed Saviour, St. Paul, and all the Writers fince his time (both ancient and later) have made profeflion of this part of Divinity fothat he was an unskilful Divine and not apt toteach, which could not at his fingers fpeakofthefe things: for (faith our Saviour; // / tell you earthly thirgs and ye believe not^ how Jhall ye believe when I tell you heavenly things * Sohmen, as it is witr.efifed in holy Scripture, wrote of Plants, of Birds, of Hfhes,and Beafts,and even then when he flood in good favour with God, therefore it is an excrcife of the higheft Wifdom to travel in, and the Nobleft minds to ftudy in : for in it as I will mew you (with your good patience,for I have no other Prefaced there is both the know- ledge of God and Man. If any man object, Mult a mttlti de mufca^de apicula^de verm'iculo, paucadeDeo: I will anfwer with the words of Theodorut G^a, Permulta emm de Deo is tracJat^quidottrina yerum condttarum exquifitiftima^ conditorem ipfu'm declarat, neque tnufca^ neq'ic vermiculus omittendm eft ubi dc mira folerfia agititr. Whercunto St. Austin agreeth when he faith, Ma]tHatem\ divmam &qhe in formic* mewhm atque magna jamavt& tranantefluvium. And for the knowledge of man, many and moft excellent rules for pubiick and private affaires, both for preferving a good confcicnce, and avoiding an eviii danger, are gathered from Beafts: It were too long to run overall, let mc ( I befeech youj be bold to reckon a few which deCccnd from Nature onr common parenr, and there- fore are neither (trained, counterfeit, indonftant, or deceitful 5 but free, full of power to perfwade, true, having the fcal of the Higheft for their evidence; cohftant and never al- tredinanyage^ faithful, fuch as have been tryed at fire and touch-ftone. ^Werenot this a good perfwafion againft murder, to fee all Beafts foto milntain their natures, that they kill not their own kind ? Who is fo unnatural and unthankful to his Pa- rents, but by reading how the young Storkes and Wood-peckers do in their parents old age feed and nourifh them, will not repent, amend his folly, and be more natural i What man isfo void of compaflion, that hearing the bounty of the Bone-breaker Bird to the young Eagles, will not become more liberal? Where is there fuch a fluggard and drone,that con- fidereth the labours, pa ns, and travels of the Emmet, little Bee, Ficld-moufe, Squirrel, and fuch other that will not learn for fhame to be more induftrious, and fet his fingers to work ?. Why mould any man living fall to do e vill againft his Confcience,or at the tem- ptation or the Devill,feeing a Lion will never yccld > Mori pit ^vinci nefcit ; and feeing the little Wren doth fight with an Eagle 3 contending for Soveraingty > Would it not make all men to reverence a good King fet over them by God , feeing the Bees feek out their King if he lofe himfelf, and by a moft fagacious fmelling fenfe, never ceafe till he be found out, and then bear him upon their bodies if he be not able to flie,but if he die they all forfake him i And what King is not invited to clemency, and dehorted from tyranny, feeing the King of Bees hath a fting, but never ufeth the fame < How great is the love & faithfulnefs or Dogs,the mecknefs of Elephants,the modefty or fhamefaftnefs of the adulterous Lionefs, the neatnefs and politure of the Cat and Peacock the jufticeofthe Bec,which gathereth from all flowers that which ferveth their turn, and yet deftroyeth not the flower 5 the care of the Nightingale to make her voice pleafanyhc chaftity of a Turtle, the canonical voice and watchfulnefs of a Cock, and to conclude^ he utility of a Sheep i All thefe and ten thonfand more I could recite, to mew what the knowledge of the nature of brutifh creatures doth work or teach the minds of men ; but I will conclude this patt with the words of S. fferem againft fevinian. Ad Herodem di' citur propter mailt i am i lie ejr dicite vulpi buic, Luk. 13. ad Scribas & pbartf£os genimina, 'viperarum ) yizx. 23. Ad libidinofesequihinmentesinproximorumf^minas,Jcr.').devo- luptuofo, Nolite mitt ere mar gar it as veftras ante porcos. Be impudentihm^neque fonffum datecariibuf i Mzx.'J. de infiddibus^Ephcfi cum befliis pugnavi in fimttitudtne hominnm. And thus far S. ^erem. Whereby we may boldly aver by way of induction, that where- in the knowledge of God, the knowledge of Man, the precepts of Virtue, the means to avoid evill arc to be learned, that Science is Divine and ought of all men to be inquired and fought after : and fuch have I manifested in this pjiftory following. Now again the neceffity of this Hiftory is to be preferred before the Chronicles and Records of all ages made by Men, becaufe the events and accidents of the time paft, are peradventure fuch things as mail never again come in ufe-, but this fheweth that Chro- nicle which was made by God himfdf, every living Beaft being a word, every Kind being 7 be Efijile Dedicatory. being a lentence, and all of them together a large HUtory s containing admirab'c knowledge and learning, which was, which is, which (hall continue, (if not tor ever) yet to the Worlds end. Ft pair is, ejr noflras, nonnmqne prematur in mnum^ Membranis mitts fofitu delere licebit guod non e aider is — < ■ ■ 1 - The fecond thing in this difcourfc which I have promifed to affirm, is the truth of the Hiftory of Creatures,for the mai k of a good Writer is to follow truth and not deceivable Fables. And in this kir.d I have patted the ftraighteft pafl'age,bccauie the relation of moft things in this Book are taken out of Heathen wntcrs,fuch as pcradventure arc many times fuperftitioufly credulous, and have added of their own very many rath inventions, with- out reafon, authority, or probability , as if they had been hired to fell fuch Fables : For, Won bene condntti vendunt perjuna tcjles. I would not have the Reader of thefe Hiftories to imagine that I have inferted or related all that ever is faid of thefe Beafts,but only fo much as is faid by many, For in the mouth of two cr three witness ftandeth every word: aud if at any time I have fet down a fingle Teftimony,it was becaufe the matter was clear and necdeth not farther probation, or elfc I have laid it upon the Author with fpecial words not giving the Reader any warrant from me to believe it. Bcfides, I have taken regard to imitate the beft Writers, which was eafie for mc to do, becaufe Gefner relateth every mans opinion (like a common place or Dictionary, as he pro- f effeth 5 ) and if at any time he feemed obfeure, I turned to the Books which I had at hand to ghefie their meaning,putting in that which he had left out of many good Authors and leading out many magical devifes. Now although I have ufed no fmall diligence or care in collecting thofethings which were moft efTential to every Bcaft, moft true without ex- ception, and moft evident by the Teftimony of many good Authors yet 1 have delivered in this Treatife many ftrange and rare things, not as Fidions, but Miracles of nature, for wifemen to behold and obfervc to their lingular comfort, if they love the power, glory, and praife of (heir maker, not withholding their confent to the things expreffed, becaufe they intreat of living things made by God himfclf. Si ergo quarmus quisfecent,Deus eft Si per qued, dixit, Fiat, & facia fiunt : Si quart fiat, quia bonus eft. Nec emm autor eft ex- celler/ttor Deo, ncc ars efttcacior Dei verbo, nec caufa melior, quam ut bonnm crearetur a De» beno 5 and this Plato faid was the only caufe of the worlds creation,. ut a. Deo bono opera, bona fierent. Now I do in a fort challenge a confent unto the probability of thefe things to wife *nd learned men, although no belief. For Fides, \scredereinvifibilia • but conjenftts is a clea- ving or yeclding to a relation untillthe manifeftation of another truth-, and when any man fliall juftly reprove any thing I have written for falfe and erroneous, I will not ftick to rdeafc the Readers confent, but make farisfact on for ufurpation. But for the rude and vulgar fort (who being utterly ignorant of the operation of Learning, do prefently con- demn all ftrange things w cb are not ingraven in the palms of their own hands,or evident in their own herds and flocks ) 1 care not,for my ears have heard fome of them fpeak againft the Hiftory of Sampjon, where he tied fire-brands to the tails of Foxes, and many ot them 3gainft the miracles of Chrift. I may remember you (R.W>) of a Countrey rale of an old Mafle-Prieft in the daies of Henry the eight, who reading in Englijb afcer the tranflation of the Bible, the miracles of the five Loaves and two Fifties, 2nd when he came to the verfe that reckoneth the number of the ghefts or eaters of the banquet, he paufed a little, and at laft faid, they were about five hundred: The Clerk, that was a little wifer, whifpe- red into the Priefts ears that it was five thoufand, but the Pneft turned back and rcplyed with indignation, Hold jour peace firrah,rveJhaH never make them believe ibcj were five hundred. Such Priefts, fuch People, fuch perfons I ftiall draw upon my back, and although I do not challenge a power of not erring, yet becaufe I fpeakof the power ot God, that is unli- mitab!e, I will be bold to aver that for trurh in the Book of Creatures (although firft obferved by Heathen men) which is not contrary to the book of Scriptures. Lrftly, that it is the proper office of a Preacher or Divine to fet forth thefe works of God, I think no wifeman will make queftion, for fo did Mofes, and David t and $elomor/ y and The Epijlle Dedicatory. and Cbrifi^ and S.P*/«/,and S.Johrt, and S.Irepey,S. Gregory, S.Bj/i/ 3 S.Auftin^ S.JtroM, S. Bernard in his er.arraaons or Sermons upon the Canticle s, and of latter daies Ifidorus^ The Monks of Mtflnen, Gemtntanm^ and to conclude, that ornament of our time $me y 455 45* R Eyarr or Ranger, Rhinoceros, 458 460 SErpents, 59ij&-. . Sheep and their kinds, difia\es, and cures , 464;&c. S quh r el, 509 5m, 5 h Stilus, ibid. 5w/nf »,and plurally Kophim ; as it is by S. Jerom tranllated, i King. 10.22. From whence it may be probably conjedured, came the Latin words Cepi and Cephi, for Apes that have rails. Sometimes they are called of the Hebrews Bogiah, and of the Chjldeei Kokjn. The Italians Samada Majonio, and Bcnuccia;, and a Munkey Gatto Maimonc. The ancient Grecians Fithecos and the later Mtmon, and Ark, hzanes, by reafon of his imitation. The Moors Bugia, the Spaniards Mena, or Ximio, the French Siage^ the Germanes Aff , the Flemifli Siwme or Schimmekfll, the Illyrians Opicze, and gene- rally they are held for a lubtill, ironicall, ridiculous and unprofitable Bealt, whole flefh is not good for meat, as a (heep, neither his back for burden, as an AlTes ; nor yet commodious to keep a houfe, like a Dog ; but of the Grecians termed Gelotofoios^ made for laughter. * Ao.ui.a fis the Philofopher^ being at a banquet wherein divers Jefters were brought in to make them merry, yet never laughed, among therefidue; at length was brought in an Ape, at the light whereof he laughed heartily ; and being demanded the caule why he laughed not before, anfwered, that men do but faign merriments, whereas Apes are naturally made for that purpofe. Moreover Apes are much given to imitation and derifion, and they are called Ctrcopes^ becaufe of their wicked wafts, deceits, impolhires and flatteries: wherefore of the Poets it is faigned, that thete were two brethren molt wicked fellows, that were turned into Apes, and from their feat or habitation came the the Pithccufan Iflands, #hich J^rg//ca!leth Inar'me : for Arime wasan old He- irHrtan word for an Ape, and thofe Iflandsjbeing the feats of the * Giants (who being by God over- thrown for their wickednels) in derifion If them, Apes were planted in their rooms. Apes have been taught to leap, fing, drive Wagons, reigning and whipping the horfes very artificially, and are very capable of all humane aftions, having an excellent memory either to ftiew love to his friends, or hateful re venge to them that have harmed him, but the faying is good, that the threatningof a flatterer, and the anger of an Ape, are bothalike regarded. It dclighteth much in the company of Dogs and young Children, yet it will ltrangle young Children if they be not well looked unto. A certain Ape feeing a Woman wafhing her Child in a bafon of warm water, obferved her diligently, and getting into the houfe when the Nurfe was gone, took the Child out of the cradle, and letting water Of the Ape. 3 water on the fire, when it was hot, (tripped the Child naked, and wafhedthe Child therewith un- till it killed it. The Countreys where Apes are found, are Lybia and all that deferc Woods betwixt F.pjpt, JE'h'w Countrcys pig and Lj£w,and that part of Caucajm which reacheclt-to the red Sea. In I dia they are molt abundant, breeding Aj el both red, hlack, green, duft-colour, and white ones^ which they ufe to bring into Cities (/except red ones, who are fo venereous that they will ravifh their Women j and prefent to their Kings, which grow fotame, that they go up and down the ftreets fo boldly and civilly, as if they were Chil- dren, frequenting the Markec places without any offence : whereof fo many {hewed thcmfelves Book of to Alexander Handing upright, that he deemed them at firft to be an Army of enemies, and com- Voyage* mandedto joyn battel with them, Untill he was certified by Taxilus a King of that Countrey then inhisCampe, they were but Apes. In Caucafut there are trees of Pepper and Spices whereof Apes are the gatherers, living among Labour of thofe trees : for the Inhabitants come, and under the trees make plain a plat of ground, and after- A P CS « ward caft thereupon boughs and branches of Pepper, and other fruits, as it were carelefiy; which the Apes fecretly obferving, in the night feafon they gather together in great abundance all 1 the branches loaden with Pepper, and lay them on heaps upon that plat of ground,and fo in the morning come the Indians and gather the Pepper from thofe boughs in great meafure, reaping no fmall ad- vantage by the labor of Apes, who gather their fruits for them whiles they fieep : for which caufe they love them and defend them from Lions, Dogs, and other wild Beafts. In the region of Bafmm^ |ji ^fubjedt to the great Cham of Jartaria, are many and divers forts of Apes, very like mankind, which ^^when the Hunters take, they pull of their hairs all but the beard and the hole behind, and afterward g ' dry them with hot fpices,and poudering them, fell them to Merchants, who carry them about the * world, perfwadingfimple people that there are men in Illands of no greater ftature. To conclude, there are Apes in ircghdyu which are maned about the neck like Lions.as big as great Bel- weathers. Diverfuy of So are fome called Ceicupithea, Munl$ies, Chxropitkeci^ Hog Apes, Cepi Callilricha> h'hrmofits, Cynocephali, Apes, of a Dog and an Ape, Satyres, and Sphinges, of which we will fpeak in order, for they are not all alike, but fome refemble men one way, and fome another : as for a Ctytrar^which Alber'tus maketh an Ape, Chytnara. it is but a figment of the Poets. The fame man maketh Pigmeys a kind of Apes, and not men, but Hb, 7.1. death ZV/pfcw; proveth that they are not men, becaufe they have no perfect ufc ofReafon, nomodefty, no mil/ honefty, nor juftice of government, and although they fpeak, yet is their language imperfect ; and above all they cannot be men, becaufe they have no Religion, which (Plato faith truly) is proper to Pygmeys* every man. Befides, their ftature being not palt three,four, or five fpans long, their life not above eight years, and their imitation of man, do plainly prove them rather to be Apes then Men : and alfo the flatnefs of their Nofes, their combats with Cranes and Partridges for their egges, and other cir- Oneftcritut, cumftances I will not ftand upon,but follow the defcription of Apes in general Apes do outwardly re- femble men very much, and Vejalim fheweth, that their proportion differeth from mans in more Theanatomy; things then Galen obferved, as in the mufcles of the breaft, and thofe that move the armes,the elbow of A P es « and the ham, likewife in the inward frame of the hand, in the mufcles moving the toes of the feet, and the feet and ftioulders, and in the inftrument moving in the fole of the foot, alfo in the funda- ment and mefentery,the lap of the liver ,and the hollow vein holding it up, which men have not ; yet in their face, noftrils, ears, eye-lids, breafts, a'rmes,thumbes, fingers and nails, they agree very much. Their hair is very harfh and (hort,and therefore hairy in the upper part like men, and in the ineather part like beafts : they have teeth before and behind like men, having a round face, and ev-lids above and beneath, which other ghtadtupedes have not. Politiams faith,that the face of a Bull or Lion is more comely then the face of an Ape, which is like a mans. They have two Dugs, their breafts and armes like men, but rougher, fuch as they ufe to bend, as a man doth his foot. So their hands,fingers and nails, are like a mans, but ruder and nimbler; and nature having placed their Dugs in their breaft, gave them armes to lift their young ones up to fuck them. Their feet are proper, and not like mans, having the middle one longeft, for they are like great hands, and confift of fingers like hands, but they are alike in bignefs,except that which is feaft to a man, is greateft to an Ape, whofe fole is like the hand but that it is longer, and in the hinder part it is more flefhy, fomewhac refembling a heel, but put backward it is like a fift. They ufe their feet both for going and handling ; theneather parts of their armes, and their thighes are fhorter then the proportion of their elbows and fhins : they have no Navel, but there is a hard thing in that place ; the upper part of their body is far greater then the neather, like other guadrupedes, confifting of a proportion between five and three : by reafon wereof they grow out of kind, having feet like hands and feet. They live more downward then upward, like other four-footed Beafts, and they want Buttocks, ( although Aibertm faith they have large ones) they have no tail, like two legged creatures, or a very fmall figne thereof. The genitall or privy place of the female is like a Womans, but the Males is like a Dogs: their nourifhment goeth more forward then back- ward, like the beft Horfes,and the Arabian Ser6, which are higher before then behind ; and that Ape whofe meat goeth forward by reafon of the heat of heart and liver, is moft like to a man, in handing upright : then: eyes are hollow, and that thing in men is accounted for a figne of a malicious mind, as little eyes are a token of a bafc and abject (pint. Men that have low and flat Noftrils are Libidi- nous as A pes that attempt women, and having thick lips, the upper hanging over the neather,they arc deemed fools, like the lips of Affes and Apes. Albertus faith, he fawthe heart of a Male Ape, , having two tops or fti3rpe ends, which I know not whether to term a wonder or a Monfter. An B 2 Ape * The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Ape and a Cat have a imall back, and fo hath a weak hearted man, a broad and ftong back figniheth ?. valiant and magnanimous mind. The Apes nails are half round, and when they are in copulation, they bend their Elbowes before them, the finews of their hinder joynts being turned clean about, but with a man it is clean othenvife.The veins of their armes are no otherwife difleded then a mans, having a very fmall and ridiculous crooked thumb, by reafon of the Mufcles which come out of the. hinder part of the leg, into the middle of the fhin, and the fore mufcles drawing the leg backward, they cannot exadly ftand upright, and therefore they run and ftand, like a man that counterfeits a lame mans halting. The mfpofiti- And as the body of an Ape is ridiculous, by reafon of an indecent likenefs and imitation of man, on ot ai cs. f i s n j s f ou i or fpirit ; for they are kept only in rich mens houfes to fport withall, being for thac caufe eafily tamed, following every adion he feeth done, even to his own harme without difcreti- A.n Hiftory. on. A certain Ape after a fhipwrack fwimming to land, was feen by a Countrey-man, and thinking him to be a man m the water, gave him his hand to fave him, yet in the mean time asked him what Countreyman he was, who anfwered, hewasan Athenian-, well, faid the man, doft thou inow Firtus? (which was a port in Athens) very well faid the Ape,and his wife,friends,and children, where* Phccs of their at the man being moved, did what he could to drown him. They keep for the moft part in Caves abode. and hollow places of hils, in rocks and trees, feeding upon Applet and Nuts, but if they find any Food of Apes, bitternefs in the (hell, they caft all away. They eat Lice, and pick them out of heads and garments. They will drink wine till they be drunk, but if they drink it oft, they grow not great, fpecially they lofe their nails, as other Quadrufedes do. They are beft contented to fit aloft, although tied with The manner of chains. They are taken by laying for them fhoos and other things, for they which hunt them wilt taking Apes. anoint their eyes with water in their prefence, and fo departing, leave a pot of lime or hony in fteadof the water, which the Ape efpying, cometh and anointeth her eyes therewith, and fo being not able to fee, doth the hunter take her. If they lay ftioos, they are leaden ones, too heavy for them to wear, wherein are made fuch devifes of gins, that when once the Ape hath put them on, they cannot be gotten off without the help of man : So likewife for little bags made like breeches,where- Procreation of withal they are deceived and taken.They bring forth young ones for the moft part by twins, whereof Apes. • t h e y j 0ve tne ne and hate the other ; that which they love they bear in their armes,the other hang- eth at the damns back, and for the moft part (he killeth that which Ihe loveth, by preffing it too hard ; afterward (he fetteth her whole delight upon the other. The Egyptians when they defcribe a Father leaving his inheritance to his Son that he loveth not, pidure an Ape with her young one upon her back. The male and female abide with the young one, and if it want any thing, the male with fift, and ireful afped puniftieth the female. When the Moon Secrets in their is in the wane, they are heavie and forrowful,which in that kind have tails; but they leap and rejoyce nature. ac tne change: for as other Beafts,fo do thefe,fear the defed of the Starsand Planets.They are full of Their imitati- difiimulation, and imitation of man, they readilyer follow the evill then the good they fee. They on. are very fierce by nature, and yet tamed forget it, but ftill remain fubjed to madnefs. They love Their love. Conies very tenderly, for in Ewg/^anold Ape (fcarfe able to go) did defend tame Conies from Their fear. the Weafel, as Sir Thomas More reported. They fear a (hell filh and a Snail vei;y greatly, as appeareth by this Hiftory. In Rome, a certain Boy put a Snail in his hat and came to an Ape, who as he was accuftomed, leaps upon his ftioulder and took offhis hat to kill Lice in his head, but efpying the Snail, ft was a wonder to fee with what hafte the Ape leaped from the Boys fhoulder, and in trembling manner looked back to fee if the Snail followed him. Alfo when a Snail was tied to the one end of another Apes chain, fo that he could not chufe but continually look upon it,one cannot imagine how the Ape was tormen- ted therewith, rinding no means to get from it, caft up whatfoever was in his ftomach, and fell into a grievous Fever till it was removed from the Snail, and refreihed with wine and water. Cardenere- Ab antiquity, porteth, that it wasan ancient cuftom in former time when a Parricide was executed, he was (after he was whipped with bloudy ftripes.) put into a fack, with a live Serpent, a Dog, an Ape and a Cock by the Serpent was fignificd his extreme malice to mankind in killing his Father ,by the Ape that in the likenefs of man he was a Beaft, by the Dog how like a Dog he fpar ed none, no not his own Father, and by a Cock his hateful pride, and then were they all together hurl'd headlong into the Sea. That he might be deemed unworthy of all the Elements of life, and other bleflings of nature. A Lion ruleth the Beafts of the Earth, and a Dolphin the Beafts of the Sea; when the Dolphin The medicine « in age and ficknefs , Ihe recotereth by eating a Sea-ape : and fo the Lion by eating an Ape of of Apes, the earth, and therefore the Egyptians paint a Lion eating an Ape, to fignifiea fick man curing himfelf. The heart of an Ape fod and dryed, whereof the weight ofa groat drunk in a draught of ftale Hony, fod in water, called Melicraton, ftrengthneth the heart, emboldneth it, and driveth away the pulfe and pufillanimity thereof: ftiarpeneth ones underftanding, and is foveraign againft the fal- ling evill. The Of the *5Mnntyy. 5 The MUNKET. THe Munty called in Greek Cncopitbecot ^and fo in Latin Cerctfithecw, that is,a tailed Ape : not to 1 1 diftinguifh it from all other Apes, but from other vulgar and common Apes, for there be Apes with tails befides a Munkey,but not fo often feen.Itis thought of fome that the Hebrew Z«rw,figriifi- Munfter. eth a Munkey,other Ochim.lk. I ? . Babel fbal be defiroyed 3 and the fearful beaft Ziirn fhal lie there, and Ochim fhal fill their houfes. Which Ockimjs interpreted Munkeys,but not generally;wherefore there is an opt- Ml trw- nion that this kind of Ape is generated of a wild Cat very like an Ape, and an Ape having two black C fpots on the cheek?,a long tail,and black at the end thereofyt is called of the Italians Gam maimone, or a Munkey. the French Marmot of Marmona, thu is, the Ape of a male,for Mona fignifieth an Ape, of the Germans t Mta^ffls,that is the Cat of the Sea,of the Illyrian,Mor/^,and Koczb^aas {otMammcneyt is a beaft leflfe then an Apej of the Celts it is called Abr an as. They are very fportful, and given to imitate the actions Inclination ol of men like Apes, it being a queftion, whether Dogs, Elephants, or Munkeys, have the moil under- Munktys, ftanding among Brutes, and as was faid before, when the Moon wanech, it is heavie and dull, but in ^ cl n c " of the new Moon joccond and pleafant. Betwixt the Mammovets and Apes is continual! war, and the t J£ e y sna " Mammotiet being the weaker, yet the wifer and craftier creature, is much more couragious in fight Contention, then an Ape. Thefe Munkeys of all things molt abhor a Crocodile, for at the fight of the skin afar The tear of a off, it hath been feen how the creature hath run through fire and water, crying and trembling for Munkey. the natural 1 dread thereof. They are bred in the hils ofConfiance, in the woods of Bugia and Mauritania. In JEthiofia, they feb- Leo. have black heads, hair like A(Tes,and voices like to other. Inlndia they report that the Munkeys will African. clime the moA fteep and high rocks,and fling ftones at them that profecute to take them. When the The Countrey King of hga in India for Religion goeth on Pilgrimage, he carryeth with him very many Munkeys. g n( fb^j° de In like fort, Munkeys are brought from the new found Lands, from Caleckut and Prafta ; and not far from Aden a City of Arabia, is a moft high hill abounding in thefe beafts, who are a great hinderance to the poor vintagers of the Countrey of Calechut, for they will tlimb into the high Palm trees, and HurtofMnn- breakingthe veffels fet to receive the Wine, pour forth that liquor they find in them: they will keys ; eat hearbs and grain, and ears of graffe, going together in great flocks, whereof one ever watcheth Their foo<1 ' at the utmoit bounds of their camp , that he may cry out when the husbandman cometh, and then all flying and leaping into the next trees efcape away : the females carry their young ones about with them on their (houlders, and with that burden leap from tree to tree. There be of this kind of Munkeys two forts, one greater,the other leffer,as is accounted in England, Dtvetfuies of and Munkey s are in like fort fo divided,that there be in all four kinds differing in bignefs,whereof the Munkeys, leaft is little bigger then a Squirrel, and becaufe of their marvellous and divers mowings, movings, voices and geftures, the Engliftimen call any man ufing fuch Hiftrionical Acf ours a Munkey. The only difference betwixt thefe and other Apes aforefaid, is their tail ; they differ from men in Solinus- their nerves, in the joints of their loynes, and their procefles, and they want the third mufcle Thtir anatomy moving the fingers of their hands. Mammonets are lefle then an Ape, brown on the back, and white and P am - on the belly, having a long and hairy tail, his neck almoft fo big as his body, for which caufe they are V e S-- lu5 ' tied by the hips that they flip not collar. They have a round head, a face like a man, but black and Mammonels. bald on the crown, his nofe in a reafonable diftance from his mouth like a mans, and not continued like an Apes, his {tones greenifh blew, like a Turkey ftone. They are caught after the manner of B 3 Apes, 6 The Hiftory of Four-foot Beafts. Apes, and being tamed and taught, they conceive and work very admirable feats, and their skins Fettix. pulled off therrf being dead arc drcffed for garments. The foolifh Arabians dedicated Mtmnonim cer- A other kind, copithccm unto heaven, and in«ali arfliftions implored his aid. There is one other kind of Munkeys, whofe tail is only hairy at the tip, called Cercolipk. Vie J or us Sjtculm. The CE PU S, or Marline Mttnkey. THe Martin called Cefm of the Greek word, Kepes , which Ariflotk writeth Keiw, and fome M tranflate Ceta/,fome Cephas or Geppbm or more barbaroufly Celphus, theLatines fometimes 0*tw, for indeed this'kind of Ape in his beft eftate is like* a garden fet with divers flowers, and therefore the beft kind of them isdifcerned and known bv the fvvecteft favour, fuch being alwayes the moll inge- nious imitators of men. It is very probable t ; at this name. Cepiu is derived of the He- brew Koph and Kiphin fignify- ingApes in general, as* is be- fore faid, but yet this kind is diftinguiftied from other by Strabo, Elianw and Vllny , al- though Anjlotle doth make no difference betwixt this and a- nother ordinary Munkey. The gomes of great Pompcy fait of all brought thefe Mar- tines to the fight of the Kc- rpcins,avd afrerward'#eiw<> faw no more; they are the fame which are brought out of ./Ethiopia and the fartheft Ara- bia- their feet and knees be- ing like a mans,and their fore- feet like hands, their inward parts like a mans, fo that fome have doubted what kind of creature this fhould be, which is in part a man, and yet a Four-footed beaft : it having a face like a Lion, and fome part of the body like a Pan- ther, being as big as a wilde Goat or Roe-buck, or as one oftheDogsof Krithrea, and a long tail,the which fuch of them as have tafted flefli wil eat from their own bodies. Concerning their colour, howfoever they are not all alike, for fome are black with white fpots, having a greater voice then others, fome yellow, fome Lion-tauny, fome golden-yellow, and fome cole-black.- yet for the moft part, the head and back parts to the tail, are of a fiery colour, with fome golden hair afperfed among the refidue, a white fnowt, and certain golden ftrakes like a collar going about the neck, the rnferiour parts of the neck down to the breaft, and the forefeet are white, their two dugs as big as a mans hand can gripe, are ofablewi{h colour, and their belly white, their hinder legs black, and the (hape of their fnout like a Cynochephale: which may be the difference betwixt Mlianus and Strabo their Ctpus, and ArifiotUs Cebus, for nature many times bringeth forth like beafts which are not of the fame kind. In England there was a Marline that had his back and fides of a green colour, having here and there white hair, the belly, chin, and beard (which was- round) white, the faceand (bins black, and the nofe white, being of the lefTer kind, for in bignefs it exceeded not a Their difpo- Coney. Some of them in JEthiopia have a face like a Satyre, and other members in part fefemblirig tit in. a Bear, and in part a Dog,foarethe Prafian Apes . This Martine did the Babylonians, inhabiting neer Memphis, for the ftangenefs, the colour, and (hape thereof, worfhip for a God. They are of eviU difpofition like Apes,and therefore we will f pare. both their pi&ures and further . defcripcion, finding very little of them in Hiftories worth commemoration. Pliny. The fi;ft knowledge of Murines. Their Coun- trey of breed. Strabo. Strabo. S caliper. Their colour. JElianus. Cay. The Of the Calitrich. The Ape CALITRICH. ^•TpHe Gatiiricbjp called by I reafon of Ins beard, and Thcnr/ may be termed in Eng-- / lifh a bearded Ape, will live Tlty. no other where then in htbi rcyol opij and India, which are eafie ' to take,but very hard to brip away alive into thefe Gfiun- trys.They differ in appe 1 ce Their parts from all other Apes, having and colour, a long beard an^ ^.la'^e tail, hairy at the enu r i5e;tig in JuJia Albert^. all white, which the Indium hunt witi ^rts, and being ta- med, the*) are foapt to play, that a n;: 1 .:. would think they were created for no other purpofe; whereupon the Gre- Era{mUJ* ufeinproverbe, an Ape .tvinga beard, for a ridicu- lous and foolifh jetting man. MEgafihenes ( faith ' JEMnws and Strabo) writeth of Apes in Prafia a Region in India, Their refcm- which are no lefTe then great bance. Dogs, and five cubits high, ha- ving hair like a Man comrug forth of their forehead and beards, be- ing altogether-- white except their tails, wrucji are two cubits and a half long, very like a Lions; and unto a fimple man it might feem, that their tufts of hair were artificially trimmed , though it grow naturally. Their beard is much like a Satyres, and although their body be white, yet is their head and tip of their tail yellow, fo that the Martins before mentioned, feem to be affianced to thefe. Thefe Yrajyan Apes live in Mountains and p^'^^eir Woods, and ycr are they not ^hote. wilde, but fo tame that often- times in great multitudes they come down to the Gates and Suburbs of Latagry^ where' tfV> King commande-th them dayfy fodden Rice for theipfood,which Their ( 00 $ t they eat, and being ' Filled return again to. their h!orrie andufiiall places of harbour in great mode- ration, doing no harms to any thing. Peter 8 The Bijlory of Four- footed c £eaftr. Lib. 4. Otcan. ^ etn Mnrlyr telleth this ftory of one of thefe- that j. j. he being like to a great Munkey, but having a longer rail, by rowling over and over three or four times to- gether taketh fuch ftrengi h, that he leapeth from bough to bough, and tree to tree, as if he flew. An archer of that Sea-voyage hurt one of them with an arrow, the wounded beait prefently leapeth to the ground, and fettcth upon the archer, as fiercely as a mad Dog; he drew his fword and ftruck off one of P. in M'-riyr. his armes , and fo at laft with much ado took the maimed beaft, who being brought to the Navy, and accuftomed to the fociety of men, began by little and little to waxe tame. ThchnucJ of While he was in the fhip bound with chains, other thole Apes. of the company having been on land to forrage, brought out of the Manfhes a Bore, which Bore was (hewed to the Mur.kev ; at the firft fight either of other fet up their briftles, the raging Mimkey leap- eth upon the Bore, and windeth his tail round about the Bore, and with the 01 e r/me which he had left, caught him, and held him fo fa ft by the throat, that he ftilled him There is another kind of Munkey, for ftature , bignefle and (hape like a Man, for by his knees, fecret parts and face, you would judge him a wi-lde man, iuch as inhabit N^mic/ra. and the Lapones. for he is altogether overgrown with hair 5 no creature, His love. except a man can ftand fo long as he; he lovcth wo- men and children dearly, like other of his own kind, and is fo veuereous that he will attempt to ra ; n, whofe Image is here defcribed, asitwas taken forth of the book of the defenption of the I &ly Land. Of the CYNOCEPAL E or BABOUN. CTnccepMei,areakindof Apes, whofe heads are like Dogs, and their other parts like a mans ; wherefore Gaza tranflateth them Canrcifites, (to wit) dog-heads. In the French, Gm??^and Vliny. lUyrian tongues, they are called of fome Babion, and Babuino in Italian, is a fmall kind of Ape ; but Defaiption. Ariflotle faith, that a Cynocephale is bigger then an Ape. In TLnghfb they are called Babmns. Atxiams. There are many kinds of Baboons, whereof fome are much given to fifhing, fo that they will tarry Freftcr John awhole day in the deep hunting for fifh, and at length come forth with a great multitude. Again, ad Rom pom. there are fome which abhor fifhes, fas Orm faith) which kind the Egyptians Emblematically ufe to painr Of the "Baboun. paint when they will decipher a facrifke. Some there are which are able to write, and naturally theinduflry to difcern letters; which kind the old Priefts bring into their Temples, and at thejr firlk ot Babom. entrance the Prieft bringeth him a writing Table, a pencil and inke, that fo by feeing him write, h e may make tryall whether he be of the right kind and the beatt quickly fheweth his skill: wherefore in ancient time, they were dedicated to Mercury, the fained god oi learning. Orut. The reafon why the Egyptians do nourifh them among their hallowed things is,that by them they A fecret io may know the time oftheconjuac\ioja,b«twij;t the Sun and Moon; becaufe the mituie of this beaft tWrnacufc is, to have a kind of feeling of that conjundion, for after that thefe two figns meet, the male l>a* blurt neither will look up nor eat,but caff his eyes to the ground,as it were lamenting the ravifhment of the Moon with difdaijafuipanion : In like manner the female, who moreover, at that time (en- - deth forth bloud out of her womb of conception : whereupon the Egyptians figmfie by a Baboun the Moon, the rifingflfthe Moon, by his (landing upright holding his hands up toward heaven, and wearing a crown on his head, becaufe with fuch geftures doth ithat {kaft congratulate her firil appearance. • Anothercaufe why they bring them into their Temples is, becaufe of the holynefs of circumci- Chcumcifion fion, font is moft true ("though ilrange) that they are brought forth circumciled, at the leaft wile " atur31 ift Ba ~ in fo'me appearancejwhereunto the Pnefts give great heed to accomplifh and finilh the work begun. TheEgvp'/^alfopainta£tfio««fittinjg, tofignifie the EquinoQium, for in every Equinoftium they r ' t< bark or howl twelve times in one day, and fo many times make water.- wherefore the Egyptians Another fecre • alfo upon their Hydrologies or Conduits #4 grave a Baboun, out ofwhofe yard or privy part ilTued forthwater; and they alfo fay that this beaii fo nourifhed among their holy things, dyeth not at A wonder, once like other beafts, but every day one part by the fpace of 72 days (the other parts remaining 0rm ' in perfection of nature) which the Priefts take and put in the earth day by day, till all penfh and be confumed. The Weft region oilybia and JEtbiepia have great {tore ofCynocepha!s y Babouns^ and Acephah, beafts without a head ? vvhofe eyes and mouth are in their breads. In like fort in Arabia, from Dira South- Hcr'dotus. ward ir>a Promontory, there are many Babouns-, and in the Continent called Vacbinabades beyond o/^eirTbode^ Barygaza, and the Eaftern Mountains of the Mediterranean region ; and thofe which Afailon'm faw be- anc j breed, twixt the rivers Ganges, and Hyphafis, feem to be of this fort, in that he defenbeth them to be black Strabo- haird, Dog-faced, and like littie men ; wherewithall ^Elianui feemeth to be deceived, in faying, that Axtlanus* there aremen Cynoprofopoi , Dog-faced, whereas it is the error of vulgar people, to think that Babmm are men, differing only in the race or vrfage, Concerning their members or parts in leveral, they are black and hairy, rough skinned, red and Their anato- bright eyes, a long Dogs face, and teeth ftronger and longer then Dogs : the face of a Lion muft not m y and P atts « be attributed to this beaft, nor yet a Satyres, though it be more like. It hath a grim and fearful face, Albertuf. and the female hath naturally her wombcaftoutof her body, and fo fhe beareth it about all her lifelong: their voice is a fhrill whizing, for they cannot fpeak, and yet they underftand the Indian Thir voice, language; under their beard they have a chin growing like a Serpents, and bearding about the &l.?/>0«H,as appea- red! by his natural circumcifion) being as great as a Gray-hound, and walketh for the moil: part upon two legs,being cloathed with a Souldiers coat, and a fword girded ro his fide, fo that the moft part thought him to be fome Monfter-little-man, for be- ing commanded to his kennel, he would go and tarry there all night, and in the day time walk abroad to be feen of every man, it was doubtful whether he were of the Munksj kind or the Baboun, his voice was like the fqueeking of a Moufe, but his afped and countenance was fierce, truculent and fearful, as his image is here deciphered. The S ATT RE, Supeifiicious error of Sa- Cjraldut. Grapa'.dus. AS the Cynocephal or Baloun Apes have given occafion to fome to imagine (though falfely) there were fuch men, fo the Satyres a moft rare and feldom feen beaft, hath occasioned other to think it was a Devil ; and the Poets with their Apes, the Painters, Limmers, and Carvers, to en- creafe that fuperftition, have therefore defcribed him with horns on his head, and feet like Goats, whereas Satyres have neither of both. And it may be that Devils have at lbme time appeared to men in this likenefs, as they have done in the Iikeneffe of the Omceniaute and wild AfJTe, and other fhapes • it being alfo probable, that Devils take not any denomination or fhape from Satyres,bur. rather the Apes themfelves from Devils whom they refemble, for there are many things common to the, Satyre-Apes and Devilifh-Satyres , as their humane fhape, their abode in folitary places , their rough hair , and luft to women, wherewithall other Apes are naturally in- feded : but especially Satyres. Wherefore the Ancient Grecians conjecture their name to be derived as it were of Stathes^ fignifying the yard or virile member : and it is certain that the de- vils have exercifed their preftigious luft, or rather their imagination of luft upon mankind, where- of cometh that diftindion of tauni, that fome are Incuki defilers of Women, and fome Succubi de- filed by men. Peradventure the name of Satyre is more fitly derived from the Hebrew Sai\ tfa. 3 4. whereof the plural is Seium> Ifa. 1 3 . which is interpreted monfters of the Defert, or rough hairy Fawnes ; and when ijjim is put to /eir, it fignifieth Goats. The Chaldeans for Seirim, render Schedm • that is,evill Devils : and the Arabian!-, Lcfeiatkin • thac is, Satanai : the Per ft ans, Jkv an; the Il]yrians,Vevadai and Dewas ; the Germans, Tcitfel. They which parted through the world and exerciftd dauncingand other fports, for Vionyftus, were called Satyres, andfometimes Tytin, becaufe of their wanton fongs ; fometimes Sikni (although the difference is, that the fmaller and younger beafts are called Satyri % the elder and greater Sikni : ) Alfo Bacth* and Nymph£, whereof Bacchus is pictured riding in a Chariot of Vinebranches, Silenus riding b:fide him on an Afle, and the Baccb* or Satyres fhaking together their ftalkie Javelines and Paulmers. By reafon of their leaping they are called Scirti, and the antick or Satyrical dancing Sicinnis, and they alfo fometimes Sicinmft* • fometimes JEgipana : wherefore Pliny reporteth, that among the Weftern Ethiopians , there are certain little hils of the Satyrique JEgipant, and that in the night time they ufe great fires, piping and dancing, with a wonderful noifeof Timbrels and Cymbals : and fo alio in Atlas amongft the Moores, whereof there was no footing, remn-ant, or appearance to be found in the day time. The Of the Sagoin. Otdrus by counterfeiting fnendfhip, (lew her, making (hew to be of her faction ; and Paujaniat faith that the former Riddle was not a Riddle, but an Oracle of Apo'lJo, which Cadmus had received, whereby his polarity ihould be inheritors of che.Tbdxro Kingdom; and whereas Oedipus, being the Son of La/HJ a former King of -that Countrey, was taught the Oracle in his deep, he recovered the Kingdom ufurped by sphinx his Sitter, and afterward unknown, maried his own Mother jocafia. But the true moral of this Poetical fiction, is by that learned Akiatus in one of his emblems deci- phered that her monftrous treble-formed-fhape, fignified her iufttul pleafure under a Virgins face, her cruel pride under the Lions claws, her winde-dnven levity under the Eagles or Birds fea- thers and I will conclude with the words of Swdas concerning iuch Moniters, that the lftons d Sphinges and Centaurer, are the images of thofe things, which are not to be found within the com- pare of the whole world. • f-, ■ The true Sphhx firft defcribed, is of a fierce though a tameable nature, and if a man do nrtt ot air perceive or difcern thele natural Sphinges, before the bead difcern or perceive the man, he (hall be fafe • bat if the beaft firft defcry the man, then is it mortal to the man. Thefe Sphinges were of great account for their ftrangenefs : with their image did Auguftus fign all his Grants,Libels,and Epiitles : afterward he left that,and figned with the image of Alexander the great,and laft of all with his own." Syclid the King in the City, of the Berifthenites, had a fair houfe , about which there were Sphinges and Gryf bint wrought out of white (tone. AtAthens,'m the Temple Parthen-na, there is defcribed the contention betwixt Pallas and Nrpime, about theearth,and the image of Pallas made oflvory and gold, hath in the midft of her (hield the pifture ofa Sphinx. Amafis theKingofF^r, built in the porch of I alias, an admirable work called Sai : where he placed fitch great Coloffis and A>-.dro- Sphinges, thzt it was afterward fuppofed he was buried therein, and was lively to be feen im- putrible. To conclude, the Egyptians in the porches ot their Temples painted a Sphinx, whereby they insinuated that their divine wildorh was but dark and uncertain, and io covered with fables, thac there fcarce appeared in it any fparkles or footfteps of verity. Suidx. Meaning this] Poetical Sphinx. Tbe narure o the Sphinx. Suetonius. The ufeof Sphinf-ej. Herodotus. Paufanias, Herodotus, Of the SAGOIN^ called G A L E OPlf H E CU S. "^His figure of the Sagoin,! received of Peter Cordenberg, a very learned Apothe- cary at Antwerpe, w c h is three times as big as my picture, and John Cay that famous Eng~ lift) Do&or hath ad- vertifed me, that it no way refembleth the Sagoin it felf, which is not much greater then a Rat, The quality, a little Conny", or a young Hedghog : for he had feen feveral ones of that bignefs, of a griffeld colour, 'a neat beard, and fomewhat a(h-coloured, a tail like a Rat, but hairy; the feet of a Squirrel, and the facealmoft like a Martine,or Satyre, a round ear., but very fhort and open, the hair black at the root, and white at the end, and in other conditions like a Mun- key. They are much fet by among women, and by the Brafilians where they are bred and called Sagoins , it being very probable that they are conceived by a fmall Ape and Weafell, for in that Countrey, byreafon of the heat thereof, there are manyfuch unnatural commixtions. It is a nimble, lively, and quick fpirited beaft, but fearful; it will eat white-bread, Apples, Sweet- grapes,dryed in the Sun, Figs or Pears. There was one of them at Antwerpe fold for fifty Crowns. In France they call a Sagoin a little beaft not much bigger then a Squirrel, and not able to en- dure any cold. Some other affirme that a Sagoin is a bearded creature, but without a tail, of an a(h-colour, not much bigger then a fift j but of this beaft there is not any author writeth more then is already rehearfed. ' Colour Parts. Procseation o : Sagoins. Their meat. The price of a Sagoin. Of the Betr-Afe ARCTO PITH ECUS. *"TpHereis in America a very deformed beaft which the inhabitants call Haut or Hauti , and Theitctut. J. the Frenchmen?, Guenon, as big as a great African Munkey. His belly hangeth very low, Of the name, his head and face like unto a childs , as may be feen by this lively pifture, and being taken Hi$ P arts< it will figh like a young child. His skin is of an afh-colour, and hairy like a Bear; he hath but three claws on a foot, as long as four fingers, and like the thornes of Privet,where- by heclimeth up into the higheft trees, and for the moft part liveth of the leaves of a certain tree being of an exceeding height, which the Americans call Amahut, and thereof this beaft iscal- C 2' ' led i6 A fee ret in Nature. The Hiftory of Four-footed 'Beaftt. led Hunt. Their tail is about three fin- gers long, having very little hair there- on ; it hath been often tried, that though it fufTer any famine, it will not eat the flefh of a living man j and one of them ■was given me by a Frenchman, which I feept alive fix and twenty dayes,and at the lalt it was killed by Dogs, and in that time when I had fet it abroad in the open aire, I obferved, that although it often rained, yet was that beaft never wet. When it is tame it is very loving to a man, ar.d defirous to climb up to his fhoulders, which thofc naked Americans cannot en- dure, byreafon of the fharpenefs of his claws. Of the SIMiyULPA^ or Apijh-Fox. THofe which have travelled the Countreyof Tayran, do affirme, that they have feen a four- footed beaft, called in L^tin,Simivuipa , lnGVeej^, Ahpecopitbecos , and i i German, Fuchjfajfe : in Gifiitfs. the forepart like a Fox, and in the hinder part like an Ape, except that it had mans feet, and The defcrfptf- ears like a Bat, and underneath the common belly, there was a skin like a bag or fcrip, where- on ' in fhe keepech, lodgeth, and carryeth her young ones, untillthey are able to provide for chem- felves, witliout'the help of their dam; neither do they come forth of that receptacle, except'itbe to fuck milk, or fport themfelves, fo that the fame under-belly is her beft remedy againft the furi- ous Hunters, and other ravening beaft;, to preferve her young ones, for fhe is incredibly fwifr, running with that carriage as if fhe had no burthen. It hatha tail like a Munkey : there was one of them with three young Whelpes taken and brought into a fhip, but the Whelps died quickly: the old one living longer was brought to -%//ff,and afterward to Granado, where the King of S/> the FrenebjVngalm, the Gewuns } Ffe! 7 Mul } Mulle refel } and the Hiyri4ns } Ojel \ the which Beaft is intituled Of the Affe. 17 intituled or phralcd with many Epithets among Poets; as flow, burthen-bearing, back-bearing, Epithets of an vile, cart-drawing, mill-labouring, fluggifh, crooked, vulgar, flow-paced, long-eared, blockifh, ^ tre « braying, idle, d'evil-haired, filthy, faddle- bearer, four-foot, unfavoury, and a beaft of miferable condition • befides many other fuch titles in the Greek. Yet this filly beaft hath among the Aftro- nocners found more favour, for in the fign Cancer there are two Stars called the two AfTes, placed there as fome fay, by Bacchus, who.in his fury which Juno laid upon him, travelled to the Vodaman Pliny. Temple of Jpotio to recover his wits, by thecounfel of the Oracle, came to a certain lake of water, Afl'esincclefti- over which he could not pafle,and meeting there two Affes,took one of them, upon whofe back he aI fi 6 n, « was fafely carried over dne foot. Afterward,when he had recovered his wits, in thankfulnefs for that tlygmuti good turn, he placed the two AfTes amongft the ftars. Howfoever this may be a fabulous commendation of this beaft, yet holy Writ teachethus, that anAfTefawan Angel, and opened his mouth in reproof of his matter Balaam', and our moftbleffed Saviour rode on an Afle to JerufaUm to fhew his humility : and Sampfin out of the jaw-bone of an Affe, quenched his thirft. Apuleius in his eleven books of his golden AfTe, taketh that beaft for an Emblem, to note the manners of mankind; how fome by youthful pleafures become beafts, and afterward by timely repentant old-age, are reformed men again : Some are in their lives Wolves ; fome Foxes, fome Swine, fome AfTes, and fo other may be compared to other beafts: and as Ori- jw2 faith, only by pleafure is a man a horfe or Mule, when a beaftly foul liveth in a humane (hape. This world is unto them as an inchanted cup of Circes, wherein they drink up a portion of oblivion, error and ignorance j afterwards brutizing in their whole life, till they tafte the Rofes of true fcience and grace mlightning their minds, which is their new recovery of humane wit, life, and un- derftanding. AfTes are bred in Arcadia, wherefore proverbially, the beft AfTes are fignified by the Arcadian AfTe", and the greateft Afles by the Arcarnican AfTe. In Timocbain in Perfta, are very beautiful AfTes, whereof one hath been fold for thirty pounds of filver. Likewife in Rea fin Italy, in Jllyria, 'Ihracia, and Epirw, there are AfTes but very fmall ones, although all other Cattel there are very large. In India among the Pfilians, they are no greater then Rams, and generally all their Cattel are of a very fmall growth. In Scythia,Pontut } Celta, and the regions confining them, are no AfTes bred, byreafon of extremity of cold, for AfTe> are very impatient of cold. In ■Myfia there are alfo afTes ; but their flanks are crooked , and indented as if they were bro- ken ; whereupon a proverbial common fpeeeh arifeth (one having a broken flanke) for a My/t- an AfTe. AfTes are ingendred both by their own kind, and alfo by horfes, for they chofe ftallions and put them to their AfTes, who have large bodies,well-fet legs, ftrong necks,broad and ftrong ribs, brawny and high creafts,thighes full of finews, and of black or flea-bitten colour (for a Moufe-colour is not approvedj wherefore he that will have a good flock of AfTes, muftlook that the male and female be found, and of a good age, that they may breed long time, and oiu: of a good Seminary, as of Arcadia ovRqh: for as the beft Lampreyes are in Sicilia, and the delicate HihUekps inRbedes and C 3 not Numb. 2a.' Morals of the difcourfes of Afles. Proclm, Beroaldusi Count reys breeding AfTes. Paul. VeneU Pondera. Mliantts. Their breed. fMtdiHS. The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafis. , Abftnus. Arittotle. Vlmy. ■Leonicentu. Tliny. Arijiotle. Arijiotle. Varro. Tliny. Tliny. JElianuf. JEJIUms. Abfntus. Tliny. Tlutarcb'. Tliny. Joan.Monacb. Suidas. Their meat. Philemon died with laughing when he faw an aflc eat figs. Vol. Mix. not elfewhere j fo are belt AlTesin thole forenamed places. When they makechoife of a Stallion,they look principally that he have a great head. An Affe is more defirous of copulation then an Horfe, and both male and female do couple at thirty moneths, although it prove not untill three years,or three and a half. Men fay that Anna the father in law of E\au, did firft invent the copulation of Horfes and Affes together ; for as a Horfe doth cover a fhe Affe, fo an .Affe will cover a Mare, and an A(Te willfooner fill the Inft of a Mare then a Horfe. If a Horfe cover a female AlTe which hath been entred by a male AlTe, he cannot alter the feed of the Affe : but if an AlTe cover a Mare which a Horfe hath formerly entred, he will deltroy the feed of the Horfe, fo that the Mare fhall fufTer abortment, by reafon that the feed genital of an AlTe is more frigid then an Horfes. The Mares of Elii cannot at all conceive by Affes copulation, and there is more abonments falleth out bycommixtion of Horfes with Affes, or Affes with Mares, then when every kind mingleth amongft themfelves. It is but a fuperftition of fome, which affiinnc that an AfTe cannot conceive for fo many years, as {he hath eaten grains of Baitly corn defiled with womens purgation • but this is certain, that if an AlTe conceive not at the firft lofing of her teeth, flie remaineth barren. They are not coupled in generation in the Spring JEquino&ium,hke Mares and other beafts ; but in the Summer Sol/ike, by reafon of their, cold natures, that they may bripg forth their young ones about *he fame time, for in the twelfe moneth after their copulation, they render their Poles. If the males be kept from iabour they are the worfe for generation, wherefore they are not to be fuffered idle at that time ; but it is not fo with the female, (he mull reft, that the Pole may be the ftronger : but prefently after fhe is covered, (he muft be courfed and driven to and fro, or elfe fhe will cart forth again the received feed. The time that fhe goethwith young, is according to- the male kind by which fhe is covered , 'for fo long as the male lay in the belly of his dam, fo long will the AlTe carry her young before deliverance : but in the ftature of body, ftrengeh, and beauty; the young one taketh more after the female then the male.The beft kind of Affes are the Foles of a wild AfTe and a tame female AlTe.They 'ufe when an AfTe is foaled, to take it from the dam, and put it to fuck a Mare, that it may be the greater, which Pole is callid Hippotbda, that is, a Horfe hackling • and Mares will notbecovered by Affes, except, by fuch a one as was a horfe-fuckling. A (he Aff^ will engender till (he be thirty years old, which is her whole life long, but if fhe conceive often, fhe will quickly be barren • whereof their keepers muft take ftich care, that they caufe them r}o be/kept from often copulation. They will 'not Hole in the fight of man, or in tjhe light, biic in'darknefs ; they bring forth but one a time, for it hath not been heard of in the lift of 'nan, that an AflVhath ever brought forth twins. As foon as \hey are conceived they have milk ih thetrifdders, but fome hold not untill the tenth moneth. Jh\v love their young ones very tenderly, for they will run through fire to come (it them, but if ttoerfcheany water betwixt them/ it' coofcth their affections ; for of all things rhcy love not to 'wet their feet. They will drive their young ones from fucking at the fixth moneth , becaufe ofthfcpain in their udders, but their keepers wean them not till a whole year after their foaling,their milk is fo thick that it is ufed in ftead of fodder : a Mares is more thin,and a Camels is thinnert.ofall.lt is mortal to their young ones to tart the dams milk for two dayes after their foaling, for the food is fo fat that it breedeth in their mouthes the Colcfiracion or Beeftings. Touching their feveral parts,they have teeth on either chap like a Man and a Horfe, an AfTe and a Mule have 3 6 teeth,and joyned neer together:the bloud of Affes and Buls is the thickeft of all other, as the bloud of man is the thinneft : His head is great and his ears long and broad : both male and female lofe their fore-teeth in the thirtieth moneth of their age, andthefecond to the firft, in the fixt moneth ; their third and fourth teeth are called Gnomons, that is,txegulars, becaufe by them there is a trved rule to know their age ; and thofe teeth alfo they lofe in the fixt moneth. The heart of an AlTe is great, as all other fearful beafts have. The belly is uniform as in other beafts that have a folid or whole ho'of. It wantetha gall, and hath two udders betwixt the thighes, the forepart of the back neer the fhoulder is weakeft, and there appeareth the figure of a Croffe, and the hinder part neer the loins is ftronger. The hoofs are whole and not parted .• the Stygian water is fo cold that nothing can hold it, except the hoof of an AffeorMule; although JEIiams affirme,that it cannot be contained but in the horns of Scythian Affes. Their tails are longer by one joint then a horfes (though not fo hairy). They are purged with monethly courfes more then Sheep or G<5ats, and the urine of the female is more thin then the males. If an Arte was hindered by any difeafe from making water, certain fuperftitious perfons for the eafe of the beaft, muttered this charm: Gallus bibit 6" non meiit, Myoxutmeiit & nonbibit : that is, The Cocl^ drinkfth and maketk not water, The Vormouf- maketb water and never drinkfth. They will eat Canes or Reeds, which to other beafts is almoft poifon : wherefore in the old time an AfTe was dedicated to Bacchus as the Canes were facred unto him : and at the time of their copu* lationthey give them herb BafiU to ftir up their luft : They will be fatisfied with any never fo bale food,aschnffe, whereof there is abundance in every Countrey, young thornes and fruits of trees, twiges of Olier, orabundle of boughs to browfe upon: info much as Q^Hortentius was wont t& fay, that he had more care that his Barbels fhou Id not hunger in his fifh-pools, then his Affes in Rofta: but the young ones newly weaned muft be more tendered, for they muft be fed with hay, chaffe or Barley, green corn, or barley bran. Affes will hardly drink but'at watering places in their folds, Or fuch as they have been accuftomed withall, and where they may drink without wetting theif Of the Affe their feec; and tbac which is more ftrange, they cannot be brought to go over hoilovv bridges, through which the water appeareth in t .e chinks or the plar.ks; and when in travail they are very thirityt they muft be unladen and conftrained to drink; yea, Her 'dot us reporteth, that there are certain Affes among the African fhepherds, which never drink. When they fleep they Heat length, and in their fleep conceive many t'orceable dreams, as appeareth by their often bearing back their hinder legs, which if they ftnke not againft the vain aire but agaihft fome harder fubftance, they are forever utterly lamed. jmJl f \ When the Affes of have eaten Hemlock, or an herb much like unto it, they fleep fo tyWktfW* long and ftrangely, tliat oftentimes the Countrey men begin to flea them , and on the fuddain their skins half taken off and the other hair on, they awake, braying in futh horrible manner, than the poor men are molt dreadfully affrighted therewith. Their voice is very rude and fearful 5 as the Poet faid ; ghtirritat vines, tardus rudit, ur.cat ajJeHus. And therefore the Grecians to exprefs the fame, haved faigned many new words,and call it OgkeXhmos^ Erajlothenes: as the Laths, Ru J ere, that is, to utter forth a voice inabafeand rude manner. The Poets feign, that at that time when fupiter came to war with the Gyants, Bacchus and Vulcan, the -atyres and Sileni alii lied and attended him, being carryed upon Afles. When the time came that the battell began, the Afles for very fear brayed mod horribly, whereat the Gyants not being ac- quainted with fuch ftrange and unknown voices and cries, took them to their heels and fo were overcome. In the facrifice of theGodeffe Vacuna, an Afle was feafted with bread, and crowned with flowers, hung with rich Jewels and Peytrels, becaufe (as they fay) when Priapus would have ravifhed Vifia Ovid. being alkep,fhe was fuddenly awaked by the braying of an Arte, and fo efcaped that infamy. And the Lampfacem in the difgrace of Priapus did offer him an Affe. But this is accounted certain, that among; the Scythians by reafon of cold, an Affe is never heard or feen ; and there- fore when the Scythians fet upon the -Perjiam , their Horfes will not abide the braying of LaUamltis. Affes,wondring both at the ftrangenefs of an Afles fhape ,and rudenefs of his cry : wherefore there are certain birds , refemblingin their chattering the braying of Afles, and are therefore termed Onacratuli: . ' When an Afle dyeth, out of his body are ingendred certain Flies, called Scarabses. They are A g 00 j ; Viii -. infefted with the fame difeafes that Horfes be,, and alio cured by the fame meanes ( except in leach is a good letting of bloud ) for by reafon their veins be froall and their bodies cold, in no cafe muft any bloud Affe-leach, be taken from them. Affes are fubjeft to madnefs when they have tafted to certain herbs growing neer Potnias ; as are Vegetws, Bears,Horfes,Leopards and Wolves : they only amongull other hairy beafts are not troubled with either tikes or lice, but principally they perifhbya fwelling about the crown of their pafterne, or byaCdtarrbecalledMa/ r, which failing down upon their liver they die, but if it purge out of their noftrils they (hall be fafe : and Columella writeuh, that if fheep be ftabled where Mules or Afles have been houfed, they will incur the fcab There is great ufe made of the skins of Affes, for the Germanes do make thereof a fubftanceto paint and write upon, which is called Efclflmt. The Arabians have a cloth called M.fba } made of Afles and Goates hair, whereof the inhabitants of their deferts make them tents and lacks. It is reported that Erqpetkcles was called Colyfancmas, becaule when the Atri- gentines were troubled with winds by hanging about their City innumerable Afle skins, he fafe- guarded them from the winds : whereupon fome have thought (but falfly) that there was fome fecret in Affes skins, againft outragious Tempeftes. The bones of Afles have been ufed for pipes, the Artificers made more reckoning of them then Pliny. of the bones of Hartes , and therefore Efop in Plutarch wondereth that fo grofle and dull a creature, fhould have fuch flirill and mufical bones; and the Bufirites called the Philofophers JZaucraiites , becaufe they played mulickupon Afles bones, for they cannot abide the found of a trumpet, becaufe it refembleth the voice of an Afle, who is very hateful to them for Typhous fake. Mscenus allowed the flefh of young Afles to be eaten, preferring it before the flefh of wilde Affes, and this cuftome alfo prevailed at Athens, where they did eat the flefh ofold Affes,which hurteth the ftomach, haying in it no good juice or fweetnefs,and is very hard to be digdled. In like fort about the coafts of Alexsndria^ men ufe to eat the flefh of Afles, which begetting in Gaknus. their body much melancholick and adufted humor, caufeth them to fall into tTie Ekphantia or fpotted leprofie. Afles are tamed at three years old, and taught for thofe bufineffes which they muft be ap- plied unto ; fome for the mill, fome for husbandry and the plough,fome for burthens and carriage, fome for the wars, and fome for draught. Merchants ufe Afles to carry their wine, oil, corn, and CollumeHa. other things to the fea-fide ; wherefore the Countrey man maketh principal account of this beaft for his carriage to and fro, being fit to carry both on his neck and on his back : with them they go to market with their wares, and upon them bring home their houlhold neceffaries. % 20 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beaftf. Tl'tny. Mnlis,equi$,a{i- R» fen* null* ?ufs,ji m familid funt . Adbttc vch't. tula non mwio fonder e trabit. Strabo. JEllams. Suidas. Anat alius. Hinc caput Ac cadici nudum cute fenur afelli y Tmhenui fixif- fefagesin U- mite runs. SuidM. Leo Afric. jElianw. JLliamu. ,. — ' T'arde coflas agitator aftUi, Vilibut aut onerat pomii , lapidtmq; ievertcns b lncuffum^ aut autt maffam picis urbereportat. They grind in their mils and fetch home their corn, they plough their land, as in Campania ^L)bia % and BjL'tia^ where the ground is foft, and in Byzantium that fruitful Countrey, which repayeth the husbandmans labor with increafe of an hundred and fifty times more then the feed, and where in drie weather their ground is not arable with the whole itrength of Buls, yet after a little rain, one AfTe in one end of a yoak, and an old woman at the other end, do eafily draw the plough, and open the earth co fow their feed : wherefore Cato faid merrily, that Mules, Horfes and AfTes, keep no holy-dayes,except they be fuch Affes as keep within doors. In like fort they drawfrom place to place the carts of Bakers, or Carts laden with any other carriage,if it be not over great. The people Carmani (by reafon they want Horfes) ufe Afles in their wars, fo alfo do the Scaracori, who never ufe them in mils or any fuch bafe works, but upon them undertake all their martial perils. There was a cuftome amongftthe Cumani, that when a Woman was taken in Adultery, Ihe was led to the Market, and there fet upon a bare ftone, afterwards flie wasfet upon a bare Afles back, and fo carryed throughout the City, then brought back again to the former ftone for a publick fpeftacle to all the City, whereby (he remained infamous all her life after, and was called Onobatk, that is, one that had ridden an Afle; and the ftone whereupon (he flood, was accounted an un- lucky, and an odious place for all pofterity. In like fort among the Part hians, it was held a dis- graceful thing to ride or be carryed upon a bare Afles back. The dung of Afles is pretious for a garden, efpecially for Cabages ; and if an Apple tree be dying, it may be recovered by wafliing ic in Afles dung by the fpace of fix dayes ; and fome have ufed to put into Gardens the skull of a Mare or (he Afle that hath been covered in copulation, with perfwafion that the Gardens will be the more fruitful. Afles are of very foolilh conditions and (lender capacity, but yet very tame, not refufing any manner of burthen although it break his back : being loaded, it will not out of the way for any manorbeaft, and it only underftandeth the voice of that man, with whom it is laboured, know- ing alfo the way whereunto it is accuftomed. Ammomanm was in fuch love with an Afle, and hold- ding him offo great a capacity, that he had one continually to hear his Lectures of Philofophie. Galen affirmeth, that an Afle underftandeth genmjpecies & individuum, becaufeif you fhew him a Camell that never faw one before, he is terrified and cannot indure his fight : but if he have been accuftomed to fuch a fight, if you (hew him never fo many, he is not moved at them . In like fort,he knoweth men in general, being not affraid of them, butifhefeeor hear his keeper, he knowethhim for his keeper or mafter. There was a cunning player in Africa, in a City called Alcalr, who taught an Afle divers ftrange tricks or feats ; for in a publick fpectacle, turning to his Afle (being on a fcaffold to ftiew fport) faid, The great Saltan purpofeth to build him an houfe,and (hall need all the Afles of Alcair to fetch and carry wood,ftones, lime, and other neceflaries for that bufinefs ; prefently the Afle falleth down turneth up his heals into the air, groneth, and fhutteth his eyes faft, as if he had been dead: while he lay thus, the Player defired the beholders to confider his eftate, for his Afle was dead ; he was a poor man, and therefore moved them to give him money to buy another Afle. In the mean time having gotten as much money as he could, he told the people he was not dead, but knowing his ma- fters poverty, counterfeited in that manner ,whereby he might get money to buy him provender,and therefore he turned aga in to his Afle and bid him arife, but he ftirred not at all. Then did he ftrike and beat him fore (as it feemedj to make him arife, but all in vain, the Afle lay ftill. Then faid the player again, our Sultan hath commanded that to morrow there be a great triumph without the City, and that all the noble women fhall ride thither upon the faireft Afles, and this night they muft be fed with Oates, and have the beft water of Nilm to drink. At the hearing whereof, up flirted the Afle, fnorting and leaping for joy : then faid the Player, the Governor of this Town hath defired me to lend him this my Aire for his old deformed wife to ride upon; at which words the Afle hangeth down his ears,and underftanding like a reafonable creature, began to halt as if his leg had been out of joint; why, but faid the Player, had thou lifer carry a fair young Woman? The Afle wagged his head in token ofconfent to that bargain, go then (Taid the player) and among all thefe fair Women, chufe one that thou mayeft carry; then the Afle looketh round about the Alfenibly, and at laft went to a fober woman and touched her with his nofe,where» at the refidue wondered and laughed, (hutting up the fport, with crying out, An Affes Woman, An AJJes Woman, and fo the Player went unto another Town. Snch things do ferve to teach us that Afles. are not altogether indocible, befides in their own nature they know how to refrefh themfelves in their wearinefs, by wallowing on the ground, and being overcome with melancholy humor,they naturally look for the hearb Ceterach or Finger- fearne to cure them. When the Afles of Maurufium are bound to a journey, they fet forward fo faft, that a man would think they rather flew then ran- but being overwearyed they' are fo abafed, that they fe/id forth tears , and then are they drawn at Horfes tails to their journeys end. The Afle is never at peace with the Crow, becaufe it longeth for the Afles eyes, likewife the bird Saltm, for when the Afle cometh to the thorncs, to rub himfelf where the faid bird buildeth her neft, Of the Ajfe. 21 reft, the AfTe fpoilech it, wherefore the faid bird maketh continual affault upon him. In like fore the Colota or Striliofoi- it fleepeth in the mangers, and creepeth up into the AfTes nofe to liindcr him trom eating. The Wolf is alfoan enemy to the Afle, for he loveth his flefh, and with fmall force doth he jElianUt, compaffe thedeftruction of an Affe, for theblockifh Afle when hefeeth a Wolf, layeth his head on his fide, that fo he might not fee, thinking that becaufe he feeth not the Wolfe the Wolfe cannot lee him; but the Wolfe upon this advantage fetteth upon the beaft on the blind fide, and eafily deftroyeth the couragelefs Afle. Another argument of an AfTes ftupidity, is that he careth not for his own life, but will with quietnefs ftarve, if meat be not laid before him. Wherefore it is ap- parent that when a dull Scholar not apt to learn,is bid to fell an Afle to fignifie his blocktfhnefs, is Ariflotle, no vain fentence ; therefore they which refcmble AfTes in their head, round forehead, or great face, are faid to be blockiff; in their flefhie face,fearful ; in broad or great eyes, fimple ; and like to be mad in thick lips, and the upper hanging over the neather, Fools; and in their voice, contumelious and difdainful. To conclude, the ancients ha.ve made many fignifications of AfTes and their fhapes, making a man with an Afles head to fignifie; FirnV one ignorant of manners, -hiftories, and Coun- tryes. Secondly, immoderate riot of Itubborn perfons in Scripture is deciphered in an Afle. Thirdly, impudency and fhamelefnefs, becaufe an Afle will not for any ftripes forfake his own wayes. Fourthly, the fefrtjh people, who like Afles could not understand the evident truth of Chrift in the plain text of Scripture, wherefore our Saviour fecretly upbraided their dulnefs, when he rode upon an Afle. Fiftly, the l : g)\ tuns by an Afle, noted a man without all divine knowledge ; wherefore they ufed to take an Afle and follow him with all defpight, beating him from place to place til! he brake his own neck ; for they believed that an Affe was poflefled of a Devil. Sixtly, Indocibility, by an A fie bridled. Seventhly, the fnares of flatterers ; for their Priefts fet an Afle be- tween flowers 3nd ointments, neither of both partaining to an Afles skill; teaching thereby how ■mighty men fall by treachery of flatterers. Eightly, a Woman diffembling her Pregnancy. Ninth- ly, by a man weaving a cord, and an Afle behind him biting itafunder; they fignifie, a painful husband and a prodigal wife. Tenthly, a good Vme-dreffer, for when an Afle did bite of the branch of a vine, it was obferveoV that the next year the Vine was more fruitful. Finally, bafe fervility , trifling fluggifhnefs, good fortune, Tyrants, and fools, are Hierogliphically comprized under the difcourfe of AfTes. Touching fuch medicinal vertues as have been tried and found to be in the feveral parts of AfTes, by learned and approved writer*, now in the conclufion of this Hiitory they fhall be briefly remem- bred,and fo this Narration be fimfhed. A draught or two Of the me water whereof an Afle or an Oxe hath drunk, will eafe the head- MarceH&U ache, the forehead of an Affe tied to the flefli of one that hath the falling evill, cureth him . and the brain of an Afle fteepe'd in iweet water and mfumedin leaves, whereof taken for certain days, half an fUny, ounce, eafeth the falling evill : the number of which dayescanhot be lefs then thirty, but this is very ridiculous, that if a man hurt by a Scorpion, do whifper his harme in the ear of an Afle, pre- fently the hurt ceafeth. When one is vexed with a Quotidian Fever, with three drops of bloud out p;/ B « of the vein of an Affes ear, put into eighteen ounces of water and drunk by the patient, eafeth that pain. The liver of an Affe burnt, driveth away venomed things, and the fame dried and beat to powder, Hafy* helpeth the Cough and fhortnefs of breath, and rolled to be eaten, if it be eaten falling it is againft the falling evil!. Other fay, if it be mixed with Oppmjx, and inftilled into the mouth forty days to- gether, defendeth infants from the aforefaid ficknefs. Alfothe heart of a male black Afle, eaten Pl'my. with bread at the evening, in the firit or fecond day of the Moon, is good againft the falling evill. The liver dried with Parfely, and three Walnuts clenfed from the pill and put into hony, is mar- MarCellm vellous good for one that is liver Tick ; theafhesofit mixt with oil, taketh away Wens ; and the Avken. afhes of the liver and the fiefh is good againft the chapping, clefts, or flifters in the body, which come by cold : but Viofconde^ whom I rather follow, attributed! both thefe virtues to the afhes of the hoof. He that is fick of the milt, may be holpt with the old milt of an Affe, if he eat thereof everyday dryed and failing, be fhall find eafe by it within three days. The fame fir It dryed and Sextut, then fteepedin water, maketh the dugs full of milk, fo alfo doth the Spleen, and the Spleen with feivet of a Bear,and oil made as thick as hony,by anointing the eye-lids therewith ,reftoreth the hairs Xafit. which are wanting. The reins exenterated,bruifed and put into new pure wine, do help the bladder, and Hay the incontmency of the Urine. The fame dried, burned, and beaten into very fmall ^,Jarcellttf : powder, whereof a nut fhell full put into two cups of pure wine and drunk off, cureth the Strangury. It is thought, t! at with the powder of the Afles genital, the hair may be made grow thicker: fbny* and the fame beaten with lead and oifand annointing the head where gray hairs are fhaven off,keep- eth from more gray hairs. The Hones of an Afle kept in fait and fprinkled in a pot ion of AfTes milk or Water, helpeth the falling eviti. The Gall of an Affe or a Bull, either of them, feverally broke into Water, taketh away thefpots in the face,if after the patients skin be pilled, he mull keep him- felf from fun and wind. The bloud of an Afle ftayeth the flux of bloud coming from the skin or films of the brain; and Ee^'piHt, two or three drops of the fame drunk with wine, cureth the Quotidian Fever : the felf fame thing fl'V* is reported of the bloud let out of the vein in the ear. The bloud of the Fole of an Afle with wine, cureth 22 The Hifiory of Four-footed Beafts Raftt. Tliriy. y'raVidnHf. Tliny. Galena*. Aet'w. Galen. MarceEuf. Pliny. 'Archigenus. Tliny. Tliny* Galenus. Tliny. Viofcorides. Galen. TUnj. ■ Tshrcelks. Vioftorietes. cureth the Kings evil! The froath or fcum of Nitre with the fat of an Affe or the fat of a Sow, cureth the bitings of Dogs : and if there beany fears in the body , the fat maketh them of the fame colour with the reiidue of the body. And if one vexed with the Falling evill , be annoin- ted with the ' fuet or fat of an Affe, it will eafe them very much; likewife the marrow of Afles helpeththe Scabs from a man, and with the fuet the places infected with Catarrhs, Leprofies, or Scars receive their former colour ; and the skin laid upon young Infants, maketh tkem without fear.' Andif the bill of a Heron wrapped in an Aflesskin, be bound to ones forehead, it provo- keth deep. APalfieman will falldown if he tafteof the perfume made of the hairs of an Affe or Mule. The afhes of the t&irs of Afles, ftayeth bleeding ; and the fame hath the more force if they be of a male, and be mixed with Vinegar and laid in wooll to the lflue bleeding. The bones of an Affe broken and fod, are very foveratgn againft the venom of a Sea-hair-fifh. The powder of an Afles hoof drunk a moneth together, two fpoonfuls at a time,helpeth the Falling evill very greatly : and the fame mixed with oil, helpeththe Kings evill; and being put upon Ktbes'or Chil-blanes, cureth them. The hoofs of Afles burned and beaten to powder, given to them that have the Falling evill in drink, hclpeth them fpeedily; alio a burned hoof is mingled with many medicines, to cure the fwellin^ of the Navel in children; and the hoofs perfumed procure fpeedy deliverancein travel of young, that the dead thing may come forth, otherwife it is not ufed, for it will kill the living young ones. The dull thereof with the milk of on Affe, by annointing cureth the Scars and Webs of the eyes, and as Marcellus faith, only the parings of an Afles hoof fcraped and mingled with a womans milk; and they fay, that if an Epileptic!^ mm wear a ring made of an Afles hoof wherein is no blacknefs,ic will preferve him from falling. The powder of an Afles hoof burned and beaten, laid in Vinegar and made in little bals, and one of them put into the mouth and there held, helpeth the loofenefs and pain in the teeth. There is a collection of certain hard matter about an Afles legs,called Lichen , which if it be burned and beaten,and put into old oil,wiil caufe hairs to grow out of baldnefs,and it is of fuch force, that if it be applyed to a womans cheek, it will produce the fame effeft, and mingled with Vinegar it raifeth up the Letbarpk* man. And if a man take the Ring-wormes growing naturally on Afles legs, and (hredding them into powder put them in Vinegar, it ftayeth all pain in the head, which maketh one fleepy. The flefh of Affes fod in pottage helpeth them that have the Phthifu pr difeafe of the Lungs, and there are fome which prefcribe the taking of Affes flefh, or the bloudof Afles mingled with Vinegar, to be ta- ken forty days together againft the falling evill. The milk of an Affe mingled with hony and drunk,loofneth the belly ,and therefore Hippocrata gave it lor a gentle purgation,being moifter then any other kind of milk, and fitter to take down the belly. Itwillalfo eafe the tooth-ach, if the teeth be wafhed in it, and fatten them that are loofe, being very good to wafh the teeth withal. Galen gave Affes milk mixt with hony, to one in a Confumption when he came newly from a bath, and therefore it is given in Fevers heciickf, and all confuming difeafes, becaufe the fubftance of it is fitter for deterfion then nutriment : when the hrefts are in pain, by drinking Afles milk they be holpt; and the fame mingled with hony, caufeth Womens purgation; by drinking Afles milk, an exulce'rate ftomach is relieved : likewife all other pains in-the ftomach,which come of fadnefs or lor- row fighing, and defperatiomand -He reclines gave Afles milk with Annifeed to one that had his lights flopped, and it is likewife commended againft the Cough,extenuation,fpitting of bloud,Dropfie,and hardnefs of the Spleen, but it is not good for a weak head troubled with giddinefs or noife, yet will it loofen the hardnefs of the belly in a Fever. It is alfo privately ufed againft eating of Morture,White-lead,Sulphur,and Quickfilver ; and when a mans meat doth not neither nourifh nor digeft, let him drink Affes milk fafely : and it is alfo good t0 gargarize in fore chaps or throats. Likewife in a Fever when there is no head-ache. The ancient in old time gave Affes milk to children before meat, and for want thereof Goats milk; for fore mouthes it muft be gargarized. It is very profitable againft the Colick and Blondy-flux, if hony be |'ut thereto ; looinels or defire of ftool is taken away by drinking Affes milk : the whay or milk of an Affe did Hijpocrates prefcribe againft the Confumption of the reins or back ; and the fame with the root of a pomgranat againft the loofenefs and other difeafes of the belly to be drunk. Alfo there are examples where the whay of Afles milk have helped the Gowt, both in hand and foot : fweet water with Afles milk is wholefome againft poifon of Hen-bane, and other poifons, but it muft be ufed new, or elfefoon after warmed : This milk will make womens skins whiter ,wherefore Pi/>/>.- um twer eft Onager , \olaque lalifio matte Pajcitur : ho: in fans, fid breve nomen habet. Thefe wild AfTes are not El'kj, as fome have reported of Elk\t, nor that Oryx which the ancient wri- ters do conftantly affirm to live in a continual thirft, as for the moft part wild Afles do. Of thefe Counucy of Afles are great itore in Phngia, Lycaonia, and Africa, and it is faid, that the Saracen King of lunU in biccd. Afric\ , fent unto Ferdinand King of Naples, a goodly great wild Afle, fuch an one as hath not been feenin'thispart of the world. Apd'.onm affirmeth, that he faw wild Affes in great plenty beyond Catadupa in Egypt ; fo are there many in Cauda, an Illand neer Cre t : in Pcrfts, in Afta,'\n Madera, and Abafia, Arabia deferr, Maurita- nia,^ Armenia. CaWftus reporteth that there are fuch wild AfTes in that region under the Equi- Fliny. mHiat towards the Eaft and South, of wonderful ftature, their skins (befide the ufual manner ) being of divers colours,interlined variably with white and biack,and the Zones and ftrakes defcending from the top of the back unto the fides, and there divided by their winding and turning, make the foles appear of admirable variety. Thefe AfTes love the higheft Mountains and rocks, as holy Scripture teacheth, Jer. 14. The Affes Hoed in the high flares and drew in the wind lik\e Dragons: which words gave occalion to fome to imagine, that wild Affes would quench their thirft with the wind without water ; whereas it is the manner of all wild beafts, in extremity of thirft, to gape wide and greedily draw in the cold refrefh- ing air, and they will not drink but of pure fountain water. They live in flocks and great compa- nies together, but in defolate places : the males going before the females, and commonly one male will lead and rule the whole flock of females, being exceeding fwift, and fearful, and therefore do they often change their places of abode; and yet it is obferved, that the wild Afles of Licia never go over the mountain that divideth them from Cappadocia. Thck copula- They engender among themfelves, their females being much more luftfull then the males, and ' tion therefore do the males obferve and watch them with a jealous eye toward their own folcs,efpecially after they have conceived ; and the female as warily avoideth the fight of the male,efpcially at the time of her foling ; for if fhe bring forth a female,the male receiveth it with all love, joy, and wel- come ; but if a male, then doth he with angry and envious countenance look upon it, taking it heavily that another male is bred,which in time may in the fathers place poflefs his dam ; wherefore in a raging madnefs he falleth upon the fole,feeking by all his power to bite off his ftones ; the poor female although weakned with pain of delivery, yej, helpeth her young one againft the fathers rage, and like a Mother who feeing her Son flainin war, embraceth his bleeding corps, and cryeth out with doleful voice, tearing her cheeks and bleeding betwixt her brefts : fo would you think this filly female Affe, to mourn for her fole, now ready to die by the Sires cruelty ; laying, Omy husband wh) is thy afftil jo ireful ? Why are thy eyes now become jo bloudy, which even now were as white as bght? Dift thou look, upon the face vf that monfter Meduja ? which turneth men into ftones ; or dofi thou lo<\ uponfome new hatched horrible Dragon, or the whelp of jome Lion lately littered ? Why wilt thou geld this our youngone which nature hath given unto us both by procreation? wretched beafi that lam, which have con- ceived anunheppyfole by the fathers wnbfdnejs ! my foor and unhappy (on, xihichfor a jealous fear art de~ privedof thy natural farts, not by the daws of Lions {for that I would endure) but by tht unnatural and mure then kojiile teeth of thy own father. Thefe wild Afles have good and ftrong hoofs, their fwiftnefs is compared to the wind, and in the time that they are hunted, they caft backward with their heels ftones with fuch violence, as they pierce the brefts of them that profe«ute them if they be not very wary. They are of a large, broad, tall and beautiful body ; long ears, and a filver colour, (that is as I gheflej a bright cloud-colour, for it is but vain to imagine, that an Arte can be all white, for then were all the ancients deceived, which with one voice affirm, that he hath a black lift on the back, at either fide whereof are two white lines. JElianus Their food is only graffe and herbs of the earth, whereby they grow very fat, their heart being Albeit us' r * ,e f atte ft P art of their body, and they will not abide any flefh-eating'beaft, . efpecially the Lion Oppiams. whom hefeareth very much, for all thefe ftrong beafts devour and eat them. Thefe Afles are Varro * very fit for civil ufes, as for plowing and fowing, tor being tamed they never grow wild again, as other beafts will, and they eafily grow tame. It is obferved, that the fame being tamed, ii moft l&liaitlu. tame which before time was moft wild. They love figs and meal above all things, wherefore the Armenians ufe to take a certain black lifh bred in their waters which is poifon, and covering it with meal the wild Affes come and lick thereof, aud fo are deftroyed. The beft of them are generated of a Mare and a wild Afle tamed, for they are the fwifteft in courfe, of hardeft hoof, a lean body, but of a generous and untireable ftomach. The Indian wild Afles have one horn in their forehead, and their OfthewildeAffe, 25 their body all white, but their head is red: So is there another beaft in hufiayery hicea wild A if o, which the Inhabitants eat (as we have read.) about the lira ight sot "Mi^>//^a : When thefe Affes Phyks. are hunted with Dogs, they caft forth their firae or dung, with the favour whereof the Dogs art Ydny. itayed while it is hot, and by that means ri.lt heart efcapeth danger : but the Affes ol : bijurlumU are very fhort winded, and fubjedto wearinefs and {tumbling, for which caufe they are mot e eafily taken and the beft of all are not fo fwilt as a Rarbary horle ; befides their nature is, when they fee a mant'oftand ftone ftill, crying, braying, and kicking,. till you come at them, and when one is ready j£ i i l(SnUSt to take them, they take their heels and run away. The Inhabitants of Arabia Defert, by many gins and other deceitful devifes take them, and on horfeback follow them till they tyre, or can ftrike them with their darts. Their flefh being hot, doth itink and tafte like an other Aifes, but boyled and kept two dayes hath a pleafant tafte ; yet doth it not breed good blond, becanfe it is vifcous and hard to be concofted, although there be many which eat that, as alfo the flefh of Panthers and other fuch beaits. Vliny teacheth that there is more vertue in the wild AlTes milk and bones againft venome and Medicines; poifon, then in the tame. Likewife, in the heel of an AfTe, is a principal remedy againft Apoftema- Mi'ke. tions and bunches in the flefh, if it be applyed to the inner part of the thigh. The gall draweth out pi nl j, botches,and muft be anointed upon impoftumatc fears. Itisufed alfo in Emplafters againft Saint ytfwro«ie7fire,theleprofie,andfwellinginthe legs and guts. The fat with oil of herbe Mary by a- nointing the reins of the back, helpeth and eafeth that pain which was engendred by wind. The fpleen dryed to powder and drunk in wine or drink, is good againft the flcknefs of the fpleen. The flefh is good againft the pain in the ridge and hip-bones : and GtUn affirmeth, that the urine breaketh and diffolveth the ftone in the bladder. The afhes of the hoof helpeth the tailing evill, and mingled with oil, cureth the kings evill, and the loofenefs of the hair. The marrow eafeth the Gowt, and the dung mixed with the yolk of an egge and applyed to the forehead, ftayeth bleed- ing: alfo the fame curleth the hair if it be mingled with an Oxes gall and dryed: put into wine and drunk, coreth the fting of a Scorpion : and Zor an Hebrew affirmeth very conftantly, that if a man look into an Aifes eye, it preferveth the fight, and hindereththe water that defcendeth into the eye. Of the Scphhn -J fits'. THeAffes of Scythiahzve horns wherein it is reported that the Stygian Water of Arcadia may JEl'anus. be contained, although it will eat through all other veflels be they never fo hard. Sofipater brought of them to Alexandtr the great, who admiring the rarenefs,would not put them to any pri- vate ufe, but fent them to Velpbos, to be offered to ?nbias • but that thefe can be properly called Affes, no man can defend, although Herodoim alfo affirm, that among the Africans called Arahurs, £^ f . there be Affes with horns. Of the Indian Afies. "jrTis queftionable whether the Mmoceros, commonly called a Vnicorne, the Rhinoceros^ the Oryx, JLand the Indian AfTe be all one beaft or divers ; for the Vnicsm and Rhinoceros have the fame things attributed to them in ftories, and differ in very few reports : but for the AlTes of India, both Arifto- tle,?imy and JEliattus, joyntly agree, that they differ from all other whole-footed beafts, becaufe they have one horn in the forehead, and fo alfo have the Rhinoceros, Monoceros, and Oryx, but the In- dians call a Vnicorne, Cartazono ; and the horn fo highly prized at this day, is thought to be of the 'Rhinoceros; but JElianus and V biles acknowledge no other Vn'wrne then the Indian Affe, who in bignefs equalleth a Horfe among the Indians, being all white on the body, but purple headed or red (as fome fay) black eyes, but VolaUranui faith blew, having one horn in the forehead a cubit and ahalf long, whofe upper partis red or bay, the middle black, and the neather part white, wherein the Kings and mighty men of India ufe to drink, adorning it for that purpofe with fundry bracelets, pretious ftones, and works of gold, holding for truth that all thofe which drink in thofe horns, fhall be freed from annoyance of incurable difeafes, as Convulfions, the Falling evill, and deadly poyfons. Thefe wilde Affes exceed all other, both in ftature of body, and alfo fwiftne'fsof foot, for at the firft, they fet forth very gently, and afterward fpeed their journey with better pace, fo that it is very hard for any to follow them, but impoffible to overgo them. The males take great pains in keeping their young ones, whom they continually watch and hide in the moft remote and defert places they can finde. When they are hunted, they keep their weak young ones behind them, and fight for them very furioufly, neither fear they to encounter horfemen. They are fo ftrong, that no beaft may ftand before them, for they will receive the charge of Horfes with fuch violence, that in their encounter they bite out their fides and tear their guts out of their belly : for which caufe they are dreadful to Horfes, who are moft unwilling to joyn with them, for they never meet but thevboth perifh. They fight with their heels, but their teeth are moft dangerous, for what they apprehend in D them 1& The Hittory of Four-footed Heatis. them they bring it clean away : and becaufc of this rage, thofe which are of any years,can never be tamed. The great King oHndia doth once every year appoint all manner of fights both men and bea s, wherein are wilde Buls, tame Rams, thefe wild Affes with one horn, Hytnaes and Elephants. To conclude, it is but a fable of Volatenanus, that faith, thefe Affes want a gall, for they have the bk.dder of the gall, a portion whereof drunk, cureth the falling evill. Of the ALBORACH and AXIS. *Tp Here are two other beafts to be added to the end of this rank, namely the Alboracb among the J Turks, being a fair white beaft like an Affe, whereupon the Turkifh Priefts blafphemous idoia- tet's\ perfwade the filly Pilgrims of Mecba, that Mahomet was carryed up to heaven. The Axis, of u hich Pliny fpeaketh, is a wilde beaft, having askin like the Hinnulus aforefaid, but fpred over with whiter fpots, which is bred in India. Bdlonms affirmeth, that he faw two of them in the Caftle of CaU y i\ male and a female, and either fex wanted horns, having long tails down to their mid-legs like Deer, and differ very little from Deer, faving in their large white fpots and yellow colour, yeelding a much more clear and founding voice then a Deer, and the female thereof is fmaller then the male. This beaft is by idolatrous people, dedicated to their drunken god Bacchus. Of the BADGER, othcrwife called a Brocke, a Gray, or a Banfen, TS He Badger could never find a Grte^name^X though fome through ignorance have foifted into a Girc^Didionary MdU ,whereas in truth that is his Latin word,Mc/e or Meles 3 and fo called, becaufe above all other things ; he loveth hony,and fome later writers call him taxus^Iaflus, Trfw,and Aibertus Magnus, Vaxus. But whereas [in the Scripture fome tranflate teflon, Tehas, or T n England. In Lucane there is a certain wilde beaft, refembling both a Bear and a Hog, not in Ct.ius Curio, quantity, but inform and proportion of body; which therefore may fitly be called m Oer^, Su- Divcifityof firttos, for a Grey, in fhort legs, ears and feet, is like a Bear, but in fatnefs like a Swine- Therefore kinds. it is obferved, that there be two kinds of this beaft, one refembling a Dog in his feet, which is iscald Canine j the other a Hog in his cloven hoof , and is cald Sirinifb : alio thefe differ in the fafliion of their fnowt, one refembling the fnowtof a Dog. the other of a Swine: and in their meat. Of the Badger. 27 meat,' the one eating fkfh and carrion like a Dog, the other roors and fruits like a Hog, as both kinds have been found in T^ormandy and other parts of France and S/cJie. This beaft diggeth her a den or cave in the earth, and there liveth - never coming forth but for meat and eafement, which it maketh out of his den : when they dig their den,aft'er they have entred a good depth for avoiding the earth out, one of them falieth on the back, and the other layeth all the earth on his belly, and fo A fecrecm taking his hinder feet in his mouth, dniweth the belly-laden Badgar out of the cave,which disburde- ^j-J^" C ' neth her cariage, and goeth in for more till all be finifhed and emptied. The wily Fox never makth jn^ jrUSt ' a Den for himlelf, but finding a Badgers cave, in her abfence, layeth his excrements at the hole of ^i >iTtittt the Den, the which when the Gray re turneth, iffhe fmell (as the lavour is ftrong) fhe forbeareth to enter as noifome, and fo leaveth her elaborate houfe to the Fox. Thefe Badgers are very fieepy, efpecially in the day time, and ftir not abroad but in the night, for whixh caufe they are called Luci- fug£ • that is, avoiders of the light. They eat hony,and wormes, and hornets, and fuch like things, be- Theirmeac. , caufe they are not very fwift of foot to take other creatures. They love Orchards,Vines,and places of fruits alfo, and in the autumn they grow therewith very fat. They are in quantity as big as a Fox, but of a fhorter and thicker body ♦ their skin is hard, but rough and rugged,their hair harfh and ftubborn,of an intermingled grifard colour, fomctime white, fometime black, his back covered witk blacky and his belly with white, his head from the top thereof to the ridge of his flioulder, is adorned with ftrakes of white and black, being black in the middle, and white at each fide. He hath very fharp teeth^and is therefore accounted a deep-biting beaft. His back is broad, his legs (as fome fay) longeron the right fide then on the left, and therefore he runneth bed when he getteth to the fide of a hill^ or a cart-road-way. His tail is fhort but hairy, Cardanm* and of divers colours, having a long face or fnowt like the Ziktbus '„ his forelegs being a full fpan long, and the hinder legs {horter, fhort ears and little eyes, a great bladder of gall, a body very fat betwixt the skin and the fkfh,and about the heart • and it is held that this fat increafeth with the Moon, and decreafeth with the fame, being none at all at the change : his forelegs have very fharp nails, bare and apt to dig withall, being five both before and behind, but the hinder very fhort ones and covered with hair. His favour is ftrong, and is much troubled with lice about his fecrets • the length ofhis body from the nofe which hangeth out like a Hogs nofe, to the tail Or rump , is fome thirty inches and a little more, the hair ofhis back three fingers long; his neck is fhort and like a Dogs: both male and female have under their hole another outwardly, but not inwardly in the male. If fhe be hunted out of her Den with Hounds, fhebiteth them grievoufly if (he lay hold on Her defence a- them, wherefore they avoid her carefully,and the Hunters put great broad collars made of a Grayes g air, ft Hunted skin about their Dogs neck, to keep them the fafer from the Badgers teeth : her manner is to fighc wi tb«rdo§s, on her back, ufing thereby both her teefh and her nails, and by blowing up her skin above mea- fure after an unknown manner, fhe defendeth her felf againft the ftrokes of men, and the teeth of •Dogs : wherefore fhe is hardly taken,but by devifes and gins for that purpofe invented ; with their skins they make quivers for arrows, and fome ftiepheards in Italy ufe thereof to make facks, wherein they wrap themfelves from the injury of rain. ', In Italy and Germany they eat Grays flefh, and boil with It pears,which maketh the fkfh tail like Badgers eatcnT, the flefh of a porcupinerThe flefh is beft in September if it be fat, and of the two kinds, the Swinifh Phtina. Badger is better flefh then the other. There are fundry vertues conferred out of this beaft j for it Medicine mad* is affirmed, that if the fat of a Badger mingled with crude hony, and anointed upon a bare place of of Badgers, a horfe, where the former hairs are pulled off, it will make new white hairs grow in that place : and Gratius. it is certain (although the Grecians make no reckoning of Badgers greafe, yet) it is a very foveraign Brrfavoluh thing to foften, and therefore Sfrfnw prefcribeth it to anoint them that have fevers or Inflariu. tions of the body, Nec fiernendus ddeft dederit, quern bejlia melij, Alberwu And not to be defpifed for other cures : as for example, the eafing of the pain of the reins if it be given inaglyfter,and likevvife the fat of a Dog and a Badger mingled together, do loofen con- traded finews. The afhes of a Badger is found to help the bleeding of the fromach,and the fame fod and drunk , preventeth danger by the biting of a mad Dog: and Brunfdfius affirmeth, that if the bloud of a Eadgerbe inftilled into the horns of Cattel with fait, it keepeth them from the murrain, and the fame dryed and beat to powder doth wonderfully help the Leprofie. The brain fod with oil eafeth Bovillus, all aches ; the liver taken out of water, hel peth fwellings in the mouth ; and fome affirm,that if one wear foles made of Badgers skins in their fhooes, it giveth great eafe unto the Gowt. The biting of this be;ft is venemous, becaufe it feedeth upon all venemous meats which creep upon the earth ■ although Amoldus be of a contrary judgement : and of this beaft I can report no other thing v r \ . worth the noting, fave that the Noble family of the T«c<>»/ in Ferraria, took their name from this J4VC * creature. T> 2 Of The Hiflory of ' Four-footed 'Heafts. Of the BEAR. ... A Bear is called in the Hebrew, Vob> and plurally Vubim ; of the Arabians, Vuble ; of the Chal- deans, Vuba, Aldub and Daboube i of the Grecians, ArQos\ of forae VafyWr, becaufe of the roughnefsofhis hair; of other Beiros, and Mmios, fignifying a folitary Bear. The 'Ztftw call him V ju^ which fome conjecture to be tanquam orfut, fignifying that it is but begun to be framed in the dams belly, and perfected after the littering thereof. Theltatians call it Or fa fo alfa the Spani- irds; the French t Ours; the Germans, Bear, and Beer; the [Bohemiam , Kedwed ; the Polonians Vutuvef. and the attributes of this beaft are many among Authors, both Greeks and Latin • as ' JEmonian Bears, armed, filthy, deformed, cruel, dreadful, fierce, greedy, Calydonian, Erymantbe- «n bloudy, heavy, night ranging, Lybican, menacing, Numidian,Upan,head-\on« ravening rigid and terrible Bear • all which ferve to fet forth the nature hereof , asfhallbe afterward in particu- lar difcourfed. Erft, Of the Bear. 29 Firft therefore concerning feveral kinds of Bears, it is obferved, that there is in general two : * Of the kinds o* greater, and alerter; and thetc leffer are m ore apt to clime trees then the other, neither do they ®J ar * ' ever grow to lb great a ftature as the other. Bcfides thereare Bears which are called Amfhibzd, be- Jf, a ' caufe^hey live both on the Land and in the Sea, hunting and catching fifh like an Otter or Beaver -And dlbeitus* thefe are white coloured. In the Ocean Iflands towards the North, there are Bears of a great fta- O'aut. ture, fierce and cruel, who with their fore-feet do break up the the hardeft congealed Ice on the Sea, or other great Waters, and draw out of thofe holes great abundance of fill es : and lb in other frozen Seas are many fuch like, having black claws, living for the moft part upon the Seas, except tempeituous weather drive them to the Land. In the Eaftern parts of India, there is a beaft in proportion of body very like a Bear , yet indued- with no other quality of that kind, (being neither fo wild, nor ravenous, nor ftrong) and it is called a Fo-tmicarian Bear ; for God hath fo provided, that whereas that Countrey is abundantly annoyed A F&mlcarfjj with the Emmets or Ants, that beaft doth fo prey and feed upon them, that by the ftrength and' J***' vertuous humor of his tongue, the liliy poor Inhabitans are exceedingly relieved from their grie- tu'danus. >ous and dangerous numbers. Bears are bred in many Countreys, as in the Helvetian Alpine region, where they are fo ftrong Countrey of, and full of courage, that they can tear in pieces both Oxen and Horfes, for which caufe the Inhabi- breed, tantsftudy by all means to take them. Likewife there are Bears in Pcrfia., which do raven beyond JM a r ce M nutt all meafurt , and all other ; fo alfo the Bears of ^uwdia t which are of a more elegant form and compofuion then the refidue j Frofuit ergo nihil mtfero , qxod cominus urfos Figehat NumiJtK , Alberta mdus arena. And whereas Pliny affirmeth , that there are no Bears in Africk, he miftookthat Countrey for Greet) and lb fome fay, that in that Ifland be no Wolves, Vipers, or other fuch venemous crea- tures ; whereof the Poets give a vain reafon, becaufe Jupiter was born there : but we know alfo,that there be no Bears bred in England. In the Countrey of Arabia, from the Promontory Vira to the South, are Bears which live upon Volaterran. eating of flefh^ being of a yellowilh colour, which do far excel all other Bears , both inactivity or fwiftsefs, and in quantity of body. Among the Kexolani and Lituaniant , are Bears, which being tamed are prefents for Princes. Afiftotle in his wonders reporteth, that there- are white Bears in Afecretin cb| Mifta, which being eagerly hunted, do fend forth fffch a breath .that putrifieth immediately the fleftv naiurci of of the Dogs, and whatfoever other beaft cometh within the favour thereof, it maketh the flelhof Bcirs * I them not ht to be eaten : but if either men of dogs approach or come nigh them, they vomit forth fuch abundance of phlegm, that either the hunters are thereby choked or blinded. - 2fcrdCM alfo breedech white Bears, andtheKingof ^Ethiopia in h'\s Hebrew Ep\f\k which he wrote to the Bifhop of Home, affirmeth, that there are Bears in his Countrey : In Mufcovia are Bears, both of a Snow white, yellow, and dusky colour, and it hath been feen that the Noble womens Chariots drawn by fix Horfes^ have been covered with the skins of white Bears,from the partem to the head : and as all other creatures do bring forth fome white, and fome black, fo alfo do Bears,who in gene- ral do breed and bring forth their young in all cold Countreys, fome of a dusky and fome of a brown black colour. ABearisofa moft venereous and luftful difpofition,for night and day the females with moft ar- Luft ofBears} dent inflamed defires, do provoke the males to copulation • and for this caufe at that time they are moft fierce and angry. PhiHppus Coffeus of Conflance, did moft confidently tell me, that in the Mountains of Savoy, a Bear carryed a young maid into his den by violence, where in venereous manner he had the carnal ufe of A Hifloryi \ her body, and while he kept her in his den, he daily went forth and brought her home the beft Ap- ples and other fruits he could get, preferring them unto her for her meat in very amorous fort ; but always when he went to forrage, he rouled a huge great ftone upon the mouth of his den , ttaat the Virgin (hould not efcape away ; at length her parents with long fearch, found their little Daughter IB the Bears den, who delivered her from that lavage and beafttial captivity. The time of their copulation is in the beginning of Winter, although fometime in Summer, (but «p ;me of the j t fuch young.ones feldom live) yet moft commonly in February or January. The manner of their co- 'copulation; pulation is like to a mans, the male moving himfelf upon the belly of the female, which lyeth on the earth flat upon the back, and either embraceth other With their fore-feet ; they remain very long time in that act, inafmuch as if they were very fat at their firft entrance, they disjoin not thera- felves again till they be made lean. Immediately after they have conceived, they betake themfelves to their dens, where they (with- fliny. out meat) grow very fit (efpecially the males) only by fucking their fore-feet. When they enter Afecret. into their den, they convev themfelves in backwards, that fo they may put out their foot-fteps from the fight of the hunters. The males give great honor to the females great with young, during the Honor to the , time of their fecrcfie, fo that, although they lie together in one cave, yet do they part it by a female, divifion or fmall ditch in the midft, neither of them touching the other. The nature of all of them is, to avoid cold, and therefore in the Winter time do they hide themfelves, chufing rather to fuffer famine then cold ; lying jfor the moft part three or four months together and never fee the light, D 3 whereby 20 The History of Four-footed 'Beaftf. u hereby cEeir guts grow fo empty, that chey are aimoll doled up and flick together. Avoiding of When they rint enter into their den , they betake themfelves to quiet and reil, fleeping without cold. an y awakinp, fur the fu ll fourteen dayes, fo thac it is thought an eafieflroke cannot awake them. Time of be.u- But how long the females go with young is not certain, fome affirm three months, others buc jog rh c young thirty dayes , which is more probable, for wild beails do not couple themfelves being with young s ' (except a Hare and a Linx / and the Bears being (as is already laid ) very luftful, to the intent thac they may no longer want the company of their males, do violently call their Whelps,and fo prefent- ly after delivery, do after the manner of Conies betake themfelves to their luft, and nounfhing their young ones both together : and this is certain, that they never come out of their caves, til] their young ones be thirty dayes old at the leaft; and Pliny precifely affirmeth, that they litter the thirtyeth day after their conception ; and for this caufe, a Bear bringeth forth the leaft whelp of all Tiu blgn fs of other great beads/or their whelp6 at their hrfl littering are no bigger then rats,nor longer then ones a Ecai-wiielp. linger. And whereas it hath been believed and received, that the whelps of Bears at their firft littering are without all form and fafhion, and nothing but a little congealed blood like a lump of flefh, which afterwards the old one frameth with her tongue to her own likenefs, as Pliny-, Solium, JElicnus-, C'tm, Opfianuf) and Ovid have reported, yet is the truth molt evidently otherwife, as by Tern not fo t {i e eye-witnefs of Joachimus Rbeticiis, and other, is difproved : only it is littered blind without eyes, !"'!!»< ' la!c u without hair, and the hinder legs not perfeci, the fore- feet folded up like a fift, and other ported. * * members deformed by reafon of the immoderate humor or moyftnefs in them, which alfo is one caufe, why the Womb of the Bear cannot retain the feed to the perfection of her young ones, j Number of They bring forth fometimes two, and never above five, which the old Bear daily keepeth clofe youuguncs. to herbreft, fo warming them with the heat of her body and the breath of her mouth, till they be thirty days old ; at what time they come abroad,being in the beginning ot'May, which is the third Month horn the Spring. The old ones being almoft dazled with long darknefs , coming into light again feem to ftagger and reel to and fro, and then for the flraightnefs of their guts, byreafonof Remedy in t l ieu * long failing do eat the heat b Amm 3 commonly called in Englifh ffake-Robbin or Calves-foot, Nature. being of very (harp and tart tafte, which enlargeth their guts, and fo being recovered, they remain all the time their young are with them, more fierce and cruel then at other times. And concerning tiic lame Arum, called alfo Dracmculus and Oryx } there is a pleafant vulgar tale, whereby fome have conceived that Bears eat this herb before their lying fecret; and by vertue thereof (without meat, or fenfe of cold) they pafs away the whole Winter in fleep. A fabulous There was a certain Cow-herd in the Mountains of Helvetia, which coming down a hill with AtV,yetvu'l T a great Caldron on his back, he faw a Bear eating of a root which he had pulled up with his feet; gaily believed. Cow-herd flood full till the Bear was gone, and afterward came to the place where the beaft had eaten the fame, and finding more ofthe fame root, did likewife eat it; he had no fooncr tailed thereof, but he had fuch a defire to fleep, that he could not contain himfelf, buthemuft needs lie down in the way and their fell afleep, having covered his head with the Caldron, to keep him- felf from the vehemencyof the cold, and their fleptallthe Wintertime without harm, and ne- ver rofe again till the Spring time : Which fable if a man will believe, then doubtlefs this hearb may caufe the Bears to be fleepers, not for fourteen days, but for fourfcore days toge- ther. The meat of 1 he ordinary food of Bears is fifh : for the Water-bear and others will eat fruits,Apples,Grapes r Bears. Leaves, andPeafe, and will break into Bee-hives fucking out the Hony ; Likewife Bees, Snayls, Horat. a lic l Emmets, and flefh if it be lean or ready to putnfie ; but if a Bear do chance to kill a Swine, or mffawmurir* ^Bull, or Sheep, he eateth them prefently, whereas other Beails eat not hearbsif they cat flefh: ev7lf. m " likewife they drink water ; but not like other beails, neither fucking it or lapping it, but as it were, even biting at it. Of the ejuanti- Some affirm, that Bears do wax or grow as long as they live, that there have been feen fome of ty and parts of them five cubits long; yea I my felf faw a Bears skin of that length, and broader then anOxes Bea,s - skin. The pans or y ne h eac i f a j> ear j g wea keft part (as the hand of a Lyon is the ftrongeft) for by a fmall blow members. on his head he hath often been ilrucken dead, the bones of the head being very thin and tender: yea more tender then the beak of a Parrot. The mouth of a Bear is like a Hogs mouth, buc longer • being armed with teeth on both fides, like a faw, and ftanding deep in his mouth, they have very thick lips, for which caufe, he cannot eafily or haftily with his teeth break afunder the hunters nets, except with his fore-feet. His neckisfhort, like a Tygers and a Lyons, apt to bend downwards to his meat; his belly is very large, being uniform, andnexttoittheintralsasina Wolf : It hath alfo four fpeans to her Paps. The genital of a Bear after his death waxeth as hard as horn, his knees and elbows are like to an Apes, for which caufe they are not fwift or nimble : his feet are like hands , and in them and his loins is his greateil ftrength, by reafon whereof, he fometimes fetteth himfelf upright upon his hinder legs : the paftern ©f his leg being fiefhy like a Cammels, which maketh them unfit for travel • they have (harp claws, but a very fmall tail as all other long haired creatures have. A fiiperRiupuj They are exceeding full of fat or lard-greafe, which fome ufe fuperftitioufly beaten with Oyl, iatd or fM. eafS " wnerewltn tne y a noynt their Grape-iickles when they go to vintage, perfwading themfelves that if no body know thereof,their tender Vine-branches fhall never be confumed by Caterpillers. Other Of the Bear. Other attribute tins EQtke vertue of Bears blood,and 'l> eophraftm ahirmeth,that it Bears gre^c be kept in a vefTcl, at fuch time as the Bears he fecrct, it will either fill it up, or caufe it to run over. Afecrct. The fiefhof Bears is unfit for meat, yet fome ufe to eat it, after it hath been twice fod ; other Meat of Bears eat it baked in parties ; hut the truth is, it is better for medicine then for food. Iheofirtfius like- fleft. wifeaffirmeth, that at the time when Bears he fecret, their dead flefli encreafech which is kept in houfes, but Bears fore-feet are held for a very delicate and well tafted food, full of fweetnefs ; and Another ft. much ufed by the German Princes. cm. The skins of Bears are ufed in the far Northern regions for garments in the Winter time, which The skins, they make fo artificially, covering themfelves with them from the crown of the head to the feet; that (as Mun\\er affirmed) fome men deceived with that appearance, deemed the people ofLapponia to be hairy all over. The fouldiers of the Moors wear garments made of Lyons, Pardals, and Bears gkins , and fleep upon them ; and fo it is reported of Herodotus ftlegtrenfis the Mulitian, who in the day time wore a Lyons skin, and in the night lay in a Bears skin. The conftitution of the body of a Bear is beyond meafure phiegmatique, becaufe he fafteth in the Winter time fo long without meat : His voyce is fierce and fearful in his rage, but in the night time mournful being given much to ravening. If a Bear do eat of Mandragpras, he prefently dyeth, except he meet with Emmets, by licking of whom he recovereth : fo likewife if he be Tick of a Surfeit. A Bear is much fubjecf to blindnefs of the eyes,and for that caufe they defire the Hives of Bees,noc only for the Hony, but by the dinging of the Bees, their eyes are cured. It hath not been feen that a female Bear was taken great with young, which cometh to pafs, by reafon that they go to their Dens fo foon as they nre conceived, and come not out thence till they have littered : And becaufe ^akiii c£ of the fiercenefs of this beaft , they are feldom taken alive, except they bdvery young : fo that Bears, § * , fome are killed in the Mountains by poyfon, the Countrey being fofteep and rocky that Hunters cannot follow them • fome taken in ditches of the earth, and other gins. Oppianm relatetb,that near 1)grn and Armenia., the Inhabitants \ife this ftratagem to take Bears. The people go often to the Woods to find the Den of the Bear, following a Leam-hound, whofe nature is fo foon as he wind- eth the Beaft, to bark, whereby his leader difcovereth the prey , and fo draweth off the Hound with the learn ; then come the people in great multitude,and comparing him about with long nets, placing certain men men at each end : then tye they a long rope to one fide of the net as high from the ground as the fmall of a mans belly .- whereunto are faltned divers plumes and feathers of Vul- tures, Swans, and other refplendent coloured birds, which with the wind make a noife or hilling, turning overhand glittering; on the other , fide of the net they build four little hovels of green boughs, wherein they lay four men covered all over with green leaves, then all being prepared, they found their Trumpets, and wind their Horns ; at the noife whereof the Beararifeth, and in his fearful rage runneth to and fro as if he fawfire : the young men armed make unto him , the Bear looking round about, taketh the plaineft way toward the rope hung full of feathers, which being ftirred and haled by them that hold it, maketh the Bear much affraid with the ratling and hif- ling thereof, and fo flying from that fide half mad, runneth into the nets,where the Keepers entrap him fo cunningly, that he feldom efcapeth. When a Bear is fet upon by an armed man, he ftandeth upright and taketh the man betwixt his fore-feet , but he being covered all over with iron plates can receive no harm, and then may eafily with a {harp knife or dagger pierce through the heart of the beaft. If a fheEear having young ones be hunted, {he driveth her whelps before her untill they be wearied, and then if ihe be -not prevented, (heclimbeth upon a tree, carrying one of her young in her mouth, and the other on her back. A Bear will not willingly fight with a man, but being % hurtbyaman, he gnafheth his teeth, and licketh his fore-feet : and it is reported by an AmbafTa^ dor of Poland, that when the S armarium find a Bear, they inclofe the whole Wood by a multitude of people, landing not above a cubit one from another, then cut they down the outmoft trees , fo that they raife a wall of wood to hem in the Bears ; this being effected, they raife the Bear , having certain forks in their hands made for that purpofe, and when the Bear approacheth, they (with thoie forks ) fall upon him, one keeping his head, another one leg, another his body, andfo with force muzzle him and tie Ins legs, leading him away. The Rhttiansuk this policv to take Wolves and Bears: they raife up great pofts, and crofs them with along beam laded with heavy weights, unto the which beam they faften a cord with meat therein, whereunto the beaft coming, and biting at the meat, pulleth down the beam upon her own pate. The Inhabitants of Helvetia hunt them with maftiff Dogs, becaufe they fhould not kill their Car- tel left at large in the field in the day time ; They likewife (hoot them with guns, giving a good fum of money to them that can bring them a flain Bear. The Sarmatians ufe to take Bears by thi9 Height . under thofe trees wherein Bees breed, they plant a great many of fharp pointed ftakes,put- ting one hard into the hole wherein the Bees go in and out, whereunto the Bear climbing, and com- ing to pull it forth, to the end that he may come to the Hony, and being angry that the ftake iheketh fo fa ft in the hole, with violence plucketh it forth with both her fore-feet , whereby {he loofeth her hold and falleth down upon the picked ftakes , whereupon (he dieth , if they that watch for her come not to take her off. There was reported by Demetrius Ambaffador at Rcme> AHiftory; from the King of Muixo, that a neighbour of his going to feek Hony, fell into a hollow tree up to the breftin Hony, where he lay two days, being not heard by ;any man to complain; at length came The Hiftory of Four-footed c Beafts. came a great Bear to this Hony ; and putting his bead into the tree, the poor man took hold there- of whereat the Bear fuddenly affrighted, drew the man out of that deadly danger, and fo ran away for fear of a worfe creature. But if there be no tree wherein Bees do breed neer to the place where the Bear abideth, then they ufe to anoyntfomc hollow place of a tree with Hony, whereintoBees will enter and make Hony- combes, and when the Bear findeth them {he is killed as aforefaid. In Norwjy they ufe to faw the treealmoitafunder , fo that when the beaft climbeth it , fhe falleth down upon piked flakes laid underneath to kill her: And fome make a hollow place in a tree, wherein they put a great pot of water , having anoynted it with Hony, at the bottom whereof are faflened certain hooks bend- ing downward, leaving an eafie paflage for the Bear to thruft in her head to get the Hony, but im- poilible to pull it forth again alone,becaufe the hooks take hold on her skin: this pot they binde tall to a tree, whereby the Bear is taken alive, and blindefolded, and though her ftrength break the cord or chain wherewith the pot is fattened, yet can fhe not efcape or hurt any body in the taking, by reafon her head is faflened in the pot. To conclude, other make ditches or pits under Apple-trees > laying upon their mouth rotterl flicks, which they cover with earth, and ftrow upon it herbs, and when the Bear cometh to the Ap- ple-tree, fhe falleth into the pit and is taken. The herb Wolfeban or Libardineis poifon to Foxes, Wolves, Dogs, and Bears, and to aM beads'' that are littered blinde, as the Alyine Rh&tims affirm. There is one kinde of this called Cyclamine, which the Valdwfiam call lora , and with the juyce thereof they poyfon their darts, whereof I have credibly received thisftory; That a certain Valdenfi an, feeing a wilde Bear,having a dart pOy- foned herewith, did caft it at the Bear being far from him, and lightly wounded her, it being no fooner done, but the Bear ran to and fro in a wonderful perplexity through the woods, unto a Very {harpcliffeofarock, where the man faw her draw her laft breath, asfoonasthe poyfon had en- tered to her heart, as he afterward found by opening of her body. The like is reported of Hen- bane, another herb: But there is a certain black . fifh in Armenia, full of poyfon, with the powder? whereof they poyfon Figs, and caft them in thofe places where wilde beafts are moft plentiful, which they eat, and fo are killed. Concerning the induftry or natural difpofition of a Bear, it is certain that they are very hardly tamed, and not to be trufted though they feem never fo tame ; for which caufe there is a ftory of J)iana\nL)fiM, that there was a certain Bear made fo tame, that it went up and down among men and would feed with them, taking meat at their hands, giving no occafion to fear or miftruft her cruelty: on a day, a young maid playing with the Bear lafcivioufly did fo provoke it,that he tore her in pieces ; the Virgins brethren feeing the murther, with their darts flew the Bear, whereupon followed a great peftilence through all that region: and when they confulted with the Oracle, the paynim God gave anfwer, that the plague could not ceafe, untill they dedicated fome Virgins unto Diana tor the Bears fake that wasflain; which fome interpreting that they fhould facrifice them : JLmbarus upon condition the Priefthood might remain in his family, flew his only daughter to end the peflilence, and for this caufe the Virgins were after dedicated to Viana before their marriage, when they were betwixt ten and fifteen year old, which was performed in the month of January , other- wife they could not be marryed : Yet Bears are tamed for labours, and efpecially for fports among the Kcxolar.i and Lybians s being taught to draw water with wheels out of the deepeft wels ; likewife flones upon fleds to the building of walls. A Prince of Uiuania nourifhed a Bear very tenderly, feeding her from his table with his own hand, for he had ufed her to be familiar in his Court, and to come into his own chamber when he lifted, fo that fhe would go abroad into the fields and woods, returning home again of her own ac- cord, and would with her hand or foot rub the Kings chamber door to have it opened, when fhe was hungry; it being locked it happened that certain young Noble-men confpired the death of this Prince, and came to his chamber door, rubbing it after the cuftom of the Bear, the King not doubting any evill, and fuppofing it had been his Bear, opened the door, and they prefently flew him. I There is a fable of a certain wilde Bear, of huge ftature, which terrified all them that looked up- on her, the which YythagorM fent for, and kept to himfelf, very familiarly ufing to ftroke and milk her; at the length when he was weary of her , he whifpered in her ear, and bound her with an oath, that being departed fhe fhould never more harm any living thing, which faith the fable , fhe obferved to her dying day. Thefe Bears care not for any thing that is dead, and therefore if a man can hold his breath as if he were dead, they will not harm him ; which gave occafion to Efope, to fable of two companions and fworn friends, who travelling together met with a Bear , whereat they being amazed, one of them ran away and gat up into a tree; the other fell down and coun- tetfeited himfeh dead, unto whom the Bear came and fmelt at his noftrils and ears for breath, but perceiving none, departed without hurting him : foon after the other friend came down from the tree, and merrily asked his companion what the B:arfaid in his ear, Marry (quoth he) fhe warned me that I fhould never truft fuch a fugitive friend as thou art, which didft forfake rne in my greatest neceility : thus far Ejop. They will bury one another being dead, as Tzetzes affirmeth, and it is received in many Nations, that children have been nurfed by Bears: Parti thrown out of the City, was nourifhed by a Bear. JhereisinFrtfBee aNoblehoufeof thsVrfini, whole firft founder is reported to have been certain years Of the Bear. 33 years together nounlhed by a Bear, and for that caufe was called Vtfon: and ibme affirm , that jircefw vrts ftf being deceived by the name of his mother who was called Arttvs, a Bear : as among the LatiwsK&sV Ju'-a. And it is reported in the year of our Lord 1274. that the Concubine of Sebah. Frank, TopeN/efcoAH (being with childc as was fuppofed) brought forth a young Bear , which (he did not •by any unlawful copulation with fuch a beait, but only with the moft holy Pope j and conceived fuch crcu'tme.by ftrMVgch of imagination, lying in hisPalace,where fhe (aw the pictures of many Bears ; fo that the holy Father being firft put in good hope of a fon, and afterward feeing this monlter (like ■h4mfe'i,Ref 1 3 ) for anger and fhame deraced all his pictures of thdfe beafts. There is a mountain cal- led the Mountain of Bears in 'Qz/r«j ; betwixt CfJerjoneJus and Propontus ; fo called ; becaufe as fome have affirmed: ) Jcav ;\ nA-'Cyticlui a were turned into Bears in that place,but the reafon is more probable,be- xaufe it wa< full of Bears,or elfe betaufe it was fobigh that it feemed to touch the Beai-ihr. . - There is a Gonflellation called the Bear in the figure of feven Stars like a Cart, whereof four te»hd in ti c place of the wheels/ and three in the room of Horfes. The SeptentrionscM them Tri- Higimti. mes, th it is yoked Oxen. But there are two Bears, a greater and a lefler. The greater is called CaU Ufio, after the name of Lyceums daughter, who reigned in Arcadia, whereof many give divers reafons. For they fay Callifto was a companion of D Una, and ufed to hunt with her being very like unto her, and one day lupher 'came to her in the likenefs of Diana, and deflowred her, and when fhe was with childe, asked how that happened, to whom CdJ/z/fo anfwered, that it happened by her faft : wherewith the Goddefs being angry, turned her into a Bear, in which fhape fhe brought forth Ar- eas, and they both wandering in the Woods, Were taken and brought for a prefent unto Lycaon her father: And iipon a day, the Bear being ignorarit of the law, entered into the Temple offupiter Ly- tWMfi'd hef-fdn followed her, for which the Arcadians would have flain them both, but hpiter in pity of them took them both into Heaven, and placed them among the Stars. Other fay that CaVifto was "turned into a Bear by luno, whom afterward Diana flew, and coming to knowledge that it was CaUifto, fhe placed her for a fi gn in Heaven, which is called Vrfa Ma)or ? the great Bear; which before that time was called Hamaxa ; but the reafon of thefe fables is rend- red by Pal^ham, becaufe thatXallifto going into a Bears deri, was by the Bear devoured, and fo her foolifh companions feeing none come forth but the Bear, fondly imagined that the Virgin was turned into a Bear . •' • There is. kiother Conftellation next to thereat Bear, called ArOophy lax, Bootes, or the little Bear, in whole girdle is a bright -Scarxalied ^r#«rj£r, and from this cohftellation of Bears, cometh the cJenominatiori of the Aidique and Antar tuque pvle. Other affirm, that the two Bears were Heine andCynofura, the two Nurfes of lupiter, becaufe fi^meti me they are fo named.; the caufe whereof is apparent in the Greek tongue, for H elite is a- Star, "having as it were a tail rowled up , and Cynofura, a tail at length hke a Dog. They are a!fo noilrfthed for fport, fur as their bodies do in one fort re- ferable Apes,' fo do alfo their difpofitions,beirig apt to fundfy gefturesand pallimes,lyingupon their backs, and turning their hands and feet, rock themfelves upon them as a woman rocketh her childe in a cradle; but principally for fight : for wfiicfrtoccafion they were preferved of old time by the Romans : For when Mtjfala was Conful, JEncbarbtu jD«w/f/'«rprefented in one ring ot circle, an hun- dred Bears, and fo many hunters with them. . ■RaVillo rtec prodilus ore Fumantem nafum vivi tentaverit urfi, Sit placiduilleet,&lambatdigitoJque mamfque: Si dolor &biiit 3 fi jufta coegerit ira, Vrjus erit, vatua dentes in pelle fatiger. They will not willingly fight with a man, although men may do it without hurt, for if they an-' noynt or fprinkle the mouths of Lyons or Bears with Vitriol or Copperas,it will fo bind their chaps together, that they fhall not be able to bite, which caufed Martial! to write thus' : j Yreteps [anguine a dum fe rotat urfus arena, Implicit am vi\c 9perdid.it ille fugam. Splendida jam tedo ceffent venabula ferrs : Nec volet excuffa lancea tort a manu. Veprendat vacuo venator in aere prxdam, Si capnare feras aHcupit arte placet. Alexander had a certain Indian Dog given unto him, to whom was put a Bore and a Bear to fight withall, but he'difdaining them, would not once regard them, but when a Lyon came, herofeup and fought with him. Bears, they will fight with Buls, Dogs, and Horfes: when they fight with Fight of Bears, Buls, they take them by their horns, and fo with the weight of their body^, they weary and prefs thebeaft, untill they may eafily flay him : and this fight is for the moft part on his back. A Rhi- ncceios fet on by a Bear in a pubiick fpectacle at Kome,did eafily caft him off from the hold he had on his horn. She doth not adventure on a wilde Bore,except the Bore be afleep,or not feeing her.There is alfo a mortal hatred betwixt a Horfe and a Bear,for they know one another at the firft fight ; and prepare to combat , which they rather aft by policy then by ftrength : The Bear falling flat on his The Hiflory of Four-footed Beafts. back the Horfe leaping on the Bear* which pulleth at his guts with her fore-feet-nails, and is by the heels of the Horfe wounded to death, if he ltrike the Bear upon his head.Alfo Bears fear a Sea-calf, and will not fight with them if they can be avoided, for they know they fhall be overcome. Great is the fiercenefs of a Bear, as appeareth by holy Scripture,Hof.i 3. J will meet them as a Bear robbed of her wkelps (faith the Lord) and mil tear in pieces their ffoward heart : And Ghujal telleth Abfa- J n, z Sam. 1 7. Thou knoweft that thy Father and the men that be with him be moft valiant and fierce^ likg a 'fr. B;*r robbed oj her Whelps : for a fhe Bear is more couragious then a male. There is a filthy Nation of men called Taifab, who are given unto a Sodomitical buggery, to commit uncleannefs man with man, and efpecially with young boyes; but if any of them take a wilde Bore, or kill a Bear, he (hall be exempted from this kind of beaftly impudicity. Helu^abalus was wont to fliut up his drunken friends together, and fuddenly in the night would put in among them Bears, Wolves, Lyons, and Leopards, muzled and difarmed, fo that when they did awake, they fhould finde fuch chamber-fellows, as they could not behold (ifdarknefs did not blind them) without fingular terror; whereby many of them fell into fwounds, ficknefs, extafie and madnefs. J&neas Sil, Vitoldus King ofLituania, kept certain Bears of purpofe, to whom he caft all perfons which fpoke againft his tyranny, putting them firft of all into Bears skins ; whote cruelty was- fo great, that if he had commanded any of them to hang themfelves, they would rather obey him then endure the ter-i ror of his indignation : In like fort did Alexander Vhertut deal with his fubjeds- as is reported by lextor. V alentimanus the Emperor nourifhed two Bears devourersofmen, one of them called golden Mica, the other Innmmia ; which he lodged neer his own Chamber : at length after many (laugh- ters of men, he let Innccentia go loofein the Woods for her good deferts, in bringing fo many peo- ple to their funerals. Secrets obfer- There are many natural operations in Bears. t'iny reporteth, that if a woman be in fore travaii ved of Beau, of childe-birth, let a ftone or arrow which hath killed a Man, a Bear or a Bore, be thrown over the Columella. houfe wherein the woman is, and fhe fhall be eafed of her pain. There is a fmall worm called Vol- vcx> which eateth the Vine-branches when they are young, but if the Vine-fickles be anoynted with Bears blood, that worm will never hurt them. If the blood or greafe of a Bear be fet under a Arnoldus. bed, it will draw unto it all the fleas, and fo kill them by cleaving thereunto. But thevertues me- Virtues mcdi- Vicinal are very many : and the firft of all, the blood cureth all manner of Bunches and Apoftumes in the flefh, and bringeth hair upon the eye-lids if the bare place be anoynted therewith. The fat of a Lyon is moft hot and dry, and next to a Lyons^ a Leopards ; next to a Leopards, a Bears; andnext to a Be3rs, aBuls. The later Phyfitians ufe to cure convulfed and diftra&ed parts, fpots, and tumors in the body. It alfo helpeth the pain in the loyns , if the Tick part be anoynted therewith, and all Ulcers in the legror fhins, when aPlaifter is made thereof with Bole-Armorick. Alfo the Ulcers of the feet,mingled with Allom. It is foveraign againft the falling of the hair, com- pounded with wilde rofes. The Spaniards burn the brain of Bears when they die in any publick fports, holding them venemous, becaufe being drunk, they drive a man to be as mad as a Bear • and the like is reported of the heart of a Lyon, and the brain of a Cat. The right eye of a Bear dryed to powder, and hung about childrens necks in a little bag, driveth away the terror of dreams, >and both the eyes whole, bound to a mans left arm, eafeth a quarcain Ague. The Liver of a Sow, a Lamb, and a Bear put together, and trod to powder under ones fhooes eafe- eth and defendeth Cripples from inflamation: the gall being preferved and warmed in water, deli- vered! the body from cold, when all other medicine faileth. Some give it mixt with water, to them that are bitten with a mad Dog, holding it for a fingular remedy, if the party can faft three days before. It is alfo given againft the Palfie, the Kings Evill, the Failing-ficknefs, an old Cough,the Inflamation of the Eyes, the running of the Ears, the difficulty of Urine , and delivery in Childe- birth, the Hemorrhoides, the weaknefs of the Back.The ftones in a Perfume are good againft the Fal- ling evill, and the Palfie; and that women may go their full time, they make Amulets of Bear? nails, and caufe them to wear them all the time they are with childe. Of the BEAVER Male and female. 14 Of the narrtei* SilvatisHS. The notation of Fiber from the Lame. The notation of the (j-etk word Caflot. What manner; ofBeaft a T&.-avcr is, A Beaver is called in Greeks Cafior ; in Latine,Fiber ; in Italian, Bivarxo, or Bivero, and llcaftoreo j in Spani(h, Cafior 5 'mfrench ) Bieure, and fometime Cafior \ in Illyrian y Bobr 5 in Germain, Biber : all which words at the firft fight feem to be derived from the Latine : There is no certain word for it in Hebrew : in Arabia itls called Alhedntfitr : it is alfo called in Latine, Canis Fonticus, but Ca- nit Fluviatilis, is another Beaft, as we fhall manifeft in the fucceeding difcourfe of an Otter : and the reafon why in Latine it is called b z£f r,is, becaufe (as Varro faith) it covereth the fides,banks, or extre- mities of the river, as the extremities or Japs of the ear and liver are called Fibra, and the skirts of garments Fimbria : but the reafon why the Gwians call it Caffor, is not as the Latines have fuppofed, becaufe it biteth off his own ftones, quafi caftandrofeipfum, as fliall be manifeftcd foon after , but of Caffrd/i^becaufe for the ftones thereof it is hunted and killed; or rather ofGafter, fignifying a bel- ly,for that the body is long and almoft all belly;or rather becaufe of the colour & ill favour thereof. This Beaver is no other then that which Ariftotle calleth Latax^ and it differeth from an Otter only Of the Beaver. 35_ in.the tayl. Some compare a Beaver with a Badger, but they attribute to him a longer body and fmoother hair , but (hom- er and fofter then a Badgers their colour is fomewhat yel- low and white., afperied with afti-colour, which ftand out beyond the ftiortci hairs, dou- ble their length : they are neat ' and fofc like unto an Otters, and the hairs length of the one and others colour, is not equal. Some have feen them brown de- clining to black, which Albertus preferreth, and Silvius affirm- eth, that his long hairs are like a Dogs, and the fhort ones like an Otter. They are raoft plen- Country & tiful in Pontut, for which caufe breed, it is called Cam Posticus ; they are alfo bred in the Rivers of Spain, and in the River Mam in France - Padus> in Italy, in Sa- voy, in the Rivers Ifara and Albertus. Kboan, and in the Ifland called Camargo, and in Helvetia, necr Arula^Vrja and Limagus: Like- wife throughout all Germany, Tolonia , Sclavonia , Ruflia and fruffia : and there are Beavers in the woods of Mofco and Li- tuania, of excellent perfection and ftature above others, having longer white hairs which ghfter above other. Thefe beafts live both in the water There are land and on the land , forinthe day and water Bea- time they keep the water , and ven * - in the night they keep the land, and yet without water they cannot live, for they do parti- cipate much of the nature of fifties, as may be well confi- dered by their hinder legs and tail. K fl T i ei rh qUant r y ^ T Ch Their W bigger then a Countrey Dog, parts . their headfhort, their ears ve- Silvius. ry fmall and round, their teeth Bellonius. very long, the under teeth ftanding out beyond their lips three fingers breadth , and the upper about half a finger, be- ing very broad, crooked, ftrong and (harp, ftanding, or grow- ing double very deep in their mouth , bending compafs like the edge of an Axe, and their colour yellowifhred, wherewith they defend themfelves againft beafts, take fifties as it were upon hooks, and will gnaw in funder trees as big as a mans thigh : they have alfo grinding teeth very (harp, wherein are certain wrinckies or folds, fo that theyfeem to be made for grinding fome. hardfubftance, for with them they eat the rindes or bark of trees; wherefore the biting of this beaft is very deep, being able to crafh afunder the hardeft bones, and commonly he never lofeth his hold, untill he feeleth his teeth gnalh one againft another. Pliny and Solium affirm, that the per, fon fo bitten cannot be cured , except he hear the cradling of the teeth ; whish I take to be a* opi- nion without truth. They 3 6 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Belloniut. Their buiMin; of Dens, AlbtitUS. (J law Hog- 'AlhertM. A fecret. They have certain hairs abeut their mouth, which leem in their quantity or bignefs to be rather horn they are fo hard, but their bones ate molt hard of all and without marrow : Their forefeet are like a Dogs, and their hin- der HkeaGoofes,madeasit were of purpofe to go on the land, and fwim in the water, but the tail of this beaft is molt ftrangeof all, in that it cometh neareft to the nature of fifties, being without hair,and covered over with a skin like the fcales of fifti, it being like a foal, and for the moft part fix fingers broad and half a foot long, which fome have affirm- ed the beaft never pulleth out of the water ; whereas it is manifeft, that when it is very cold, or the water frozen he pulleth it up to his body, although Agricola affirm, that his hinder legs and tail,freeze with the water j and no leffe untrue is the afTertion, that they compel! the Otter in time of cold and froft, to wait upon their tail, and to trouble the water lb that it may not freeze round about them ; but yet the Beaver holdeth the Otter infub- jettion, and either overcometh a in fight, or killeth it with his teeth. This tail he ufeth for a ftern when he fwim- meth after fifh to catch them. There hath been taken of themwhofe tails have weighed four pound weight, and they are accounted a very delicate difh, for being dreffed they eat like Barbies: they are ufed by the Lotba- ringians and Save)ans for meat allowed to be eaten on fiflvdayes, although the body that beareth them be flefh and unclean for food. The manner of their drefling is, firft roafting, and afterward feething in an open pot,that fo the evill vapor may go away,and fome in pottage made with Saffron; other with Ginger, and many with Brine- it is certain that the tail and forefeet taft very fweet, from whence came the Proverbe, That fweet is that fifl), which U not fifh at ad. Thefe beafts ufe to build them Caves or Dens neerthe Waters, fo as the Water may come into them, or elfe they may quickly leap into the water, and their wit or natural invention in building of their Caves is moft wonderful : for you muft underftand that in the nighttime they go to land, and there with their4:eeth gnaw down boughes and trees which they likewife bite very (hort fitting their purpofe, and fo being bufied about this work, they wiU often look up to the tree when they perceive it almoft afunder, thereby to difcern when it is ready to fall, left it might light upon their own pates : the tree being down and prepared, they take one of the oldeft of their company, whofe teeth could not be ufed for the cutting, (or as others fay,they conftrain fome ftrange Beaver whom they meet withal) to fall flat on his back (as before you have heard the Badgers do) and upon his belly lade they all their timber,which they fo ingenioufly work and fatten into the compaffeof his legs that it may not fall, and fo therefidue by the tail, draw him to the water fide, where thefe buildings are to be framed : and this the rather feemeth to be true, becaufe there have been fome fuch taken, that had no hair on their backs, but were pilled ; which being efpied by the hunters, in pity of their flavery, or bondage, they have let them go away free. Thefe beafts are foconftant in their purpofe, that they will never change the tree that they have oncechofento build withal, how long time fo ever they fpend in biting down the fame: it is like- wife to be obferved, that they never go to the fame, during the time of their labour, but in one and the fame path, and fo in the fame return to the water again. When they have thus brought their wood together, then dig they a hole or ditch in the bank fide, where they underfet the earth to bear it up from falling, with the aforefaid timber ; and fo they proceed, making two or three rooms like feveral chambers, one above another, to the intent that if the water rife they may go further, and if it fall they man defcend unto it. And as the husbandmen of Egyft do obferve the buildings of the Crocodile, fo do the inhabitants of theCountrey where they breed, obferve the Beaver?, that when they build high, they may exped an inundation, and fow on the Mountains ; and when they build low, they look for a calm or drought, and plow thevallies. There is nothing fo worthy in this beaft as his ftones, for they are much fought after and defired by all Merchants, fo that they will give for them any great price. There is both in male and female, certain bunches under their belly as great as a Goofes egge, which fome have unskilfully taken for their cods, & between thefe is the fecret or privie part of both fexes ; which tumours or bunches are nothing elfe, but a little flefhie bag within a little thin skin, in the middle whereof is a hole cr paff.ige,out of the which the beaft fucketh a certain liquor, and after- ward Of the Beaver. 57 ward therewith anointeth every part of her body that fhe can reach with ber tongue. Now it is very y he Cods or plain that thefe bunches are not their cods, for thefe reafons • Becaufe that there is no paffage either ftoncj f the of the feed into them, or from them into the yard : Befides, their ftones are found within their beaft. body; neither ought this to feem ftrange, feeing that Hares have the like bunches, and alfo the KoaddletiHti J Mjjchus ov fttuskccut : the female hath but one paflage for all her excrements, and to conceive or bring forth young ones. It hath been an opinion of fome, that when a Beaver is hunted and is in danger to be taken, fhe biteth off her. own ftones, knowing that for them only her life is fought, which caufed Alums to make this Emblem, Et pedibus fcgnis, tumida & prtfendulus alvo j Hac tamen infidias effugit arte fiber : MordiCus ip\e fibi medicata virilia vtllil: Atque abjicit fefi friarus ob illapeti. tfiijus ab cxtmp'o difces mn par cere reins } Etvitam utredimM bnfiibus £ra dare. teaching by the example of a Beaver, to give our purfe to theeves, rather then our lives, and by our wealth to redeem our danger, for by this means the Beaver often efcapeth. There have been many of them found that wanted ftones, which gave fome ftrength to this errour, but this was exploded in ancient time for a fable j and in this and all other honeft difcourfes of any part of Phi- lofophy, the only mark whereat every good ftudent and profeffor ought to aime,muft be verity and not tales 5 wherein many of the ancient have greatly offended (as is manifefted by Murcellus Virgili~ w) efpecially Plato : and this poyfon hafh alfo crept into and corrupted the whole body of Religi- on. The Epytiam in the opinion of the aforefaid Caftration, when they will fignifiea man that hur- teth himfelf, they pi&ure a Beaver biting off his own ftones. But this is moftfalfe, as by Strtiui' 9 Pli- Hfrw/. nius,1)iolcorides, and Albertus, is manifefted. Firft, becaufe their ftones are very fmall, and fo placed A » emblem, in their body as are a Boars,and therefore impoilible for them to touch or come by them. Second- ly, they cleave fo fail unto their back, that they cannot be taken away but the beaft muft of neceflity Jofe his life ; and therefore ridiculous is their relation, who likewiie affirm, that when it is hunted (having formerly bitten off his ftones) that he ftandeth upright and fheweth the hunters that he hath none for therri, and therefore his death cannot profit them, by means whereof they are averted and feek for another . Thefe Beavers eat fifh, fruits, and the bitter rindes of trees, which are unto them moft delicate, Their foody efpecially Aldern, Poplar, and Willow ; whereupon it is proverbially faid, of one that ferveth ano- ther for gain : Sic the Cubes quotidie ut fibef faHcetr^ you love me as the Bever doth the Willow, which fl m~i »**rf eateth the bark and deftroyeth the tree. ! They are taken for their skins, tails, and cods, and that many wayes; and firft of all when their Thetrcaufe of Calves are found,there is made a great ho| le or breach therein, whereinto is put a little Dog, which taking, the beaft efpying, flyeth to the end of her den, and there defendeth her felf by her teeth, till all her ftrufture or building be rafed, and fhe laid open to her enemies, who with fuch inftruments as they have prefet,beat her to death : fome affirm that fhe rouzeth up her body,and by the ftirong favour of A fecrer; her ftones fhe driveth away the Dogs, yvhich may be probable, if the ftones could be feen- Thefe Dogs are the fame which hunt wild fowl and Otters. It is reported that in Pruffia they take them in bow-nets, baited with the rinde of trees, whereinto AgricoU.. they enter for the food,but being entrapped cannot go forth again. They cannot dive long time un- der water but muft put up their heads for breath, which being efpied by them that befet them, they kill them with gun-fhot, or pierce them with Otters fpeares, fo that one would think feeing fuch a one in the water, that it was fome hairy kind of fifh ; and his nature is, if he hear any noife to puc his head above water, whereby he is difcovered and lofeth his life. His skin is pretious in Polonia 9 either for garment, or for Gloves, but not fo pretious as an Otters, yet it is ufed for the edging of all other fur garments, making the beft fhew and enduring longeft ; they are beft that are blackell, and of the bellies which are like felt wool, they make caps and ftockings againft rain and foul weather. The medicinall yertues of this beaft are in the skin, the urine, the gall and the cods : and firft, a The medicinal garment made of the skins, is good for a Paralytick perfon ; and the skins burned with dry Onions venues, and liquid pitch, ftayeth the bleeding of the nofe, and being put into the foles of fhooes eafeth the dlbertnt. Gowt. The urine preferved in the bladder, is an antidote againft poyfon : and the gall is profita- '■dttuit* ble for many things, but efpecially being turned into a glew it helpeth the falling evill. The ge- flty' nitals of a Beaver are called by the Phy fitians Cajloreum, and therefore we will in this difcourfe iife Pliny* that word for exprefting the nature, qualities, remedies, and miraculous operation thereof, where- fore they muft be very warily and skilfully taken forth i for there is in a little skin comparing them about a certain fweet humor (called Humor Melleus) and with that they muft be cut out, the utter skin being cut afunder to make the more eafie entrance, and the Apothecaries ufeto take all the fat about them, which they put into the oil of the Caftoreum , and fell it unto fifner-men to make b.;itfor fifhes. The females have ftones or Caftoreum, as well as the males, but very fmall ones. Now you muft take great heed to the choife of your Beaver, and then to the ftones which E muft The Beaver doth not bv.i ' off her own | ftones. 3 8 The History of Four-footed Hearts YlermoUus. The corrup- ting of C^fl. num. The dangers in the ufe of mutt grow from one root conjoyned, otherwife they are not precious, and the beaft muft neither be a young one nor one very old, but in the mean betwixt both, being in vigor and perfection of ftrength. The Beavers of yeeld not fuch virtuous Cafioreum as they of ?on\us, and therefore if it be poflible, take a Pontique Beaver, next one ofGallatia, and laftly of Africk^. Some do corrupt them putting into their skin Gum and Ammoniac^ with blood, other take the reins of the beaft, and fo make the Cajloreum very big, which in it felf is but (mall. This beaft hath two bladders, which I remember not are in any other living creature, and you muft beware that none of thefe be joyned to the Cafioreum. You may know if it be mingled with Ammoniacl^hy the taft/for although the colour be like, yet is the favour different. Phtearius fhewcth, that tome adulterate Cafio rcum, by taking off his skin, or fome cod newly taken forth of another beaft, filling it with bloud, finews and the powder of da/loreum, that fo it may not want his ftrong fmell or favour: other fill it with earth and bloud : other with bloud, rofen, gum, finews and pepper, to make it taft fharp : but this is a falfi- fication difcernible, and of this fort is the Cafioreum which is fold in Venice,as Brafovala affirmeth : andthemoft of them fold at this day are bigger then the true Cafioreum, for the juft weight of the ri^ht ftones is not above twelve ounces and a half, one of them being bigger then the other, be- ing fix fingers breadth long, and four in breadth. Now the fubftance contained in the bag is yellowifh, folid like wax, and flicking like glew, not fharp and cracking betwixt the teeth (as the counterfeit is). Thefe ftones are of a ftrong and ftinking favour, fuch as is not in any other, but not rotten and fharp, as Grammarians affirm; yer Ihavefmelled of it dryed, which was not un- pleafant, and things once feafoned with the favour thereof, will ever taft of it, although they have not touched it, but lie covered with it in the fame box or pot ; and therefore the Cafioreum of Ferfu is counterfeit, which hath no fuch fmell, for if a man fmell to the right Cafioreum, it will draw bloud out of his nofe. After it is taken forth from the beaft, it muft be hung up in fome place to be dryed in the fhadow, and when it is dry, it is foft and white: it will continue it ftrength fix years, and fome fay feven; the Per fans affirm, that their Cafioreum will hold his virtue ten years, which is as falfe as the matter they fpeak of is counterfeit. Arcbigencs wrote a whole book of the virtue of this Cafioreum, whereunto they may refort, that require an exad and full declaration of all his medicinal operati- ons: it fhalt only be our purpofe, to touch fome general heads, and not to enter into a particular difcovery thereof. Being fo dryed as is declared, it muft be warily u fed, for itfalleth out herein as in other medici- nal fubje&s, that ignorance turneth a curing herb or fubftance, into a venemous and deftru&ive quality; therefore we will firftofallfet down the dangers to be avoided, and afterward fome par- ticular cures that come by the right ufe of it. Therefore it muft be underftood that there is poyfon in it, not naturally, but by accident , as may be in any other good and wholefome matter : and that efpecially in the fmell or favour thereof , whereunto if a woman with childedo fmell, it will kill the childe unborn and caufe abortment; for a womans womb is like a creature, nourifhei with good favours, and deftroyed with evill : therefore burning of feathers, lhoo-foles,woollen clothes, pitch, Galbanum, gum, onions, and garlick is noyfom to them. It may be corrupted not only as is before declared ; butalfo,ifit befhut up clofe without vent into pure aire, when it is hanged up to be dryed, or if the bag be kept moift, fo that it cannot dry ; and it is true (as Avicen faith ) that if it be ufed being fo corrupted, it killeth within a dayes fpace, driving one into madnefs, making the fick perfon continually to hold forth his tongue, and infecting him with a Fever by inflaming the bodyjoofing the continuity of the parts,through fharp vapors arifing from the ftomach.-and for a proof that it will inflame, if you take a little of it mingled with oil, and rub upon any part of the body, or upon your nail, you fhall feel it. But there is alfo a remedy for it being corrupted; namely, AfTes milk mingled with fome Iharpfyrup of Citron, or if need require, drink a dram of Fhilons Antidote at the moft, or take but- ter and fweet water which will caufe vomit, and vomit therewith fo long, as you feel the favour of the ftone, and afterward take fyrup of Limmons or Citrons: and fome affirm upon experience, that two penny weight of Coriander-feed, fcorched in the fire, is a prefent remedy for this evill. And it is moft ftrange, that feeing it is in greateft ftrength, when the favour is hotteft, which is very difpleafingtoamarsnaturein outward appearance, yet doth it never harm a man taken inwardly, (being pure and rightly compounded) if the perfon be without a Fever, for in that cafe only it doth hurt inwardly, otherwife apply it to a moift body lacking refrigeration, or to a coldbody wanting excalfadion, or to a cold and moift body, you fhall perceive an evident commodity thereby, jftherebenoFever : and yet it hath profited many where the Fever hath not been over hot, as in Extafies and Lethargies, miniftred with white Pepper, and Melicrate, and with Rofe cakes laid to the neck or head. The fame virtues it hath being outwardly applyedand mingled with oil, if the bodies be in any heat, and purely without oil, if the body be cold, for in heating it holdeth the third degree, and in drying the fecond. The manner how it is to be adminiftred is in drink, for the moft part, the fweet liquor being taken from it, and the little skins appearing therein cleanfed away, and fo it hath among many other thefe operations following. Drunk with Vinegar, it is good againft all venom of Serpents, and againft the Chameleon, but with this difference, againft the Scor- pion with wine, againft Spiders with fweet water, againft the Lizzardswith Myrtite, againft D/p/<* and Ceraftes, with Oponax, or wine made of Reir, and againft other Serpents with wine fimply. Take Of the Bipon. Take of every one two drams, for a cold cake ic afcruple and a half in lour cups of wine, ufed Caflorecq} with Ladanum, iccurechche Fiftulaes and Ulcers, provoking freezing by fmelling to it $ procurech vi m/ierfipita fleep, they being anointed with it ; Maiden-weed and Conferve of Rofes, and being drunk in water, ntamht, helpeth Phrenfie,and with the Roles and Maiden-weed aforefaid, eafech head-ach • being laid to the head like a plaifter, ic curech all cold and windy affections therein ;orif one draw in the Imoak of it pertumed, though the pain be from the mothers womb, arad given in three cups of fweet Vinegar falling, it helpeth the Falling ficknefs, but if the pcrfon have often fits, the fame given in a Glyfter,; giveth great eafe : Then muft the quantity be two drams of Cafiareum, one fextary of honey and oil, and the like quantity of water, but in the fit ic helpeth with Vinegar by fmelling to it. Ic helpeth the Palfie, taken in Rew or wine, fod in Rew, fo alfo all heart trembling, ach in the ftomach, and quaking of the finews. Ic being infufed into them that lie in Lethargies with Vinegar and Conlerve of Rofes doth prefently awake them, for it ftrengthneth the brain, and movech fternu- tation. It helpeth oblivion coming by reafon of ficknels, the party being firft purged with hiera Kwj/?, Cafiormm, with oil bound to the hinder part of the head, and afterward a dram drunk with NLlicrate, alfo taken with oil, cureth all Convulfion proceeding of cold humors, if the Convul- fion be full and perfect, and not temporal or in fome particular member, which may come to paffe in any ficknefs. Tbe fame mixed with hony helpeth the clearnefs of the eyes, and their inflamations; likewife ufed with the juice of Popy, and infufed to the ears, or mixed with hony, helpeth all pains in them. With the feed of Hemlocks beaten in Vinegar, it fharneth the fenfe of hearing, if the caufe be cold, and ic cureth toothach infufed into that ear with oil on which fide the pain refteth; for #//>/>(.artrfj fenc unco che wife of Aftafiut (complaining of die pain in her cheek and ceech) a little Cajioreum with Pepper, advifing her to hold it in her mouth betwixt her teeth. A perfume of it drawn up into the head and ftomach, eafech che pains of the lights and intrails, and given to them that figh much with fweet Vinegar farcing, it recovereth them. It eafeth the Cough, and diftil- lations of rhume from the head to the ftomach, taken with the juyce of black Popy. Ic is preferva- tive againft inflamations and pains in the guts or belly (although the belly be fwoln with cold windy humors) being drunk with Vinegar, or Oyxycrate ; it eafeth the Colick being given with Annis beaten fmall, and two fpoOnfuls of fweet water ; and it is found by experiment, that when ahorfe cannot make water, let him be covered over wich his cloch, and chen puc underneath him a fire of coals, wherein make a perfume with that Cafioreum till the Horfes belly and cods fmell Vegetiui} } thereof, then taking away the coals, walk the horfe up and down covered, and he will prefent- ly ftale. To fofteri the belly chey ufe Caftoreum wich fweet water two drafns,and if ic be noc forcible enough, they cake che rooc of a fee Cucumber one dram,and che fome of Sale Pecer cwo drams. It is alfo ufed with ctie juice of Wichy and decoction of Vinegar applyed co che reins and genical pares like a *» plaifter againft che Gonorrhxan pallion. Ic will ftir up a womans monechly courfes, and caufe an eafiecravail, two drams being drunk in wacefwich Penny-royal. And if a Woman with childe go a fecref over a Beaver, (he will fuffer abortment ; and Hippocrates affirmeth, that a perfume made with Cafto- reum, Afles dung,and Swines greafe, openeth a clofed womb. Therein an Antidote called Viacoftu, made of this Cajioreum, good againft che Megrim, Falling ficknefs, Apoplexies, Palfies, and weaknefs of lims, as may be feen in Myrepfut : againft che impocen- cy of che congue, crembling of che members, and ocher fuch infirmicies. Thefe vertues of a A miraculous Beaver thusdefcribed, I will conclude this difcourfe with aHiftoryof a ftrange beaft'like unto j^j^^ this, related by Vurirams Campui-hellus (a noble Knight) who affirmed, thae there are in Arcadia, leaven great lakes fome 30 miles compafs, and fome lefTe, whereof one is called Garloil, out of which in Anm 1510 about che midftof Summer, in a morning came a beaft abouc che bignefsof a wacer Dog, having feec like a Goofe, who wich his cail eafily threw down fmall crees,and prefent- Jy wich a fwifc pace he made after fome men that he fa w, and wich chree ftrokes he likewife over- 1 ; threw three of them, cherefidue climbing up inco trees efcaped/and che beaft wichouc any Jong tarrying, returned back again into the water, which beaft hath at ocher times been feen, and it is oblerved, that this appearance oftheMonfter 5 did give warning 6f fome ftrange evils upon the Land ; which ftory is recorded by Heftor Bodkins. g 39 Of the B I SO ft. ABifon called of fome Latins, though corruptly, Vrfon, and Vefm\ of che Grecians, Bifoon; of che of the name] Lituanians, Suber • of che folonians, Zuber, from whence fome Latins derived Zufre, for a Bifon. Of the Germans, Vifent, and Vtfcnt, and Wifent : a beaft very ftrange as may appear by his figure prefixed, which by many Authors is taken for Vrus, fome for a Bugil,or wildeOx ; other for Rangifer , and many for the beaft Taratidus a Bxffe. By reafon whereof there are noc many things, which can by infallible collection be learned of chis beaft among chewricers; yecicis cruly Place of tbcic and generally held for a kind ofwilde Ox, bred in che Northern parts of the World for chemoft breed, part, and never tamed, as in S(ytb:a,Mofcovia,Hercynia, Ihracia, and Prujjia. But thofe tall wilde Vhilofiephari. Oxen which are faid to be in Lapponia, and che Dukedom of Angermannia, z re more cruly /aid The reafon of to be Vii, as in their ftory ihall be afterward declared. Thiirnameis taken from Thracia yihich. iheirnaowr. E 2 was 4° The Hiftory of Four-footed Beaft s. Vatinus. Several kindest the great Bi- Jon. The feveral parts. The flrensth of this Beaft. The quantity oCBifens. The ft l ength was once called Bijlonia, and the people thereof Brjloncs, from Biftothe Son of Ckas and ferpficho' StePbanuf. re • and thereof came Bifioni* Grues, cranes of TkracU^ and ^y?o«/<« Law, for the lake or fca ot A fecret'mthe D; 5 C4M) near Abdera, where never living thing, or other of leffe weight was caft in but it prefently Lake Dicaa. f un |< an£ J W as drowned. This Bifon is called Taurus Ptomciujhe P^cnicm-Bull, whereof I finde two kinds, one of greater,and another of leffer fize,called the Scotia^ot Caljdonian B//ow,whereof you fhall fee the pi&ure and qua- lities at the foot of this Hiftory. The greater is as big as any Bull or Oxe, being maned about the neck and back like a Lion, and hath hair hanging down under his chin or neather lip like a large beard : and a rifing or little ridge down along his face, beginning at the height of his head, and continuing to his nofe very hairy; his horns great and very (harp, yet turning up towards his back, and at the points hooked like the wilde Goats oftheAlpes, but much greater: they are black of colour, and with them through the admirable ftrength of his neck can he toffe into the air, a horfe and horfeman both together. They are as big as the Vextarii which are the greateft Stallions oHtaly. Their face looketh downward, and they have a ftrange ftrength in their tongue, for by licking they grate like a file any indifferent hard fubftance, but especially they can therewith draw unto them any man or beaft of inferior con- tf their tongue, dition, whom by licking they wound to death. Their hair is red,yelIow, or black, their eyes very great and terrible ; they fmell like a Mofchm or Muscat , and their mane reacheth over their fhoulders, fhaking it irefully when he brayeth ; their face or forehead very broad, efpecially betwixt their horns, for Sigifmcnd King of Polonia, having kild one of them in hunting, ftood betwixt his horns, with two other men not much lefler in quan- tity then him(elf,who was a goodly well proportioned and perfonal Prince. There are two bunches on his back, the former near his fhoulders, which is the higher, and the other near the rump, which is lomewhat lower. Ihavefeen the horns of a Bifon, which was in the hands of a Goldfmith to tip with filverand gilt, that it might be fit to drink in: it did bend like the talon of an E igle or Gryphin, or fome ravenous bird. Theflefh in Summer time is molt fat, but it tafteth fomuch of wilde Garlick, or Ramfens, that it is not pleafant to eat, being full of fmall veins and ftrings, and is accounted a noble and ftrong kind of flefh : the bloudis the mod pureft in the world, excelling in colour any purple, and yet for all that it is fo hot, that being let forth when the Beaft dyeth, within two houres fpace it putrefieth, and the flefh it felf in the coldeft Winter will not keep fweet many hours, by reafon of the immoderate heat thereof, if the Hunter do not after the fall of die beaft, fcparate from it the intrails: and which is moft ftrange of A Tf cvet in the all, being pierced alive with any hunting fpear, dart, or fword, the weapon by the heat of the body inwn-d heat of i s made fo weak and foluble, that it cometh forth as flexible as lead: and to conclude, it is a moft thisbeaft. ^ no kj e anc j fj erce fpj r j cec } b a ft ? never afraid, or yeelding till breath faileth, neither can he be taken Th:i; hunting with any nets or gins, untill they be thoroughly wearyed : wherefore they which hunt him , muft be The flefh of tfcis Beaft. Bonarus. Baro. Of the Bifun. 41 be very llrong, nimble and skilful men, or elfe that fporc will be their own undoing and over- throw. Sigi[m. Bart: Therefore when they go to hunt this Bifon, they choofe a place replenifhed with large trees, neither fo great that they cannot eafily wind about them, nor fo hctle that they fliall not be able to cover their bodies from the horn or tongue of the bealt : behind which the hunters place them- ielves out of fight : and then the Dogs rouzeup the beaft, driving him to that place where the hun- ters ftand; whom the beaft firftefpyeth, to him he maketh force, who mult warily keep the tree for his fhield, and with his fpear wound him where he can, who will not fall without many mortal ftrokes, but vvaxe more and more eager, not only witli horn but with tongue, for if he can but ap- prehend any part of the hunters garment with his tongue, he lofeth no hold but draweth him un- to him, and with his horn and feet killeth him: but if the fight be long, and fo the hunter wearied and out of breath,then doth he caft a red cap unto the beaft,who maketh at it with head and feet, never leaving till it be all in pieces ; and if another come to help him as hundtrs muft, if they will return alive, then fhall he eafily draw the beaft to combate, and forfake the firft man, if he cry La-lu-lu. Paa/dfli^fhewethhowthefeBifonsare taken alive, in this fort. The hunters (faith he) chufe out j n Vhouck. ibmefteepandflippery down hill, whereupon they lay skins of bealts newly takenoff, and if they How Bifons want fuch, then anoint they old skins with oil, and fo leave them fpread upon thofe fteeping or ben- ai 'c ta ' iCn a hve« ding paflages ; then raife they the beafts, and with Dogs and other means on horfeback drive them along to the places where they laid their hides, and as loon as they come upon the skins they flip and fall down, rowling headlong till they come into the valleys, from whence they conftrain them back again fome other way, three or four times a day, making them fall down the hils as aforefaid, and fo wearying them with continual hunting, and faifing. At the laft they come unto them, when they are no more able to rife for faintnefs, and give them Fine-apples taken out of the fhels, (for with that meat are they delighted ) and fo while they eagerly feed and lie weary on the ground, theyintoil them in bands and manacles, and lead them away alive. The medicines coming from The medicines this beaft may be conjectured to be more forcible, then of common and ordinary Oxen, but becaufe not ^ no wn « they were not known to the Grec'iam and Arabians, and w*e finde nothing recorded thereof ; we will conclude the ftory of this great Bifon , with good opinion of the virtues, though we are notable 10 learn or difcover them to others. I Of the white SCOTIAN BISON* 4? The HiHory of Four- footed 'Beattf. Theharnre of hateful and fearful of mankind, that ic will not feed of chat graffe or thole hearbs,whcreof he favour- ibis U;:oa. eth a man hath touched, no nor for many days together » and if by art or policy'they happen to be taken aiive,chey will die with very fullen grief; If they mecta man,prefently they make fcrceat him, fea. mg neither Dogs, Spears, nor other weapons. Their flefh is very pleafant,though full of fmews, and very acceptable to the greateft Nobles, for which caufe they are grown to a fmall number - their qualities being like to the former beaft, excepting their colour and beard, I will texm them a white Caljdunitw, or Scotian BISON. BON ASUS, the figure of the Head and Horns. Of the name, '"jpH s beaft is called in Greek^ J Bcnalos, and in La\in^ B<2 na\us, and is alfo called Monops, or Monopios^nd once in drijio- now the Germans Sc EnpJ/Jb call the long hair about the neck of any beaft, a Ma kinde of Bijon. InPhrygia there is a Skfhanm, territory called Tarandros, and peradventure this beaft had his name from that Countrey, wherein ic may be he was firft difcovered and made known. The quantity of this beaft, exceedeth not the quantity of a viilde Ox, whereunto in all the parts The quantity of his body he is moft like, except in his head, face, and horns: hi|legs and hoofs are alfo like an «j* ttaturc of * Oxes. The goodnefs of his hide is memorable, and defired in all the cold Countries in the world, j^/hide is wherein only thefe beafts and all other of ftrong thick hides are found , for the thinneft and moft m oft profitably unprofitable skins of beafts, are in the hot and warmer parts of the world : and God hath provided to man, thick, warm, moft commodious, and precious covers for thofc beafts that live fartheft from the Sun. Whereupon many take the hides of other beafts for Buffe, for being tawed and wrought artificially they make garments of them, as it is daily to be feen in Germany . 45 Of thz Vulgar BUGIL. r A Bugil is called in Latine, Bubalnf 5 and Butfalus; in French, Beufle ; in Spanifh, Bufano; in Ger- The fevera} ] J\_man, Buffel; and in the Illyrian tongue, Bouwol. The Hebrews have no proper word for it, but names. comprehend it under To, which fignifieth any kind of wilde Oxen ; for neither can it be expreffed by Meruh, which fignifieth fatted Oxen ; or Bekarmi, which fignifieth Oxen properly ; or Jachmur t which the Perfians call Kutzcsbi, or Bitzcobi, and is ufually tranflated a Wilde-Afle. For which beaft the Hebrews have many words; neither have the Grecians any proper word for a vulgar Bugil, for Boubatei and Boubatu, are amongft them taken for a kinde of Roe-buck,. So that this Bubalus was Thc original firft of allfome modern or barbarous term in Afiick^y taken up by the Italians , and attributed f the term to this beaft, and many other for whom they knew no proper names. For in the time of Pliny y Bubalm, they ufed to call ftrange beafts like Oxen or Bulls, Vri- as now a days (led with the fame error, or rather ignorance) they call fqctyB^d//, or Buffali. The true erfigies of the vulgar Bugil, was fentunto mc by Cornelius Sittardus, a famous Phyfitian in Norimbergj,. and it is piduredby a tame and familiar Bugil fuch as liveth among men for labour, as it feemeth to me. For there is difference among thefe beafts, (as Arifioilc hath affirmed) both in colour, mouth, horn, and ftrength. This vulgar Bugil, is of a kinde of wilde Oxen, greater and taller then the ordinary Oxen, their Of the vulgafr body being thicker and ftronger, and their limbs better compad together; their skin moft hard, Bugil and he£ their other parts very lean, their hair fhort, fmall, and black, but little or noqe at all upon jche tail, P a " s * which is alfo fhort and fma II. The head hangeth downward to the earth, and is but little , being compared with the refidue of his body; and his afpqd or face betokeneth a tameable and fimple difpofition. His fore-head is broad and curled witlVhair, his horns more flat then round , very Behmttsl long, bending together at th*e Of the Bull. 47 true and perfect fhape of this beail. There was luch a one to be ieen or lace ac h lormce , under the name or* an / dian Oxe, faving his head was greater and Jonger, his horns not high nor bend- ing together, but (landing upright, and a httle wretching into fpires above their roor , and the hinder part of the back much lower then the fhoulders , but it may be the observer of this beall failed and took not the true defcription of it. This creature or African Bugil, muft be underftood to be a wilde beaft, and not of a tame kinde, The nature of although Beltonius exprefleth not fo much. Leo in his defcription of djric^, relateth a difcourfe thiikait. of a certain beall called L hath given denomination to Men, Stars, Mountains, Rivers, Trees, Ships, and many other things,, which canfed hachimusCamerarius to make thereof this enigmatical riddle. th'- dcl ' e " P * Maeckus exam regis : fed lignea membra feqwbar, Zaw. W ° EtCilicum mens \um : fed mons fum nomine [oh. tr vebor in cxlo : fed in ipfis ambnlo terris. That is in divers fenfes, Taurus was a Kings Pander, the root of a tree, a Mountain in Cilicia , & Bull, a Mountain in name, a Star or fign in heaven, and a River upon the earth : fo alfo we read of StauLius Taurus, and Pomponius Vitulus, two Rowans. It was the cuftom in thofedays, to give the names of beafts to their children, efpecially among the Trcglodyu, and that Adulterer which ravifh- ed Europa, was Taurus the King of Crete ; or as ibmefay, a King that came in a Ship, whofe En- fign and name was the Bull; and other affirm, that it was Jupiter in the likenefs of a Bull, becaufe he had fo defloured Ceres when he begat Projerpina, and afterward defloured Proferpina his daughter, in the likenefs of a Dragon. It is reported that when Achelous did fight with Hercules for Veianei- rathe Daughter of Oe neus King of Calydon, finding ;himfelf to be too weak to match Herculer, turned himfelf fuddenly into a Serpent, and afterward into a Bull ; Hercules feeing him in that pro- portion, fpeedily pulled from him one of his horns, and gave it to Gopia the companion of Fortune, whereof cometh that phrafe of ^ornuco^ia. Afterward, Achelous gave unto Hercules one of the * Horns of Amalibea, and fo received his own again, and being overcome by Hercules, hid himfelf in the River of Thoas, which after his own name bending forth into one horn or crook, was called Ache- lous. By thefe things the Poets had lingular intentions to decipher matters of great momenc un- der hidden and dark Narrations. Reafons why But there are four reafons given, why Rivers are called Taurocrani : that is, Bu-l~heads. Firft, be- "cdTawccwi caufe when they empty themlelves into the Sea, they roar or bellow like Bute, with the noife of their falling water. Secondly, becaufe they furrow the earth like a draught of Oxen with a plow, and much deeper. Thirdly, becaufe the fweeteft and deepeft paftures unto which thefe cattel refort, are near the rivers. Fourthly, becaufe by their crooking. and winding, they imitate the fafhion of a horn, and alfo are impetuous, violent, and unrefiftible. The ftrcngth The ftrength of the head and neck of a Bull is very great, and his fore-head feemeth to be made and feveral for fight : having horns fhort, but ftrong and piked, upon which he can tofs into the air very great parts of Bulls. an( j weighty beaits, which he receiveth again as they fall down, doubling their elevation with re- newed ftrength and rage, untill they be utter ly confounded. Their ftrength in all the parts of their body is great, and they ufe to ftrike backward with their heels : yet is it reported by Celim Titernus TheprodiRi- a Neat-heard of JEtdia, that being in the field among the cattel , took one of the nioft fierce and ™t\ norms* ftr-ongeft Buls in the herd by the hinder-leg, and there in defpite of the Bull ftriving to the contrary, held him with one hand, untill another Bull came by him, whom he likewife took in his other hand, and fo perforce held them both : which thing being feen by MHo Crotoniates, he lifted up his hands to heaven, crying out by way of Interrogation to Jupiter, and faying: Jupiter, haft thou [ent ano- ther Hercules amongft us ? Whereupon came the common proverb of a ftrong armed man : JbU^ , f g/io/foq Hercules., The like ftory is reported by Suidas of Polydamas, who firft of all flew a Lyon , and UtflMJffc "afterTieldaBullby the leg fo iaft, that the beaft ftriving to get out of his hands, left the hoof of his foot behindehim. The Ef itkites of this beaft are many among Writers, as when they call him Brazen-footed, wilde, chearful, fharp, plower, warrier, horn-bearer, blockifh,great,g!iftering,fierce,valiant, and louring, which feemeth to be natural to this beaft ; infomuch as the Grammarians derive Torvitas , grimnefs or lowring,from Taurus, a Bull, whofe afped carryeth wrath and hatred in it : wherefore it is Pro- Thelr feveral verbially faid in JFcflphalia, of a lowring and fcouling countenance, Eir fic als ein ochs der dem,flefch u~ ? a »s. xsei Entloftritf : That is , he looketh like jl Bull efcaped from one ftroke of the Butcher. Their horns are leffer but ftronger then Oxen or Kle, for all beafts that are not gelded, have fmalier horns and thicker skuls then other, but the Buls of Scytbiaas is faid elfewhere, have no horns. Their heart is full of nerves or finews, their blood is full of fmall veins, for which caufe he ingendereth withmoft fpeed, and it hardneth quickly. In the gall of aBullthereisaftone called Gtters , and in fome places the gall is called Mammafur. They are plentiful in moft Countries , as is faid in the Countries of difcourfeof Oxen, but the beft fort are in Epirus, next mThracia, and then in Italy, Syria, England, their bell Macedonia, Phyya, and Belgia : for the Bulls of Gallia are impaired by labour, and the Buls of JEthi- brce ' cpe are the Rhinocerotes, as the Buls of the woods are Elephants. Their time of They ^ eiire tne Cow at eight months old, but they are not able to fill her till they be two years copulation. old, and they may remain tolerable for breeders untiil they be 12. and not paft. Every Bull is fufficient for ten Kie, and the Buls muft not feed with the Kie, for two months before their leaping time, Of the Bull. 49 time, and then let them come together without reftraint, and give theft Pcafe, or Barley, if their hdr foo.i /'or pafture be not good. The belt time to fuffer them with their females, is the midft of the Spring, and p 1 ""^^. if the Bull be heavy, take the tayl of an Hart and burn it to powder,then ftoiften it in Wine,and rub therewith the genitals of a Bull, and he will rife above meafure into luft : wherefore,ifit be more then tolerable, it mull be allayed with Oyl. The violence of a Bull in the act of copulation is fo great, G) u \ n i\\\ M , that if he mifs the females genital entrance, he woundcth or much harmeth her in any other place • fending forth his feed without any motion except touching, and a Cow being filled by him, he will never after leap her, during the time (he is with Calf: wherefore the Egyptians decipher by a Bull fa health, without the itch of lull, a temperate continent man, and EpiHetus faying of Sujline and Al- fiine • that is and F&r£wr, was emblematically defcribed by a Bull, having his knee bound and and tyed to a Cow in the hand of the Neat-herd, with this fubfcription. Hard fortune is to bandu e l with patience , and happinefs is often to be feat ed y for Epictetus_/rf/J, Bear and forbear; wemuft fuffer r> any things, and with-hold our fingers from forbidden fruits - f for jo the hull which fvcayeth rule among beafis, being bound in his right knee, abfiain.th from his female great u ith young. When they burn in luft, their wrath is moft outragious againft their companions in the fame pa- fture, with whom they agreed in former times, and then the conquerer coupleth with the Cow : butwhenheis weakenedwith generation, the beaft that was overcome, fetteth upon him arrefti, The fight of and oftentimes overcometh : which kinde of love-fight is elegantly defcribed by Oppianus, as follow- c o">b:ue of eth. One that is the chiefeft ruleth over all the other herd, who tremble at the fight and prefence L " 1Is ' of this their eager King,and efpecially the Kye, knowing the infulting jealoufie of their raging hus- band. When the herds of other places meet together,beholding one another with difdaintul coun- tenances, and with their loughing terrible voices provoke each other, puffing out their flaming rage of defiance, and dimming the gliltering light with their often duft-beating-feet into the air, who prefently take up the challenge, and feparate themfelves from the company, joyning together at the found of their own trumpets-loughing voyce,in fearful and (harp conflicts,not fparing,not yeelding, not retiring,till one or both of them tall wounded to the earth: fometimes turning round, fometimes holding heads together, as if they were Coach-fellows : and as two mighty fhips well manned,with fufficient arms and ftrength, by force of winds and floods violently rufhing one againft another, do break and iplit afunder , with the horrible cry of the Souldiers, and ratling of the armour: fodo thefeBuls, with voice, legs, horns, and ftrength, like cunning and valiant Mardalitts , make the founds of their blows to ring betwixt heaven and earth, untill one of them be vanquilhed and over- thrown. The poor over-corned beaft, with (hame retireth from the herd, and will no more appear, untill he be enabled to make his party good againft his triumphant adverfary : then he feedeth folicary in * / the Woods and Mountains, for it is proverbially faid, to fignifie a fingle and unmarryed life, abiit J ^ T aurusin filva rtj' that is, the Bull is gone to the Wood to live folitarily without his female, often ~ckercifing himfelf like a ftudious Champion againft the day of a new combate, and when he findeth his ftrength increafed, and his courage armed for the day of battel, then roareth he in the Woods and Mountains,to provoke his adverfary to anfwer ; and perceiving his own voyce to be more fierce and violent then is his enemies, forth he proceedeth like fome refrefhed Giant, confident in his ftrength, defending the lifts of a fecond combate, where he eafily overcometh the Victor, weakned with copulation, and not exercifed or fitted to fuch a triall through fulnefs and venery : fo the firft that was vanquiftied becometh Conqueror. The very lame is in other words defcribed by Virgil: Bulls are enemies to all beafts that live up- Geon.?: on prey, as Bears, Lyons, and Wolves : whenthey fight with Wolves, they winde their tails toge- Then- enmity ther, and fo drive them away with their horns • when the Bear fightet h with an Oxe,fhe falleth on toother bealb, her back, watching opportunity to take his horns with her fore-feet ; which if Ike catch, with the weight of her body fhewearieth the beaft, who is foearneft in combate with thefebeafts, that they will fight their tongues hanging out of their mouths.The Crow is enemy to Bulls and Afles , for in her flight fhe will ltnke at their eyes • and it is eafier for the Bull to be revenged of a Lyon, then on fuch a bird: Red colour ftirreth up a Bull to fight,neither can the Neat-herds govern thefe with fuch 'facility as they do the females, for when they wander and go aftray, nothing can recall them but the voice of their females for copulation, which they underftand and hear,being a mile or two diftant. The voyce of a Bull is lharper and (hriller then is the loughing of a Cow • they are moft couragi- ous that have (hort and thick necks, and in their greateft wildenefs, if their right knee can be bound, „ . . they will not ftir ; or if they be tyed to a wilde fig-tree, which is fo fearful to the nature of an Oxe AfTSw h- or Bull, that it hath been leen, how a very few flicks of that wood have fod a great quantity of Bu Is tanJLofa' * flefhin (hortertime, then a. far greater number of other wood fet on fire could perform: which Bu'.l. ° caufed the Egyptians in ancient time, to picture a' Bull tyed to a wilde fig-tree, tojignifie a mar} that u ^^^O chang ed his manners thro ^q luaJamir y / Out of the hides of Bulls, efpecially their ears,necks,and genitalis moft excellent g!ew confected, T htir y k$ but for the moft part it is corrupted , by feething with it old leather of fhooes or boots : but that of Rbedes is without all fraud, fit for Phyfitians and Painters, and evermore the whiter the better ; for that which is black is good for nothing • wherefore that which is made out of Bui's hides, is fo white, that it fendethfortha brightnefs,whofe vertuous con junction in conglutination is fo powerful, that it is eafier to break a whole piece of wood then any part fo glevved together therewith : and for this invention,we are(faith Piin;)indebted zoDedalm the firft author thereof. They tifed it in inlh -umer.ts ofmufick,a.nd fuch other tender and pretious actions. F The The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Of die gall. The gal! oi an Oxe put upon Copper or Brafs, rnaketh it glitter like Gold 5 for which caufe it is ufed by Piayers, to colour their counterfeit Crowns. The flefh of a Bull is good for meat, hut ycc O: the flefli. mt f good as an Oxe or Cow • yet did the Egyptians abftain from eating Cows flefh, and not from the fledi or Bulls. Thefe bealls are ufed in fome places to plow, in fome to fight • and it is reported by JElianus ,that M)tbridatei King of Pcnius y beiide his guard of men, had alfo a guard of a Bull, a Horfe , and a Hart, which he t;;mecl with his own hands • fq that when his, followers were afleep, if any ftranger came DOCr, they failed not to awake hitn, by one of their Several voyces. It is reported alio, that if the no- ftnlsoi 'a Bull be anoynted with Oyl of Roles, he will preiently l©fe his eye-fight : and that in the Leo Afric. Lake A[\ b :it;ns there can no living creature abide,andyet many Bulls and Camels fwim therein Safe- ly. It is but fabulous that there were Bulls in Colcbn^ which did breath out fire,except by that fi&ion The Sacrificing the Poets undcrltood the beaftly rage of the rich Inhabitants. Touching the facrificing of Bulls ; it of Bulls. was alio the cuftom of the old Egyptians to facrifice a Bull unto Eyaphus : and their manner was, firft of all to try him whether it were fit for facrifice, by laying meal before them, whereof if they re- fused to talte, they were adjudged not apt for the Temple. C&Vw. The T>iuui* call a general facrifice Vifcum, whereby they affirm all grievances may be cured. Firft ( Araldm. they prepared a banquet with facrifice under fome tree, then brought they two white Bulls fattened I Any. together by the horns, and then they gave a drink to any barren creature, woman, or brute beaft, holding religioully, that by that drink they (hould be made fruitful, and free from all poyfon : Un- to fo great a height did the folly of blnide people arife, to put religion in every unreasonable inven- • tion, under pretence ot any good intention devifed by idolatrous Priefts. As often as they flew and offered a Bull, and poured Frankincenfe and Wine upon the hoaft, theyfaid • The Bull is increafed with Frankincenfe and Wine : but the hnians did belt comfort themfelves in their Sacrifices, where Tauftnias. the Bull before his death did lough at the Altar and the Meftnians did binde their Bull which was to be Sacrificed to the ghoft of Arifiomene, unto certain Pillars in his Sepukhre: if therefore the Bull did fhake the pillar while he leaped to and fro to get liberty, they took it fora good fignor Omen, but if it ftood immoveable, they held it a mournful and lamentable thing. It is likewife repor ted by Varims ,that when Agamemnon ignorantly killed one of the Harts ofViana in Auln^at w r as fo wroth.that (he ftayed the winds from blowing upon his Navy ,fo a? they could not ftir out of harbour: hereupon they went to the Oracle,where anfwer was given 3 thatthe goddefs was to be pacified with fome one of Agammnons blood, therefore Vlyffts was lent away to fetch Jphige- ma, the daughter of Agamemnon from her mother Glitemneffra, under pretence to be marryed to Achilles ; but when ftie was ready to be Sacrificed, the goddefs took pity on her, and accepted a Bull in her Head, which ought not to be thought incredible, feeing that in holy Scripture a Ram was Sub- stituted in the place ofljaac. 11. ey were wont alfo to facrifice a Bull to Neptune,, and to all the Rivers, becaufe of that affinity which they held a Bull hath with all waters : and to Apollo , according to this Vitejlian verfe, 'lamumNefiunoSIaurwntibi yulcbtr Apollo. But unto Jupiter it was unaccuftomed to be offered, per- haps becaufe he had often (hewed himfelf in that likenefs, toravifh and deflour women. There he Proverbs of a certain Proverbs of a Bull, which are not altogether impertinent in this place. Firft, it is commonly faid. _that hema^bear_a Bnjhhjitharii born a CaJf ; whereby is meant, that he may be more fub- 1 — — jeci tVfilthineisTnage, whicTTw^sToTn youth. uartilla was a woman of moft vile reputation for uttcleannefs, becaufe (he faid, that when (he was little, (he lay with little ones like her felf, and when (he grew bigger, (he applyed her felf to the pleafure of elder men, growing in filthinefs as (he had Like the Eng- increafed in years. Likewife they were wont to fay ofanabfurdor impoffible thing ; t hat if a Bul_L the »k° B U S E L A P H U'S> THere was (faith V.Cay) a cloven-footed beaft brought out of the Deferts of Mauritania into E«g/o\d Oxen.Thcle are alfo diftinguifhed in fex, the Male Calf is Vitulus, the Female Vitula ; likewife luvmw, a Steer,and Juvmca, an Heifer, Bw,anOxe, a.nd Vacca, a Cow ; Taurus, a. Bull ; laura>a barren Cow ; and H»rda -) a bearing and fruitful Cow : of whom the Romans obferved certain feftival days called Hordicalia jt wherein they facrifked thofe Cattel. The Latines have alfo Vaccula and Bucula for a little Cow ; Vaccula non nunquam [ecreta cubilia captans 3 V\rg. ' And again, Aut Bucula Cxkm. And Bucalus or Bos novellm for a little Oxe. Scbor in the Hebrew fignifieth a Bull or Oxe , Bal^r, Herds, or a Cow. Ihor m the Chaldet hath the fame fignification with Schor , and among the later Writers you may finde "iora a mafculine, and Torat a a feminine, for a Bull and a Cow, accuftomed to be handled for labour. The Grecians call them Bous and hoes, the Arabians, Bakar- and it is to be noted, that the holy Scriptures diftinguifh betwixt Tzon, iignifying flocks of Sheep and Goats, and Bakar for Herds of Cattel and Neat : and Meria is taken for Bugils, or the gieateft Oxen, or rather for fatted Oxen, for the verb M^rrffeiigniheth to feed fat. Egela is interpreted Jer. 46. for a young Cow ; and the Pafuns,Gojalai : It is very probable that the Latine.yaccajs derived from the Hebrew, Bakar , as the Saracen word, Baccara-, foin Hebrew, Para is a Cow, and Par y a Steer, and Ben Bakar, thefon ofanOxe,or Calf: and whereas the Hebrews take Parim, for Oxen in general, the Chaldees tranflate it Tore ; the Arab>,,Bakera ; the Per jians,Nad$at:ab, or NJjdagaucha • the Italians, c&W it Sue ; the Frencb,Eeuf\ the Spaniards^Buey ; the Germans, Ochs, and Rind x.hzlllyrians.lVull. The Italians call a Of the nam§ Cow Frfcca at this day ; the Gr&cians^Bubalis, and Damalis, or Vamalai ; (for a Cow which never was of a Cow, covered with a Bull, or tamed with a yoke) and Agelada. The Frencb'vache ;the Spaniard, Vac a ; the Germans, K«> or Kuhe ; and the Citizens of Alunafieva : from which the Englifb word Cow feemeth to be derived; the Latine word is, a young Heifer, which hath ceafed to be a Calf. There are Oxen in moft part of the world, which differ in quantity, nature, and manner, one Thediverfity from another, and therefore do require a feveral Traftate. And firft, their Oxen of Italy are moft of Oxen in all k^J^Y famous, for as much as fome learned men have affirmed, that the namej^i^jtvas firft of all derived £ ounuc > s « tyd*»*S of the Greek, wordltalot^ fignifying Ox£n ; becaufe of the abundance bred and nounfhed in thofe ano ' parts, and the great account the ancient Romans made hereof, appeareth by notable example 0xsno f />/y of pumfhment , who banifhed a certain Countrey man for killing an Oxe in his rage, and denying that he eat thereof, as if he had killed a man : likewife in Italy their Oxeq are not all F 3 a!ike ? i 54 The Hitfory of Four-footed leasts. Ariflotje. ylonia. JElhnus. Leo Afric. 4f\ - can oxen. Armenian oxt n. JEli.mus. Va'inut. BceAnw Oxen. C unci an oxen, Ifi'US. Tliny. Ibeodout. Juice*. JEUanuf. Mi panioUt Oxen. Peter Martyr. Rafts. Indian Oxen. Ctffias. Solmur. fliny. JELiams. JElitmus. Sclinus. Herodotus. Ar'tfolle, alike, lor they ot Qv^faaia are for the molt pare white and (lender, yet able to manure the Countrey wherein they are bred ; they oiVmbria^zx^ of great bodies,yet white and red coloured. In Hetruria. Mm* they are very compact and wejl fetor made, ftrong for labour, but the moit ftrong are chofe of AvcnnuK ,al4jOJUgh they appear not to the eye very beautiful. 1 lie Egyptian], which dwell about T^jlus have Oxen as white as fnow, and of exceeding high and great ttature, ( greater then the Oxen of Grata) yet fo meek and gentle, that they are eafily ruled and governed by men. Tiie Auman Oxen are of divers colours ; intermingled one within ano- ther, having a whole round hoof like a horfe, and but one horn growing out of the middle of their forehead. The domestical or tameO^en of Afik^znt fo fmall, that one would take them for Calves of two years old ; the Ajiicam (faith Strabo) which dwell betwixt G'tulia and our Coalt or Countrey ,have Oxen and Horfes which have longer lips and hoofs then other, and by the Grecians are termed Microltcila\eroi. The Armenian Oxen have two horns, but winding and crooking to and fro like Ivie which cleaveth to Oaks, which are of fuch exceeding hardnefs that they will blunt any fword that is itroke.upon them, without receiving any impreflion or cut thereby- Some are of opinion, that the only excellent breed of Cattel is in BoeMa, neer the City Tanagra (called once Pammdra) by reafon of their famous Cattel, the which Oxen are called Coprophtga, by reafon that they will eat the dung of man ; fo alfo do the Oxen ofC;/>r#f, to eafe the pains of their fmall guts. The Caricians in a part of Afta are not pleafant to behold, having (baggie hair, and bunches on either (houlders, re~chmg or fwelling to their necks; but thofe which are either white, or black, are refufed for labour. Epirus yeeldeth alfo very great and large Oxen, which the inhabitants call Fyirici , becaufe that their firft ftock or fominary were kept by King ?}rrhus\ howfoever other fay, that they have their name of their fiery flaming colour: they are alfo called Larani of a Village Larimnu or of Larir.iu, a chief Neat-herd : of whom Aiheneui maketh mention, who received this great breed of Cattel of Heuufes when he returned from the (laughter of Gerkn: who reigned about Ambracia and Ampholochi, where through the fatnefs of the earth and goodnefs of the Pafture they grow to fo great a ftature. Ocher call them Cejirini^ I know not for what caufe, yet it may be proba- ble that they are called Larini, by reafon of their broad Noftrils, for Rines in Greeks fignifieth No- (trils : but the true caufe of their great bone and ftature is, becaufe that neither fex were fuffe- red to couple one with another, untill they were four years old at the leaft, and therefore they were called Atauri, and Setauri, and they were the proper goods of the King: neither could they live in any other place but in Epirus ^ by reafon that the whole Countrey is full of fweet and deep paltures. AH the Oxen mlculxa are white at the time of their Calving, and for this caufe the Poets call that Countrey Argr.boeon. If that Oxen or Swine be tranfported or brought into Hijpaaiola, they gi ow fo great, that the Oxen have been taken for Elephants, and their Swine for Mules, but I take this relation to be hyperbolical. There are Oxen in India which will eat flefh like Wolves, and have but one horn, and whole hoofs; fome alfo have three horns ; there be other as high as Camels, and their horns four foot broad. There was a horn brought out of \ndia\to Pio'em) the fecond, which received three Amfhoraet of water, amounting the leaft to thirty Engltfh gallons of wine meafure ; whereby it may be con- jectured of how great quantity is the bead that bare it. The Indians, both Kings and people, make no frnall reckoning of thefe hearts, (I mean their vulgar Oxen) for they are moft fwift in courfe, and will run a race as faft as anyhorfe, fothat in their courfe you cannot know an Ox from a Horfe, waging both gold and filver upon their heads; and the Kings themfelves are fo much delighted with this paftime, that they follow in their Wagons, and will with their own mouths and hands provoke the beafts to run more fpeedily .- and herein the Ox exceedeth a Horfe, becaufe he will not accomplifh his race with fufflcient celerity, except his rider draw bloud from "his fides with the fpur, bnt the Oxes rider need not to lay any hands or pricks at all upon him, his only ambitious nature of overcoming (carrying him more fwiftly then all the rods or fpurs of the world could prevail on him). And of this game, the loweft of the people alfo are very greedy, laying many wagers, making many matches, and adventuring much time and price to fee their event. Amoigtbe Indians there are alfo other Oxen which are not much greater then great Goats, who like wife in their yoaks are accuftomed to run many races, which they performe with as great (peed as a Geiican Horfe; and all thefe Oxen mult be understood to be wilde Oxen. There be Oxen in LeuUria (which Arifiotle affirmeth) have their ears and horns growing both together forth of one (tern. The Oxen of the Garamants, and all other Neat among them, feed with \ heir necks doubled backward, for by reafon of their long and hanging horns, they cannot eat their meu, holding their heads directly (traight. The felf fame is reported of the beafts of Troglodyu • in other things they differ not from other Oxen,(avc only in the hardnefs of their skin, and thefe Oxen are called Opifthonomi. In the Province of Bangala, are Oxen (faith Pauhs Vemtus) which equall the Elephant in height. The Oxen in My fa have no horns, which other affirm alfo of the Scythians, whereof they afiign this reafon, Of the Cow. 5 5 reafon, becaufe the univerlal bone of the skull hath no CowmifJ'ure or joint opened, and cannot re- ceive any humour flowing unto it, by reafon of the hardnefs refitting, and the veins belonging to this bone are weaker and final ier then in other ; for which alfo they are more unfit to convey riourifhrnent to the place : and fo the neck of thefe bcafts muft needs be more dry and iefle ftrong, becaufe the vcinsare very little. The Oxen have bunches* growing on their backes like Ca- mels, and upon them do they bear their burdens, being taught by the difciplinc of men, to bend on their knee to receive their load. Among the Numides (which winter their Cattel about the M.irifhes of Mt'n) there are alfo JElianuh certain Cattel without horns ; whereof fome are ,fo naturally, the other have their horns Nw*diak fawed off, as foon as they grow forth, becaufe of all the parts of their body, they only can endure no cold. There be Oxen in ?hr\gia and Erythrea which are are of a flaming red colour, of a very high and JKlhms. winding neck, their horns are not like any other in the world, lor they are moved with their ears Opp/anus. turning in aflexibie manner fbmetime one way and fomctime another. Vlrygian ani The S)fian Oxen called I eBd are of great ftrength, having a broad forehead, ftrong horns, and ^thnan fearful or couragious afped, bting neidier too fat or too lean of/their bodies • and they are j^^ im ufed both for war and alfo for running. 0xCll ^sirfal The Oxen of the Belgian Provinces, especially Frifiland and Holland are alio of very great ftature, g/ Q % en ' for it hath been found by good experience, that one of them hath weighed fixteen hundred pounds Q^iarglnie, Try weight : and when the Earl of Hoochjiaie was at M-ichin in Frijeland, there was prefented unto him a great Ox, which being killed, weighed above two thoufand five hundred twenty and eight pound. The which thing being fo ftrange as the like had not been beforetime oblerved;to the intent that fucceeding ages might not miftruft fuch a memorable report,the faid Earlcaufed the full pifture of the faid Ox, to be fet up in his Palace, with an infeription of the day and year when this Ox was delivered and killed. Of COW E S. HAvingthus noted briefly the Countries wherein Oxen are bred and nourifhed, with their feveral forms : it muftbe aifo obferved, that Kine or Cowes which are the female of this kind, are like wife found in all the places aforefaid with correspondent andfemblable quan- tities, qualities, members, parts, and other accidents to fuch creatures appertaining; excepted al- wayes thofe things which belong to their fex, which principally concern their milk. And fkft of all the Kine of moft plentiful Milk in all Italy, are about Altinas a City-of the Venetians, neer Aquitea, Milk of Kin* which Kine are of the fmalleft body, and yet the greatcft labourers, who are not yoaked or coupled in lla/ 3' together by their necks as in other Countries, but only by their heads. The Cowes of Arabia have the moft beautiful holms, by reafon r of aboundance of humours Arabian which flow to them, feeding them continually with fuch generous liquor as naturally doth en- Cowes. creafethem. - . * The Tyrrhean Kieare not admitted to the Bull till they be foury£ar old at the leaft,which thing Vynhmn caufed them to grow to a very high and tall ftatiire : whereof there were ever four hundred kept for Cowe«, the Kings ftore. ? " Thefe Kie do give at on? time feaven or eight gallons of Milji, of. Wine meafure, and they are fo tall, that the perlon which milketh them muftftand upright, or elfe ftoop very little •• neither ought vicnic'un this feem incredible, for it is evident that the Cowes of the Phoenicians were fo high, that a very tall Cowes. man could not milk them except he flood upon & footftool. JElianus. The manner is in Germany and Helvetia, that about April fome take Kie to hire, which have none Hirin° of of their own, and other buy Kie to farmethem out to other; and the common price of a <2ow Cowes in Gtr\ for fix moneths is payed in Butter, and is rated at feventy five pounds, twelve ounces to the manymbUtU pound; which payment is due to the owner, or money to that value. Ocher again, buy Kie and vm *'i let them forth to farm, referving the Calf to themfelves ; and if by the negligence of the Cow- herd or farmer of them, the Cow calf the Calf, then is the hirer bound to afifwer the value, but if it mifcarry without his negligence (as oftentimes they may) then is the loffe equall to theL6ca- tour or Farmer. Yet it is noted, that the Kie ofgreateft bodies, are not alwaybeft or moft plenti- ful in Milke: for the Cowes or C&ve of Alutut in Italy, are of little bodies, but yet very full of M.lk. The principal benefit of Cowes Milk is for making of Butter, for the Milk it felf, the Cheefeand Theufccf Whay,arenotfofitfornonr:fi!mentofman,asarethofeof Sheep; and the reafon is, becaufe the Cow milk. Milk of Kie is fatted of all other, and therefore the name of Butter, which is in Greek, Boutyros Vet. Crefcent, and Boutyron, and BHtyrum in Latin) is derived properly from this kinde of Cattel. The Cowherds Ariftotle, do alfo for their profit, obferve the pafture and food, which doth above other multiplie Milk ; Marc. Virg. and therefore they give their Kie Trifblie, or Three-leaved graffe ; and Medica, (which is a kinde v ° oA for . o of Claver gralTe) Vetches, Pulfe, and Beans, fonBeans have a great virtue to multiply Milk : Hkewife J|?J es smn § I have feen bundles of Hemlock^or an herb much like unto it, (which we call Harts tongue ) given to milch Kie. ' There ^ 6 The Hijlory of Four- footed TBeafls. There is an herb much like Crow-foot, called of the Gewutu, Butltrbloumen, and in Englijb^ Butter-flower, which is ufed to colour Butter, for thereby is the whitenefs thereof taken away: they will not eat Wal-wort or night- fhade (commonly called Deaths herb) but if they eat herbs whereupon falleth an Hony-dew, then will their Milk be wonderful fweet and plentiful : there is no food fo good for Cowes, as that which is green, if the Countrey will afford it ; efpecially Kie love the wet and watery places, although the Butter coming from the milk of fuch beafts, is not fo whole- TaWiM' f° me as c ' iat wmtn » s ma de of fuch as are feed in dryer Paftures. The like care is had of their drink, for although they love thecoldeft and cleareft waters, yet about their time of Calving it is much for better them to have warmer waters, and therefore the Lakes which are heated and made to fome by the rain , are molt wholefome to them, and do greatly help to eafe their burden and pains in that bufineis. raujanias Of the Cow. 57 Paujjn as repQBteth a wonder in nature, of the Rivers M/Z/ciw/.-md tharadrus , running through the City P anefci 6o The Hiftory of Four-footed c £eap. jincl Cartel, if thob.wilt perform that unco them which belongeth to thee, be good to this wine bene.uh, be good to this my facrifice: Afterward the party wafhed his hands, and then drank the wine faying, O Jufher V^rpalis, be good to this my facrifice, be good to this inferiour wine, and if thou wilt, give part thereof to Vrjta : the facrifice being ended be took Millet-feed, Lentils,Oxipa- mim,andGarlick: Thus far Cato ; wherewith if any Reader be offended, let him remember to pity ilich poor remedies, and commend his Cattel to the true God, that faveth man and beaft. The Drui^ s of the Gauls, \ called a certain herb growing in moytt places Samotum ■ which being gathered by the left hand of them that were falling, they gave it for an Antidote to Oxen and Swine. And Galen telleth of another fuperftitious cure for Oxen, when a man took the horn of a Hart, and layed it upon the Chappel of Pan, and fet upon it a burning Candle,which muft not be forgotten, but alway thought upon in the day time, calling upon holy Vemufarit, which foolifh people have thought as it were bv a witchcraft, to cure the evils of their Cattel. jifcovci But to let paffethefe and fuch like trifles, let usfollow a more perfect defcription and rule to o^the ficknefe y cure all manner of difeafes in this Cattel,whofe fafegard and health next to a mans, is to be preferred of Cattel, and above all other.and firft of all the means whereby their ficknefs is difcovered may be confidered, as the particular a jj Laflitude or wearifomenefs through overmuch labour,which appears th by forbearing their meat, cure thereof. ^ eating after another fafhion then they are wont, or by their often lying down, or elfe by holding out their tongue , all which and many more fignes of their difeafes, are manifeft to them that have obferved them in the time of their health ; and on the other fide it is manifeft, that the health of an Ox may be known by his agility, life and ftirring, when they are lightly touched or pricked, ftarting, and holding their ears upright, fulnefs of their belly, and many other wayes. . There be alfo herbs which increafe in Cattel divers difeafes, as herbs bedewed with Hony bringeth the Murrain, thejuyce of black Chamdeon killeth young Kie like the Chine, black Helle- bore, Acon'mm, or Wolf-bane, which is that gralTe in Cilkia, which inflameth Oxen, herb Henry , and others. It is alfo reported by Ariflotle, that in a piece of Thracia, not far from that City which is called the City of Media, there is a place almoft thirty furlongs in length, where natu- rally groweth a kind of Barley , which is good for men, but pernicious for beafts. The like may be faid of Aegolothros, Orobcncbe and Aejlur, but I will haften to the particular defcription of their difeafes. The difeafes In the firft place is the Malis or Glaunders already fpoken of in the ftory of the Affe, which may which infeft be known by thefe fignes, the Oxes hair will be rough and hard, his eyes and neck hang down, Oxen & Kie. mat ter running out of the nofe, his pace heavy, chewing,' his cud little, his backbone fharp, and his meat loathfome unto him ; for remedy hereof take Sea-onions or Garlick, Lupines or Cipres, or elfe the foam of oil. And if a beaft eat Hogs dung, they prefently fall lick of the Peftilence, which infedeth the herbs and graffe they breath on, the waters whereof they drink, and the ftals and lodgings wherein they lie. The humors which annoy the body of Oxen are many, the firft is a moift one called Malis, iffuing at the nofe, the fecond a dry one when nothing appeareth outwardly, on-- ly the beaft forfaketh his meat, the third an articular, when the fore or hinder legs of the beaft halt, and yet thehoofsappear found, the fourth is Farciminous, wherein the whole body breaketh forth into mattry bunches and biles, and appear healed till they break forth in other places, the fifth Sub- tercutaneus 3 when under the skin there runneth a humour that breaketh forth in many places of the body; thefixtha Subrenal, when 'the hinder legs halt by reafon of fomepainin the loins, the feventhaA'Iaungieor Leprofie, andlaftly a madnefs or Phrenfie, all which are contagious, and if once they enter into a herd, they will infed every beaft if they be not feparated from the fick, and fpeedy remedy obtained. The remedies againft the laft feven are thus defcribed by Columella. Firft take Oxipanum and fea- holy roots mingled with Fennel-feed and meal of beaten wheat rath-ripe ;, put them in Ipring wa- ter warmed with hony nine fpoonfulsat a time, and with that medicine anoint the breaft of the beaft, then take thebloudof a Sea-fnail, and for want thereof a common Snail, and put it into wine, and give the beaft in at his nofe, and it hath been approved to work effectually. It is not good Curfui hutn .at any time to ftir up Oxen to running, for chafing will either move them to loofenefs of the out cut alvum, belly, or drive them into a Feaver : now the fignes of a Feaver are thefe, an immoderate heat over mtfibnm the whole body, efpecially about the mouth, tongue and eares,tears falling out of the eyes, hollow- indncit. ne f s f their eyes, a heavy and ftoopingdrowzie head, matter running out of his nofe, a hot and difficult breath, andfometime fighing and violent beating of his veins and loathing ofmeat:for remedy whereof, let the beaft faft one whole day, then let him be let bloud under the tail fafting,and afterward make him a drink ofbole-wort ftalkes fod with oil and liquor of fifh fauce,and fo let him drink it for five daies together before he eat meat ; afterward let him eat the tops of Lentils, and young fmall Vine branches, then keep his nofe and mouth clean with afpunge, end give him cold water to drink three times a day,for the beft means of recovery are cold meats and drinks, nei- ther muft the beaft be turned out of doors, till he be recovered : When an Ox is fick of a cold, give him black wine,and icwill prefently help him. IfanOxinhis meat taft of hens dung, his belly will prefently be tormented, and fwell unto death if remedy be not given; for this malady, take three ounces of parfley feed , a pin te and a half of Cummin, two pounds of honey, beat thefe together and put it down his throat warme,. ! then drive the beaft up and down, as long as he can ftand, then let as many as can ftand about him' I rub Of the Ox. rub his belly, untill the medicine work to purgation: and K^ivwaddeth, that the afhes of Elme wood well lod in oil, and put down the beafts throat, cureth the inflamation of hen-dung. It at any time it happen,that an Ox get into his mouth and throat a horfe-Ieech, which ac the firft will t ike .faft hold,and fuck the place fhe holds(be it mouth or throat) til (he have kild the bcalhif you cannot take hold on her with the hand, then put into the Oxes throat a Cane, or little hollow pipe, even to 'the place where the Leech lucketh, and into that pipe put warm oil, which as foon as the Leech feeleth, (he prefently leaveth hold. It fortuneth fometimes that an Ox is ftung or bitten with a Serpent, Adder, Viper, or other fuch venomous beaft ■ for that wound take ftiarp Trifoly, which groweth in rockie places, ftrain out the juice and beat it with fait, then fcarifie the wound with that ointment, till it be wrought in. If a field-moufebiceanOx, fo as the dint of her teeth appear, then take a little Cumin or loft Pitch, and with that make a plainer for the wound or if you can get another field-moufe, put her into pil, and there let it remain till the members of it be almolt rotten, then bruife it and lay it tothe fore, and the fame body fhall cure, whole nature give the wound. Oxen are alfo much troubled with a difeafe called the Hide'-bonnd ; for remedy wereof, when the beait is taken faom his work, and panteth, then let him be fprinkled over with wine, and put pieces of fat into his mouth : if then you perceive no amendment,then feethe fome Laurel, and therewith heat his back, and afterward with Ujl and wine fcarifie him all over, plucking his skin up from the ribs, and this mult be done in the funfhine> or e!fe in a very warm pbce. For the fcabs, take the juice of Garlick, and rub the beaft all over; and with this medicine may the biting of a Wolf or a mad Dog be cured: although other affirm, that the hoof X)f any bealt with Brimftone, Oil, Water and Vinegar, is a more prefent remedy; but there is no better thing then Butter and ftale Urine: When they are vexed with wormes , poure cold water upon them , afterward anoint them with the juice of onions mingled wich Sale. If an Oxbewrinched andftrained in his finews, in travel or labour, by flumping on any root or hard fharp thing, then let the contrary foot or leg be let bloud, if the finews fwell : If his neck fwell 3 let him bloud, or ifhisneckbe windiugor weak (as if it were broken) then let him bloud in that ear to which fide the head bendeth. When their necks be bald, grinde two tile together, a new one and an old, and when the yoak is taken off, caft the powder upon their necks, and afterward oil, and fo with a little reit the hair will come again. When an Ox hangeth down his ears and eateth not his meat, he is troubled with a Cephalalgie ; that is, a pain in his head: for which feethe Thyme in Wine, with Salt and Garlic!?, and therewith rub his tongue a good fpace : alfo raw Barlyfteeped in Wine, helpeth this difeafe. Sometime an Ox is troubled with madnefs, for which men burn them betwixt the horns in the forehead till they bleed: fometimethereisa F!ie which biting them continually, driveth them into madnefs; for which they are wont to caft Brimftone and bay fprigsfod in water in the Paftures where they feed, but I know not what good can come thereby. When Oxen are troubled with fleam, put afprig of black HelUbo'e through their ears, wherein let it remain till the next day at the lame hour. All the evils of the eyes are for the moft part cured by infufion of Hony, and fome mingle therewith Ammoniac^, Satt^nd Soet^\, When the pa'at or roof of their mouth isfo fwelled that the beaft for- faketh meat, and bendeth on the one fide let his mouth be paired with a fharpe inftrument, or elfe burned or abated fome orher way, giving them green and foft meat till the tender fore be cured: but when the checks fwell, for remedy whereof they fell them away to the Butcher for flaughter : it falleth out very often that there grow certain bunches on their tongues, which make them forfake their meat, and for this thing they cut the tongue, and afterward rub the wound with Garlick and Salt , till all the fleamy matter iffue forth. When their veins in their cheeks and chaps fwell out into ulcers, they foften and wafh them with Vinegar and Lees, till they be cured. When they are liver-fick, they give them Rubarbe s Mufbroms, and Gentian, mingled together. For the Cough and ftiort breath, they give them twigs of Vines or Juniper mingled with Salt ; and fome ufe Betony. There is a certain herb called Aplenon or Cituratb, which confumeth the milts of Oxen, found by this occafion: in Crete there is a River called Protereus, running betwixt the two Cities Gnofon and Gortina, on both fides thereof there were herds of Cattel, but thofe which fed neer to Gort'ma had £lo Spleen, and the other which feed neer to Gno\on were full of Spleen: when the Phyfitians en- devoured to find out the true caufe hereof, they found an herb growing on the coaft of Gortina , which diminifhed their S. leen , and for that caufe called it Jjptenon. But now to come to the difeafes of their breaft and ftomach,and firftof all to begin with the Cough, which if it be n'ew,may be cured by a pinte ot Barley meal with a raw Egge, and half a pinte of fod wine : and if the Cough be old, take two pounds of beaten Hyfop fod in three pints of water ,beaten Lentils, or the roots of Onions wafhed and baked with Wheat meal given fafting, do drive away the oldeft Cough. For ihortnefs of breath, their Neat-herds hang about their neck Deaths-herb and Harts-wort: but if their Livers or Lungs be corrupted, f which appeareth by a long Cough and leanefs) take the root ofHafell, and put it through the Oxesear; thenalikeor equall quantity of the juyce of Onions, and oil mingled , and put into a pinte of Wine , let it be given to the beaft many dayes to- gether. If the Ox be troubled with crudity, or a raw evill ftoma^i, you fhall know by thefe fignes ; he will often bekh 5 his belly will rumble, he will forbear his meat, hanging down his eyes, G and 61 The Hiftoiy of Four-footed Beafis, and neither chew the cud or lick himfelf with his tongue: for remedy whereof, take two quarts of warm water, thirty ftalKes of BsUworts, feethe them together till they be foft,and then give them to the beaft with Vinegar. But ifthe crudity caufe his belly to ftand out and fwell, then pull his tail downward with all the force that you can,and binde thereunto Mother-wort, mingled with falt,or elfe give them a Glyfter, or anoint a Womans hand with oil, and let her draw out the dung from the fundament ; and afterward cut a vein in his tail with a (harp knife. When they be diitempered withcholer, burn their legs to the hoofs with a hot Iron , and afterward let them reft upon clean and foft ftraw; when their guts or intrails are pained , they are eafed with the fighfof a Duck or a Drake. i But when the fmall guts are infe&ed, take fifteen Cypres Apples, and fo many Gauls, mingle and beat them with their weight of old Cheefe in four pints of the fharpeft wine you can get, and fo di- vide it into four parts, giving to the beaft every day one quantity. The excrements of the belly do deprive the body of all ftrength and power to labour ; wherefore when they are troubled with it, they muft reft, and drink nothing for three daies together, and the firft day let them forbear meat, the fecond day give them the tops of wilde Olives, or in defeft thereof Canes or Reeds ; the ftalks of Lf».(/x^?andM>r//// ; and a third day a little water, and unto this fomeadd dryed Grapes in fix pintes of (harp wine , given every day in like quantity. When their hinder parts are lame through congealed bloud in them, whereof there is no outward appearance, take a bunch 'of Nettles with their roots and put it into their mouths, by rubbing whereof the condenfate bloud will . remove away. When Oxen come firft of all after Winter to graffe, they fall graffe-fick, and pifTe bloud j for which they feethe together in water Barly, Bread, and Lard, and fo give them all together in a drink to the beaft: fome praife the kernels of Walnuts put into Eggefhels for this cure; and other take the bloudy water it felf,and blow it into the beafts Noftrils ; and herd-men by experience have found that there is no better thing then Herb-Robert, to ftay the pifting of bloud • they muft alfo be kept in a ftall within doors, and be fed with dry graffe and the beft hay. If their horns be anointed with- wax, oil, and pitch, they feel no pain in their hoofs , except in cafes where any beaft treadeth and preffeth anothers hoof;in which cafe take oil and fod wine, and then ufe them in a hot Barly plaifter or poultefs layed to the wounded place : but if the plough-fhare hurt the Oxes foot, then lay there- unto Stone-pitch, Greafe and Brimftone, having firft of all feared the wound with a hot Iron bound about with {horn wool. Now to return to the taming and inftrudion of Oxen. It is faid that Bufir'n King of Egypt wa$ the firft that ever tamed or yoaked Oxen, having his name given him for that purpofe. Oxen are by nature meek , gentle, flow, and not ftubborne , becaufe being deprived of his genitals he is more tradable, and for this caufe it is requifite that they be alwayes ufed to hand , and to be familiar with man, that he may take bread at his hand, and be tyedup to the rack, for by gentlenefs they are beft tamed, being thereby more willing and ftrong for labour, then if they were roughly yoaked or fuffered to run wilde without the fociety and light of men. Varro faith, that it is beft to tame them betwixt five and three year old , for before three it is too foon, becaufe ihey are too tender ; and after five it is too late, by reafon they are too unweildy and ftubborn. How to tame But if any be taken more wilde and unruly, take this direction for their taming- Firft, if you or yoak wilde have any old tamed Oxen, j'oyne them together, (a wilde and a tame) and if you pleafe, you may 0xen * make a yoak to hold the necks of three Oxen ; fo that if the beaft would rage and be difobedienr, then will the old one both by example and ftrength draw him on, keeping him from ftarting afide > and falling down. They muft alfo be accuftomed to draw an empty Cart , Wain, or fled through fome Town or Village, where there is lome cohcourfe of people, or a plow in fallowed ground or fand, fo as the beaft may not be difcouraged by the weight and ftrength of the bufinels ; their keeper muft often with his own hand give them meat into their mouth,and ftroke their Nofes, that fo they may be acquainted with the fmell of a man ; and likewife put his hands to their fides, and ftroke them under their belly, whereby the beaft may feel no difpleafure by being touched. In fome Coun- tries, they wafh them all over with wine for two or three daies together, and afterward in a horn give them wine to drink,which doth wonderfully tame them,although they have never been fo wild. Other put their necks into engins, and tame them by fubftrading their meat. Other affirm, that if a wilde Ox be eyed with a halter made of wool, he will prefently wax tame: but to this I leave every man to his particular inclination for this bufinefs ; only let them change their Oxens fides, and fet thern fometime on the right fide,and fometime on the left fide, and beware that he avoid the Oxes heel, for if once he get the habiteof kicking, he will very hardly be reftrained from it again. He hath a good memory, and will not forget the man that pricked him, whereas he will not ft ir at at another, being like a man in fetters, who dtflembleth vengeance untill he be releafed, and then payeth the perfon that hath grieved him. Wherefore it is not good to ufe a young Oxe to a goad : but rather to awaken his dulnefs with a whip. The unrlerftan- Thefe beafts do underftand their own names, and diftinguifh betwixt the voice of their keepers ding of Oxen, andftrangers. They are alfo faid to remember and underftand numbers, for the King of Verfia had certain Oxen, which every day drew water to Sufis to water his Gardens, their number was an hundred Veffels, which through cuftom they grew to obferve, and therefore not one of them would 62 Of the Ox. 63 would hale or loiter in that bufinefs, till the whole was accomplished : but after the number ful- Quid*. filled, there was no goad,whip,or other means, could once make them ftir, to fetch another draught JEtfanut. or burthen. They are faid to love their fellows with whom they draw in yoak moft tenderly, whom they feek out with mourning if he be wanting. It is likewife obferved in the licking of them- ^ he love of felvesagainft the hair, (but as Cicero faith) if he bend to the right fide and lick that, it prefageth a ^"fdl thdC ' ftorm; "but if he bend to the left fide, he foretelleth a calmy fair day: In like manner, when he Qfrh lT' if they fee fuch a Oxenprovo- COlour. ked ty colours, There is great enmity between Oxen and Wolves, for the Wolf (being a flefh-eating creature) lyethin wait to deftroy them ; and it is faid, that there is fo great a natural fear in them, that if a Wolves tail be hanged in the rack or manger where an Ox feedeth, he will abftain from eating. This ^ beaft is but fimple, though his afped feem to be very grave ; and thereof came the proverb of the Rrftl tf^^eirn Oxen to the yoak, which was called Ceroma ; wherewithal Wraftlers and Prize-players were anoin- / ted, but when a foolifh and heavie man was anointed they laid ironically _Ros ad gemma. . Again the folly of this beaft appeareth by another Grt^ proverb, which faith, that An Ox raifetb) i/) H7) *ne-*~n dufi which bl'mdeth his own-eyes ; to fignifie, that foolifh and indifcreet men ftir up the occafion off their own harmes. The manifold Epithets given this beaft in Gieel^ and Latin bv fundry authors, do demonftratively Ihew the manifold conditions of this beaft ; as that it is called a Plower, Wilde, an earth-tiller, brazen-footed, by reafon of his hard hoofs, Cerebrous, more brain then wit; horned, ftubborn, horn-ftiking, hard, rough, untamed, devourer of grafljb, yoak-bearer, fearful, overtamed, drudges, wry-faced, flow, and ill favoured, with many other fuch notes of their nature, ordination, and condition. , There remain yet of this difcourfe of Oxen, two other necejfary TxaUates • the one natural, and Tflc natura j the other moral. That which is natural, contains the feveral fifes of their particular parts, and firft ufesof thefe- for their flefhj which is held fingularfor nourifhment, for which caufe, after their labour which veral parts of bringeth leannefs,they ufe to put them by for fagination,or (as it is faid) in Englifh for feeding.which 0xen « in all countries hath a feveral manner or cuftom. Sown affirmeth, that if you give your Cattel when How td fatten they come frefh from their pafture, Cabbage leaves beaten fmall with fome fharp Vinegar poured Cattel. among them,and afterward chaffe winowed in a fieve,anci mingled with Bran for five daies together, it will much fatten and encreafe their fkfh, and the fixth day ground Barly, encreafing the quantity by little and little for fix daies together. Now the befttime to feed them in the Winter is about the Cock crowing, and afterward in the morning twilight, and foon after that let them drink: in the Summer let them have their fvrft meat in the morning, and their fecond fervice at noon, and then drink after that fecond meat or eating, and their third meat before evening again, and fo let them drink the fecond time; Ic is alfo to be obferved, that their water in Winter time be warmed, and in the Summer time colder. And while they feed, you muft often wafh the roof and fides of her mouth, for therein will grow certain Wormes which will annoy the beaft, and hinder his eating, and after the wafhing, rub his tongue well with fait. Iftherefore they be carefully regarded they will grow very fat, efpeci- ally if they be not over aged or very young at the time of their feeding ; for by reafon of age their teeth grow loofe and fall out, and in youth they cannot exceed in fatnefs,becaufe of their growth : above all Heifers and barren Kie will exceed in fatnefs, for Varro affirmeth, that he faw a field Moufe A ftrange r 6» bring forth young ones in the fat of a Cow having eaten into her body fhe being alive: the P°" of a fat felffame thing is reported ofa Sow in ^rcW/<* : Kie will alfo grow fat when they are with Calf, Cow j lf t;UC ° efpeciallyin themiddeft of that time. The Turkj ufe in their greateft feafts and Manages, to roaft or feethe an Ox whole, putting in the Oxes belly a whole Sow, and in the Sowes belly a Goofe, and in the Goofes belly an Egge, to note forth their plenty in great and fmall things : but the beft flefh is of a young Ox, and the worft of an old one, for it begetteth an ill juyce or concodion, efpecially if they which eat it be troubled with a Cough or rheumy fleam , or if the party be in a Con- fumption,or for a woman that hath ulcers in her belly, the tongue of an Ox or Cow faked and flic afunder,is accounted a very delicate difh,which the Priefts ofMercury faid did belong to them,becaufe they were the fervants of fpeach, and howfoever in all facrifices the beafts tongue was refufedas a profane member, yet thefe Priefts made choife thereof, under colour of facrifice to feed their dainty ftomachs. G 2 The The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. The horns of Oxen by art of man are made very flexible and ftraight, whereof are made Combes, hafts for knives, and the ancients have ufed them for cups to drink in, and for this caufe was Bacchus painted with horns, and J&tfa^ was taken for a cup, which is derive djof Kera a hor rid In like' manner the firft Trumpets were made of horns, as Virgil alludeth unfo this fentence, Rauco jlrtywrunx corr.ua cantu, and now adaies it is become familiar for the cariage of Gunpowder in war. It is reported by fome husbandmen, that if feed be caft into the earth out of an Oxes horn (called in old time Cerasbola) by reafonof a certain coldnefs, it will never fpring up well out of the earth, at the leaft not fo well as when it is fowed with the hand of man. Their skin is ufed for fhooes, Garments, and Gum, becaufe of a fpongy matter therein contained, alfo to make Gunpowder, and it is ufed in navigation when a (hot hath pierced the fides of the (hip, prefently they clap a raw Ox hide to the mouth of the breach , which inftantly keepeth the Water from entring in : likewife they were wont to make bucklers or fhieldes or hides of Oxen and Bugils, and the feven-folded or doubled fhield of A)ax^ was nothing elfe but afhieldrnade of an Ox hide, fo many times layedone piece upon another, which cauled Homer to call it S^car Of the teeth of Oxen I know no other ufebut fcraping and making paper fmooth with them j their gall being fprinkled among feed whichistobefowen maketh it come up quickly , and kil- leth field-mife that taft of it, and it is the bane or poifon of thofe creatures, fo that they will not comeneer to it, no not in bread if they difcernit; and birds if they eat corn touched with an Oxes gall put into hot water firft of all, and the lees of wine, they wax thereby aftonifhed : like- wife Emmets will not come upon thofe places where there remaincth any favour of this gall; and for this caufe they anoint herewith the roots of trees. The dung of Oxen is beneficial to Bees if the hive be anointed therewith, for it killeth Spiders, Gnats, and drone-bees ; and if good heed be not taken, it will work the like effed: upon the Bees themfelves : for this caufe they ufe to fmother or burn this kind of dung under the mouthes of the Hives in the fpring time, which fo difplayeth and difperfeth all the little enemy-bees in Bee-hives that they never breed again. There is a proverb of the (table of Augea , which Augea was fo rich in Cattel, ahat he defiled the Countrey with their dung, whereupon that proverb grew : when Hercules came unto him he pro- mifed him a part of his Countrey to purge that ftable, which was not cleanfed by the yearly labour of 3 ooo Oxen,but Hercules undertaking the labour turned a River upon it,and fo cleanfed all. When faw that his ftable was purged by art, and not by labour, he denied the reward ; and be- caufe Pbyleus his eldeft Son reproved him for not regarding a man fo well deferving, he caft him ouC of his family for ever. The medicines The manifold ufe of the members of Oxen and Kie in medicine, now remaineth to be briefly of die feveral touched. The horn beaten into powder, cureththe Cough, efpecially the tips or point of the parts of Oxen | 10rri) which is alfo received againft the Ptifick, or (hort breath made into pils with Honey. The andKie, powder of a Cowes horn mixed with Vinegar, helpeth the morphew, being wafhed or anointed therewith. The fame infufed into the Noftrils, ftayeth the bleeding ; likewife mingled with warm water and Vinegar, given to a Splenitick^ man for three daies together, it wonderfully worketh upon that pafiion : powder of the hoof of an Ox with water put upon the Kings evill helpeth it, and with Water andHoney it helpeth the apoftemes andfwelling of the body: and the facie burned and put into drink, and given toa Woman that lacketh Milk, it encreafeth milk ind ftrengtheneth her very much. Other take the tongue of a Cow, which they dry fo long till ic Rafu. ma Y b e beaten into powder, and fo give it to a woman in white wine or broath. The duft of the heel ofanOxor ancle bone, taken in wine and put to the gums or teeth do faften them, and fumex'tof? remove the achaway : The ribs of Oxen beaten to powder doftay the flux of bloud, and re- ftrain the aboundanceof monthly conrfes in women. The ancle of a white Cow laid forty daies and nights into wine, and rubbed on the face with white Linet, taketh fpots and maketh the skin look very clear. Where a man biteth any other living creature , feethe the flefh of an Ox or a Calf, and after five daies lay it to the fore, and it fliall work the eafe thereof. The flefh being warm layedtothe fwellings of the body, eafeth them : fo alfo do the warm bloud and gall of the fame beaft. The broath of beef healeth the loofnefs of the belly, coming byreafon of choler; and the broath of Cowes flefh, or the marrow of a Cow, healeth the ulcers and chinks of the mouth. The skin of a Ox (efpecially the leather thereof) warm in a fhooe, burned and applyed to pimples in the body or face, cureth them. The skin of the feet and nofe of an Ox or Sheep, fodoverafoftand gentle fire, untill there arife a certain fcum like to glew from it, and afterward dried in the cold, windieair, and drunk helpeth (or at leaft) eafeth burftnefs very much,. The marrow of an Ox, or the fewet, helpeth the ftrains of finews if they be anointed therewith, Ifonemakea fmall candle of Paper tnd Cowes marrow, fetting the fame on fire, under his browe< or eye-lids which are bald without hair, and often anointing the place, he fhall have very decent and comely hair grow thereupon. Likewife the fewet of Oxen helpeth againft all outward poifon : fo in all Leprofies, Botches, and Scurvinefs of the skin, the fame mingled withGoofe greafe, anc' poured into the eares, helpeth the deafnefs of them. It is alfo good againft the inflamation of the ears, the ftupidity anddulnefs of the teeth, the running of the eyes, the ulcers and rimes of the mouth, and ftifnels of the neck. If ones bloud be liquid and apt to run forth of the 64 Of the Oxe. body, it may be well thickned and retained, by drinkin g Ox bloud mingled with Vinegar .• and the bloudof a Cow poured into a wound that bleedeth, ftayeth the bloud. Likewife the bloud of Oxen cureth the fcabs in Dogs. Concerning their Milk, volumes may be written of the feveral and manifold virtues thereof, for the Arcadians xeMtA all medicine, only in the Spring time when their beafts did eat grade, they p/;„ y drank Cowes milk, being perfwaded, that the virtue and vigour of all good herbs and fruits were a Hiftorv, received and. digefted into that liquor ; for they gave it medicinally to them which were fick of the Pcifick of Confumption, of an old Cough,of theConfumption of the reins,of the hardnefs of the belly, and of all manner of poifons which burn inwardly ; which is alfo the opinion of all the Gree\ Phylitians : arid the (hell of a Walnut fod in Cow-milk and laid to the place where a Serpent hath bitten, it cureth it, and ftayeth the poifon. The fariie being new and warm Gargarized into the throat, helpeth the fdreriefs of the kernels, and all pain in the Arteries,and (welling in the throat and ftomach -. and if any man be in danger of a (Viort breath., let him take dayly foft pitch With the hearb M«ww/>, and Harts fuet clarified in a Cup of new Milk, and ithath been proved very profitable. Where the pains of the ftomach come by fadriefs, Melancholy, or defperktion, drink Cow-milk, Womansmilk, or Alfes milk, wherein a flint ftone hath been fodden. When one is troubled with a delireof going often to the ftool, and can egeft nothing, let him drink Cow-milk and AfTes-milk fod together ; the fame alfo heated with gads of Iron or fteel, and mingled with one fourth part of water, helpeth the Bloudy flux ; mingled with a little Hony and a Buls gall, with Cummin and gourds layed to the Navel: and fome affirm, that Cow-milk doth help conception, if a woman be troubled with the whiteflux. fo that her womb be indangered, let her drink a purgation for her upper parts, and afterward Affes milk, la ft of all let her drink Cow-milk and new wine, (for forty daies together if need be) fo mingled that the wine appear not in the milk, and it (hall ftay the flux, But intheufeof milk, the rule of Hippocrates muil be continually obferved,that it be not ufed with - )any (harp or tartd liquor for then it curdleth in the ftomach ? and turneth into corruption. The whay of Cow-milk mingled with Hony and Salt ; as much as the taft will permit and drunk, loofeneth the hardnefs of the belly. The marrow of a Cow mingled with a little meil, and with new cheefe, wonderfully ftayeth the Bloudyflux. It is affirmed, that there isin the head of an Ox, a certain little ftone, which onlyih the fear of death he cafteth out at his mouth, if this ftone be taken from them fuddenly by cutting the head, it doth make children to breed teeth eafily , being foon tyed about them. Ifa man or woman, drink of the fame water, whereof an Ox drunk a little before, it will eafe the headach : and in the fecond venter of a Cow there is a round black Tophi* found, being of no weight, which is accounted very profible to Women in hard travails of child-birth. The Liver of an Ox or Cow dryed,and drunk in powder cureth;the flux of boud.The gall of a Cow is more forcible in operation then all other beafts gals whatsoever. The gall of an Ox mixed with Hony, draweth out any thorn .Or point of a needle or other Iron thing out oftheflefh where it fticketh. Likewife it being mingled with Alome and Myrrhe as thick as hony, it cureth thofe evils which creep and annoy the privie parts ; laying upon it afterward Beets fod in wine. It wii! not funer the Kings evill to grow or fpread it fell if it be laid Upon it at the beginning. The hands wafhed in an Oxes gall and water, are made white how black foever they were before time; and if purblind eyes be anointed with the gall of a black CoW , one may read any writing the more plainly: there is in the gall of an Ox a certain little ftone, like a ring,which the Philofophers call Alcbemn (arid fome Guers and Niffaium) which being beaten and held to ones Nofe, it cleareth the eyes, and maketh that no humour do diftil to annoy them: and if one take thereof the quantity of a Lintel feed, with the juice of Beets^ it is profitable againft the Fal- ling evill. If one be deaf or thick qf hearing, take the gall of an Ox and the urine of a Goat'; or the gall of Goofe: likewife, it eafeth the headach in an Ague, and applyed to the temples provoketh fleep, and if the 'breads of a woman be anointed therewith it keeps her milk ffom curdling. , , The milt of an Ox is eaten in hony for eafing the pains of the milt in a man,and with the skin that aCalfcaft out of his dams belly } the ulcers in the face are taken away : and if twenty heads of Gar- lick be beaten in a Oxes bladder, with a pinte of Vinegar, and laid to the back, it Will cure the milt. It is likewife given againft the Spleen, and the Colick made like a plaifter, and layed to the Navel till one fweat. The urine of an Ox caufeth a cold ftomach to recover, and I have feen that the urine of a Cow taken in Gargarizing, did cure intolerable ulcers in the mouth. When the Bee hath tailed of the flower of the Corn- tree, (he prefently dyeth by lodfenefs of the belly, except (he taft the urine of a Man or an Ox. There are likewife many ufes of the dung of Oxen made in Phyfick, whereof Authors are full, but efpecially againft the Gowt, plaiftering the lick member therewith hot and, newly made: and againft the Dropfie, making a plaifter thereof with Barley meal and a little Brimftone afperfed, . to cover the belly of aman. And thus much for the natural properties ofthiskind, now we will and externa! briefly proceed to the moral, ufe of Oxen The moral ufes of thisbeaft, both in labour and other things, do declare the dignity and high both For labour account our forefathers made hereof, both in Vintage, Harvcft, Plowing, Carnage, Drawing, ^ other in- G \ Sacrificing, d ^?> 6 5, Tbe Hiflory of Four-footed Tieatts. Sacrificing, and making Leagues of truce and peace; in fo much as that if this failed, all tillage and vintage muft in many places of the world be utterly put down ; and in truth,neither the fowls of the air, nor tlVe Horfe for the battle, nor the Swine and Dogs could have no fuftenance but by the labor V im of Oxen : lor although in fome places they have Mules, or Camels, or Elephants, which help therh in this labor, yet can there not be in any Nation a neglect of Oxen;and their reverence was fo great, that in ancient time when an offender was. to be fined in his Cattel (as all amerciaments were in thole daiesj the Judge might not name an Ox, untill he had firft named a Sheep; and they fined a fni.i I offence at two Sheep and not under, and the greateft offence criminal, at thirty Oxen and not above, which were redeemed, by giving for every Ox an hundred Affes, and ten for every Sheep. ♦ It is fome queftion among the ancients, who did firft joyn Oxen together for plowing; fome Heraclides. affirming that Anfteut firft learned it of the Nymphs, in the Ifland Co: and Diodorus affirmeth, that Vionyfm Son of Jupiter and Ceres or Proferpina, did firft of all invent the plow. Some attribute it to Briges the Athenian ; other to Iriptolemus, Ofuis, Habides a King of Spain ; and Virgil affirmeth moft constantly, that it was Ceres, as appeareth by this verfe ; Prima Ceres ferro mortaks vertere terrain Inftituil, &c. Whereunto agreeth Servius : but I rather incline to Jofybus, Lailantius and Eufebius, who affirm, that long before Ceres was born, or Oftrk, or Henules, or any of the refidue, their was a pradifepf plowing, both among the H^rw/ and Egyptians - and therefore as the God of plowing called by the Romans Jugatinus (becaufe of yoaking Oxen) was a fond aberration from the truth, fo are the refidue of their inventions about tbe firft man that tilled with Oxen: feeing it is faid of Cain and Augufiinui. Noah, that they were husbandmen and tilled the earth. The Athenians had three feveral plow-feafts which they obferved yearly, one in Scirus, the other in Rharia, and the third under Pelintus: and they call their mariage-feafts, plow-feafons, becaufe then they endevoured by the feed of man to multiply the world , in procreation of children, as they did by the plow to encreafe food in the earth. 'The Grecians had a kind of writing called Bouflraphedon, which began, turned, and ended as the Oxen do in plowing a furrow, continuing from the left hand to the right, and from the right hand to the left again, which no man could read, but he that turned the Paper or Table at every lines end. It is alio certain, that in ancient time, the leagues of truce and peace were written in an Oxes hide, as appeareth by that peace which Was made by larquinius , betwixt f the Romans and the Cabii , the which was hanged up in the Temple of Jupiter , as Vionyfm and Pompeius Sextut affirm ( in the likenefs of a buckler or fhield : ) and the chief heads of that peace re- mained legible in that hide , unto their time , and therefore the ancients called the Oxes hide a fhield, in regard that by that conclufion of peace, they were defended from the wars of the Gubii. And there were certain people called Homolotti by Herodotus, who were wont to ftrike up their leagues of peace after war and contention, by cutting an Ox into fmall pieces, which were divided a- mong the people that were to be united, in token of an infeparable union.There be that affirm,that a Team or yoak of Oxen,taking fix or eight to the Team,wil plow every year,or rather every feafon a hyde of ground;that is,as fome account 20 Manfa 3 or in Englifb and Germane account 3 o Acres;which A Hiflory. hath gotten the name Jugera from this occafion, as Euflatbius and Varinus report. When Sychtus the husband of I)ido,viho was daughter of Agenor & lifter to Pygmalion, wandered to and fro in the world with great ftore of treafure,he was flain by Pygmalion fecretly,in hope to get his wealth: After which time, it is faid, that he appeared to his wife zWo,bidding her to fave her life from her cruell brother; who more efteemed money then nature, fhe fled into Lybia, taking with her fome lyrians among whom fhe had dwelled, and a competent fum of money ; who being come thither, craved of hrbae King ofNomades, to give her but fo much land as fhe could compafs in with an Oxes hide,which with much ado fhe obtained, and then did cut an Oxes skin into fmal and narrow thongs or lifts, where- withall (he compaffed info much as builded the large City ofCtfr/& having in both his fides a white fpot : it muft needs be underftood of the Moon, for Cadmus flying by night , having the Moon to (bine upon him (which is Hieroglyphically deciphered by the Oxe J gave him light} and direction to another City. It were endlefs to profecute the feveral fpeeches, proverbs, allufi- ons, emblemes, plays, prizes, and hieroglyphicks made upon Oxen ; whereby , men and women, Cities, Regions, and People have taken denomination from Oxen ; but alfo fome of the iters in the firmament: therefore I will not proceed to thofe devifes, but only touch the facrifices made with Oxen, and fo conclude this ftory. It cannot be denyed, that the prime inftitution of facrifices, was from, by, and for the Ordinance of God, to teach the world to worfhiphim in Mood for fin: which could not be expiated but by the blood of the only immaculate Son and Lamb of God; and therefore I will but remember how corruption polluted that Ordinance, which was purely without idle Ceremonies inftituted by the everlafting God ; and yet was by mansinvention "made Wretched, horrible, and damnable, through abufe of the fad, that otherwife by divine conftitution (as appears in holy Scripture,) was heavenly, honourable and bleffed. - • n " To begin therefore with the original of that Heathenifn and Paganifh facrifice, inftead of Go4, the only true and divine ElTence, ro whom all facr/h'ce and divine worfhip was due, and whofe crea- tures, both Men, Oxen, and all other living and vifible things are ; they offered unto all the hoafts of Heaven, the Sun, and Stars, the Heathen gods, Jupite^'Mars, Mintrva, Pandrifus, and others : and if the Sacrifice were coftly and fumptuous, it was called Hecatombe. Now before their Sacrifice they made Prayers, burned Incenfe for odours, p J r'efented Prothjmes (as they were tearmed) certain preparations and cakes made of Barley and Salt, (Vailed Vlocbyu.) After which, the Prieft turned him fometimes to the right hand, and fometimes to the left,and then began to take the grifle hairs growing on the Oxes fore-head betwixt his horns , making a tafte of them, and calling them in the fire to begin the Sacrifice. Then did he give into the hands of the people ftanding by , little pots of Wine likewife, to tafte for Sacrifice, and then he which killed the beaft drew his knife, or axe, or cleaver, from the head to the tayl of the beaft. Now in every Sacrifice they had burning torches, which were lawful for none to carry but for men, and not women ; then the Prieft commanded to kill the Sacrifice, which fometime they did by knocking him on the head, if the beaft were to befa- crificed to Hell, and thofe that were therein ; for they facrificed a barren Cow, or a black Sheep to thofe ghofts. But if the Sacrifice were for Heaven, and to the powers thereof, they lifted up his head and cut his throat: then put they under him their Spbagian veffels to receive his blood, and when the beaft was fain down, they flayed off his skin. Then did the Prieit or Flamen divide the intrails, that fo he might make his augurifm (the bowels being proved at the Altar.) Having looked into the bowels, they took out of every gut , member and part, a fir ft fruits, moulded them together in the meal of green wheat-corn, then was it given to the Prieft, who put thereunto frankincenfe, herbmary,and fire,and fo burned them all together, which was called a perfect Hoaft. But if they facrificed to the gods of the Sea, then did they fir ft of all wave the bowels of the beaft in the Sea-floods before it was burned. The beft Sacrifices were fatted and white Oxen or Kine, fuch ?.s had never been under yoke ; for the beaft ufed to labour was- accounted unclean : they never offered in Sacrifice one under thirty days ojd, nor over five years by the laws of the Priefts. When the Spartanes overcame their enemies by ftratagem , they facrificed to Mar s an Oxe ; but when by open force, they facrificed a Cock ; for they efteemed more of an un- bloody then a bloody victory. When a man facrificed a Cow to Aiinerva>hz was bound to Sacrifice a Sheep and an Oxe to Pandryfus- When the Locxenfians in a publick fpectacle would make a Sacrifice,, they wanted an Oxe ; for Which caufe they gathered together fo many fticks of Cnallwood, as made the Image of an Oxe ar- tificially con joyned together, and fo fetting it on fire burned it for an offering: whereupon a 2>r- crenftan Oxe, was an Ironical Proverb , for a Sacrifice of no weight or merit. It is alfo reported, that an Heifer being brought to the Altar of Minerva to be facrificed, did there Calve ; wherefore the Of the Calf. the Priefts would not meddle with her, but let her go away frc- ; becaufe Miner va was the goddefs of procreation ; holding it an impious thing to kill that in Sacrifice which had brought forth a young one at the Altar : to conclude, as Vegetius faith, that on a time Juftice was fo oftended with men, becaufe they imbrewed every Altar with the blood of Oxen and Cattel , that therefore fhe left the Earth, and retired back again to dwell among the Stars : lb will we in this difcourfe ceafe from any further profecution of the Moral or Natural defcription of thefc Beads, leaving their law- ful ufe to the neceffity of mankinde, and their abufive idolatrous facrifices to him that loveth all his creatures, and will require at mans hand an account of the life and blood of brute beafts. 6 9 Of the C A L F. A Calf, is a young or late enixed Bull or Cow, which is called in Hebrew Jgd ; or Par: andfome- The definition times ben-bakar^ the fon of an Oxe. Yet Rabbi Solomon, and Abraham Ezra, expound £gf/, for sad name, a Calf of one year old. The Samzens of that word call a Calf Hefel. The Grecians, Mofcbos j where- of is derived Mo\cha\ios : but at this day they call him Mouskari, or Mojchare. The Italians, VuelL; the 1 rttich y Vean ; x\\t Spaniards, Itinera oVlmtriiudo, fignifying tendernefs; and fometimes heze- rvn and Vezem ; the Germans, I in Kalb , the Fkmmings, Kalf ; and the Latmes, Vitulus , of the old J^/^'^T word Vitulox , fignifying to be wanton , for Calves are exceedingly given to fport and wantonneis ; " " or as other fuppofe from the Gne\ word Itakus, came Vitulus ; and therefore the Latines do noc al- way take Vitulus for a young or new foaled beaft, butfometimeforaCow,asK/rg// Eclog. E^obanc vitulam (ne forte recufes , Bit verdt ad multtramjbims alit ubere foetus') Vepens. And this word (like the Greeks Mofcbos ) fignifieth male and female: whereunto by divers Au- thors both Gm^and Latine, are added divers Epithites by way of explication, both of the conditi- on, inclination, and ufe of this young beaft ; calling it wilde, ripe for the temples, unarmed, weak, fucklings, tender, wandring, unhorned, and fuch like. And becaufe the Poets faign that l> was turn- The Eoithkes ed into a Cow, and that the violet herb was afiigned by luster for her meat j they derive Viola^ a Vi- of a Calf, olet, from Vixula a Calf, by a kindc of Grecian imitation. It isalfo certain that the honor of this young beaft have given denomination to fome men,as Tom- Varro. fenius Vitulus, and Vitulus Niger Turamiut , and Vitellius was derived from this ftem or theam, al- Men named though hewereanEmperour. The like may be faid of Mofcbos inGreek^, fignifying a Calf; for afterCalvej, there was one Mofcbus a Sop hift that drank nothing but water, and there was another Mojcbus , a Grammarian of Syracufe, whom Atbenaus doth record, was a familiar ofAriftarcbus, and alfo of ano- ther^ Poet of the Bucolicks ; and this ferveth to Ihew us, that the love our Anceftors bare unto Cat- tel, appeared in taking upon them their names, and were not afhamed in thofe elder times, where- in wifdom and invention was moft pregnable, to glory in their herds from which they received main- tenance. But to the purpofe, that which is faid of the feveral parts of an Oxe and a Cow, belongeth alfo to a Calf ; for their Anatomy differeth not, becaufe they are conceived and generated by them, and in them: and alfo their birth, and other fuch things concerning that, muft be inquired in the difcourfe of a Cow. It is reported by an obfeure Author, that if the hoof of a Calf be not abfolved or finifhed in the a fecrec by Dams belly before the time of Calving, it will dye. And alfo it muft be obferved, that the fame ihc hoof, difeafes which do infeft and harm an Oxe, do alfo befall Calves, to their extreme perill : but they are to be cured by the fame fore-named remedies. And above the refidue, thefe young beafts are Thedifeafesof troubled with worms, which are ingendered by crudity, but their cure is to keep them fafting till aGalf. they have well digefted their meat, and then take lupines half fod, and half raw, beaten together, Thccur cof and let the juyce thereof be poured down his throat ; otherwife take dry figs and fitches beaten to- gether with Santonica,cdi\kd Lavender-cotten,and fo put it down the calves throat as aforcfaid,or elfe the fat of a Calf and Marrube with the juyce of Leeks,will certainly kill thefe Evils. It is the manner To choofe to regard what Calves you will keep,and what you will make of and kill either for facrifice, as inan Calves for ancient time,or private ufe,and to mark and name thofe that are to be referved for breed and labour , il JU - according to thefe verfes ; Pofi partum cur ant , vitulus traducitur omnis, Et quos aut ptcori malum fubmittere habendo. Continmque notas & nomina gentis imrunty Ant aris fervare facris, aut [cinder etei ram, Et campumborrentem fraftis inverter e glebis. And all thefe things are to be performed immediately after their weaning: and then in the next place you muft regard to geld the males, which is to be performed in hne, or as Magus faith, in Mj/, orat the fartheft let them not beabovea year old; for elfe they will grow very deformed and fmall : but if you lib them after two years old, they will prove ftubborn and intra&able ; The Uhb'ng wherefore it is better to geld them while they be young ones, which is to be performed not with of Calv«:r.j any 7 o The Hifiory of Four- footed 'Beaftf Ariftot'.e. Sotton. Varro. Palladius. Sotion. CoVumella. Varro. Food Tor Calves. Sacrifices of Calves. Tliny. Cxl'w* Jjjepbur. A wonder. Monfters of Calves. Nic.Villagag. The flefliof Calves. Tliny. Of the medi- cines* Marcellm. Tliny. Nicander. Rafit. Marcel/us. any knife or iron inftrument, becaufe it will draw much blood, and indanger the beaft through pain, but rather with a cloven reed or ftick,prefiing it together by little and little : but if it happen that one of a year or two years old be to be libbed , then you muftufe a lharp knife, after you have preffed the ftonesinto the cods, and cut them out atone ftroke, and for ftanching of the blood, let the cod, and the ends of the veins be feared with an hot iron, and fo the wound is cured as foon as it is made. And now the time for the effecting hereof, is beft in the wane of the Moon, either in the Spring or Autumn • but it is good to leave as many of the veins and nerves of the virile member untouch- ed and whole as may be, that fo he may not lofe any condition of a male, except the power of ge- neration. And if the wound be overmuch given to bleed, lay upon it afhes with the fpume of 111- ver, which is apt to ftanch blood in all green wounds ; and that day let him not drink, ?and eat but a very little meat : for three days after give him green tops or grafs, foft and eafie to chew , and at the third days end, anoint the wound with liquid pitch, afhes, and a little Oyl , which will foon cure the fear and keep the flies from flinging or harming it. If at any time a Cow caft her Calf, you may put unto her another Calf, that hath not fuckt enough from his own Dam; and they ufe^in fome Countries to give their Calves Wheat-bran, and Barly-meal, and tender meat ; efpecially re- garding that they drink morning and evening. Let them not lye together in the night with their Dam, butafunder, untill their fucking time, and then immediately leparate them again, unlefsthe Cow be well fed when the Calf fucketh • her ordinary food will yeeld no great tribute of Milk • and for this caufe you muft begin to give the Calf green meat betimes. Afterward being weaned , you may fuffer thofe young ones to feed with their Dams in the Autumn , which were calved in the Spring. Then in the next place, you muft regard the taming of the beaft, being ready for labour, which is expreffed in the former treatife of an Oxe. The Ancients called Viftoria by the name of the Goddefs F/rMA*, becaufe they facrificed unto her Calves, which was tearmed a Vitulation : and this was ufual for vidory and plenty, as istobefeen at large in Gira\dw > Macrobius, 2^onius y Ovid, and Virgil : but the Heathens had this knowledge, that their Gods would not accept at their hands a lame Calf for a Sacrifice, although it were brought'to 1 the Altar ; and if the tail of the Calf did not touch the joynts of his hinder legs f they did not re- ceive him for Sacrifice. And it is faid of JEmil'ms Paulus, when he was to go againft the Macedonians, he facrificed to the Moon in her declination eleven Calves. It is very ftrange , that a Calf being ready to'be facrificed at the Temple of Ierufalem, brought forth a Lamb, which was one fore-il.ew- mg fignof Jera/ia/ewf deftrudion. But Ariftotle declareth, that in his time, there was a Calf thac had the head of a childe $ and in Luceria a Town of Helvetia, was there a Calf which in his hinder parts was a Hart. WhenCharles the fifth, went with his Army into dfrick^ and arrived at Larghera , a Noble City of Sardinia, there happened an exceeding great wonder ; for an Oxe brought forth a Calf with two heads; and the woman that did owe the Oxe, prefented the Calf to the Emperor: and fince thac time I have feen the pidure of a more ftrange beaft calved at Bonna, in the Bifhoprick of Colen> which had two heads ; one of them in the fide not bigger then a Hares head, and two bodies joyned toge-. ther ; whereof the hinder parts were fmooth and bald,but the tail black and hairy ; it had alfo feven feet; whereoi one had three hoofs : this Monfter lived a little while, and was brought forth in An- no x^z- the 1 6. day of May, to the wonder and admiration of all them, who either knew the truth, or had feen the pidure. Butchers are wont to buy Calves for to kill, and fell their flefh; for in all creatures , the flefh of the young ones are much better then the elder, becaufe they are raoift and foft , and therefore will digeft and concod more eafily : and for this caufe KidsJLambs and Calves, are not out of /feafon in any time of the year; and are good from fifteen days to two months old, being ornaments to the Tables of great Noble men ; which caufed Fiera to make this Viftichon : Ajjidues babeanX vitulum \m prandia in ufus, Cut madida& fapidajunfia leporecaro eft. And principally the Germans ufe the chawthern, the head, and the feet, for the beginning of their meals ; and the other part either roafted, or baked, and fometime fod in broath, and then buttered, fpiced and fauced, and eaten with Onyons. The Medicines arifing from this beaft, are the fame that come from his Sires before fpoken of, and efpecially the flefh of a Calf doth keep the flefh of a new wound , (if it be applyed thereunto) from fwelling, and being fodden, it is precious againft the bitings of a mans teeth : and when a mad Dog hath bitten a man or a beaft, they ufe to pare the wound to the quick; and having fodden Veal mingled with the fewet and heel, they lay fome to the wound, and make the patient drink of the broath: and the fame broath is foveraign againft all the bitings of Serpents. The horns of a Calf fod foft, are good againft all intoxicate poyfon, and efpecially Hemlock. The powder of a Calves thigh drunk in Womans Milk, cureth all filthy running Ulcers; and out of the brains of a Calf they make an Oyntment, to loofen the hardnefe of the belly. The marrow foftneth all the joynts, driveth away the bunches arifing in the body; having an operation to foften, fill, dry and heat. Take Oyl, Wax, Ruft, and the marrow of a Calf, againft all bunches in the face: and Calves marrow with an equal quantity of Whay, Oyl,Rofe-cakeandan Egge, do foften the hardnefs of the Of the Cacus. the cheeks and eye-lids, being laid to for a plaifter , and the fame mixed with Cummin, and infufed into the ears, healeth the pains of then>: and alfoeafeth the Ulcers in the mouth. The marrow with the fewet compofed together, cureth all Ulcers and corruptions in the Secrets Yliny. of Men and Women. The Fat pounded with Salt, cureth the Louzy evill, and hkewife the ulcerous fores in the head. The fame mixed with the fat of a Goofe, and the juyce of Bafil or wilde Cum- Marccllutl mm, and infufed into the ears,helpeth deafnefs and pains thereof. The fat taken out of the thigh of a Calf, and fod in three porringers of water, and fupped up, is good for them that have the Flux : and the dung of a Calf fryed in a pan, laid to the Buttocks and Secrets, doth wonderfully cure the Bloodyflix : alfo laid to the reins, provoketh Urine; and fod with Rue, cureth all the inflamati- L eom u u t\ ons.in the feat of a man or woman. The Sewet of a Calf with Nitre, afTwageth the fwelling of the p^ ;/7 ' cods, being applyed to them like a plaifter : and the Sewet alone, doth cure the peeling of che Nails. The Liver with Sage leaves cut together, and preffed to a liquor, being drunk, eafeth the pain in the fmaliof theBeily. The gall mingled with powder of a Harts-horn, and the Seed of Marjoram, cureth Leprofies and Scurfs; and the gall alone anointed upon the head, driveth away nits. The milt of a Calf is good for the milt of a man, and for Ulcers in the mouth ; and glew made of hisftones, as thick as Hony, and anointed upon the leprous place, cureth the fame, if it be fuf- fered to dry thereupon. With the dung of Calves they perfume the places which are hurt with Scorpions ; and the afhes of this dung with Vinegar,ftayeth bleeding:Mg to the Countries wherein they breed : as in Indiajn Ara~ Camels. bia find in BaUria : All thofe which are in India fire faid by Didymus to be bred in the Mountains of the Badnansfind have two bunches on their back, and one other on their breaft, whereupon they lean : they have fometimes a Bore for their Sire,which feedeth with the floxrk of (he-Camels - for as Mqle9 The generati- and Hoi'fes will couple together in copulation,fo alfo will Bores and Camels : and that a Camel is To on of Battrian .j n gendered fometimes, the roughnefs of his hair like a Bores or Swines, and the ftrength of his body, Cimeb. are f u ffi c i ent evidences ; and thefe are worthily called Batlrians, becaufe they were firft of all concei- ved among them, having two bunches on their- backs ; whereas the Arabian hath but one. The colour of this Camel is for the mort part brown, or puke- yet there are herds of white ones in India. The pans and Ptolemeus Lagi brought two ftrange things into Egypt,, a black Camel* and a man which was the colour of thefe one half white, and the other half black in equal proportion ; the which caufed the Egyptians to won- CameU. der and marvaU at the fhape and proportion, of the Camel , andjto laugh at the man: whereupon it grew to a Proverb, a Camel among the Egyptians, fprajaai ter fearful at the firft, and ridiculous at the laft^ The feveral rhe head and neck of this beaft is different in proportion from all others ; yet the Ethiopians have partsofa Ca- a beaft called N^fm, which inhisneckrefemblethaHorfe,andin his headaCamel. Theyhavenot pf. ' teeth on bothlides, although they want horns, (I mean both the Arabian andBaftrian Camel:) whereof Autfotle difputeth the reafon, in the third Book of the parts of creatures , and fourteenth chapter. Their necks are long and nimble, whereby the whole body is much relieved ; and in their ' neck toward the neather part of the the throat, there is a place called Anhar } wherein a Camel doth by fpear or fword, moft eafily receive his mortal or deadly wound. Silvaticut. s kelly ' s vaiia t>le, now great, now fmall like an Oxes ; his gall is not diftinguiftied within him like other beafts, but only carryed in great veins,and thereiore forne have thought he had none, and afigned that as a caufe of his long life. Betwixt his thighes he bath two udders , which have four Ariflot'e. fpeans depending from them like a Cow. His genital partjs confe&ed, and ftandeth upon a finew, Tliny. nnfomuch as thereof may a ftring be made, for the bending of the ftrongeft bow. The tail is like the tailofanAfs, hanging down to their knees, they have knees in every leg, having in their former leg.- thrie bones, and in the hinder four. They have an ancle like an Oxes, and very fmall but- tocks, for the proportion of their great body : their foot is cloven, but fo, that in the under part it hath but two fi fibres or clefts, opening the breadth of a finger, and in the upper part four fiffures or clefts, opening a little,and having a little thing growing in them,like as is in the foot of a Goofe : The foot it ielfisfkfhy like a Bears, and therefore they are fhod with leather when they travail, left the gauling of their feet caufe them to tire. Avicemiu &iT\rme:h, that he had feen Camels with whole feet, likeaHorfes, but their feet (al- though flefhy) are fo tyed together with little lungs that they never wear ; and their manner of go- ing or pace is like a Lyons, fo walking as the left foot never out^goeth the right, whereas all other beafts change the letting forward of their feet, and lean upon their left feet while they remove their right ; but'thefe alter ftep after ftep, fo as the left foot behinde^ followeth the right before, and the hinder foot followeth the left before. Thofe Camels which are conceived by Bores are the ftrong- eft, and fall not fo quickly into the myre as other, although his load be twice fo heavy. The food of Camels love grafs (called Sdjcennantbi) and efpecially Barley , which they eat up wonderful Camels. greedily untill allbeintheirftomach, and then will they chew thereupon all the night long : fo that the greacnefs of their belly to lodge their meat in before concodion is becter then the benefit < 74 The Hiftory of Four-fomed Beafts. benefit o\j their upper teeth, becaufe he can ruminate and chaw it fo often as he pleafeth. There is a certain 1/ rb, which hath a feed like a myrtle feed, that is poyfon to worms, and this feed is food for Silvaticut. Camels wherewith they grow fat. It is therefore calledCamel-thorn, and Afiergar in the Arabian Paul Yeneu ton g Ue .\ a the Province of Aden, both Sheep, Oxexij Hmfes, and Camels, eat a kinde of fifh , and Pbiloflratus. them be^ 'r being dry and ftate, then new,a7i4frefb, by reafon the immoderate heat in that region CxWus. burneth upf all patture and fruits : neither is there any beaft which is fo eafily fed asa Camel. They Their drink ui ji not Q f clear or clean water, but of rauddy and flimy, and therefore they ftamp in it with dear"" ^ their feet. *1 i»ey will endure'rhirft for three or four days together ; but wheif they come to drink, they fuck ip"hc>ove meafure, recompenfing their former thirft^ and providirig'againft that which is to come :^J^'of all kindes the Brians aire leaft troubled with thirft. I hcyjtalfjfly-om one fide, to another,otherwjfe then any mother beafts do : this beaft is very hot by nature,and twerefore wanton and full of fport and wrath ; braying raoft fearfully when they are an- gred They engender like Elephants and Tygers ; that is,the female lying or fitting on the ground, which the male imbraceth like other males; and continue in copulation a whole day together. Their procrca- When they are to ingender, they go unto the fecreteft places they can finde ; herein excelling in rion.j modefty theancient Majjagetes, who were not afhamed to lie with their wives in the open field, and publick view of one another,where as brute beafts by inftincf of nature,make the procreation of their kinde to be a raoft fecret ftlameful honeft a&ion. At the time 1 therefore of their luft, they are moft unruly and fierce, yeelding to none, no not to their own keepers : the' beft time of their copulation is in September, for in Arabia, they begin to ingender in the third year of their ape, and fo within ten or eleven moneths after (he is de- livered of yemng, being never above one at a time, for twins come not in her great belly; fo {he goeth a year before fhe conceive again , although her young be feparated or weaned, before which Cams, time they do not commonly. Unto their former modefty for their copulation,we may adde ano- Avian. ther divine inftinct and moft true obfervation about the fame , for the male will never cover his mother, or his filter; wherefore it is fincejiely reported, that when a certain Camel-keeper (de- firous to try thisfecref) having the male, fon to a female, : which he alfo kept, hefo covered the female-mother-Camekin ail parts of her body, except her lecrets, that nothing could be feen of her, and fo brought *rie<;idftTul fon to cover her; which according to his prefent rage he performed. As foon as he had^ done it , his mafter and owner pulled away the mask or dif- guife from the dam, in the prefenceof the fon; whereby he inftantly perceived his keepers traud , in making him unnaturally to have copulation with his own mother. In revenge whereof he ranuponhim, and taking him in his mouth, lifthim up into theair, prefently letting him fall with noife and cry un^neath his murdering and man-quelling feet ; where, with Unap- peafeable wrath and blood-delinng livor, he preffed and trod to pieces the inceft marriage-caufer, twixt him and his deareft mother ; and yet not herewith fatisfied , like fome reafonable crea- ture , deprived of heavenly grace , and carryed with deadly revenge againft fuch uncleannefs, being perfwaded that the guilt of fuch an offence could never receive fufficient expiation by the death of the firft devifer , except the beguiled party fuffered alfo fome fmart of penalty ; adjudged himfelf to death, and no longer worthy to live by natures benefit, which had fo violated • the womb that firft conceived him ; and therefore running to and fro, as it weretofinde out a hang-man for himfelf,at laft found a fteepy rock, from whence he leaped down to end his life; and although he could not prevent his offence, yet he thought it beft to cleanfe away his mothers adultery with the facrifice of that blood which was firft conceived in that wombejvhich he had defiled. Thefe Camels are kept in herds, and are as fwift as Horfes , according to the meafure of their ftrength, not only becaufe of their nimblenefs, but alfo becaufe their ftrides and reach doth gather The a c e and' i° more g r °und : for which caufe they are ufed by the Indians for race, when they go to fetch the agility of Ca-" which is faidtobekept by the Formica Lyons, which are not much bigger then Foxes : yet mels. many times do thefe Lyons overtake the Camels in courfe , and tear the riders in pieces. They Herodotus. have been alfo ufed for battel or war (by the Arabians in the Perfian war : ) but their fear is fo great of anHorfe, that (as Xewpbon faith in the inftitution of Cyrus ) when the Armies came to joyn, neither the Camel would approach to the Horfe, or the Horfe to the Camel ; whereupon it is ac- counted a bafe and unprofitable thing for a man to nourifh Camels for fight ; yet the Ptrftans for the fight of Cyrus in Lydia, ever nourifhed Camels and Horfes together , to take away their fear one Of the labour ^ rom anotner - Therefore they are ufed for carriage, which they will perform with great facility, and employ- being taught by their keepers to kneel and lye down to take up their burthens, which by reafon of men: of Ca- their height a man cannot lay on them ; always provided, that he will never go beyond his ordinary mtls. lodging and baiting plaee, or endure more then his ufual burthen ; and it hath been feen that one ot thele Lattrian Camels, hath carryed above ten Minars of corn, and above that a bed with five jll„y, men therein. They will travel in a day above forty ordinary miles; for as Pliny faith , that there was from 'Ihomna to Gaz.a^ fixty and two lodging places for Camels, which was in length one thou- fand five hundred thirty and feven miles. They are alfo ufed for the plow in Numidia, and for this caufe are yoaked fometimes with Horfes, Vioderus. but tielicgabalus like as the 1artarians 3 yoaked them together not only for private fpectacles and plays ; but alfo for drawing of Waggons and Chariots. When they defire to have them free and ftrong for any labour in the field, or war, they ufe to geld both the male and the female, the manner whereof Of the Camel. 75 whereof is in this fore. The male by taking away his Hones, and the female by fearing her privy parts within the brim and laps thereof with a hot iron, which being fo taken away , they can ne- ver more join in copulation ; and thefe are mote patient in labour and thirlr, and likewife better endure the extremity of land in thofe parts, having this skill, that if the mifts of raiia or fand, do never fo much obfeure the way from the rider, yet doth fhe remember the fame without all ftag- p//ny gering. The urine of this beaft is excellent for the ufe of Fullers ; of the hair called Buber>or Camels Wool, Of thcufe of is cloth made for Apparel, (called Camelotta, or Camels hairj and the hair of the Cajpian Camels is ch eh»arural fofoft, that it may be therein compared with the foftctit Milefian Wool, whereof their Princes and Priefts make their garments : and it is very probable, that the garments of Saint John Baptift was of iamu this kinde. In the City of Calacia, (under the great Cham) and in the province of Egri^aia^ is cloth made of the hair of Camels, and white wool (called Zambiloiti) fhewing raoft glorioufly ; but the Baytiuf. beft of t his kinde are in the land of Gog and Ma$pg. It is forbidden in holy Scripture to eat a Camel, for although it chew the cud, yet is not the hoof The ricfli of a altogether cloven : and befides, the fiefh thereof is hard of digeftion, and the juyce thereof very Camel not to naught, heating the body above meafure •■> yet many times have men of bale condition and mindes be eaten, eaten thereof, as in Arabia, and in the Kingdom of Fezz.cn ; and Atbeneui afHrmeth, that the King TUdorus. of Ferfia was wont to have a whole Camel rofted for his own table at his royal feaftings.- and Helioga- L« Ajric. bains likewife caufedto be prepared for himfelf the heels of Camels, and thefpurs of Cocks and Hens, pulled of alive, and whole Oftriches and Camels ; faying, (though falflyj that God com- Lamlridius. manded the Jews to eat them. Camels milk is wholefome for meat , becaufe it is thinneft of all other, and becaufe thereof it breedeth fewer obftrudions, and is good for foftning of the belly. For the natural difpofition of this beaft : it is partly already related,whereby the lingular ufe there* of may be collected : yet there are certain proverbs and ftories thereof farther exprefling their qualities. It is difdainful, and a difcontented creature : whereupon it it is faigned of the Poets,that they be- A biftory of fought Jupiter to give them Horns, with which Petition he was fo offended, that he took from them natural their ears, and therefore in that, thofe are reproved, which are fo far in love with other thin g s rj j^j" "* ~,J& they want, that t hey d eferye to lofe the th ings they have. + Likewife the wantonnefs thereof ap- ' *tf***'* rD neareth hv the nrnverh of a danfmo Camel u/hen onerakprh nnnn him more rhen his skill will peareth by the proverb of a dancing Camel, when onetaketh upon him more then his skill will ferve to difcharge: yet hattfnoTthis beaft been free* from ignominy -for when the Emperor Iufti- ~nian had found tncxreaforj of Ar faces the Armenian, he caufed him to ride through the City upon a Cdius', Camel, to be fliamed for his offence, although in former times it was a kinde of triumph and honor Sdims. to be carryed upon a Camel, led through a City. In the lake of Afpbaltitet , wherein all things fink that come in it , many Camels and Buls fwim through without danger. The Arabians facrifice a Camel to the unknown God, becaufe Camels go Sacrifices of" into ftrange Countries, and likewife facrifice their Virgins before they be marryed, becaufe of the Idolatry, chaftity of this beaft, and the Sagarentes with great obfervance, keep the combat of Camels, in the Gyraldus. honour of Minerva. Thefe Beafts are hated of Horfes and Lyons, for when Xerxes travailed over the river Cbidorus, JElianus. through Ytonia and Crejionia ; in the night time the Lyons defcended into the camp, and touched no ° f th * feai 3Rl3 Creatures therein, except the Camels, whom they deftroyed for the moft part. rnels A Camel will live in the foil wherein he is bred, fifty or an hundred years; and if he betranflated n e rodo\us, into any other Nation, he falleth into madnels or fcabs, or the gowt, and then they live not above Solinus thirty years. There is a kinde of grafs thatgroweth by the high ways in the Countrey of Babylon , Forpbyriur. that killeth Camels when they tafte thereof. The length of There are alfo medicinal properties in Camels, for by reafon he is of a hot and dry temperament : their life, if a man infe&ed with poyfon, be put into the warm belly of a Camel newly flain , it loofeneth the Flmy. power of the poyfon, and giveth ftrength to the natural parts of the body. The fat taken out of Jhe medicines the bunch and perfumed, cureth the Hemmorhoides ; and the blood of a Camel fryed , is precious b °j di "' againft the bloodyflix, or any other loofenefs of the belly • the brain dryed and drunk with Vine- p^UJJJ gar, helpeth the Falling-evill j the gall drunk with Hony, helpeth the Quinzy : andifitbelaidto Catdinalit the eye-brows and forehead, fod in three cups of the beft Hony 3 it cureth the dimnefs of the eyes,and AviC g ma ' avoideth the flefh that groweth in them : and if the hairs of a Camels tail be wound together like a firing, and tyed to the left arm, (Fliny affirraeth ) they will deliver one from a quartan Ague. The milk of Camels newly delivered of young, helpeth obftruftions, and all fhortnefs of breath and is alfo good againft the Dropfie and hardnefs of the milt. Alfo when one hath drunk poyfon, fji u M • this is a good Antidote, and amendeth the temper of the body. The fime of Camels dryed to duft arwaa * withOyl, will crifpe and curl the hair, and ftay bleeding at the nofe ; and the fame hot, is good againft the Gowt. The urine is moft profitable for running fores, there have been which have preferved it five years together, and ufed againft hardnefs of the belly ; wafhing alfo therewith fore heads : and it help- eth one to the fenfe of fmelling, if it be held to the nofe s likewife againft the Dropfie , the Spleen, and the Ring-worm. Of- 7 6 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Of the Camtl DROME DAM 7. A Camel is called of the Grecians, 2>crwe.<, by reafon of the fwiftnefs of his race j and alfo an Ara- bian Camel, which hath all things common with the former BaUrian Camel, except,firft in the fhape, for fhe hath but one bunch on die back, and many Nations , as the halians,Fremb y Germans^ and Spaniards, ufe the word D'omedory, only without addition; the G'tcians never name it without the addition of a Camel. Therefore this is akindeof Camel of lefs ftature, but much fwifter- for which caufe it is derived from running. It cheweth the cud like a Sheep, and the other Camel; the Irtncb King had fent him from the great ?«»■)( two of thefe, white coloured ; and I my felf have feen one of them , being fifteen cubits high, wanting fome nine inches, and about fix cubits in length, having the upper lip cloven in the middle like a Hare, and two broad nails in his feet, which in the upper part appeared cloven, but underneath they were whole and fleftiy without divifion , and round in proportion like a pewter dilh : It hath alfo a hard bunch on its breft, whereon it leaned, fitting,down and riling : and alfo upon either knee one: thefe are faid to live fifty years, •■> but the Bafirians an hundred : they were ufed for drawing of Chariots, and great prefenfij for Princes ; and when they go to war, every one carryeth two Archers, which lit upon him, back to back, (hooting forth their darts, one againft the front of the enemy, and the other againft the profecutors and fol- lowers. They are able to go an hundred miles in a day, bearing a burthen ef fifteen hundred weight j yea fometimes two thoufand, bending upon his knee to take up his load and rider, which received , he nfeth up again with great patience,being obedient and ruleable; yet'kicking when he is angry ,which is very feldom: and therefore lerenct did fignificantly defcnbe a good fervant by the name of Dromo, derived from Drornas,^ runner : And for the conclulion of the Hiftory of thefe two forts of CamelsT will here adde the relation and memorable obfervations of lobannes Leo Aftr , in his ninth Book of the delcription of Africk,, in his own words following. A relation of J>Jh~d a wilde Sheep. Tliny . There were ten ofthefe feen at Kome, in the daies of G^dianus thc.Emperor, and before that time, Ahiftory. C£\ar being Dictator. And fuch an one was fent by the Sultan of Babylon to the Emperor Frederi:^, lftdorus. fo that it is without queftion that there is fuch a beaft, which is engendred of a Camel and a female Libari} 3 or fanthir, as Horaa faith ; Diver Jum confufagenm V anther a Camelo. But the fame which the Latins call ^ 'anther a the Grecians call VdrdalU. The head thereof is like to a Tbe J*."?*" Camels, the neck to a Horfes, the body to a Harts ; and his cloven hoof is the fame with a Camels.- on d£lcri * the colour of this Beaft is for the molt part red and white, mixed together, therefore very beauti- pu ° n " full to behold, by reafon of the variable and interchangeable skin, being full of fpots : but yet they arc not alway of one colour. He hath two little horns growing on his head of the colour of Leo Afric. iron, his eyes rowling and frowing, his mouth but fmall like a Harts, his tongue is neer three foot Oppianus. J long, and with that he will fo fpeedily gather in his meat, that the eyes of a man will fail to behold Hdiudutus. bis haft, and his neck diverfly coloured, is fifteen foot long , which he holdeth up higher then a Camels,and far above the proportion of his other parts.His forefeet are much longer then his hinder Their manner and therefore his back deciineth towards his buttocks, which are very like an Affes.The pace of this cf going, beaft differeth from all other in the world, for he doth not move his right and left foot one after another, but both together, and fo likewife the other, whereby his whole body is removed at every ftepor ftrain. Thefe beafts are plentiful in Ethiopia, India, and the Georgian region, which was once called Media. The Countries L'kewife in the Province of Abafia in India, it is called Surnofa, and in Abafia, Surnappa, and the latter breeding chefc pidure before fet down, was truly taken by Melchior Lmrigus at Cutifiantinnple, in the year of falvation beafls - 1 559- by the fight of one ofthefe, fent to the great Turkg for a prefent : which picture and defcrip- tion, was afterward fent into Germany, and was imprinted at Norimberge. It is a folitary beaft, and Their natural keepeth altogether in woods,if it be not taken when it is young : they are very tradable and eafie difpodtion and to be handled.fo that a child may lead them with a fmall line or cord about their head, and when any mildnels « come to fee them, they willingly and of their own accord turn themfelvcs round as it were of pur- pofe to fhew their foft hairs,and beautiful colour, bein'g as it were proud to ravifh the eyes of the beholders. The skin is of great price and eftimation among Merchants and Princes,and it is faid that under- The skin, neath his belly, the colourable fpots are wrought in fafhion of a fifhers net, and the whole body fo admirably intercoloured with variety ,that it is in vain for the wit or art of man,once to go about to endevour the emulous imitation thereof. The tail of the beaft is like the tail of an Afle, and I cannot judge that it is eithgr fwift for pace or ftrong for labour, and therefore well tearmed a wilde Sheep, becaufe the flefh hereof is good for meat,and was allowed to the Jews by God himfelf for a clean beaft. Of the ALLOC ACM E LUS, 8 6 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beaft f. S Ciller affirmed!, that in the land of the Giants, there is a beaft which hath the head, neck, and cat s of a Mule, but the body of a Camel ; wherefore it is probable, that it is conceived 'by a Camel and a Mule: thepicture whereof is before fetdown,asit was taken from the fight of the beaft, and imprinted with a defcription at Middkborough in the year 1558. which was never before feem in Germany , nor yet fpoken of by Pliny. They faid that it was in Indian Sheep, out of the region of Peru, and fo was brought to Antwerp fix thoufand miles diftant from that nation. It was about two yards high, and five foot in length' the neck was as white as any Swan : the colour of his other parts was yellowifh, and his feet like an Oib ige-Camels : and although it were a male, yet it did render his urine backward : it was after- ward given to the Emperor by Thsodoric Neus, a Citizen of the neather O/en. It was a moft gentle and meek beaft like the Camdopardal^not paft four year old : wherefore I thought good to exprefle it in this place, becoufe of the fimilitudeit hath with the manners of the former beaft, although ic want horns and differ in fome other members. and etymology of a C Of another Beaft called CAMPS. 1™xI«/orw Siculus maketh relation, that when Diony/lus with his Army travelled through the JL>/defert and dry places, annoyed with divers wilde beafts, he came to Ztmbirra a City of Lybia> where he flew a beaft bred in thofe parts called Campe, which had before that time deftroyed many men, which a&ion did purchafe him among the inhabitahtes a never dying fame, and that therefore there might remain a continual remembrance to all pofterity of that fad, he raifed up there a monu- ment of the flain beaft to ftand for evermore. Of the CAT. Of the nam?. A Cat is a familiar and well known beaft, called of the Hebrews, CatuV, and Schanar, and Schunara; jTJL of the Grecians, Aelutos, and Kattes, and Katis • of the Saracens, Katt • the Italians ', Gatta , and Gotto; the Spaniards, Gata, and Gato 5 the French, Chat; the Germans, Katz,\ the Ii/yrians, Kozkf, and Furioz, (which is nfed for a Cat by Albertus Magnus) and I conjecture, to be either the Perfian or the Arabian word. The Latins call it Feles, and fometimes Murikgus, znd Mufio, becaufe it catcheth Mife, but moft commonly Catus-, which is derived ofCautus, Signifying wary. Ovid faith, that The nature w hen t he Giants warred with the Gods, the Gods put upon them the Shapes of Beafts, and the filter of /tyo//» lay for a fpy in the likenefs of a Cat, for a Cat is a watchful and wary beaft feldom overtaken, and moft attendant to her fport and prey : according to that obfervation of Maatuan - 3 Nonfecus ac muricatus, ille invadexe pernam, Nititur> hie rimas ocnlii obfervat acuta. Their ure a- And for this caufedidthe Egyptians place them for hallowed beads, and kept them in their Tern- mongthe pies, although they alleadged the ufe of their skins for die-cover of Shields, which was but an un- EgptiMs. reafonable Shift, for the ioftnefsofa Cats skin is not fit to defend or bear a blow: It is known alfo, that it was capital among them, to kill an Ibis, an Afpe, a Crocodile, a Dog, or a Cat; info much as, that in the dayes of King Ptolemie, when a peace was lately made betwixt the Romans and A Hiftory. the Egyptians ; and the Roman Ambaffadors remaining ftillin Egypt Jt fortuned that a Roman un- awares killed a Cat, whichbeing by the multitude of the Egyptians dpkd, they prefently fell upon Ccelius t ^ ie Ambafiadors houfe, to rafe down the fame, except the offender might be delivered unto them to fuffer death : fo that neither the honour of the Roman name, hor the necefiity of peace, could have reftrained them from that fury, had not the King himfelf a)nd his greateft Lords come in perfonj not fo much to deliver the R$man Cat-murderer, as to fafegard him from the peoples vio- lence. And not only the Egyptians were fools in this kind, but the. ylrabmts alfo, who worshipped a Cat for a God ; and when the Cat dyed, they mourned as much for heV, as for the father of the family, (having the hair from their eye-lids, and carrying the beaft to the* Temple, where the Priefts faked it and gave it a holyfuneral in Bubafium, (which was a burying place for Cats neer die Altar) wherein may appear to all men, in what miferable blindnefs the wifeft men of tne 'woiid, (for- faking, or deprived of the true knowledge of God) are more then captivated, fo that their wretch- ed eftate cannot better beexpreffed then by the words of St. Paul, f/ben they tlx, notify be wife } xhcy became fools. A\ » Of the taming 0' lce Cats were all wild, but afterward they retired to houfes,wherefore there are plenty of them of Cats and in all Countries : Martial in an Epigram, celebrated a Pannonian Cat with this diftichon ; ■ their countries. , • ' " 1 annmeas-nubu.nunquam dedilVmbria Cattar, * Hivvlth.ec dumin* mitten dona pudens. The Of the Cat. 8i The Spantfh b\uk Cats are ofmoft price among the Germans, becaufe they are nimbleft, and have Thebcft Gacs tlie foftelt hair fit for garment. A Cat is in all parts like a Lionefs, except in her fharp ears, wherefore the Poets feign, that when KfMH/had turned a Cat into a beautiful woman, (calling her Aeluros ) who forgetung her good turn, contended with the Goddefle for beauty ; in indignation whereof, flie returned her to her firft nature, only making her outward fhape to refemble a Lion ; which is not altoge- ther idle, but may admonifh the wifeft, that fair and foul, men and beafts , hold nothing by their own worrh and benefit, but by the virtue of their Creator Wherefore if at any time they rife againft their maker, let them think to lofe their honour and dignity in their beft part, and to return to bafenefs and inglorious contempt ; out of which they were firft taken, and howfoever their outward fhape and condition pleafe them, yet at the beft are but beafts that perifh, for the Lions fufferhurger Cats are of divers colours., Sipontiui. but for the moft part grifeld, of the fever*! like to congealed ife, which p":*. cometh from the condition of her meat: her head is like unto the head of a Lion, except in her (harp ears : her fiefh is foft and fmooth : her eyes glifter above meafure,ef- pecially when a man comath to fee them on the i'uddain, and in the night they can hardly be endured, for their flaming afpeft. Wherefore Derrwcritut defcribing the Per- ftan Smaragde faith that it is not tranfparent, but filleth the^eye with pleafant bright- nefs, fuch as is in the eyes of Panthers and Cats, for they caft forth beams in the fha- dow and darknefs, but in fun- (hine they have no fuch cleaf- nefs, and thereof Alexan- der Apbroctifc giveth this rea- fon , both for the fight of Cats and Bats, that they have by nature a moft fharpe fpirjt offeeing. Albmus compareth their eye-fight to Carbuncles in dark places, becaufe in the night they can fee perfectly to kill -Rats and Mice : the root of the herb Valerian (commonly called Pbu ) is very like to the eye of a Cat, and wherefoever it groweth, if Cats come thereunto, they inftantly dig it up , for the love thereof,as I my felf have feen in mine own Garden , and not once only, but often , even then when as I had caufed it to be hedged or compafled round about with thornes, for it fmelleth marvellous like to a Cat. The Egyptians haveobferved in the eyes of a Cat, the encreafe of the Moon- light , for with the Moon they skin more fully at the full, and more dimly in the change and wane, and the male Cat doth alfo vary his eyes with the Sun ; for when the Sun arifeth,the apple of his eye Gilliur, is long; toward noon it is round, and at the evening it cannot be feen at all, but the whole eye {hewech alike. The tongue of a Cat is very attractive and forcible like a file, attenuating by licking the flefhof a man, for which caufe, when {he is come neer to the bloud,fothat her own fpittle be mingled therewith , fhe falleth mad. Her teeth are like a faw, and if the long hairs growing about Pity* her mouth (which fome call Granons) be cut away, fhe loleth her courage. Her nails fheathed like the 8a The Hittory of Four-footed Heatts. The game and foed ofjCa:s. Pliny. A fecret. Of their love and hatred. JEliams. The love of home. Jlbems. A way to make Cats keep home, A eonje&ural fecret.j Their copula- tion. ArifloUe, JElimt* Choife of yong Cats. the nails of a Lion, ftriking with her forefeet, both Dogs and other things, as a man doth with his hand. This beaft is wonderful nimble, fetting upon her prey like a Lion, by leaping, and therefore {lie huntethboth Rats, all kind of Mice, and Birds, eating not only them, but alfo fifh, where- withallfheisbeftpleafed. Having taken a Moufe, fhe firft playeth with it, and then devoureth it, but her watchful eye is moft ftrange, to fee with what pace and foft fteps, (he taketh birds and flies ; and her nature is to hide her own dung or excrement, for fhe knoweth that the favour and prcfence thereof, will drive away her fport, the little Moufe being able by that ftool, to fmell the prefencc of her mortal foe. To keep Cats from hunting of Hens, they ufc to tie a little wilde Rew under their wings, and fo 1 ike wife from Dove-coates, if they fet it in the windowes, they dare not approach unto it for fome fecret in nature. Some have faid that Cats will fight with Serpents , and Toads, and kill them, \ and perceiving that fhe is hurt by them ; fhe prefently drinketh water and is cured : but I cannot confent unto this opinion: it being true of the Weafell as fhall be afterward declared. Pontzettus fheweth by experience that Cats and Serpents love one another, for there was (faith he) in a certain Monaftery, a Cat nourifhed by the Monkes, and fuddenly the moft parts of the Monks which ufed to play with the Cat fell fick: whereof the Phyfitians could find no caufe, but fome fecret poifon, and all of them were affured that they never tafted any : at the laft a poor labouring man came unto them, affirming that he faw the Abbey-cat playing with a Serpent, which the Phyfitians underftan- ding, prefently conceived that the Serpent had emptied fome of her, poifon upon the Cat, which brought the fame to the Monks,and they by ftroking and handling the Cat,were infefted therewith; and whereas there remained one difficulty, namely, how it came to pafle, the Cat her felf was not poifoned thereby ,it was refolved,that for as mnch as the Serpents poifon came from him but in play and fport, and not in malice and wrath, that therefore the venom thereof being loft in play, neither harmed the Cat at all, nor much endangered the Monks : and the very like is obferved of Mice that will play with Serpents. Cats will alfo hunt Apes,and follow them to the woods,for in Egypt certain Cats fet upon an Ape, who prefently took himfelf to his heels,and climed into a tree, after whom the Cats followed with the fame celerity & agility: (for they can fallen their clawes to the barke and run up very fpeedily:) the Ape feeing himfelf overmatched with number of his adverfaries,leaped from branch to branch , and at laft took hold of the top of a bough, whereupon he did hang fo ingenioufly, that the Cats durft not approach unto him for fear of falling, and fo departed. The nature of this beaft is, to love the place of her breeding, neither will (he tarry in any ftrange place, although carryed far, being never willing to forfake the houfe, for the love of any man, and moft contrary to the nature of a Dog, who will travaile abroad with' his matter; and although their matters forfake their houfes, yet will not thefe beafts bear them company, and being carryed forth inclofe baskets orfacks, they will yet return again or lofe themfelves. A Cat is much de- lighted to play with her image in a glaffe, and if at any time fhe behold it in water, prefently {he leapeth down into the water which naturally (he doth abhor, but if fhe be not quickly pulled forth and dryed (he dyeth thereof, becaufe fhe is impatient of all wet. Thofe which will keep their.Cats within doors, and from hunting birds abroad, mutt cut off their ears, for they cannot endure to have drops of rain diftill into them, and therefore keep themfelves in harbour. Nothing is more contrary to the nature of a Cat, then is wet and water, and for this caufe came the proverb _thar^ they love n ot to wet theirjggtj It is a neat and cleanly creature ; oftentimes licking her own body to keep it neat and fair, having naturally a flexible back for this purpofe, and wafhing her face with her forefeet: but fome obferve, that if fhe put her feet beyond the crown of her head, that it is a prefage of rain, and if the back of a Cat be thin the beaft is of no courage or valew. They love fire and warm places, whereby it often falleth out that they often burn their Coats. They defire to lie foft, and in the time of their lull f commonly called cat-wralling) they are wilde and fierce, especially the males, who at that time (except they be gelded)will not keep the houfe : at which time they have a peculiar direful voice. The manner of their copulation is this, the female lyethdown, j and the male ftandeth, and their females are above meafure defirous of procreation, for which caufe they provoke the male, and if he yeeld not to their luft, they beat and claw him, but it is only ' for love of young, and not for luft: the male is moft libidinous, and therefore feeing the female ' will never more engender with him during the time her young ones fuck, he killeth and eateth them if he meet with them, (to provoke the female to copulation with him again, for when fhe is deprived of her young, fhe feeketh out the male of her own accord ) for which the female moft warily keepeth them from his fight. During the time of copulation, the female continually cryeth, whereof the Writers give a double caufe; one, becaufe fhe is pinched with the talons or clawes of the male in the time of his luftful rage; and the other, becaufe his feed is fo fiery hot, that it almoft burneth the females place of conception. When they have littered, or as we com- monly fay kittened, they rage againft Dogs, and will fuffer none to come neer their young ones. The beft to keep are fuch as are littered in Match ; they go with young fifty daies , and the females live not above fix or feven years, the males live longer, efpecially if they be gelt or libbed ; the reafen of their fhort life is their ravening of meat which corrupteth within them. They Of the Cat. ~~ 83" ( j T^ey, cannot},abide the favour/pf ointments., but fall mad thereby ; they are fometimes infected Cill/ut. with 1 the railing. py\\\, bjut are cured mihGebium. It is needlejs to fpend any time about her -laving Ccehus. ''tfiJMQ tp man, how fh.e -flattered! by rubbing her skin agaihft ones Legs, liow fhewhurleth with Alu.MundeL revoke havhig.as.m.^Ay, tuners as turnes, for fhe hath one voice to beg and to comp!ain,ahother Their difcafo. toteftificiier delight and pleafure,another among her own kind by flatteringly hifiing, by puffing, fcy vfpitting, iu.fo much as fome have thought that they have a peculiar intelligible language a- ruong t hemic tv«i Therefore how fhe beggeth, playeth, leapeth, looketh, catcheth, toffeth with her foot, rifethup to ftrings held over her head, fometimes creeping, fometimes lying on the back, playing with one foot, fometime on the belly, matching now with mouth > and anon, with foot, apprehending greedily jany thing fave the hand of a man,. with divers fuch geftical actions, it is needlefs to Hand upon ; in fo much as Ccelius was wont to lay, that being free from his Studies and more urgent weighty affaires, he was not afhamed to play and fport himfelf with his Cat , and verily it may well be called an idle mans paftime. As this beaft hath been familiarly nouri- fned of many,Jo. have they payed dear for their love, being requited with the lofle of their heakh, and fometime of their life for their friendfhip : and worthily, becaufe they which love any beaftin a high meafure, have fo much the lelTe charity unto man. Therefore it muft be confidered what harmes and perils come unto men by this beaft. Ic is The hurt that moll certain, that the breath and favour of Cats confume-'the radical humour and deltoy the comethbyiha lungs,and therefore they which keep their Cats with them in their beds have the air corrupted, and [ a ^' r * ar ? t ? of fall into feverall He&rcks. and £onfumptions. There was a certain company of Munks much given ^[.^' ^ cn }^; to nounlh and play with Cats, whereby they were foinfe&ed, that within a ftiort lpace none of jj,' nZtQar them were able either to fay, read, pray, or fing, in all the Monaftery - and therefore alfo they are dangerous in the time of Peftilence, for they are not only apt to bring home venemous infection-, but to poifon a man with very looking upon him ; wherefore there is infomemena natural difhke and abhorring of Cats,their natures being fo compofed, that not only when they fee them, but be- ing neer them and unfeen, and hid of purpofe, they, fall into paffions, frettings, fweating, pulling off their hats, and trembling fearfully, as I have known many in Germany; the reafon whereof is, be- caufe the conftellation which threatneth their bodies which is peculiar to every man , worketh by the prefence and offence of thefe creatures: and therefore they have cryed .out to take away the Cats. , • , ;/The like may befaidofthe fiefh of Cats, which can feldom be free from poifon, by- reafon of ofaCatsftcfo their daily food,eating Rats and Mice, Wrens and other birds which feed on poifon, and above all the brain of aCatk moft venomous, for it being above meafure dry, ftoppeth the animal fpirits, that they cannot paffe into the ventricle, byreafon whereof memory faileth, and the infe&ed per- Tonzetttts. fonfallethintoaPhrenzie. The cure whereof may be this, take of the water of fweet Marjoram Alexander, withTwa lemma, the weight of a groat mingled together ,and drink it twice in a month,putting good ftore offpices into all your meat to recreate the fptrits withall, let him drink pure Wine, wherein put the feed of Vicmofchu. But a Cat doth as much harm with her venemous teeth, therefore to cure her biting, they prefcribe a good diet, fometime taking Hony, Turpentine, and Oil of Rofes melt together and laid to the wound with Centory : fometime they wa(h the wound with the urine of a man, and lay to it the brains of fome other beaft and pure Wine mingled both together. . ■ <\ . . ' 1 ' . '. • The hair alfo of a Cat beingeaten unawares, ftoppeth the Artery and caufeth Suffocation : I and ftlathwluf. I have heard that when a childe hath gotten the hair of a Cat into his mouth, it hath fo cloven an"d ftuck to the place that it could not be gotten offagain, and hath in that place bred either the wens or the Kings evill. To conclude this point,it £rppeareth that this is a dangeroust ' a proved medicine 5 Take the head of a black Cat, which hath not a fpotof another colour in it, 2t * and 8 4 The Hiftory of Four-footed Hearts. and burn it to powder in an earthen pot leaded or glazed within, then take this powder and through a quill blow it thrice a day into thy eye, and if in the night time any heat do thereby annoy thee, take two leaves of an Oke wet in cold water and bind them to the eye, and fo (hall all pain flie away, and blindnefs depart although it hath opprefled thee a whole year.- and this medicine is approved by many Phyficians both elder and later. GaUn. The liver of a Cat dryed and beat to powder is good againft the ftone : the dung-of a female Cat with the claw of an Oul hanged about the neck of a man that hath had feven fits of a Qwtain Ague, Sextus. cureth the fame : a neefing powder made of the gall of a black Cat,and the weight of a groat there- of taken and mingled with four crowns weight of Zambaeh, helpeth the convulfion and wrynefs of j et \ us the mouth : and if the gall of a Cat with the black dung of the fame Cat, be burned in perfume un- Rafis. ' c ' er a woman travelling with a dead childe, it will caufe it prefently to come forth : and Pliny faith Albertus. tnac ^ a P m > or thorn,or fiih bone, ftick in ones mouth, let him rub the outfide againft it with a little Pliny. Cats dung,and it will eafily comeforth.Given to a woman fuffering the flux, with a little Rozen and Oil of Rofes, it ftayeth the humour ; and for a Web in the eye of an horfe, evening and morningblow in the powder of Cats dung, and it (hall be cured. Of the Wilde CAT. A LI Cats at the beginning were wilde, and therefore fome do interpret I'm, Ifa. 34. for wilde Cats ; and the Germans call it Bmumruter, that is, a tree-rider, becaufe (he hunteth Birds and fowles from tree to tree. The Spamaid calleth it Gato-montes, and in fome places of France it is called Cbatcarets. There are great ftore of them in Helvetia, efpecially in the Woods, and fometime neer the waters, alfo being in colour like tame Cats but blacker, fuch as in England is called a Toolcat. 1 faw one of them, which was taken in September, and obferved, that it was in length from the fore- head to the top of the tail, four full fpans, and a black line or ftrake all along the back, and likewife fome black upon the legs ; betwixt the breaft and the neck there was a large white fpot, and the colour of her other parts was dusky, red, and yellow, efpecially about the buttocks, the heels of her feet were black, her tail longer then an ordinary houfe Cats, having two or three black circles about it, but toward the top all black. Clans Mag. They abound in ^candivania, where the Linxes devour them; otherwife they are hunted with Dogs, or fhot with Guns, and many times theCountreymen feeing one in tree, doth com- paffeit about with multitude, and when (he leapeth down kill her with their cubs, according to the verfe of Neverfianus : — « Felemque minacem Arbor is in trunco, longis perfigere telis. Inthe*provinceofMr of bitter Almonds ; there is nothing memorable in the nature of this beaft that I can lea. cept that which is related by Aet'm, that when men are bitten by Crocodils, this beaft by a natural in- ftind hating a Crocodil, will come about the wounded perfons, otherwife fearing the 4 tnce of man. We may hereunto add the beaft which is bred in America, called Heyratt, fpoken of by Ibemtt* : which name fignifieth a beaft of Hony, and the reafon is, becaufe it defireth Hony above meafure, for it will climb the trees, and coming to the caves of Bees, it will with fuch dexterity take out the Hony with their nails, that it neither hurteth the Bees,or rcceiveth harm by them. It is abom the bignefs of a Cat, and of a Chelfe-nut colour. Of the (^olus. Of the COLVS. THere is among the Scythians and Sarmatians a four-footed wilde beau 1 called Co/a; ,and fome Sulac The name, in Latin ; of the Polonium, Stnhac, of the Moj&evites, S- i^»k^ ; of :he Taiiarians, dk^ul^^ and .*>>;*/•,; of the Turves, Acomi • being in quantity and ftature betwixt a Ram ?nd a Hart, and duskie white Ofihe colour, coloured, but the young ones yellow : of a Angular fwiftnefs and celerity in courle. Her manner A miraculous isto drink by the holes in her Noftrils, whereby (he fnuffeth up aboundance of Water,and carryeth thingmher it in her head,fo that fhe will live in dry paftures remote from all moifture a great feafon, quenching arink - her thirftby that Cifterninher head. ^ s trabo lib. J. "They are moft plentiful to be found inTartaria, in ?mus> where are fo many plains, that a Of;hcCoun- man can fee nothing but heaven and earth; likewife they are found in Mofcovia, inlWocirf, and a- "iesof fheic bouttheRiver Neprm, and Boryfiherrs : they can never be taken but by wearifomenefs : wherefore of t n e j r hun- if men follow them withPipesand Timbrels, playing upon then?; they fo weary ihemfelves with ting and ta- leaping and running to and fro, being compared in by multitudes of men, that they fall down for king, weaknefs, and fo are taken. They live in flocks together, lometimes five hundred ; and after V after in the Spring, two hundred in a trooped having a Snout kke a Hogs, they endure much hunger, but no cold. In March they dig up with their Horns a certain root, whereof they eat, and prefently their luft Of their pro- i for generation encreafcth unto rage; in fo much that for latisfying thereof they continue in that "cation, act both male and female, until! they lofe all ilrength of body, lying half dead on the earth by the fpace of 24 hours, not able to go or ltand : during which time they are often taken alive, but when they come again to themfelves, they rather die then endure to be tamed. The flefh of them is very fweet and wholelbme, they conceive and bring forth for the mod part twins, or two at a time ; their greateft enemy is a Wolf (for in the Winter and fnow they hunt and kill them.) Their horn are about four palms in length, growing upright or bending very little and very (harp, wherewithal they can pierce the belly of a Horfe or other beaft that ftandeth over them: at the root they are about fix inches compafs, and fo growing leffe and leffe to the rop^ one of them weigheth about nine ounces; the blade toward the point is tranfparent, being held againft the light or fun, becaufeit is white and thin, but the neather part is duskie and thicker, and therefore it is not penetrable by the eye of man. There are about 14 circles like rings compaf- fing about the horn , one above another, but the uppermoft is not perfect This horn is of great price, being a prefent for any Noble man, for in Turkey they are fold for lix Cracvian (hillings; yet I know no other ufe of them, but either to make hafts for knives, or elfe horns for Spectacles. This beaft liveth altogether in the plains except in fnow, and then he runneth into the Woods; where he may be taken more eafily, and killed with the ftroke of a Scaffe. When the Tartarian} know ... , in what plains they lie, their King cometh and with a multitude of men compafleth them andwea- ^ lc " oH t ryeth them by mufick as aforefaid All this was related to me by one that had killed of them above two hundred with his own hand (faith that right honorable andmoft learned Gentleman Johannes Bonam, Baoron of Balfzei a Palawan. i Of 86 The Hiflory of Four-footed Beafts. Of the CO NT. Strabo. Of the name. Tlatinu Hermolauf. folybius. Gra^aldus. The etymoloj of the name. Their Coun- trey. Munfterut. Athen&us. Tliny. A Mong the divers kinds of Hares, Conies have the third rank , being therefore called in Latin, Lepujculi, (as it were little Hares) and fometim^ Leber'tda, as it were a Leveret or young Hare' as well as Cuwculus : whereof the re,afon is, that it maketh holes in the earth, far Cuniculus was a Latin word for a hole or cave in the earth, before it was taken for a Cony. Scapban in the Angular, and Schephanim, in the plural JLevit. i j. andPfal, 1 04., is taken in Hebrew for a Cony or Conies' and not for a Hedge hog, as the Septuagint tranflate, or for a Forcuffme, although they Jive alfo in Caves and fecret places of the earth ; and therefore (Zboerogrillus, or Choerogillw, or Choerogt)Vinus cannot fignifie a Cony: as the Septuagwt tranflate Scpban, but a Hedge-hog, as the word derived from the face of a Hog doth moll evidently declare,which can by no means agree with a Cony. In the 1 4.of Deut.the word Scaphan is joyned with a Hare,becaufe it is a beaft neer of kind unto it,for ic j is evident, that both of them chew the cud, howfoevera Cony hath not afimple cloven foot into two parts. A Cony alfo is called Adapis, becaufe of the roughnefs of his feet ; The Chalde callech ic Tcapfa - 3 the Arabians \Vcbar - 3 the ?erfians,Beganzerah ; and the Arabians , following fometime the Greeks, call it Alraneb, that is, Hares. The Grecians a\\ it vulgarly S^ele and Dafipos, Counicles, Scunax, and Lagis 3 Georychios a Hare digging, living in the earth. The Italians ca 11 it Coniglitfhe French Counin •, the Spaniards, Coneio • the Germans, Kinnigle , or Kmel, and fometime Kunhin ; the IUyrians] Kratik, or Kroliil^ There are few Countries wherein Conies do not. breed, but the moil plenty of all is in England, they are alfo in an Ifland where are but few men neer unto Wctarcha, or as it is now called Futeoli mltalie. Likewife in all efpecially in thofe parts neer unto Lombardy, whereupon Appius in Varro did write to one of his acquaintance which had tarryed long in Spain, that he thought he was there following or hunting of Conies, becaufe as their multitude is great, fo it would aske long time to take them. Among the Bakares are alfo great, ftore of Conies, and once they fo abounded there,that the people were conftrained to entreat at the hands ofAuyuflw, a military company of Pioners to deftroy them; and when Camillus was befieging the City Veii'mhaly, he learned of the Conies, which had undermined a whole City in Spain, hkewife to take.and overthrow that City by their example of undermining, whereupon Martial fatd : Monfiravit ladtas hoUibus ille viasi. Vegetius faith, that the proverb Cunkulos agere took his beginning , when one by fecret un- derminings, and not by open violence oyerthroweth a Town or Nation. There are alfo, faith Albertus, Of the Cony. 87 Mbertuf, great ftoreof wilde Conies in Bohemia, fo like a Hare as one beaft may be like another, fave only they feem ftronger, and are (horter and lefler, which thing caufed Baptifta Fiera to write thus : Credideram leporem , fic forma ftmlL'ima fallit 3 Ambo fuperfcelant, denle vet awe fares. Vet. Martyr likewife affirmeth in his Octan "Decades, that in Curiana a region of the new found world, are Conies for colour, quantity, and hair like a Hares, which the inhabitants call Yitias^ and there are two little Iflands called Cuniculari*, which feem to be denominated of Conies, ftanding betwixt Corfica and Sardinia. For their feveral parts, they are moft like unto a Hare, except in their head Their pain and tail which is fhorter, and their colour which is alway brighter, and lefle brown and fandy : or 3n nicm crSl elfe fometimes Conies are white, black, grifelfl, tauny, blewilh, yellow fpotted, a{h-coloured..and fuch like. And dlyfiutfaith, that in fome places, they are alfo green, and their skins are of great Agxioola. ufe through the world, efpecially in all the North and Eaftfor garments,facings,and linings. The JE-Uanus. gray and yellowifti are the worft.but the white and black are more pretious, efpecially of the Eng- ^ t ^^\ iifh, if the black be afperfed with fome white or filver hairs : and in their ufe the Bucks are moft du- Crelennerifit. rable, vet heavier and harther. The belly is moft loft, gentle, and eafie, and therefore more fet by, ' although of lefle continuance. Their flefh is very white and fweet, efpecially of the young ones , T{, eu f eo f being about fourteen or twenty dayesold, and fome have devifed a cruel delicate meat, which is their flefa. to cut the young ones out.of the dams belly, and fo to drefle and eat them, but Itruft there is no Yliny. man among Chhftians fo inhumanely gluttonous, as once to devife or approve the fweetnefs of fo foul a difti : but the tame ones are not fo good, for in Spain they will not eat of a tame Cony, be- caufe every creature doth partake in taft of the air wherein he liveth , and therefore tame Conies which are kept in a clofe and unfweet air, by reafon of their own excrements, cannot taft fo well, or be fo wholefome as thofe which run wilde in the mountains and fields, free from all infection of evillair. They love above all places the rocks, and make Dens in the earth, and whereas it is faid,Pfal. 104. The placesof that the ftony rocks are for the Cony, it is not to be underftood as if the feet of the Cony could thdr abode, pierce into the rock, as into the earth, ahd that (he diggeth her hole therein as in loofer ground j but that finding among the rocks holes already framed to her hand,or elfe fome light earth mingled therewith, (he more willingly entreth thereinto, as being more free from rain and floods then in lower and fofter ground - for this caufe they love alfo the hilsand lower grounds and woods where are no rocks, zs'mEngland which is not a rocky Countrey, but wherefoever fhe is forced to live, there {he diggeth her holes, wherein for the day time (he abideth, but morning and evening corneth out from thence ,and fitteth at the mouth thereof. In their copulation they engender like Elephants, Tygres, and Linxes, that is, the male leapeth Their copula, on the back of the female, their privie parts being fo framed to meet one another behind, becaufe tionandpro- the females do render their urine backward: their fecrets and the feed of the male are very fmal.They """on. begin to breed in fome Countries; being but fix moneths old, but in England at a year old,and fo con- fyfl 071 * tinue bearing every moneth,at the leaft feven times in one year,if they litter inMarcb,but in the Win- ter they do not engender at all ; and therefore the Authors fay of thefe and Hares, that they* abound in procreation, by reafon whereof,a little ftore will ferve to encreafe a great borough. Their young being littered are blind and lee not till they be nine dayes old, and their dam hath no fuck for them, till (he hath been fix or feven hours with the male,at the leaft for fix hours after fhe cannot fuckle Tfo. Qffon, them,greatly defiling to go to the Buck,and if (he be not permitted prefently 3 (he is fo far difpleafed that (he will not be fo inclined again for 14 daies after. I have been alfo credibly informed by one that kept tame Conies,that he had Does which littered three at a time, and within fourteen daies after, they littered four more. Their ordinary number in one litter is five, and fometimes nine, but never above : and I have feen that when a Doe hath had nine in her belly, two or three of them have perifhed and been opprelfed in the womb by fuffocati- on. The males will kill the young ones,if they come at them like as the Bore cats, and therefore the The cruelty of female doth alfo avoid it carefully, covering the neft or litter with gra veil or earth, that fo they the males andl may not be difcovered: there are alfo fome of their females very unnatural,not caring for their yong of f° mc fy- ■ ones, but fuffer them to perifh, both becaufe they never provide a warm litter or neft for them, males * as alfo becaufe they forfake them being littered, or elfe devour them. For the remedy of this evill, he that loveth to keep them for his profit, muft take them before they be delivered, and pull off the hair or flelh underneath their belly, and fo put it upon their neft, that when the young one cometh forth , it may not perifh for cold , and fo the dam will be taught by ex- perience of pain to do the like her felf: Thus far Thomas G)plon an Engli(f> fhyfician. For Conies you may give them Vine-leaves, Fruits, Herbs, Grafle, Bran, Oatmel, Mallows, the parings of Their m*at Apples ; likewife Cabbages, Apples themfelves, and Lettuce; and I my felf gave to a Cony blew and food. Wolfe-bane, which (he did prefently eat without hurt, but Gallingale and blind Nettle they will not eat. In the Winter they will eat Hay, Oats and Chaffe, being given to them thrice a The dan-ger in day: when they eat Greenes they muft not drink at all, for if they do, it is hazzard but they their meat and will incur the Dropfie : and at other times they muft for the fame caufe drink but little, and that drmk » little muft be alway frelh. It is alfo dangerous to handle their young ones, in the abfcr.ee of the dam, I 2 for 88 The Hittory of Four-footed 'Beatts. for her jealoufie will eafily perceive it, which caufeth her fo to difdain them, that either flie Albert us. biteth,forfaketh,or killeth them. Foxes will of their own accord hunt both Hares and Conies, to kill and eat them. The medicine Touching their medicinall properties, it is to be obferved that the brain of Conies hath been in a Cony. eaten f or a g00 j Antidote againft poifon fo alfo the Hart which is hard to be digefted, hath the fame operation that is in treacle. There is alfo an approved medicine for the Squinancy or Quinfie : take a live Cony, and burn her in an earthen pot to powder, then take a fpoonful of that powder in a draught of wine, and drink the raoft part thereof, and rub your throat with the refidue, and it (hall cure with fpet d and eafe, as MarceHtts kith. The fat is good againft the flopping of the bladder and difficulty of urine being anointed at a fire upon the hairy place of the fecrets, as Alex. Bene- didus affirms. Other things I omit concerning this beaft, becaufe as it is vulgar, the benefits thereof are commonly known. Of the Indian little PIG-CONT. I Received the picture of this beaft from a certain Noble-man my loving friend in P<*r//,whofe parts it is not needfull to defcribe, feeing the image it felf is perfpicuous and eafie to be oblerved. The quantity of this beaft doth not exceed the quantity of a vulgar Cony,but rather the body is fhorter, yet fuller, as alfo I obferved by thofe two, which that noble and learned Phyfician Job. Munzin- gerut fent me. It hath two little low ears,round and almoft pild without hair, having alfo fhort legs, five claws upon one foot behind, and fix before ; teeth like a moufe, but no tail, and the colour va- riable. I have feen of them all white, and all yellow, and alfo different from both thofe ; their voice is much like the voice of a Pig, and they eat all kinds of Herbs, Fruits, Oats, and Bread; and feme give them water to drink, but I have nourifhed fome divers moneths together,and never given them any water, but yet I gave them moift food, as Herbs, Apples, Rapes,and fuch like, or elfe they would incur the Dropfie. Their flefh is fweet for meat, of a yellowifh colour , like the Larde of Swine , and therefore not fo white as is our vulgar Cony : they do not dig like other Conies, and for the farther defcription of their nature, I will exprefs it in the words of Munzlngerus aforefaid, for thus he writeth. " One of the males is fufficient in procreation for feven or nine of the females, and by that means " they are made more fruitful, but if you put them one male to one female, then will the venereous * c falacity of the male procure abortment. It is affirmed that they go threefcore daies with young " before they litter, andlfaw of late one of them bear eight at one time in her womb, buc " three of them were ftifled. They bring forth in the winter, and their whe'pes are not blinde as ct are the Conies. They are no way fo harmful as other are,either to bite or dig, but more tradable '* in handjhowbeit untamable.If two males be put to one female.they fight fiercely,but they will noc Of the Buc\ and Doe. " hurt the lUbbecs. As the male is molt libidinous, fo doth he follow the female with a little mur- " muring nolle, bewraying his appetite for generation, without wrath, and thefe are alfo called . 9 2 The Hiftory of Four- footed Heap. Ca\dng. BeHifiTius- Crefconiits. The ufe of theirflerti. fleep, for which conceit, their blood is prefcribed for them that are purblinde. The tail of this beait is fhorter and leffer then is the fallow-Deers, infomuch as it is doubtful whether it be a tail or not. * They keep for the moft part in the Mountains among the rocks, being very fwift, and when they are purfued by Dogs, (Martial faith) they hang upon the rocks by their horns to deceive the Dogs, after a ftrange manner ready to fall and kill themfelves, and yet have no harm, whither the Dogs dare not approach, as appeareth in this Epigram : Ymdentem jumma capream de rupe videbif, Cajuram fytres, decipit ilia Canes : Yet this doth better agree with the wilde Goat then with the Roe^as fhall be manifefted in due time. JE'uariM faith, that the fynoprejopi, men with Dogs faces,live upon the flefh of Roes and Bugles, in the Wildernefs of Egypt : and alfo it is ufual to conclude them in Parks • for they will agree very naturally with Hares and Swine : wherefore in the Lordfhip which Varro bought of Pi/o, it was feen how at the found of a Trumpet, both Roes and Boars, would come to their ufual places for meat t and although they be naturally very wilde, yet will they quickly grow tame and familiar to the hand of man ; for Blondus did nourifh many at Rome. Being wilde, they are hunted with Dogs, (hot with Guns, taken in nets; but this falleth out feldom, becaufe they live moft among the rocks. They are moft eafily taken in the Woods. When they are chafed, they defire to run againft the wind,becaufe the coldnefs of the air refrefheth them in their courfe; and therefore they which hunc them place their Dogs with the winde • for fometimes againft the hunters mindes, do what they carl to the contrary, fhe taketh her courfe that way : but Harts when they hear the barkings of Dogs, run with the wind, that the favour of their feet may pafs away with them. They are often taken by the counterfeiting of their voyce, which the hunter doth by taking a leaf and hiffing upon it. They are very good meat (as Pbilojlratus affirmeth ) and that the Indians drefs at their feafts whole Lyons and Roes for their ghetts to eat, and the Sophifts in their banquet^ which is delcribed by Athe- neus, had Roes therein : and therefore Fiera preferreth it before the fallow-Deer, alleadging the agreement that is betwixt it and the body of man, being dreffed according to Art. Simion Sethi. Avicenna. Trallianus. Hie optata feret nobis fomenta calore Vdalevi } modicii moxque coquenda fock. And therefore alfo affirmeth, that it excelleth all wilde beafts whatfoever, being not only fit for nourifhment, but for the fick • as for them that have the Colick, or the Falling Evill, or the Tym- pany: and therefore they are beft at a year old,or under. Likewife their broth with Pepper, Lo- vage, feed of Rue,ParfIey, Honey, Muftardfecd, and Oy 1 ; and for fauce to the meat, they take Pep- ApH'w. per, Rue, Hony melted, and an Onyon : fometime alfo they feethe the hanches or hips , and make of the difpo- Pafties of the fides and ribs. It is a beaft full of fear, and therefore the flefh thereof although it be fnion and paf- v ery dry , yet will it engender fome melancholy j of the fear Martial faith thus; Con. Tarn dijpar aquiU columba non eft> Jie dor cas rigidofugax lecai. As the Dove from the Eagle, and the Roe from the Lyon, which afterward grew into a Proverb. Ic hath alio fome Epithets among Authors, which do confirm their difpofition full of fear : as flying, weak, wanton, and fuch like j yet will they fight one with another fo fiercely, that fometime they kill each other. They fear alfo the Woolfs, whereof came the proverb, thai firftof^l fhe Roes will be ipyned totheWoolfs, to exprefs an incredible matter. They have alfo been ufed for Sacrifice to Diana, for the Sayhr'u women in Patras, did lay upon her great Altar whole Harts, Bores, Roes, and other beafts alive: and the Ctpvu did eat the males • but religioufly worfhipped the females, not daring to eat them, becaufe they believed that Ifis loved them dearly. Of thefe beafts came the Iflands Capre& beyond Surrentum in Campania, where 7'iberiuf had a fa- mous Caftle, and was ennobled by his prefence ; but fince the decay thereof, it is now celebrated for the multitude of quails that are found therein. The remedies or medicines coming from this beaft are thefe : firft, the flefh of them eaten,is good againft all pains in the fmall guts, for it dryeth and ftayeth the belly. Pliny affirmeth, that the teeth of a Dragon tyed to the finews of a Hart in a Roes skin , and wore about ones neck,maketh a man to be gracious to his Superiors , and them to be favourable and pitiful to him in all his fupplications ; and if the white flefh in the breft of theH/*/w,& feven hairs thereof with the genital of a Hart,be tyed in a piece of Roes skin , and hanged about a Womans neck, it maketh that her womb fhall fuffer no abortments ; but thefe things are trivial, and not to be believed but at pleafure. I know that the tail of a Dragon tyed to the Nerves of a Hart in a Roes skin, the fuetofaRoe v/ith Goofe-greafe, the marrow of a Hart, and an Onyon, with Rozen, and running Lime, do wonderfully help the fal- ling Evill, (if it be made into a plaifter.) Sextus faith, that if one give the brain of a Roe drawn or preffed through a ring to an Infant , it will Their enemies in nature. Sacrifices of Roes. Faujaniaf. JElianus. The medicines anting from a Roe. Of the Deer-Goat. will preferve him for ever from che Falling ficknefs and appantions.The liver of a Roe fod in falc wa- ter and the eyes of a purblinde man held over the fume or reek thereof,are cured of their blindenefi: and'fome feetheit in a little cup,and anoint the eyes with the fcum or froth coming from it.The fame liver being burned to powder ,and the dull caft on a man bleeding,ftayeth the iflue or flux. The gall joi this bealt mixed with Wine,and the Meal of Lupines the weight of a groat, and Hony, take away ihe fpots of the face : and the fame gall mixed with water,helpeth a Sun-burned-face, and freckles : The fame with Hony Attick,taketh away the dimnefsfrom the eyes, and with the juyce of a gourd anointed upon the eye-brows, caufeth that where the hair hath been pulled off, that it never (hall jj.ro w again ; and this gall is alway the better for the age thereof, and as Hippocrates did prefcribe, it niuft be kept in a filver pipe or box. For the tingling of the ears,take with this gall the Oyl of Rofes.with the juyce of an Onyon beaten together, and inftilkd warm into the ears for a prefent remedy : foalfo, with the Oyl of Rofesonly, it helpeth the pain in the teeth,and with the Hony Attick,all fwellings or pains in the jaws or chaps, putting thereto Myrrhe, Saffron, and Pepper. The fame gall with a little Hogs-bread, and the Sextut. powder of burnt Allum with Anife-feed,madetnto aSuppofitory,procureth loofenefs, if the party have not the Hemerrhoides Alfo thegall taken with Hony, and the juyce of Eglantine, cureth the exulceration of the virile Aet'mt. member by anointing it. The Spleen being drunk, helpeth windinefs, and the milt is commended agajnit the Colick and biting of Serpents. Againft the Jaundife they take the dung of a Roe dryed and fifted, and drink it in Wine ; the fame Q a i in alfo To drunk cureth the Ague; and becaufe the Roe-buck doth wonderfully love his female,there be fome that affirm, that if a woman 'eat the bladder of a Roe, it will likewife make her husband to iove her exceedingly. Of the firft kinde of TRA GELAPHTS which may be called a DEE R-G O AT. There 94 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts* Vilnius. Of the genera- tion of this beaft. Atheveus. Tbe Countries of this bcail, and the name hereof. Xenofion. Plutarch. Caltus. Oftheparts. Of the Coun- tries of this beaft. Agrkola. Of their ftrength and colour. A fecret in their paflion. THere is another kindefo like a Deer (although conceived of a Buck-Goat and a female Hart) that I cannot but exprefs the figure and brief narration thereof (as is in the foregoing page.) It is like a Deer (except the beard and briftles growing about the fhoulders) and Pliny affirmeth, that they are found about the river Pbafis, in Arabia and Arachou, which is a City of India fo called of Ara- choius, a river ifluing from Caucafus which the Grecians call Tragelaphos, and the Germans, EinBrand- birfe; and fome think this beaft to be mentioned by the name of ^o, inDeut. 14. This doubt lefs is the fame beaft which Arifiotle calleth Hippelaphus, becau fe he attributeth the felf fame things to it that Pliny afcribeth to this, both for the beard,the briftles, and deep hair about the fhoulders,which hang- eth down like the mane of a Horfe. The fimilitude both in proportion and quantity holdeth with a Hart in the feet which are cloven, and that the female thereof doth want horns. The horns of the male are like the horns of a Roe. Therefore howfoever fome have imagined that there is no fuch beaft to be found in the world , tkey are rather to be pitied then confuted, for it is not to be doubted , that neither the Ancients, nor other, ever have feen all the divers and marvailous fhapes of Beafts, which are to be found in many remote and far diftant places of the world, efpecially in Arabia and lndia t where are many Deferts • and therefore the reafon why they affirm this, is, because the) never [aw any fuch, andfoit is to be underftood : for the rare pictures of thefe beafts called in ancient time Ganathra , whereupon chil- dren were carried in Pageants and (hews, gave them occafion to think, that thefe were but mens devifes, and that God never ordained fuch creatures. Georgius Fabritius which fent me this picture, doth among other things write unto me very probably, that this kinde is only diftinguifhed from other in form, name, and ftrength, and not in kinde : and this being more ftrange and lefs known among men, was called by the Gucians^ Tragetybus; being greater then the vulgar Deer, deeper haired, and blacker in colour, and this (faith he) is taken in the Ridings or Forreftsof Mijena^ bordering upon Bohemia, and the common fort of hunters hold opinion, that by reafon it loveth to lie where Coals are made, and in their duft, feeding upon fuch grafsas growethin thofe places, that therefore the Germans call it Brandhirze, a$d fo the Foxes which referable them in colour, arc called Brandfufche. It is for certain that thefe are greater and ftrpnger then Harts, their upper part of the back be- ing black, and the neather neer the belly not white (as in a Hart) but rather blackifh; but about his genitals very black. I have feen the horns to have feven fpires or branches, growing out of one of them, being palmed at the top. Thefe are like to thofe which are called Acbaines in Greeks, by reafon of their pain and forrow : and Kummerer "in German, becaufe they live in continual forrow for their young ones,while they are net able to run out of their dens,belike fearing by fome inftind of nature, left their tender and weak age,fhould betray them to the Hunters, before they be able to run away. The Figure of another T RAG E LA PHUS, or P £ S R-GOAT, expreffed by Belloniui. The defcripti- onof hiifeve- ral parts. THere is another Trd- gelaphus ( faith he) whereof I finde no name among the French : it wanteth abeard, and the hair thereof refembleth an Ibex-Goat, (whofede- fcription followeth af- terward among Goats :) the horns hereof are like aGoats,but more crook- ed and bending, com- paffing behinde, as a Rams do, which he never lofeth. His face , nofe, and ears, are like a Sheeps, the skin of his cods being very thick and hanging down. His legs are white like a Sheeps-,his tail white; his hairs are fo long about his neck and ftomach, that you would think it werebearded.His hair on the fhoulders and breaft black,and it hath two great fpots on its flancks on either fide : the noftrils Of the Hart and Hinde are black, the beak or face white,- fo alio is the belly beneath, but the dekription hereof fecmeth rather to agree with a tf^gw i or Mufmon, of which I (hall (peak afterward. I do rather approve the relation of another of this kinde, which was lent unto me by that moft learned h.tiglifh Vhffi&AVi Mn Cay, which as he writeth unto me, was brought in the year 1 561. out of the Countrey of Mauritania , which was cloven-footed, and liveth for the moft part in the Mountain parts of that Countrey, being in quantity betwixt a fallow-Deer and a Hart, the bo- dy more like a Hart, and the fide branded and hanging down : a fhorter and thick neck, the colour in the Winter black, and red, fet one with another; the beard like a Goat, but more divided and turned backward; his hair very long, even to his knees, a mane full of bnftles, ftretched out in length through his whole neck, but efpecially about the top of his fhoulder-blades , where ic ftandeth like bunches, being in colour darker then in other parts of the body •, and the hinder legs are covered with longer and harder hairs down to the paftern. (as I think ) for no other caufe but to defend them from harm in his leaping: and the hoof of this beaft was moreftrange (tor being, cloven, as was faid before) the outward hoof in his fore-legs is longer and greater then the inward, ( and contrary in the hinder : and the inward clove thereof is longer and greater, and the outward A fierce in ihi fmaller and inorter ; fo as on either fide you would thmk one of them was the hoof of a Goat, boo/, and the other of aHart, both of them hollow and without foals ; whereof lean give no other realbn, then the pleafure ol nature, which hath fo provided, that whereas this beaft liveth among the rocks, and fharp places of the Mountains, hisfoot-ftepsare by his hollow hoofs more firm and liable, becaufe by that means, the Hones and fharp-pointed rocks entreth into them to ftay them up from Aiding : but it is more ftrange in the females hoofs, for they have upon the top and upper face of them three or four pleafant imprefiions, (as it were of carved or imbroydered flowers, if a man mark them earntftly ) which I think are given unto them only for ornament and delight. Either lex loofe every year their hoofs, and Harts do their horns, that nature may fhew their re- femblance in their leet to a Hart, as he doth in their head to a Goat. His ear is fhort like a Goats, but his eye, genital, ftones, and tail, like a Harts, though fomewhat fhorter. The horns like a Rams, crooked and diftinguifhed in the middle, by a black line all their length, which is two Roman feet and one finger, and in compafs at the root, one foot, one palm and a half , ftanding one from another, where they differ moft not above one foot, three palms, one finger and a half. The rug- ged circles going about them, toward the top are bunchy,and toward the bottom or root they are low, with beaten notches or imprefiions. They are not at the top diftant one point from another, above one foot and a palm. The length T1 ? eir quaml- of their face, from the down to the tip of their nofe, one foot and three fingers : the breadth in ty Yl^"^ the fore-head, where it is broadeft, two palms and one finger. Afi The height of this beaft not above three foot and a half , except where hisrhane ftandeth, and the whole length hereof from the crown of the head to the tail is four feet and a half and two fingers. It hath only teeth beneath on the neather chap, and thofe in number not above fix , neither did I obferve any defect in them. It cheweth the cud like other cloven-footed beaft. The noitrils are black,from whom the upper lip is divided by a long perpendicularjine.lt is a gentle,pleafant & wan- of ttje &s ton beaft ; in the di'fpofition rather refembling a Goat then a Hart, defil ing the iteepeft and flippe- [^l^ft of ryeft places whereon it leapeth, and from whence (it is reported) that it dorti caft down it felf head- ' 11 " ° long upon the horns naturally, that by them it may break the violence of his fall or leap , and then ftayeth his body upon the fore-knees. It will run a pace, but it is moft excellent in leaping, for by leaping it afcendeth the moft higheft Mountains and Rocks. The females are greater, then the males, but not in horn or hair, it eaterti Grals, Oats, Cheafil, Hay, and Bread, they bring forth twins every time : and this we call in E^;- land a Barbary Veer. Thus far Do&or Cay. 95 Of the HART andHINDg. THe male of this beaft is called in Hebrew, Aid, Deut. 14. and the Arabians do alfo retain that The names of word in their tranflations 5 the Per fans call him Geuazen- the Septuagmt, Elapbot; the Gr&- aHart. c/aw at this day Lapbe Pelapke ; and Saint Jerom for the Latines, Cervus ; the Chaldees, Aklak ; the Italians, which are fubjeft to the Kings of Tartaria, make their Harts fo tame, that they alfo ride upon them : there are none in Creet, except in the regi- on of the Cydenites. There are alfo in the Woods of Helvetia, but not fo many as in time paft, be- caufe Democratic do not nourifh game and plea- fures like unto Monarchies, and therefore they are daily killed by the vulgar fort, there being no lawagainft it. The Harts of Hd!e\ion\ , and about Arginujfit, have one of their ears Hit or cut afunder by na- ture in their dams belly ; and therefore they ne- ver go over the Mountains into other regions: (as indeed it is the property of all Harts to love their native foils above all other places.) There is a City called Dora, in Ajfyria, near the banks of Euphrates, where are many flocks of Harts , of whom many times fome are flain with Darts, and ; others as they fwirn away to their accultomed folitudes are opprelfed in the water by the weight of Oares, and lb taken. They are for the moft part fand-cokwed, and intermingled with fome white fppts, efpecially the Hindes andtheirCalv.es,, and.fometimes milk-white, which happeneth unto tnem by fome defeft in their nourifhment before they be calved • and for natural imbecillity : fo have I feen white Bears, Hares, Quails, Partridges, and Swallows. When Afollonim and his Colleagues travelled by Taraca, a City of India, they fuddenly heard a noife like the found of a pipe , and while they looked about to fee what it fignified, they per- . ceived that it was the pipe of a Keeper or Forrelter, which governed a whole flock of white Harts : fuch an one w,as.the H ire of Sertonus that noble Captain , whereby he led his Army , as they were perfwaded by it, who affirmed that it was a Spaniel) Prophet or Wizard given to him by a ■ certain Lufititnia??, whom he took in anlfland of Portugal • laying moreover, that fhe was infpired by Diana, and that fhe had authority from that Goddefs to admonifh him, and make the hearts of his Souldiers. cleave fall unto him ; and therefore if at any time he mifcarryed in his proceedings, he could eafily pacifte them from.mutinies,infaying,that his Hart fet him upon that enterprise, fo putting off the fault cunningly from himfelf to the beaft for fear of defection, wherefore alfo thefe were tiled in the Bacchanals of Cracovia , and their flefh being fofter, is peculiarly rearmed by the French, Venaifon. ■ Thefe do excel I all other in the Beauty of horns, which are very high, yet grow they not to their bones or skaips, hut to their skin, branching forth into manyfpeers, being K ' fohd Of the regions breeding Harts. Svlinus. JElianus. Arifiotle. A lecrct in the ears of Harts. Amm'iarMS. A hiftary. Pollux. Vannus. Of the colotfr. Arifttk. feueliitts. PbilofiratHt, AHiftqw Plutanh. GeUim. Of their horns, anjths beauty of them. 9 8 The Hiftoryof Four- footed c Eeajis. The time of luting their horns. Yiinj. folid throughout, and as hard as ftones, and fall off once every year , but if they remain abroad in the air, where forae winde and rain fall upon them, fo as now they are wet, and anon dry again, they grow as light as any vanifhing or forter fubftance, as I have proved by experience, finde- ing fome which have been loft by them in the Woods : wherefore I gather that they are of an earthly matter, concrete and hardned with a ftrong heat made like unto bones. It muft be un- der ftood that the males only are horned, and yet have they fmall benefit by them, becaufe fas I faid) they grow but within their skin, and thefealfo they lofe every year in the Spring time. At one year old they have nothing but fmall bunches, as it were fignifications of their horns to come growing on their head; at two years old they appear more perfectly , but ftraightand fimple; ac three years they grow forked into two fpeers, at four into three, and fo increafe every year in their branches till they be fix, and above that time you cannot certainly difcern their age by their head, for their horns 01 fpeers grow not more in number, although their years make them greater in quantity : yet the old Harts do want thefe two branches, which the Grecians call Amyntaai , and the Launes, Actmimcula } becaufe they firft come forth: and I have heard there were Harts horns in an Apothecaries (hop of Antwerp , which had every one fifteen branches upon one ftem, which if it be true, it goeth beyond all experience. Every year in the month of April, they loofe their horns , and fo having loft them, they hide themfelves in the day time, inhabiting the fhadowy places, to avoid the annoyance of flyes, and feed only during that time in the night. Their new horns come forth like bunches at the firft, and afterward by the increafe of the Suns heat, they grow more hard, covered with a rough skin, which the Hunters for honours fake call a Vel- vet head, and as that skin dryeth, they daily try the ftrengthof their new head upon trees, which not only fcrapethoff the roughnefs, but by the pain they feel in rubbing them , they are taught how long to forbear the company of their fellows ; for at laft, when in their chafing or fretting of their new horn againft the tree, they can no more feel any fmart or grief in them , they take it for high time to torfake their folitary dwellings, and retnrn again to their former condition, like one that is fupplyed with new arms, after thelofingof his old- The tender and new horns the Germans call AJorchi, and Kolben: thefe being taken from the Beaft, are accounted among great Noble men a delicate difh of meat. Cyp n«j i s faid to have a Hart with four horns, which was called Nicocreos, and by him dedicated to Apollo, which I do therefore remember in this place', becaufe it is feldom feen, that an Hart can bear naturally above two horns. Authorsdo generally affirm,that when a Hart hath loft his horns, hehideththem in fome fecret places , becaufe he underftandeth fome fecret vertues are contained in them, which mankinde feeketh for, a."d therefore he either en- vying the good of other, or fearing left they bewray him hereafter to Hunters, taketh the beft care and providence his difcretion can afford, that they never come to the handling of men. When the people asked Apollo, what they fliould do with Pmks their Tyrant, the Oracle anfwered , that he fhould go to that place where Harts caft their borns : whereby it was gathered, that he fliould be flain and buryed in the earth, and this caufed the Proverb , VU ceryi abjiciunt cornua t to fignifie a de- eper ate bufinefs : yet could it not be agreed, whether the Hart make more account of his right horn or his left, and therefore Anfiotle affirmeth, that the left horn is never found • and P//«y,that the right horn is never found. This difference may be r. econciled with eafe, for right and left are fo tearmed for three caufes, or three manner of ways. Fiirft, properly in all creatures, according to the beginning of motion. Se- condly, for fimilitude or likenefs, as the right and left fide of Images, ftatues, &c. Thirdly, impro- perly when the right fide of one thing ftandeth againft the left fide of another, being oppofite , as when two men ftand face to face, and by this reafon may the left horn of Ariflotle, and the right horn ofP//wv fignifie all one thing; but we know that the horns of Harts are found yearly both in Fields and Woods. The wilde Harts of SamatianeerTurkie, have the greateft horns of all other 1 , for it hath been proved, that one pair of them have weighed forty pounds Troy weight and above: and there they lofe their horns in March, neither do they fall off together, but firft one, and then the other, and after the firft falling, it is manifeft, that a certain worm getteth on them , and maketh upon them many circles and little furrows, whereby the root or bafis being weakened, the horn groweth very white in that place, and yet not without fome appearance of blood remaining, which deaveth to it, from the firft falling off : for, when the head of this Beaft is difarmed, there iflueth blood from the skull, and in appearance the naked place is like a wound, and yet it is wonderful to mark,that within three days the fame isheald and filled with the blood which congealethin that place firft to afi- new, and afterward to a hard bone, fo as in Attguji at the fartheft, the horns are perfeft ; and there- fore the Egyptians to defcribe a long-lived man , pifture a Hart lofinghis horns every year, and new sand comH1 8 ' n tne ^ r p' ace If any man be defirous to know the reafons, why only Beans of this kinde Detr lofe" lofe their horns in this manner ; I will not fpare my pains to fet down the beft, which Authors haye their horns rendred for this wonder of nature. Firft, becaufe of the matter whereof theyconfift, for it is dry and earthy like the fubftance of green leaves, which fall off yearly, wanting glewing or holding moifture to continue them; and lor this caufe the horn of a Hart cannot be bent. SecondIy,from the place they grow upon, for they are not rooted upon the skull,but only within the skin. Thirdly,from their efficient caufe,for they are hardned both with the heat of Summer , and cold of Winter,by means whereof the pores to receive their nourifhmcnt liquor ,are utterly (hut up and flopped, fo as of neceflity their native heat dyeth : which JEtianus. A hiftoryof a Hart with four horns. Whether the right or left horn be moft ptetious. Of the horns Harts. Bonarus. Om. The reafons yearly. Of the Hart and Hinde. 99 which falleth noc ouc in other Beafts,whofe horns are for the moft pare hollow, and fitted for longer continuance, but thefe are of leffer, and the new bunches fwelling up toward the Spring, do thruft offthe old horns, being holp either by the boughes of trees, by the weight of the horns, or by the willing excufiion of the beaft that beareth them. ^mpor Hutaiid o ther (as GiU'm and Aelianus) give a natural fe- ©ther reafons, but becaufe they feem to be far fetched,! will omit them. Yet by the way, it is to be ae: f gelded noted, that if a Hart be hbbed or gelded when he is young, he never beareth horns , or very fmali Decr - ones •" and if his horns be upon him at the time of gelding, they never waxe lefs, or greater, -or fall Arijtplle. oflf. The Hindes never bear horns at all, as fome have affirmed, but I rather believe C o " c ^ ■ like fome Philtre or amorous cup; for feeing that all Authors hold an hoftility in natures betwixt evour 1 cm * them, it is not probable, that the Serpent loveth the breath of a Beaft, unto whofe whole body he is an enemy, with a perpetual antipathy. And if any reply, that the warm breath of a Hart, is accep- table to the cold Serpent,and that therefore {he followeth it,as a Dog creepeth to the fire,or as other beafts to the beams of the Sun ; I will not greatly gain-fay it,feeing by that means it is moft clear,thae the breath doth not by any fecret force, or vertue, extrad, and draw her out of the den, but rather the concomitant quality of heat, which is not from the fecret fire in the bones of the Harts throar, (as Fliny hath taught) but rather from her ordinary expiration, infpiration, and refpiration. For it cannot be, that leeing all the parts of a Serpent are oppofke to a Hart,that there fhoukl be any lo\ e to that which killeth her. For my opinionj think that the manner of the Harts drawing the Serpent out of her Deri.is not as Aelianus and Pliny affirmeth, by fending into the Cave a warm breath, which burneth and fcorcheth the Beaft out of her Den ; but rather when the Hirt hath found the Serpents neft, fhe draweth the air by fecret and violent attradion out from the Serpent, who to fave her life followeth the air out of her den ; as when a Veffd is broached or vented , the Wine followeth the flying air; and as a Cupping-glafs draweth blood out of a fcarified place of the body : fo the Serpent is drawn unwilling- ly to follow her deftroyer, and not willingly, as Aelianus affirmeth. Unto this opinion both Oubafius in his Commentaries upon the Aphorifms of Hippocrates, and Gmiterw his reftorcr do joyntly agree : but the Serpent being thus drawn forth , addeth K 2 greater IOO The Hitiory of Four-footed < Beafls. JElianus. Oppiaaus. Gilliut. The fight be- twixt Harts and Serpents. Etymologk Varinus. Ifidorur. The fcve t al kindes of Hart». Tbe enemy beafts to Harts. Vincentiks. greater force to her poyfon, whereupon the proverbial admonition did arife. Cave ne indder u m \apentem, cum extra&a a latebrk aobtlitu cervi effugerity turn enim propter iraemdiarn vehement ins ei ve- nenumefo that is, Beware thou meet not with a Serpent drawn out of her hole by the breath of a Hare, for at that time by reafon of her wrath, herpoyfonis more vehement. After this felf fame- manner do the Sea-Rams, drawthe'Sea-Calfshidin'theSi^ifrrrfBMw Rocks; for by fmclling they prevent the Air that fhould come unto them for refrigeration. There is many times ftrange conflicts betwixt the Hart and the Serpent, thus drawn forth; for the Serpent feeing her adversary, hfteth her neck above the ground, and gnafheth at the Hart with her teeth, breathing out very bitter hillings : on the contrary, the Hart deriding the vain endevour of his weak adverfary, readier to fight then powerful to harm him, fuffereth him to embrace both his neck and legs with his long and thin body, but at an inftanttearethitintoan hundred pieces. But the moll: ftrange combaces are betwixt the Harts and Serpents of Lybia , where the hatred is deeper; and the Serpents watch the Hart when he lyeth a fleep on the ground, and being a multi- tude of them, fet upon him together,faftening their poyfonful teeth in every part of his skin ; fome on his neck and breaft ; fome on his fides and back,fome on his legs , and fome hang upon his privy parts, biting him with mortal rage, to overthrow their foe. The poor Hart being thus opprefled with a multitude, and pricked with veneraous pains , aJTay. ethtorun away, but all in vain, their cold earthy bodies and winding tails , both over-charge his ftrength, and hinder his pace : he then in a rage with his teeth, feet, and horns aflaileth his ene- mies,whofe fpears are already entred into his body,tearing fome of them in p»eces,and beating other afunder: they never the lefs (like men) knowing that now .they muft dye rather then give over, andyeeldto their pitilefs enemy, cleave faft, and keep the hold of their teeth upon his body, al- though their other parts be mortally wounded, and nothing left but their heads, and therefore will dye together with their foe, feeing if they were afunder, no compaflion can delay or mitigate their natural unappeafeable hatred. The Hart thus having eafed himfelf by the (laughter of fome, (like an Elephant) at the fight of their blood, beftirreth himfelf more bufily in the eager battail, and therefore treadeth fome under foot in the blood of their fellows, other he perfueth with tooth and horn, untill he fee them all de- ftroyed: and whereas the heads hang faft in his skin, for avoiding and pulling them forth, (by a divine natural inftind) he flyeth or runneth to the waters, where he findeth Sea-Crabs, and of them he maketh a medicine, whereby he ihaketh off the Serpents heads, cureth their wounds, and avoid- cth all their poyfon j this valiant cauragfris in Harts againft Serpents , whereas they are naturally afraid of Hares and Conies, and will not fight with them. It is no lefs ftrange that Harts will eac Serpents , but the reafon is, for medicine and cure; for fometimes the pores of his body are dulled and fhut up : fometimes the worms of his belly do afcend into the roof of his mouth, while hjechewcth his cud, and there cleave faft: for remedy whereof the Hart thus affected, runneth about to fcek for Serpents ; for his devouring of a Serpcnt,is a cure of this malady. Pliny faith, that when the Hart is old, and perceiveth that his ftrength decayeth, his hair change, and his horns dry above cuftom, that then for the renewing of his ftrength, he firft devoured^ a Serpent, and afterward runneth to fome Fountain of water and there drinketh , which caufeth an alteration in the whole body; both changing the hair and horn: and the Writer of the Glofs upon the 42. Pfalm, which beginneth, L/%<» ^effort defiretb the water firings 3 Jo longeth my foul after Cod ; confirmeth this opinion. Vincentius Belluacenfis affirmeth, that Harts eat Serpents for to cure the dimnefs of their eye- fight. But for the ending of thisqueftion, we muft confider that there are two kindes of Harts; one which by the drawing forth of a Serpent out of her hole, doth prefently kill her by ftamping her under feet, this eateth that Serpent, and runneth to fpnnging water, after that he feeleth the poyfon to make his body fwell, and then by drinking doth vomit forth the poyfon, and in the mean time lofeth both hair and horn} yet the Monks of Mefaen affirm, that the Harts thuspoyfoned doth only cover her body in the cold water, and not drink thereof,for that were exitial unto her ; but (he fendeth forth ccr tain tears, which are turned into a ftone, (called Bezahar) 'of which (hall be more faid hereafter. The other kinde of Harts, when he findeth a Serpent, killeth it, and doth not eat it, and immediately after the viSory returneth to feed in the Mountains. Harts are oppofed by Wolves , for many Wolves together doth overcome a Hart ; and therefore it is but a fable of Strabo , that the Wolves and Harts Jive tame together in the Woods of the Ventti. Thefe kinde of Wolves are called thoes , and they efpecially fear thefe Wolves when they have loft their horns, and feedeth only in the night feafon, which caufed Ovid to write thus ; Vifa jugit nympbe , veluti perterrit* fulvum Orva lupum, &c. Alberlm. The y are afrai< * al *° of tne M and &cond kinde of Eagles, for with their wings they raife much duft about the Harts, and then they being half bljnde, the Eagles pull out their eyes, or elfe fo beat their feathers about their faces, that they hinder their fight , and caufe them to fall down headlong from-the Mountains : they fear alfo the ganning of Foxes, and the Lynxes do likewife lye Of the Hart and Hinde. *oi in wait to hurt them. Th'efe are above all other four-footed Beafts both ingenuous and fearful, Ariptle. who although they have large horns, yet their defence againft other four-footed Beafts is to ruri Of the fear «f i/0 away. For this caufe, i n ancient time a fugitive Boy or S erver was called a Hart^and if he rari Harts - away twice, Cambamn, which Cnitharion was a Spartan fugitive, that firftrantothe enemy, and Criniius. afterward from them came back again to Sparta. And Martial thus defcribeth Alcbiui , who being Nebridius. overcome by Philip King of Macedon ran away like a Hart. Tiux fortius illeVhilippi, Cetvorum curfu prtpcte lapfus abit. The Epithets exprefllng the qualities of this Beaft are many : as nimble, or agile, winged, or The Epithets fwitt-paced, full of years, quick- footed, horned, wandering, fearful, flying, fugitive, light, wood- of a Han. ' -.er.wilde and lively. There are of them very audacious, for they will let upon men as they tra- A kindeof a U - through the Woods : and itisobferved, that the wrathful Hart hath few bunches on his horn, gf^tg bens it lb long as others, but bunched at the root; yet all of them being prelTed with Dogs or c ne er &' other wilde Beafts, will fly unto a man for fuccour. It is reported by Pbtlip Melahtthon, that in Locba (a town of Saxony) there was a Hart, which before The fubulty of ruttingtime would every year leap over the walls, and run over Rocks and Mountains, andyet re- n Han, and turn home again, untill the time that Duke Frederick, dyed, and then the Hart went forth, butne- ihekintfgrfH- ver returned again. The male when he feeleth himfelf fat, liveth folitaryand fecret ; becaufe he cnan u * knoweth the weight of his body will eafily betray him to the Hunters, if he be hunted and purfued. The female commonly calveth neer the high ways, of purpofe, to avoid noifome Beafts to her young one, who do more avoid the fight of man then her felf. Alfo it is reported, that Mithredates had a Aritfotk. Bull,aHorfe, and a Hart, for his guard, befide men, who would not be bribed to furTer Traytors to kill him, being,a fleep Moreover it is faid of J 'totomeusPbdadelphe, that having a Hinde-Calf jf^orut. given unto him, he brought it fo familiarly tame, and accuftomed it to words, that at length it The fcveral leemed to underftand the Greeks language.- And JElianus affirmeth as much of the Harts of India, for kindes of that language. Harts ' When they are wounded with a Dart , and haying gotten it out of their body by eating Dittany, A tecret z- they moft carefully avoid the Sun-beams , left they (hine upon the green wound , for then it | at .. P°y r ° n< will hardly be cured: but above all other arguments of their underftanding , none is more firm L'y HS ' and evident, then their fwimingj for the Harts of Ammfa , Libanus , and Carmell, (Mountains , guidque dent at as iligm robere clauftt : S*pe babet impudent alieni lucra laboris, Traus tegitinfidias habitumentitaferino Venator pedlcx, cum dijfimulaniibm amis. Their manner is when they are chafed with Dogs to run away with fpeed, yet oftentimes {tand ftill and look back, not only to hearken to the hunter, but alfo to reft themfelves, for in their chafe they are ever troubled in their belly ( as is before declared) and fometime they grow fo weary, that they ftand ftill, and are pierced with arrows, fometime they run till they fall down dead, fometime they take themfelves to the water and foare refrefhed, or clfeto avoid the teeth of Dogs, they forfakejthe dry land, and perifh in the floods, or elfe by that means efcape fcotfree : wherefore it muft be regarded by every good hunter to keep him from the waters, either among the woods or other rough places. But herein the fubtilty of this beaft appeareth, that when he is hunted, he runneth for the moft part to the high wayes, that fo the favour of his fteps may be put Out by the treadings of men, and he avoid the profecution of the Hound. Their fwiftnefle is fo great, that in the Champahe and plain fields they regard not Dogs, for which caufe in France they poifon Arrows with an herb called Zenkum or Tom, and it is a kinde of Aconite or Wolfe-bane, which hath power to corrupt and deftroy agility of body, and to ftay celerity , and for their hunting in f ranee by Dogs, it is moft excellently defcribed by Budtus and Robertas Stepbanus in his French Dictionary. This wilde, deceitful and fubtil beaft , (fay they J by windings and turnings do often deceive their hunter, as the Harts of Meandros flying from the terrible cry ot'Vianaes hounds, wherefore the pru- dent hunter muft frame his Dogs, as Bythagoras did his Scholars, (Luuers qui nefarlmt point) with words of Art, to fet them on, and take them off again at his pleafure; wherefore he muft firft of all compafs in the beaft,(£« fongijie) in her own lodging, and fo raife her up in the fight of the Dogs, that fo they may never lofe her footing. Neither muft they fet upon everyone, either of the herd, or that wanderethfolitary alone,nor yet a little one, but partly byafped or fight, and partly by their footings intliefoft earth, and alfo by their dung (Lei fumees) they judge of their game, for a good Woodman muft notftick to gather up the Deers excrement or foil, and keep them (La trempt) in his hunting horn : fuch things muft the Kings huntfmen and forrefters obferve, as alfo the quantity of his bed or lodging when theyfindcit; being thus informed of their game, then ( V'fcoppler les chiem) they take off their Dog couplings, and fome on horfeback, other on foot follow the cry with greateft art, obferva- tion, Of the Hart and Hinde. lion, and fpeed,remembring and preventing (Cerfruze) the fubtile turnings, and headings of the Hart, ftraining with all dexterity to leap hedge, pale, ditch, and rocks; neither fearing thorncs, woods,down-hi!s, but providing arfrelhhorie in cafe the firft tire, (Cbevaux de relatit) and leaping on him with fpeed, untill he fee ( un grand cerfl' efcuyer du grand cerf ) the great Hart having ten fpeers on his horns, and his little fquire-hart to attend him, which the Dogs once perceiving, only follow the great Hart, taking for a prohibition to follow any other. The Dogs are animated by the winding of horns, and voices of the hunters, like Souldiers to a battel by the voice of a trumpet and other inftruments : but fometimes the crafty great beaft fendeth forth his little fquire to be facrificed to the Dogs and Hunters in ftead of himfelf, lying clofe in the mean time, then muft the retreat be founded,and (Rempre lechieni) the Dogs be broken off and taken in (Le limier) that is, leame again untill they be brought to the fairer game, who arifeth in fear and rage, betaking himfelf to his fureft legs, being purfued with all the cries of Hunters, ringing and ecchoing betwixt heaven and earth, difmaying him with the continual noife in his eares, no leflc dreadful and fearful then the voice of a parting bell to 'a lick man , or the fight of the execu- tioner to a condemned caitife, yet ftill he ftriveth untill wearied and breathlefs, he be forced to offer up his bloud and flefti to the rage of all the obfervant pedilfequants of the hunting Goddefs Diana. The vulgar fort call an old Hart a fubtil and cunning beaft, but the Nobles call him (cetf fage) a wife Hart, who to avoid all his enemies runneth into the greatcft herds, and fo bringeth a cloud of error upon the Dogs, to ktep them from any further profecution: fometime alfo beating of fome ofthe herd into his own footfteps, that fo he may morecafily efcape and procure a labyrinth to the Dogs, and then after a little while he betaketh himfelf to his heels again, running ftill with the wind, not only for refrigeration, but becaufe he may the more eafily hear the voice of his pur» fuers, whether they be far or necr. At laft, being (Tor all this ) found out again by the obfervance of the hunters, and skill of the Dogs, he flyeth into the herds ofCattel, as Kie, Oxen, or Sheep, leaping upon an Ox, and laying his body or the fore-part thereof upon him, as a rider upon a Horfe, that fo touching the earth only with his hinder hoofs, to leave a very fmall or no fent at all behind for the Hour.de to difcern. The chief huntfman or fereeant of the hounds unto Lewk the twelfth, called (Le grand ventem) alfirmeththat on a time they naving a Hart in chafe, fuddenly the Hounds fell at a fault, fo as the beaft was out of fight, and not a Dog would once ftir his foot; whereat all the Hunters were amazed, like as in fome jugling Apollonian trick, as though the hart had clean forfaken the earth, and with the wings of fome fowl had been flown away • or as if the earth had opened her mouth to receive him into her protection , and had clofed again over her head , or elfc fome Witchcraft had call a mift before the Dogs and Hunters eyes : At laft by calling about (as it is ufuall infuch cafes) they found the fraud of the horned beaft, which is worth the memory. There was a great white thorne which grew in a lhadowie fteep place as high as a tree, and wasinvironed with other fmall (hrubs about it, into the which the faid Hart leapt, and there ftood aloft the boughs fpreading from one another, and there remained, whether becaufe he could not get off again, or elfe for that he was ftifled in that place, but furely he was there thruft through and fo died, and fo had they all rather perilh any other way then by the teeth and tearing in pieces of angry and greedy Hounds. Yet their maner is, that when they fee themfelves every where intercepted , to make force at him with their horns that cometh firft unto him, except he be prevented by fome fword or fpear jj which being done, the Hunter with his horn foundeth the fall of the beaft, and then every one ap- proacheth, luring with triumph for fuch a conqueft, of whom the skilfulleft openeth the 'beaft, giving unto the Hounds fuch parts as belongeth to them, for their incouragement againft ano- ther time; and for that purpofe the Hunters dip bread in the skin and bloud of the beaft, to give unto the Hounds their full fatisfadion: and many fuch other things may the reader defirous of this knowledge find in the Authors aforefaid, to whom I will commend him rather, then fpend more time in this bufincfs, better manifefted by experience, then by any written document, yet I would with men to be fparing in this exercife, feeing it hath been feldom found that a man given to hunting, but he perilhcd in his pleafurc, as AU*on did by his own Dogs : and therefore Akiatm doth fitly compare together hunters and receivers of Theeves and Robbers , calling them new A&tom • who after they had received horns, muft be deftroyed by their own Doge which they have nounlhed The belt ufe of thefe beafts is to keep them tame, as in Helvetia, where they hunt feldom, and to make good ufe of them for nourilhmcnt rather then for fport „ as it is reported of a holy man, who kept a Hinde fo familiar with him, that in the Wildcrnefs be lived upon her milk. Concluding this difcourfe with the words of the Poet, for the inftru&ion of Dogs to this paftime and praQifc of the beafts. Velocet Spartjte f° r ^ ome ^' nc ' s ^ ear tnc ' r young tnree moneths, ftm fome more They bring 1 j4 ■Ati m * r f° rt; h m any at a time, fometime five, feven, nine, or twelve , for fo many eels hath the female in nJ e ' her womb. Alba m relateth that he faw a Bitch of the Maftive kind 3 which brought forth at three litters fifty Whelpes, that is nineteen atthe firft, eighteen at the fecond, and thirteen at the' third: but fome- time (lie bringeth forth but or,e, which is a good argument to prove that (he is filled at the firft liming. They are purged of their menftruous fluxes leven of fourteen daies before they grow proud, and again, at their time of littering ; at other times they fuffer none. Jriftotle. The firft they calf forth of their wombe is commonly a male, which refembleth the father, The fiift whelp the other males and females as it happeneth, (but it is accounted a prodigious thing to litter all is a male. males or all females) wherein nature yeeldeth an excellent argument of divine providence, for the firft born of all kinds hath more refemblance of the father then of the mother.They are alfo whelp- The blindnefs e d blind, and fo remain for nine or ten dayes, becaufe through their multitude they cannot be of Whelpes. perfected in the dams belly, which doth not happen to bealts which bear fingle, as Sheep and Goats. Theyufeto carry them up and down in their mouths till they be feven dayes old, but not afterward, they have milk about five dayes before their littering. It is not good to preferve the firft or fecond litter,but the third ; and after they have littered it is good to give the Bitch Whay and Barly bread,for that will comfort her and encreafe her milk • and in fome places they take Goats milk and feethe in it broken bones of meat, whereby they conceive that the Dam and Whelpes are much bettered for that nutriment: there is not any great regard of the nourifhment of Dogs, for they will eat much and that often and divers things,except Dogs flefh, for that cannot be fo dreffed Mliatiuf. an£ i prepared by the art of man, but they finde it out by their nofe and avoid it. It is good to let the Whelpes fuck two moneths before they be weaned, and that of their own dam , for it is not fo good for them to fuck another, and in the mean time exercife them to meat, as Miik, Whay, Bread,and flefh ; alfo from the Spring untill the Sun entreth Cancer 3 at which time it is good to let them grow lean according to the Verles oiNemeftan. Ccnfuetdm minuiffe faginam Frojuerit, tcnuefque magis retinere cibatus, Ne gravis articulos depavzt ponderemsL'es. Nam turn membrorum nexus nodofque relaxant. And afterward when they are fixe moneths old amend their diet again that they may grow ftrong- "jfunc rurfus mi/cere fero CereaJia dona. Conveniet, fortemque dari de frugibui e\c Lethargos,Nape ; befides infinite other among theantients; but amo.ng the latter writers, 7urcus,Niphuf,Falco,Ragonia, Serpens, Ichtia, filacer, Leo, Lupus^ Stella, Fulgur, BeVina, Rubhmm , Satinm,&ndFuria: fo that every Nation, and almort every man hatha proper and peculiar name for his Dog, as well as for his Oxe. There is not any creature without reafon, more loving to his Mafter, nor more ferviceable (as Of the love oi {hall appear afterward) then is a Dog, induring many ftnpes patiently at the hands of his Mafter, a Dog. and ufing no other means to pacifie his difpleafure,then humiliation, proftration, affentation,and after beating, turneth a revenge into a more fervent and hot love. In their rage they will fet upon Pliny. all ftrangers ; yet herein appeareth their noble fpirit,for if any fall or fit down on the ground and caft Plutarch, away his weapon, they bite him not ; taking that declining for fubmiflive pacification. They meet Homer. their Mafter with reverence and joy, crouching or bending a little, (like (hamefaft and modeft A fecret to pa. perfons:) and although they know none but their Mafter and familiars, yet will they help any ^ fie3n 3 n S r y man againft another Wilde beaft. They remember voices, and obey their leaders hilling or Jgf iams whifling. There was a DoginFtw/V? which had been three years from his Mafter, yet knew him a- a hiflory fa gain in the Market place; difcerning him from thoufands of people prefent. He remembreth any Dogs memory; man which giveth him meat : when he fauneth upon a man he wringeth his skin in the forehead. The Dog which is broad faced like a Lion, is moft full of ftomach and courage; yet the tongue Gillius. . or skin of 'an Hy*na (by natural mftind) maketh him run away: fometrmes they will Kir amides. . agree with Wolves, for they have engendered together , and as the Lute firings made of a A fccret in the Wolfe and a Lambe cannot agree in mufick, but one of them will break, fo alfo will a Dogs and of a a Lambs. JElianut thiukcththat Dogs have reafon, andufeLogick in their hunting, for they will caft a- Therearon it bout for the game, as adifputant doth for the truth, as if they fhould fay either the Hare is D^g*. gone on the left hand,or on the right hand,or ftraight forward,but not on the left or right hand,and therefore ftraight forward. Whereupon he runneth forth right after the true and infallible foot- ftepsof theHare. Therewas.a Dog in Africa in a (hip, which in the abfence of the Marinerscame to a pitcher of oil to eat fome of it, and the mouth of the pot being too narrow for his head to enter in (becaufe the pot was not full) he devifed to caft flint ftonesinto the veflel, whereby the Oil rofe to the top of the Pitcher, andfo he eat thereofhis fill, giving evident teftimony there- by, that he difcerned by nature, that heavy things will fink down, and light things will rife up and flie aloft. There is a Nation of people in Ethiopia (called Nubt) which have a Dog in fuch admirable efti- Solinus. mation, that they give unto him the honor of their King;for they have no ocher King but he.Ithe JElianut. faun, they take him for well pleafed;if he bark or flie upon them, they take him for angry:and by his L 2 geftures 112 The HiHory of Four-footed Zktfffr. Pliny, geftures and movings they conjecture his meaning,for the government of their ftate : giving as ready Ciraldiis. obedience to his fignifications,as thev can to any lively fpeaking Prince of the world : tor which Thelionour caufe the L ^pn us alio pi dure a Pop, with,a_ Ku;as robe^ to fignifie a Magiftrajg ^ Thole people done to Dogs, of ^ f a fTo , obferve in their religious procellions, and gelt i cu la t i o ns , dumb-idle-gods, to carry about with them two Dogs, one Hiwk , and one Uk t and thefe they call four letters : by the two Dogs, they figrntie the two Hemifpheres which continually watch and go over our heads : by the Hawk, the Sun; for the Hawk is a hot creature, and iiveth upon deftru&ion : by the Ibis , the face of the Moon; for they compare the black feathers in this bird to her dark part, and the white to her light. Other by the Dogs, do underftand the two Tropicks , which are fas it were) the two porters of the Sun for the South and North : by the Hawk , they underftand the Equinoctial or burning line, becaufe fhe flyethhigh: by the Ibis, the Zodiack : and indeed thofe Painters which could moft artificially decipher a Dog (as N-cias) were greatly reverenced among the Ttgtftians. The like folly (or impious beaftlinefs) was that of Galba> who forfook the precedents of his predeceflbrs in ltamping their coin with their own image , and imprinted thereupon his lealing ring left him by his forefathers, wherein was engraven, a Dog bending upon his female. I know not for what caufe, the Star in the midft of Heaven whereunto the Sun cometh about the Calends of July, was termed Cank (a Dog) and the whole time of the appearance of that Star,which isabout thirty dayes, fhould be called Vog-dayes; but only becaufe then the heat of the Sun doth torment the bodies of men twice fo much as at other times : whereupon they attribute thac to the Star (which they call Sims) which rather is to be attributed to the Sun during that time every year. Others fable, that there is another Star clofe to him (called Orion) who was an excellent hunter, and after his death was placed among the Stars, and the Star Cams befide him was his hunting Dog : but by this Star called of the Egyptians, Sulachim ; and of the Grecians, Aflrocynon, cometh that Egyptian Cynic^ year which is accomplithed but once in 1460 years. Unto this Star were offered many facrificesof Dogs in ancient time, whereof there can be no caufe in the world, as Ovid well noteth in thefe Verfes. Pro Cane fidereo Cank hie imponitur am : Et quare fiat nil nifi mmenhabeu As among the Car jam, whereupon came the proverb of Car'mm Sacrifcium^ for they facrificed a Doginfteadof a Goat, and the young puppies or whelpcs were alio accounted amongft the moft availeable facrifices, for the pacifying of their Idoll gods. The Romans and Grecian sh^A alfo a cuftom to lacrifice a Dog in their Lyctan and Lupercal feafts, which were kept for the honour of Pan, who defended their flocks from the Wolf, and this was performed in February yearly, either becaufe that the Dogs were enemies to Wolves, or elfefor that by their barking,they draw them away in the night time from their Gty:or elfe,becaufe they reckoned that a Dog was a pleating beaft to Paw, who was the keeper of Goats: fo alfo the Grecians did offer a Dog to Hecate who hath three heads, one of a Horfe, another of a Dog, and the third head in the midft of a wilde man : and the Eomms to Genetha, for the fafe cuftody and wel- fare of all their houfhold affairs. Their houfhold Gods (called Lares') were pictured and declared to the people fitting in Dogs- skins, and Dogs fitting befides them, either becaufe they thereby fignified their duty to defend the houfeand houfhold: or elfe as Dogs are terrors to Theeves and evill beafts, fo thefe by their afliftance were the punifhers of wicked and evill perfons : or rather that thefe Lares were wicked fpirits prying into the affaires of every private houfhold, whom God ufed as executioners of his wrathful difpleafure upon godlefs men. Fefius. There were Dogs facred in the Temple of JEfculapius, becaufe he was nourifhed by their milk; C«Hns» and Jupiter himfelf was called Cynegetes ; that is, a Vog-leader ■ becaufe he taught the Arcadians fivft. of all to hunt away noifome beafts by the help of Dogs: fo alio they facrificed a Dog to Mars y becaufe of the boldnefs of that creature. To conclude, fuch was the unmemorable vanity of the Heathens in their gods and facrifices, as it rather deferveth perpetuall oblivion then remern^ Arnobim. brance, for they joynedthe fhapes of men and beafts together (faith Ambius) to make gods, Gyraldus. Omnigenumque deum monfira & latrator. Anubis , fuch were their Cynocephali , Ophiocepbali, Anubis , Hecate ; that is as much to fay, as half Men, half Dogs, half Serpents, but generally all Mon- fters : and for the many imaginary virtues the ancients have dreamed to be in Dogs, they alfo in many places have given unto them folemn funerals in their hallowed Cemiteries, and after they were dead they ceafed not tomagnifie them, as Alexander, which built a City for the honour of a Dog. Ofdiflionoiu- All this notwithftanding, many learned and wife men in all ages have reckoned a Dog but and ignobility a bafe and an impudent creature: for the Elamen Vialis of Jupiter in Rome , was commanded to fDo a s - abftainfrom touching of Dogs, for the fame reafon that they were prohibited and not permit- ted to enter into the Call le of Athens, and Ifle of Velos, becaufe of their publick and fhamelefs copulation: and alfo that no man might be terrified by their prefencefrom fupplication in the Temples. The foolifhnefs of a Dog appeareth in this, that when a ftoneor other thing is caft Coelh Varinus- Hefychius. Arnobiut. Pliny. Plutarch. Of Dogs. 113 at him , he iblloweth the itone and negleð the hand that threw it, according to the laying of the Poet s Arnpit ut lapidmcatulus, morfuque fatigat, Mar cellar. Nec percuffori mutua damn* facit ; Sic plenque jinunt vexot elabier hofies, Et qms nulla gravant noxia^dente petunt. Likewife men of impudent wits,fliamelefs behaviorsin taking and eating meat,were called Qnickji for which caufe Aihtmut fpeaketh unto Cynickp in this fort, You do not OCynici leadabftinent and frugal lives,but refemble Dogs : and whereas this four-footed beaft differeth from other creatures in four things, you only follow him in his viler and bafer qualities, that is, in barking and licenfe of Porphyria, railing, in voracity and nudity, without all commendation of men. The impudency of a Dogiseminent in all cafes to be underftood,for which caufe that audacious Homer. Anftogiton fon of Cidimachus was called a Dog, and the Furies of ancient time were pictured by black Borate. Dogs,andaDog called Etinnys : Cerbertu himfelf with his three heads signified the multiplicity of Devils ; that is, a Lions, a Wolfs, and a fawning Dogs ; one for the Earth, another for the Water , and the third for the Air : for which caufe Hercules in flaying Cerberus, is faid to overcome all temptation, vice and wickednefs, for fo did his three heads fignifie. Other by the three heads un- derftand the three times; by the Lion the time prefent ; by the Wolf, the time paft; and by the fawning Dog, the time to come. It is delivered by Authors, that the root of Oliander, or elfe a Dogs tooth bound about the arme, do reftrain the fury and rage of a Dog : alfo there is a certain little bone in the left fide of a Toade (called Apocynon) for the virtue it hath in it againil the violence of a Dog. It is reported by Plmy, that if a live Rat be put into the pottage of Dogs, alter they have eaten thereof, they will never bark any more; and JElunw affirm eth lb much of the Weafils tail cutoff from him alive, and carryedaboutaman; alfo if one carry about him a Dogs heart or liver, or the skin wherein Confiavtms, Puppies lie in their dams belly (called the Secundine) the like effect or operation is attributed to them againft the violence of Dogs. There is a little black ftone in Nilut about the bignefs of a Bean, at firft fight whereof a Dog will run away. Such as thefe I faw at Lyons in France, yjhich they, called Sea-beans, and they prefcribed them to be hanged about a Nurfes neck to encreafe her milk. But to conclude the difcourfe of the Stoltus- bafenefs of a Dog, thole two proverbs of holy Scripture, one of oUr Saviour Mat. 7. Give not that which is holy to Dogs ; and the other of St. Peter, 2 Epiftle Chap. 2. The Dog is returned to the vomit; do fufficiently convince, that they are emblems of vile, curfed, rayling, and filthy men; which efteem not holy things, but eat up again their own vomits. The skins of Dogs are drefled for Gloves, and clofe Boots, the which areufed byfuchashave Theufeof Ulcerous and fwelling Legs or Limbs, for by them the afflicted place receiveth a double relief - their parts, firft, it refifteth the influent humors ; and fccondly,it is not exafperated with Woollen. The Turk's El ott »nt. colour their Dogs tails with red, and itjsacuftom of Hunters to take Dogs and tie them in the Oppianus. Woods unto trees by their ftones, for by crying they provoke the Panther to come unto J^^rf them. °& s c?tcn ° It is not to be doubted but that the flefh of Dogsisufed for meat in many places,although the opinion of Kafu be true and confonant to rcafon, that all devouring creatures, as Dogs, Foxes, and Wolves, have no good flefh for meat, becaufe they engender melancholy ; and yet Galen thinketh, that it is like to the flefh of a Hare, efpecially young Whelpes were held amon<* the Romans a delicate meat, and were ufed by their Priefts; and among Whelpes they attributed 'moft virtue to their fl efh which were eaten before they did fee, for by them came no evill humor at all, Injlaurionc, as is often fet down in Plautm. Petti- Martyr and Scaligtr do affirm of CozumeUa and Lucatana, and other Iflands of the new World, that the people there do eat a kind of Dog which cannot bark: Thefe Dogs are vile to look upon like young Kids. The inhabitants of Corfica, which are fierce, angry,wilde, crueil, audaci- ous, diffemblers, aftive and itrong, do alfo feed upon Dogs, both wilde and tame: and it is thought that their meat is a little furtherance to their inclination, for fuch is the natural difpo- fition of Dogs. And Soilibergerm in the Book of Peregrinations affirmeth alfo, that the Tartarian in Ibifibur do after the fame manner feed upon the flefh of Dogs: from hence it cometh, that men refembling a Dog in a plain forehead and narrow, are faid to be foolifli ; in a fmooth and ftretched out flatterers; thofe which have great voices like a Ban-dog, are ftrong ; they which rail much (like often barking Dogs) are of a doggifh, angry difpofition. He that hath a great head like a Dog, is witty ; he which hath a little head like an A(Tes,is blockifh; they which'have fiery eyes like Dogs, are impudent and fhamelefs.- thin lips with narrow folding corners, in Docs ddmantiutj isatokenofgenerofity, and in men of magnanimity : they whofe teeth hang over their canine teeth, are alfo adjudged railers, and virulent fpeakers: and as Carnarius obferveth, vainglorious braggarts. A wide mouth, betokeneth a crueil, mad, and wicked difpofition; a fharpe nofe an angry mmde ; as a round, blunt, and folid Nofe, fignifieth a Lions ffomach and wonhinefs.' A {harpe chin, vain bablmg and wantonnefs i they which are fmall in their girtin« ftead abouc their loins, do much love hunting. L 3 StobiHt H4 The Hiftory of F our-footed Beafts. in his wicked difcourfe or difpraife of Women affirmeth, that the curft fharp, fmarc curious, dainty, clamorous.implacahle and wanton-rowling-eyed Women were derived from Does ! andH^e to amend the matter faith, when Jtqiter had fafoioned Man out of the earth he com- manded Mercury toinfufe into him aC-niwminde, and a clamorous inclination: but the Proverb of .W«w»Chap. 30. concludeth the excellency of a Dog faying, There be three things which go pleafinth and the fount order exh his pee aright : The Lion which is the firongeft among bean and feareth Muufierm. not the ft,' ht of any tody, a hunting Dogfirongin his loins, aGoat, anda King againfi vhom there is no rrfinguf: by all wh.clus deciphered a good King; for the Lionrifeth not againft beaft s> except he be provoked; the Dog nfeth not againft his friends, but wilde beafts; and the He-goat gocth be- fore his flock like a guide and keeper. 5 6^ Of the C R A r - H U N D , with a narration of all ftrong and grcac hunting DOGS. The name of a A Mong the divers kinds of hunting Dogs, the Gray-hound or Grecian Dog, called Ihemticos Gray-hound. J\ or & atica (by rcafon of his fwiftnefs , ftrength and fagacity to follow and devour wilde beaft of great ftature) deferveth the firft place ; for fuch are the conditions of this Dog, as Plato hath obferved, that he is reafonably fented to finde out, fpeedy and quick of foot to follow, and fierce and ftrong to take and overcome: and yet filent, coming upon his prey at unawares, according to the obfervation oiGratius ; Sic Canis ilia [uos taciturna juptrvenit bojles. Like the Dogs of Jcarnania 3 whkh fet upon their game by Health. Of thefe are the greateft Dogs of the world, which in this place are briefly to be remembred. Thefe have large bodies, little heads, beaked nofes, but flat, broad faces above their eyes, long necks, but great next to their bodies, fiery eyes, broad backs, and moft generous ftomachs,both againft all wilde beafts and men alfo. Their rage is fo great againft their prey, that fometimes for wrath they lofe their eye-fight. They will not only fet upon Buls, Boars, and fuch like beafts, but alfo upon Lions, which Mantuan noteth in this verfe ; Ettruculentus He lor certare leon'ilm audens- Countries of The greateft dogs of this kind are in India, Scythia> andHircania , and among the Scythians they Gray-hounds, joyn them with Afles inyoak for ordinary labour. The Dogs of India are conceived by Tygres, Generation by j- or ^ i n dians will take divers females or Bitches, and fallen them to trees in woods where Tygres T ^ abide: Oppianw. Their defcri- ption. Flutarch. Their defi re of fie game. Of Dogs. abide: whercunto the greedy ravening Tyger cometh, andinftantly devoureth fome one or two Arijiotlt. of them, if his luft do not retrain him, and then being fo filled with meat ( which thing Tygers feldom meet withal!) prefently he burnetii in luft, and fo limeth the living Bitches, who are apt to conceive by him: which being performed, he retireth to fome fecret place, and in the mean time the Indium take away the Bitches, of whom come thefe valorous Dogs, which retain the ftomach and courage of their father, but the fhapeand proportion of their mother, yet do they not keep any of the firft or fecond litter, for fear of their Tygrian ftomachs, but make them away and re- Flinj. ferve the third litter. Of this kinde were the Dogs given to Alexander by the King of Albania, when he was going into ^ / ^' Itory ltdia, and prefented by an Indian, whom Alxander admired, and being defirous to try what vertue Do g* was contained in fo great a body, caufed a Bore and a Hart to be turned out to him, and whew he Giiftjfy would not fo much as ftir at them,he turned Bcirs unto him, which likewife he difdained,and role not M[ iam $ from his kennel; wherewithal the King being moved,commanded the heavy and dull Beaft(for fo he pi. 1 termed him ) to be hanged up ; his Keeper the Indian informed the King, that the Dog refpected $ tr jjb not fuch Beafts, but if he would turn out unto him a Lyon, he fhould fee what he would do. Follux'- Immediately a Lyon was put unto him , at the firft 'fight whereof he rofe withfpeed (as if ne- ver before he law his match or adverfary worthy his ftrength ) and briftling at him,made force upon him, and the Lyon likewife at the Dog ; but at the laft, the Dog took the chaps or fnowt of the Ly- on into his mouth, where he held him by main ftrength, untill he ftrangled him, do the Lyon what he could to the contrary; the King defirous to fave the Lyons life, willed the Dog fhould be pul- led off, but the labour of men and all their ftrength was too little, to loofen thofe ireful and deep biting teeth which he had faftned. Then the Indian informed the King, that except fome violence were done unto the Dog to put him to extream pain , he would fooner dye then let go his hold; whereupon it was commanded to cut offa piece of the Dogs tails but the Dog would not remove his teeth for that hurt;then one of his legs were likewife fevered from his body,whereat the Dog feemed cot apalled ; after that another leg,and fo confequently all four,whereby the trunck of his body fell to the ground, ftill holding the Lyons fnowt within his mouth ; and like the fpirit of of fome mali- cious man, chufing rather to dye then fpare his enemy. At the laft, it was commanded to cut his head from the body, all which the angry Beaft endured, andfo left his bodilefs head hanging faft to the Lyons jaws : whereat the King was wonderfully moved,and forrowfully repented his ralhnefs in deftroying a Beaft of fo noble a fpirit, which could not be daunted with the prefence of the King of Beafts: chufing rather to leave his life, then depart from the true ftrength and magnanimity of minde. Which thing the Indian perceiving in the King , to mitigate the Kings forrow, prefented unto him fourjother Dogs of the fame quantity and nature, by the gifc whereof he put away his paf- fion, and received reward withfucharecompence, as well befeemed the dignity of fuchaKing, and alfo the quality of fuch a prefent. Vliny reporteth alfo , that one of thefe did fight with fingular courage and policy with an Ele- phant : and having got hold on his fide, never left till he overthrew the Beaft, and perifhed under- neath him. Thefe Dogs grow to an excefdtng great ftature; and the next unto them are the Alba- p [[ HX , nian Dogs. The Arcadian Dogs are faid to be generated ot Lyons. In Canasta, one of the Fortunate The Albanid Iflands, their Dogs are of an exceeding ftature. Dogs. The Dogs of Greet are called Viaponi, and fight with wilde Boars: the Dogs of Epirus called Chi- Solinut, onides, ofaCity Cfottw, are wonderfully great and fierce; they are likewife called Molojji , of the Seneca. people of Epirus fo tearmed, thefe are famed to be derived of the Dog of Cephalus , the firft Gray- TbeDogiilto- hound whom ftories mention : and the Poets fay, that this Gray-hound of Cephalus, was firft of all or ef fafhioned by Vulcan in Monefian brafs, and when he liked his proportion, he alfo quickned him with Xlhotk afoul, and gave him to lupixet for a gift, who gave him away again to Eurepa, fhe alfo to Minor, j^ ertM [ Minos to Frocrit, and Frecrit gave it to Cephalus : his nature was fo refiftable, that he overtook all y ajims * that he hunted, like the leumefian Fox. Therefore Iupiter to avoid confufion, turned both the in- comprehenfible Beafts into ftones. This Moloskw, or Molojfus Dog, is alfo framed to attend the folds of Sheep, and doth defend them from Wolves and Theeves, whereof Virgil writeth thus : Veloces Spart£ catulos acremque Mohjfum Fafce fero pingui, nunquam cuflodibus Mis Nuilurnum ftabulit furem incur fufque luporum Aut imparatos a tergo borrcbit Iberos. Thefe having taken hold, will hardly be taken off again, like the Indian and Ferfian Dogs , fo* which caufe they are called incommodeftici^ that is, modmefcii, fuch as know no mean, which caufed Horace to give counfel to keep them tyed up, faying : Tmeant acres lota molojfos- The people of Epirus do ufe to buy thefe Dogs,when they dye, and of this kinde were the Dogs f Q u UXt of Sc)lla,Nicomedes^nd Eupslides.Thc Hircanian Dogs are the fame with the Indain. The Fxmimferft- tf«,and Median, are called Symheroi, that is companions, both of hunting, and fighting, as Gratius writeth: -Jndociliii dat prcelia Medut, The 1 1 6 1 be tJiftory of Four-footed ( B eafts. Xenoplm. The Dogs of Locus, and Lacene, are alfo very great, and fight with Bores. Therearealfoakinde ChfiM. of people called Cynamolgi^neer India, fo called, becauie for one half of the year they live upon the Of people that miU of great Dugs, which they keep to defend their Countrey from the great oppreftion of wilde live upon the Cattel , which defcend from the Woods and Mountains of India unto them yearly, from theSum- aulkotDogs. mcr ioiftice to the middle of Winter, in great numbers orfwarms, liee Bees returning home to their Hives and Hony-combes : Thefe Cattel fet upon the people, and deltroy them with their horns, except their Dogs be prefent with them, which are of great ftomach and ftrength, that they eafily tear the wilde Cattel in pieces, and then the people take fuch as be good for meat to them- JE'.iams. felves, and leave the other to their Dogs to feed upon : the refidue of the year they not only hunt with thefe Dogs, but alfo milk the females, drinking it up like the milk of Sheep or Goats. Thefe JElianus. g reat Do S s have alfo devoured men, for when the iervant of Diogenes the Cynick^, ran away from Dogs devour- his matter, being taken again and brought to Delphos , for his punifhment he was torn in pieces by ers of men. Dogs. Euripides alfo is laid to be (lain by Dogs ; whereupon came the proverb Cunos dike, aDogs Valerius revenge: for King Aichelaus had a certain Dog which ran away from him into Tbracia, and the Max. Ihracians (as their manner was) offered the fame Dog in facrince, the King hearing thereof, laid a punifhment upon them for that offence, that by a certain day r^ey fhould pay a talent ; the people breaking day, fuborned Euripides the Poet (who was a great favourite of the Kings) to mediate for them, for the releafe of that fine : whereunto the King yeelded : afterward as the faid King returned from hunting, his Dogs ftragling abroad, met with Euripides-, and tore him in pieces, as if they fought re* i nge on him, for being bribed againft their fellow which was flain by the lbracians. But concerning twe death of this man, it is more »-obable , that the Dogs which killed him, were fet on by Aridtus and Cratenas, two'IheffalianVoets, his emulators and corrivals in Poetry, which for the advancement of their own credit, cared not in moft favage and barbarous manner, to make away a better man then thernfelves. There were alfo other famous men which perifhed by Pogs , as A8*m, Jbrafus, and Linus ; of Thrafus, Ovidwriiexh thus ; daque fts Mis quibus eft Lacon'u Vt'.ot Ante diem rapto run adeunda Ibrafo. And of Linus r nd A&**-< ' -his manner ; guique veuntud* fpeculantem membra Viant, * §>uiqite Crotojiaden diripuere Linum. .Lucian thatfeoffing Apoftate, whov, aChriftian, and afterward endevoured all his wit to * rail at Chriftian Religion, even as he la ted and rent his firft profeffion, fo was he rent in pieces ULanifw* by Dogs ; and neraditus the Phi'ofor' ;>f Athens, having been long fick, and under the hands of Phyfitians, he oftentimes anoint--"'' jdy with Bugils fewet, and on a day having fo anointed himfelf, lying abroad fleeping i un, the Dogs came, and for the defire of the fat tore his body Rmmandment of Aurelian, was alfo thrown alive to be devoured of thefe Dogs, heefcaped as free from their teeth, as once Uaniel&d from the Lyons den. I may alfo adde unto thefe the Dogs of Alania and Illyria, called Mafiini, who have their upper lips hang over their neather, and.look fierce like Lyons, whom they refemble in neck, eyes, face, colour, and nails j falling upon Bears, and Boars, like that which Antbologius fpeaketh of, that leaped into the Sea after a Dolphin, and fo perifhed ; or that called Lydia^ flain by a Boar ; whofe Epitaph Martial made as followeth : Amphitbeatrales inter nutrita magijires Venatrix filvis afpera^blanda domi, Ljdia dieebar, domino fidifjima dtxtro, Qki mn Erigones maJ' t habere Canem, Nec qui DilUa Cephalum de genie fecutus } Lucifer £ pariter venit ad aftra de£. J Non me hngadies, necinutilis abfiulit£\as s gtualia Du/ycbh fatafuerecani. Fulmmeo fpumantis apri [urn dente perempta, Quantus erat Cal/don, aut Erymantbe tuus. Nec queror, infernos quamvit cm rapta per ttmbw ' Non potui fato nobiliore mm. Thshetuh There be in France certain great Dogs (called Auges ) which are [brought out of Great Britain, to Dogs. kill their Bears, Wolves, and wilde Boars j theft arc Angularly fwift and ftrong, and their leaders, Of Dogs. the better to armthem againltche teeth of other Beatts, cover lb me or their parts with thick clouts, and their necks wich broad collars, or elfe made or Badgers skins. In Gallia Narbvn , they call them Limkr, and the Polomans call all made Dogs for the Wolf; andfuch HkeBeaflsj Vifln: and peculiarly for the Bear and Bore, Cbnzii, for Hares and Yowl/bbicdnizcii, and Dogs of a middle fcantling betwixt the full and the lecond, iju. Gray-hounds are the leaft of thefe kindes, and yet as fwift and fierce as any of the refiduc, re- fufing no kinde of Beaft, if he be turned up thereunto, except the Porcupine, who cafteth her (harp pens into the mouth of all Dogs. The bell Gray-hound hath a long body, ftrongand rcalbnable The qualities , great, a neat (harp head, and lplendent eyes, a long mouth, and fharp teeth 3 little cars ami thin V^^q^ ** griftlesinthem; a ftraight neck, and a broad and ftrong breaft, his fore-leg.«;traigbt and fliort, • his [;' J "," ld , y * hinder-legs long and ftraight, broad fhoulders,round ribs, flefhy buttocks, but not fat, a long tail, pi\„y, Itrong and full of linews, which Nemef«n defcribeth elegantly in thefe verfes; Ximphori, — -Sit cruribus altis. Coftarum fubfine decenter prona ciriram : Renibus ampla fatii validis didudaque corM Sit rigidif, ~nultamque genii fub pedore laio, §ht£ fenfim rurfus fwca fe cAligat alvo : Cutque rUmls modes fluhent in curftlus aures Elige tunccurfk facilem, fucil.mque recurfit , Vum fuperant vires, dum!f fore juvenilis. Of this kinde, that is alway the beft to be chofen among the whelps , which weigheth lighteft : for it will be fo'oneft at the game, and fo hang upon the greater beafts hindering their fwiftnefs , untill the ftronger and heavier Dogs come to help : and therefore befides the marks , or neceiTary good Belli [ar'mii parts in a Gray-hound already fpoken of, it is requifite that he have large fide.s,^ad a broaxL mid- riffe or filmabouthis heart, that fo he may take his breathinand -eeafiiy.- a fmall belly, Pollux. for if it be great, it will hinder his fpeedy courfe ; likewifethat helL : g legs; thin and foft hairs } andthefe muftthe Hunter lead on the left hand if he be a foot, and on the right hand if he be on Horfeback. The bell time to try them, and train them to their gar^- v ' ^elve 1 *' onthsold, irowbeitfome Thetimeoi hunt them at ten months, if they be males, and at eight, , they be female ; yet is it fureft teaching a not to ftrain them, or permit them to run any long courfe till they be twenty months old, ac- Gray-homJ; cording to the old verle ; Libera Mc primum confuejea ' ^fHg^i, lam cum bis denes Phoebe rep^^itortus, Sed parvos vallis fbath feptovt ''Hh 1 Nee curfus vimte p Cum prims fidaCanumvis Virige odorifequus ad(krta cub'dia cants. And forthiscaufeit hath his proper Epithets, asOJora ctnum vis, promifa canum vis, &nartbus ocres^ &utilis: Frtciantts called thiskinde P/Wr,for fo did Fefius before him, and the Ge>vuns, Spurbund; and Liidtbund y Ugkmd : becaufe their ears are long thin,and hanging down, andthey differ not front vulgar Dogs in any other outward proportion, except only in their cry or barking voyce. 1 he nature of thefe is, being fet on by the voyce and words of their leader, to caft about for the fitting of the Beaft, and fo having found it, with continual cry to follow after it till it be wearyed, without changing for any other ; fo that fomctimes the Hunters themfelves take up the Beaft, at leaft wife the Hounds feldom fail to kill it. They feldom bark, except in their hunting chafe ; and ^dMatiuU then they follow their game through woods, thickets, thorns, and other difficult places, being al- J ' way obedient and attentive to their leaders voyce , fo as they may not go forward when he forbid- deth, nor yet remain neer to the Hunters, whereunto they are framed by Art and difcipline, rather then by any natural inftind. The White Hounds are faid to be the quickeft fented and fureft nofed, and therefore beft for the Hare : the black ones for the Boar, and the red ones for the Hart and Roe : but hereunto I cannot agree, becaufe their colour, (efpccially of the two later) are too like the game they hunt ; although there can be nothing certain colle&ed of their colour, yet is the black Hound harder and better able to endure cold, then the other which is white. In Italy they make account of the fpotted one , espe- cially white and yellowifh, for they are quicker nofed : they mult be kept tyed up till they hunt, yet foas they be let loofe now and then a little to eafe their bellies, for it is necefTary that their kennel be kept fweet and dry. Th ho' c of It is queftionable how todifcern a Hound of excellent fenfe, ( yet as Blondsa faith) the fquare a ^ u C n i of th£ and flat nofe is the beft fign and index thereof; likewife a fmall head, having all his legs of beftnofc. _ equal no The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. equal length, his breaft not deeper then his belly, and his back is plain to his tail, his eyes quick, his ears long hanging, but fometimes ftand up : his tail nimble, and the beak of his nofe alway to the earth, and efpecially fuch as are tnoft filent or bark leaft. Xenophon. There are iome of that nature,who when they have found the Beaft they will ftand ftill untill their Omni Boms. Hunter come, to whom in filence by their face, eye, and tail, they Ihew their game. Now you are Cppianus. to obferve the divers and variable dilpofition of Hounds in their finding out of the Beaft : fome, when they have found the footfteps go forward without any voyce or other fhew of ear or tail. Again, another fort, when they have found the footings of the Beaft, prick up their ear a little, buc either bark, or wag their tails ; other will wag their tail, but not move their ears, other again wring their faces, and draw their skins through over much intention, (like forrowful perfonsj and fo fol- low the fent, holding the tail immoveable. There be fome again, which do none of thefe, but wander up and down,barking about the fureft marks, and confounding their own foot-fteps with the Beafts they hunt , or el fe lor fake the way, and forun back again to the firft head; but when they fee the Hare, they tremble and are afraid, not daring to come near her, except fhe run away firft : thefe with the other , which hinder the cunning labours of their colleagues, trufting to their feet, and running before their betters, deface the belt mark, or elfe hunt counter (as they tearmit) take up any falfe fent for the truth, or which is more reprehenfible, never forfake the high ways, and yet have not learned to hold their peace : unto thefe alfo you may adde thofe which cannot difcern the footings or pricking of the Hare, yet will they run fpeedily when they fee her, or elfe at the beginning fet forth very hot, and afterward tyre, and give over lazily ; all thefe are not to be admitted into the kennel of good Hunds. But the good and approved Hounds on the contrary, when they have found the Hare, make fhew thereof to the Hunter, by running more fpeedily, and with gefture of head, eyes, ears, and tail,wind- - . ing to the Hares mufe, never give over profecution with a gallant noife, no not returning to their leaders, left they lofe advantage: they have good and hard feet, and are offtately ftomacks, not giving over for any hate, and fear not the rocks or other mountain places, as the Poet expreffeth : Qua lausfrimacanum? quibus eft audacia puceps : §>u£ nunc elans rimantur naribus auras : ht perdum clamore ferarn, dominumque vocando Jnjequiiur tumutyque canis campofque per omnes. j VenanJi fagax virtus virefque jequendi, £/ nunc demijjo quorum vesligia roftro. lncrepitant quern fe collatis etfugit armis, Nofter in arte labor pofitus, [pes omnis in illa^&c. And therefore alfo it is good oftentimes to lead the Hounds to the Mountains for exercife of their feet, when you have no Hare or other Beaft. And whereas the nature of this Hare is, fometimes to leap and make headings,fometimes to tread foftly, without any great impreflion in the earth, or fometimes to lye down and ever to leap or jump out & in to her own fourm or fitting, the poor Hound is fo much the more bufied and troubled The beft time to retain the fmall favour of her footings which fhe leaveth behinde her : for this caufe alfo it is to of hunting. be noted, that the Hound muft be holp not only with the voyce, eye, and hand of the Hunter, but alfo with a feafonable time, for in frofty weather the favour congealeth and freezeth with the earth, fo as you cannot hunt with any certainty untill the thaw thereof, or till the Sun arife. Likewife if rain fall betwixt the going of the Hare and the hunting time, you cannot hunt till the water bedryedup, for the drops difperfe the fent of the Hare, and the dry weather recollefteth it again. The Summer time alfo is not for hunting, byreafon the heat of the earth confumeth the favour, and the night being then but fhort, the Hare travelleth but little, feeding only in the even- ing and morning Likewife the fragrancy of every green herb yeeldeth fuch a favour, as doth not a little obliterate and overfway the favour of the Beaft: and therefore Ariftotle in his Wonders, (heweth that in JEtna in the Summer time, there are fuch plenty of fweet fmelling flowers, efpecially of Violets, which overcome the noftrils of the Hounds, fo as in vain they follow the Hare. The The firft beft time therefore for hunting with thefe Hounds is the Autumn or fall of the leaf, becaufe that training of then theodours of herbs are weakned, and the earth barer then at other times. The beft manner Hounds. t0 teacn t hefe Hounds, is to take a live Hare and trail her after you upon the earth, now one way, now another; and fo having drawn it a convenient fpace, hide it in the earth ; afterward fee forth your Hound neer the trail, who taking winde, runneth to and fro neer the woods, fields, paftures, path-ways, and hedges, untill he finde which way the Hare is gone, but with a foft and gentle pace, untill at length coming neer the lodged Hare, hemendeth his- pace, and beftirreth himfelf more fpeedily, leaping upon his prey like fome Serpent, or as an arrow fhot out of a Bow, and fo tearing it in pieces or killing it with joy, loadeth himfelf with his conqueft, and bringeth it to his Mafter with triumph, who muft receive both Dog and it,with all tokens of love into his own bofome, which i thing caufed Nemefian to write thus ; §>iue freta ft Merinum dubio refluentia ponto, quanta tft me(cef t & quantum impendia fupra Of Dogs. 121 Si non ad fieciem meniiturojque decor es Trotinus, hsc una eji catulit juduraBritannit. Vtvarfa Britannia mitt it Veloces, ncftrique orbis venatibus aptos. There are divers Countrey Dogs like unto thefe, as the Geloni and Gnofii , which caufed Ovid td Ol h< H ...... reckon and call lchmbates one of Autons Dogs Gnoftus : whom Uppianus compareth to the fVi| «f fifh, ; > winch fmelling in the waters the leaves of Olives, by the fen* is drawn to the land to eat them. The cunu ' e ' • Spamfl) Dogs whom the French call Ejpagneu'x, have long ears, but not like a Braches, andLy their nofes hunt both Hares and Conies, they are not rough, bur liuooth haired. The Tufcu-i Dog9 are commended by Nemefian • notwithstanding, they are not beautiful to look upon, haying a deep ftiaggy hair,yet is their game not unpleafant. Quiti & 'tufcorum uon eft extrema voluntas Stpe Canum : forma eft illis licet obfrta villo, &c. Hand lam en injucunda dabunt tibi munern pr*d«e,&c. jit que etiam leporum fecretacubilia menflrant. The Vmbrian Dog is (harp nofed, but fearfull of his fport, as Gratius exprefleth, — Aut exigit Umber Nare fagax e calle feras, 1 At fugit adverfus idem quos efferet boftes , Tanta foret virtus > & tantum vellet in amis. The JEtolian Dogs have alfo excellent fmelling nofes, and are not flow or fearful, whom Gr alius Cxprefleth as followeth : , . - — rr ... - / „ • <( ; 1 wgpyTT^. A /^ag . ' ■ jit clangtre citat, quos rtondum confpicit apros, JEtola qu*cmqnc Canis defiirpe (nialignum Seu frufira nimim prop erat furor, «. Mirum quam celtres & quantum nare mereniut. The French Dogs are derived or propagated of the Dogs of €Sreat Britain, and ar* fwift and quick tented, but not all, for they have ot divers kindes, as Gratius expreKeth in thefe words • Magnaque diver fos extoliit gloria Celt. is. They are very fwift, and not fharp nofed, wherefore they are mingled in generation with the Vml Irian Dogs,and therefore he celebrateth in many verfes, the praile of the firlt Hunter (as he taketh him.) Hagno Btomus and his Dog Metagon, and afterward the Dog Petronuis : but it may be that by Metagon, he meaneth the Dogs of Lybia, becaufe there is a City of that name ; and by tronius the Dogs of Italy, for Petronia is a river that falleth into Tiber. The Grammarians call a Dog engendered of a'Hound, and an ordinary French Dog, Vert.;gus a Tumbler: becaufe he fetteth himfelf to hunting, and bringeth his prey to his Milter,' whereupon Martial made this Diflicbon : j\nn fib't, fed Domino venaiur vertagus acer, HUfum leporem qui tibi dente feret. JhtWATER S PAG N E L. Such be alfo other fmeHiiig Dogs , called in the German tongue (LochumiU) chat is, Ter- riars or Beagles : thefe will fet upon Foxes and Badgers in the earth, and by biting expel them out of their dens • « hereof AH- Jlvtle reporteth a wonder, that one of them followed a Fox un- der the ground in Bctati* , and there made fo great a noVie by barkirrgTTliat the Hunters went alfo into the Cave, where they fawmany ftrange things which they related to the chief M.igi- ftrate. Unto all thefe fmelling Dogs, I may alfo adde the water Spag- nel, tilled in French, Ear leu < M s and 122 Stroza. The Hittory of Four- footed Heatts. and in Germany (Ifafirkur.d:) who is taught by his Mafter to feek for things that are loll, (bywords and tokens) and if he meet any perfon that hath taken them up, he ceafeth not to bay ;at him , and follow him till he appear in his Mailers prefence. Thefe alfo will take water-fowl, and hunt Otters and Beavers, (although Hounds alfo will do the fame) and watch the ftroke of a Gnn when the fowler (hooteth, andmftantly run into the water for the dead fowl, which they bring to their Ma- fter. They ufe to (hear their hinder parts, that fo they may be the lefs annoyedin fwimming ; whofe figure is in the bottom of the former page defcribed. I may here alfo adde^the Land-Spagnel, at- tending a Hawk, who hath no proper name in Englifljy except from the fowl he hunteth ; for which caufe the French call them Dogs of the>5 Quails ; and the Germans, Vegel-hund , a fowl- * Hound ; although all Birds little fear Dogs, except the Buftard , who hath a heavy body, and is not able to fly far : yet are thefe taught by Falconers to retrive and raife Partridges, for they firft take them into the fields, and fhew.them Partridges, whom after they have favoured twice or thrice, by cuftom they ^ remember, and being uncoupled, will beftir J themfelves into all corners to finde them, be- ^ ing after a while very proud of employment, and very uncerftanding in their game : they are for the moft part white or fpotted, with red or black: the Folonians call them (Pobicnitzii) and a Poet defcribeth them thus : Nare fagax alius, campifque undifque volucres giftrit, & aduncus hue indefetfus & illinc. Vifcurrit.- Of the mixt kinde of Dogs callecd in EngHJh MA NO It E LS or MONG RELS. THofe we call Mangrels, which though they be on iboth fides propagated by Dogs, yet are they not of one kinde : for as once Dogs coupled with Afles, Leopards, Lyons, Tygers, Apes, or any fush Beafts, according to the old Verfe j Cani congener es Lupus Vulpes, Hyena 3 1ygrk. So now it is ordinary for the Gray-hound to couple with the Maftive, the Hound with the Gray- Hound, the Maftive with the Shepheards Dog, and the Shepheards Dog with any other Cur or Beagle : of thefe kindes we will now fpeak in order. And it is not to be omitted, that this commixti- onjof kindes have been invented by Hunters for the amendment of fome natural fault, or defed they found in the Monophyli, that is, one fingle kinde , and fo hereby they added fome qualities to their kinde which they wanted before either in ftrength of body,or craft of wit : for they derive both Gommixtion f thefe from their Sires, wherefore Oppianus declareth, that in the commixtion of Dogs , the Anci- °r aeation ents cou P le< * to g et her thtfe kindes, the Arcadians with the Eleians, the Cretenfians with the ?£onians y ptocreation. ^ Carians with the thracians 3 the Lacedemonians with the Tyrrhenian, the Sarmatian with the Iberian^ and the Gallican Dogs with the Vmbrian , becaufe they want the quick fenfe of fraelling : according to thefe verfes : Quondam inconfitltif jnater dabit Vmbrica Gallis Senfum agilem, traxere animos de parte Gelona Hyrcano & van* tantum Caledonia lingua Exibitvitium patre emendata Molojjb. Thefe Dogs fo generated are peculiarly tearmed in Greedy Hybrit, and Hybrida } as forphyrius writeth. The French Wolves were wont to have a Dog for their Captain or Leader , and it is ordinary for Wolves and Dogs to couple together, as by experience it hath been obferved : And it is certain, that Maftive Dogs had their firft beginning from this copulation , wherefore Virgil calleth one of thefe Dogs Lycifia. ► — —^Keferenfque lupum torvo ore Lycifca. The Dogs which are bred otTboes, are commended for their rare qualities and underftandtng parts in the time of Wars, by Hagnon Bceotius in thefe verfes j Hie & femiferam thoumde [anguine prolem Seunorit voces, feu nudi ad piffiora martis Et fubiere aftu,& parvis dmuerelaceruit Vulpint fpecie ( - j ; The Of Dogs. 123 The Dogs of Hircania do of themfelves fun into the Woods, (like adulterers,) and feek out the lygers to engender with them, which thing Gratiu remembreth elegantly ir. many vcrfesi -Vltroque gravis fuccedere Tigrl Aufa canis, majore tula de [anguine faiunt, hxcHtiet filva magnus fixator adepta. In the rank of thefe Mangrels, Imayaddein the next place thofe Dogs, called by the Gr£ciant 3 Of Dogs te- Symmafcbi, and ^omatophy la kes, becaufe they attended upon men in their travels and labors to defend fenders and a:» them, and are taught to fight for them, both againft men and other beatts; wherein they are as ttnJ tri0n ready to take knowledge of violence offered to their Matter, and alfo to revenge or hinder it, as g^*^ a reafonable creature can be. Thefe are called of the Launes, Cane r foci i defenfores, fociable Dogs; Jr anU ' s of which there be two forts, the firft, is lefler, being of rough and long curled hair,his head covered ta with longhair, of a pleafant and tractable difpofition, never going far from his Mafter, fuchwas theDogot!Ttf/>/f, and the Dog ot'Codrus the Poet, called Chiron, whereof luvenall makech mention ; whofe besevolence and ready minde toward their keepers and nourimers may appear by this ftory of ColtpboKwfi Upon a feafon, he with a Servant, and a Dog, went to a certain Mart to buy Merdhandife , and A hifloryof as they travelled, hisServant which carryed the purfe, diverted a little out of the way, to perform the rare cruft the work of nature, and the Dog followed him : which being done, he forgat to take up the Purfe t °^ e ^ of mony that had fallen from him to the ground fn that place, and fo departed ; the Dog feeing the his Matters purfe, lay down befide it,and ftirred not a foot afterward the Mafter and man went forward, mil- goods, fing their Dog, and not their money, untill they came to their Mart or Fair, and then for want of Tzdzet. mony were conftrained to return back again without doing any farther thing : wherefore they re- folved to go back again the fame way they came, to fee if they could hear of their mony, and at laft: - when they came to the place Where the fervant had left the purfe, there they found both Dog and mony together ; the poor Cur fcarfe able to fee or ftand for hunger : when he faw his Mafter and ^ the fervant come unto him, he removed from the earth, but life not able to tarry any longer in his body, at one andthe fame time in the prefence of his friends and nourifhers he alfo dyed, and took of them both his laft farewel, through the faithful cuftody of their forgotten goods ; for which it is apparent, that one part of their faithful difpofition is^to keep their nourifhers goods committed un- to them, asfhall be afterward more at large manifefted. Their watchful care over their Mifters may appear alfo by thefe ftories following , for the Dogs jEliaw.s. of XrfBf/#wfblIowed their Mafter to the Ship, at what time he was forewarned by the Oracle to Izetzes. depart out oiAXberu, by reafon of the Perftans war in Greece , and fo they failed with him to Salamme ; and as they failed, by the way he commanded one of them to be caft into the Sea, who continued fwimming after the Ship untill he dyed, for whicli caufe his Mafter buryed him. When Gekn the Syracufan i in his lleep had a fearful dream, that he was ftrucken with fire from Heaven, and with impreffionof fear, cryed out very lamentably : his Dog lying befide him, and AfclepUieU^ thinking that fome peril or theef was doing violence to hisMafter,he prefently leaped up to the bed, j^iimus. and with fcratching and barking awaked him, and fo was he delivered from a horrible fear, by the Pollux* barking of his Dog. The Syrians which have the beft and the firft purple in the world, are faid in Hiftory to have it by the firft occafi'on of Hercules Dog. Hercules falling in love with a Nymph called tyro, and travel- ling toward her with his Dog,he faw the purple fifh creeping upon a ftone, the hungry Dog caughc the fifh to ea-t it |and having devoured it, his lips were all dyed or coloured with the fame : when the Virgin Nymph faw that colour upon the Dogs lips,fhe denyed the love of Hercules , except he could bring her a garment of thatcolour,whereupon the valiant man knowing by what occafion the Dogs lips received fuch a tindure,went and gathered all the purple fifhes and worms he could finde, and prefling their blood out of them,therewithal coloured a garment,and gave it to the Nymph ; for re- ward whereof,he pofleffed the Virgin , being by this means the firft inventor of the Fbxnician tin- jfture. Among thefe are to be remembred thofe loving Dogs, who either have fought for their Mafter? of fighting and fo defended them,or elfe declared them that murdered their keepers, or that which is more ad- Do .° s > Jeknj- mirablc, leaped into the burning fires which confumed the dead bodies of their nourifhers. Such an '^.^ en ' onewastheDogofCtf/w/, who being flain in a certain civil War at Reme, and his enemies coming «- ianuT - about him to cut offhis head,his poor Doginterpofed his body betwixt the blows,and would not fuf- ^ Zftat^ • fer any foe once to touch his Matters carcafs,untill by more then fix hundred foutdiers the Dog was cut in pieces,fo living and dying a moft faithful companion and thankful friend to him that fed him. The like was in a Dog of Darius the laft King of the Perftans, after he was flain by beius and Narba- zanes in the battel againft Alexander, & fo did the Dog of Silanim fight for his Mafter againft theeves, p[. and when he was flain,he departed not from the body,but kept it wanly from Dogs, Brrds orwtldc Beafts,fitting upon his privy parts,and covering them untill the Roman Captains came and buryed it. But moft admirable was the love of a certain Dog to his Mafter punifhed with death, for the fact y z f ^ 3f , againft Germanhus. Among other, this Dog would never go from the prifon,and afterward when his Matters dead body was brought in the prefence of many Romans, the Cur uttered moft lament- able and forrowful cryes ; for which caufe one of the company threw unto him fome meat , to M 2 fee The Hiftoty of Four-footed Beafts. fee if that would ftop his mouth, and procure filence : but the poor Dog took up the meat, and car- ryed to his matters mouth, not without the fmgular paffion of the beholders.- at laftthe body was taken up and caft into the river Tiber, the poor Dog leaped in after it, and endeavoured by all the means his weaknefs could afford, to keep it from finking, in the prefence of an innumerable multi- tude.which without tears could not look upon the loving care of this brute beaft. The Dogs of Gelm ? Huron, Lyfimncbus 3 Fyrrbus King of Efirus, Telus the Tragcedian , and Iheodorm, leaped into the burning fires which confumed their matters dead bodies. Niciaf a certain Hunter going abroad in the Woods, chanced to fall into a heap of burning coals, having no help about him but his Dogs, there he perifhed, yet they ran to the high ways, and ceafed not with bark- ing and apprehending the garments of paffengers, to fhew unto them fome direful event: and at latt one of the travelers followed the Dogs, and came to the place where they faw the man con- fumed, and by that conjedured the whole ttory. The like did the Dogs otMarw Ctfarinus, for by howling they procured company to draw him out of a deep Cave, whereinto he was fallen on Dogs deteflors Horfe-hack, and had there perifhed (being alone) except his Hounds had releafed him. But that of murders. , jjfog w in a lfo bewray the murtherers of their friends and matters, thefe ftories following, may evi- dently manifeft. Flutarch. ^ s ^ynbrn by chance travelled in his Countrey, he found a Dog keeping a dead corps , and he perceived that the Dog was almoft pined, by tarrying about the body without all food, where- fore taking pity on the beaft, he caufed the body to be interred , and by giving the Dog his belly full of meat , he drew him to love him, and fo led him away : afterward as Pyrrbut muttered his fouldiers, and every one appeared in his prefence, the Dog alfo being befide him, he faw the mur- therers of his matter, and fo not containing himfelf, with voyce, tooth, and nail, he fet upon them : the King fufpeding that which followed, examined them if ever they had fcen or known that Dog, they denyed it, but the King not fatisfied, charged them that furely they were the murtherers of the Dogs [Matter, (for the Dog all this while remained fierce againft them ) and never barked be- fore their appearance , at the latt their guilty confeiences brake forth at their mouths and tongues end, and fo confeffed the whole matter. Hindus. The like was of two French Merchants which travelled together, and when they came into a cer- tain Wood, one ofthemrofe againft the other for defire of his money, and fo flew him and buryed him. His Dog would not depart from the place, but filled the Wood with howlings and cries- the murtherer went forward in his journey, the people and Inhabitants neer the faid Wood , came and found both the murdered corps, and alfo the Dog, which they took up and nouriflied till the Fan; was done, and the Merchants returned, at whi^h time they watched the high wayes, having the Dog with them, who feeing the murtherer' iftantly made force at him without all provocation, as a man would do at his mortal enemy ; which thing caufed the people to apprehend him, who being examined, confeffed the fad, and received condign punifhment for fo foul a deed. To conclude this difcourfe with one memorable ftory more out of Blendur, who relateth that there was a certain woman neer Paris, who was beloved of two young naen;one of them on a day took his ttaffe and his Dog, and went abroad (as it was thought , of purpofe to go to his love) but it happened that by the way he was murthered and buryed, and the Dog would not depart from the grave of his Matter : at the latt, he being miffed by his father and brethren, one of them went alfo to feek him,and fee what was become of him,and fo feeking,found the Dog lying upon his grave,who howled pitifully when he faw his Matters brother : the young man caufed the ground to be opened, and fo found the wounded corps of his brother, which he brought away , and caufed to be buryed till the murtherer could be described : afterward in procefs of time, the Dog in the prefence of the dead mans brethren efpied the murtherer, and prefently made force upon him very eagerly ; which the brethren fufpecting,apprehended him,and brought him before the Governours of the City,who examining him with all the policies they could invent, what fhould be the occafion, why the Dog (hould fo eagerly fly upon him at all times, whenfoever he was brought into his prefence, could not get any confeffionof the fad from him : then the Magiftrate adjudged, that the young Man and the Dog fhould combate together. A combate. j^g Dog was covered with a dry fod skin in ftead of armour,and the murtherer with a fpear, and on his body a little thin linnen cloath,0 ^- near without exquifite torments. Auge.is gave one of thefe to the Poet Eupotn, who taught him by many fignes and geftures for the love of his meat, to obferve bis fervant Kpbialtes, if at any rime he ftole mony from him. And at the laft,the wily Dog obferved the fervant fo narrowly, that he found him robbing his Mafters coffers: wherefore he inftantly fell upon him and tore him in pieces. The which Dog afterward died for forrowof his Mafters death ; whereupon Miams faith.that the place of his death in JEglna was called the place of mourning, to the day of his writing. Nicomedes King of Bytbinia, had one of thefe Mohfjian great Dogs, which he hourifhed very tender- f Z etzes. ly, andmadeit very familiar with himfelf: it fell out on a time, that this King being in dalliance Arrtent*. wi'th his wife Ditizele, in the prefence of the Dog, and (he again hanging about the Kings neck, kif- fingand provoking him to love with amorous geftures , the Dog thinking (lie had been offering a cruel tout* fome violence to his matter the King, prefently flew upon her, and with his teeth pulled her right iher of a (houlder from her body, and fo left the amorous Queen to dye in the arms of her loving Husband : Queen by a which thing caufed the King to banifh the Dog for e m out of his fight, for forrow whereof he foon °S- after dyed; but the Queen was moft nobly bur yed at Nicomedia in a golden Sepulcher: the which was opened in theraign of the Emperour Michael, fon of Theophilus, and there the womans body was found whole and not putrefied, being wrapped in a golden vefture, which taken off, and try ed in a furnace, yeelded above an hundred and thirteen pounds of pure gold. When a Dragon was fetcing upon Orpheus, as he was occupied in hawking by his Dogs his life was faved, and the Dragon devoured. And when C&lius one of the Senators of Placenlia being fick, was fet upon by certain lewd fellows, he received no wound till his Dog was flain. There was never anything more ftrange in the nature of Dogs, then that which happened at Amcft memo- Rhodes befieged by the 1 urk^, for the Dogs did there difcern betwixt Chriftians and lurk! ; for to- "J Does of wards the lurk! they were moft eager, furious, aud unappeafeable, but towards Chriftians, although ^^ /t unknown,moft eafie, peaceable and placidious,which thingcaufed a certain Poet to write thus 2 Hit auxere fidem quos nofiro fulva fub ftir., bark, and move heirdsDogj noife,then one of thefe againft thief or wilde beaft. They are alfo ufe-d by Heardf-men,Swine-heards, and Goat-Heards,to drive away all annoyances from their Cattel, and alfo to r guide & govern them, in executing their mafters pleafure upon figns given them,to which of the ftragiing Beafts they ought to make force. Neither is it requifite that this Dog be fo large or nimble as is the Grey-hound,whtch is appointed for Deer and Hares. But yet that he be ftrong,quick,ready,and underftanding, both for brauling and fighting, fo as he may fear away and alfo follow (if need be) the ravening Wolf, and take away the prey out of his mouth j wherefore a fquare proportion of body is requifite in thefe Beafts, and a tolerable lightnefs of foot, fuch as is the Village Dog, ufed only to keep houfes, and hereof alfo they are the beft,who Calumet*. have the greateft or loudeft barking voyces, and are not apt to leap upon every ftranger or be.ift they fee, but referve their ftrength till the juft time of imployment. They approve alfo in this kinde above all other, the white colour ; becaufe in the night time they Bhndus.- are the more eafily difcerned from the Wolf, or other noifomc beaft ; for many times it falleth out, thattheShepheardinthetwy-light,ftriketh hisDoginfteadof the Wolf: thefe ought to be well Fronton faced, black or dusky eyes, and correfpondent noftrilsof the fame colour with their eyes, black ruddy lips, a crooked camoyfe nofe, a flat chap with two great broches^or long ftraight fharp teeth growing out thereof, covered with their lips, a great head, great ears, a broad breft, a thick neck ; broad and folid fhoulders,ftraight legs,yct rather bending inward themftanding outward ; great and thick feet, hard crooked nails, a thick tail which Sgroweth letter to the end thereof, then at M 3 the 1 26 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. the firft joint next the body, and the body all rugged with hair, for chat maketh the Dog more ter- rible h and then alfo it is requifite that he be provided of the beft breed, neither buy" him of a Strabo. Hunter (for fuch an one will be gone at the fight of a Deer or Hare ) nor yet of a Butcher for it will be fluggifh ; therefore ta ke him young, and bring him up continually to attend Sheep,' for f6 will he be nioft ready that is trained up among Shepherds. Varro. Tne Y ufe alfo to cover their throat and neck with large broad collars, pricked through with nails, Fronto. for elfe if the wilde beaft bite them in thofe places, the Dogis eafily killed: but being bitten at The love of any other place he quickly avoideth the wound. The love of iuchto the Cattel they keep is very Dogs to the great, efpecially to Sheep ; for when Publius Aufidius Pentianus, bought certain flocks of Sheep in Cartel they the fartheft part of Vmbria, and brought Shepherds with him to drive them home; with whom the dogs went along unto Heraclea, and the Metafontine coafts,where the drovers left the Cattel • the Dogs for love of the Sheep yet continued and attended them,without regard of any man, and for- raged in the fields for Rats and Mice to eat, untill at length they grew weary and lean, and fo retur- ned back again unto Vmbria alone, without the conduct of men, to their firft Matters, being many daies journey from them. It is good to keep many of thefe together, at the leaft two for every flock, that fo when one of them is hurt or fick, the herd be not deftitute ; and it is alfo good to have thefe male and female, yet fome ufe to geld thefe,thinking that for this caufe they will the more vigilantly attend the flock: howbeit I cannot affent hereunto, becaufe they are too gentle and leffe eager when they want their ftones.They are to be taken from their Dam at two moneths old,and not before : and it is not good to give them hot meat,for that wil encreafe in them madnefs,neither muft they tafte any of the dead carkaffes of the Cattcl,left that caufe them to fall upon the living for when once they have taken a fmatch of their bloud or flefh, you (hall feldom reclaime them from that devouring appetite. The underftanding of thefe Shepherds Dogs is very great, (efpecially in England) for the Shepherds will there leave their Dogs alone with the flocks,and they are taught by cuftom, to keep the Sheep with- in the compafs of their pafture, and difcern betwixt graffe and Corn, for when they fee the Sheep fall upon the Corn, they run and drive them away from that forbidden fruit of their own accord ; and they likewife keep very fafely their Mafters garments and viftuals from all annoyance untill their return. There is in Xenophon a complaint of the Sheep to the Shepherds concerning thefe Dogs: A ret fable ^ e marve ^ f ^ tne Sheep) at thee, that feeing we yeeld thee milk, Lambs,and Cheefe, whereupon of^hcSbeep thou feedeft ; nevertheless thou giveft unto us nothing but that which groweth out of the earth, and the Dog. which we gather by our own induftry ;Jand whereas the Dog doth none of all thefe, him thou feedeft with thine own hand, and bread from thine own trencher. The Dog hearing this complaint of the Sheep, replyed, That his reward at the Shepherds hand was juft, and no more then he deferved,for (faid he) I look unto you, and watch you from the ravening Wolf, and pilfering Theef, fo as if once I forfake you,then it will not be fafe for you to walke in your Paftures,for perill of deatlr.whereunto the Sheep yeelded, and not replyed to the realonable anfwer of fo unreafonabie a heart ; and this complaint you muft remember was uttered when Sheep could fpeak, as well as men, or elfe it noceth the foolifh murmuring of fome vulgar perfons,againft the chief Minifters offtate, that are liberally rewarded by the Princes own hands, for their watchful cuftody of the Common-wealth. And thus much for the Shepherds Dog. Of the FILLAGE-DOG, or HOVSE-KEEPER* THis Village Dog ought to be fatter and bigger then the Shepherds Dog, of an elegant, fquare and ftrong body, being black coloured, and great mouthed, or barking bigly, that fo he may thisDog. the more terrifie the Theef, both by day and night, for in the night the beaft may feize upon the robber before he difcern his black skin, and therefore a fpotted, branded, party coloured Dog is not approved. His head ought to be the greateft part of his body, having great ears hanging down, and black eyes in his head, a broad breaft, thick neck, large fhoulders, ftrong legs, a rough hair, fhort tail, and great nails : his difpofition muft not be too fierce, nor yet too familiar, for fo he will faun upon the Theef as well as his Mafters friend. Yet is it good that fometime he rife againft the houfehold fervants, and alway againft ftrangers, and fuch they muft be as can wind a ftranger afar off, and defcry him to his Mafter by barking as by a watch-word,and fetting u pon him, when he ap- procheth neer if he be provoked. Blondut commendeth in this kinde, fuch as fleep with one eye open and the other fhut, fo as any fmall noife or ftir wake and raife him. It is not good to keep many of thefe curft Dogs together ,and them few which be kept muft be tyed up in the day time, that fo they OfMariners may be more vigilant in the night when they are let loofe. Thereare of this kind which Mmners Dogs on (hip- take with them to Sea,to preferve their goods on Ship board,they chufe them of the greateft bodies board. an d lowdeft voice,like the Croatian Dog,refembling in hair and bignefs, and fuch asare very watch- ful,according to the faying of the Poet; Exagitant & Afr, & turla Dian'iafures, Fcrvigilantque lam, f>ervigilantqne Cants. An4 Of Dogs. 12 j And fuch alio they nounfh in Towers and Temples ; in Towers, that fo they may defcry the ap- Vegetius. proaching enemy when the Souldiers are afleep; for which caufe, Dogs leen in deep, fignifie the careful and watchful wife, fervants, or Souldiers, which forefee dangers and preferve publick and Anemidorus. private good. There was in Italy a Temple o£Pa!las, wherein were referved the axes> inftruments, and armour Arftotle. olViomedts and his Colleagues,the which Temple was kept by Dogs, whofe nature was (as the Au- Gyraldus. thor faith) that when Grecians came to that Temple, they would faun upon them as if they knew D p keepers them ; but if any other Countreymen came, they (hewed themfelves wilde,fierce,and angry againit of Temples, them. The like thing is reported of a Temple of Vulcan in JEtna, wherein was preferved a perpetu- DionCbryfo, all and unquenchable tire, for the watching whereof, were Dogs defigned; who would faun and gently flatter upon all thofe which came chaftly and religioufly to worfhip there, leading them into the Temple like the familiars of their God ; but upon wicked and evill difpofed leud perlbns , they barked and raged, if once they endevoured fo much as to enter either the Wood or Temple > but the true caufe hereof was, the impofture of fome impure and deceitful, unclean, diabolical fpirits. And by the like inftinft, Scipio /ifricanus was wont to enter into the Capitol, and command the Chappel of Jupiter to be opened to him, at whom no one of the Keepers Dogs would ever ftir, Gyraldus', which caufed the Men keepers of the Temple much to marvel, whereas they would rage fiercely a- cxlius. gainft all other : whereupon Stroza made thefe Verfes, falfly imputing this demonical illufion to divine revelation. §>uid tacitos linquam qms veri baud nefcia Crete Nec femper mendax, ait aurea templa tuenies, Tarcereque baud uUi filitos, (tnirabile diftu ) Dofta Tyanei Aratos fennrit ad or a Non magico cantu, \ed quod divinitus ill if Infita vis ammo, virtutif gnara latent if. The like ftrange thing is reported of a Temple or Church in Cxacovia, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, wherein every night are an affembly of Dogs, which unto this day (faith the Author) meet Scknehelfr voluntarily at an appointed hour, for the cuftody of the Temple, and thofe ornaments which are preferved therein againft Theeves and Robbers : and if it fortune any of the Dogs be negligent and flack at the hour aforefaid, then will he bark about the Church untill he be let in, but his fellowes take punifliraent of him, and fall on him, biting and rending his skin,yea fometime killing him 5 and thefe Dogs have a let diet or allowance of dinner, from the Canons and Preachers of the Church, which they duely obferve without breach of order ; for to day two of them will goe to one Canons houfe, and two to anothers, and fo likewife all the refidue in turnes fucceffively vifit the feveral houfes within the Cloifter yard, never going twice together to one houfe, nor preventing the refection of their fellowes ; and the ftory is reported by Antotiius Schnebergerut for certain truth, upon his own knowledge. ft -T::-:':: xiq uii ; ' ; '■ .1 * •' * * ; i yd ■>.-•': \ n tf&itUb r ? Ij 2". v»* i \ w* ^nteti' 1 .' rim? -trntar.t-- rl OfthcM/Af/CK, or G ETUL I AN - Do G,wdthc\mkM E L ITv£ A N~ dogs of Gentlewomen. THere is alfo in England two John Cay. other forts of Dogs , the figure ofthefirft is here expref- The^firft gens* fed, being apt to imitate all ration of Mi- J things it feeth, for which caufe mick Do 6 s . ] fome have thought that it was conceived by an Ape ; for in wit and difpofition it refembleth an Ape, but in face fharpe and black like a Hedge-hog, ha- ving a Ihort recurved body , very long legs, lhaggie hair, and a fhort tail : this is cal- led of fome (Canit Lucernari* m ) thefe being brought up with Apes in their yputh, learn very admirable and ftrange feats, The feats of whereof there were great Do £ s « plenty in Egypt in the time of King Ptolemy, which were taught to leap and play, and dance, at the 128 The Biftory of Four- footed c Beafts. the hearing of mufick, and in many poor mens houfes they ferved inftead of fervants for divers ufes. Albmw> ,; 'Thefe are "fed by Players and Puppet-Mimicks to work ftrange tricks, for the fight whereof they get much money : fuchanone was the Mimicks dog, of Which Plutarch writeth that he faw in a publick (pedacle at Rome before the Emperor Ve\paftan. The Dog was taught to aft a play, wherein were contained many perfons parts, I mean the affections of many other Dogs: at (alt there was given him a piece of bread, wherein, as was faid, was poifon, having virtue to pro- cure a dead lleep, which he received and fwallowed : and prefently after the eating thereof he be- gan to reel and ftagger to and fro like a drunken man, and fell down to the ground, as if he had been dead, and fo lay a good fpace not ftirring foot nor limb,being drawn up and down by divers perfons, according as the gefture of the Play he afted did require, but when he perceived by the time and other fignes that it was requifite to arife, he firft opened his eyes, and lift up his head a little, then ftretched forth himfelf like as one doth when he rifeth from fleep ; at the laft up he getteth and run- neth to him to whom that part belonged, not without the joy and good content of Ctfar and all other the beholders. To this may be added another ftory of a certain Italian about the year 1403. called /Wwr,who had a red Dog with him of ftrange feats, and yet he was blind. For {landing in the Market place, com paffed about with a circle of many people, there were brought by the ftanders by ma- ny Rings, Jewels, Bracelets and pieces of gold and filver, and there within the circle were covered with earth, then the Dog was bid to feek them out, who with his nofe and feet did prefently find and difcover them; then was he alfo commanded to give to every one his own Ring, Jewel, Brace- let, or money, which the blind Dog did perform direftly without ftay or doubt. Afterward the ftanders by, gave unto him divers pieces of coin, ftamped with the images of fundry Princes, and then one called for a piece of Englifo money, and the Dog delivered him a piece, another for the Emperors coin, and the Dog delivered him a piece thereof,- and fo confequently every Princes coin by name, till all was reftored : and this ftory is recorded by Abbut Vrjpergenfts, whereupon the common people faid, the Dog was a Devill or elfe pofleiTed with fome Pythonical fpirit : and fo much for this Dog. Strabo. There is a Town in P^chynus, a Promontory of Sicily (called Melita) from whence are tranf- Of the Melite- p 0rtec j many fine little Dogs called, Melitki 1 Canes , they were accounted the Jewels of Wo- an ° 2S * men , but now the faid Town- is poflefled by Fiftier-men, and there is no fuch reckoning made of thofe tender little Dogs, for thefe .are not bigger then common Ferrets* or Weafils, yet are they not fmall in underftanding, nor mutable in their love to men; for which caufe they are alfo nourifhed tenderly for pleafure ; whereupon . came the proverb , Miliua Catella , for one nourifhed for pleafure, and Canit.digna tbrono^beczuk Princes hold them in their hands fitting upon their eftate. J&lianus. '. Ibeodorm the tumbler and dancer had onejof thefe, which loved him fo well, that at his death he leaped into the fire after his body. Now a dayes, they have found another breed of little Dogs Blondus. in all Nations, befide the Meliuan Dogs, either made fo by art, as inclofing their bodies in the The art of ma- earth when they are Whelps, fo as they cannot grow great, by reafon of the place, or elfe, king of liule leffening and impayring their growth, by fome kind of meat or nourifhment. Thefe are called in P°8V Germany , Bracken Sckosfhundfe and Gutjchenktmdle ; tfie Italians, Bottolo ; other Nations have no com- mon name for this kind that I know. Martial made this Diftichon of a little French Dog ; for about Lions in France there are ftore of this kinde, and are fold very dear • fometimes for ten Crowns,and fometimes for more. Delicias parv& ft vis audire catella, Han anti brevis eft pagina tota mihi. . They are not above a foot',or half a foot long, and alway the letter the more delicate and pre- cious. Their head like the head of a Moufe but greater, their fnowtfharp, their ears like the ears of a Cony, fhort legs, little feet, long tail, and white colour, and the hairs about the {boulders longer then ordinary, is moft commended. They are of pleafant difpofition, and will leap and bite without pinching, and bark prettily , and fome of them are taught to ftand upright hold- ing up their fore legs like hands ; other to fetch and carry in their mouths, that which is caft unto them. There be fome wanton women which admit them to their beds, and bring up their young ones in their own bofomes, for they are fo tender, that they feldom bring above one at a time, but they lofe their life.it was reported that when Grego in Syracuse was to go from home among other Goffips, {he gave her maid charge of two things, one that fhe fhould look to her childe when it cryed, the other that {lie fhouid keep the little Dog within doors. Publius had a little Dog (called ljfa) having about the neck two filver bels, upon a filken Collar, which for the neatnefs thereof, feemed rather to be a pifturc then a creature; whereof Martial made this elegant Epigram, comprehending the rare voice and other geftures Lqir. Of Dog!. 120 Iffa eft purhr ofculo cohtmbe, lffa eft bkndiox omnibus fuellif t lffa eft carior lndkis lapilln^ l{fa eft delici* catella Publii. tianc iu,ftqutxitur t hqui pHtabit^ Sentittriftitiamque gaudiumque. Collo nexa cubit capitque fintaosy Vt fufpiria nulla [eKtiantur, Et defidcrio coaUa ventris Guua pallia ,wnfefellh ulla. Sedblando pedefufcitat toroqtte Veponi meHet, & rogat levari. Cafie tantus inejl pkdox catelU. Hanc ne lux rap: at fuprema tot am t YiUam Publius exprimit tabella, In qua tarn fimilem vibebis Jfam t Vt fit tarn ftmilis fibi nec ipfa, Iff am denique pone cum tabella, Aut utxamque putabis effe vex am, Aut ulxamquepuubu effe pi&m. lHaxceMu* Empirktu recketh a certain charm, made of the rinde of a wilde Figtree, held to the Spleen or Liver of a little Dog, and afterward hanged up in the fmoak to dry, and pray that as the rind or bark dryeth, fo the Liver or Spleen of the Dog may never grow ; and thereupon the Dog (faith that foolifli Emperick) fhall never grow greater.then it was at the time that the bark was hanged up to drying. To let this trifle go, I will end the difcourfe of thefe little Dogs with one ftory of their love and underftanding. There was a certain noble Woman in Sicily, which underftanding her husband was gone a long. JEUanus, journey from home,fent to a lover (Iftiouldfay an Adulterer) fhe had, who came, and by bribery a lamentable and money given to her fervants, fhe admitted him to her bed, but yet privately, more for fear of ftory of the puniftiment, then care of modefty; and yet for all her craft, (he miftrufted not her little Dog, jyX«7r°by a who did fee every day where (he locked up this Adulterer : at laft, her husband came home,before ij tt i e D g, her lover was avoided, and in the night the little Dog feeing his true Mafter returned home, ran barking to the door and leaped up thereupon (within which the Whoremonger was hidden J and this he did oftentimes together, fauning and fcraping his Lord and Mafter alfo; in fo much as he miftrufted {and that juftlyj fome ftrange event : at laft, he brake open the door, and found the Adulterer ready armed with his fword, wherewithal he flew the good man of the houfe unawares j and fo enjoyed the Adulterate woman for his wife : for Murther followeth if it go cot before Adultery. This ftory is related by MUanus to fet forth a virtue of thefe little Dogs, how they obferve the adions of them that nourifh them, and alfo fome defcretion betwixt good and cyifl. The Dogs of Egypt ate moft fearful of all other, and their cuftomeisto run and drink, or drink ofthe River Nilut running, for fear of the Crocodiles : whereupon came the Proverb, of a man J£Uamf£ that did any thing flightlyor haftily, Vt.Canite Mobibit. Akibiades had a Dog which he would Solinut. ' not fell under 28 thoufand Sefterces, that is, feven hundred French Crowns; it was a goodly and beautiful Dog, yet he cut off his tail,whereof he gave no other reafon. being demanded why he fo blemiflied his beaft, but only that by that fad he might give occafion to the Athenians to talke tollux. of him- The Dogs of Caramania can never be tamed, for their men alfo are wilde and live without all Law and Civility: and thus much of Dogs in fpecial. In the next place I thought .good to infert into this ftory the Treatife of Englifb Pogs,firft of all written in Latin by that famous Dodor in Phyfick j^Uanm, John Cay, and fince tranflated by A F. and direded to that noble Gejner, which is this that follow- eth, that fo the Reader may chufe whether of both to affed beft. The Tremble or Entrance into the Treatife following, I Wrote unto you (well beloved friend Gefmr) not many years paft,a manifold hiftory,containing the divers forms and figures of Beaft s,Birds,and fiflies,the fixndry Shapes of P4ants,and the fafhions of Herbs, &e, I wrote moreover unto you feverally, a certain abridgement of Dogs, which in your difcourfe upon the formes of Beafts in the fecond order ofmildeand tamable beafts, where you make men- tion of Scottifh Dogs, and in the winding up of your Letter written and direded to Dodor Turner comprehending a Catalogue or rehear faJxxf your Books jhk yet extant-, you promifed to fee forth in print, and openly to publifti in the face of the world among luch yourworks as are not yet come abroad to light and fight. But becaufe certain circumftances were wanting in my breviary of Englifb Dogs ( as feemed unto me) I ftayed the publication of the fame, making promifc to fend another abroad^hic^might beeommitted to the hands,the eyes,the ears,uhe minds,and the judge- ments of the Readers. ' Wherefore that I might perform that pretifely,which I promifedfolemnJy, accomplifh my deter- mination, and iatisfie your expedation : which are a man defirous and capafole ofa>ll kind of know- ledge, and very earneft to be acquainted with all experiments : I will exprefle ^and declare in due order, the grand and general kind of EnglifbD.op, the^lifierenceofthem, theufe, the properties, and the divers natures of the fame, making a tripartite divifion in this Ihrt and manner. All Engliflf Dogs be either of a gentle kinde ferving thegame, a homely kinde apt for fundry necefltary ufes, cr a currifti kind, meet for many toies. The Hiftory of Four-footed Teafts. Oi thefe three forts or kinds fo mean I to entreat, that the firft in the firft place, the laft in the laft room, and the middle fort in the middle feat be handled. I call them univerfally all by the name of Englifb Dogs, as well becaufe England only, as it hath in it Engl/fl) Dogs, fo it is not with the Scotifh, as alfo for that we arc inclined and delighted with the noble game of hunting, for we Englijhmen are addi&ed and given to that exercife and painful paftime of pleafure, as well for the plenty of flefh which our Parks and Ferrefts do fofter, asalfo for the opportunity and convenient leifure which we obtain ; both which the Sc»ts want. Wherefore feeing that the whole eftate of kindly hunting conlifteth principally in thefe two points, in chafing the beaft that is in hunting, or in taking the bird that is in fowling; It is neceffary and requifite to underftand that there are two forts of Dogs by[whofc means the feats within fpecified aire wrought, and thefe pradifes of activity cun- ningly and curioufly compared , by two kindes of Dogs, one which rouzeth the beaft and continueth the chafe, another which fpringeth the bird, and bewrayeth the flight by purfute. Both which kinds are termed of the Latins by one common name, that is, Canes Venatici, hunting Dogs. But becaufc we Eb%/tfkmen make a difference between hunting and fowling, for they are called by thefe feveral wordsj Vcnatio , & Aucupium, fo they term the Dogs whom they ufe in thefe fundry games by dives names,as thofe which ferve for the beaft, are called Venatici } the other which are ufed tor the fowl are called Aucufa'orii. The firft kinde called Venatici I divide into five forts, the firft in perfect fmelling, the fecond ill quick fpying, the third in fwiftnefs and quicknefs, the fourth in fmelling and nimblenefs, thefifth in fubtilty and deceitfulnefs, herein thefe five forts excelk ■ 20U 'i3fl 30CI ' '. . ' < ..3 r*3.I3 t ' U '[ Of the D O G called a H A RI E R • in Latin^ Leverarius. ns: »J li.'.wrJi pJK'M 9U33 fciil % jXl -Aral a:.: J juain 5*1 nj oris .y .ioiovs asw •wol *TpHat kinde of Dog whom nature hath endued with the virtue of fmelling, whofe property it \ is to ufe a luftineis, a readinefs, and a couragioufnefs in hunting, and draweth into his noftrils the air or fent of the beaft purfued and followed, we call by this word Sctgax> the Grecians by this word IsbKeuten of tracing or chafing by the foot, or Rinelaten, of thenoftrtls, which/be the inftru- ments of fmelling..- We may know thefe kinde of Dogs by their long, large and bagging lips, by their hanging ears, reaching down both fides of their chaps, and by the indifferent and meafurable proportion of their- making. This fort of Dogs We call Lever arios,Harieri y that Imaycomprifethe whole number of thtm in certain fpecialities, and apply to them their proper and peculiar narries, : for fo much as they cannot all be reduced and brought under one fort, confidering both the fundry ufes of them,andthe difference of their fervice whereto they be appointed. Some for the Hare, the Fox, the Wolf, the Hart, the Buck, the Badger, the Otter, the Polcat, the Lobfter,the Weafell, the Cony, fc^r. Somefor one thing and fome for another. : As for the Cony, whom we have laft ly fet dowri, we ufe not to hunt; but rather to take it, fome- time with the net, fometime with a Ferret, and thus every feveral fort is notable and excellent in his natural quality and appointed pra&ife. Among thefe fundry forts, there be fome which are ape to hunt two divers beafts, as the Fox other whiles,and other whiles the Hare,but they hunt not with fuch towardnefs and good luck after them, as they do that whereunto nature hath formed and fra- med them, not only in external compofition and making,but alfo in inward faculties and conditions, for they fwarve oftentimes, and do otherwife then they (hould. Of the DOG called a T E R R A R$ in Latin+Terraritis. ANother fort there is which hunteth the Fox 3 and the Badger,or Gray only,whom we cal Terrars^ becaufe they (after the manner and cuftom of Ferrets in fearching for Conies) creep into the ground, and by that means make afraid, nipyind bite theFoxand the Badger in fuch fort,that either they tear them in pieces with their teeth, being in the bofom of the earth, or elfe hale and pull them perforce out of theiHurking Angles, darke dungeons, and clofe caves, or at the leaft through con- ceived fear,drive therh out of their hollow harbors, in fo much that they are compelled to prepare fpcedy flight, and. being defirous of the next (albeit not the fafeft) refuge, are otherwife taken and intrapped withTnares and nets laid over holes to the fame purpofe. But thefe be the leaft in that kinde called Sagaces. .. Of the V o G called a B L O D - H V N D 5 in Latinos angulndritu* THe greater fort which ferve to hunt, having lips of a large fize, and eares of no fmall length, do not only chafe the beaft whiles it liveth (as the other do of whom mention above is made ) but being dead alfo by any manner of cafualty, makerecourfe to the place where it lyeth, having in this point an aflured and infallible guide; namely, the fent and favour of the bloud fprinkled here and there upon the ground. For whether the beaft being wounded, doth notwithstanding en- joy life, and efcapeth the hands of the huntfman, or whether the faid beaft being flain is- conveyed eleanlyoutof the Park (fo that there be fome fignification of bloud (hed) thefe Dogs with no Of Dogs. leffe facility and eafinels, then avidity and greedinels can difclole and bewray the fame by fmel- linf, applying to their put-mite, agility and niniblenefs, without tcdicumcfs • for which confedera- tion! of a lingular fpecialty they deferved to be ca ^ e( ^ Sanguinarii Blood-hounds. And aJbeit per- adventure it may chance, (as whether it chanceth feldom or fometime I am ignorant) that a piece of flefh be fubtilly ftolne, and cunningly conveyed away with fuch provifoes and preca- veats,as thereby all appearance of bloud is either prevented, excluded, or concealed, yet thefe kindc of Dogs by certain direction of an inward affured notice and privie mark, purfue the deed- dooers, through long lanes, crooked reaches, and weary wayes, without wandering awry out of the limits of the land whereon thefe defperate purloiners prepared their fpeedy paffage. Yea, the natures of thefe Dogs is fuch, and fo effectual is their forefight, that they can bewray ; feparate, and pick them out from among an infinite multitude and an innumerable company, creep they never fo far into the thickeft throng, they will finde him out notwithftanding he lie hidden in wilde Woods, in clofe and overgrowen Groves, and lurk in hollowf holes apt to harbour fuch un- gracious guefts- Moreover, although they fhould paffe over the water, thinking thereby to avoid the purfuite of the Hounds, yet will not thefe Dogs give over their attempt, but prefuming to fwim through the ftream, perfevere in their purfuite, and when they be arrived and gotten the further banck, they hunt up and down, to and fro run they, from place to place fhifc they, until they have attained to that plot of ground where they pafled over. And this is their practife, if perdy they cannot at the firft time fmelling, finde out the way which the deed-doers took to efcape. So at length get they that by art, cunning, and diligent endevour, which by fortune and luck they cannot otherwife overcome. In fo much as it feemeth worthily and wifely written by JElianws in his 6. Book and 3 9. Chapter, To entbumaxkon kai dialtflicon, to be as it were naturally inftilled into thefe kind of Dogs. For they will not paufe or breathe forth from their purfuite untill fuch time as they be apprehended and taken which committed the fad. The owners of fuch Hounds ufe to keep them in clofe and dark kennels in the day, and let them loofe at liberty in the night feafon, to the intent that they might with more courage and boldnefs praftife to follow the fellon in the evening and folitary hours of darknefs, when fuch ill difpofed varlets are principally purpofed to play their impudent pranks. Thefe Hounds (upon whom this prefent portion of our treat ife runneth) when they are to follow fuch fellowes as we have before rehearfed, ufe not that liberty to range at will, which they have otherwife when they are in game, (except upon neceffary occafion whereon dependeth an urgent and effectual perfwafi- on) when fuch purloyners make fpeedy way in flight, but being reftrained and drawn back from running at random with the leame, the end whereof the owner holding in his hand is led, gui- ded and directed with fuch fwiftnefs and flownefs (whether he go on foot, or whether he ride on horfeback) as he himfelf in heart would wifh for the more eafie apprehenfion of diefe ventu- rous varlets. In the borders of England and Scotland, (the often and accuftomed ftealing of Cattel fo procuring) thefe kind of Dogs are very much ufed, and they are taught and trained up firft of all to hunt Cat- tel, as well ofthefmaller as of the greater grouch i and afterwards<(that quality relinquifhed and left) they are learned to purfue fuch peftilent perfons as plant their pleafure in fuch practifes of purloining as we have already declared. Of this kind there is none that taketh the Water natural- ly, except it pleafe you fo to fuppofe of them»whick Follow the Otter, which fometimes haunt the land.and fometime ufeth the water. And yet neverthelefs all the kinde of them boyling and broyling with greedy defireofthe prey which by fwimming paffeth through river and flood, plunge amids the water and paffe the ftream with their pawes. But this property proceedcth from an earneft defire wherewith they be inflamed, rather then from any inclination, iffuing from the ordinance and appointment of nature. And albeit fome of this fort in Englifb be called Bracbe, in Scotifl), Kache, the caufe thereof refteth in the fhe-fex, and not in the general kinde. For we Englishmen call Bitches belonging to the hunting kind of Dogs, by the tearm above mentioned. To be fhort, it is proper to the nature of Hounds, fome to keepfilence in hunting untill fuch cime as there is game offered. Other fome fo foon as they fmell out the place where the beaft lurketh, to bewray it immediately by their importunate barking- notwithftanding it be far and many furlongs off, cowching clofe in hiscabbin. And thefe Bogs the younger they be, the more wantonly bark they, and the more liberally; yet oftentimes with- out neceflity, fo that in them, by reafon of their young years and y/ant.of practife, fmall certainty is toberepofed. For continuance of time, and experience in game, miniftreth to thefe Hounds, not only cunning in running, but alfo(asinthe reft) an affured forefight what is to be done princi- pally, being acquainted with their Matters watchwords, either in revoking or imboldening them tofervethegame. Of 2 The Htjiory of Four -footed Teaflr. Of the DOG called the GASE-HOUND' in Latin, Agafaus. f pHis kinde of Dog which purfueth by the eye, prevaileth little, or never a whit, by any benefit \ of the nofe, that is by fmelling, but excelleth in perfpicuity and fharpenefs of light altogether, By tl- virtue whereof, being finguiar and notable, it hunteth the Fox and the Hare. This Dog will chufe and feparate any bealt from among a great flock or herd, and fuch a one will it take by electi- on as is not lanck, lean and hollow, but well Ipred, fmooth, full, fat, and round, it followes by di- rection of the eyefight, which indeed is clear, conftant, and not uncertain; if a beaft be wounded and go aftray, the Dog feeketh after it by the ftedfattnefs of the eye, if itchance peradventure to return and be mingled with the refidue of the flock, this Dog fpyeth it out by virtue of his eye, leaving the reft of the Cattell untouched, and after he hath fetfure fight upon it, he feparateth it from among the company, and having lb done, never ceafeth untill he have wearyed the Beaft to death. Our Countreymen call this Dog Agafeum, a Gafe-hound, becaufe the beams of his fight are fo ftedfaftly fetled and unmoveably faftned. Thefe Dogs are much and ufually occupied in the Nor- thern parts of £«g/tf/z^ more then in the Southern parts, and/in fieldy lands rather then in bufhie and woody places, horfemenufe them more then footmen, to the intent that they might provoke their horles to a fwift gallop (wherewith they are more delighted then with the prey it felf ) and that they might accuftome their Horfe to leap over hedges and ditches, without flop or Jhimble, without harme or hazard, without doubt or danger, and to efcape with fafegard of life. And to the end that the riders themfelves, when necefiity fo conftrained , and the fear of further mifchief inforced, might fave themfelves uiadamnified, and prevent each peri- lous tempeft by preparing fpeedy flight, or elfe by fwift purfuite made upon their enemies, might both overtake them, encounter with them, and make a flaughter of them accordingly. But if it fortune fo at anytime that this Dog take a wrong way, the Mafter making fome ufual figne and familiar token, he returneth forthwith, andtakeththe right and ready race, beginning his chafe afrefh, and with a clear voice, and a fwift foot followeth the game with as much courage and nimblenefs as he did at the firft. Of the DOG called the GRAT-HoUND^m Latin, Lepo rarius. WE have another kinde of Dog,- which fdr his incredible fwiftnefs is called Leporarius s a Gray- hound, becaufe the principal fervice of them dependeth and confifteth inftartingand hunting, the Hare, which Dogs likewife are indued with no leffe ftrength then lightnefs in maintenance of the game, in ferving the chafe, in taking then Buck; the Hart, the Doe, the Fox, and other beafts offemblable kinde ordained for the game of hunting. But more or leffe, each one accor- ding to themeafureand proportion of their defire; and as might and liability of their bodies will permit and furfer. I • , $ . " . ■■'.>< \ ' u For it is a fpare and bare kind of Dog, fof flefh but not of bone) fome are of a greater fort, and fome of a leffer, fome are fmooth tfWmied,; a nd>Toine are curled, the bigger therefore are appointed to hunt the bigger beafts, and the fmaller ferye to hunt the fmaller accordingly. The nature of the Dogs I finde to be wonderful by the ceftimony/©f all.Hiftories. For, as John t'roifart the Hiftoriogra- pher in his^lib. reporteth, A Gray-hound of King Richard the feco.nd that wore the Crown, and bare the Scepter of the Realm of England, never knowing any man, befides the Kings perfon,when Henry Duke of Lancaffer came to the Caftle of Flint to ^take King Richard, the Dog iforfaking his former Lord and Mafter came to Duke Henry, fauned upon him with fuch refemblances of good will and conceived affection, as he favoured King Richard before : he followed the Duke, and utterly left the King. Sjo.tbatby thefe manifold circuraftances a man might judge his Dog 'to have been lightened with the lamp of foreknowledge and underftanding, touching his old Matters miferies to come, and unhappinefs nigh at hand, which King Richard himfelf evidently perceived, accounting this deed of his Dog a Prophecy of his overthrow. Of the D O G called the LE V I N E R 3 or LT E M U E R^xtx Latin, Lorarim. (as it were) a middle kinde betwixt the Harier and the Gray-hound, as well for his kind, as for the frame of his body. And it is called in Latin, Ltvinariw, a Levitate, of lightnefs, and therefore may well be called a Light-hound ; it is alfo called by this word Lorariiu, a Lore, wherewith it is led. This Dog fo. the excellency of his conditions, namely fmelling and fwift running, doth follow the game with more eagernefs 3 and taketh the prey with a jolly quicknefs. OF Of Dogs. 133 Of the DOG called a Til MB L E R 5 in Latin, Vertagus. THis fort of Dogs, which compaffeth all by crafts, fraudcs, and fubtilties and deceits, we Engtifil mencati Tumblers, becaufe in hunting they turn and tumble, winding their bodies about in circle wife, and then fiercely and violently venturing upon the beaft, doth iuddenly gripe it, at the very entrance and mouth of their receptacles, or clofecs before they can recover means, to fave and fuccour themfelves- This Dog ufeth another craft and fubtilty, namely, when he runneth into a Warren, or ferchedi a courfe about a Conyburrough, he hunts not after them, he frayes them not by barking, he makes no countenance or (hadow of hatred againft them, hue diffembling friend- ship, and pretending favour, pafleth by with filence and quietnefs, marking and noting their holes diligently, wherein (I warrant you ) he will not be overfhot nor deceived. When he corneth to the place where Conies be of a certainty, he cowcheth down clofe with his belly to the ground, pro- vided alwayes.by his skill and policy, that the winde be never with him but againft him in fuch an enterprife; and that the Conies fpyhimnot where he lurketh. By which means he obtaineth the fcent and favour of the Conies, carryed towards him with the winde and the air, either going to their holes or coming out, either pa/ling this way, or running that way, and fo provideth by his circumfpection, that the filly fimple Cony is debarred quite from his hole (which is the haven of their hope, and the harbour of their health) and fraudulently circumvented and taken, before they can get the advantage of their hole. Thus having caught his prey, hecarryeth it fpeedily to his Mafter, waiting his Dogs return in fome convenient lurking corner. Thele Dogs are fomewhat leffer then the Hounds, and they be lancker and leaner, befide tha: they be fomewhat prick eared- A man that fhall marke the form and fafliion of their bodies,; may well call them mungrel Gray-hounds if they were fomewhat bigger. But notwithftanding they countervail not the Grey-hound in greatnefs, yet will he take in one dayes fpace as many Conies as fhall arife to as big a burthen, and as heavie a load as a horfe can carry,for deceit and guile is the inftrument whereby he maketh this fpoil, which pernicious properties liipply the places of more commendable qualities. Of the DOG called the THEEV1SH DOG, in Lath, Cants furax. THe like to that whom we have rehearfed, is the Theevifti Dog, which at the mandate and [bid- ding of his Mafter fleereth and leereth abroad in the night, hunting Conies by the air, which is Jevened with the favour and conveied to the fenfe of fmelling by the means of the winde blowing towards him- During all which fpace of his hunting, he will not bark, left he fhould be prejudicial to his own advantage. And thus watcheth and fnatcheth up in courfe as many Conies as his Mafter will furfer him, and beareth them to his Matters ftanding.The Farmers of the Countrey and uplandifh dwellers, call this kind of Dog a Night Cur, becaufe he hunteth in the dark. But let thus much feem fufficient for Dogs which ferve the game and difporc of hunting. Of Gentle DOGS ferving the Hawk, and firft of the SPANIEL, ' called in Latin, Hifpaniolus. SUchDogs as ferve for fowling, I think convenient and requifite to place in the fecond Se&ion of this trearife. fhefe are alio to be reckoned and accounted in the number of the Dogs which come of a gentle kind : and of thofe which ferve for fowling, there be two forts, the firft findeth game on the land,the other findeth game on the water. Such as delight on the land,piay their parts, either by fwiftnefs of foot, or by often quefting, to fearch out and to fpring the bird for further hope of ad vantage, or elfe by fome fecret fign and privy token bewray the place where they fall. The firft kind of fuch ferve the Hawk, the fecond the net or train. The firft kind have no peculiar names affigned unto them, fave only that they be denominated after the bird which by natural ap- pointment he is alotted to take ; for the which confideration, fome be called Dogs for the Falcon, thePhefant, the Partridge, and fuch like. The common fort of people call them by one general word, namely Spaniels ; as though thefe kind of Dogs came originally and firft of all out ot Spain. The moft part of their skins are white,,and if they be marked with any fpots they are commonly red, and fomewhat great therewithal!, the hairs not growing in fuch thicknefsbut that the mixture of chem mayeafily be perceived. Otherfomeof them bereddifh and blackifh, but of that fort there be but a very few. There is alfo at this day among us a new kind of Dog brought out of France (for we Engl'fbmen are marvellous greedy gaping gluttons after novelties, and covetous cormorants of things that be feldom, rare, ftrange, and hard to get) and they be fpeckled all over with white and black, which mingled colours incline to a marble blew, which beautifieth their skins, and affordeth a feemly fhow of comelinefs. Thefe are called French Vogs^s is above declared already. N The f 34 The Hittory of Four-footed ^BeaSts. The DOG called the SETTE R 5 in Lath, Indtk. ANother fort of Dogs be there, ferviceable for fowling, making no noife either with foot or with tongue, whiles they follow the game Thefe attend diligently upon their Matter and frame their conditions to fuch becks, motions, and geftures, as it (hall pleafe him to exhibite and make, either going forward, drawing backward, inclining to theright hand, oryeelding toward the left, fin making mention offowles, my meaning is ofthePatridge and the Quail:) when he hath found the bird, he keepeth fure and faft filence, he ftayeth his fteps and will proceed no funher,and with a clofe, covert, watching eye, layeth his belly to the ground and fo creepech forward like a worm 1 . When he approacheth neer to the place where the bird is, he lies him down,and with a mark of his pawes betrayeth the place of the birds laft abode, whereby it is fuppofed that this kind of Dog is called Jtf<&x,Setter,being indeed a name moft confonant and agreeable to his quality.The place being known by the means of the Dog, the fowler, immediately openeth and fpreadeth his net, intending totake.them ; which being done, the Dog at the cuftomed beck or ufua'll fign of hrs Mafter rifeth upbyandby.anddrawethneererto the fowle, that by his prefence they might be the authors of their own infnaring, and be ready intangled in the prepared net, which cunning and artificial inde- vour in a Dog (being a creature domeftical or houfhold fervant, brought up at home with offals of the trencher, and fragments of victuals) is not fo much to be marvelled at, feeing that a Hare fbe- inga wildeandskippi{hbeaft)wasfeenin£77g/atorii, ferving to take fowl either by land or water. Of the delicate,ncat } and prety kind of D o G S called the S PA N I E L GENT L E 9 or the C O M F O RT E R h in Latin, Mthtxus^ QtFotor. THere is befides thofe which we have already delivered, another fort of Gentle Dogs in this" our Englifb foil,but exempted from the order of the refidue, the Dogs of this kind doth CaVimacbui call Meliteos of thelfland Melita^'m the feaof Sicily (which at this day is named Milta) an Illand indeed,famous and renowned with couragious and puiflant Souldiers,valiantly figh- ting under the banner of Chrift their unconquerable Captain) where this kind of Dogs had their principal beginning. Thefe Dogs are little, prety, proper ,and fine, and fought for to fatisfie the delicatenefs of dainty dames and wanton womens wils,inftruments of folly for them to play rand dally withal, to trifle away the treafure of time, to withdraw their mindes from more commendable exercifes, and to content their corrupted concupifcences with vain difport (a filly ftiift to ftiun irkfome ldlenefs .) Thefe puppies the fmallerthey be, the more pleafure they provoke, as more meet playfellowes for minfing miftrefles to bear in their bofomes, to keep company withal in their Chambers, to fuccour with fleep in bed, and nourifh with meat at bord , to lay in their laps, and lick their lips as they ride in their Waggons: and good reafon it (hould be fo, for courfenefs with finenefs hath no fellowfhip, but featnefs with neatnefs hath neighbourhood enough. That plaufible proverb veri- fied upon a Tyrant, namely, that he loved his Sow better then his Son, may wellbeapplyedto thefe kind of people, who delight more in Dogs that are deprived of all portability of reafon, then they do in children that be capeable ofwtldomand judgement. But this abuie peradven- turc reigneth where there hath been long lack of iffue, or elfe where barrennefs is the bell blofibm of beauty. The virtue which remaineth in the SPANIEL GENTLE, othcrwife called the COMFORTER. NOtwithftanding many make much of thofe prety puppies called Spaniels Gentle, yet if the queftion were demanded what property in them they fpie, which fhould make them fo ac- ceptable and precious in their fight, I doubt their anfwer would be long a coining. But feeing it was our intent to travail in this treatife, fo, that the Reader might re?p fome benefit by his reading , we will communicate unto fuch conjectures as are grounded upon reafon. And though fome fuppofe that fuch Dogs are fir for no fervice, I dare fay, by their leaves ,they be in a wrong box. Among all other qualities therefore of nature.which be known (for fome conditions are covered with continual and thick clouds, that the eye of our capacities cannot pierce through them ) we finde that thefe little Dogs are good to aflwage the ficknefs of the ftomach, being oftentimes thereunto applycd as a plaifter prefervative , or born in the bofom of the difeafed and weak perfon f N 2 which The Bijiory of Four-footed 'Beafts. which effe& is performed by their moderate heat. Moreover the difeafe and ficknefs changeth his place and entreth (though it be not precifely marked) into the Dog, which to be truth, expe- rience can teftifie, for thefe kinde of Dogs fometimes fall lick, and fometimes die, without: any harme outwardly inforced, which is an argument that the difeafe of the Gentleman, or Gentlewo- man or owner whatfoever, entreth into the Dog by the operation of heat intermingled and infected. And thus have I hitherto handled Dogs of a gentle kind whom I have comprehen- ded in a triple divifion. Now it remaineth that I annex in due order , fuch Dogs as be of a more homely kinde. Dogs of a courfe kinde ferving many neceffary ufes, called in Latin Cams ruflici^ni firft: of the Shepherds Dog^ called in Latin ^ Cants Paftoralts. r r He firft kinde, namely the Shepherds hound, is very neceflary and profitable for the avoiding Jl of harmes, and inconveniences which may come to men by the means of beafts. The fecond fort ferve for fuccour againft the fnares and attempts of mifchievous men. Our Shepherds Dog is not huge, vaft and big, but of an indifferent ftature and growth, becaufe it hath not to deal with the bloudthirfty Wolfe, fkhence there be none mEngland, which happy and fortunate benefit is to be afcribed to the puiffant Prince Edgar ^ who to the intent that the whole Countrey might be evacuated and quite cleared from Wolves, charged and commanded the Wel(hmen (who werepeftered with thefe butcherly beafts above meaiure) to pay him yearly tribute (note the wifdom of the King) three hundred Wolves. Some there be which write that Ludwal Prince of Wales paid yearly to King Edgar three hundred Wolves in the name of an exa&ion (as we have faid before.) And that by the means hereof, within the compafs and term of four years, none of thofe noifom and peftilent beafts were left in the coafts of England and Wales. This Edgar wore the Crown royal, and bare the Scepter imperial of this Kingdom, about the year of our Lord Nine hundred fifty nine. Since which time we read that no Wolf hath been fcen in England^ bred within the bounds and borders of this Countrey, marry there have been divers brought over from beyond the Seas, for greedinefs of gain and to make money, for gazing and gaping, flaring and ftanding to fee them, being a ftrange beaft, rare, and feldom feen in England. But to return to our Shepherds Dog: This Dog either at the hearing of his Matters voice, or at the wagging and whittling in his fift, or at his ftirill and hoarfehifling bringeth the wandering weathers and ftraying Sheep into the felffame place where his Matters will and wifh is to have them, whereby the Shepherd reapeth this benefit,namely that with little labour and notoilor moving of his feet he may rule and guide his flock, according to his own defire, either to have them go forward, or to ftand ftill, or to draw backward, or to turn this way, or take that way. For it is not in England, as it is in France, as it is in E landers , as it is in Syria ^sit is in Tartar ia, where the Sheep follow the Shepherd, for here in our Countrey the Shepherd followeth theSheep. And fometimes the ftraying Sheep when no Dog runneth before them, nor goeth about andbefide them, gather themfelves together in a flock, when they hear the Shepherd whittle in his fift, for fear of the Dog (as I imagine) remem- bring this (if unreafonable creatures may be reported to have memory) that the Dog commonly runneth out at his Matters warrant which is his whiftle. This have we oftentimes diligently marked in taking our journey from Town to Town,when we have heard a Shepherd whiftle we have rained in our horfe and ftood ftill a fpace, to fee the proof and tryall of this matter. Furthermore, with this Dog doth the Shepherd take Sheep for the flaughter, and to be healed if they be fick, no hurc or harm in the world done to the fimple creature. Of the M AS T ITE, or B A N D o G - called in Latin } ViUatkas^ or Catenarius. THisfkind of Dog called aMaftiveor Bandog is vaft, huge, ftubborn, ugly, and eager, of a heavie and bourthenous body, and therefore but of little fwiftnefs, terrible, and frightful to behold, and more fierce and fell then any Arcadian cur (notwithftanding they are faid to have their generation of the violent Lion ) They are called VMatici, becaufe they are appointed to watch and keep farm-places and Countrey Cotages fequeftred from common recourfe, and not abutting upon other ihoufes by reafon of diftance, when there is any fear conceived of Theeves, Robbers, Spoilers, and Night- wanderers. They are ferviceable againftthe Fox and Badger, to drive wilde and tame Swine out of Medowes, Paftures, Glebelands, and places planted with fruit, to bait and take the Bull by the ear, when occafion fo requireth. One Dog or two at the utmoft is fufficient for that purpofe,be the Bull never fo monftrous, never fo fierce, never fo furious, never fo ftern, never fo untamable. For it is a kind of Dog capeable of courage, violent and valiant, ftriking cold fear into the hearts of men, but ftanding in fear of no man, info much that no weapons will make him fhrink, nor abridge hisboldnefs. Our Engliffmen (to the intent that their Dogs might be more fell and fierce) aflift nature with art, ufe and cuftom, for they teach their Dogs to bait the Bear, to bait the Bull and other fuch like cruell and bloudy Beafts ( appointing an over- feerof the game) without any Collar to defend their throats, and oftentimes they train them Of Dogs. them up in righting and wreftling with any man having for the lafegard oi his hfe,eicher a Pikeftaffej a Club, or a!word,and by ufingthem to fuch exerciles as thefe, their Dogs become more Iturdy andftrong. The force which is in them furmounteth all belief , the fait hold which they take with their teeth exceedeth all credit, three ofthem againft a Bear, four againft a Lion are fufficient, both to trie mafteries with them, and utterly to overmatch them. Winch thing Henry the feventb. of that name, King of England (a Prince both politick and warlike) perceiving on a certain time (as the report runneth) commanded all fuch Dogs (how many fo ever were in number) fhould b: hanged, being deeply difpleafed, and conceiving great dildain, that an ill favoured rafcal Cur fhould with fuch violent villany, alfault the valiant Lion King of all beafts. An example for all fubjects worthy remembrance, to admonifh them, that it is no advantage to them to rebell againtfc the regiment of their Ruler, but to keep them within the limits of loyalty. I read an Hiftory anfwerable to this of the felf fame Henry, who having a notable and an excellent fair Falcon, it fortu- ned that the Kings Falconers, in the prefence and hearing of his grace, higgly commended his Majefties Fauicon, faying, that it feared not to intermeddle with an Eag^it was fo venturous a Bird and fo mighty ; which when the King heard, he charged that the Falcon fhould be killed without delay, for the felf fame rcafon (as it may feem) which was rehearfed in the conclufion of the former hiftory concerning the fame king. This Dog is called in like manner, Catenariut, a Catena, of the chain wherewith he is tyed at the gates in the day time, left being loofe he fhould do much mifchief, and yet might give occafion of fear and terror by his big barking. And albeit Cicero in bis Oration had pro S. Rojs. be of this opinion, that lueh Dogs as bark in the broad day lighc fhould have their legs broken, yet our Countrymen on this fide the Seas,for their carelefhefs of life fettingall at cinqueand fice are of a contrary judgement. ForTheeves rogue up and down in every corner, no place isfre.efrom them, no not the Princes palace, nor the Countryman* cotage, In the day time they pra&ife pilfering, picking, open robbing, and privie ftealing, and what legerde- main lack they ? not fearing the fhameful and horrible death of hanging. » The caufe of which inconvenience doth not only iiTuefrom nipping need and wringing want, for all that fteal are not pinched with poverty, fome fteal to maintain their exceiTive and prodigal expences in apparel, their lewdnefs of life, their haughtinefs of heart, their wantonnefs of manners^ their wilful idlenefs, their ambitious bravery, and the pride of the fawcy Salacones mc gakrroHnton t vain glorious and arrogant in behaviour, whofe delight dependeth wholly to mount nimbly on horfe-back, to make them leap luftily, fpring and prance, gallop and amble, to run a race> to winda in compafs, and fo forth, living altogether upon the fatnefs of the fpoil. Other fome there be which fteal, being thereto provoked by penury and need, like mafterlefs men applying themfelves to no honeft trade, but ranging up and down, impudently begging and complaining of bodily weaknefs whereisno want of ability. But valiant Valentine the Emperor, by wholefome lawes provided that fuch as having no corporal licknefs, fold themfelves to begging, pleaded poverty with pretended infirmity, and cloaked their idle and flothful life with colourable fhifts and cloudy cozening , fhould be a perpetual flaveand drudge to him, by whom their impudent idlenefs was bewray- ed, and laid againft them in publick place, left theinfufferable flothfulnefs of fuch vagabonds fhould be burthenous to the people, or being fo hateful and odious, fhould grow into an ex- ample. Alfredw likewife in the Government of his Common-wealth, procured fuch encreafe of credit to juftice and upright dealing by his prudent Ads & Statutes,that if a man travelling by the high way of the Countrey under his dominion,chanced to lofe a budget full of Gold,or his capcafe farfed with things of great value, late in the evening,he fhould finde it where he loft it, fafe, found, and un- touched the next morning, yet (which is a wonder) at any time for a whole moneths fpace if he fought for it, as Ingulphm Croyladenfts in his hiftory recordeth. But in this our unhappy age, in thefe (I fay Jour devilifh days,nothing can efcape the clawes of the fpoiler,though it be kept never fo fure within the houfe, albeit the doors be lockt and boulted round about. This Dog in like manner of the Grecians is called OikpuroSi Of the LatiniUs, Can'n Coltos ; in Englifb, the Bog-keeper, Borrowing his name of hisfervice, fo»he doth not only keep Farmers houfes, but alfo Mer- chants manfions, wherein great wealth, riches, ftibftanceand coftlyftuffe is repofed. And there- fore were certain Dogs found and maintained at the common cofts and charges of the Citizens of Rome in the place called Capitolium, to give warning of Theeves coming. This kind of Dog is called i In Latin, Canis Laniariui, in Englifh, the Butchers T>oj>. So called for the neceflity of his ufe, for his fervice affordeth great benefit to the Butcher as weH in following as in taking his Cattel, when need conftraineth, urgeth, and requireth. This kinde of Dog is likewife called, In Latin, Molofficus, or Moloffus^ after the name of a Countrey in Epirms called fttolojjla, which harboureth many ftout,ftrong,and fturdy Dogs of this fort, for the Dogs of that Countrey are good indeed, or elfe there is no truft to be had in the teftimony of writers. This Dog is alfo called, In Latin,Canis Mand&tariw , zVogmfengef, or Carrier, upon fubftancial confideration , becaufe at his Matter's voice and commandement, he carrr- N 3 eth 1 57 The Hifiory of Four-footed Beajls. eth letters from place to place, wrapped up cunningly in his leather collar /aftned thereto, or fowed dote therein, who left he fhould be hindred in his paflage, ufeth thefe helpes very skilfully, namely refiihrce in fighting if he be not overmatched, or elfe fwiftnefs and readineffe in running away, if he be unable co-buckle with the Dog chat would fain have a (hatch at his skin. Thiskindeof Dog is likewife called, In Latin, CanU Lunarim • in Englifb, the Mooner. Becaafe fie\doch nothing elfe but watch and ward at an inch, wafting the wearifome night feafon without (lumbring or deeping, bawing and wawing at the Moon (that I may ufe the word ofNomm) a quality in mine own opinion ftrange to confider. This kind of Dog is alfo called, In Latin , /iquarim • in Englijh, a Water -drawer. And thefe be of the geater and the weightier fort, drawing water out of wels and deep pits,by a wfieel which they turn roundabout by the moving of their burthenous bodies. This Dog is called in like manner, Canis Carcinarius in Latin, and may aptly be Englifbed, a Tinkers Cur. Becaufe with marvellous patience they bear big budgets fraught with Tinkers tools, and metal meet to mend kettels, porrage-pots, skillets, and chafers, and other fuch like trumpery requifite for their occupation and loytering trade, eafing him of a great burthen, which otherwise he himfelf fhould carry upon his fhoulders; which condition hath challenged unto them the forefaid name. Befides the qualities which we have already recounted, this kind of Dogs hath this principal proper- ty ingrafted in them,that they love their Mafters liberally, and hate ftrangers defpightfully ; where- upon it followeth that they are to their Mafters in travelling a (ingular fafegard, defending them forcibly from the invafion of villains and Thee ves, prefer ving their lives from loffe,and their health from hazzard, their flefh from hacking and hewing, with fuch like defperate dangers. For which confideration they are meritorioufly termed, In Latin, Canes defenjores ; Defending Dogs in our mother tongue. If it chance that the Mafter be oppreffed, either by a multitude, or by the greater violence, and fo be beaten down that he lie groveling on the ground, (it is proved true by experience ) that this Dog forfaketh not his Mafter, no not when he Is ftark dead: But induring the force of famifhment and the outragious tempeftsof the weather, moft vigilantly watcheth and carefully keepeth the dead carkaffe many dayes, indevouring furthermore, to kill the murtherer of his Mafter, if he may get any advantage. Or elfe by barking, by howling,by furious jarring,fnarring, and fuch like means betrayeth the malefador as defirous to have the death of his aforefaid Mafter rigoroufly revenged. An example hereof fortuned within the compafle of my memory. The Dog of a certain wayfaring man travelling from the City of Louden dire&ly to the Town of Kingftone ( mod famous and renowned by reafon of the triumphant coronation of eight feveral Kings ) paf- fing over a good portion of his journey, was affaulted and fet upon by certain confederate Theeves lying in wait for the fpoil in Cme-packf, a perillous bottom, compaffed about with Woods too well known for the manifold murders and mii'chievous robberies there committed Into whofe hands this paffenger chanced to fall, fo that his ill luck coft him the price of his life. And that Dog whofe fire was EngUfh, (which Blondus regiftreth to have been within the banks of his remembrance) manifeftly perceiving that his Mafter was murthered (this chanced not far from Paris) by the hands of one which was a fuiter to the fame woman, whom he was a wooer unto, did both bewray the bloudy Butcher, and attempted to tear out the villains throat, if he had not fought means to avoid the revenging rage of the Dog. In fires alfo which fortune in the filence and dead time of thenight.or in ftormy weather of the faid feafon, the older Dogs bark,baul,howl, and yell, (yea notwithftanding they be roughly rated) neither willl they (lay their tongues titl the houfhold fervants awake, rife, fearch, and fee the burning'of the fire, which being perceived they ufe voluntary filence, and ceafe from yolping. This hath been, and is found true by triall,in fundry parts of England. There was no fainting faith in that Dog, which when his Mafter by a mifchance in hunting ftumbled and fell , toppling down a deep ditch being unable to recover of himfelf, the Dog fignifying his Mafters mifhap, refcue came, and he was haled up by a rope , whom the Dog feeing almoft drawn up to the edge of the ditch, cheer-fully faluted, leaping and skipping upon his Mafter as though he would haveimbraced him, being glad of his prefence, whofe longer abfence he was loath to lack. Some Dogs there be, which will not fuffer fiery coles to lie fcattered about the hearth, but with their pawes will rake up the burning coles,mufing and ftudying firft with them- fel ves how it might conveniently be done. And if fo be that the coles caft too great a heat, then will they bury them in afhes and fo remove them forward to a fit place with their nofes. Other Dogs be there which execute the office of a Farmer in the night time. For when his Mafter goeth to bed to take his natural fleep; And when, A hundred bars ofbraffe and iron bolts, Make all things faje from (tarts and from revolts, When Jamit keeps the gate with Argus eye, lhat dangers none approach, nomiftbief nie, Aj Virgil vauntcth in his Verfes : Then if his Mafter biddeth him goe abroad, helihgereth not, but rangeth Of Dogs. rangetb over all his lands thereabout, more diligently, Iwys, then any Farmer himfelf. And if he hnde any thing there that is ftrange and pertaining to other perfons befidcs his Matter, whether it be man, woman, or beaft, hedriveth them out of the ground, not mediingwith any tiling that do belong to the pofleiiion and ufe of his Matter. But how much faithfulaefs, fo much diverlity there is in their natures. , For there be fome, which bark only with free and open throat, but will not bite , fome which do both bark and bite, and fome which bite bitterly before they bark. The firft are not greatly to be feared; becaufe they themfelves are fearful, and fearful Dogs ( as the Proverb importeth) bark moft vehemently. The fecond arc dangerous, it is wifdom to take heed of them, becaufe they found as it were, an Alarum of anafterclap, and thefe Dogs muft not be over much moved or provoked, for then they take on outragioufly, as if they were mad,watching to fet the print of their teeth in the flefli. And thefe kinde of Dogs are fierce and eager by nature. The third are deadly,for they fly upon a man without utterance of voyce/natch at him,and catch him by the throat, and moft cruelly bite out collops of flefli. Fear thefe kinde of Curs, (if thou be wife and circumfpeft about thine one fafety) for they be flout and ftubborn Dogs, and let upon amanatafuddainunawares. By thefe fignes and tokens, by thefe notes and arguments our men difcern the towardly Cur from the couragious Dog, the bold from the fearful , -the butcherly from the gentle and tradable. Moreover they conjecture, that a Whelp of an ill kinde is not worth keeping and that no Dogcanferve the fundry ufes of men fo aptly and I conveniently as this fort, of whom we have fo largely written already. For if any be difpofed to draw the above named fer vices into a Table, what man more clearly, and with more vehemency of voyce giveth warning either of a waftful Beaft, or of a fpoyling theef then this? who by his barking (as good as a burning Beacon ) forefhe weth hazards at hand. What manner of Beaft ftronger ? What i'ervant to his Ma- tter more loving ? What companion more trufty ? What Watchman more vigilant? What re- venger more conftant ? What Meffenger more fpeedy ? What Water-bearer more painful ? Final- ly, what Pack-horfe more patient? And thus much concerning Eog///&Dogs, firft of the gentle kinde, fecondly of the courfer kinde. Now it remaineth that we deliver unto you the Dogs of L a Mungrel or Currifh kinde, and then will we perform our task. Containing CTRS of the Mungrel and Rafcal fort, and firft of all the DOG called in Latine, Admonitor^ and of us in Bngtijh^ Waffe, or Warner^ OF fuch Dogs as keep not their kinde, of fuch as are mingled out of fundry forts, not imitating the conditions of fome one certain fpice, becaufe they refemble no notable fliape, nor exer- cife any worthy property of the true, perfect and gentablc kinde, it is not neceflary, that I write any more of them, but to banifh them as unprofitable implements, out of the bounds of my Book ; unprofitable I fay, for any ufe that is commendable, except to entertain ftrangers with barking intheday time, giving warning to them of the Houfe, that fuch and fuch be newly come, where- upon we call them admonifhing Dogs, becaufe in that point they perform their Office. Of the DOG called TFRNESPIT,m Latwe Veruvsrfater. T Here is comprehended, under the Curs of the courfe ft kinde, acertainDog in Kitchin-fervice excellent. For when any meat is to be roafted, they go into a wheel, which they turning round about with the weight of their bodies, fo diligently look to their bufinefs , that no drudge nor fcullion can do the feat more cunningly. Whom the popular fort hereupon call Turn-fpits, being the laft of all thofe which we have firft mentioned. Oi the D G called the DA N C E R, in Lmne^ Salt&tor or Tyrfi'pditijta. T Here be alfo Dogs among us of a Mungrel kinde, which are taught andexercifed to dance in meafure at theMufical found of an inftrument, as at the juft ftroke of the Drum; at the fweet accent of the Cittern, and tuned firings of the harmonious Harp, fhewing many pretty tricks by the gefture of their bodies s as to ftand bolt upright, to lye flat upon the ground, to turn round as a ring, holding their tails in their teeth, to beg for their meat, and fundry fuch properties, which they learn of their Vagabundical Mafters,whofe inftrument they are to gather gain withall in the City, Countrey, Town, and Village. As fome which cary old Apes on their fhoulders in co- loured Jackets to move men to laughter for a little lucre. Of The HiHory of Four-footed He afo- ot other D0GS,z fhort conclufion, wonderfully ingendred within the coaft of this Countrey. OF thefe there be three forts ; the firft bred of a Bitch and a Wolf, called in Latine, Lycifcut; the fecoud of a Bitch and a Fox, in Latine, Lacxna ; the third of a Bear and a Bzndog,Vr canus. Of the firft we have none naturally bred within the borders of England. The reafon is for the want of Wolves, without whom no fuch Dog can be ingendred. Again, it is delivered unto thee in this difcourfe: how and by what means, by whofe benefit , and within what circuit of time, this Countrey was clearly difcharged of ravening Wolves,and none at all left, no, not the leaft number, or to the beginning of a number, which is an Vnarie. Of the fecond fort we are not utterly void of fome, becaufe this our Englifb foil is not free from Foxes, (for indeed we are not without a multitude of them, infomuch as divers keep, fofter and feed them in their houfes among their Hounds and Dogs, either for fome malady of minde, or for fome ficknefs of body) which peradventure the favour of that fubtillBeaft would either mitigate or expell. The third which is bred of a Bear and a Bandog, we want not here in England, (A ftrange and wonderful effect, that cruel enemies fhould enter into the work of copulation, and bring forth fo favageaCur.) Undoubtedly it is even fo as we have reported, for the fiery heat of their flefh, or rather the pricking thorn ; or moft of all, the tickling luft of lechery, beareth fuch fwing and fway in them,that there is no contrariety for the tirae,but of conftraint they muft joyra to engender. And why fliould not this be confonant to truth ? why fhould not thefe Beafts breed in this land , as well as in other forein Nations ? For we read that Tygers and Dogs in Hircania , that Lyons and Dogs in Arcadia, and that Wolves and Dogs in Francia couple and procreate. In men and women alio lightned with the Lantern of reafon(but utterly void of vertue)that foolifh,frantick 5 and flefhly acti- on (yet naturally feated in us) worketh foeffed:ually,that many times it doth reconcile enemies,fet foes at friendfhip, unanimity , and atonement, as Moria mentioneth. The Vrcane which is bred of a Bear and a Dog, Is fierce, it fell, is flout and firong, And biletb fore to fiefb and bone. His furious^ force indureth long, In rage be will be rufd of none. That I may ufe the words of the Poet Gratius. This Dog exceedeth all other in cruel conditions, his leering and fleering looks,his ftern and favage vifage,maketh him in fight fearful and terrible, He is violent in fighting, and wherefoever he fet his tenterhook teeth,he taketh fuch fure and fall: hold, that a man may fooner tear and rend him afunder , then loofe him and feparate his chaps. He paf- feth not for the Wolf, the Bear, the Lyon, nor the Bull, and may worthily (as I think) be compani- on with Alexanders Dog which came out of India. But of thefe, thus much, and thus far may feem fuffkient. A ftart to Out-Undijb DOGS in this conclufion, not impertinent to the Authors purpofe. USe and cuftome hath entertained others Dogs of an Out-landifh kinde, but a few and the fame being of a pretty bignefs, I mean Ifland Dogs, curled and rough all over, which by reafon of the length of their hair make fhew neither of face nor of body: And yet thefe Curs,forfooth, becaufe they are fo ftrange, are greatly fet by, efteemed, taken up, and many times in the room] of the Spa- niel gentle or comforter. The nature of men is fo moved, nay, rather maryed to novelties without all reafon, wit, judgement or perfeverance, Eromen allotrias, faroromen fuggneis. Out~landi(b toys tee takg with delight, Things of our own Nation we have in defpight Which fault rematneth not in us concerning Dogs only, but for Artificers alfo. And why? it is manifeft that we difdain and contemn our own Work-men, be they never fo skilful, be they never fo cunning, be they never fo excellent. A beggerly Beaft brought out of barbarous borders,from the uttermoft Countreys Northward, &c. we flare at, we gaze at, we mufe, we marvail at, like an Afs of Cumanum, like T bales with the brazen fhanks, like the man in the Moon. The which default Hippocrates marked when he was alive, as evidently appeareth in the beginning of his Book ?eri Agmon, fo entituled and named : And we in our work entituled T>e Ephemera Britannha, to the people of England have more plenti- fully expreffed. In this kinde look which is moft blockifh, and yet moft wafpifh , the fame is moft efteemed, and not among Citizens only and jolly Gentlemen, but among luftv Lords alfo, and Noble- Of Bogs. 141 Noblemen. Further I am not to wade in the foord of this difcourfe, bccaufe it was my purpofe to fa- tisfie your expedition with a fhort treatife (moft learned Conrade) notwearifome for me to write, nor tedious for you to perufe. Among other things which you have received at my hands hereto- fore, I remember that I wrote a feveral description of the Getulian Dog, becaufe there are but a few of them, and therefore very feldom feen. As touching Dogs of other kindes you your felf have taken earned pain in writing of them both lively, learnedly, and largely. But becaufe we have drawn this libel more at length then the former which I fent you (and yet briefer then the nature of the thing might well bear) regarding your moft earneft and necefTary ftudies ; I will conclude, making a rehearfal notwithftanding (for memory fake) of certain fpecialities contained in the whole body of this my breviary. And becaufe you participate principal pleafure in the knowledge of the com- mon and ufual names of Dogs (as I gather by the courfe of your letters) Ifuppofe it notiamifs to deliver unto you a fhort table containing as well the Latine as the Englifb names,and to render a rea- fon of every particular appellation, to the intent that no fcruple may remain in this point, but that; every thing may be fitted to the bare bottom. A Supplement or Addition^ containing a demonftration of DOGS Names how they had their Original. THe names contained in the general Table, forfomuchas theyfignifie nothing to you being i ftranger, and ignorant of the Engli(b tongue, except they be interpreted : as we have given a, reafon berore of the Latine words,fo mean we to do no lels of the Englifb, that every thing may be manifett unto your underftanding. Wherein I intend to obferve the fame order which I have fol- lowed before. Sagax, in Englifb, Hund, is derived of our EngliQo word hunt. One letter changed in another,name- ly T into D, as Hunt, Hund, whom if you conjecture to be fo named of your Countrey word Hund, which fignirieth the general name (Dog) becaufe of the fimilitude and likenefs of the words, I will not ftand in contradiction (friend Gefiter) for fomuch as we retain among us at this day many Dutch words, which the Saxons left at fuch time as they enjoyed this Countrey of Britain. Thus much alfo underftand, that as in yourlanguage Hund is the common word, fo in our natural tongue (Dog) is the univerfal, but Hund is particular andafpecial, for it fignirieth fuch a Dog only as ferveth to hunt, and therefore it is called a Hund. f lit Of Xbe Gafe-hound. The Gafe-hound called in Latine, Agafeut , hath his name of the fharpnefs and ftedfaftnefs 'of his eye-fight. By which vertue hecompaffeth that which otherwife he cannot by fmelling attain. As we have made former relation, for to gafe is earneftfy to view ax ( d behold 5 fromjwhence floweth the derivation of this Dogs name. Of the Grdy-howd. The Gray-hound called Leporarius, hath his name of this word Gre, which word foundeth, Gra- dut in Latine, in Englifb, Degree. Becaufe among all Dogs thefe are the moft principal, having the chiefeft place, and being fimply and abfolutely the beft of the gentle kinde of Hounds. Of the Levyner sr the Lyemmer. This Dog is called a Levyner^ for his lightnefs, which in Latine foundeth Levitas, Or a Lyemmer;, which word is borrowed of Lyemme, which the Latinifis name Lorum : and wherefore we call him a Levyner of this word Levitas : (as we do many things befides) why we derive and draw a thoufand of our terms out of the Greek, the hat me, the Italian, the Dutch, the French, and the Spanifh tongue j (Out ofwhich Fountains indeed, they had their Original ilTue.) How many words are buryed in the grave of forgetfulnefsj grown out of ufe ; wreftedawry; andperverfly corrupted by divers .defaults; we will declare at large in our Book entituled, Symphonia vocum Britannicarum. Of the tumbler. Among Hounds the Tumbler called in Letim, Vertagus ; which cometh of this word Tumbler, flowing hrft from the French Fountain. For as we fay Tumble, fo they Tumbier, referving our fenfe and fignification, which the LatiniUs comprehend under this word Ventre. So that we fee thus much, that Tumbler cometh of tumbler ^ the Vowel I, changed into the Liquid L, after the manner of our fpeech. Contrary to the French and the Italian tongue : In which two Languages a Liquid be- fore a Vowel for the moft part is turned into another Vowel ; as may be perceived in the example of thefe thefe two words, Impkre & piano, for lmpiere & piano, L,before E, changed into I, and L,be- fore A, turned into I alfo. This I thought convenient for a taft. After fuch as ferve for hunting, orderly do follow fuch as ferve for hawking and fowling, among which the principal and chiefeft is the Spaniel, called in Latine^ Hifpaniolus, borrowing his name of Hifpania } wherein we Englifb men not pronouncing the Afpiration H, nor the Vowel I, for quicknefs and readinefs of fpcech,fay roundly a Spagnel. Of 142 The Hiftory oj Four-footed Beafls. Of the Setter. THe fecond fort is called a Setter, in Latine, Index. Of the word (Set) which figinifieth in 'Eng- lifif that which the Latimfts mean by this word Ltcumdefignare , the reafon is rehearfed before more largely, it (hall not therefore need to make a new repetition. Oj the Water Spaniel or Finder. THe Water Spaniel confequently followeth,called in Latine, Aquaticus ; in English a Water Spa- niel, which name is compound of two fimple words, namely Water, which in Latine foundeth Aqua, wherein he fwimmeth, and Spain } Hifpania } theCountrey from whence they came; not that England wanteth fuch kinde of Dogs, (for they are naturally bred and ingendered in this Coun- trey) but becaufe they bear the general and common name of thefe Do'gs fince the time they were firft brought over out of Spain. And we make a certain difference in this fort of Dogs, either for fomet hing which in their qualities is to be confidered, as for an example in this kinde called the Spaniel, by the appofition and putting to of this word Water, which, two coupled together found Water Spaniel. He is called a Finder, in Latine, Inquifitor ; becaufe that by ferious and fecure feeking, he findeth fuch things as be loft, which word Finde in Englifh is that which the Latines mean by this Verb Invenire. This Dog hath this name of his property, becaufe the principal point of his fervice confifteth in the premifes. Now leaving the furview of hunting and hawking Dogs, it remaineth that we run over the refi- due, whereof fome be called fine Dogs, fome courfe, otherfome Mungrels or Rafcals. The firft is Spaniel gentle called Canis Melit£us, becaufe it is a kinde of Dog 'accepted among Gentils, Nobles, Lords, Ladies, &c. who make much of them, vouchfafing to admit them fo far into their company, that they will not only lull them in their laps, but kifs them with their lips, ard make them their pretty play-fellows. Such a one was Gorgon; little puppy mentioned by Theccritus in Syracufts , who taking his journey, ftraightly charged and commanded his Maid to fee to his Dog as charily and wa- rily as to his childe : To call him in always that he wandred not abroad, as well as to rock the babe a fleep, crying in the Cradle. This Puppetly and pleafant Cur, (which fome frumpingly tearm Fyfting Hound) ferves in a man- ner to no good ufe, except (as we have made former relation) to fuccour and ftrengthen qualing and qualming ftomachs , to bewray bawdery, and filthy abhominable lewdnefs ( which a little Dog of this kinde did in Sicilia) as JEliams in his 7. Book of Beafts, and 27. chapter recordeth. Of Dogs under the courfer kinde, we will deal firft with the Shepheards Dog, whom we call the Bandog, the Tydog, or the Maftive, the firft name is hnputed to him for fervice, gwiiam paStori fa- mulatur, becaufe he is at the Shepheards his Mafters commandment. The fecond a Ligamento of the band or chain wherewith he is tyed. The third a Sagina, of the fatnefs of his body. For this kinde of Dog which is-ufually tyed, is mighty, grofsj and fat fed. I know this that Auguftl- mtsNiphus calleth this Mafiims, (which we call Uaftivus) and that Albertusvirimb. how the Lycifcut is ingendred by a Bear and a Wolf. Notwithftanding thefelf fame Author taketh it for the moft part pro Moloflb, a Dog of fuch a Countrey. Of Mungrels and Rafcals fomewhat is to be fpoken : and among thefe ,of the Wappe of Turnfpit, which name is made of two fimple words, that is, of Turn, which in Latine foundeth Vertere, and of Spit which is Veru^or fpede,for the Englifh word inclineth clofer to the Italian imitation yeruvtrfator, Turnfpit. He is called alfo Waupe, of the natural noife of his voyce Wau, which he maketh in bark- ing. But for the better and readier found, the vowel U, is changed into the confonant P, fo that for Waupe we fay Wappe. And yet I wot well that Nonius borroweth his Baubari of the natural voyce Bau, as as the Grecians do their Bautein of Wau. Now when you underftand this, that Saltare in Latine fignifieth Vanfare in English. And that our Dog is thereupon called a Dancer, and in the Latine, Saltator; you are fo far taught as you were defirous to learn : and now I fuppofe , there remaineth nothing, but that your requeft is fully ac- complished. Thus (Friend Gefnerj you have, not only the kindes of our Countrey Dogs, but their names alfo, as well in Latine as in English, their Offices, Services, Diverfities, Natures, and Properties, that you can demand no more of me in this matter. And albeit I have not fatisfied your minde peradventure (who fufpefteft all fpeed in the performance of your requeft imployed, to be meer delays) becaufe I ftaid the fetting forth of that unperfed pamphlet, which five years ago I fent to you as a private friend for your own reading, and not to be printed and fo made common,yet I hope (having like the Bear lickt over my youHg) I have waded over in this work to your contentation, which delay hath made fomewhat better, and Veuterai ybrontides, after wit more meet to be perufed. OFthedifeafes Now it is convenient to fhut up this treatife of Dogs, with a recital of their feveral difeafes and of Dogs 'and cures thereof ; for as all other creatures, fo this beaft is annoyed with many infirmities. Firft, their cures. therefore if you give unto a Dog every feventh day, or twice in feven days broath or pottage,whcre- Blondus. inlvyisfod, it will preferve him found without any other medicine, for this herb hath the fame operation in Dogs to make wholefome their meat, that it hath in Sheep to clenfe their pafture. The Tliny. fmall fruits of Ellebor which are like to Onions, have power in them to purge the belly of Dogs : 'Xardinus. Other give them Goats-milk, or Salt beaten fmall, or Sea crabs beaten fmall and put into water,or Staves- Of Dogs. j 43 Staves-acre, and immediately after his purgation, fweet Milk. If your Dog beobftrudedandftop- Albertutx ped in the belly, which may be difcerned by his trembling, fighing, and removing from place to place, give unto him Oaten meal and water to eat, mingled together and made as thick as a Pultefs, or leavened Oaten bread, and fometime a little Whay to drink. ...... The Ancients have oblerved that Dogs are moft annoyed with three difeafes, thefweliingof the throat, theGowt, and madnefs; but the later Writers have oblerved many noyfome infirmities m them. Firft, they at e oftentimes wounded by the teeth of each other , and alio of wilde Beafts : for cure whereof, Blmdus out of Maxim tu wnteth thefe remedies following: Firft, let the finews, fibres, or griftles of the wound be laid together, then fow up the lips or upper skin of the wound with a needle and thred, and take of the hairs of the Dog which made the wound, and lay thereup- on, untill the bleeding be ftanched,and fo leave it to the Dog to be licked • for nature hath fo framed the Dogs tongue, that thereby in fhort fpace he cureth deep wounds. And if he cannot touch the fore with his tongue, then doth he wet his foot in his mouth, and fo AlhtttuU oftentimes put it upon the maim : or if neither of thefe can be performed by the Beaft himfelf, then cure it by calting upon it theafhes of a Dogs head, or burned fait, mingled with liquid pitch poured thereupon. When a Dug returning from hunting is hurt about the fnowt, by the venemous teeth Bhndus. of feme wilde Beaft, I have feen it cured by making incifion about the wound, whereby the poyfon- edbloud is evacuated, and afterward the fore was anoynted with Oyl of Saint Johns- wort. Wood- F Unite. worms cure a Dog bitten by Serpents. When he is troubled with Ulcers or rindes in his skin, pieces of Pot-fheards beaten to powder and mingled with Vinegar and Turpentine, with the fat of a Coofe; or elfe Water-wort with new Lard, applyed to the fore, eafeth the fame : andif it fwell, anoynt it with Butter. For the drawing forth of a thorn or fplinter out of a Dogs foot, take Colts-foot and Lard, or the powder thereof burned in a new earthen pot ; and either of thefe applyed to the foot, draweth forth the Thorn, and cureth the fore : for by Piofcondes it is faid, to have force to extrad any point of a Spear out of the body of a man. For the Worms which breed in the Ulcers of their heels, take Vngueiitutn Egyptiatum, and the juyce of peach leaves : There are fome very skilful Hunters which affirm, that if you hang about the Dogs neck flicks of Citrine, as the wood dryeth, fo will the Worms come forth anddy. Again, for this evill they wafh the wounds with "water, then rub it with "tatdinuu Pitch, Thyme, and the dung of an Oxe in Vinegar ; afterward they apply unto it the powder of El- lebof . When a Dog is troubled with the Mangie,Itch ; or Ring-worms, firft let him blood in his fore- m % y,*', legs in the greateft vein : afterward make an Ointment of Quick-filver, Brimftone, Nettle-feed, ' *y l and twice (o much old Sewet or Butter, and therewithal! anoint him^ putting thereunto if you pleafe jffltmu decodion of Hops and Saltwater. Raits. Some do wafh Mangy Dogs in the Sea-water; and there is a Cave in Sicily ("faith Gratim) that hath this force againft the fcabs of Dogs, if they be brought thither , and fet in the running water which feemeth to be as thick as Oyl., Flegm or melancholy doth often engender thefe evils, and fo af- ter one Dog is infeded, all the refidue that accompany or lodge with him , are likewife poyfuned : for the avoiding thereof, you muft give them Fumitory, Sorrel, and Whay fod together j it is good alfo to wafh them in the Sea, or in Smiths- water, or in the decodion aforefaid. For the taking away of Wafts from the feet of Dogs, or other members, firft rub and friccafe the Wart violently, and afterward anoint it with Salt, Oyl, Vinegar, and the powder of the rinde of a Gourd; or elfe lay unto it Aloes beaten with Muftard-feed, to eat it off, and afterward lay unto it the litt|e fcories Or iron chips, which fly off from the Smiths hot iron while he beateth it, mingled with Vinegar, -and it lhall perfedly remove them. Againft Tikes,Lyce,and Fleas anoint the Dogs with bitter Almonds,Staves-acre,or roots of Maple, or Cipers, or froth of Oyl , if it be old ; and anoint alfo their ears with Salt-water, and bitter Al- monds, then (hall not the flies in the Summer time enter into them. If Bees or Wafps, or fuch Beafts ftingaDog, lay to the fore burned Rue, with Water; and if a greater Fly, as the Hornet, let the Water be warmed. A Dog fhail be never infeded with the Plague, if you put into his mouth in the Blondus ' time of any common Peftilence, the powder of a Storks craw, or Ventricle, or any part thereof with Water : which thing ought to be regarded, (for no creature is fo foon infeded with the Plague as is a Dog and a Mule) and therefore they muft either at the beginning receive medicine, or elfe be re- moved out of the air, according to the advice of Gratirts : Sed variirituf, nec in omnibus una foteflar, pjfal , If; fee vices, & qu£ Mela eft proxima, tenia. Wolf-wort, and Apocynon^, whofe leaves are like the leaves of Ivie,andfmellftrongly, will kill all Beafts which arc littered blinde ; as Wolves, Foxes, Bears, and Dogs, if they eat thereof: So likewife will the root of Chamdem, and Mezenon, in Water and Oyl, it killeth Mice , Swine, and Viofcorides. Dogs. Ellebor, and Squilla, and FabaLupina, have the fame operation. There is a Gourd (called \Zin- ziber of the Water) becaufe the tafte thereof is like to Ginger, the Flower, Fruit, and Leaf thereof killeth AfTes, Mules, Dogs, and many other four-footed Beafts. The Nuts Vomica, are poyfon Co Dogs, except their ear be cut prefentlyand made to bleed. It will eaufe them to leap ftrange- ly up and down , and kill him within two hours after the tailing, if it be not prevented by the lormer remedy. Iheophrajlus Chryfppus affirmeth , that the" water wherein Sperage hach been 144 The Hifiory of Four-footed Beafts. been fod given to Dogs , killech them i the fume of Silver or Lead hath the fame opera- tion. If a Dog grow lean, and not through want of meat, it is good to fill him twice or thrice with Butter, and if that do not recover him, then it is a fign that the worm under his tongue annoyeth him, (which muft be prefently pulled out by fome Naul or Needle) and if that fatisfie not, he cannot hve,but will in fhort time penfh. And it is to be noted, that Oaten bread leavened,will make a flu«- gilh Dog to become lufty,agile,and full of fpirk. Dogs are alfo many times bewitched, by theonty fight of Inchanters, even as Infants, Lambs, and other creatures, according to Virgils verfe * Nefcio qukteneros cculusmihi fafcinat agios. For the bewitching fpirit enterethby the eye into the heart of the party bewitched : for remedy whereof, they hangabouc the neck a chain of Corral, as for holy Herbs I hold them unprofi- table. To cure the watry eyes of Dogsj take warm water, and firft wafti them therewith, and then make aplaifterofmealandthewhiteofanEgge, and fo lay it thereunto. Byreafonof that faying, Ec- clef 20. cap. Bribts and gifts blinds the eyes of ludges, even as a dumb Dog turneth away Correction. Some have delivered, that green Crow-foot forced into the mouth of a Dog, maketh him dumb, and not able to bark : When a Dog becometh deaf, the Oyl of Rofes with new prefled Wine infufed into his ears, cureth him : and for the Worms in the ears , makeaplaifter of a beaten Spunge and the white of an Egge, and that fhall cure it. , The third kinde of Quinancy (called Synancbe) killeth Dogs, becaufe it bloweth up their chaps,and indudeth their breath.The Cough is very noyfome to Dogs,wherefore their keepers muft infufe in- to their Noftnls two cups of Wine, with bruifed fweet Almonds : but lardinus for this difeafe , pre- ferred great Parfley fod with Oyl, Honey, and Wine, and fo given to the Dog. For the (hortnefs of the breath, bore him through the ear, and if there be any help,that will prevail. If a bone ftick in the mouth of a Dog, holdup his head backward, and pour Ale into his mouth untill he cough, and fo fhall he be eafed. When a Dog hath furleited, and falleth to loath his meat, he eateth the herb Canaria 1 and is relieved (botfe agatnft his furfeit,and alfo the bitings of Serpents.) For the Worms in the belly, heeateth Wheat in the ftalk. The Gowt maketh the Dogs legs grow crooked, and it is never fo cured ; but that after a courfe or two they grow lame again. When his skin flyeth from his nails, take meal and water, and binde them thereunto for a remedy; and thefc are for the moft part, thofe difeafes wherewithal! Dogs are infected, and the other are either cured by heat, or by eating of grafs ; and fo for this part, I conclude both the ficknefs and cure of Dogs, with the faying of Gratins : Milfe tenent pejiet, curaqutpotentu major. oi tb a e d E>oa| S Concerning the madnefs of Dogs,and their venemous bitings, we are now to fpeak : and firft of anchheir °° n0 reafonable man ought to doubt, why the teeth of a mad Dog Ihould do more harm then of cures. a iound and healthy one ; becaufe in rage and anger, the teeth of every Beaft and creature, receive venome and poyfon from the head (as it is well obferved by JEgintta) and fo at that time faftning their teeth, they do more harm then at other times. Againft the nmple biting of a Dog, it is fuf- ficient but to ufe the urine of a Dog, for there is not much venome in thofe wounds ; and the urine alfo will draw out the prickles of a Hedge-hog,becaufe fuch wounds have in them but little poyfon. Alfo (as Aetirn prefcribeth) it is very foveraign in fuch wounds , firft of all to cover and rub the fore with the palm of ones hand, and then pour into it Vinegar and Nitre , fo as it may defcend to the bottom of the wound, and afterward lay unto it a new fpunge wetted in the fame Vinegar and $ltlre y and let it be fo continued for the fpace of three days, and by the working thereof it fhall be whole. Alfo it is generally to be obferved in all the bitings of men by Dogs,that firft of all it is requifke, that the wound be well rubbed over by the palm of the hand with Vinegar, then pour into the wounds Vinegar mixed with water or with 2\£/f?r,laying alfo a fpunge thereupon, and fo binde it up- on the place, having firft wetted the cloaths wherewithall you binde it with the faid. Vinegar mixed, fo let it remain bound up three days together, and afterward follow the common courfe of curing, as in every vulgar wounds, or elfe, lay thereunto Pellitory of the Wall, mingled and beaten with Salt, changing it every day, untill the cruft or upper skin fall away. It is alfo good fometimes, the holes being fmall, to wet Lint in Vinegar, and to purge the wound with powder of Anife-feed, or Cumin; laying the Lint upon theAnife for two or three days. The fame being thus purged, take a medicine of the equall parts of Hony, Turpentine, Butter, Goofe-greafe Marrow of a Hart, or Calf, melted betwixt the teeth of a man, and lay it thereunto, for it alfo cureth the bitings of men: but if the fore be inflamed, then lay unto it Lentils fod with the parings of Apples, and dryed, or the crums of bread with the juyce of Beets, and a little Oyl of Rofes, made like a plaifter. Divers Authors have alfo prefcribed thefe outward medicines againft the bitings of Dogs in general , namely Vinegar fpunged , the Lees of Vinegar 5 with Ntgelta Komana , Venus Hair, Alabafter , Brine with Lint, Garlick mixed with Honey, and taken into the body, Lees of Wine, Almonds Alberts. Blondus. Vincentius. *fardiHUS. follux. Nipbiis. Bhndus. Of Dogs. Almonds both fweet and bitter mingled with Honey, dryed Anife-feeds burned, the leaves of black Hore-hound, or Archangel beaten with Salt, Scallions with Honey and Pepper of the cafe, the juyce ofOnyons with Rue and Honey, or raw Onyons with Hony and Vinegar, but fod ones with Honey and Wine, (it they be green) let them ly to the wound three days : the afhes of Vine-trees with Oyl, afhes of a Fig-tree with a Sear-cloth, befide infinite other elaborate medicines, drawn from Trees Fruits,Fields,Gardens,and all other creatures j as if Nature had only Ilroven to provide fundry ready'cures for this evill above all other. Leaving therefore the fim pie bitings of Dogs, let us proceed to the madnefs of Dogs and their bitings, wherein the greater danger muft be confidered, with greater circumfpedion of remedies. Firft therefore, the Ancients have derived Rabiem, of Raviem, madnefs, of the hoarfnefs of voyce, (becaufe a Dog at that time hath no perfed voyce.) But it is more probable, that Rabies cometh of Rapiendo, becaufe when a Dog beginaeth to be opprefled herewith,he biteth, fnatcheth,runneth to and fro, and is carryed from home and Matter, to his own perdition : this by the Grecians is called Lytta, and Cynol<>ffos. By this evill, not only Dogs periff), but all other creatures (except a Goofe) bitten by them : and a man doth not efeape without great perill. For Albirtws relateth a ftory , of a man whofe arm was bitten by a mad Dog, and after twelve years the fore brake forth again, and he dyed within two days; and the reafon hereof was (as in all likelihood that of CeeHus) that when one and the fame na- ture infedeth each other, as Dogs do Dogs , and men do men,then by reafon of their fimilitude and natural fympathy, they receive iheconfuming poyfon with all fpecd : but if another nature infed that, betwixt whom in inclination and paffion, there is a diffimilitude and antipathy, (as is betwixt a Dog and a Man) then will the poyfon receive greater oppofition, and be fo much the longer before it receive predominant operation, becaufe the firft overcomech Nature by treafon, againft which there is no refiftance ; and the fecond by open force and proclamation of War,agatnft which all the ftfength and force of nature is combined and oppofed. Hereof alfo it came to pals, that the Noble Lawyer Ba!dus> playing with his Dog at Trent, was Math£olus. bitten by him in his lip, and negleding the matter (becaufe he never lufpeded the Dogs madnefs) ^^'^J Q f , after four moneths the poyfon wrought upou him, and he perifhed miferably. Thofe Beafts which ^JyJJJ ' have teeth like faWs, fas Dogs, Wolves,and Foxes) go mad by nature, without the bitings of others, M lc jj a ) Ephe- but thofe which have no fuch teeth (as Affes and Mules,) fall not mad at any time untill they be bit- r %HU ten by other. Alfo it hath been oBferved, that fbmetimes a mad Dog hath bitten, and there hath followed no Aug- Ntfhus. harm at all, whereof this was the reafon,becaufe poyfon is not equally in all his teeth ; and therefore biting with the purer and wholefomer, the wound became not perillous., A man bitten with a mad Dog, falleth mad prefently when he cometh under the fhadow of a Fonzettus. Corn-tree; as it is affirmed by moftPhyfitians, for that fhadow fetteth the poyfon on fire: but a man falling mad, of all creatures avoideth a Dog, and a Dog moftofall falleth upon men. There are many things which ingender madnefs in Dogs, as hot wheaten bread dipped in Bean-water, me- lancholy bred within them, and not purged by Canariapx other herbs, the menftruous pollutions of Women, and the pain of his teeth. Their madnefs is moft dangerous in the Dog-days, for then they Tliny. both kill and perifh mortally ; for at that time their fpittle or fome, falling upon mans body,breed- Dog-days eth great danger ; and that if a man tread upon the Urine of a mad Dog, he fhall feel pain by it if he mo & perillous have a fore about him : from whence it came to pafs, that a ftone bitten by fuch a Dog, was a com- for mad Do S J « rrion proverb of difcord. Alfo it is obferved,that if a wound be dreffed in the prefence of man or wo- man,which hath been bitten by a mad Dog,that the pain thereof wil be encreafed:and which is more, that abortment will follow upon Beafts withyoung, or Egges covered by the Hen, by their pre- fence: But for remedy, they wafh their hands and fprinckle themfelves, or the Beafts withthat wa- Pliny. ter, whereby the evill is to be cured. If the gall ofa mad Dog,about the bignefs of a Lentill feed be eaten,it killeth within feven days,or Bemmius. el'fe doth no harm at all, if it pafs feven days without operation. When a mad Dog had fuddenly tore in pieces a garment about ones body; the Taylor or Botcher took the fame to mend, and forgetting himfelf,put one fide of the breach into his mouth to ftretch it out to the other ,and fell mad immedi- ately. Men thus affeded,fear all waters, their virile member continually ftandeth, theyfuffer many Convulfions, and oftentimes bark like Dogs. There was a certain Mafon at Zwr/c£,who had his finger grievoufly bitten with a mad Dog about July, whereunto he laid Garlick, Rue, and Oyl of Scorpions, and fo it feemed to be healed , where- fore he took no counfel of any Phyfitian. About Auguft following, he was taken with a Feaver,being firft very cold, then very hot, and fo continued fweating for a day or two, and could not endure thi cold air. He thirfted much, yet when water or drink was brought him, he was fo afraid thereoXthat he could not drink : his fweat was cold, and when he felt any cold air , he cryedoutfor fear it had been water: thus he remained trembling, and offering to vomit at the fight of water , many times howling, and fo perifhed after two days ended. When aDogismaditmaybeknownby thefefignes, for he will neither eat nor drink, he look- Sigi eth awry and more fadly then ordinary his body is lean, he cafteth forth thick fleam out of his ara noftrilsor mouth : He breatheth gaping, and his tongue hangeth out of his mouth. His ears is limber and weak, his tail hangeth downward : his pace is heavy and fluggifh untill he run, and then it is more rafh, intemperate and uncertain. Sometimes running' and prefently after ftandingfti 11 O ' 1 again 145 1 46 The Btfiory of Four-footed "Beajls. again : he is very thirfty, but yet abftaineth from drink, he barketh not,and knoweth no.man, bite- bertruriut. ing both ftrangers and friends. His head hangeth downward' he is fearful, and runneth intofecret T.rtzeiius. places from his whelps or fellows, who often bark at him, and will not eat of bread upon which his bloud hath fallen. His eyes grow very red ; he many times dyeth for fear of water : fome clifcern it by laying Nuts or grains of Corn to the bitten place, and afterward take them away and caft them to Hens or Pullen, who for hunger will eat them, and if after the eating the fowl live, the Dog will not be mad; but if it dye , then for certainty the Dog will fall mad. The which paflions doalfo agree with them that are bitten by him ; and it is not to be forgotten, that the bitings of the female bring more danger then the males. The bodies ofthem that are thus wounded grow very dry, and are prefled with inward burning Feavers, if by Mufick and delightful fports they be not kept waking ; many times they dye fudden- ly, or elfe recover for a fmall time, and then fall into a relapfed malady. Some give this to be the caufe of their fear of water, becaufe their body growing dry, feemeth to forget all participation with humidity: but Rufus affirmeth,this cometh from melancholy, where- withal 1 thefe perfons are moft commonly affected : which agreedi with an imagination they have, that they fee Dogs in the water, and indeed it cannot be but their own countenance, which in thefe paflions is very red, doth wonderfully affli& them , both in the water, and in all looking glaffes. Miius. When a certain Philofopher f being bitten by a mad Dog) entred into a Bath, and a ftrong appa- rition of a Dog prefented it felf unto him therein, he ftrove againft* this imagination with a lingu- lar confident courage to the contrary, faying within hirafelf; Quid Cmi commune eft cum Baltic? what hath a Dog to do in a Bath ?.ai«dfo went in and overcame his difeafe : which thing had fel- dom chanced, that a man hath recovered this malady after he fell into fear and trembling, except Eudemus and Ihemifo^ who obeying the requeft of a friend of his., entred likewife into the water, and after many torments was recovered. To conclude, fome men in this extremity fuffer moft fearful dreams, profufion of feed, hoarfnefs of voyce, fhortnefs of breath, retention of urine, which alfochangeth colour being fometimes black, fometimes like milk, fometime thick, fometime thin as water, rumbling in the belly, by rea- fon of crudity, rednefs of the whole body, diftention of nerves, heavinefs of minde, love of darknefs, and fuch like. Yet doth not this operation appear prefently upon the hurt , but fometimes at nine days, fometimes at forty days, fometimes at half ay ear 3 or a year, or feven, or twelve year,as hajh been already faid. The cure of For the cure of thefe Dogs, and firft of all for the preventing of madnefs, there are fundry invent- mad Dogs ei- ed obfervations.. Firft, it is good to fhuc them up, and make them to faft for one day, then purge ther for pre- t h em with Hellebor, and being purged, nourifh them with bread of Barley-meal. Other take them covering? 1 when they be young whelps, and take out of their tongue a certain little worm, which the Grecians flitiy. ' call Lytta - 3 after which time they never grow mad , or fall to vomiting , as Gratiui noted in thefe verfesj Namque fubit nodisqua lingua tmacibus htret Vermiculum dixere } malaatque incondite peftis 3 &c. lam teneris elementa mali, caufafque nciduni. But immediately it being taken forth, they rub the tongue with Salt and Oyl. Columella teacheth that Shepheards of his time, took their Dogs tails, and pulled out a certain nerve or finew , which cometh from the Articles of the Back-bone into their tails, whereby they not only kept the tail from growing deformed and over-long,but alfo conftantly believed,that their Dogs could never af- Vlin). terward fall mad : whereuntoP//>y agreeth, callingit a caftration or gelding of the tail, adding, that it muft be done before the Dog be forty days old. Some again fay, that if a Dog tafte of a Womansfmilk which lhegiveth by the birth of a. Boy, he will never fall mad. Nemefian afenbeth the cure hereof to Casloreum dryed and put into milk, but this is to be underftood of them that are already mad , whofe elegant verfes of the caufe, beginning,and cure of a mad Dog, I have thought good here to exprefs : Exhalatfeu terra fmus, feumxius aer Caufa mali 5 feu cum gtfidus non fufficit humor, Tmidapervenas comrefcunl femina fiamm*. Whatfoever it be,he thus warranteth the cure. lumvirofa tibi fumes, multumque domabis Cafiorea, adtritu filicis lentefcere coges. Ex ebore hue trito pubis ledove fcratur Admi\cenfq', diu fades concrefcere utrumque* Max lattis liquidos Jenfim fuperadde fluores> Vt noncunftanteshaufius infundere corm Jnferto poffis , furiajque refellere trijles. Armetia OfDogi. '47 Amelia a King of Vafcn ia, prefcnbeth this form for the cure of this cvili : let the Dog be put in- Albeaws- to the water, fo as the hinder-legs do only touch the ground, and his fore-legs be tyed up like hands over his head, and then being taken again out ot tlie water, let his hair be (haved off, that he may be pieled until! he bleed : then anoint him with Oyl of Beets,and if this do not cure him within feven days, then let him be knocked on the head, or hanged out of the way. When a young male Dogfuffereth madnefs,fhut him up with a Bitch ; or if a young Bitch be alfo £j or2( { us . oppreffed, ihut her up with a Dog, and the one of them will cure the madnefs of the other. But the better part of this labor, is more needful to be employed about die curing of men,or other creatures which are bitten by Dogs, then in curing or preventing that natural infirmity. Where- Tbecureofa fore it is to berenicmbred, that all other poyfoned wounds are cured by incifion and circumcifing mancr ^, a £ of the flefh, and by drawing plaifters, which extrad the venom out of the f]efli,and comfort nature ; bitten by a and byCuppmg-glaflfeSjOr burning Iron?,(as Coelms affirmeth)upon occaiion of the miraculous fidiort m^Pog. of the Temple door Key of S. Bdu.us, neer Rkodigwm ; for it was believed, that if a mad man could hold that Key in his hand red hot, he fliould be delivered from his fits for ever. There was fuch another charm or incantation among the Apuleiani, madein form of a prayer againft all bittngs of mad Dogs, and other poyfons, unto an obfeure Saint ( called Vithus) which was to be laid three Saterdays in the evening, nine times together, which I have here fet down for no other caufe but to fhew their extream folly. AlmeVilhefdlicme Irafque canummitigM, A f&o!i(h Oram qui tenet Appulam, 1 u fanfte rabiem afperam chum -ad, Littujque Tulj^anicum, Kidufque cams luridos, prayer to gty morfusrabidos lev as y lit \£vampiobile luem. Vium 1 procul hiric rabies, procul bine furur omnis abefto. But to come to the cure of fuch as have been bitten by mad Dogs : Firft I will fet down fome com- pound medicines to be outwardly applyed to the body .- Secondly, fome fimple or uncompounded medicines : In the third place fuch compounded and uncompounded potions, as are co betaken in- wardly againft this poyfon. For the outward compound remedies, a plaifter made of Opponax and Pkch, is much commended, j) l0 ^ 01 y tU which Menippus ufed, taking a pound of Pitch of BiutiM, and four ounces of Opponax (as JEuus and ASiunus do prefenbej adding withall, that the Opponax muft be diffolved in Vinegar, and afterward the Pitch and that Vinegar muft be boyled together, and when the Vinegar is confumed, then put in the Opponax, and of both cogether make like taynters or fplints, and thruft them into the wound, fo let them remain many days together, and in the mean time drink an Antidote of Sea-crabs and Vine- gar, ( for Vinegar is alway pretious in this confedion.) Other ufe Bafilica, Onyons, Rue, * Sale, rult of Iron, While bread, feeds of Horehoundj and Triacle : but the other plaifter is moft forcible to be applyed outwardly, above all medicines in the world. For the fimple and uncompounded medicines to be taken ag inft this fore, are many : As Goofe- greafe, Garlike, the root of wilde Rofes drunk « bitter Almonds, leaves of Chickweed,or Pimpernel, the old skin of a Snake pounded with a male-Sea-crab, Betony, Cabbage leaves, or ftalks, with Par- fnepsand Vinegar, Lime and Sewet,powder of Sea-crabs with Hony; powder of the fhels of Ses- crabs, the hairs of a Dog laid upon the wound,the head of the Dog which did bite,mixed with a little" Eufhorbium; the hair of a Man with Vinegar, dung of Goats with Wine , Walnuts with Hony and Salt, powder of Fig-tree in a Sear-cloth, Fitches in Wine, kuphorbium ; warm Horfe-dung,raw Bear.s chewed in the mouth, Fig-tree-leaves, green Figs with Vinegar, fennel ftalks, GeniUtu, dung of Pu!- Jen, the liver of a Buck-Goat, young Sivallows burned to powder, alfo their dung; the urine of a Man, an Hj£r.a< skin , Flowcr-deluce with Honey, a Sea-hearb called Kukjite, S Up hum with Salt, the flefh and fhels of Snayls,Leek-feeds with Salt,Mmts, the tail of a Field-moufe cut off from her alive, and (lie fuffered to live, roots ofBurs, with Salt of the Sea-Plantain, the tongue of a Ram with Salt, the flefh of all-Sea-fifhes, the fat of a Sea-calf and Vervine; befide many other fuperftitious Amu- lets which are ufed to be bound to the arms ,necks,and breathes the Canine-tooth bound np in a leaf and tyed to the arm ; a Worm bred in the dung of Dogs hanged about the neck; the root of G. «- nan in an Hy&naes skin, or young Wolfs skin, and fuch like,- whereof I know no reafon befide the opinion of men. The inward compound potions or remedies againft the bitings of Dogs may be fuch as thefe. Take Sea-crabs, and burn them with twigs of white Vines, and fave their afhes, then put to them the pon- der of Gentian root well cleanfed, and fmall beaten,and as oft as need requireth take two fpoonfuls of the firft,and one of the fecond, and put them into a cup of pure and unmixed ■ Wine.and fo drink it for four days together, being well beaten and ftirred, fo as the Wine be-as thick as« a Cawdle; and there is nothing more forcible then Sea-crabs, Hiera ) Viafcincum powder of Walnuts in warm rain Water, Triacle, Cafioreum^ Pills,Spurge-feed, and a decodion of Indian thorn with Vervine given in water. Thefe may ferye for feveral compound inward remedies againft thefe poyfons, and now follow the fimple. fa . Firft emng of Garlike in our meat, drinking of Wormwood, Rams flefh turned and put irtd Wine fo drunk. There is an Herb called ^jf^r by reafon of the power it hath againft this evill, which being bruifed and drunk, cureth it. The liver of a' Boar dryed and drunk in Wine, h.ith the lame operation Jaws lime drunk in water,Lseks and Onyons in meat, Dogs bloud. the head, the \ en O 2 under The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafls. under the tongue (commonly ilippoled to be a worm ) and the liver of the Dog which hath done the hurt, are alfo prefcnbed for a remedy of this evill : but efpecially the liver or rennet of a young Puppey , the rinde of a wilde Fig-tree, a dram of Ctttonum, with Oy 1 of Rofes, Centaury, o r Ckamt* lem ; the root of a wilde Rofe j (called Cynonbodon and Cynosbaton ) Elleber ; the brain of a Hen drunk in fome liquor. Sorrel, Honey, Mints, and Plantaine : but Vimpinetfa Germanic* is given to all Cattel which are bitten by a mad Dog. Befides many other fuch like, which for brevity fake I omit , con- cluding againft all fuperftitious curing by Inchantments or fuppofed Miracles, fuch as is ina certain Church of S. Lambert^ in a City oiFicardy, where the Mafs Priefts > when a man is brought unto them having this evill, they cut a crofs in his forehead, and lay upon the wound a piece of S. Lsmberts ftole burning, (which they fay (though falfly) is referved to this day without diminution) then do they fow up the wound again, and lay another plaifter upon it, prefcribing him a dyet ; which is to drink water, and to eat hard Egs, but if the party amend not within forty days, they binde him hand and foot in his bed, and laying another bed upon him, there ftrangle him , as they think without all fin) and for preventing of much harm that may come by his life, if he Ihould bite another. This ftory is related by Alyfms, anditisworththenotinn,howmurtheraccompanieth fuperftitious hu- mane inventions, and the vain prefumptuo'us confidence of Crofs-worfhippers : and thus much of the madnefs of Dogs, and the cure thereof in men and irtfts. In the next place, the conclufion of this tedious difcourfe followeth,which is, the natural medicines arifing out of the bodies of Dogs, and fo we will tye them up for this time. The natural Whereas the inward parts of men are troubled with many evils, it is delivered for truth , that if little Mehtxan Dogs, or young fucking Puppies, be laid to the breaft of a childe or man that hath in- fectious paffions or pains in his entrails, the pain will depart from the man into the beaft ; for which caufe they burned them when they were dead. Sereaus doth exprefs this very elegantly, faying ; Quin etiam catnlum lafttntem apponere membris Convenit^ omne malum tranfeurrere fertur in ilium. Cui tame/i extinfto mums debetux humandi, Humanos quia contadus mala tanta feqmntur y junftum vilium duck de conjuge cenjux. If a Whelp be cut afunder alive, and laid upon the head of a mad melancholike wo.man,it fhall cure her, and it hath the fame power againft the Spleen. If a woman grow barren after {he hath born children, let her eat young Whelp-flefh, and Polypus fifh fod in Wine and drink the broath , and (he fhall have eafeofall infirmities in her ftomach and womb. Water diftilled out of Whelps, caufeth that pieled or lhaven places (hall never have more hair grow upon them. With the fat of whelps, bowel led and fod till the flefh come from the bones, and then taken and put into another VefTel, and the weak, refolute, or paralytike members being therewith anointed, they are much eafed if not recovered. Alyfius faith, he made experience of Puppies fod alive in Oyl, whereby he cured his Gowty legd Horfes, and therefore it cannot chufe but be much more profita- ble for a man. The skin of a Dog held with the five fingers, ftayeth Diftillations ; it hath the fame operation in gloves and ftockins, and it will alfo eafe both Ach in the belly, head, and feet, and therefore it is ufed to be worn in the fhoes againft the Gowt. The flefh of mad Dogs is faked, and given in meat to them which are bitten by mad Dogs for a lingular remedy. The bloud is commended againft all intoxicating poyfons and pains in the fmall guts, and it cureth fcabs. The fat is ufed againft deafnefs of the ears, the Gowt,Nits in the head,a O b.us aib»'J i3j)T« ni >!r.. \l . uilsm. roiJf.v ' T!;e Of the Elephant. The powder of the teeth or" Dogs, maketh Childrens teeth to come forth withfpeed and calc, and if their gums be rubd with a Dogs toot!;, it maketh them to have the (harper teeth . and the powder of thefe Degs teeth rubbed upon the gums of young or oJd, eafeth Tooth-ach, and abatech fwellinginthe gums. The tongue of a Dug is moil: wholefome both for the curing of his own wounds by licking, as alio of any other creatures. The Rennet of a Puppey drunk with Wine, Kafts. diffolveth the Colick in the fame hour wherein it is drunk : and the Vomit of a Dog laid upon the belly of aHydropick man, caufeth water to come forth at his ftool- The gall healeth all wheals Sexius. and blifters after they be pricked with a Needle, and mingled with Honey it curetu pain in the eyes, and taketh away white fpots from them : likewife infufed into the ears, openeth ail ftoppings, and Tlhy. cureth all inward pains in them. Mj&lafttMl The Spleen drunk in Urine, cureth the Spleenetick; the milt being taken from the Dog alive, hath the fame vertue to help the milt of man. The skin of Bitches wherein they conceive their Pup- pies (which never touched the earth) is pretioi-s agairit d.fficuky in Childe-birth, and it draweth the Infant out of the womb. The milk of a Bitches hrft whelping, is an antidote againlt poyfon, and Viofooridtt* the fame caufeth hair never to come again, ifitbe rubbed upon the place where hairs are newly pulled off : Alfo infufed into the eyes, driveth away the whitenefs of them. Likewife there is no be:-> ter thing to anoint the gums of young children withail, before they have teeth, for it maketh them to come forth with cafe: it eafetli likewife the pain of the ears, and withail ipeed healeth burnt mouths by any hot meat : Ora ambuft* cibo fai.abu hUe Ctmino'. The urine of a Dog taketh away fpots and warts, and being mingled with Salt of N/frr, wonder- fully eafeth the Kings-Evill. The dung of Dogs (called by the Apothecaries Album G^cum) becaufe the white is beft , being ingendred by eating of bones, and therefore hath no ill favour ; Qulen af- firmeth, that his Matters in Phyfick,ufcd it againrl old fores,Bloody flixes, and the Qjmfie \ and it ,s very profitable to ftanch the blond of Dogs ; and alfo againft the inflamations in the breaft of Wo- men mingled with Turpentine, t: was well prefer i bed by Ai'weh i to expell congealed bloud out of the ilomach and bladder, being taken thereof fo mcch in powder as will lye upon a Golden Noble. . Of ihc Ethiopian EA L. T Here is bred in Ethiopia a certain ftrange Beaft about the bignefs of a Sea-horfe, being of co^ lour black or brownifh : it hath the cheeks of a Boar, the tail of an Elephant, and horns $-'- nuS - above a cubit long, which are moveable upon his head at his own plea lure like ears; now ftanding one way, and anon moving another way, as he needeth in fighting with other Bcafts, for they fland not ftiffe,but bend flexibly \ and when he fighteth, he.alway ftretcheth out the one, and holdeth in the other, of purpofe as it may feem> that if one of them be blunted and broken,then he may defend himfelf with the other. It may well be compared to a Sea- horfe, for above all other places it loveth beft the waters. Of the ELEPHANT* THere is no creature among all the Beafts of the world, which hath fo great and ample demon- The great ojEe fixation of the power and wifdom of Almighty God as the Elephant : both for proportion of of \ l]C ccnude- body and difpofition of fpirit ; and it is admirable to behold the induftry of our ancient fore-fa- ^'"j^ an thers., and noble defire to benefit us their pofterity, by fearching into the qualities of e very Beaft, 13nt * to difcover what benefits or harms may come by them to mankinde : having never been afraid either of the wildeft, but they tamed them j the fierceft, but they ruled them ; and the greateft, but they alfo fet upon them. Witnefs for this part the Elephant, being like a living Mountain in quantity ■and outward appearance, yet by them fo handled, as no little Dog became more ferviceabtc and tradable- AmongalltheEm/wn/thefirft poffefTor of Elephants, was Alexander bl^nus, and after him TheErft mai Aniigonus, and before the Macedonians came into Afia, no people of the world, except the Africans in pof. and the had ever feen Elephants. When Fabrhius was fent by the Rowans to King Rjitus in f ^* ^ Ele - AmbafTage, Pyrrhus offered to him a great fum of money, to prevent the War, but he refuted pn- p™/-}^ vategain; and preferred the fervice o'f his Countrey : the next day he brought him info his pre- p*J* { #* fence, and thinking to terrific him, placed behinde him a great E!ephant 5 fhadowed with cloth of ' u Arras-; the cloth was drawn, and the huge Beaft inftantly laid his trunk upon the head of FSi'^ut, fending forth a terrible and direful voyce : whereat Falritltis laughing, perceiving Che policy of the King, gently made this fpeech ; Nequs heri aurum, ntquebodie b ftiame fe,mvit. 1 wot veiiber tempted With thy Gold yefierday , nor terrified with the fight of thii Btefl tv de? : and fo af- Eulrefw, ierward Pyrrhus was overcome in War by the Romans^ and MafiliusCnnus Veritas: Hid firft of all bring Elephants in Triumph to' Rom: , calling them Lucan* Roves, Oxen of the Wood ; about O 3 the *5 C The Bijiory of Four-footed Tleafls. the 472. year of the City; and afterward in the year of Komej building 502. when Metelus was high Pneft, and overthrew the Carthaginians in Sicily, there were 142 Elephants brough in Ships to home and led in triumph, which Lucius Pijo afterward, to take away from the people opi- nions of the fear of them, caufed them to be brought to the ftage to open view and handling, and fo (lain ; which thing Pompey did alfo by the flaughter of five hundred Lions and Ele- Julius Cjfit. phants together; fo that in the time ofGordianus, it was no wonder to fee thirty and two of them at one time. orthe focral An Elephant is by the Hebrews called Bthtmah, by way of excellency, as the Latins for the fame names in caufe call him BeL'ua, the Chaldeans for the fame word, Deut. 14. tranflate Beira ; the Arabians^ dives hngtia- Sehilz; the Perfians^Behad ; and the Septuappt, Ktene ■ but the Grecians vulgarly EUphas, not Quafi § es « Ekbas, becaufe they joy n copulation in the water, but rather from the Hebrew word Vepbil; figni- fying the Ivory tooth of an Elephant (as Munfter well obferveth.) The Hebrews alfo ufe the word Schi/i for an Elephants tooth. Moreover Hcfjchius called an Elephant in theGreeJ^ tongue Penjfas ; the Latins do indifferently ufe Eleybas and Elephant us ; and it is laid that Elephantus in the Puriick^ The original tongue, fignifieth C, and after- AnElk the' ward kquicervus, a Horfe-Hart- The Germans, Elch^llead, and £/«zf, by a Metathefts of ^/^?, or fame that ^/ c< > : aR d for my part I take it to be the fame Beaft wh/ch P/ib/ calleth MachUs, for there is "nothing * attributed to an Elk which alfo doth not belong to Macblk. The ELK without Horns. Ifinde Of the Elk. 167 I finde not any unreconcileable difference among Authors concerning chisBcaft, except in Cxfar, t*fm lt je Mountain Woives let upon them in great multitudes together, whomthey receive in bate | upoatheke, lighting molt fiercely and cruelly till one part be vanquifhed : In the a;e«lri time the Husbar.dme i eft eGouutry < bfervethis combate,& when they fee one fide go to the Wall,they per- iecute them. & take the victors part,for it is indifferent to take either the one-fide or the other; bat moft Of the Ell^ ' \o 9 mort commonly che Elks arc conquerers by reafon of their fore-feet] for with them they pierce the Wolves or Dogs skins, as with any (harp pointed Spear or Javelin. Some have been of opinion that thefe are wilde Affes, but ohey are led hereinto with no reafon, except becaufe they are uled for travel and burthen as is before faid, for there is no proportion or relemblance ot body betwixt them : bolides, they have doyen hoofs, for the Midi p.;rt , a^tJjppflJi iiigijnHndui baro affirm, that there are fome of this kinde which have their hooo whole and un divi- ded. Being wilde it is a moft fearful creature, and rather defireth to ly hid in (ecrct , then to fly, Th-ir mar.r.ci. except perlued by Hunters ; and there is no danger in hunting of tins Beaft,except a man come right wtanidfem before him, for on his fides he may fafely ltrike and wound him 5 but if the Beaft fatten his fore-feet ^ r rhout dan * on him, he cannot efcape without death. Notwithstanding jt is a Beaft (as hath been iUd) as ^ great as two Harts , yet is it above meafure fearful, and if it receive ,ar)y imaJJ woun.d , or Their admira- ihot, inftantly it falleth down and yeeldeth to death, as. hmurus hunrinft. ; wit!.i Siyiftmnd the Xe- ble fear and coi.d King'of Pdonu in the Woods of tinuaim tryed with . his .own .hand , tor with hif, hunting pufilianimity. Spear he pierced one a very little way in the skin in the pretence of the Kiog, who preferitly fell down dead. -....•)' " ) ' '. In fome Countries of ancient time ($ith TaufmiM.) they, took them on this manner. They The ancient having found out the field or hiil where the Beafts are lodged, they compafs it in by the fpace of a mamtr of ta- thouland paces round in circle with welts and toils invented for that put pole, then do they draw in kin a Elks * their nets round like a put fe, and fo inclofe the Beafts by multitude, who commonly fiiiciling his Hunters, hideth himfelf in fome deep ditch or cave of the earth ; for the nature of this Beaft hath framed to it (elf a moil fharp fagacity, or quick fent of fmelling, being not herein inferiour to any 'of the belt Dogs in the world, becaufe it can a great way off difcover the Hunters,and many times while men are abroad in hunting or other Beafts,this is fuddenly ftarted out of her lodging p!ace,and fo dis- covered, chafed, and taken. Other again take it by the fame means that they take Elephants , for when they have found the trees whereunto they lean, they fo cut and law them, that : when the Bead cometh, he overthroweth them, and falleth down with them,and fo is taken alive. We read that there were Elks in the triumph of Aunlw at K»me, and in the games dedicated by Vofifths* tsfpoVo and Diana , and celebrated by Valerius Public*'*, were many Elephants* Elks, and Tygers. Likewife there were ten Elks at Home under Cord'unus. When they are dialed eagerly, and can finde no place to reft themfelves in and lie fecret, they run to the waters, and therein Hand, taking, up Their refill- water into their mouths,and within (horn fpace do fo heat it,that being fquirted or fhot out of them ancc iu the w?* upon the Dogs, the heat thereof fo oppreffeth and ftaldeth them, that they dare not once approach tcrs - or come nigh her any more. . Munfler. The greateft vertue of medicine that I can learn or finde to be in this Beaft, is in the hoofjfor that The medicins worn in a Ring, it refifteth and freeth a man from the Falling e>iil, the Cramp, and cureth the fits inan &k, or pangs, if it be put on when he is in his foming extremity : [alfo fcraped into powder and put in- to Wine and drunk , it is ufed in Poionia againft the fame evilh In like fort they mingle with Tr iacle, and apply it to the heart, or elfe hang it about their neck for an Amulet to touch their skin againft thatdiieafe: and becaufe that both in ancient time, and alfo now adays, this Beaft is feldom feen, and more feldom taken, the hoof thereof being fo often approved for the ufes before faid, the rarity (I fay thereof) maketh it to be fold very dear, which would.be (if they could be found or taken) in more plentiful maaner. SomeMounte-banks fell in ftead thereof a Bugles hoof,but it may eafily be defcribed by fcraping, for (it is faid) it fmelleth very fweet, whereas a Bugles favoureth very ill and ftrong. It is obferved alfo, that it hath not this vertue except it be cut off from the Beaft while he is yet alive , and that in the months of Auguft and September, at what time thefe Elks are moft of all annoyed with the FaU ]ing-ficknefs, and then it hath ftrongeft vertue to cure it in others. Others affirm, it wanteth his operation if it be cut off from a young one, which never tafted of carml copulation, and fo hath not been dulled thereby : but howfoever, this is certain, that fome- times it cureth, and fometime it faileth, and as there can be given no goocj reafon of the cure, fol rather afcribe it to a fuperftitious conceit or belief of the party that weareth it, rather then to any hidden or affured work of nature.The skins of this Beaft are dreffed by Tawyers,with the fat of fifties ^ ^ and Alum, to make breaft-plates; and to fhelter one froni rain, and they fell them for three or their skins four Nobles a piece ; but in Cracovia for fifteen Florens.lt may be difcerned from a Harts skin. by blow- ing upon it, for the breath will come through like as in a Buffe, and the hairs alfo of this Beaft have alfo hollow paffages in them when they grow upon the back of the Beaft, or elfe foon after the skin is taken off. Some alfo ufe the Nerves againft the Crampe, binding the offended member therewith, and j t ^ ^ herewith do we conclude this ftory of an Elk , referring the reader to the fable of Adda re- £ . M ~ lated before mCacus, if he have defire to know it for the affinity betwixt the name thereof, and ( & em ' Alces an Elk. HI The Hifiory of Four-footed Beafts. Of the FERRET. The name* in The etymology of Ifyt a Ter- Terrets fwim not. The Latine names. Their courage and nature in the earth. Scaliger. Whether Fer- rets be Iff/*. ; I Take it to be moft true without all ex- ception, that the Grecians call a Ferret Gala Agria t a wilde Weafil,' I3y% and Phere- oz/yj, although Eiymblegut and Hejjcbius afcribethe reafon of this latter name to her lodging under Oaks and Olive-trees. 18ft alio was a common name of all Wea- fils, to thofeGr Ferret, is the German Fret , derived by a common Syncope, and in the time of Georgius Agricola, if was called in Germany, Furette, and brettel ; and the Englifb word feemeth alfo to be de- rived from Fretta in Latine 9 which by a like Syncope is contracted of Viverra, as to any in- different learned man it may appear at the firft fight of derivation. But herein feemeth an unreconcileabledif- frence, that it is reported of the 13) t by Gaza j the intepreter of Arifiotle , that it was moft greedy of Honey ,and for that caufe it will feek out the Hives of Bees, and enter them without all fear of ftings. But when Tliny fpeaketh of Ittyf , he doth not call it Viverra, or once attribute unto it the love of Honey, but rather the hatred and loath- ing thereof, in fo high a degree , that if he taftofit, he falleth into Confumptions, and hardly efcapeth death. And thefe things Scaliger alleadgeth againft Cardan , only to prove that ldys and Vivma[, are two diftinct Beafts, and that Cardan wasmiftakenin affirming, that they were but feveral names , expreffing one and the fame Beaft. Of the Ferret. iji The anlwer whereunto may be very eafie, for although Pliny leavcth without rehearfal their Jove of Hony, it doth not neceflarily folIow,that they love it not(as Arifiotle before him conftantly affirm - eth ) and Scaliger nameth no Author, nor bringeth any reaion to denionftrate their hate of Honey, or any harm which infueth them by eating thereof: and therefore againft his authority may Strdo be oppoled, who in his third Book, fpeakingof the Conies of Spam, and of their Hunters and bart- ers, out of their holes, he taketh and nameth indifferently without all diftin&ion and exception, Viverrct, and J#>/, for the one and other. Niphus tranflateth Ifiyf , aMartel, but without rea- fon ; for the fame man finding in Arifiotle, that there is war betwixt Locuits and Serpents, which is fitly called Ophiomachia ; whereas Arifiotle nameth Akris, a Locuft, hefallethin doubt whether it were not better to be Wyt y a Martel, or as other copies have it A\p'u y an Afpe, which can by no means agree unto them, forthereisakindeofLocufts (called Opbiomachum) becaufe of their conti- nual combates with Serpents. And therefore not to ftand any longer upon this difference, omit- ting alio the conjecture of Tzetzes, which confoundeth lUys with Milvus, a Glead or Kyte, which cannot ftand reafonable, becaufe Homer faith, there was a kinde of Caps made of the hairs of Iftys, nor yet of Albertus his new found name of Antatinos, nor rfvicennahis Kat)z, or the French^ Fijjau, which is a Poul-Cat. I will defcend to the defcription of the parts and qualities , wherein the Authors themfelves at variance, make their own reconcilement, by attributing the lame things to the 18j, and Ferrer^ except that of an obfcure Author, which faith that Ittys is Anfacmor y as big as a Gray-hound, and that it is wifer and more induftrious in his youth and tender age, then in his perfection offtrength and years. Thefe Ferrets are lefler then the Melitean or Gentlewomens Dogs, and they were firft of all Gaza. brought out of Africk, into S pain y a.nd therefore are called by Strabo, African Weafils, becaufe of their i heir'feveral fimilitude with Weafils : for Spain, l\aly y France, and Germany JxMt not this Beaft bred among them, pans, but brought to them out of other Countries. But in England they breed naturally of the quantity Coumreyof aforelaid, and they are tamed to hunt Conies out of the earth. It is a bold and audacious Beaft,ene- breed, my to all other, except his own kinde, drinking and fucking in the bloud of the Beaftit biteth, but eatethnottheflefh. When theWarrener fetteth it down to hunt, he firft of all maketh a great Ifidorus. noife to fray all the Conies that are abroad into their holes, and fo having frighted them, pitcheth Ptrottus* his Nets,and then putteth his tame Ferret into the earth, having a long ftring or cord with Bels about Their drin'ic- herneck, whofe mouth he muzzleth, that fo it may not bite the Cony, but only terrifie her out of in g of bloud. her borough and earth with her prefence or claws; which being performed, fhe is by Dogs chafed Agncola, into the nets, and there overwhelmed, as is aforefaid in the hiftory of the Conies. orion to°hunt Their body is longer for the proportion then their quantity may afford, for I have feenthem Thek- colour ' two fpans long, but very thin and (mall. Their colour is variable, fometime black, and white on the and eyes, belly, but molt commonly of a yellowifh fandy colour, like Hermeline or Wool, dyed in urine. The head little like a Moufes, and therefore into whatfoever hole or chink {he putteth it in, all her body will eafily follow after. The eyes fmall, but fiery, like red hot iron, and therefore, fhe feeth moft clearly in the dark : Her voyce is a whyning cry,neither dcth (he change it as a Cat : She hath only two teeth in the neather chap, {landing out, and not joyned or growing together. The genital of the male is of a bony fubftance 3 f wherein Pliny and Scaliger agree with C«r«/tfn and Strabo for the Idyr alfo,) and therefore it alway ftandeth ftiffe, and is not leffer atone time then at other. The plea^ fure of the fenfe in copulation is not in the yard or genital part, but in the nerves, mufcles, and tu- nicles wherein the faid genital runneth. When they are in copulation, the female lyeth down or bendeth her knees, and continually cryeth like a Cat, either becaufe the Male pincheth and claw- • eth her skin with his fharp nails, or elfe becaufe of the rigidity of his genital. And when the female j, ienu defireth copulation, except Ihe be with convenient fpeed brought to a male, or he fuffered to f thek" ^om in- come to her, fhefwelleth anddyeth. They are very fruitful in procreation , for they bring forth ones, {"even or eight at a time, bearing them in their little belly not above forty days. The young ones newly littered are blinde 30 days together, and within forty days after they can fee, they may be fet to hunting. The Noble men of Fr keep them for this pleafure, who are greatly given to hunt Conies, and they are fold there for a French crown. Young boys and fcholars alfo ule them to put them into the holes of rocks and walls to hunt out birds, and likewife into hollow trees, where-out they bring the Birds in the claws of their feet. They are nourifhed being tamed with Milk, or with Barley bread, and they cahfaft a very long Their food time. When they go, they contract their long back and make it ftand upright in the middle, round like a bowl. When they are touched, they fmell like a Martel, and they fleep very much: being wilde, they live upon the bloud of Conies, Hens, Chickens, Hares, or other fuch things, which they canfinde andover-mafter. In their fleep alfo they dream, which appeareth by whyning and crying in their fleep. Whereas a long fly (called a Fryer) flying to the flaming candles in the night, is ac- counted among poyfons, the Antidote and refifter thereof is by Vliny affirmed to be a Goats gall The medicine or liver, mixed with a Ferret, or wilde Weafil, and the gall of Ferrets is held pretious againft the of ?™ e ™ m poyfonof Afpes, although the flefh and teeth of a Ferret be accounted poyfon. Likewife the gall of a Ferret is commended againft the Falling difeafe, and not only the gall (faith MsrceUw) but the whole body, if it be roiled, dreffed, and eaten fafting, like a young pig. It is faid by Kafu and Albertus, that if the head of a Wolf be hanged up in a Dove-cote,neither Cat, Ferret, Weafil, Stoat, or other noyfome Beaft dare to enter therein. Thefe Ferrets are kept in little hutches, in houfes, Q^2 and 172 The Biffory of Four-footed Teafts. and there fed, where they fleep much : they are of a very hot temperature and constitution, and therefore quickly digeft their meat, and being wilde by reafon of their fear, they rather feek their meat in the night then in the day time. Of the FITCH or POUL-CAT. Jfidorur. The name and the notation theicof. Thecj entity and nature of this Beaft. Stumpfius, The skins and «fe of them. I fi dor US- Their meat and fubtilty not to be de- fcryed. THe difference of aPoul-Cat^ from the Wilde-Cat, isbecaufe of her ftrong (linking favour, and therefore is called Putorius, of Putore , becaufe of his ill fmell : for all Weaiils being incenfed and provok'tto wrath, fmell ftrongly, and efpecially the Poul-Cat ; likewife when in the Spring time they endeavour procreation, for which caufe among the Germans, when they would exprefs an infamous Whore or Whoremafter, they fay they Itink like an Z/t*r,, that is a Fitch or Poul-Cat. The French call this Beaft Putois , and Poytsis, as it is to be found in Ci~ reins Figulus; the Savoyard, Touiten, the Jllyrians and Bohemians, Tcborz; and the P010 'am^Vi'i- &ra ; and Scaliger calleth it in Latine (Catum fuinum) by another name then Putmw. Ic is greater then an ordinary Weafil , but leffer then the wilde Marcel , and yet commonly fat- ter : the hairs of it are neither fmooth and of one length , or of one colour; for the fhort hairs are fomewhat yellowifh, and the long ones black, fo as one would think: that in many places of the body, there were fpots of divers colours, but yet about the mouth it is moft or- dinarily white. The skin is ft iff, harfh , and rugged in handling, and therefore long lafting in Garments, yet becaufe the Beaft isalway fat, the favour of it is fo rank, that it is not in any great re- queft, and moreover it is faid, that it offendeth the head, and procurethach therein; and there- fore it is fold cheaper then a Fox skin, and the fatteft is alway theworft of all. The Skin- ners approve the skins of Fitches and Martels beft , which are killed in Winter, becaufe their flefh and luft is much lower, and therefore rendereth a lefs hurtfull fmell then at other times. The tail is not above two hands or palms long , and therefore fhorter then is a Martels. In all other parts of the body it equalleth a Martell , or exceedeth very little, having thinner necks, but larger and greater bellies", the tail, legs, and breaft, are alfo of a blacker colour, but the belly and fides more yellow. Some have delivered that the left legs thereof are fhorter then the right legs, but this is found untrue by daily experience : They keep in the tops of houfes and fecret corners , delighting to kill and eat Hens and Chickens , whole craft in devouring his prey is fingular ; for to the intent that the filly creatures to be devoured may not bewray them to the Houfe-keepers , the firft part that they lay hold upon with their mouths is the head of the Hen and Chicken, and by that means ftayeth his crying by cropping off the head. Some of thefe Fitches wander and keep in the Woods, and thereby live upon Birds and Mife , and fuch things: fome again live by the Sea fides in Rocks, and they take Fifhes like Beavers and Otters: and fome creep into the Caves of hollow trees, where they eat Frogs, and moft of all they delight to be near ftals of Cattel, Hay-houfes, and houfes, where they meet oftentimes with Egges, wherein they delight above all other kindes of meat. And thus xnuch for this Beaft ■ . Of the Fox. *73 Of the FOX. A Fox is called in Hebrew > Scbual; and in Chaldee, lhaal; and therefore inPfal. 61. where the Thefeverai Hebrew readeth Schualim, there the CWdeetranflateth it Tkealaja ; the Arabians call himT&ar- n ames .°f leb\ and Avicen calleth a FoxfometimeQwM , andalfo Chalcbail; the Creel^ Septuagints, Alope- ^[l^lXs tyn , and vulgarly Alopex, and Alopon ; the Laiine^Vulpes, and Vulpecala of Volipes, his tumbling- ' a pace; theIf<*7/ an£ * though Galen^neftmachus } and Silvius affirm, that in the Autumn or latter part of the year, fome men ufe to eat the fleili of Foxes, (efpecially being Cubs) that is young, tender, and not fmelling : but JEtius and Rafts affirm, (and that with great reafon ) that their flefh, and the flefh of Hedg-hogs and Hares, is not agreeable to the nature of man. The ufe of b uC tne j r s j^i n retaineth the qualities of the hot Beaft bei ng pulled off, by reafon of the long and t cir skins. f ft hair growing thereupon ; and the skins of Cubs which are preferred before the elder, are of leaft value, becaufe their hair is apt to fall off, which being thin doth not admit any . deep rootings of the hair.- The Tbracians'm the time of Xenopbcn, wore Caps of Foxes skins upon their heads and ears, in the coldeft and hardeft Winters, and from hence it cometh, that in fome Authors the co- vers of mens heads, (commonly called in Greek, Ver'uepbaUa) are rearmed Alopecia, or Alopec'u : and for this purpofe in Germany at this day, they flit afunder the skin of Foxes tails, and fow it together again, adding to it a fufficient number till it be framed into a Cap : but the skin of the belly and fides is of more pretious eftimation, becaufe it is more fofc and fmootb , and therefore is fold for twice fo much as the other parts, In Of the Fox. i j i* In the Summer time the skins are little worth, becaufe that then the beaits are troubled with the Alopecia • that is, the falling off or loofenefs of the hair; and therefore then a!fo they are dangerous to be ufed , becaufe ofthat difcafe : men which have the Gowt, fhrinking up of the finews, or other old fluxions of the Rhewme in their legs, can ufe no better or more wholefome thing then to wear buskins of the skins of Foxes; the Scythians make them fhooes, and foal them ^/ ev a l a i e % with the backs of Fox and Mife skins, upon which they go. The Latins have a proper word for the donaius voiceof a Fox, which is, Gannio Ginrinc^ to Ganne,and it is alfo metaphorically applyed to men, when by fcrieching clamors they trouble others; as 7 erence in AdA\>h. ®»id ille ganmt '( Quidvulti The voice of And Plautut alfo, Gctnritt odiofus omni totifamUie • and for this voice did Mantuan write his Verfe j Fexes. ..... Pates ululare litfos, gannhe fagaccs Vulpeculas - But yet as All er tut and Conftantinus have truly obferved,that in the time of his hunting he will barfc like a little Dog, and the Harts are greatly afraid of this ganning of Foxes. It hath been already fhewed in the ftory of the Badger, how the Fox by laying his excrements in Thcir rfcns the Badgers den, getteth the fame to his own ufe ; for the abode of Foxes in the day time is in the and caves irs caves and holes in the earth, and come not abroad til! the night. Thefedens have many caves in theeSrtfy them, and paffages in and out, that when the Terriars fhall fet upon him in the earth, he may go GllliUt. forth fome other way ; and forafmuch as the Wolf is an enemy to the Fox, he layeth in the mouth Ojpianui. of his den, an Herb f called Sea-onion) which is fo contrary to the nature of the Wolf, and he fo Zoroaftnf, greatly terrified therewith, that he will never comencer the place where it either growcth or Gilliut, lyeth ; the fame is affirmed of the Turtle to fave her young ones, but 1 have not read that Wolves will prey upon Turtles, and therefore we rejed: that as a fable. When Adjiomams was taken by the Lacedemonians, and included into a rock or quarrey of flones, Pliny, heefcaped outof their hands, by digging another psfTage out of it then where lie was put in; faying, that it was a fhame for a Man to have lefTe wit then a Fox. When they are in their dens, they lie upon their bellies with their hinder legs ftretched forth at length, like as a man when he ileepeth on his belly, and therefore it feemeth that their legs are fo framed to creep and pierce under the earth and dig out their way after their own pleafure. Thisisfuch a devouring beaft, that it forfaketh nothing fit to be eaten , for it killerh Hares and Conies, and with his breath draweth field Mice out of their holes, like as a Hart draweth out Serpents with his breath, and devoureth them. Hedevourethalfo all kinde ofPullen, they The food of alfo eat Grapes, Apples, and Pears; whereupon came the proverb in Plautnf, 1am ftdie vims Serpents. mam vuloespyrum comejt ■ Thou (halt as eafily overcome him, as a Fox eateth a Pear: which is applyed to any eafie or difpatchable bufinefs. In Arabia^ and Syria PaUftina, they are fo rave- nous, harmful, and audacious, that in the night by ganning and barking, they invite one another (?s it were) by a Watchword, to affemble in great multitudes together, for to prey upon ail things, and they fear not to carry into their dens,, old fhooes and veffels, or inftruments of husban- dry : for which caufe, when the Husbandmen hear thereof, they gather all things into their houies and watch them. But as it falleth out in all gluttonous ravening perfons, that while they ftrive to fill their bellies, TIie harnae of they poifon their lives, fo alfo it farcth with Foxes, for nature hath fo ordained, that if a Fox Fox:s - eat any meat wherein are bitter Almonds, they die thereof if they drink not prefently : and the Vh/cmdet^ fame thing do Aloes in their meat work upon them, as Scalier affi.meth upon his own fight or Seraph. knowledge. A pxynffl or Bear-foot givea to Dogs, Wolves, Foxes, and all other beafts which are littered , 7 6 The Htftory of Four-footed Beafts. littered blind, in fat or any other meat killeththem, if vomit help them not, which falleth out very feldom, and the feeds of this herb have the lame operation. It is reported by Vetnocrititf, that if wikie Rue be iecretly hunge under a Hens wing, no Fox will meddle with her ; and the fame writer alfo declareth for approved, that if you mingle the gall of a Fox, or a Cat, with their ordinary food , thev fhall remain free from the dangers of thefe beafts. Their^rnai When they enge,.derand admit copulation, they^are joyned like Dogs,the male upon the female: copulation. and the female when fhe perceiveth her womb filled, ihe departeth and liveth very fecret, for it falleth out very feldom that a female or Bitch-fox is taken great with young. She bringeth fortji ordinarily four at a time, and thofe blind and imperfed, without Articles in their legs, which areperfeftedand'framedby licking, for Bears, Wolves, Lions, Foxes, Dogs, and 7boes which are Mu'tifara and AJulufiJa> that is, fruitful, bearing many atone time, and alfo Cloven or flit- ted into many clawes, have not the benefit of nature to perfed their young ones in their wombes. Kites, Vultures, and Eagles lie in wait to deftroy the Foxes Cubs or Whelps. Foxes do not only engender with their own kinde, but alfo with Wolves, Dogs, or any other beafts of equal! propor- tjon,both of quantity and time of going with young : fo the Lacmian Dogs are engendred by a Dog and a Fox; and the Hytna, of a Wolf and a Fox (as Alberts affirmed)) and the Sbmvklpa of an Ape and a Fox, as is already in the ftory of Apes declared. The difcafes There be alfo many evils wherewithal Foxes are annoyed, and full: of all he falleth fometimeinto of Foxes. niadnefsasaDog,andthefameevils follow a mad Fox, which already k aremanifefted to accom- pany a mad Dog, and that more often in Summer then in Winter. Albertus. When a Fox feeleth himfelf fick, nature hath taught him to eat the gum of Pinetrees, where- Liber. withal he is not only cured, but alfo receiveth length ofdayes. They are alfo vexed with the fal- Aetitit. ling away of their hair, called therefore Alofecia, becaufe Foxes are moft commonly vexed there- with, and as we fee in Plants, that fome of them dry and confume through want of moifture to feed them, other are fuffocatcd and choaked by abundance, and as it were drowned in humidity: fo it happeneth in hair, which groweth out of the body of beafts, and the heads of men, no othei Wife then Plants out of the earth, and are therefore to be nourifhed by humours; which if they fail and wax dry, the hair alfo fhorteneth with them, and as it were rotteth away in length.- but if they abound and overflow, then do theyloofen. the roots of the hair, and caufe them to fall off totally. This difeafe is called Alopecia, and the other Ophiafts, becaufe it is not general, but only par- ticular in one member or part of the body or head, and there it windeth or indenteth like a Serpents figure. Michael Ferns affirmeth, that fometime the liver of the Fox inflameth, and then it is not cured but by the Ulcerous blood flowing to the skin, and that evill blood caufeth the Alopecia , or falling away of the hair, for which caufe (as is already faid) a Foxes skin is little worth that is taken in the Summer time. Thel W The length of the life of a Fox is not certainly known, yet as Stumpfius and others affirm, it is their life. ° longer then the life of a Dog. If the urine of a Fox fall upon the graffe or other herbs, it dryeth andkilleth them, and the earth remaineth barren ever afterward. The favour of a Fox is more Varinuu ftrong then of any other vulgar beaft, he ftinketh at nofe and tail, for which caufe Martial calleth it OlidamVulpem^nOlentot fuelling beaft. Hicolidam clanvfus ages in Mia vu'pcm. Touching the hunting or taking of Foxes, I approve the opinion of Xezophtn, who avoucheth , Lcporum cc^turamvenciiko (iudio quam vulpium diguiorcm ; that is, the hunting of the Hare is a more noble game or paftime then the hunting of the Fox. This beaft is more fearful of a Dog then a Hare, for the only barking of Dogs caufeth him to rife many times from his den or lodgings out of the earth, or from the middle of bufhes, briars, and brambles, wherein he hid himfelf: and for his hunting this is to be obferved, that as in hunting of a Hart it hath been already related, the Hunter muft drive the beaft with the winde, becaufe it hindereth his refrigeration ; fo in hunting of a Fox he drive him againft the winde,and then he pre- vented all his crafty andrfubtill agitations and devifes ; for it ftayeth his fpeed in running, and alfo keepech his favour frefh alway in the nofe of the Dogs that follow him : for the Do gs that kill a Fox muft be fwift, ftrong and quick fented, and it is not good to put on a few at once, but a good com- pany together, for be aflured the Fox will not lofe his own bloud till he hazzard fome of his enemies, and with his tail which he windeth every way, doth he delude the Hunters : when the Dogs are preffed neer unto him, and are ready to bite him, he ftriketh his tail betwixt his legs, and with his own urine wetteth the fame, and fo inftantly ftriketh it into the Dogs mouths, whereof when they have tafted, fo many of them asit toucheth will commonly leave off and fol- low no farther. Their teeth are exceeding fharp, and therefore they fear not to affault or contend with beafts, exceeding their ftature, ftrength, and quantity. Sometime he leapeth up into a tree, and there ftandeth to be feen and bayed at by the Dogs and Hunters, like as a Champion in fome Fort or Caftle, and although fire be caftathim, yet wiilhenot defcend down among the Dogs; yea he ehdureth The hunting and taking of Foxes. JElianus. Oppiaxiw. Bellejariui. lextor. Oppictnus. Of the Fox. cndureth to be beaten and pierced with Hunters fpears, but at length being compelled to forfakc: his hold and give over to his enemies, down he lcapetb, falling upon the crew of barking Dogslike aflafh of lightning, and where he layeth hold there he never loofeth teeth, oraliwageth wrath, till other Dogs have torn his limbs, and driven breath out of his body. If at any time he take the earth, then with Terriar Dogs they ferret him out of his den again. In fome places they take upon them to take him with nets, which ieldom provech, becaufc with his teeth he teareth them in pieces • yet by Caienx'm this devife is allowed in this Vet V; • Et laqueo Vutyei & decide cejft fuinas. But this muft be wrought under the earth in the caves, dens, or furrowes, made of purpofe, which is to be performed two manner of wayes, one by placing the Gin in fome perch of wood, fo as that as loon as the beaft is taken by the Neck, it may prefently flie up and hang him, for otherwife with his reeth he will (hear it afunder and efcape away alive : or elfe that neer the place where the rope is fcltencd, to flip upon the head of the Fox, there be placed fome thick collar or brace, fo as he can never bite it afunder. The FnnA haveakinde of Gin to take by the legs (which they call Haufepicd) and! have heard A noble In- of fome which have found the Foxes leg in thefameGin, bitten off with his own teeth from ftanccofa his body, rather putting himfelf to that torment with his owft teeth, then ro exped the mercy Foxes C0UXJ S C « of the Hr.ntcr,and fo went away upon three feet : and other have counterfeited thcmfelvcs dead,re- ftraining -their breath and winking, not ftirring any member when they faw the Hunter come to take The fubtlety of ii -of the Gin , who coming and taking his leg forth, not fufpe&ing any life in them, fo 3 FcXca ken in foot: as the Fox perceivetb himfelf free, away he went and never gave thanks for his deliverance: afnare « for this caufe Blondm faith truly, that only wife and old Hunters are fit to take Foxes, for they have f.) n;;-;ny devifes to beguile men, and deliver themfelves, that it is hard to know when he is fafely taken, untill I e be throughly dead. Theyalfoufe to fet up Gins for them baited with -Chickens in bufhes and hedges: but if the fetter be not ;.t hand fo foon as the Fox is infnared, it is dangerous but that the beaft will deliver it felf. In fome places again they fet up an iron toile, having in it a ring for the Fox to thruft in his head, and through that (harp pikes, at the farther end whereof is placed a piece of flefh, fo than when the hungry Fox cometh to bite at the meat and thrufteth in his head, the pikes ftick fill M his neck,and he inevitably infnared. Moreover, as the harmefulnefs of this beaft hath troubled many, fo alfo they have devifed more engins to deceive and take him ; for this caufe there is another policy to kill him by a bow, full bent, with a lharp arrow, and fo tenderly placed as is a trap for a Moufe, and as foon as ever the Fox treadeth thereon, prefently the arrow is difcharged into his own bowels, by the weight of his foot. J Again, tor the killing of this beaft they ufe this fleight, they take of Bacon-greafe or Bacon as much as ones hand, and roft the fame a little, and therewith arioint their fhode-foles, and then take 1 the liver of a Hog cut in pieces, and as they come out of the wood where the beaft lodgeth, they muft fcatter the faid pieces in their foot-fteps and draw the carcafle of a dead Cat after them ? the favour whereof will provoke the beaft to follow the foot-fteps, then, have they a cunning Archer or handler of a G in, who obferveth and watcheth in fecret till the Beaft come within- his reach, and fcy^iveth him his great and deadly wound. But if the HK be in the earth, and they have found his den, then they take this courfe to work him out. They take a long thing like a Bee-hive, and open at one end, and iron wiers at the other like a grate, and at the open end is fet a little door to fall down upon the mouth, and to inclofe the Fox when he entreth in by touching of a fmall rod that fupporteth that door. This frame is fet to the Foxes dens mouth, andall the other paflages watched and flopped. The Fox having a defireto go forth, and feeing light by the wiers, mifdeemeth no harm, and entreth into the hive which is wrought clofe into the mouth of hjs den, and being entred into it, the 1 rod turneth the doorfaftat the lower end or entrance, and fo the Fox is intrapped, tobedifpofedofatthe will of the taker. Foxes are annoyed with many enemies; and to begin with theleaft, the fmall flies, called The beafls Gnats,do much trouble and infect them, againftwhom the Foxufeth this policy; He taketh a thatareene- mouthful of ftraw or fort hay, or hair,and fo goeth into the vyater, dipping his hinder parts by litffe mi «°f F o*«» and little, then the flies betake themfelves to his head, which be keepeth out of the water, whichthe Fox feeling, dippeth or d'wnb fo the fame under water to his mouth, wherein he Inldeth the hay asaforefaid, whereunto the flies runne for fanduary or dry refuge, which the Fox perceiving, A'bertuf, fuddenly cafteth it out of his mouth , and runneth out of the water, by this means eafing himfelf of* all thofe enemies. In like manner, as all beafts are his enemies, and he friend and loving to none*, fo wich ftrength, courage!, and policy, he dealeth with every one, not only againft the beafts of the £and but alfo againft the montiers of theSea. Whenhe findeth a.neft of Wafpes in the earth, or'iribther places, as in trees, he layeth his tail to the hole, and fo gathereth into it a great/many of them, which he prefently dafheth againft the wall, or tree, or ftones adjoyning, and fo defiroyeth them,' and thus hecontinueth untill he have killed them all, and fo maketh himfelf executor to their heaps* of hony. His . 7 8 The Hittory of Four-footed 'Beafls. Gillim. The medicines arifingoutof Soxes. SextUS. Albertus. Silvias. Abfyrtus. Aetiut. H'.erocles. Abfyrtus. Tbeomnefiur. His manner is when he perceiveth or feeth a flock of fowl tofliein the air, to rowl himfelf in red earth, making his skin to look bloody, and lie upon his back, winking with his eye, and holding in his breath as if he weredead,which thing the birds,namely Crows,Ravens and fuch like obferving, becaufe of the hatred of his perfon,they for joy alight and triumph at his overthrow,and this the Fox endureth for a good feafon, till opportunity fervingjhis turn, and fome of the fowl come neerhis fnowt, then fuddenly he catcheth fome one of them in his mouth, feeding upon him like a living and not a dead Fox, and fo doth devoured eat him, as the Leopard doth devour and eat Apes, and the Sea frog other little fifhes. In like fort he deceiveth the Hedge-hog, for when the Hedge-hog perceiveth the Fox coming to him, he rowleth himfelf together, like a foot-ball, and fo nothing appeareth outward except his prickles, which the Fox cannot indure to take into his mouth, and then the cunning Fox to compaffe his defire, licketh gently the face and fnowt of the Hedge- hog, by that means bringing him to unfold himfelf again, and to ftand upon his legs, which being done, he inftantly devoureth, or elfe poifoneth the beaft with the urine that he rendereth upon the Hedge-hogs face : and at other times he goeth to the waters, and with his tail draweth fifties to the brim of the River, and when that he obferveth a good booty, he cafteth the Fifhes clean out of the water upon the dry land, and then devoureth them. All kindes of Hawkes are enemies to Foxes, and Foxes to them , becaufe they live upon Carrion, and fo in the Province of Via. Avicen faw a Fox and a Crow fight together a long feafon, and the Crow with his talons fo be-gripling the Foxes mouth that he could not bark, and in the mean time fhe beat and picked his head with her bill untill he bled again. The Eagles fight with Foxes and kill them; and Olam Magnus affirmeth, that in the Northern Regions they layEgges and hatch their young in thofe skins which they themfelves have ftrippcd off from Foxes and other beafts. • The Kites, Vultures, and Wolves, are Enemies to Foxes, becaufe they are all flefh-devouring creatures, but the Fox which hath fo many enemies, by ftrength or fubtilties overcometh all. Whereupon Perfim calleth a fubtil man a Fox, faying, AJIutam va\\do fcrvas fub pefttre vutyem. The medicinal ufesof this beaft are thefe , Firft, (as Pliny and Marcellus affirm) a Fox fod in water till nothing of the Fox be left whole except the bones, and the legs or other parts of a gowty body wafhed and daily bathed therein, it (hall drive away all pain and grief, ftrengthning the de- feftive and weak members j foalfo it cureth all the fhrinking up and pains in thefinews: and Galen attributeth the fame virtue toanHytna fod in Oil, and the lame perfon bathed therein, for it hath fuch power to evacuate and draw forth whatfoever evill humour aboundeth in the body of man, that it leavcth nothing hurtful behind. • Neverthelefle,fuch bodies are foon again replenifhed through evill diet, and relapfed into the fame difeafe again. The Fox may beboyledin frefhor fait water with Annife and Thyme, and with his skin on whole and not flit, or elfe his head cut off, there being added to the decocTion two pintesof Oil. The flefh of a Fox fod and layed to a fore bitten by a Sea-hare, it cureth and healeth the fame. The Foxes skin ( as is already faid ) is profitable againft all moift Fluxes in the skin of the body, and alfo the Gowt, and cold in the finews. The afhes of Foxes flefh burnt and drunk in wine, is profita- ble againft the fhortnefs of breath and ftoppings of the Liver. The bloud of a Fox difiected and taken forth of his urine alive, and fo drunk, breaketh the ftone in the bladder ; or elfe (as Myrepjus faith ) kill the Fox, and take the bloud and drink a cupful there- of, and afterward with the fame wafh the genital parts,and within an hour the ftone fhall be voided: the fame virtue is in it being dryed and drunk in Wine with Sugar. Oxycraton and Foxes blood infofed into the Noftrils of a lethargick Horfe, cureth him. The fat is next to a Buls and a Swines, fo as the fat or lard of Swine may be ufed for the fat of Foxes, and the fat of Foxes for the Swinesgreafe in medicine. Some do herewith anoint the places which have the Cramp , and all tremblingand fhaking members. The fat of a Fox and a Drake inclofcd in the belly of aGoofe,andfo rofted, with the dripping that cometh from it, they anoint paralytick members. The fame with powder of Vine twigs mollified and fod in lie, attenuateth and bringeth down all fwelling tumours in the flefh. The fat alone healeth the Atyaias and loofenefs of the hair j it is commended in the cure of all Sores and Ulcers of the head; but the gall and fime with Muftard- fced is more approved. The fat is alfo refpeded for the cure of pain in the ears, if it be warmed and melt at the fire,and fo inftilled ; and this is ufed againft tingling in the ears If the hairs rot away on a Horfe tail, they recover them again by walhingthe place with Urine and Bran, with Wine and Oil, and afterward anoint it with Foxes greafe. When Sores or Ulcers have procured the hair to fall off from the head, take thehead of a young Fox burned with the leaves of black Orchanes and Alcyonium, and the powder caft upon the head recovereth again the hair. If the brain be often given to Infants and fucking children, it maketh them thatthey fhall re- main free from the falling evill. Pliny prefcribeth a man which twinkleth with his eyes, and can- not look ftedfaftly, to wear in a chain the tongue of a Fox; and Marcellus biddeth to cutout the Of %h Gennet-m. 179 the tongue of a live Fox, and fo turn him away, and hang up that tongue to dry in purple thredi and afterward put it about his neck that is troubled with the whitenefs of the eyes, and it (hall cure him. But it is more certainly affirmed, that the tongue either dryed or green, layed to the flefh Viofcoridet. wherein is any Dart or other fharp head, it draweth them forth violently, and renteth not the flefti, but only where it is entred. The Liver dryed and drunk cureth often fighing. The fame or the Lights drunk in black wine, openeth the paiTnges of breathing. \The fame wafhedin wine and dryed in an earthen pot in an Oven, and afterward feafoned with Sugar, is the beft medicine in the world for an old Cough, for it hath been approved to cure it, although it hath continued twenty years, drinking every day two fpoonfuls in wine. The Lights of Foxes drunk in water after they have been dryed into powder, helpeth the flirty* Milt; zndMyrep\u$ affirmeth, that when he gave the fame powder to one almoft fuffocated in a Plurifie, it prevailed for a remedy. Arcbigene prefcribeth the dryed Liver ofaFoxfortheSplene- tick withOxymel : and Marcelling for the Milt drunk after the fame manner ; and SiXtus zdvlkih to SextHt* drink it fimply without compofition of Oxymel. The Gall of a Fox inftilled into the ears with Oil, cureth the pain in them; and mixed with Hony Attick and anointed upon the eyes, taketh away all dimnefs from them , after an admirable manner. The Milt bound upon the tumors and bunches of the breft, cureth the Milt in mans body. The reins dryed and mingled with Hony, being anointed upon kernels , take them away- For thefwelling of the chaps, rub the reins of a Fox within the mouth. The ge- nitals becaufe of their griftly and bony fubfta nee, are approved for the difperfingof the ftonein the bladder. The ftones take away pimples and fpots in the face. Thedung pounded jtfith Vinegar ,by anoint- ment cureth ifteLeprofie fpeedily. Thefe a^d fuch other virtues Medicinal both the elder and later Phylklaus have obferved in a Fox, wherewithal we will conclude this difcourfe; faving that many writers have devifed divers witty inventions and fables of Foxes, under them to exprefs vices of the world, as. when they feta Fox in a Fryers weed, preaching to a fort of Hens and Geefe, following thefi&ionof Archilochus Fox, to figmfie how irreligious Paftors in holy habits beguile the fimple with fubtility. Alfo of a Fox teachingaHare to fay his Credo or Creed betwixt his legs, and for this caufe almighty God in his word compareth falfe Prophets to Foxes, Ezek. 13. deftroymg the young Grapes and Plants. The Weafil brought a Fox into aGarner of Corn through a fmall hole, and when he had filled his belly, he aflayed to come out again at the fame place, but in vain, becaufe his body fwelled with over eating, and therefore he was conftralned to come out as empty and hungry as he came in: whereupon this conference was betwixt them ; Forttper anguftam tenuis Vulpecula rimam^ Repferat in earner am frumenti,poftea rurfus he jorasfleno tentabat torpor e frufira. Cuimfielaprocul, Sivi*, ait, effugereifibinc, Macra cavum repetes arttum^ quern macra jubifti, Of the GENN£T"CAT 3 called G E N E T H A. THis beaft is called Genitccatus, either for the fimilitude it holdech with a Cat, or elfe becaufe it hath been believed that it was engendred by a Cat, but I rather do affent that the right narrn thereof is Ginetta or Ginetba, becaufe they are bred in Spain with the Gennet horfes, and fo taketh his name from the place. Albertus (though a learned man, yet many times he was deceived in the names of beafts) called this creature Genocba, and the Germans call it Ein Gennitbkptz. The quantity or ftature hereof is greater then a Cat, butleffer then a Fox, and therefore I think it about the Albertus. mold or bignefs of a young Fox of fix moneths old. It is a meek and gentle creature, except it be provoked ; for in Conjlantimple they are kept tame, and are fuffered to go up and down from houfe Belloniui. to houfe like Cats. Being wilde, they love the vallies and low places, efpecially the Marifhes or land neer the waters, for the fteep rocky mountains they cannot endure. And thefe Cardan taketh to be JfiJorus. of the Weafil kinde, becaufe the forme and difpofition thereof,efpecially to the tame and Domefti- Vincenim, cal Weafil, and in Spain they are caldFoina/, being black and afh-coloured, diftinguifhed and vari- Be//w. ably interlined with many fpots. But Scaliger who was delighted to contradict. Jerom Cardan, cannot endure to hear of this com- parifon betwixt Weafils and Ginnet-cats, becaufe he faith, the skin of a Gennitta is bigger then three Weafils,andthatitrefemblethaWeafilin nothing except in the ears; but Cardaus comparifon toucheth not the quantity, but only the outward form and qualities, and he himfelf difagreeth not that it is equall in quantity to an Otter. But certainly the skin thereof is admirable and beautiful to behold, and if they were not common, but rare and feldom found beafts, it is no queftion but the price thereof and due eftimation would excell many others : For the abun- dance }3ffa 03 fcfi'jd moil 180 The Hifiory of Four-footed Tieafts. dance of fpots , their natural and uniform order, their fhining fplendor and brightnefs, give place to no other party-coloured beaft, as you- may obferve in the true figure thereof here declared. Of the skin. In the next place I have thought good to exprefs the figure of the skin taken off, which skin, from the head to the top of the tail, was about four fpans and one palm long, and the tail was as long Of the Goat. 181 long as the body Deing levered from the skin : the latitude or breadth thereof in the middle, was about one fpan in breadth, the middle of the belly, and the upper part of the neck, were afh colour- ed, and in the tail were eight black circles and fo many white, one fucceffively following the other 5 the whole body afperfed with black fpots, and the refidue yellowifh white. Theskinfmeltfweetlyand fomewhat like to a Musk-cat, and from Lyons in France they are Oppiank*- brought into Gemany, three or four of them being fold for a Noble. It is verv probable that it is a little kinde of Panther or Leopard, for there is a little Panther which hath fuch fpots, and befides of fuch a ftatureand harmlefsdifpofuion, whole skin in old time was pretioully ufed for garments, and the favour thereof was very pleafant, and therefore I fuperlede any further dtfcourfe hereof, till we come .to the declaration of the greater beaft. Of the G A T, Male and Female. /'" ■ "NHe male or great Goat-Buck, is called in Hebrew, AtuJ, and the lefier Seir, and Zeir. The The fevera) B C.balde tranflatcth it, Gen. 1 3. Jeias-jtfii,nad Num&.JfJ,' ; the Arabians,! eut and Macz; names. JL the Tcifhns, Ajieban,nnd hhfav • the Gncwns^ragos, or devouring or ravening in meat, according to the Verfe; Tragus ab Edendo qu:d grana fraUapane. Alfo Chhhiron and Enarchan the Latins, Hirctif, and fometime Caper, which word properly fignifi- *\ eth a Gelded Goat, as Martial ufeth in this Verfe : Vumjugulas hircnw,facius ts ipfe Cap.r. The Ita'ianSy Beccbo ; the Germans, Bock, and for diftinction fake., GrifiLocp s , and Rcechbock^, and Bt fl?«| the Spaniards, Cabron ; the French, Bene, the lllyrians, Kozel. The reafon of the Latin word Hircw, is derived of Hhtus (fignifving rough) by reafon of the roughnefs of their bodies. And it is further to be underftood,t!i at the general kind of Goats (which the Latins diftinguifh by Hncus, Capra^ and Hoedw, that is, by their lex, or by their age ; the Hebrews \ call them fingularly £2, and plurally l£/'w,Numb.i 5. for a Go?t of a year oid,you fhall read Izb.t'lfb v netb. The Qjxtue ufeth alio the general word Oza ; the AxabUn,Schaah ; the Ftrfian, Buz, and whcfe;iS Levit. 1 6. Seir is put for Caper a gelded Goat, there the Chalde rcudereth it Zephirab j the Arabians, Atud,zn<\ the Ferfian Buzgalaie. And in the fame Chapter you fhall read Azazel, which David Kimhi rendered! for the name of a mountain neer Sinai where Goats ufe to feed and lodge : and the jStptttagints tranfiatcit /ipo\owpahn , fignifying emiflion or fending away, and for this caufe I fup- pofe,thatwhen the Sca[.e-goat was by the Prielt fent out of cheTemple, he went tothat mountain, and therefore the word izazel feemeth to be compounded of Lz > a Goat, and Azalluit, that is, he went ; for the Scape Goat went and carryed away the evill. The Grecian', call the female Goat Aix, which feemeth to be derived of Ez the Hebrew word. The Arai lans, IV^n, and MdaiawJ, as J. hxxd'xn Avken ; the Saracens, Anjc- the Italians, Teccho, changing T> from the male into P ; and the Spar,iwds,Caprm • the Fren-.b ,Chcuer or Chieuere ; the Germans, Geifs; Artum^S* the ltiytians,Koza ; and the Tufcanes at this day call a female Goat Ztbei. And this may fuffiee for the names of both male and female. . Their nature is to be declared feverally, except in thofe things wherein they agree without diffe- rence: and firftof all, the male is rightly termed Dux & mantus Caprarum,the guide and husband of the females, and therefore Virgil faith of him not improperly, Virgregis ip[e Caper, TheHe-goac is the husband of the flock-.and except in his* genitals and horrjs,he differeth not inany proportion or fubftance from the female.His horns are longer and ftronger t-hen are the females,and therefore upon Their fevcral provocation he ftriketh through an ordinary piece of Armor pr Shield at one blowihis force and the parts, fharpnefs o Jus horns are fo pregnable. He hath many attributes among the learned, as left-fided, ThcEphhets aged,greedy, bearded, fwift, long-legged, horn-bearer, captain of the flock, heavy ; rough, hoarfe- of G ° a ts. voiced, rugged, unarmed-, unclean, itrong-fmelling, lecherous, briftler, wanderer, vile, wanton, fharp, flanking, two-horned, and fuch like : whereby his .nature and qualities are fo deciphered., asic needeth no long treatife of explication. There iVno beaU that is more prone and given to luft then is a Goat, for he^'oyneth in copulation The venereous before all other hearts. Seven dayes after it isryeaned and kufcened, ic begirri^i^and yecldeth feed, d'fpofition of although without proof. At feven moneths old it engendereth to proctCcUi6n\»rft"or this caufe that ^?, ars ' it beginneth fo foon,it endeth at five years, and after that timers reckone^lg^to accomplish ^ hUm ' r hat work of nature. When the h : )pwms will defcribe fee \\wd\r\ (■■: ability cf^eration, they do it by picturing of a male Goat. That which is moftftranre and horrible among other hearts is ordinary and" common among thefe, for in them fcarce the Brother joyncth with the Sifter, and a Camel can never be brought to r . ,. . cover his Dam : but arriorf£» rhefe the young ones being males, cover their Mother, even while they fuck their nulk. If they be rat, they are leffe venereous then being mncilent or lean. Herodotus decla- reth that in his time a Goat ot'Maidefia in Egypt, had carnal copulation with a woman in the open 132 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beaftu fight of men, and afterward was led about to be feen. When theydefire copulation they have a proper voice wherewithal (asit feemeth) they provoke the female to love. This is called it iwjtaly, Biccari and Biccarie, which the Venetians apply to all lecherous companions as commonly as a pro- verb, and this they never ufe but at that time. By reafon of his luft, his eyes fink deep into the corners of their holes(called Hirqui Jand Apule'm with other Grammarians do derive the word Hircuf, whereby this beaft is called, from that difpofition. By Of the Goat. 185 By drinking laic water they are made defirous and apt to procreation. At that time they right mutually one with another for their females, and it is a term among the late writers, to call thofe men fiir«,Goats,which are contented to permit other men to lie with their wives in publick, before their own faces for gain, becaufe they imagine that fuch is the'property of Goats. But I know not Cxliits. • with what reafon they are moved hereunto, for there is a memorable ftory to the contrary. •In Sibark there was a young man called Crathk, which being not able to retain luft, but A memorable 1 forfaken of God, and given over to a reprobate fenfe, committed buggery with a female Goat, the ft ? r y of lhe .P"? which thing the matter Goat beheld and looked upon, and diiTembled, concealing his mind a«d £ lllimeruo ^ jealoufie for the pollurion of his female. Afterward finding the faid young man alleep , (for lie was U8Ber ^ a Shepherd) he made all his force upon him, and with his horns dallied out the buggerers brains. The man being found dead on this manner, and the Goat which he had ravifhed delivered of a monfter, having a Mans face, and a Goats legs, they call it Silvanus, and place it in the rank of idoll Gods, but the wretched man himfelf was bnned with more honour then befeemed, for they gave him a noble funeral, and finding a River in Achaia which mingled water with another, they called it Cratbk, after the name of that unnatural and beaftly monfter • whereupon alfo came the Italian Crathis which Sirabo remembreth. By which ftory it is evident, that jealous rivality refteth as well in Goats as in Men of more reafonable capacity and underftanding. The females defire of copulation is no lefle then the males, for while they fuck they admit the Ccelius- male, and at the feventh month they conceive. The belt time of their admiffion to procreation is Strabo. about the end of Autumn (according to Columella his opinion ') They are not filled the firft day of The luft of th* copulation, but the fecond or third, and thofe which are joyned in November do bring forth their- fb^rcopu"!' young in the Spring when all things grow frefh and green : wherefore if they chance to be flack, t/on. and not willing to engender or couple, their keepe^ule this Height or policy, to procure and ftir up their lulr. They rub their udders with Netties ufttill they conltrain bloud, and afterward with Means to ftir a handful of Salt and Nitre, or elfe with Pepper or Myrrhe; after which rubbing, their defire f tne Goat5to copulation much increafeth, and it makech the female to provoke the male and undergo him more C0 P U 3Uon * willingly ; and this thing alfo procureth in them aboundance of milk (as Arijiotle affirmeth) he had ^ mus - feen tryed by making experiment thereof upon the brefts of Women, Virgins, and Widows : And generally all the keepers of Cattel do herewith rub their genitals, for the furthering and provoking in them carnal copulation,"with the things aforefaid. They being filled and with young, they carry them in their belly five moneths before deliverance. Fbrentimr. After three years old the female ceafeth to retain in her felf or confer to her Kids the ftrength of The time of nature, and the male after four, fo that it is not a part of good husbandry to keep their young which t ^ they bring forth after thofe years, but rather to kill them and make them away:So alfo it is not good ' to keep their firftings,or thofe which are firft of al engendred,but rather the fecond or third feed of procreation. Some of them bring forth twins,and fome more, as it is reported of the Goats of Egypt, The multipH- which bring forth five at a time, becaufe they drink of the fruitful river ofNilus: for the Goat- cation of yong herds of the Countrey do give thereof to their Cattel, and fetch it into all parts of that region, 'Jjjjj?' and m.idyria they breed twice a year, bringing fometime three, four, or five at once, but •" Liluq magis exhaufio fiumaverit ubere multlra s Ldita magis pre ffis manabunt flumina mammit. Nec minus interea barbas, incanaqus menta Cynipbii Undent bird [etafque comantes Vfum in Caftrorum % & miferi* velamina nautis. Therefore their Milk is profitable for Butter, although inferior to a Cows,yet equal to a Sheeps, To ; ncr e3fs and the herdfmen give their Goats fait before they be delivered of their young,for this maketh them Goats milk, to abound in milk. Others with Goats milk preferve their Wine from corruption by fowrenefs; Albertus. firft they put into their Wine the twentyeth part fo much as is of the Wine, and fo let it ftand in the A fecrer in the fame vefTell covered three or four dayes, afterward they turnitintoafwect and frefh veffel, and ""^ofGo^ts. fo it remaineth preferved from all annoyance of fowrenefs. wyrepjus. j Cheefes made of Goats milk were wont to be called Velabrenfes Cafei i becaufe amongft the Romans they were made at Velabrum, and that with fmoak, whereupon Martial made this Vijltchon; ^ Non quememque focum, nec fumum cafeus omnem 9 Sed Velabren\em qui bibit , ipfe fapit. Atiftttle and Julius Follux do commend the Sicilian Cheefe, which was made of Sheep and Goats milke together, and by Atken&us it is called,C Ft cadat ante focet vifiima Bacche tms. But Fliny affirmeth, that if a male Goat eat Barley bread, or Parfneps wafhed, the fame day thac he is killed , then there is no poyfon in his flefh : the ftones of a Buck goat, refift conco&ion, and beget evill humors in the body : wherefore fuch a banquet is called in Grei\ (Tragos Hulibertas) for Goats after their copulation, have an evill flefh, not fat, but dry, and the remedy to make their flefh fweeter,is to geld the male when he is young and tender, for fo his temperature is amended by a cold and moift conititution. The Inhabitants of Portugal eat Goats flefli, and account it delicate meat ; efpecially fuch as dwell in the Mountains . In Germany they make of it a kinde of meat which is called Klobuufji, and is prepared on this manner ; they take a Goats heart newly taken out of the body, and flit it into fmall pieces, and break fix Egges upon it, and the crums of white bread,feafoned with fpices and Saffron, andfoputintoabag,andfodorroafted: afterward they are ferved upon the table, and ftrewed over with Kitchin Sugar. The guts being falted,are called(H/7/yi^«/affirmetn they avoid Cumin, for it maketh them mad, or bringeth upon ijhem Lethargies, and fuch like infirmities. He avoideth alfo the fpettle of man, for it is hurtful to him,and to the Sea-fifh Scolopendra ,and yet he eateth many venemous herbs and groweth fat thereby ; and this alfo may be added, that Goats grow fat when they are with young, but by drinking of Honey they are weakned, andindangered of death. Concerning their drink, it is neceffary for a skilful Goat-herd to obferve the nature of the beaft, and the beft time and place of their watering, according to the faying oiVirgiil 1 1 -Jubeo frondentiaCapru florentius. Arbuta fufficere, & fiuvios prober e recentes. In the Summer they are to be watered twice a day, and at other times once only in the afternoon: but it is reported of the Goats of Cephalenia, that they drink not every day like other Goats, but only once or twice in fix months, and therefore they turn themfelves to the winde or cold air of the Sea, and by yawning, fuck into their mouths or bellies that which ferveth them in ftead of water. When the Sun declineth, they ly and look not upon one another but on the contrary, and they which lodge in the fields take up their reft amongft their acquaintance. But if they be ufed to fold or houfe, they remember it, and repair thither of their own accord, which thing eaufed the Poet to write in this manner : Atque ip\a memores redeunt in tttta, fuefque J>ucnnt : & gravido [uperant vix ubere limen. Concerning their ftables or houfes to lodge in/ for their defence againft the cold, the diligent herd-man muft obferve, that nothing muft be laid under the Goat to ly upon, and it is beft to make his ftable upon ftones, or fome fome fuch hard floor , and the fame muft be kept and turned dry every day from the annoyance of their dung, for that hurteth their heads. It is good to fet the win- dow of their ftable to the Sun, and from the winde 9 according to the counfel of Virgil ; Et ftabula a ven\U hyberno epptmere foli, Ad medium cower Ja diem, cum frigidus olim Jamcaditextremoque irrorat Aquarius anno. Although Goats be ftronger then Sheep, yet they are never fo found, for in buying and felling of them, he was never accounted a wife man, that either hoped to buy, or promifed to fell without fault. It was fufficient ia open Market places, when and where Goats were to be fold, to promife, Ho- die capras reUe tjfe & biberepofle & eas licite habere, that is, that the day of their fale they were well,and could drink, and they were his own, and it was lawful for him to have them. But farther no man was urged,for (Archelaus faith ) they are ever Febricitantes,becmk their breath is hotter, and their copulation more fiery, and therefore their herdmen muft not be unprovided of good and fufficient medicine to help them, and not only againft their natural difeafes, but alfo their continual horn-wounds which they give one another by their often fightings, and alfo when they afpire to climbe upon fteep and craggy pointed rocks or trees, they often fall and are wounded , in fuch cafes they have no fuch Phyfitian as their Keeper ,whofe bag and box muft be as an Apothecaries ftiop to yeeld continual remedies to all their grievances. The beft means to preferve them in health, next to a good diet and warm lodging , is, to plant Alyjfon neer to their ftabling houfes. And their continual Ague fpoken of before is profitable to their body, for when it departeth and leaveth them, prefently they perifh and dy. Sheep and Goats have a natural forefight of the Peftilence or Murrain, of Earth-quakes, and of wholefoine temperate weather, and of abundance and ftore of fruits • but neither ot both (hall be ever infefted by the Peftilence, if you give them the powder of a Storks Ventricle or maw one fpoonful thereof in water every day. And whereas all other kinde of Cattel when they are fick, confume and pule away by little and little, only Goats perifti fuddenly, infomuch as all that are fick are unrecoverable, and the other of Of the Goat. 191 of the flock mult be inftantlylet bloud and feparated before the infedion overfpread all; and the reafon of their fudden death, is becaufe of their aboundanceof food, which miniftreth fpeedy flax for the fire of their difeafeto burn. At fuch times they muft not feed all the day long, but only thrice or four times a day be led forth to grafs, and brought in again to their ftables. If any other ficknefs annoy them, they are to be cured witli Reed, and the roots of white Thorn beat together with Iron Peftles,and mingled with rain Water; and fo given to the Cattel to be drunk: but if this medicine help not, then either fell them away, or elfe kill them , and fait them till you minde to eat them. Goats are not troubled with Lice or Nits, but only with Tickes. There is a certain Wine called Melampodion, the report is, that one Melampos a Shepherd had it re- vealed unto him , to' cure the madnefs of Goats: it is made of black Hellebore, and Goats milk. Goats are aifo molefted and fubjed to the Falling ficknefs,and this is known by their voyceand cold moift brains ; and therefore the Koman Priefts were commanded to abflain from touching fuch Ccttiuf, Beafts. They are alfo troubled with the Gowt; the Female-goat eafeth the pain of her eyes by prick- ing them upon a Bull- rufh, and the Male-goat by pricking them upon a Thorn , and fo pituitous matter followeth the prick, whereby the fight is recovered without any harm done to the Apple 5 and from hence it is fuppofed, that the Phyfitians learned their Parakfntefis pricking of fore eyes JElianUil with a Needle. The Females never wink in their fleep, being herein like the Roe-bucks. There are certain Birds (called Capri-mulgi) becaufe of their fucking of Goats, and when thefe or any of them have fucked a Goat, fhe presently falleth blinde. If at any time (he be troubled with the Dropfie, Plinf, an iffue muft be made under her fhoulder, and when the humour is avoided, flop up the hole with liquid picch. They drink the feed of Sefelis to make them have an eafie deliverance of their young, and for that caufe Columella prefcribeth a pinte of fod Corn and Wine to be infufed into their throats in that extremity ; their other maladies being like unto Sheep, we will referve their description and cure to that Hiftory. Thcfe Goats have in ancient times been ufed for Sacrifices, not only by the Soveraign command of Vrobut, Almighty God,but alfo by the pradife of Heathen people; for their perfed fa orifice which confifted of a Ram, a Goat, a Hog, and a Bull, was called Hecatombe and Iryttit. The reafon why Swine and Goats were facrificed among the Heathen, was, becaufe the Swine dig up the earth with their nofes, and root out the Corn , they were facrificed to Ceres ; and the Goats fpoil the Vines by biting, for which caufe they facrificed him to Bacchus-, that fo the drunken God might be pacified with the bloud of that Beaft, whofe hallowed grapes he had devoured j whereup- on the Poet writeth thus : Sus dederat panas : exemplo territus horuni falmitedebueras abftinuijfe 3 Caper. §>uem fpeftans aliquis denies in vite prementeni) lalia non tacito difta dolore dedit : Rode caper vitem, tamen hinc cum Jiabis ad aw, In tua quod fcargi cornuapofjit, erit. When they facrificed a Goat in Grac'ia^ they tryed him by 'giving him Peafe or cold water to drink, which if he refufed, they alfo refufed him for facrifice, but if he tailed it, they took and of- fc, ed hkn. MarWall having feen, or rather heard of a Countrey Prieft, facrificing a Goat, and being afii fled by a Countreyman , when the Beaft was flain, the Prieft commanded the poor Countrey man to cue off the ftones, "Teter ut immundx, carnis abiret odor, to let the unwholefome vapour of the unclean flefh out of the body. Afterward the Prieft being bufie about the Sacrifice , and ftooping down to the cwkafs of the Beaft, his cods appeared behinde him betwixt his legs, the which when the Countrey- n»an faw,he iuddenly cut them off with his fharp knife,thinking that the ancient ceremony of faftkig required this to be done : whereupon Martial wrote this Epigram, Sic modo qui 1u\cus fueras, nunc Gallus arujpex, Vumjugulus bireum} fatlus es ipfe cqer. The Mendefians worfhipped Goats both males and females , becaufe as they imagine they were G)raldus] like to their God Van. The Egyptians alfo deified the male Goat for his genital members, as other Nations did Priafus. The Gentiles had alfo a brazen Goat, whereupon Venus rode in brafs, which pidure they calied (Fandemon) and Venus (Epitragia : ) I think that luft could not be better defcribed ■ n by this emblem, forvenereous perfons will fuffer their whores to do any difgrace unto them, ■ their carnal pleafure. And thus much for thefe male and female Goats , now follow the ftories oi the wilde Goats and the Kids in order. Or The Bijforyof Four-footed T eaftr. Of the Go AT called by Plivy ZDEER. T Here is no man that fhall fee this Beaft, but will eafily yeelduntomy opinion, that it is a Goat, and not a Deer, the hair, beard , and whole proportion of body moft evidently de- monftrating fomuch, neither is there any difficulty herein, except forthe horns which turn for- ward at the point, and not backward, which thing yet fwarveth not fo much from a Goat as from a Deer, and therefore can be no good reafon to alter my opinion. There are of this kinde,as Do- ctor dy affirmeth,in the Northern part of England, and that figure which is engraven at Rome in a Marble pillar, being a remembrance of fome Triumph which Vliny .fetteth forth, dittereth in no part from this Beafts defcription and proportion : Yet I take it that it may be brought into England from fome other Nation, and fo be feen in fome Noble mans houfe, but that it fhauldbe bred there, I cannot finde any monument of authority, but I rather conjecture the fame to be bred in Spam. Of thefekindes there are three Epigrams in Martial, whereby is declared their mutual fights killing one another : their fear of Dogs,, and their flefti defired both of men and beafts. The fir ft Epigram defcribing their wilful fight, one killing another, and fo faving a labour to the Hunter, for they kill themfelves to his hand, is thus ; frontibus advafts molks concurrere damcx Vidimus, & fati forte jacere fari. SpeUayere Cams pr£dam s flupuitqj fupabus Venator) cuhrb nil fuperejje fm. Vnde leves anim* tanto caluere furore ? Sic pugnant Tauri t ficcecidereviri. The fecond Epigram is a Dialogue fpeaking to theEmperour, who took care to encreaie his game, feeing not only men were enemies to them, but they alfo to one another, whereupon hr writeth thisdiftichon j dfftcis imbelles tentent quamfortiadam* Tr&lia- tarn timidif quanta fit ira ferif. In mortem parvif concurrere frontibus audent, Vk C this is not very great of body., but hath crooked horns which bend backward to his back,' whereupon heftayeth himielf when he falleth from the flippery Rocks or Mountains. Thefe horns they are not fit to fight they are fo fmall and weak, and therefore nature hath be- flowed them upon them for the caufe aforefaid: Of all other Goats this is the leaft, it hath red eyes, but a quick eye-fight, his horns are black , being nine or ten fingers long, and compaffed about with divers circles, hut at the top none at all, which is fharp and crooked like a hook . They arife at the YooiP4rahelwife_ y th&t is by equal diftance one from another,being hollow the breadth of ones thumb, the refiduelblid like the Harts. The Males in this kinde differ not from the Females, neither in horn, colour, or proportion of body : they are in bignefs like the common Goat, but fomewhat higher. Their colour is betwixt "brown and red. In the Summer time they are red,and in the Winter time they are brown. There hath beenfeenpf them which were white and black, in diftinft colour one from another: and the rea- Ton hereof is ^becaufe they change : colour many times in the year. There are fome of them alto- gether wfnte, but thefe are feldomfound; they inhabit for the moft part the Rocks or Mountains, but not the tops like the Ibecks, neither do they leap fo far as the forefaid Goats. They come down ToWtime to the"roots of thenar, and there they lick fand from the Rocks, like as the Village- tame-goats to "procure them an appetite. The Helvetians call thefe places in their natural tongue Fultzen y that is Salarei : about thefe places do the Hunters hide themfelves, and fecretly with guns, bows, or other fuch mftrumenw, they fud- denly iloot and kill them. When they are hunted they ftep up to the fteepefl Rocks, and moft inac- „ceflible for Dogs, by that means providing their own fafety : But if tlie Hunters, prefs after them ~andclimbeupon theRocks with hands and feet, they leap from thence, from ftone to ftone, making "their way to the tops of the Mountains, fo long as the } are able to go or climbe,and then they hang lythe horns of their head, as if they were ready to fall, which cau'fed Martial to write thus : Pendent em funimcPCapream de rupevldtbtf, C'aiuram iperes, decipit ilia Canes. , - j 13! ' , "• . . r ■ 091 f 'ir:\ ,gij . f; Where the Poet attributeth : that to the Roe which belongeth to the Wilde Goat, and tbgre they hang many times till they perifti, becaiife they cannot loofe themfelves "again , or elfe they are fhot with Guns, or fall down headlong , or elfe are driven ^ofT'hy th'el 'Hunters. From" the day of Saint James they ufe themfelves to the cnldeft paris of the Mountains, that by degrees they may be accuftomed to the cold. I have known fome of Of the Goat. 195 of thele made came, lb due they have deicended down to the flocks of tame Goats, whom they do not avoid like the Ibex. From thefe wilde Goats hath that fame herb (called Voronicum) and of the Groromeu,given a name among the Germans, Gemeffeh Wort • that is, Wilde-goats-herb, beirg excellent to cure the Colick, and therefore highly efteemed among the Arabians, Grtcians, and Mauntaniars. It is hot and dry in the fecond degree ; and the Countrey people in Helvetia, do give it againft dizinefs in the head, becaufe thefe wilde Goats oftentimes feed upon the fame, and yet are never troubled with that in- firmity, although they run round about the Mountains. There are Hunters which drink the bloud of this Goat coming hot out of his body, immediately after the wound given, againft that ficknefs. The fat and milk of a wilde Goat mingled together, have cured one long fuk of the Pcifick- The wilde Goats of Greet , being wounded with poyfoned darts, run prefently and eat of the herb Vituni, by the vertue and juyce whereof,they not only avoid the arrow which lticketh in their skin, but alfo death, and cure the poyfon. Of the KID. HAving formerly difcourfed of feveral kindes of Goats, now it followeth that we fhould alfo of the nam;, intreat of the Kid, which is the iffueof a Goat j andfirftof the feveral names thereof. It is called in Hebrew, itgedi ; which becaufe it fignifieth alfo a Lamb, they put unto it Haifjim, and the plural Mafculine is Gedaiim , and thefeminie Gedioth, Gen. 35. where the Chaldean tr^nt- lation hath Gadeia; the Perftan, Buskakale, or elfe Cahali bufan; for the Perfians render Cahale for Sheter ; in Hebrew-, Bufan, for Ifltm. The Septuagints render Erifon ; and vulgarly at this day, the Grecians call him Enpbon ; but the truth is, that Enphoi are Kids of three or four months old, and after that time untill their procreation, they are called Chimaroi ; the Lf.ines call him Varum. H»edi abedendo, from eating (zslftdarus faith) for then their flefh is tender and fat, and the tail thereof pleafant. The Italians call it Cauretto, or Caprette, andCiavenllo ; the Rketians which fpeak Italian, Vlzol : the Spaniards, Cabriio ■ the French, Cherexu ; the Germins, Gitfe, or K'tfain ■ the Po- lonians, Coziel. It was a queftion whether nature would finilh her parts upon a young one out of the dams belly, wherefore a triall was made upon a Kid which never faw his dam, for upon a feafon a diffecf ion was made upon a Female- goat great with youfg, and out of her belly was a young one oaken alive, fo as it could never fee the mother ; the fame Kid was put into a houfe where were many bowls full of Wine, Oyl, Milk, and Hony, and other liquid things : there alfo lay befide him divers kindes of fruits, both of the Vine, of Corn, and of Plants ; at laft this Kid was feen to arife and ftand upon his feet, and as if fome body had told him that his legs were made to walk upon , he fhook off all that moiltnefs which he brought with him out of his mothers belly, afterward he fcratched his fide with his foot, and then went and fmelled at all the former veffcls, and at laft coming to the milk bowl, he fupped and licked thereof, which when the beholders faw, they all cryed out that Uipfocrat.s rule was moft true, Animalium natures effeindoclM, that is to fay, the natures of creatures are not formed by art, but of their own inclination. There is nothing more wanton then a Kid, whereupon Ovid made this verfe : Spkndidior vitro, tenero lafcivior hxdo. /They often jump and leap among themfelves, and then they promife fair weather, but if they keep continually with the flocks, and depart not from their mothers, or continually fuck or lick ■ /iLlian ^- up their meat , thty fore-fhew a ftorm, and therefore they muft be gathered to their fold^ ac- cording to the Poets faying ; -Si fine fine modoque Pabula delibent cum tutus vefper adire CempeHat caul as, monflrabunt adfore nimbos. If Geefe fwallow the hairs of Kids or Goats, they dy thereof Kids are not to be feparated from their Dams, or weaned till they be three months old, at which time they may be joyned to the A ^ al0 ' ms ' flocks : they are nourifhed when they are young after the fame manner as they be at a year old, ex- Varr0, cept that they muft be more narrowly looked unto, left their lafcivioufnefs overthrow their age: and befides their Milk, you muft give unto them Three-leaved-gYals, Ivie, and the tops of Lentils, Ulhdint. tender leaves, or fmall twigs of trees : and whereas commonly they are brought forth in twins , it is beft, to choofe out the ftrongeft headed Kid for the flock, and to fell the other away to the Butch- ers. Out of the rennet of the Calves or Kids is the Coagulation. There was a certain law (as appeareth by Baifyus) in the Books of the civill Lawyers, that fliooe? (hould be made of the skins of Kids, as appeared by ancient Marble monuments at Rome, which thing Martiall approveth in his verfes to Phtbus-, (hewing how time altereth all things , and that the skins of Kids which were wont to coyer bald heads, are now put upon bare legs ; the verfes are thefe that follow, S 2 HxJin* i q6 The Hiflory of Four-footed IBeaftf. Hadina tibi peL'e contegenti Nuda tempra verticemque calv£, Fefiive tibi , Phtbe, dixit ille ^ §h?i dixit caput tfle caleeatum. Albert us. Out of the hide of a Kid is made good glew; and in the time of Cicero they fluffed beds with Kids hair : their flefh hath been much efteemed for delicate meat ; and for that cauft dreffedand trimmed iundry ways ; the beft Kids for meat have been faid to come from Melos, or Vmbraiia , or Viburtj- r.um, which never tafted grafs, but have more milk in them then bloud, according to the faying of Juiensl. Be Viburtino veniet pingu/fimus agro Hxdulus & Mo grege mollior, infcius herb*, Nec dum aufus virgas humilis mordexe {alibi. Amoldus. For thiscaufe they may fafely be eaten all the year long while they fuck, both of men of temper rate and hot conftitution, for they are lefs hurtful then the Rams ; and do eafily digeft, and nourifh temperately, for they engender thin and moift bloud, and alfo help all hot and temperate bodies, and they are at the belt when as they are neither two old, that is above fix moneths, nor too young, that is under two moneths. The red or fandy coloured are the beft, yet is their flefh hurtful to the Colick. Simeon Sethi af- firmeth, that if a man eat a Kids liver before he drink in the morning, hefhall not be over drunk that day. Ci*anM ab occafu'veniens phvialibu-s Hcedis. Thefe Scars rife in the Evening about the Nones oWtfober, and in 'December, they wont to facrifice a Kid with Wine to Faums. There is a Bird called Cjptilus, which is a great devourerof Kids and Lambs, and the fame alfo is hunted by a Dragon, for when fhe hath filled her felf with thefe Beafts, being wearyed and idle, the Dragon doth eafily fet upon her and overtake her. Alfo when they fifh tor the Worm feven cubits long in the River Indus, they bait their hook with a Lambtir Kid,as is reported by JElianus; and the Ancients were wont by infpection into the intrails of Kids, to de- clare or fearch into things to come, as Gyraldus amongft other their fuperftitious vanities re- hearfetb. The manifold medicinal properties of Goats come now in the end of this ftory to be declared,and firft of all it is to be noted, that thefe properties are feveral, both in the male, female, and Kid ; and therefore they are not to be confounded, but as the diligence of learned Authors hath invented,and left them feverally recorded,fo they require at our hands which are the heirs of fuch beneficial helps, the fame care and needful curtefie. Tliny. There are fome which do continually nonrifh Goats in ftables neer their dwelling houfes, with an The medicines opinion that they help to continue them in health, for the Ancients ordained that a man which had maleG ** ' ieen ^ it£en or ^ ro ^ e D Y Serpents, and could not eafily be cured thereof fhould be lodged in a Goats S xtus. ' ^able. The hairs of a Goat-buck burned and perfumed in the prefence, or under a man whofe geni- tal is decayed,itcureth him. !■<...■•■ The powder of a Wine bottle made of a Goats skin With a little Rozen, doth not only ftanch the Tliny. bloud cf a green wound , but alfo cure the fame. The powder of the Horn wich Nitre and Tamarisk feed, Butter, andOyl, after the head is (haven, by anointing it therewith', ftrength- Sextus. neth the hair from falling off, when it groweth again • and cureth the Alopecia, and a horn burnt to powder and mingled with meal, cureth the chipping in'the hea-d, and the fcabs i for taking away the i'mell of the arm-pics, they take the horn ofan old Goat, and either fcrape or burn the fame, then addethey to it a like'quaintity of Myrrhe, the Goat? gall, and firltfcrapeor flweoff the hair, and afterward rub chem therewith every day,- and they are Ciired by that perfrication. The Of the Goat. The Moid fryedinapan, and afterwards drunk with Wine, is a prefervative againft intoxicati- Diofiorifa. ons, andmreth the Bloudy-flix, and the bloud in a Sear-cloth is applyedagainft the Gout , and Aetiui. cleanfeth away all Leprofies, asdic" the bloud come forth of the nofe without ftay, then rub the nofe with this bloud of a Goat. It being fitted to meat cureth all the pains of the inward parts : be- Marcellut, ing fod upon coals ftayeth the loofenefs of the belly, and the fameapplyed to the belly mixed with fine flowre, and Rozen, eafeth the pain in thefmall guts ; the fame mixed with the marrow of a Goat, which hath been fed with Lentils, cureth the Dropfie ; and being drunk alone, breaketh the ftones inthe reins ; and with Padley drunk in Wine, alfo diffolveth the ftone in the bladder, and preventeth all fuch calculating gravel in time to come. Thesis a Medicine called by the Apothecaries Vivina manuf, Gods hand, againft the Stone, and Albertut, they make it in this manner. When Grapes begin to wax ripe, they take a new earthen pot, and pour into it water, andfeethe the fame till all the fcum or earthy fubftance thereof be ejeded : and the fame potcleanfed, then take out of the flock a Male-goat of four year old, or thereabouts and receive his bloud as it runneth forth of his flaughtered body into that pot, fo as you let go the firit and laft ftream thereof to the ground, and fave the refidue: then let it thicken in the pot,^ and fo being therein congealed,, break it into many pieces with a reed, and then covering it with fomc linnen cloth , fet it abroad in the day time where it may gather deiv > and theri the next day fet it abroad in the Sun again to exhale the fame dew, ( if in the mean time; there fail no rain) then let it dry, and afterward make thereof a powder , andpreferveitin a box and when the evill pincheth, ufe.a fpoonful of it with Wine of Greet: and Vkilagnttt commendeth the manifold benefit hereof, for he had often tryed it, and with a medicine made of an African Spar- row mixed with this, he procured one to make water,and to void a great ftone which had not vented his urine in many days, and lived in the mean time in horrible pains ; and theiamevertue is attri- buted hereunto, if it be anointed neer the bladder • and one be bathed in the warm air, and fo of- tentimes both the Bath and the Oyntment be reiterated. Marcellus teacheth how one may make tryal of thevertueof this bloud , for if he take a Male- goat, and put him upclofe feven days, feeding him in the meantime continually with Bays, and afterward caufe a young Boy to kill him, and re- ceive his bloud in a bladder , and put in the faid bladder fandy ftones , like unto thofe that are in- gendered in the bladder of a man , within a (hort time he (hall fee thofe ftones dilTolved, and fcarfe to be found in the bladder of bloud, by which he confidently affirmeth, that nothing in the World is of like power to remove the Stone • but withal he willeth fome fuperftitious obfervations , as* namely, that he be killed by a chafte perfon ; and on] a Thurfday, or Sunday, or fuch like : buc the conclufion is, that the faid Bloud muft be dryed to powder in an Oven,and afterward prefcribeth that three ounces hereof, one ounce of Thyme, one ounce of Pennyroyal, three ounces of burned Po- 1 lypus, one ounce of white Pepper, one ounce of Apian, and one ounce of Lovage-feed to be given to the party in fweet Wine fafting, and having no meat in his ftomach undigefted, and having digefted the medicine, he muft eat prefently. And therefore if it be true, as all antiquity and experience approveth,that the Goats bloud break- eth and difTolveth the Adamant ftone, then much more (faith jacobus Silvius) may it work upon the ftone in a mans bladder. The flefh of Goats decoded in water, takeaway all bunches and kernels in Pliny. the body. The fat of this beaft is more moift then a Females or a Kids, and therefore it is m oft ftrong in operation, to fcatter, diflolve, and refolve more then a Sheep. It cureth all Fiffures in the lips mixed with Goofe-greafe, Rozen,Pitch, and the marrow of a Hart. j)iof C orida< Alfo if one be troubled with dwellings in his Temples or in his Legs, let him ufe of this fewet half a pound, and a pound of Capons-greafe mixed therewith, and fpreadingit upon a cloth like a Sear- cloth, let him apply it to the fore, and it fhall help mightily. Alfo when the neck of an Oxfwelleth, it hath been proved for a golden remedy, to take and M arce il ui anoint it with Goats-greafe,? liquid Pitch, the Marrow of a Bugle or Ox, arid old Oyl, and may as well be called letrapbarniacum, as that of Galen made of Wax, Rozen,Pitch, and Goats-fewet. Alfo Qgj^eM : if the bloud be fallen into an Oxens legs, it muft be let forth, or elfe it will breed the mangy,- and J ' ' therefore firft of all the place muft be cut with a knife, and then rubbed with clouts wet in Salt and Oyl, and laft ofallanoynted with old Sewet and Goats-greafe. Two ounces of this Goats-greafe, and a pinte of green Oyl mixed together, and melted in a pot, ^ / - and infufed into one that hath the Bloudy-flix, cureth him fpeedily : when the hot dung or fime of a ' Goat is mixed with Saffron, and applyed to the gowty members Hydropick, it worketh upon them a ftrange cure : and fome adhere unto the ftalks of Ivy beaten,Muftard-feed,and the flower of a wilde Cucumber. The Liver of this Beaft laid upon a man that hath been bitten by a mad Dog, caufeth him never Galen. to be afraid of ^water : the fame being fod, yeeldeth a certain liquor, and fore eyes being anointed with that liquor, within twelve times recover ; and drunk in fharp Wine, and laid to the Navel, ftay- eth the Flux \ alfo fod in Wine, no fcum or froth being taken off from it, but permitted to joyn with it, helpeth the Bloudy-flix. The entrails of a Goat eaten are profitable againft the Falling-ficknefs. The gall killeth the Le- My re pfa. profie, all fwelling and botches in fuch bodies, and being mingled with Cheefe, Quickfilver, and powder of Sponge, and made as thick as Honey ,taketh away the fpots and burls in the face. It alfo rooteth out and confumcth dead flefh in a wound, and alfo mingled with Bran and the Urine of a S 3 Bull, »97 The Hiflory of Four-footed 'Beafls. Bull, cureth thefcurffe in the head. Aetius alfo teatheth women how to conceive with chi.de, if fhe dip a purple cloth in Goats blood, and apply it to her Navell feven dayes, and afterward le with a man in the prime and encreafe of the Moon. The Gall of a wilde Goat is commended privately for the help of them that are purblind, and for all whitenefs and Ulcers in the eyes : and when the hairs which trouble the eyes be pulled up, if the place be anointed with the Gall of Goats, the hair will never grow any more. The Milt being fod, helpeth the Flux, and the Spleen taken out of the beafts belly, and applyed to Marcellus. the Spleen of a Man, doth within fhort time eafe it of all pain, if afterward it be hanged up in any fume or fmoak to be dryed. Albertus and Rafts fay, that if a Man eat two Goats ftones, and prefent- ly lie with his wife, fhe fhall bring forth a male childe, but if he eat but one, then (hall the childe have but one ftone. The fime decoded with Hony, and laid to Ulcers and fwellings, difTolveth or draweth them, and mingled with Vinegar, is moft profitably ufed to take away black fpots in the face. Galen. if ne which is fick of the falling evill do eat thereof fifteen pils, or little bals, it lhall procure unto him much eafe. If it be mingled with Moufe-dung, toafted at the fire and fprinkled with Kony, and fo anointed upon bald places, where you would have the hair to grow again, and mingled with Vinegar wherein a Sea-onion hath been fteeped, and bound to the forehead or temples, affwageth the pain of the bran- pan. The Paftoral Carthaginians, to the intent that the humour flowing out at their Childrens nofes, may never hurt them, burn a vein in the crown of the head with Wool, when they are four year old, and thereby they conceive that they are kept and conferved in perpetuall good health : and if when Herodotus. they burnt their children,they fell into a Cramp, they eafed them prefently by cafting upon them the urine of Goats. When a Man is thick of hearing, mingle together the Gall of an Ox, and the Urine of a Goat , and infufed into the ears, although there be in them a very mattery fub- ftauce. Gakn prefcribeth this portion to evacuate that Water which lyeth betwixt the skin by Urine, if one drink Hyfope water and the Urine of a Goat ; Likewife it helpeth the Dropfie, and the dull of an Elephants tooth drunk in this Goats Urine, it diflblveth the ftone in the reins and bladder, with- out all fearful peril and danger. flinj, . The medicines arifing out of the female Goat arethefe, We finde that the female Goat, and the land toad being fodden together, are cures of lingular worth for the difeafes of all living four- footed beafts. The (Ma$i, or) wifemen fay, that the right eye of a green living Lizard, being taken out, and his head forthwith ftruck off, and put in a Goats skin is of a great force againft quartan P%» Agues. The afhes of a Goats hide befmeared over with Oil, taketh away the fpots in the face. The Marcellus. fame afhes made of aGoats hide,recovereth the blifters and gals of the feet.The (having of the Goats Tim), skin being rubbed with Pumice ftone, and mixed with Vinegar, is an excellent approved good re- medy for the Smalpox. Marcellus. if a Woman bleed overmuch at the nofe, let her breafts be bound with a thong made of a Goats skin. The fame being fodden with the hair on it, the juyce being foked up,ftayeth the belly. It is not good for thofe that have the falling ficknefs to fleep or lie in a Goats skin, if at any time the paflion Tliny. moveth them to it ; yet it is hurtful for their head, by reafbn of the rank fmell, and not for any Cxlius. other particular private caufe. Aurelianus. Goats hairs being burnt, do appeafe all iffues of bloud , which being mixed with Vinegar JEfculapius. they are good to ftanch the bleeding at nofe, and you may blow in their noftrils Goats hairs Sextus. burnt and whole, and alfo Myrrhe mixed with Goats hairs fo burnt. The fame alfo burned and Galen. mingled with Pitch and Vinegar, helpeth the bleeding at nofe, and being put in the nofe they ftir Marcellus. up lethargies. Sextus. The favour of the Goats horn, or of the hair doth the like, Goats dung in fweet water, doth ex- Tliny. pell the ftone in the body, fo doth the afhes of Goats hair in like manner, which being burned and bruifed, and given in a medicine, they do mightily help and recover the Strangury. It is alfo re- MarceUus . ported that Goats horn and the hair being burnt, will drive away Serpents : and their afhes foked or anointed, is very good againft ftrokes or ftinging of Serpents. Tliny. To ftay the Flux in the belly, take the hairs that grow behind on the Goats fitting place , Hipocrates', and burn them, which being tempered with beaten Barley and Oil, muft be perfumed under a mans feat. Goats flefh being rofted by the fire where dead men are burnt, is good for thofe that have the Falling-licknefs. The fame is a good remedy againft the falling ficknefs. It is good for fuch toab- Sextus. ft a ' n fr° m Hogs flefh, Beef, or Goats flefh. They that drink Goats bloud,wax pale prefently on it, Cxlius. which is excellent to get out fpots of any thing:it is alfo good againft thofe that are intoxicate with Marcellus. poifon, and therefore muft be drunk with wine, and being fod with marrow, it is good againft the Viofcorides. famedifeafe, fo is the male Goats bloud. The root of Cinkefoyle drunk in wine, helpeth ill humors. Goats bloud alfo, either of the male or female, afTwageth the inwards and the flowings or laskes of the belly : it is good for thofe that have the Dropfie, being tempered with Hony, and alfo fodden with marrow. Hhny, Some ufc it againft the Bloudy flux and pain of the belly,being alfo fodden with marrow,it is good againft the fame difeafe. If you mix Goats bloud with Chifel fteept in broath, and a little Rofin put intoit,whereofmakeaplaifter,andlayittothebelly or other parts, and it recovereth any pain thereabourr, The Of the Goat. jgy The lac qt a male Goat is more falter, and therefore good for thofe chat have the Bloudy flux. Marcellmui. The fubftance of a Goat is fat, yet is not the fat of a Goat fo moift as a Swines, but for bitings, and th ofe that are grieved in their belly Goats fat is better then Swines, not bccaufe it hath more opera- tion in it to expell the grief, but byreafonitis thick, whereas the Swines greafe will runabout like o.l : neither is the fat of Kids fo warm and dry as female Goats, neither the male Goats fo fat as Qnl^ ctje gelded Goats, in Latin called Hircm • alfo female Goats fat is more binding then the Tallow of Oxen, but the males fat is good againft Scorpions made in a perfume. It is alfo good for thofe that are poilbned with French green flies, called Cantharides. Being, tempered with Wax, it taketh a- y} et ' m way the Hinging of Serpents; it helpeth any biting or wound. If a Womans breaft grieve her after her delivery Of childe,let her feethe husked Barley and Scallions, and the fat of a male Goat, where- of let her drink a little. Againft the ache of the eyes, take Goats fat and Sheeps together, with a Pliny. little warm water. Almoft every grief of the body if it be no wound, will be more eafily recovered by plaifters, Gain* butifthegriefbeasit were grounded, (or an old grief ) let it be 'burned , and upon the place fo fcorched, put Batter or the fat of a male Goat ; it will alfo recover and heal kibes and Chilblanes. It helpeth the Kings evill ; fo doth the fat of the female Goats help the fame difeafe. The males Columella. fat mixed with /irfeniche, taketh away the roughnefs of the nails.- it alfo healeth the nails of the Leprofie without any pain , it expelleth the Cantharidans being applyed with the juyce of the Grape that groweth on a wildeVine. This Goats fat is profitable to help any about the ftraight- nefs of their mouths or lips, being tempered with wax it allayeth Sores and Blifters, and with Pitch p». , and Brimftone it healeth them, and being applyed with Hony and the juice of a Brambel, it cureth in ^'- the fwellings arifing in the hands or fingers, especially in curing of fellons. The fat of a Bull well faked, or if it be in an ach or grief, dipt in oil without Salt, and fo after the fame manner is the male Goats fat ufed 5 which being tempered with Rofes, taketh away the wheales or blifters that rife in the night: being alfo dropped into the ears of one that is deaf, it recovereth him. It helpeth the Falling ficknefs, putting thereto as much of the gall of Bulsjuft of the fame weight, and feethe it together, and then lay it in the skin of the gall that it touch not the ground, and drink JEfculapius. it out of the water. It is alfo good againft the flinging of Scorpions, being applied with Butter and the meal of Zta, warmed and wafhed with red Wine. The broath that is confeded of Goats fat fodden, is excellent for thofe that are troubled with Viofcorides. the Ptifick, to fup now and then a few ; alfo it helpeth the Cough being tempered with new fweet wine, that an ounce may be put in a goblet, andfo mixed with a branch of Rue. It being alfo fod- den with husked Barley, eafeth thofe that have fretting in the gurs. The fame alfo fodden with Barley flowre and Wine made of Pomgfanates and Cheefe, let it yiatQellut, be given to thofe that are troubled with the Bloudy flux, and let them take it with the juice of husked Barly. Rafis alfo faith, that the fat of a fierce Lion is of fuch lingular account, that if a Glyfter be made ^ r of it, with the water of Barly fod, either with the water of tolled meal, and boyled Sunacb, andfo ' ° diflblved with Wax, it is a moft pretious remedy for the fwelling of the inwards. But Goats fat doth much help the griefs of the inward parts that nothing cometh forth but cold water. The fat of the Buck Goat many ufe (being fod with bread and alhes) againft the Bloudy flux ; and alfo the She Yliny. Goats fat being taken out of her back alone being a little cold, and then flipped up: Other allow the fat to be fodden with Barly flower, Cinnamon, Annife, and Vinegar mixed together. The fame fat taken fo out of the back mixed with Barly ,Bran, and Cinnamon, Annife, and Vinegar, of each of them alike, and feethe thereof,and being {trained give it the patient that is difeafed with the Bloudy flux, and it fhall moft fpeedily'help him. The fame alfo mixed with Pellitory and Cyprian Wax, may be laid to the Gowt. Alfo fodden i/[^ ct n uv - with Goats dung and Saffron, and layed on the Gowt it aflwageth the grief. The marrow of the female Goat, in the fourth place next after the marrow of the Hart,the Calf and the Bull is commended of Diojcerides, but the laft of all is the Sheeps fat. The Harts is moft re- nowned of all, next the Calves, then the Buck Goats, and laft of all the female Goats. To help the grief of the eye, take the marrow of Goats and anoint your eyes, and it will cure them. Goats bloud fod with marrow may be taken againft all toxical poifon. Fliny faith, that their dung being anointed with Hony, is good for the watering or drop- ping of the eys, and their marrow againft aches. The bloud of Goats, their marrow, and their Liver, is very good to eafe the belly. Goats bloud fodden with the marrow, helpeth the Bloudy flux, and thofe that have the Droplie ; and I think tharthe Bucksis more effectual and of greater operation, fo it be eaten with Maftick. Alfo the Goats marrow is good for the p^j eyes of Horfes. , The right horn of a Goat isoffome held to be of more effect then the other, which! rather p/^y ; hold to be fuperftitious ; whatfoever other reafon or fecret quality the Horn may afford ffor the ' bitings of Serpents, take Goats horn and burn the hairs of them, and the afhes of them foked in water,and Goats milk with the horn, and wilde Marjoram, and three cups of Wine put together, and being drunk againft the flinging of an adder expelleth the poifon. The afhes of Goats horn being all anointed with Oil, tempered with Mirtle,ftayeth the fweating Sextus. of the body. Harts horn and Goats being burned, and (if it be requifite ) is good to wafh the teeth withal 200 The Hifiory of Four-footed *Beafts. Vliny. withal, and it will make them look white, and the gums foft. It is alfo good againft the Bloudy flux and watering of the eyes in regard they are moft ufual; yet they neither afiwagc the griefes nor con- fume them, which are of a cold and dry nature. Harts horn being burnt as alfo a Goats horn, taketh away bitings. Goats dung or the horn being G the fame perfume is good to be laid upon the Ulcers of Horfes. The hoofs of Goats are prefcribed by FaUadiUf to be burned for the driving away of Serpents, and the duft of them put into Vinegar cureth the Ahpe -cuts. The duft of their hoofs is good to rub the teeth withall, alfo to drive away the fwellings in the difeafe called St. Anthonies fire, burn the foot of the Goat with the horn, and referve the duft thereof in a box, and when you will ufe it, wet the place firft with Wine, and afterwards caft on the powder. The juice of a Goats head fod with hair, is commended for burftnefs in the belly, and the ancient Magicians gave the brain of the Goats to little infants againft the Falling ficknefs, but preffed through a gold Ring, the fame cureth Carbunkles in the belly being taken with Hony. If the body or head be rubbed with that water or meat which falleth out of the mouth of a Goat, mingled with Hony and Salt 5 they kill all kinde of Lice, and the fame thing giveth remedy to the pain of the belly, but if it be taken overmuch it purgeth. The broth of the entrails to be gargarized in the mouth, cureth the exulceration of the tongue and arteries. Galen. The Liver of the female Goat fod and eaten, is given againft the Falling evill, and taketh from Viofcorides. them Convulfion, and with the liquor thereof, after it is fod, it is good to anoint the purblind eycsj alfo it is good to hold the eyes open over it while it feetheth, and to receive into them the fume* and the reafon hereof is,becaufe Goats fee as perfectly in the night as in the day time, and therefore Celjus faith, that this medicine is.moft agreeable to them that cannot fee at all in the night, as it hapneth to Women whofe moriethly courfesare flopped, and then it is good for them to anoint their eyes with the bloud of a Goat, and eat the Liver fod or rofted. The powder of the Liver burnt purged and drunk in Wine cureth the Colick. Hxallianus, Ifa woman in travel or with childe be fwollen up, let her take a Goats liver rowled in warm allies, and let her eat it in four dayes, and drink old wine thereunto, fo lhall (he be delivered. The Gall is contrary to all poifoned Witch-craft made upon theruftick Weafil ; and if the Kings evill be daily touched therewith at the beginning, it will keep it from overfpreading, and with beaten Tlim Alum it difperfeth Scabs. The old Magicians were wont to fay , that when a Man rubbed his eyes ^' when he lay down, and put it underneath his pillow, he fliould fleep foundly; it driveth away iSarcellus. fcabbes in the head if it be mingled with Fullers chaulke, fo as the hairs may be dry a little ; and the fame with Hony helpeth the eyes, according to the faying of Serenus ; HybUi metiis fucci cum felle caprino Subven'mnt oculis dira caligine freffis. The Phyfitians in application hereof to the cure of eyes take manvwayes, andmixeit with other drugs, as when they give it againft whitenefs in the eyes with Hellebore, againft wounds and Pin and Webs with Wine ; and againft the broken tunicleswith a womans milk, and therefore Rafts and Alkrius do juftly call the Gall of a Goat an Eye-falve, and alfo being inftilled into the ears when Marcellns. they are full of pain, it cureth them, firft mingling it with a fcruple of Hony in an earthen Iheard, and fo infufing into the ear, and (hutting it in with a little wool. Alfo all the pains in the ears are cured by the ftalkes or juyce of Leeks, Gall of Goats, and fweet water ; and if there be any Rupture in the ear, then ufe therewith a womans milk, or warm Oil of Rofes : likewife againft the Cankers in the gums, and the Squinancy, it is profitable to ufe it with Hony. For all tumors or fwellings in the neck, take equal quantities of this Gall, of Goofe-greafe, and the yolk of an Egge, and thefe being all mingled together, let the offended p'lace be rubbed therewith. Marcellus. T ^ e ^ ame with the juyce °^ c y clamme a "d a ^ e A ' um loofeneth the belly, and Wool being well m ' dipped therein and bound to the Navel of the belly, expelleth the Worrus,ic cureth the faults in the feat by anointment ; it alfo hath another virtue in it exprefled by the Poet in this Verfe ; Languidta Of the Goat. 20I Languidiu antiquo purgatur pcnk Iaccho, Ac Juper iHinitur fawnd* felle capelU. The meic fodcureth the Bloudy-flix, and the bladder burnt and given in pofTet-drink is good for Sextur. them that cannot contain urine in their fleep,and the fecunds of a female Goat being drunk in Wine p Unj. of women after their delivery,, ejedeth and cafteth forth their feconds alfo. The milk is many ways available, for Democrat a the Phyfitian, in the recovery of Confidia the daughter of Servilius^ which had been Conlul,uled the milk of Goats a long feafon which he fed with Lentils : Sea-crabs mixed with this milk, expelleth poyfon; and the firft milk of a Goat which is milked from her after the weaning of the Kid, drunk by him that hath a quartane Ague, eafeth the fits thereof. And fome Columella. of the ancient Phyfitians gave as much dung of Swallows as will ly upon three groats, mixed with ?lwy. this milk againft a quartane Ague, and when young Lambs were fick,the fhephcards cured them- by infufing into their chaps the milk of Goats ■ thepowder of Becony drunk out of Goats milk ftayeth bleeding. _ T he noly fire is a difeafe of Sheep almoft incurable, becaufeif any remedy do but touch them, they fall mad : butthey only in this malady admit for the recreation or remedy Goats milk. The root or the greater Siler decodedin Goats milk, cureth thofecold uftions in the flefh or- belly, when the place looketh black or lofeth fenfe: and Ae\culapius taught his followers and patients to drink it agamtt the Itch, or any biting, and if at any time there be any ftrain in any member of the body, lb that the Article feemeth to decline and lofe his former ftrength and humor , it is reco- vered again by binding unto it Lyne-feed fod in Goats milk. Funeuus ad vifeth to wath the face there*- with, thac the beauty of it may be more fplendant. Take feven Sea-crabs,- and being beaten to pow- der, mingle them with one pinte of Goats milk, and a cup of Oyl, and fo ftrain them diligently^ and infufe them into a Horfes mouth which is Tick of the Head-ach, and it (hall cure him. The milk alfo by the couniel of I hilijlion, with the juyce of Cabages,Salt,and Hony,is given againft the (hcrtnefs of breath ; and if the right eye of a Cbamtteon be pulled out of her alive , and put into Goats milk, and appl} ed to the eyes, it cureth the whitenefs of the eyes. The fat of a Bull mixed with this milk, and infufed into the ears, cureth their mattery evils, and caufeth them to hear mor.e alTuredly and firmly. The gums of children anointed therewith, caufeth their teeth to corne forth with lefs pain,and fafteneth the loofe teeth by often rubbing : the corners in the throat, and the Arteries are delivered from exulcerations by gargarizing this milk, either warmed at the fire, or elfe as it cometh forth of the udder. The feed of Creffes decoded in this milk, and drunk, eafeth the pains in the ftomach , and alfo Tl'my? purgeth being mixed with Salt and Hony. Marcellus prefcnbeth chis excellent purgation, which (hall Marcelks. never make the party fick, that is a pinte of Goats milk, two ounces of fait Ammoniack, and one , ounce of the belt Mccn> beat them all together, an)d give them to the patient fafting, and fo let him walk a good while, till the medicine be wrought in his body j and> if a woman be with childe, and Hippocrates oppreffed with Head-ach, or have an Ague, (he may fafely take this-milk fod with Hony. The Phyfitians make a fpecial drink of this milkj'Which theytcall Scbifion \ it is fodin a new earthen pot, and hath put into it the branches of a fig-tree, and fo many cups of fweet water, as there were pintes of milk, and when ic boyleth, keep itfrom Teething over, by putting into it aTilver veiTel with cold water ,& being taken from the fire 3 divide it into many vefTels till it be co]d,fo. the whay will pare from the milk : and fome take the whay and feethd it again till the third part be only left, and after- ward fet it abroad in the Sun to cool, and this may be fafely drunk five days together (every . day a pinte.) at five feveral times, againft the Falling evil!, Melancholy, Palfies in Leprofies,Gowts or pains in the Articles, and the ficknefs of the Liver, which is like to a Pleurefie. Or let him drink the Goats milk, the third part thereof mingled with Hony (as Hippocrates prefcribeth) or with the feed of Ma- thrum 3 (as Sw'M counfellethj in this verfe : Stomacho medentur Semma Mathri fa&£ cum lade capella A draught of Goats milk fodden with Mallows, and a little Salt put to it, repreffeth the gr^ptngs of Pliny. • the belly , and if you put a little Rennet unto it, it will be more profitable. Goats milk tempered wi?h Rennet, before it be altogether ftrained, while it is warm, it muft be given to thofe that have the Bloudy-flix to drink, and it will help them prefently: put alfo to a good potion of fweet 'Wine Marcelk mingled with Goats milk, and a little Rennet of a Kid (as much as a Nut-kernel is) which being tem- pered with the hand, let it be given to the patient, labouring with the Bloudy- flix,before it be ftrain- 'ed, for the fpace of three days. Let this drink be given one that is falling about the time he rifeth, fyfarcellu and being boyled, put fufficient-Barley flowre co it, and being in like manner like pap or pottage,you muft give it to the patient to drink for the fame difeafe. ' Goats milk being fodden half away, may be given to thofe that have the Bloudy-flix. If they fn n y m that be troubled with fretting of the guts, and the Flix, are weakened by reafoo of their oft-en go- ing to the ftool. The broathofa fat Hen fod with Butter or Goats milk, orSheeps, warmed by it felf, orelfefod with Butter, is very good to be given unto them. Take three ounces of Amylum, being akinde of 0111 I -202 The History of Four-footed c Beatts. Mirceilus. Viojcorides. Aeiius. Fliny. Fliny. Marcellus. JFfcuJapius. Scxtus. Analolius. Felagonius. I liny. Sextus. lnnominatus. Columella. Serenus. Fliny. JEfcutyius. Fliny. Fliny. of meac,chree moneths old.mto as much Goats milk fod as you fhali chink fit,and fo give it the pati- ent by fuppofkory means for the BJoudy-flix. Oxen, Sheeps, or Goats milk,ftayeth the exulcerati- ons and Mowings of the belly, fo it befod on the coals,after the ufc of glyfters,if a mans fecret inwards do ; bound with filth, but if not, after the foments be laid to the roots and ftock of the yard, frefli Goats milk mull be applyed about the meafure Hemian, and no lefs,» but it mult not be done all to- gether, but apart. The next day let the milk feethe till the one half be diminifhed, ftill taking away that which is uppermoft (I mean the skin or froth that gathereth in fetling) and fo ufe it. For the rifwgs and Rowings of the belly and the Flix, it is very good to get Cows milk or Goats, as is before mentioned of the Cow. Panick being fod in Goats milk, helpeth the belly, being taken twice a day, and fo it is good for the fretting of the guts. Old bread tempered with Goats milk, being given thofe that have the Flux in their belly twice a day, in manner of flipping, it ii a pre- fent help. The juyce of planted peafe, foaked with Goats milk, helpeth the lask of the belly. The milt is good with Goats milk, after one hath fafted two days, let him drink Goats milk, that are fed with Ivy, without any other kinde of meat, for three days together. They that are troubled with the pain in the milt, the beft remedy is this : let milch Goats be kept failing three days, and in the third day let him eat Ivy only, and let them be milked before they drink; and let the fafting patient grieved about his milt, take three Sextanes warm of that milk,fo foon as (he is milked, and fo let him drink ii the fpace of three days, during which time he fhallnot eat nor drink any other meat, and it fhallhelp him marvelloufly. He that hath the Confump- tion of the Spleen, let him drink thewhayof Goats that are fed with Ivy. Goats milkalfo half fodden, fo it be of them that feed on Ivy only, it may be given to children that are troubled with the pain in the milt. A drink made of Goats milk and rennet put to it (as Cheefe is accuftomed to be made) and given to thofe that have the Dropfie, they (hall be hoi pen. Alfo Goats milk kilieth the Worms. Thofe that are troubled with the grief of the reins, let them take three cups of Cretian fod in Wine, and fo much of Goats milk, and three and thirty grains of Cowcumber-leed, all well bruifed together, which he may drink at one draught. Anatolius faith, that a porrenger full of Goats milk, with as xxmch Amylum, which is as much as three porrengers of Sheeps milk,and three ounces of Oyl, all which well tempered together, muft be given ihrough a horn to a Horfe that pifleth bloud, and it will remedy the fame : and Polygonius faith, that:Goats milk and Amylum, with three Egges and the juyce of Pellitory, is good for the fame difeafe in Horfes. The meal of Betony foaked out of Goats milk,ftayeth the bloud dropping out of the paps.Phyfitians do drink certain medicines made of Goats milk that increafe Venus. g The men of Ihtjfalia drink another root of a certain herb (called Orchim) being fofter and no- thing inferior with Goats milk to ftir up men to carnal copulation, and they drink the harder kinde of root fo tempered to (lay it. Thje root Ra^u oil, (as Come call it) being given to women with childe, it maketh them that they cannot conceive, being of watery condition : againft which Goats milk foaked with Honey, is an excellent remedy. If the hinder parts that are fomewhat flefhy ftand further out then the reft, and open, anoint them with Goats milk warmed. If any mans Sheep be fick, let him take Goats milk mingled with Wine, and fo let him give it them to drink. If Lambs be troubled with Agues or ficknefs, let Goats milk be given them through a horn. Cheefe made of Goats milk is an excellent help for thofe that have drunk Mifelden. For other bitingsofBeafts, (befidesthat ofamadDog) Goats Cheefe well dryed with wilde Marjoram muft be drunk. The fame alfo is excellent againft the flinging of Serpents ; for all other bitings and hang- ings of leffer Beafts, it is alfo a very good remedy. Being dryed out of Vinegar and Honey, taketh away Ulcers and Blifters. This fame Cheefe when it is new, foit be well prefled, andnowhay left in it, and mixed with Honey, is moft excellent againft the quartain Ague. Goats cheefe alfo repreffeth all dolors and pundions ; and being foft and new, and made with Honey, and covered with a woollen or linnen cloth, takethaway the puffing up of the flefh. It being dryed with fcallions, you may anoint Saint Antonies fire with it. Being dryed out of Honey and Vinegar, (when men do bath) without Oyl it may be anointed on black wheals. That which is frefh and well riwated, being laid on the eyes, it quickly a(Twageth the pain. It is alfo exceeding good for the pricking of the eyes, the grief of the head and feet, it is alfo good for the dropping of the eyes, with a little warm water applyed unto it, andifitbeafwellingof the eyes, then out of Honey, either of. which griefs is to be kept warm with whay. For the grief of a mans Yard,feethe Goats Cheefe and Honey,of a like quantity in a Poultefs made in a new earthen pot, and fo laid thereunto twice a day, butfirftwafh the place with old Wine that is to be cured. It is good for Carbuncles ; and if a woman be fick of her womb, and troubled with a Fever, let her take half a Cktnix of Pettifpurge, and fo much Nettle-feed, and half a Ch <*rnaberri 9 Axnebus, and Arnaben; the Saracens, Arneph>, the Grecians lJtZffi'? L ^ 9m > becaufe °fhis immoderate luft. It is called Vtoox for his fear, and in Latin* 3'°; w f, £ r n,f y ,n S L fwiftne fc of feet,and that it is not heard when it goeth 3 howfoever fome Go, fi7ni£ ' I?" 1 Le ?°l»^ Greek word, others derive Lagos from La betokening elevation, and it Lil3l f y Pl n I' r beC3Ufe P ricketh U P 0ne of her ears when ™neth. The Italians call Haas-th^ the G «W, H 'l<, or T 2 There The Hiftwy of Four-footed Beaft s. 'thefcvcnl There be four fores ot Hares, fome live in the Mountains, fome in the Fields , fome in the Ma* n dcs. rifhe^ and forne every where without any certain place of abode. They of the Mountains are ropit fwift, they of the fields lefs nimble, they of the marfhes moft flow, and the wandring Hares are moft dangerous to follow : for they are fo cunning in the ways,and mufes of the field, running up the hilsand rocks, becaufe by cuftom they know the neareft way , and forbearing down hils, fometime making heads upon the plain ground, to the confufionof the Dogs , and the difmay. iogof the Hunter. Xf the Eiyan g u y ux fo lt ^ t [ m t j iere certain Hares, called Elymti (almoft as big as Foxes) being blackifh, of i3 - ies * long bodies, and large white fpots upon the top of their tails ; thefe are fo called of their countrey (like the Elym* an Dogs,) There be alfo Hares called tylofchU, fo called becaufe of their fweet fmell, or elfe that they leave in their foot- fteps fuch a ftrong favour, whereunto when the Dogs fmell^they Hermolam. are faid to be almoft mad. At Pip the Hares be very great, becaufe there they have more grate- full meat then in other places. A fecret in the \ n tne neither Fanmnia they are much fatter and better tafted than they be in Italy, the Italian Hare Mfchhin hath its fore-leg^ low, a part of his back-pale or yellowifh, the belly white, the ears long : InGaL Nipb'us ^ a k e y° n( l the Aty * ; they are alfo white, and therefore fome have thought that in the Winter time Of the Coun- they eat fnow : and this is certain, that when the fnow melteth, their colour is much altered. There -ry Hares, and hath been white haired Conies, whofe skin was black, and hair of their ears black. They are bred their fever al i n Lybia, in Scythia, and in Italy > in the top of the Mountains, andfo brought into other Countries* P 3rcs - Some againhavebeen white in the Winter, and return to their former colour in Summer. There are Bonarus. great ftore of white Conies in Vilna y and Lethuania, but they are leffer efteemed and fold cheaper. (Schtnebergerus faith) the back of a Hare is commonly ruflec , or like Olive colour interlined with fome black fpots : the common Hare of the Alpes never changeth colour, and it is greater than the ordinary Hare. There are white Hares alfo in England , and in Mu\covia , there are a multitude of Hares of all colours, but no where fo many as in the Defert Iflands,becaule there are no Foxes there to kill the young ones, or Eagles,which frequent the higheft Mountains in the Continent, and the people that inhabit there regard not hunting. The Hares cf 4\\iem (Miucrates faith) there were no Hares, but Alceus affirmeth the contrary. Hares Ithaca, brought into hhaca, dy prefentiy,, and if they range a little about the Countrey, yet return they back to the haven where they came to land, and depart not from the fliore till they be dead. Hege-r gander Vdphus writeth, that in the reigaiof Aatigomti, there was fuch a number of Hares in Aftipatea, (and afterward in if re;) that the Inhabitants were conftrained to go to the Oracle, and demand counfel how to refift the Hares, from whom they received anfwer,that they muft nourifh Dogs and kill them ; and whereas they fo abounded in Lew, which at the peoples own requeft and care,multi- plyed to their great harm;afterward a fign of the Hare was placed in Heaven,to remember them,thac nothing fo much hurteth man-kinde, as their own defires : yet in ancient time there was not a Hare in thole Countries. Their fevttal In the next place we are to defcribe all the parts and members of Hares, for it is admirable to be- pans. hold how every limb and part of this Beaft is compofed for celerity : andfirftof all the head is round, nimble, fhort, and of convenient longitude , prone to turn every way; the ears long and lofty like an Affes, for Nature hath fo provided, that every fearful and unarmed creature fhould have long and large ears, that by hearing it might prevent its enemies, and fave it felf by flight. The lips continually move fleeping and waking, and from the flit which they have in the middle of their nofe, cometh the term of Hare-lips, which are fo divided in men; for if a Woman withchilde fee one of them fuddenly, it is dangerous, if the childe prove not Hare-lipt. They have alfo teeth on both fides. Whatfoever Beaft be born in your flock, having that mark upon them, which is commonly cal- led Hares-tooth, never fuffer them to fuck their dam ? but caft them away as unprofitable andba- ftard cattelj the neck of a Hare is long, fmall, round, foft , and flexible, thefhoulder-boneftraighc and broad,for her more eafie turning ; her legs before foft and found, {landing a little afunder, very flexible, broader behind then before, and the hinder legs longer then the former ; a breaft not nar- row, but fitted to take breath in courfe ; a nimble back, and flefhie belly, tender loins,hollow fides, fat buttocks filled up, comely, ftrotag, and nervy loins, the fore- feet 'very flexible ; only it wanteth a Of their feve- commodious tail for courfe. The eyes are brown, it is a fubtile Beaft, but not bold; it feldom look- ralfenfes. eth forward, becaufe it goeth by jumps. The eye-lids coming from the brows, are too Ihort to co- ver their eyes, and therefore this ienfe is very .weak in them ; and befides their over-much fleep, A fecret. their fear of Dogs and fwiftnefs, caufeth them to fee the lefs ; when they watch>thcy fhut their eyes ; and when they fleep they open them. Wherefore the Egyptians when they will fignifie and open a manifeft matter, they ptdurea Hare fleeping. They watch for the moft part all the night : when the eye-lid of a man is pulled back, fo Orw. as it will not cover the ball of the eye; the Gr^cwflX call it Lagppbthalmm, that is, Hares-eyes, foe fo doth Cxliut define it , it cometh fometimes, when in the cure it is cut away too much, or elfe when the hinder lid falleth down, and ftandeth not up to meet the other, but concerning the colour of their eyes, it is not very poffibletodifcover it, as well for the caufes aforefaid, as alio becaufe ic is feldom taken but dead; yet this is certain, that with what colour it beginneth , in that it conti- nueth to the laft, according to Virgils verfes : Of the Hare. Quem fuga non rapit ore Canum, non occulit kmlra, Concolor immoium fub Jove terra tegit. The liver is lb parted afunder, that a man would think there were two livers in one body, and Pliny is bold to affirm, that in Brilttum, Ibime, Propsntit^ycynum, Bolba, and other places they are all fuch. Archelaus upon this occafion affirmeth, that a Hare beareth young both male and female, Whether' male fb that the Grammarians know not of what fex to make it. Albertus and Demount* are abfolute in ^car young this point. like fma!ci - Blondiu confefieth he cannot tell, the common fort of people fuppofe, they are one year male, and another female. JElianus alfo affirmeth fo much, and by relation of his friend , he ventureth the matter,and faith moreover,that a male Hare was Once found almoft dead, whole belly being opened, there were three young ones alive taken out of her belly, and that one of them looked up alive, after it had lien a while in the Sun, and it put out the tongue as though it defired meat, whereupon milk was brought to it, and fo it was nourifhed. But ail this is eafily anfwered , if a man follow the counfel Of Archadius, and look upon the fecrets of nature, he fhall finde a moft plain diftin&ion : t but the Hunters object that there be fome which are only females, and no more : but no male that is not alfo a female, and fo they make him an Hermaphrodite. Ntphus alfo affirmeth fo much, for he faw a Hare which had ftones and a yard, and yet was great with young, and alfo another which wanted ftones, and the males genital,and alfo had young in her belly. Rondeliui faith, that they are not ftones, but certain little bladders filled with matter, which men finde in female Hares with young,fuch as are upon the belly of a Reaver, where- in alfo the vulgar fort are deceived, taking thofe bunches for ftones, as they do thefe bladders. And the ufeof thefe parts both in Beavers and Hares is this; that againft rain both one and other fdx fuck thereout a certain humor, and anoint their bodies all over therewith, and fo are defended in time of rain. The belly of aSow, a Bitch, and a Hare, have many eels in them, becaufe they bring forth many at a time, when a Hare lyeth down, fhebendeth her hinder legs under her loins , as all rough-footed Beafts do. They are deceived, which deliver by authority of holy Scriptures, that Hares love to lodge them upon Rocks, but we have manifefted elfe-where, that thofe places are to be underftood of Conies. They have fore-knowledge both of winde and weather, Summer and Winter by their nofes, for JEUanut. in the Winter they make their forms in the Sun-fl ine, becaufe they cannot abide froft and cold, Their nnuri and in the Summer they reft toward the North, remaining in fome higher ground , where they re- anddiipofui- ceive colder air. on " We have (hewed already that their fight is dim, but yet herein it is true that Pktarcb faith, they have Vifitm indefeffum, an indefatigable fenfeof feeing, fo that the continuance in a mean degree, countervaileth in them the want of excellency. Their hearing is moft pregnant ; for the Egyptians when they fignifie hearing, pi&ure a Hare ; and for this caufe we have fhewed you already that their ears arc long like horns, their voyce is a whining voyce, and therefore Authors call it Vagitum , as they do a young childes, according to the verfe ot Ovid s Inttts ut infanti vagUt ore Puer. They reft in the daytime, and walk abroad to feed in the night, never feeding near home, either Their time of becaufe they are delighted with forein food, or elfe becaufe they would exercife their legs in go- fl«p and foot- ing, or elfe by fecret inftind of nature, to conceal their forms and lodging places unknown; their heart and bloud is cold, which Albertus affigneth for a caufe of their night-feeding: they eat alfo Grapes, and when they are overcome with heat, they eat of an herb called Lsttuca Leporina, and cf JElianus. the Romans, and ljetruriaxs,Ci[erbita> of the Venetians, Lattudnos ; of the French, Lafierones ; that is, Hares-lettice, Hares-houfe, Hares palace; and there is no difeafe in this Beaft the cure whereof fhe doth not feck for in this herb. Hares are faid to chew the cud in holy Scripture, they never drink, but content themfelves with the dew, and for that caufe they often fall rotten. It is reported by Philippus BeloX , that when a Hare drunk Wine, fhe inftantly dyed ; they render their urine back- ward , and their milk is as thick as a Swines, and of all creatures they have milk in udders before they deliver their young. They are very exceedingly given to fleep, becaufe they never wink perfectly : fome Authors derive their name Lagon in Greeks, from Laein to fee, and thereupon the Grecians have a com- mon proverb Lagos Catbeudon, a fleeping Hare for a diffembling and counterfeiting perfon, be- caufe the Hare feeth when fhe fleepeth ; for this is an admirable and rare work of Nature, that all the refidue of her bodily parts take their reft, but the eye ftandeth continually fenti- nel. Hares admit copulation backward, and herein they are like to Conies, becaule they of lheir C0 P U " breed every moneth for the moft part, and that many; at that time the female provoking a "j n . a "i* n " the male to carnal copulation, and while they have yOungones in their belly they admit co- &c,! ain6 ' pulation , whereby it cometh' to pafs, that they do not litter all at a time , but many dayes afunder, bringing forth one perfed, and another bald without hair, but all blinde like other cloven-footed-beafts. Ic is reported that two Hares brought into the Ifle Carpathus , filled that Ifland with fuch abundance, that infhorttime they deftroyed all the fruits , whereupon came T } che 2\Q The Hiftory of Four-footed c Beaft$. the proverb Larpatbius Leporem, to fignifie them which plow and fow their own miferies. It falleth out by divine Providence, that Hares and other fearful I Beafts which are good for meat, fhall multiply to greater numbers in fhort fpace, becaufe they are naked and unarmed, ly- ing open to the violence of men and beafts, but the cruel and malignant creatures, which live only u pon the devouring of their inferiours, as the Lyons, Wolves, Foxes, and Bears, conceive but very ieldom, becaufe there is lefs ufe for them in the world, and God in his creatures keepeth down the cruel and ravenous, but advanceth the fimple, weak, and defpifed : when the female hath littered her young ones, fhe firft lickech them with her tongue, and afterward feekech out the male for copulation. Hares feldom Hares do feldom wax tame, and yet they are amongft them, whicii are neither PLiciJ£ nor Fer* y tamed. tame nor w ilde, but middle betwixt both, and Cardane giveth this reafon of their untameable nature, An example of becaufe they are perfwaded that all men are their enemies. Scaliger writeth; that he faw a tame aumcHai e. Hare ill the Caftle of Mount-Tefal, who with her hinder legs would come and ftrike the Dogs of her own accord, as it were defying their force, and provoking them to follow her. Therefore for their meat they may be tamed and accuftomed to the hand of man, but they remain uucapable of all di- scipline, and ignorant of their teachers voyce, fo as they can never be brought to be obeditnt to the call and command of their teacher, neither will goe nor come at his pleafure. It is a fimple creature, having no defence but to runaway, yet itis fubtile, as may appear by changing of her form, and by Icraping out her footfteps when fhe leapeth into her form, that fo (he JEliMUt. may deceive her Hunters, alfo fhe keepeth not her young ones together in one litter, but layeth The fubtihy them a furlong one from another, that fo fhe may not lofe them all together, if peradventure men The defence of ° r ^ ea ^ s ''8^ c u P on tnem - Neither is fhe careful to feed her felf alone,but alfo to be defended againft the Haie her enemies, the Eagle, the Hawk, the Fox, and the Woolf, forfhefearethallthefe naturally, nei- againft her ther can there be any peace made betwixt her and them, but (he rather trufteth the fcratching bram- cncmic'i. bles, the folitary woods, the ditches and corners of rocks or hedges, the bodies of hollow trees,and fuch like places, then a diffembling peace with her adverfaries. Albertus. The wilde Hawk when (he taketh a Hare, (he fetteth one of her talons in the earth , and with the other holding her prey, ftriving and wreftling with the Beaft untill (he have pulled out his eyes, and then killeth him. The Foxes alfo compafs the poor Hare by cunning/or in the night time when he falleth into her foot-fteps, he reftraineth his breath, and holdeth in his favour , going forward by little and little, untill he finde the form of the Hare, and then thinking to furprize her, on a fudden leapeth at her to catch her ; but the watchful Hare doth not take fleep after a carelefs man- ner, delighting rather in fufpition than fecurity, when (he perceiveth the approaching of fuch a gueft, ( tor (he windeth him with her noftrils) and thinketh it better to go from home, than make a leaft to her foe. Wherefore fhe leapeth out of her form and runneth away with all fpeed fhe can. The Fox alfo fol- loweth, but a far oif, and (he hearing her adverfary no more, betaketh her felf to reft again, under fome bramble, or other bufh,fuppofing that the ground (he hath gotten (hall never be recovered of her again: but the Proverb is old and true,Fair and foftly goeth far; fo the Fox which feldom getteth meat, but winneth it with his wit and his heels, followeth as faftas he can; for a flow pace over- taketh the Hare at reft, which when (he perceiveth, forth (he goeth again, forfaiting her quiet fleep, for the fafe-gard of her life, and having gone fo much ground as (he did before, (lie betaketh her to reft the fecondtime, hoping that now (he hath quit her felf from her foe ; but the Foxes belly hath no ears, and therefore hunger is to him like a thoufand whips, or a whole kennel of Hounds, forcing him forward after his game. The Hare for her better fafegard getteth up into fome fmall tree,being fleepy and weary through the Foxes purfute ; theFoxcometh to the tree and fhaketh it by the roots, and will not i'ufferthe Hare to take any reft, for he hopeth that time and travel will bring her to his difh ; (lie leaps away again, and letteth no grafs grow under his feet, hoping that her heels (hall deliver her from the Foxes teeth: After follows the Fox,and at length (as the greater purfe over-weigheth the fmalier,and the great HorfeofWar over-wearieth the little hunting Nag,) fodoth the lully limbs of the Fox, out-laft the weak legs of the Hare, and when (he can go no more,needs muft her weaknefs betray her to her foe, and fo was her flight and want of reft like a ficknefs before her death, and the Foxes pre- fence like the voyce of a palling bell. . JEtianw. And on the contrary, all the labour of the Fox, like a gentle and kinde exercife for the preparing of his ftomach to fuch a feaft. The fift and leaft kinde of Wolves are alfo enemies to Hares, and the Weafil do craftily fport and play with the Hare untill he have wearied him,and then hangeth raft up- on her throat, and will not lofe her hold, run the Hare never fo faft, tillatlaft through want of breath, and lofs of bloud, (he falleth into the hands of her cruel play-fellow,who turneth fport into good earneft, and taketh nothing from her but her bloud, leaving her carcafe to be devoured by the hands of others, and in this manner is the filly Hare hunted by beafts : Now let us hear how fhe is hunted of men. The humin" of Ic is before expreffed, that every limb of a Hare is compofed for celerity, and therefore fhe never Hares. ° travelleth but jumpeth, her ears lead her the way in her chafe, for with one of them fhe hark eneth to the voyce of the Dogs, and the other (he ftretcheth forth like a fail to haften her courfe, always ftretching her hinder-feet beyond her former, and yet not hindering them at all ; but fometimes when her ardent defire maketh her (train to fly from the Dogs, (he falleth into the nets, for fuch Of the Hare. , 211 is the ftate or' c 'ie miserable, chac while they run from one peril!, they fall into another • according to the faying of holy Scripture, Ifa. 24. He that fcapeth out of the Jnare^fhaU fall into the ditch. And this is to be noted, that if the Hare had the wit to run forthright, and never to turn, flie could not be fo eafily over-taken • but becaufe of her love to the place of her breed, there {he is taken and lofeth her life where flic had her beginning : for fhe preferreth that place above all other for fafe- ty. Again lome of the elder Hares, affoon as they hear the Dogs, fly to the cops of the high Moun- tains, lor they more eaiily run up the hill, then down. Wherefore the Hunter mull ftudioufly avoid that difadvantage, and keep her down in the vallies. In paths and high ways flie runneth more fpeedily, wherefore they mult be kept from that alfo.The Hares of the Mountains do oftentimes exercife themfelves in the plain, and through pra&ife grow acquainted with the neereft ways to their own lodging; fothat if at any time the husbandmen fee upon them in the fields, they dally with them till they feem to be almoft taken, and then on a fudden take the neereft way to the Mountains, not fufpefted by the Hunters , and fo take fanduary in the unaccellible places, whither Dogs nor Horfe dare afcend. For the Hares which we keep in the bufhles are not able to endure labour, and not very fwifc (by reafon of the pain in their feet_) growing fac through idlends and difcontinuance of running, they mull be hunted on this fort : firft of all they go through young woods and hedges, fuch as grow not very thick, for the thicker hedges they ieap over, but when they come to many thick places chat they rauft leap over, they quickly fall down and are tired. The Dogs firft of all go from them carelefsly^ becaufe they cannot feethem through the trees, but fufTer them to run in the Woods followir.ga far offby the fcent 5 untill at laft they get the fight of her, andthrough their better exercife and skill, eafily overtake her: but the campeltrial or Field-hare being leaner of body, and oftner chafed, is taken with more difficulty, by reafon of her lingular agility, flie therefore when fhe begins her courfe, leapeth up from the ground as if flie flew; afterward pafleth through brambles and thick buflies with all expedition ; and if at any time flie come into deep grals or corn flie eafily delivereth her felf and flideth through it. And as it is laid of the Lyons, that with their tails they ftir up their ftrengch and courage ; fo are the ears of this BealUike Angels wings, Ships fails, and rowing Oars, Co help her in her flight - for when flie runneth flie bendeth them backward, and ufeth them in ftead of fharp fpurs to prick forward her dulneis, and in her courfe flie taketh not one way, but maketh heads like labyrinths to circumvent and trouble the Dogs, that fo (lie may go whither fhe will, always holding up one ear.and bending it at her pleafure to be the moderator of her chafe. Neither is fhe fo unprovident or prodigal of her ftrength, as to fpend it all in one courfe, but obferveth the force of her proTecutor, who if he be flow and fluggifh, fhe is not profufe of her celerity, but only walketh gently before the Dogs, and yet fafely from their clutches , referving her greateft ftrength to her greateft neceflicy ; for fhe knou eth that fhe can out-run the Dogs when flie pleafeth, and therefore ic is a vain conceit to trouble her felf more then fhe is urged. But if there be a Dog following her more fwiftly then the refidue, then fhe fetteth forward with all the force fhe can,and when fhe hath left both Hunters and Dogs a great way behinde her, flie getteth tofome little hill or riling of the earth, there fheraifeth her felf upon her hinder legs, like a Watch-man in his Tower , obferving how far or near the enemy approacheth, and perceiving that fhe is delivered from perfuit of all danger, feemecjito deride the -imbecillity of their forces. The younger Hares by reafonof their weak members,tread heavier upon the earth then the elder, and therefore leave the greater favour behinde them : and in ancient time, if the Hunters had taken a young Leverit. they let her go again in the honour of Diana. At a year old they run very fwift, and their favour is ftronger in the Woods then in the plain fields. The Hare, is followed by the foot and fo defcryed, efpecially in foft grounds or high-ways, but if they go to the Rocks, to the Mountains, or to the hollow places, they .are more un- certain, if they lydown upon the 6arth (as they love to do) in red fallow-grounds they are ea- fily defcryed. When they areftarted in the plain fields they run far,butin the Woods they makefhortcourfes i If they hear the Dogs, they raile themfelves on their legs and run from them ; but if fearful imagi- nation opprefs them, as they oftentimes are very fad and melancholy, fuppofing to hear the noife of Dogs where there are none fuch ftirring , then do they run to and fro, fearing and trembling, as if they were fallen mad. Their footfteps in the Winter time are more apparent then in the Summer, becaufe as the nights be longer, fo they travel farther : neither do.they hnell in the Winter mornings fo foon as it is day, untillthefroft and ice be thawed, but efpecially their footfteps are uncertain in the full Moon, for then they leap and play together, fcattering and putting out the fivour ; nor in the Spring time alfo when they do ingendefr, they confound one anothers footfteps by multitude. They which will go forth to hunt or take pleafure in that paftime. r muft rife early, left they be deprived of thefmell of her footfteps, To {hall not the Dogs be able any way tofinde the H.ue, nor the Hunters their game and p^lf ime : for the nature of the footftep remainer.tr no't long, but fud- denly in a manner vanifheth away every hour. Again,- they muft fet the Hilsaucf Rocks, the Rivers, and alfo the Brooks with nets and gins, thereby as it were ftopping.up the ftarting holes paths, and ways, wherein the Hare for the molt part trufteth, whether they be broad or narrow : The 1 belt time for theeffeftingand bringing hereof is after the Sun-rrfing, and nor m twy light cf 1\1 The Hittory of Four-footed "BeaHf. break of che day, left the ners be fetneer the Hares form, and (he be feared away, but if they befet a far off, there is no danger of her departure after the Sun is up, becaufe then (he gtveth her felf to fleep : the nets muft be fet on this manner , let the rodes be pitched up- right, faftning their fnares to the tops, raifing the net in the middle, and hang alongftoneatonc lide, that when the Hare is in the net fhe may not go out again. When the Hare is railed, he which followethhertothenets, muft drive her in with a great cry, and being in the net, he muft gently reftrainthe Dogs, and make fignification to the hunter that {he is taken, or elfe if it fail, let him fhew the contrary. The keeper of the nets muft keep filence, r left by hearing of his voice (he be averted, and the hunter muft take the Dogs and goto the forme, there to itartthe Hare ; and the fafhion was in ancient time among the P*g & lefus comejut, Ex quo continuum capit leporem. The Em perour feeing thofe Verfes,for Emperours have long ears and hands, madeanfwer unto them as followeth ; Tulcbrum quod putas effe veflrum regent Vulgar i (mi[trande) de fabella, Si verum put as ejfe y mn irafcor ; lamum tu comedos velim lepufcnlos t i Vtfias animi malts repulfis Tulcber, m invideas livore mentis. If any man finde fault with the Emperours Vcrfes,Erthat Kings and Emperours are not fubjed to laws of verfifying ; befides his anfwer was in Gree^ and this but tranflated. The eating of Hares procureth fleep, and thus much for the flelh and parts. The Epithets of a The Epithets Hare exprefiing their natures are, Eared, trufting their feet, fearful, careful, fruitful, flying, raging, of Hares. unhorned, little, crafty, tender, (harp-fmelling, fwift, whining, and wandring, befides many other Stories of Greek, names. When Xerxes gathered his Army to go againft Grecia, a Mare brought forth a Hare, monftious which forefhewed that great Armyfliould work no ftrange effect. And another Mare of three Hares. years old brought forth an Hare which fpake as foon as it was littered , biting her mother with her teeth, and killing her, and while they looked upon her, fucking her dams bloud, feathers grew out of her back in fafhion of wings, which being done, the monfter lifting up the voice,fpake in this manner j Fundite jam lacbrymas &\ufpiria mi/eri mortales^e^o bine abeo : that is to (jay, O ye wretched mortal men weep and figh,Igo away: at which words (he flew away and was never feen more. There were prefent at the fight hereof feven publick notaries, which called wituefies and made inftruments thereupon, (as Antonim Bautius writeth in his Epiftle to Petrus loktus of Lyons in the year 1557. in December:) whereunto the faid Tolettts made this anfwer, The dayes (ball come (faith he) except the mercy of God prevent them, that children (hall think they do obedience to their Parents if they put them to death. They (hall grieve becaufe they were born, and fay they are adulterate, as the Hare that was born of the Mare. Likewife it is reported by Lifander, that when the Corinthians refufed the con- duct of the Lacdermnians, and the Lacedemonians befieging the City, fell to be very much afraid, and unwilling to fcale the wals; whiles they flood in this amaze, fuddenly a Hare leaped out of the town ditch; which thing when Li fonder Taw , he exhorted his Souldiers, laying, Be not afraid (Oye Spartans) of this fluggifh and unexercifed people, for you fee they fttr not out of the Ctty, but fuffer Hares to lodge under their wals ; whereupon came the proverb ( Vorrwre Lpores Jub mctnibus ) Hares fleep under their wals, tofignifiea flothfull, fecurc, fluggifh, idle, and unthrifty people. The Eagles of Norway lay their young one* in Hares skins, which themfelves pull off. There isalfoa bird in Scytbia, about the Signets of a Buftard , which bringeth forth two at a time, and keepcth them in a Hares skin which he hangeth upon a bough. Hares were dedicated to love, becaufe (Xenopbon faith) there is no man that feeth a Hare but he remembreth what he hath loved. They fay the City Bocas of Laconia wasbuilded by align of good fortune taken from a Hare, for when the Inhabitants were driven out of their Countrey they went to the Oracle to de- fire a place to dwell in, from whom they received anfwer, that r>/uid fugit bos dentes, ambitiofe Up us i Scilicet amagnisad te defender e tauris, Et qu£ mn cernunt frangere colla velint. Vefperanda tibi eff ingentis gloria fati ; Nonpotes hoc tenuis prtda jub bofiemorl The medicines Thepowderof a Hare with oil of myrtkj driveth away pain in the head, and the fame burned ofHarei. cureth the Cough : the powder thereof is good for the ftone in the bladder: alfo the bloud and Tliny. firae of a Hare burnt in a raw pot to powder, afterwards drunk fading with Wine and warm water, "* it Of the Hare. it cureth the ftone : and Sextus faith, he made triall of it by putting a fpoonful of che powder in- to water wherein was a fand ftone, and the fame ftone did inftantly melt and diflblve : fo likewife a young Hare cut out of the dams belly and burnt to powder, hath the fame operation. A waftcoat made of Hares skins ftraighten the bodies of young and old: alfo the fame dipped in Oil laid to the fore places of a Horfes legs where the skin is off by over reaching, it often cureth the fore : the bloud taken warm out of the body amendeth Sun burning, freckles, pimples, and many other faults in skin and face; which Celfus prefcribeth to be done.firlt by wafhing the place many hours toge- ther, in the morning with the bloud, and afterwards anointing it with oil : the fame virtue is in the fat of Swans mingled with oil, according to the faying oiSerenus : Cygntos adipes bilari mifceto Lyto, Omne malum propere maculofo ex orefugabif, Sanguine vtl leporit morbus delabitur omnti. Ic alfo cureth and taketh away the thick skin of the eye, it adorneth the skin, produceth hair in bald places, and eafeth the Gowt. Omo cutim, produce pihs,& fedo podagratn i Sanguine fi fuerim membra perunUa mco. Ic being fryed, helpeth the Bloudy flux, Ulcers in the bowels, and old laske, -and taketh away the poifon of an arrow ; it being anointed upon a hot outward Ulcer, it ripenetli it. After a bath, it cureth a great Leprofie by wafhing. The Rennet of a Hare ftayeth loofenefs, the flefh is profitable for Ulcers in the bowels, it breaketh the ftone being beaten, and being decoded like a Fox eafeth theGowtandthefhrinkingupofthefinews. The fat with the flowers of beans beaten together, draweth thorns out of tfee flefh : If a nail ftick in the fole of the foot, beat together the fat of a Hare and a raw Sea-crab, then lay it to the place, and right againft it upon the fame foot lay alfo two or three Bean flowers, and let it lie a day and a night, and fo it fhill be cured : and the fame draweth i poifoned Arrow out of a Horfe. Andreas repor teth to Ge/w,that he hath ofcen heard that the feweC of a Hare layed to the crown of a Womans head, expelleth her fecunds, and a dead childe out of the womb. The powder made of this wool or Hair ftancheth bleeding, if the hairs be pulled off from a live Hare, and flopped inro the nofe. The powder of the wool of a Hare burned, mingled with the Oil of Myrtles, the gall of a Bull, and Allum warmed at the fire,and anoint it upon the head, fafteneth the hair from falling off : alfo the fame powder decoded withhony, helpeth the pain in the b6wels, although they be broken: being taken in a round ball the quantity of a Eean together; but thefe medicines muftbe ufed every day. Arnolds* prefcribeth the hair to be cut fhorr,andfo to betaken into the body againft burft- nefs: A perfume made of the dung and hairs of a Hare, and the fat of a Sea-calfe, draweth forth Womens flowers. The feed of a wiide Cowcumber, and an Oyflef fhell burned, and put into Wine, mingled with the hair of a Hare, and wool of a Sheep, with the flower of Rofes,, cureth inflamati- cms of Womens fecrets after their child- birth. Alfo Hippo&ases prefcribeth the fhell of a Cuttle- fifh to be beaten into Wine and layed in Sheeps Wool and Hares hair,helpeth the falling down of the womb of a Woman with childe. If a mans feet be fcorched with cold, the powder of a Hares wool is a remedy for it. The head of a Hare burned and mingled with fat of Bears and Vinegar, caufeth. • hair to come where it is fallen off, and Gakn faith that fome have ufed the whole body of a Hare fo burned and mingled for the forefaid cure, being layed in manner of a plaifter. By eating of a Hares head, the trembling of the Nerves and the loffe of motion and fenfe in the members receiveth fingular remedy. Thefe things alfo preferve teeth from aking: the powder of a Hares head burned with fait mingled together, rubbed upon the teeth, or if you will put thereunto the whiteft Fennel, and the dryed beans of a Cutle fifh. The Indians burn together the Hares head and Mice for this purpofe. When ones mouth frnelfeth ftrong, this powder with Spicknard afTwageth the fmell. The brain is good againft poifon. The heart of a Hair hath in it a theriacal virtue*alfo. The brain is proved to have power in it for com- forting and repairing the memory. The famefbd and eaten helpeth tremblings which happen in the acceffions of fkknefs, fuch an one as is in the cold fhaking fit of an Ague : It is to be noted, thai all trembling hath its original caufe from the infirmity or weaknefs of the Nerves, as is apparent in old age,although the immediate caufes may be fome coldconttitution,as abundance of cold humors, drinking of cold drink, and fuch like ; all which tremblings are cured by eating the brain of a Hare roafted, ( faith Diofwides and Eyneta.) It alfo helpeth children to breed teeth eafily, if the gums be rubbed therewith, for it hath the fame power againft inflamation, that hony and butter hath : being drunk in Wine and the ftones thereof rofted and eaten, it is good for him that hath any pain in his bladder, and if the Urine exceed ordinary ,for flaying thereof, take the brain hereof to be drunk Serenur. in wine, The tooth of a Hare layed to that part where the teeth ake, eafeth them. Take the Maw With the dung in it, and wafhit in old wine fo as the dung may mingle therewith, and then give it to Rafts one fick of the Bloudy-flux,and it fhall cure him. The Rennet hath the fame virtue that is in a Calves 215 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beajis. Arifiotle. Galen. Viofcorldes. Marcellus. DiofcorUes. Aetius. Sextus, Tliny. or Kids, and whereas Nicander praifeth it in the firft place, for the virtue it hath in it againft poifon, Nuoon an ancient Phyfitian giveth it the fecond place ; for it is full of fharp digefting power,and there- fore hath a drying quality. It dilTolveth the congealed and coagulated milk in the belly, and alfo clotted bloud within in the ftomach more effectually then the Rennet of any other beaft, being al- way the better for the age. Being mingled with Vinegar, it is drunk againft poifon ; and alfo if a Man or Beaft be anointed with it , no Serpent, Scorpion,Spider,or wilde Moule,whofe teeth are venomous will venture to fting the body fo anointed; or elfe inwardly take thereof three fpoonfuls with Wine againft the faid bi- tings, or of any Sea-fifh or Hemlock after the wound received j and with Vinegar it is foveraign a- gainft all poifon ofChamzkom, or the bloud of Buls. The fame being drunk in Vinegar, or applyed outwardly towomens breafts, difperfeth the co- agulated milk in them : alfo being mingled with Snails, or any other {helfifh, which feed upon green herbs or leaves, it draweth forth Thornes, Darts, Arrowes, or Reeds out of the belly: or mingled with gum of Frankincenfe, Oil, bird lime, and Becs-glew, of each an equall quantity with Vinegar, it ftancheth bloud, and all iflues of bloud flowing out of the belly : and it alio ripeneth an old fore, according to the faying of Smnm ,- SI inducaf hforif afperfa ceagula vim. Being layed to the Kings evill in Lint with Vinegar, it difperfeth and cureth it: alfo it healeth Cankers, it cureth a Quartan Ague ; alfo mixed with Wine and drunk with Vinegar, againft the Falling evill and the ftone in the bladder : If it be mixed with Sagapanum and Wine Arayny, and mfu- fed into the ears, giveth help,as alfo the pain of the teeth. It diffolveth bloud in the lights,and eafeth the pain of bloud congealed in your ftomach : when one fpitteth bloud,if he drink Samia and Myrtle with the Rennet of a Hare, it (hall give him very prefent eafe. The latter learned Phy fitians take a drink made of Vinegar and Water, and give it warm to ejett and expell bloud out of the Lights ; and if any drop thereof cleave in the bowels, then do they three or four times together iterate this potion, and after apply and minifter all binding aftringent me- dicines and emplafters, and for the Bloudy flux it is good to be ufed : It is held alfo profitable by Vtofiorides and other the ancients, that if the pap or breft of a Woman be anointed therewith, it ftay- eth the fucking Infants loofenefs in the belly, or elfe given to the childe with Wine, or (if it have an Ague) with Water. Thereis, faith Ariftotle, in the Rennet a fiery quality, but not in the higheft degree, for as fire diffolveth and difcerneth, fo doth this in milk diftinguifh the airy part from the watery, and the watery from the earthy: Wherefore when one tafteth an old Rennet, he {hall thinkhetaftethan old putrified Cheefe, but as leaven is to bread, which hardneth, joyneth, and feafoneth the fame, fo is Rennet to Cheefe ; and therefore both of them have the fame qualities of dilTolving and binding : Galen affirmeth that he cured onepofGowty tumours and fwellings, by applying thereunto old and ftrong putrified Cheefe beaten in a morter, and mixed with the ialted fat or legiof a Swine. If a ' Man lick of the Bloudy flux drink thereof in a reer Egge two fcruplesfor lwo dayes together falling, it will procure him remedy. 'i For pacifying the Colick, drink the Rennet of a Hare :the fame mingled with Goofe greafe, ftay- eth the incontinence of Urine, it ( alfb retaineth womens flowers. If it be drunk with Vinegar it helpeth the feconds,and being applyed with Saffron and the juyce of Leeks, driveth a dead childe out of the womb. If it be drunk three or four dayes together after childe-birth, it caufeth barrennefs. There are (faith Fliny) a kind ofWormes which being bound to Women before the Sun rifing in a Harts skin, caufe them that they cannot conceive : this power is called Afocton. Mafarim faith, that if a Woman drink this Rennet to her meat before fhe conceive with childe, flie fhould be delivered of a Male child: and fuchis the foolifh opinion of them which affirm at this day, that if men eat parfly or white buds of black ivie, it maketh them unable to carnall co- pulation. The Rennet of a Hare eafeth and difperfeth all tumors and fwellings in Womens brefts.-the Lights of a Hare powdred with fait, with Frankincenfe, and white wine, helpeth him that is vexed with the Falling ficknefs, if he receive it thirty dayes together. Sextus afcribeth the fame remedy to the Hart, and Fliny commendeth the Lights to heal the pain in the eyes.Being drunk in powder, it cureth the fecrets. If the heels be troubled with Kibes,they are healed with the fat of Bears; but if they be wrung with a cold, they are healed with the duft of a Hares hair, or the powder of the Lights; Likewifewhen the foot is hurt with ftrait fhooes, it hath the fame operation. The ancient Magi took the skin of an Oxe in powder, with the Urine of Boyes, and fprinkled it on the toes of their feet, binding the heart of a Hare to the hands of him that hath a Quartan Ague : andfome cureit by hanging the heart of a young Hare or Leveret to the neck or arme, in the beginning of the fit of him that is fo vifited. The heart of a Hare dried mixed with Frankincenfe or Manna in white wine drunk thirty dayes together cureth the Falling ficknefs. * For the pain in the belly take the fame medicine, and drunk with warm water mingled with Sarnia, cureth the fluxes of wqmen : alfo if a man that hath the flux eat the Liver of a Hare dipped in fharp Vinegar it helpeth him if he be Liver fick : or if one have the Falling ficknefs, eat the quan- tity of an ounce thereof, and it helpeth him. The Gall of a Ha- e, the Heart, Lungs, Lights a.-.d Liver of Of the Hedge-bog. 2 1 7 of a Weaiel, mixed cogether, three drams, one dram of Caftoreum, four drams of Myrrha,a dram of Vinegar and Hony beat together, cured) him that hath a fwimming or dizzinefs in his brain. The gall newly taken forth mingled with a like portion of hony, and warm in the skin of an onion, and Galea. fo put into the ear, giveth remedy to him that can hear nothing. If he that is fick in the milt, that is, if it be over hard, fwallow down the milt of a Hare not touch- ing it with his tecch, or feeing it with his eyes, it cureth him. The belly of a Hare with theintrails totted and burned in a frying-pan mixed with Oil, and anointed upon the head, reftoreth decayed hairs, The reins of a Hare inveterated and drunk in Wine,expelleth the itone,and being fod, cut and Avizen. dryed in the Sun, helpeth the pain in the reins, if it be fwallowed down and not touched with the teeth. The reins of a Hare, and of a Moor-hen, cureth them that are poifoned by Spiders, the ftones of a Hare roafted and drunk in Wine, ftayeth the incontinency of Urine. In the pain of the loins, and of the hip bones, they have the fame operation. The fecrets and ftones of Hares are given to Men and Women to make them ap>er to copulation and conception, but this opinion hath no other ground befide the fcecundity of the- beaft that beareth them. They which carry about with them the ankle bone of a Hare, (hall never be pained in the belly (as Pliny kith) So likewife Sextus and Mar ce litis. Take the ankle bone out of a live Hare, and hairs from her belly, therewithal make a threedand bind the faid bone to him that hath the Colick, and it fhall eafe him. The faid bone alfo beaten to powder is reckoned among the chief remedies againft the ftone. When Women have hard travel, put it into Cretick-wine with the liquor of Penyroyal,and it procureth fpeedy delivery ,being bound to the benummed joyntsofa mans leg bringeth great eafe: loalfo do the feet being, bruifed and drunk in warm Wine, relieve the arteries and fhortnefs of breath and fome belive that by the foot ofaHarecut off alive, the Gout is eafed. The rime of a Hare cureth fcorched members, and whereas it was no fmall honour to Virgins in ancient time, to have their brefts continually ftand out, every one was prefcribed to drink in Wine or fuch other things, nine grains of Hares dung : the fame drunk in Wine in the evening ftayeth Coughing in the night ; in a potion of warm wine it is given to them that have the Bloudy flux, likewife If a man be lick of the Cohck,and drink three pieles thereof in fweet Wine, it procureth him much eafe : being decoded with hony and eaten every day,the quantity of a Bean in defperate cafes, mendeth Ruptures in the bowels. dfdepiades in his medicine whereby he procured fruitfulnefs to Noble Women, he gave them four drams of Myrrha, two drams of Flower-deluce, two of Hares dung, confeded with Collyrial water,& fo put up into their bellies after ceafing of the flowers,before they lay with their Husbands. Albertus and Raphael prefcribe this medicine to help a woman that wanteth milk in her brefts, Cryfial, white Muftard-feed, and Hares dung put into broath made with Fennel. Of the HEDGE-HOG* FOrafmuch as there be two forts of Hedge hogs, one of the Sea, and another of the Land, our of:be kinds of purpofein this place is only to difcourfeof the Land Hedge-hog, the Hebrews call him K//W, Hedge-hogs, whichinthe 14. of Ifa. and Zepha- 2. is fo tranflated by the Sepuipms ; although that fomeof the Hebrews would have it to fignifie, a ravening bird, but feeing that I find the word Kapaz in moft Hebrew dictionaries to fignifie Claudere and Contrabere, and that is moft proper to fhut up and draw together, I do rather believe that the proper meaning thereof is a Hedge-hog, becaufe this beaft fo draweth it felf together , whenitisindanger,aswe fhall hear more at large afterwards, according to the old Verle • Imflicitumque fmu fpinofi corporis ercm. The Arabians call him Ceujud, or Coufed ; the Caldeans, Caupeda ; the Stftuagitttt, Mugale. Silvaticus calleth it Agilium • Avian, Aduldus, and Aliherha fignifieth a great Mountain Hedge-hog : the Gre- cians, Cher, and Acantbonocos, or Ecfcinoj.by reafon of the prickes upon his back. The Latines, Echinus, Eruius^Ricius^HeriXiandErinaceiu^hc Italians ,K/cc«,and R/3f;the Spaniards 3 Er/zo;the Portingals ,Ourifi, or Orizofiacke, becaufe of hiding themfelvesjthe trench ,Hw/(w;the Germans Jgal^s in lower Germany ; in Holland^Een J\eren Vachen ; in Englifh a Hedge-bogpr an Vrchine ; by which name we call a Man that lioldeth his neck in his bofome : the Italians, Gefs, Malax : and the lllyrians, Azvuuer, Zatbo, and Otzifchax. So then for the entrance of our difcourfe,we take it for granted,that Herinacem and Echinus fignifie one thing, except one of them fignifie that kinde which is like to a Hog, and the other that kinde which is like to a Dog, for they differ in place, or in habitation: fome of them Their p T ace of keep in the Mountains, and in the Woods or hollow trees, and other about Barnes and Houfes: abode. ° in the Summer time they keep neer Vineyards and Bufhie places, and gather fruit, laying it up a- The quantity, gainft Winter. It is about the bignefs of a Cony, but more like to a Hog, being befet and compaffed all ov;r with The parts, fliarp thorny hairs, as well on the face as on the feet : and thofefharp prickles are covered with a Hermolaus. kind of foft moffe, but when fhe is angred or gathereth her food.fhe ftriketh them up by an admi- rable inftind: of nature, as fharp as pins or needles : thefe are hair at the beginning, but afterwards U - grow ai8 The Hiftory of Four-footed "Beafts. AllerM. Their copula tion. \ gi ow to be prickles, which is the leffe to be marvelled at, becaufe there be Mife in Egypt (as Tliny i nch) which have hair like Hedge-hogs. It hath none of thefe prickles on the belly, and therefore, when the skin is off, it is in all parts like a Hog. His (tones are inward and cleave to his loins like as a birds, he hath two holes under his tail, to eject his excrements, which no creature living hath befides him. His meat is Apples ,Wormes, or Grapes; When he fi-ndeth apples or grapes on the earth,he rowleth liimfelf upon them, un- till he have filled all his prickles, and then carry- eth them home to his den, never bearing a- bove one in his mouth. And if it fortune that one of them fall off by the way, he likewife fhaketh off all the reft- due, and walloweth up- on them afrefti , untill they be all fetled upon his back again, fo forth he goeth , making a noife like a cart wheele. And if he have any young ones in his neft, they pull off his load wherewithal he is loa- ded,eating thereof what they pleale, and laying up the refidue for the time to come. When they are nouri- fhedat home in houfes and brought up tame, they drink both milk and Wine.- But there is an Herb (called Potoma- giton) whereof if they taft,theydie prefently. When they are in car- nall copulation they ftand upright, and are not joyned like other beafts, for they imbrace one another , ftanding belly to belly : but the prickly thornes upon their backs will not fuf- fer them to have copu- lation like Dogs .or Swine, and for this caufe they are a very little while in copulation, be- caufe they cannot ftand long together upon then: hinder legs. When the female is to bring forth her young ones, and feeleth the natural pain of her delivery, (he pricketh her own belly, to delay and put off her mifery, to her further pain, whereupon came the proverb (as Erafmm faith ) Echinus fartum diffat , the Hedge-hog putteth off the littering of her young ; which is alio applyed againft them which put off and defer thofe ret effary works, which God and nature hath provided theru i Of the Hedge-bog. 219 them to undergo , as when a poor man deferreth the payment of his debt, untiil the value and lum grow to be far more great then the principal. The inward difpofition of this bean\appeareth to be very crafty and full of fubtlety,by this, be- Their inward caufe (l.ycofbrun faith) that Naupliut had a cunning crooked wit, and was called by him a Hedge-hog? pan* and dif- When they hide themfelves in their den, they hive a natural underltanding of the turning or 'the P uf " 1011 - winde, South and North, and they that are nourished tame in houfes, immediately before that change remove from one wall to another; the wilde ones have two holes in their cave, the one North, the other South, obferving to ftop the mouth againft the winde, as the skilful mariner to {leer and turn the rudder or fails, tor which occafion Anflotle faith, that fomehave held opinion, that Oppiams. they do naturally foreknow the change of weather. There is mortal hatred betwixt the Serpent and the Hedge hog, the Serpent feeketh out the The enemies Hedge-hogs den, and falleth upon her to kill her, the Hedge-hog draweth it felf up together round toHsdge H $ like a foot-ball, fo that nothing appeareth on her but her thorny prickles; whereat the Serpent biteth in vain, for the more (he laboureth to annoy the Hedge-hog,, the more (he is wounded and harmeth herfelf, yet notwithstanding the height of her minde, and hate of her heart, doth not fuffer her to let go her hold, till one or both parties be deftoyed. The Hedge-hog rowleth upon the Serpent piercing his skin and flefh,(yea many times tearing the flefn from the bones) whereby he fcapeth alive andkilleth his adverfary, carrying the flefh upon his fpears, like an honorable banner won from his adverfary in the field. The Wolf alfo is afraid of, and flveth from the Hedge-hog; and there is alfo a ftory of hatred between the Hare and the Hedge-hog, for it is faid, that a Hare was feen to pluck off the prickles from the Hedge-hog, and leave her bald, pieled and naked, without any defence. The Fox is alfo an enemy to the poor Hedge-hog, and lyeth in wait to kill it, for the proverb is true, Multa novit Vulpes, Echinus vera mum magnum ; that is to fay, the Fox knoweth many devifes to help himfelf; but the Hedge-hog knows- but one great one, for by rowlingup her felf (as before faid) (he oppofeth the thorns of her back,a- gainft the Foxes teeth : which alone were fuffkient tofecure her from a greater adverfary ; but the wily Fox perceiveth that he can no where faften his teeth without danger of himfelf, piffeth upon the Hedge-hogs face and poifoneth her : whereupon the poor beaft is forced to lay open himfelf,and to take breath againft the Foxes ftinking excrement : which thing the Fox efpying,lofeth no oppor- tunity, but prefently teareth the Hedge-hog in pieces ; thus the poor beaft avoiding the poifon, falleth into the mouth of her enemy. The manner of Hedge-hogs is, that whensoever they are hunted by Men, they draw up their legs and put down their head to the mo/Tie part of their belly, foas nothing of them can be taken but their prickles : and perceiving that fhift will not ferve the turn, but their cafe growing defperate, they render out of their own bodiesla certain urine hurtful to their skin and back,envying that any good thereby fhould ever come to raankinde ; and therefore feeing they naturally know the manifold ufes of their own hides, here is the cunning of her hunting, to caufe her firft of all to render her urine, and afterward to take her , for the urine maketh the thornes of her back to fa 1 1 off every day, and therefore they take this courfe for their laft refuge. But in thefe cafes the Hun- ters muft poure upon the Hedge-hog warm water, for feeling warmth (he prefently unfolds her felf, and lyeth open; which the Hunter muftobferve, and inftantly take her by one of her hinder legs, fo hanging her up till fhe be killed with famine; otherwife there cometh no benefit by her taking. With the fame skin flead off, brufhes are made for garments, fo that they complain ill which affirm, that there is no good or profitable condition coming to mankind by this beaft. Again this is to be referved and ufed for dreffing of flax (as Maffarim faith J and alfo it is fet upon a Ccelius. Javeline at the dore to drive away Dogs. In ancient time they did not eat the flefh of Hedge-hogs, The e3tin<7 of but now a dayes men eat thereof, (of them which are of the fwinifh kind ) When the skin is off their fkfti? their bodies, they fcald it a little in Wine or Vinegar, afterward lard it and put it upon a fpit, and there let it be roafted, and afterwards eaten, but if the head be not cut off at one blow, the flefh is not good. the Epithets belonging to this beaft are not many ; it is called red, fharp, marine, volible, and rough, whereupon Erajmus faid , Ex bhcoinUvem nunquam mutab'n Echinum. And thus much for the natural and moral parts of this beaft. Now followeth the medici- The me ^, ln .< nail. Ten fprigs of Lawrel , feven grains of Pepper , and of Opefanax as big as aPeafe, the p arts of ' L skin of the ribs of a Hedge-hog, dryed and beaten caft into three cups of Water and warmed, Hedge-hngs. fo being drunk of one that hath the Colick, and let reft, he fhall be in per fed health ; but with this Actiur. exception, that for a man it muft be the membrane of a male Hedge-hog, and for a woman a female. The fame membrane or the body of all Hedge-hogs burnt to afheshath power in it of cleanfing, digefting, and detra&ing, and therefore it is ufed by Phyfitians for tailing down of proud fwelling wounds, and alfo for the cleanfing of Ulcers and Boyles, butipecially the powder of the skin hath that virtue ; alfo it being roafted with the head, and afterwards beat unto powder and anointed on RafiL the head with hony,cureth the Alopeciat. H U 2 The Q20 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafis. JE'ianus. The fame powder reftoreth hair upon a wound if it be mingled with Pitch, and if you add there- unto Bears greafe,it will reftore unto a bald man his head of hair again,if the place be rubbed untill ic hUrcellus. be ready to bleed.The fame powder cureth the Fiftula, and lome mingle red Snails with this duft, ap- plying it in a plailkr to Ruptures and Swellings in the cods, and being mingled with oil by anoint- ment, it taketh away the buries in the face, and being drunk in wine is a remedy againA the pains of the reins or the water betwixt the skin and the ftefh. A furTumigation made of a Hedge-hogs skin, under them that have their Urine ftopped, by Gods help (faith my Author) the Sopping fhall be removed, if it proceed not from the ftone, nor from animpoftume. The flelhlalted, dryed, and beat to powder, and fo drunk with fweec Vinegar, helpeth the pain in the reins, the beginning of Dropfies, Convulfions, and Leprofies, and all thofe affections which the Grecians call 'Cacketf*. The Mountain Hedge-hog is better then the Diofcorides. domeftical , having prickles like Needles points, but legs like to the other: the meat is of better tafte, and doth more help to the ftomach, foftning the belly, and provoking the Urine more effectually, and all this which is attributed to Hedge-hogs is much more powerful in the Porcupine. The Hedge-hog falted and eaten isgoodagainftthe Leprofie, the Cramp, and all ficknefs in the Nerves and Ptifickand pain in the belly, riling ofwindinefs and difficulty of digeftion : the powder bUrcelius. anointed on Women withchilde, alwayes keepeth them from abortment. The flefh being ftale given to a mad Man, cureth him ; and being eaten keepeth one from the Strangury ; alfo being drunk in wine, expelleth the ftone in the bladder, and is good againft the Qnotidian Feaver, and the bitings of Serpents. The fat of a Hedge-hog ftayeth the flux of the bowels: If the fac with warm Aiken. water and hony be gargarized, it amendeth a broken and hoarfe voice • the left eye being ftyed with 0;l,yeeldeth a liquor which caufeth fleep, if it be infufed into the ears with a quill The gall with the brain of a Bat and the milk of a Dog, cureth the reins ; likewife, the faid gall doth not iuffer un- comely hairs to grow again upon the eye-browes, where once they have been pulled up. It maketh alfo a good eye falve. Warts of all forts are likewife taken away by the fame; the milt fod and eaten with meat, it healeth all pains in the milt,and the reins dryed are good againft a Leprofie or Pcifick coming by , Ulcer, or the difficulty of Urine, the Bloudy flux and the Cough. The dung of a Hedge-hog frefh, ' and Sandaracha with Vinegar and liquid pitch, being layed to the head, ftayeth the falling away of/ the hair. When a man is bitten with a mad Dog., or pricked with prickles of a Hedge-hog, his own Urine laid thereunto with a fpunge or wool,is the beft cure : or if the thornes ftick in the wound of his foot, let him hold it in the warm Urine of a Man, and it fhall eafilyfhake them forth: and Albertas and Reaffirm, that if the right eye of a Hedge-hog be fryed with the oil of Alderne or Li n feed , and put in a veffel of red braffe 3 and afterward anoint his eyes therewith,as with an eye-falve,he fhall fee as well in the dark as in the light. And thus I will conclude this difcourfe with one ftory, that a Hedge- hog of the earth was dedicated to the good God among the foolifh lagans , and the water Hedge-hog to the evil), and that once in the City of Pbrygia called Azan'mm, when a great famine 'troubled the inhabitants, and no facrifice could remove it ; one Euphorbw facrificed a Hedge-hog , whereupon the famine removed, and he was made Prieft, and the City was called Traganos upon the oecafion of that facrifice. Albertus. Pliny. Of the HORSE. WHen I confider the wonderful woik of God in the creation of this Beaft, enduing it with a lingular body and a noble fpirit, the principal whereof is a loving and dutiful inclination to the fervice of Man ; wherein he never faileth in Peace nor War, being every way more neer unto him for labour and travel : and therefore more dear (the food of man only excepted ) we muft needs account it the moft noble and neceflary creature of all four.footed Beafts,before whom no one for multitude and generality of good qualities is to be preferred, compared or equalled, whofe com- mendations fhall appear in the whole difcourfe following. It'is caWedinHebrew^Sus, and a Mare Sufah, the which word fome derive from Sit, fignifying Joy ; the Syrians call it Rekjfb and Soufias ; the Arabians, Ranica ■ and the Caldems, Ramal^m, Sufu- atha ; the Arabians, Bagel ; the Perfians, Asbaca ; the Grecians ,Hi/ pes, and at this day Alogo • the Latins, Equus, and Caballus ; the Italians and Spaniards, Cavallo • the French, Chevall ; the Germans, Koffz ; the Bohemians, Km ; the lllyrians, Kobyla ; the Pehnians, Komi. The derivation It is alfo profitable to confider the reafon of fome of thefe names, both in the Latin and Gretl^ of fundry tongue ; and firft of all Equut feemeth to be derived, Ab tqualitateftom equality ; becaufe they were names. £ r fl. u f e( j | n Charets and draughts, and were joyned together being of equal ftrength, legs and fea- ture; Caballus feemeth to be derived from the Greeks word Cabitlles, which was a common name for ordinary Hackney-horfes, and Horfes of carriage, whereupon Seneca commendeth Marcus Gato, that in his trium ph of Cenforfhip, Vno Caballo contemum et ne toto quidem, partem enim \arcin* ab utroque latere dependentes occupabant j that is to fay, that he was contented with one Horfe for l is ownfaddle, and yet not totally one neither, for the packes that hang on either fide of him, poffeffed tke greateft The feveral names of Horfes. OftbeHorfe. 221 722 The Epithets ofHorfcs. The natural outward and inward parts of Horfes. JElianus. The Hitiory of Four-footed TSeatts. greateft part, and the true derivation of this word, feemeth to accord with Caxe, which fignifyeth a manger, and Mn aboundance, becaufe riding Horfes are more plentifully fed, and thefe Horfes were alfo ufed for plowing, according to the faying of Horace j Oput epbippia bos p/ger, optat arare Caballut. — The Grecians call it Hippos, which feemes to be derived from {landing upon his feet, and this beaft only feemeth to be one of the number of them, which are called Aimenta. And befides all Hiftories are filled with appellative names of Horfes, fuch as thefe are, Alaftor , Aetbon, Ntdeui) and Owesti, the Horfes of ?luto. Aetha a Mare of Agamemnon remembred by Homer. Aethion, Statio, Eous, Phlego, Pyro'u ; the Horfes of the Sun : Lampus, Fodargur» Xampus, Amon, the Horfes of Erymusiby whofe aid Hercules is faid to overcome Cygnus, the Son of Mars'-BalmJCanthut^nd Padafus, the Horfes of Achilles. Borifienes, for whom Adrianus made a grave (as Dion writeth) Bromius, Ctrtis, Calydon } Camphajus, Cnafius, Corithe, and Herpinus, two names of Britain Horfes cited by Mar- tial and Gillius. Cylarus, the fwift Horfe o(Cafior ) Vimos s andPhobos, the Horfes of Mars. Enriole, Glaucus, and Sthenon, the Horfes of Neptune, Parthcnia, and Euripba, Mares belonging to the Qntams of Hipfodamia, flain by Ornomaus. Harpe, another Mare. Phxnix, and Lorax , the Horfes otEleojlbenes. Epidaminus, who wan the prizes in the fixty fixth Olympiade, and caufed a ftatue to be made in Olympus , and his faid Horfes and Chariot called Pantarces, and befide thefe, other Cnacias and Samus. Alfo Fodarces, Rboebus^Strymon, Tagus, Tberon, 1 hoes, Volneris, which was a Horfe of Prafwum, and it is repoted, that Verus the Emperor fo much affefted this Horfe, that he not only caufed him to be brought into his own Palace, and to have his meat alway given in his prefence, but made of him a pidurewitha manger, wherein were Grapes and Corn, from whence came the firft Golden Horfes or prizes of Chivalry ; Frimus equum volucrem MaJJyli munera regit Haud fpernenda tulit : - ■ Unto thefe may be added the affefted names of Poets in love of their favorites, as Rbolandus ,VegU antinus, £aiardus y the Horfe of Rainaldus, Rubicanus of Argalifas } Hippogry\us of Rugerius, Erontinus and Fratalatus of Sacrapan, and Rondellius of Oliverius. The Epithets that belong to Horfes, are either general or particular, the general may be rehear- fed in this place, fuch as thefe ar€ following ; brafle-footed, continual, horn-footed, founding- footed, foming, bridle-bearer, neighing, maned, dufty, four-footed, fretting faddle-bearing, wate- ry, or fweat in g, whole-footed; and many fuch others both among the Greeks' and Latins, which howfoever they may contain divers Allegories in them, and therefore may feem to be figuratively fed down, yet I thought good being of other opinion to reckon them in the beginning, that fo the Reader may confider, that I would be unwilling to omit any thing in . this ftory, which might any way tend to the dignity of the fubjed we intreat of, or the exprelling of his nature. Wherefore we will firft of all begin with the defcription of the natural parts of a good Horfe. The hair of a Horfe falleth off every year, the neather eye lid or brow hath no long hairs growing upon it, and therefore Nicon that famous painter of Greece, when he had moll curioufly limbed forth a Horfes perfection, and faild in no part of nature or art, but only in placing hairs under his eye, for that only fault he received a difgraceful blame. The hair of the manes ought to be long, that part which groweth betwixt the ears, upon the Temples, hanging down betwixt the eyes, the Grecians term Precemion, the Latins, Caprona , and in Englifh it may be called a fore* top, which is granted to Horfes not only for ornament fa*e, but alfo for neceffity to defend their eyes. The Horfes are naturally proud of thefe locks and manes, as may appear by thofe Mares which are kept for procreation of Mules, by copulation with Affes, which at the firft defpifc to ingender with thofe fhavelingand fhort haired Stalions. Wherefore their keepers fhave off their manes, and their fore-tops, afterwards leading them to the waters, wherein while the Mares behold their own deformity, they grow fo fhamed, dejected, and difcoura- ged,that ever after they admit with quietnefs the Affes to cover them. Therefore it is never good to cut the mane or the fetter-locks, except necefiity require, for the mane and fore-top is an ornament to the neck and head, and the fetter-locks to the legs and feet: and he that keepeth Horfes muft as well regard to have them comely for outward grace, as ftrong and able forneceffary labour. Many ufe to cut the necks of their riding Horfes, even as they do of their drawing Horfes, which thingal- though it may feem to be done for greater encreafe, and farther growth of hair, yet isitunfeemly for an honeft rider : fome again cut it toftand compafslike a bow, and many ufe the Aimeman fafhion, cutting the Mane by rowes, leaving fome longer then other, as it were the batlements of a Church; butthebeft fafliion of all is the Ferftan cut, whereby the one half of the thicknefs is cutaway on the left fide, and the other on the right fidefmoothly turned over and combed, ac- cording to the faying of Virgil : Venfa juba&dextrojattata recumbit in armo. But OftbeHorfe. But if the Horfe be double maned, and fo the hair fall half on the one fide,and half on the other,then cut all the middle hairs away, and leave both the fides whole: for fuch was the intention of the Tartbians. In a Colt or young fole, the hinder part is higher then the forepart, but as hegrowsin years, fo likewife the forepart groweth higher then the hinder. This beaft hath two bones in his head,and other two defcending from his forehead to the Noftrils^ two inferiour Gumbes, or cheek-bones, forty teeth, that is to fay, four and twenty grinders, four canine , and twelve biting teeth; there arefeven croffe ribs in his neck, and feven from his reins to his hole, his tail hath twelve commiflures, and two RaguU in his fore-fhoulders, from his fhoulders to his legs other two, from his legs to his knees two more, in his knees there are two fupporters, and from the fhin to the Articles two more, there are fixteen frnall bones in the bottom of his hoof, and but one in his breft , in the inward parts there are fix and twenty rita, from the hinder parts to the top of his reins, the two grinding bones; and from them to the hinder part of che head thereare two more, and two little ribs from the upper part of Vigetjm* the thigh to the Gamba, and from thence to the hairs of the patterns , there are two, and the little ones to the hooves fixteen; fo all the bones in number are accounted a hundred andfe- venty. Now it followeth to declare the meafure and number of the members; there are twelve fteps or degrees in the roof of his mouth, his tongue is half afoot long, the upper lip hath twelve inches* the under lip five, every one of the cheeks ten: from the fore-lock to the Nolfrils he hath one foot in length, his two ears contain fix inches, and his eyes four inches a piece. From his fore-lock to the Mercuriui, there are contained eight inches, the backbone containeth three and thirty crofle ribs. From the convulfion of the reins to the top of the tail, are twelve commiflures, the length of his Sagula containeth alfo twelve inches, from his fhoulders to his legs fix, from his legs to his knees a foot in length, from the Articles to the hoofs four inches, in his whole length fix feet. And this is theftatureof a couragious and middle Horfe, fori know there are both bigger and leffer. The quality and the meafure of the nerves or finews is this, from the middle noftrils through the head, neck and back-bone, is a dubble file or threedto the top of the]tail, which containeth twelve foot in length. The two broad finews in the neck do contain four-foot, from the fhoulders to the knees, there are two finews, from the knee to the bottom of the foot there are four finews, in the fore-legs there are ten finews, in the" hinder-legs there are other ten finews, from the reins to the ftones there are four finews, fo the whole number amounteth to thirty four.Confequently the number of the veins is to be declared. In the palator roofofthemouth,their are two veins, under the eyes other two, in the breft other two, and in the legs other two, four under the palternes , two in the ancles, four in the crown of the pafternes , four out of the thighes, two out' of the loins, two out of the Gambaes, one ouc of the rail, and two in the womb or Matrix, fo the whole number is nine and twenty. There are certain veins above the eyes which are divided in Horfes, wherein they areletbloud, by making to them fraall incifions,the bloud alfo is taken out of the veins, ip the palat or roof of the mouth. There was an ancient cuftome of letting Horfes bloud upon Saint Stevens day, by reafon of rrtany holy dayes one fucceeding another, but that cuftom is now grown out of ufe. Alfo fome take bloud out of the Matrix veins, but that is not to be admitted in Geldings, becaufe with their ftones they lofeagreat part of their heat, excepting extream neceffky, but out of the palat bloud may be let every moneth, and ftallions when they are kept from Mares if the vein of their mouths be opened, fall into blindnefs, although it is no good part of husbandry to let them - bleed that year, wherein they admit copulation, for the vacuation of bloud and feed , is a double charge to nature. But the Organical vein of the neck, is the beft letting of bloud, both in ftoned and gelded Horfes. The later Leaches make incifion in the great vein called Fontanel!*, and in hen Thymus or Jugulu. The eyes of a Horfes are great or glaffie, and it is reported by Auguftus, that his eyes were much more brighter then other mens, refembling Horfes: thefeeyes fee perfectly in the night, yet their colour varieth as it doth in Men, according to the caprine and glazie humour. And fome- times it fallech out, that one, and the fame Horfe hath two eyes ofdiftinft colours. When the eyes of a Horfe hang outward, he is called Exophthalmos. Such fair eyes are beft,for Bucephalus the Horfe of Alexander had fuch eyes, but when the eyes hang inward, they are called Czloph-Thalmoi, and Cceliut.] the Tarthians count them the beft Horfes, whofe eyes are of divers colours, and are therefore called Heteropblhalmoi, becaufe the breed of that Horfe was faid to take the beginning from the Var\hiam t and the reafon why the people loved not thefe Horfes, was, becaufe they were fearful, and apt to run away in wars. The ears of a Horfe, are tokens and notes of his ftomach, as a tail is to a Lion, his teeth are AriJiotU. changed, yet they grow clofe together like a mans. It is a hard thing for a Horfe to have a good mouth, except hisftallion teeth be pulled out, for when he is chafed or heated, he cannot beheld back by his rider, but difdaineth the bridle.- wherefore after they be three year and a half old, thofe teeth ought to be pulled forth. In old age, a Horfes teeth grow whiter, but in other crea- tures blacker. A Mare hath two udders betwixt her thighes, yetbringeth forth but one at a time: many of the Mares have no paps at all, but only they which are like their Dams. In the heart of a Horfe there 222 224 The Hiflory of Four-footed 'Beafts. TheHorfes of divers Nati- Apolloniur. Horfes borns and wings. ith Vegetius. Strabo. SuetoniusS there is a little bone, like as in an Oxe, and a Mule ; he hath no gall like Mules and Affes, and other whole-iooted-beafts, howfoever (lorae fay) it lyeth in his belly ; and others, that it cleaveth to his liver, or to the gut-colon. The finall guts of a Horfe he near that gut, that fo one fide of his belly nay be tree and lull of paffage ; and from hence it cometh, that the beft Horfes, when they run or travel hard, have a noife or rumbling in their belly. The Hip-bone of a Horfe is called by fome the haunch, as the Arabians fay ; the tail (becaufe therewith hedriveth away flies) is called Muf- Armenians, and Trojans are fit for war, of the Greekjfh I will fpeak more afterward. Alexandria was wont to take great delight in Horfes, and combares of Horfes : Apollonius writeth Lib. 5. JEtbiopia fas it is reported) breedeth Horfes having wings and horns. Varro commendeth the Julian Horfes, and Volatteranas writeth, that they and the Horfes of Rojea are moft fit for war : he meaneth above' all the Horfes of Italy. There have been very fruitful paftures in Arcadia for cat- tel, efpecially for breeding Horfes and Affes that are Stallions, for the procreation of Mules, and the breed of the Arcadian Horfes excelleth. The fame man preferreth the Horfes of Ikeffalia and the Greekjfb Horfes, for they are found of their feet and head, but not of comely Buttocks , they have their back bone whole, great and fhort. The latter two I might have referred to the whole body of the Horfe. The Horfes of Armenia are very neceffary and convenient for war, for they and the Capadociam do breed of the Parthian Horfes, faving their heads are fomewhat bigger. Of the Hackpey or common HorfesI will fay more afterward, where I touch the difference of Horfes, and of their pace. The Barbarian Horfes are the fame as the Lyb\an Horfes. Vegetius commendeth the Horfes ofToringa and Burgundia , after them of Vonufci. Britain breedeth little Horfes and Amblers. Of Horfes that are celebrate of the Calpian Mountain: See in the Spanifb. The Horfes of Cappadocia and Armenia have the breed of the Farthians • but their heads are bigger, and are ofa moft famous Nobility, for that Countrey before any other land, is moft commodious for the nourifhing of Horfes, according to the verfes of Nsmefian : Cafpadocumque notas referat gemrofa propago Armata, & palmas nuper grex cmnif avorum. The Cappadocians do pay to the Ferfians every year, befide filver, a thoufand and fivehundred Hor- fes &c. TheMedes have the double of thefe, and they fur-name the Cappadocrans Horfes famous and fwift ; for he faith, that whiles thefe are young, they are accounted weak by reafon of their young teeth,'and their body feeding on milk ; but the older they grow- fo much the fwifter they are, being very couragious, and apt for war and hunting, for they are not afraid of weapons, neither to encoun- ter with wilde Beafts. Mazaca is a City of Cappadocia, fituate under the Mountain Argxus, now called Cafarea^s Eufebius reraembreth in his Chronicles, and from that City cometh the Mazacenian Horfe, for the Cappadocian Horfe. And not only the Countrey, but the City it felf fometime was called Cap- padocia from this City or walled Town, I fuppofe the Horfes of Mazaca were fo called , which Oppi- anm calleth Mazaci. of thefe alfo and more, I will fet down thefe verfes of Nemefian : Sit tibi pram ea fonipes, Maurufta teL'us Quern mittit, modo fit gentili [anguine firmus, Ghtemque aloratus Mizax deferta per arvO, Favit, & eftduos docuit tolerare labor es. Nepigiatquodlurpe caput, deformis & alvut E(t itlh) qwdquz infnnes, quod liber titer que, Quodquejubij promt cervix diverberet armos* Nam fle&i facility lafcivaque colla fecutus Faret in ebjeqmum it nta moderamine virge. Verb era funl pr£ceptafug£, funt verbera frenu §>uin & promijji jpatiofa per aquora campi, Curfibus acquirunt commoto f anguine vires, Faulatimque avidos comites p&tt terga relinquitnt. Baud /ecus effufis Nerei per urula \ventU, Cum fe threicius Boreas fuper extulitantrOi &c, Borum tarda venit longi fiducia curfus : His etiam emerito vigor eft juvenilis in avo. Nam qu£cunque fuis virtus bene floruit amis, Now prius eji animo quam ctrpore pajfa ruina* A Of the Horfe. 225 And peradventure Nem fianus underltood certain Horfes of Lybia, by the name of the Ntjzician Horfes, when as he joyns them with the Maurafian Horfes, and calls them painted Mauzician Horfes, which agreeth not with Cappnd^cian ; writing alfo, that they are ruled with a ftroke of air in Head of a bridle, which dung we have read in Authors writing of the Maffdian Horfes, in the Councrey of L)bia } and whereof we will Ipeak when we difcourfe of the Lybian Horfes. But the Cappadodan Horfes are fwift and lufty in their old age, as it is related by Oppianus. Again, if Mazacian Horfes be the fame that the Cappadocian are j what is the reafon why Oppianm doth name them apt, unlefs peradventure every Mazacian Horfe is a Ca\pachcian,zn& not otherwife ? The Horfes oiChatumbna, are fo named of Varriut. a place in Lybia; the Cbaonian Horfes are the fame with the Apriro/an Horfes. The Cotophonians and Magnetians do beftow great labour m breeding of Horfes ; for the Colaphonians dwellin a plain , as I have read in a certain Greeks Author. Siraboiib. 14. writeth, that the Colophmians in times pall did abound with Sea-forces, and have much excelled in Horfe-men- that wherefoevcr in any Nation there was waged war, they hired and required the aid of the Colophonian Horfe-men , and fo it was made a common Proverb : Colopbonemaddidi!. Erafmus. The Horfes of Crete are commended by Gp- p-.ams, and clfewhere. From their loins upward they are as big as the Cynnian Horfes , with well foe thighes, excellent for the foundnefs of their feet, and holding their breath a long time in riding, and therefore ht for (ingle races or in Chariots. The Eft an Horfes are remembredof C\piams, and theEjeans are a people of Ach.ua, and the Siralc, Achaian Horfes are commended of the fame. The Lipidanean kinde of Horfes is more excellent, and he preferreth the Jhejfalian Horfes before thofe of Epidauria , but the Epieotian Horfes are biting and Itubborn : Abjyrtus faith, that the Epieotian Horfes, and the Samerican and Dalmatian ^[though they are ftubborn and will not abide the bridle, and befides are bafe and contemptible, yet they are bold in war and combates, and therefore the Epieotian Horfes and the Sicilian defpife not, if their qualities and comely parts be apparent in them, although fometime he hath run away from the enemy,as the Poet faith : Qaamvis fcpe fuga verjos We egerit hoflcs, Lt patria Epirum refer at. Ephia and Ckaonia, is alfo a part of Ephus Alpeftriav, although fometimesit be taken for the whole Countreyof Ep'vus. The Horfes of Chaonia are commended, as Graiim remembreth, writing of the Sicilian Horfes, in thefe verfes to this effect, that no man hath prefumed to ftnve with the Lhaoniaus^ and the Achaian hand doth not exprefs their deferts : 1 Chaonias contendere contra Aufu i vix merita quas fignat Acbaia palma. There are people of Arabia called £rem£r, which fomecall hbtbpphagant, and TrogkJytar.s. Vegnius, Oppianut, in the third place commendeth the Fryfian Horfes for fwiftnefs, and long continuance of courfe, af- ter the Hunnian, Burgundians. The French Horfe is the fame that the Menapicns ,and S. HUrom vvnteth, that worldly men are delighted with the French Geldings; but Zacharies Afs loofed from his bands, rejoyceth good men. Lucius Apuleius hath commended the French Beafts, for if the young fole be de- rived of a generous kinde, it is an argument it will prove a Noble Beaft. The Gelanoian Horfes area kinde of bafe Horfes, not fit for war ; whether this name proceed of a ftrange Couutrey, I have no certain knowledge thereof. There is a certain River in Sicilia called Ge- las, ot which Countrey the Horfes are of great value and much fet by. And alfo the Gelons are a peo- .ple of Scythia, who in their flight tight upon Horfes, of which Lucsms writeth to this effect ; Maffagnes quo fugit equo, fortefque Geloni : And Virgil t Bij alt* quo more fulent, acei que Gelonut, Cum fugix in Rhodopcn, aitt in deferta Getarum, Etlac toner etum cum {anguine pot at equina. Signifying thus much,that the Majfagetes & valiant Ge/uw fly away upon Horfes like iheBi Fait ans , when they fly into Rhodope, or into the Wildernefs of the Gelans^ and drink milk mixed with Horfe bloud for hunger and famine : But thefe fearful Horfes are not meet for war. Gcrmania hath greater Horfes and hard trotters, whofe pace is very hard and troublefome. The Getican Horfes run moft fwift ly. The Horfes of the Greeks have good found broad feet, and of a great body, a comely fine head, their j£ij aTlKS fore-part fomewhat high of ftature, ftraight and well compa&ed, and of a well fafhioned body, but the joyningof their buttocks not fo agreeable and anfwerabie to the reft : they are moft fwift and couragious, yetnotwithftanding \nd.\\Guece the Thejjulian Horfes are moft efteemed; Nemcfianus writeth alfo of the Greekjfk Horfes : Greece therefore yeeldeth choice Horfes, and well hoofed. In Abfyrtus. Helvetia the Horfes are fitted, and very expert in war, and efpecially the Algecian Horfes, which will la ft and continue a long time. In Spam alfo the Horfes are of a great ftature of body, well proportioned and ftraight, having a fine head; thejoyntsof their bodies very well divided, fet apart, and ready or flexible,limple and (hort buttocks, but not very ftrong a«d comely. They are ftrong and able to fuftain the undergoing, or Nff& 226 The Hittory of Four-footed Heatts. or comparing of journeys; neither are they (lender bodyed or fubjeft to leannefs; but they are Rueliiu. nothing nimble for courfe, as (hall appear by the words of the Authors following, neither are they fpurred when they are ridden : from their growing even to their middle age, they are pliant, and eafie to be handled, afterward they wax wilde and biting. The Capyadocian Horfe is renowned, the like,or the next triumph or vidory have the Spanifh Horles in running the ring. Neither doth Sivilia yecld Horfes inferior for the ring then thofe : and Africa is accuftoraed to bring forth the molt fwift Horfes by copulation with the Spanifh bloud to the ufe of the faddle. Oppianus faith that their Iberian Horfes are more excellent, and do fo much furpafs other Horfes in fwiftnefs, how much the Eagle or the winding Hawk in the air, and the Dolphin in the Sea, excelleth other birds and fifties ; but they are fmall , and of little ftrength, and no courage : al- though /^;rf«raffirmeth fif you read him well) that they are of a great ftatureof body, they being rid but a little way do lofe their fwiftnefs of pace : they are of a comely body ; but their hoofs are not hollow or hard. Camerarius. The Spanish Horfes are defired of great Princes and Peers , and the Magnates, becaufe their opini- " on is, that they are fwift and nimble ; and out of Spain they are refpefted for lightnefs and elegancy. The judgement of the Ancients for the general breed of Horfes, was this j that the greateft Horfes are bred from the third Climate, to the end of the fixt ; and moftof all in Spain : yet we have feen ftronger and bigger Horfes bred in the feventh Climate, and thofe more able to endure labour then thofe that are under the third or fourth climate. Albtrw> The Horfes of the Celnberans fomewhat a dufty colour : and they change if they be tranfported in- to the farther Spain ; and the Parthian Horfes are like them in regard they excel in nimblenefs and dexterity of running, whereof Martial writeth thus, Videbis altam Liciane Bilbilim/qnif & armis mbi- Strabo. ^ m ' wn 'ch Bilbilis is a City of Celtiberia. Of the GallacUns and Gennets, we will fpeak alfo in the Spa- nifh Horfes that are bred in the Calpian Mountain, afterward, when we entreat of the differences of Horfes according to their degree. The Huns bring up their Horfes hardly, able to endure cold and hunger, and they have great and crooked 'heads, itaring eyes, ftrait noftrils , broad chaps, andftrongand rough necks, and long manes down to their legs ; great ribs, ftraight backs, bufhy tails, ftrong fhanks or legs, fmall feet, full and wide hoofs, their flanks hollow, and their whole body full of holes. There is no fatnefs in their hanch or buttocks, they have no firings in their finew<; or arteries , and they exceed in length more then in height, having great bellies hanging down, big-boned, and leannefs (which is a deformity in other Horfes) in thefe it (heweth their ftatelinefs : their courage is moderate and wary, and thefe are able to endure wounds. Thefe Hunnian Horfes elfewhere he calleth them Hmnican Horfes, and the fame in times paft Huns : but they are called now a days Vngariart Horfes. The Companies or Armies of Hum) wandering up and down with moft fwift Horfes, filled all things with f laughter and terrour. They are biting and kicking Horfes, as moft Pannonickj are, (for they call Pannonia at this day Hungaria) of which there is a Proverb of Malignity fprung up, Non nifi initati ipiiione aut effen't mctufrcciunt : that is to fay; They wax not ftern, or rage not , butei- Vegetius. ther by opinion, or fear of offence, affirming that the Pannonians are very fit for War. There is not any that can hold and conftrain or draw the bridles in, or loofe them forth, that rideth an Indian Horfe when he pranfeth and runneth violently , but fuch a one that hath been trained up from his childehood in the skill of Horfes : thefe men have accuftomed to hold them with the bridle, and al- fo to break their wilfulnefs by fnaffles or bits, and thofe that are well skilled in handling Horfes, do compell them from their unrulinefs, as reftrain them within a fmall circuit. Yet notwithstanding to make this circle and finifh it, it requireth the help of hands , and it is a great skil belonging to Horfemen. Ttiey which are moft skilful of this Art, and cunning doers of it, know very well how to bring their courfe into a circle, whofecompafs is not to be regarded chiefly when it can bear but two JElianus* Souldiers fighting together at one time.There are among the Indian Pf)llans(fov there are alfo other Africkj of that name) Horfes bred no bigger then Rams, and they fay that in India there are Horfes withonehorn, of which horn drinking cups may be made, having this vertue in them 5 that if you put poyfon into them, and a man drink thereof, it fhall not hurt him, becaufe the horn doth drive away or expell the evill or poyfon. Whereof you fhall fee more at large in the Hiftory of Mcnoceretes : and Mlianus himfelf elfewhere, and Philes following him, write the the fame thing of a cup made of the horn of an Indian Afs, having one horn. Oppianut. The Ifiricn Horfes are of good able feet, very ftraight, whole backt , and hollow; but fwift of courfe. The Moores Horfes (faith Oppianus) are moft excellent, as well to hold out long courfes, as alfo to endure hard labours : the Lybians next unto thefe are of a moft durable celerity : they are fhaped alike, except that the Lybian Horfes are big,and of a longer body,having thicker ribs and fides, and their breft is larger before on their creft ; they can eafily abide the heat of the Sna and daily thirft. Africa hath been accuftomed to put the moft fwifteft Horfes of the Spanifh brood to the ufe of the faddle: (andLivius faith) in lib 23.thatitwasacuftom to the Numidians , being in battel, to lead two Horfes together, and in manner of vauters oftentimes, in the moft fharp conflict could leap from the weary Horfe to a frefh, (fo great was the dexterity of the rider, and the docibility of the beaft.) From Tunis of Africa, Ma^Aia^ mdNumidia 9 there are alfo brought very fingular Horfes, 1 pa fling Of the Horfe. 227 paflmg tor running, which the common people call Barbary Horfes. The Mafyticws (a people of Lybia) have very good Horfes, which they govern with a rod whithout a bridle, from whence Vir- pil in his fourth of his JEneidas, calleth them untamed and wMcNumidei : and Silius faith alfo , the 2v>»/<&j a Nation having no skill of the bridle, do leap up and down, here, and there, and every where : Hie pafjim exultant NumitU gens infeia frenr, Quit inter gemin as per ludum nobilit aures ghtadrupedem fletfit non cedens virga lupatis. Alfo the rod rules the Mafylian Horfe : the fame 2v>w^WHXwriteth of thofe which he calleth Ma- zacians, (as I luve before fpoken of the Cappadocian Horfes) The Varcadian Horfes although they are of a marvellous fwiftnefs, yet they are inferiour to the Lybian Horfes in running. The Lybian Mares are taken with a pipe, and by thefe allurements they are made tame and leave off all wildc qualities, and whitherfoever the pipefhall allure them, thither they follow, and the Shepheard when he (lands, they leave off marching forward ; and if he fing more pleafantly, they are fo de- lighted with it, that they cannot hold tears. The Shepheards of thefe flocks,make their Shepheards pipe of the tree (called Rhododaphks) the found whereof delighteth thofe that go before the herd. Gratius alfo writeth to this effcci ; Yingit equos Pifis Numid*, &c. • - Audax & pattens operum genus iVie : vigeb.it Centum alius fpatiis, atque eluUabituriram, Nec magni cultus ftenlis quodcunque remifit Terra fui 3 tenuefque fttis producer e rlvi. Although the place be not perfect, yet that that is fpoken concerning the Numidian and Lybian. Horfes, is manifefted as well by the words of Otpianus before recited, as alfo by that which Jtlianus fetteth down : for (faith he) I have heard thefe things touching the Lybian Horfes of the men of that Nation, that of all other Horfes they are the fwifteft, and that they have no fenfe of their labours, being lank byreafonof their flendernefs andi:hinnefs of their fliape, and are wholly of themfelves fit to endure their mafters negligence , for their matters give them no meat or fodder , neither doth any man rub or drefs them with the curry-combe after they have laboured or travelled: neither do they lay any litter or draw for them to ly on, nor pare their hoofs, but fo foon as they have ended their journey, leaping off their backs, they turn them to feek their food, and in like manner the men of Lybia worn with leannefs, and all befmeared with filth , do ride on Horfes of this fort. The Horfes and Oxen of Africa, which dwell between GetuUa and us, are as ours, that is, having longer lips, (the Interpreters tranflate it hoofc.) Their Kings take delight in troops of Horfes, (o that there are numbred to him every year four hundred thoufand Colts. The Cbalambrian Lybians are before fpoken of, ^nd the Nafavions we will fpeak of hereafter. Barbary breedeth very few Horfes • but the Arabians which inhabit in the Defert, and the people of Lybia do breed very many, and they do not fo much accuftom them to journeys and warfare , as to hunting, and feeding them with Camels milk only twice a iday and night, whereby they keep them fine, but very lean, and in the time of grafs they turn them out to feed in the field, but they ride not on them. The Horfes of Maffylia are equal with the Lybians. The people of Magnetia have been renowned in feeding and bringing up Horfes, and they are very skilful in combate on Horfe-back (zsLucaiKf (kith.) The M.ignetians are famous for Horfes, and the Nation ofNycaia for Ous : Magnetia is a coun- trey of Macedonia, bordering upon Ibetfaly, fo the City and Countrey of Afxa lyeth toward Mtandrus. Oppianus commendeth the Magnetian Horfes. The Mocres fight often on Horfe-back with Spears, but their Horfes are naked, and their bridles made of rufhes. The Maffylians following the Lybians (for the mod part) are furnifhed after that manner, and they refemble others, having little Horfes, both fwift, obedient, and eafily to be ruled with a rod. . Thecollars of their Horfes are made of wood or hair, whereby the bridles hang. The principal strabo Horfes of Barb ary are not fwift, but in refped they live on fodder, they are more handfome and better in flefh, which they ufe in eminent danger, when it (landeth them upon to efcape the rage of their enemies. Thus far I have related the words of Oppianus, touching the nourifhing of Horfes, ^ j fr - among the Lybians, where he fheweth that they are all alike, both in fhape and orher proportion. -' rn Touching the Nemefian Horfes, they ^.re all one with the Maurans and Maru fans fas Strabo witneffeth) calling them nimble and fwift kindes amongft the Moores. The Sicilians are fwifter then the Moores, and the Moores are of a more valiant courage then the Sicilians, orfome fuch like other thing, who are furnifhed with yellow colours, and fhew to the eye mod (Tuning and fplendant, and which is more, they only defire the roaring of a Lyon, for which when they come to other wilde Beads by way of hunting, he commendeth them to be excel- lent : then he faith that the yellow is the bed colour, qi8 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beajls. In the Countrey of Mauritania are great ftore of Lyons, and of the Nazucanos we have fpoke of t W f before fufficiently. The Median Horfes are of. exceeding greatnefs, and the men of that Countrey are fo bewitched with the rich attire and fhape of their bodies, and alfo their Horfes being fo loofe with fuperfluicy or ranknefs, that the Horfes take delight in their Matters, both in greatnefs and in fairnefs of body, and iuch coif ly furniture upon their backs, that they feem to perceive their own mm. ftature and comelinefs. The MetfW every year by way of cuftome pay three thoufand Horfes. Hero- dotus alio calleth the Nfian Horfes the Mtdes, whereof more fhall be fpoke afterwards. The Menapi- am amongft our Country-men,the only men which I fuppofe were once call'd French of Ge/aj^and the K^Mm,(asWarriours)forthemoftpartareineitimation. I alfo finde that the Rttgians inhabited that Countrey which is now called Rugerland^znd that Paulus Viaconus remembreth themjib. i . Touching the affairs of Longebardus, there are that fay they departed into M-cbelkurgia. Thefe are the right off Ipring of the Germans '(faith Altbametus) they are counted as Germans, both in lan- guage and vertue. Gratius writeth of the Marabians, faying the Marcibians fcarfe yeeld their tough neck to the fword. Virgill alfo declareth M)cenia to be a Countrey of moll notable Horfes: and Gratius commendeth a Horfe fit for hunting highly in thefe verfes : Confute Pensi qualit perfunditttr amm Iheffaliu , autpatris quern confpexire Myccr.a Glaucum, nempe ingens, mmpeardua fundetin auras Crura, quit Eleas potior luftravit arenas ? Ne tamen hoc attingat of us, jatlantior Mi Virtus, quam filvas dutumque laceffere Martem. The Mjfian Horfes were once great in eftimation fas Camerarius writetK) Alfo the Nafamonians are people of L;^M ; livingas fpoylersof the fhips in the Syrtes. Of all thefe Horfes before faid, the Nife- an Horfe is the goodlieft, and fitteft to carry the body of a King, they are of a pairing good fhape, an eafie pace,and very fubmifiive to the bridle ; having a little head,and a long and thicK mane, with yellow or brown hairs hanging down on both fides : Armenia is very fit for feeding Horfes, wherein js a certain medow c lied Hippoboans, by which they make their journey which pals from tFerfta and baby Ion into the Cafpian Border, in which place they c feed five hundred Mares which belong unto their King. IheNiJtan Horfes (written with Jota and fimple Sigma, as Eutfatbius writeth) are the moft excel- lent and beft ; fome fay that they have their generation from German) , others out of Armenia, buc they have a certain kinde of fhape like the Partbians. In India molt of their living creatures are far greater then in other places (except Horfes) for the A"//uum jam indc a tenerii imp:nde labor em. Contimo pecorif generefi puVus in arvis Altiut ingreditur, & mollia crura reponit. Frimui & ire viam, & fiuvios lentare minaces Audet, & ignoto fife committere ponti : Nec vanot borret crepitus , ilia ardua cervix , Argutumque caput , brev'u alvus^ obefaqm tergd % Luxuriatque torii animo\um pedus, bomfti Spadices glaucique : color deUrritnus albis Et gilvo : turn, ft qua fonum procularmadedere } Stare loco nefcit, micil auribui & tremit artus : ColkUumque premens volv'n fub naribus igmm. Venfa juba, & dextro ja&a recumbit in armo. At duplex agitur per lumbot fpina, cavatque Tellurem 3 & folido graviter fonat ungula cornu. Varro (heweth that at the firft foaling ofaColt,a man may obferve by certain fignes how he will S ;„ ns ro c hiire prove when he is in perfection ; for if he be chearful, bold, and not'terrified at any ftrange fight, if a good Colt, he run before the company, be wanton,and contend with his equals in courfe, and over-run them : if he leap over a ditch, go over a bridge, or through water, and being provoked appeareth meefc j thefe are the moft true lignes of an elegible Colt. Alfo it is to be confidered, whether they rife quickly, being ftirred from their reft, and run away fpeedily, if their bodies be great, long, full of mufcles, and lr arp, having a little head, black eyes, open and wide noftrils, {harp pricked ears, a foft and broad ueck, not long, a thick mane curled, and falling on the right fide, a broad and full breaft, large (boulders, and fhoulder-bones, round ribs, a little belly ; a double back-bone,or at the leaft not thin,bunchy,and extended ; his loins preffed downwards, broad, and well fet, little and finalf (tones, a long tail, with curled hair, high, itraighc and equal legs, round knees, not great, nor bending inward ; round buttocks, brawny and flefhy thighs, high, hard, hollow, and round hoofs, well fee to the crown of their pattern , having veins confpicuous and apparent over all his body. That Colt "which at the time of his foaling hatii Columslla. the moft higheft legs, is likelieft by common reafon to prove moft able and noble in his age, for of Varro. all the j'oynts in the body the knees and legs grow leaft, and they which have flexible joynts in their Albertus. infancy, will be more nimble and flexible in their age. And thus much for the parts of a Colt. Now, Ofthechoife in the next place we muft likewife take confideration of a Horfe untamed, and ready lor the fuddle. °faiHorfe uri« For the outward parts of his body, faith Xemphon. yeeld evident fignification of his minde, before he b3cke wt pulcbri dunes > breve qmd caput, ardtta cervix. If you will make trial of your Stallion, whether he be fit for procreation, Hipparchus teacheth you this experimenc: prefs the genital member with your two fingers, and with locks of Wooll draw out his feed, which being lo drawn out, if it cleave and hang together, fo as it will not be cut nor eafily parted, it is ademonftration of a good Stallion ; but if it hang not together like birdlime, but eafily go afunder like Milk or Whay, fuch a Horfe is not to be admitted to cover your Mares. When Hones be old among other faults, they engender Foals lame in their feet, and therefore they The age of are to be kept ; and not to be admitted to copulation nor War ; for his rage Is like a weak fire among alllon - wet ftuble, according to thefe verfes ; Morbo gravis am fegnior annU Deficit, abde domo> nec turpi ignofce (ened*. Frigidus in venetem fenior, frujtraque laberem Ingratum trabit : & (i quando ad prdia ventum eft } Vt quondam in ftipulk magnus fine viribus i^nk, Incajfum furit. Therefore it behoveth that a Stallion Horfe be not under three years old when he covereth a Mare, CJumelld, and it is beft for him to begin at five, for fo he will endure in generation, not only till he be twenty -year old,but alfo to thirty or forty years,as in fome Countreys hath been often proved. They are not to be admitted to cover above fifteen in one year at the moft, and a young Horfe not above ten or twelve in one year ; the refidue may be futlered with obfervation of their lfrength and nature. The King of Babylon befide his Horfes for war had eight hundred Stallions, which were admitted to cover fix thoufand Mares, fo that every one had twenty a peece -, there is alto a place in Syria near Apamia, where in one plot of ground were nourifhed thirty thoufand Mares > and three thou- fand Stallions (as Calm faith ) fo that every Stallion had an hundred Mares to cover fin that place) which number exceedeth the proportion of nature. It is alfo to be remembred, that Stallions are to be feparated from Mares all the year long, except at the time of procreation, and then alfo he muft be largely fed according to thefe verfes : His animadverfis, inftant fub tempus, & omnet Impendent euros denjo drfiendere pingui, $>uem legere ducem y & pecori duxere maritum : Florentefyue fecant htrbat , fiuviofque miniflrant, Farraque : neblando nequeant [uperejje labori : Invalidique patrum nferant jejunia nati : Ipfa aulem made lenuant armenta vokntcj. Atque ubi eoncubitus primos jam nota volupias SoUicitat, fi ondefque negant , & fontibus arcent. S*pe etiam curfu quatiunt, & Sole fatigant : Cum graviter tunfis gemit area frugibus : & cum Surgsnttm ad Zcpbjrum pale but thofe Foales live not till they be above three year old. And it is the property of thefe Mares ( faith Avian) by kicking againft the winde with their hinder legs, to open their own womb, and to receive in thac delegable air, wherewithal they are fatisfied. Alfo he faith, that he heard of an old man, which was born in the Ifle of Pealtupha, that the Mares thereof never ceafe running, from the one end of the Ifland to the other, when the rage of their luft is upon them ; which thing is elegantly defcribed by a Poet, how they turn themfelves to the Weft, fhndingupon the rocks, and there draw in the cold aire, which oftentimes maketh them conceive, wondering that they conceive not rather by the Eaft funrifing or South, then by the Wefterly winde bordering upon the North ; the Poets words are thefe : Continmque avidis ubi fubdita flamma medullis, Veremagis ( quia verecalor redit offibus ) ilia Oreomnes verfe in Zephyr urn, fiant rupibtu altit Exceptant que leves auras: & [ape fine ullis Corijugiu vento gravida ( mirabile dittu) Saxa p e r, & Jcopulos, & deprefas cmvalks Viffugiunt, non Eure tuos neque Solisadortm : In Boream Caurumq- aut unde mgtrrimus aujier Nafcitur,&pluvio contrijiat frigoreccelum- Sometimes Horfes and Mares admit copulation at two year old, but thofe Foales never prove excel- lent, but at three year old or thirty moneths, they fuffer conjunftion fafely and with profit, becaufe they ceafe to lofe their teeth. They continuein their generation, bearing every fecond year, the P//«/. male untill he be thirty year old, and the female as long as fhe liveth ; but the male engendereth yearly : And it is reported of a Horfe in Opus, that covered a Mare after he was forty year old, being only holp up and down from the Mare. A hiftory of a P/i«y, Opfia?w, JEhanux^ and Ariftotle do confidently affirm, that when the King of Scythia had all ftalliontohis his generous breed of Horfes deftroyed by a peihlence (except one of his beft Mares and a Stallion cwndam. which was a Foale of that Mares) being defirous to continue the, breed, caufed his Horfe- keeper to put the Son and the Mother together, but the Horfe refufed copulation with his own OftbeHorfe. oivn P4renc. Afterward the Horfe-keeper covered the Mare with artificial skins, and ]i\e- wife dreffed the Horfe in fuch manner, as one could not know the other, whereupon being brought together the fecond time , the Stallion covered his own Mother: Afterward the Horfe- keeper difcovered them, the one to the other, whereby they knew the fraud, and grew guilty in themfelves of inceftuous commixtion Whereupon they took no other revenge upon theinfelves, but ran to the top of an high rock, and there fucceffively threw down themfelves , one after another, fo ending their miferable days, and preventing their Mifters hopes ; to teach all mankinde that they ought not to feek to thrive by fins againft nature : the like is before rehearfed of a male Camel The very like ftory is reported of a Horfe in the coafts of Kea, yet this is not held to be general: for beafts (as d'iftotle faith) do promifcuoufly cover one another ; the Father the Daughter ,. the Son the Mother , the Brother the Sifter, and tffis maketh them to be perfect beafts ; and the ftories before recited may be true, yet are they extraordinary: otherwife the common rule of flf/^remaineth true, That it is not a filthy thing for bealts to obferve no de- grees of nature. ■ Coeunt animalia nullo CeXtradtlzttu, neo babeiur twpe juvenc£ Ferre pattern tergo.fit equo pafilia conjux. The beft time of the year for the joyning of Horfes and Mares for copulation, is from the vernall equinoctial to the Summer folftice, becaufe then the Colts which are foaled in due time, have the green herbs and all the warm weather for the fuccour of their infancy : and if the Mure (after fhe have been once covered) refufe the male, let her reft ten days, and then bring her to the male again,- if fhe refufe the fecond time, you may take it for granted, that fhe is filled already. Wherfore feeing it is known certainly that a Mare goeth twelve moneths with young, itisaneafie matter fo to order the time of her copulation, that her foale may alwayes be delivered in a warm and feafonable time of the year ; for which caufe there is an invention for ftirring up of the luft both in the male and female : the Hymen&an fhepherds, by the fweetnefs of fongs upon their pipes, ftirred up their Horfes and Mares to copulation, jbut the more affured way is, to follow the direction oi Columella and Abfyrtus, to provoke them by natural means, like as Buls and Kine. Andfirftofall for the male, give him the tail of a Hart burned, mingled with wine, and Themeatmo anoint therewithal his ftones and genital member, and fo fhall the dull Stallion be more prone to procure Horfe* venery ; alfo there is a kind of Satyrium, which they give to them in drink, or the powder of a Horfes t0 C0 P u ^ tion ' ftones : likewife if the female refufe, take fhrimpes beaten foft with water (as thick as hone) there- withal touch the nature of the Mare in her purgation, and afterwards hold it to her nofe; or elfetake Hens dung mixed with Ro2en and Turpentine, and anoint the fecrets of the Mare, which fhallfofar increafe her luft, as it cureth the lothfomenefs better then the fhrimps, and increafeth luft. But you muft regard, that no lean arid ill favoured Mtire be anointed, becaufe the Horle is quickly wearyedfrom his luft, and fo delighteth only to be tickled therewith without doing anything. 5 ' • ■ Other again do fir ft of all bring fome vulgar Horfe to the Mire, who provoketh and ftirreth her to luft, and when he is neer the very fad of filling her, they lead her away to a more generous Stallion, to be covered by him : And fo if none of thefe means do prevail with her, they do rub her fecrets with a Nettle, and that caufeth her to fuffer the Horfe to enter. PfwecrifH/ alfo faith that it is in our power to caufe our Horfes to bring forth males or females; ToingenJera for if we fuffer them to couple when the North winde bloweth, or the third day before the full ni3 ' e or maIe Moon, or bind his left ftone, he fhall get a male j but if when the South winde bloweth,or three days after the full Moon, or bind the right ftone of the Horfe, it will prove a female. Alfo if at the time of copulation, the Horfe leap off from the Mare on the right fide, it is a token it will beji male, but if on the left fide, it will be a female. Carnal copulation is molt acceptable to Horfes, and leffe grievous unto them then to Neat, for there is no kind (mm only excepted) th.it is fo venereous and nimble in generation as is a Horfe or Mare. The males know their females with whom they live, although they have been but a few days to- gether ; and if ftrange females fall into their company, they expell them away by biting, feeding fingle and alone with their female by themfelves ; but if any male or other ftone Horfe come within their walke,then prefently they make force at him ; if their female ftir from them, they rellrain her by biting : and in this time of their rage, they neither regard the rider, nor their adverfary, nor the bridle, nor cruell ftripes, nor fteep hils, nor rocks, nor caves of the earth, if they winde the amorous favour of their fellowes ; according to the faying oiVirgd in thefe Verfes ; Nonne videt, ut tot a tremor fertentet equorum Corpora, ft \mtum notas odor attulit auraf ? Ao neque ess jam frena vlrum 3 nec verbera f*va, Nonfoopnlf } rufefq- y cav*,atque objeQa retardaut Flnminaj correptot unda torqtientia montes. It 2 j 6 T k tf //?ory of Four- footed "teajis, " IThath been alio received,thac a barren Mare {hall conceive if you take a bunch of leeks bruifed fmal and put into a cup of Wine and twelve French flies aWdCamhai ides in water, put them two dayes together into the genital of a Mare, like a Glyfter. and afterwards put her to a Horfe anointing her fecrets with the faid ointment two feveral times, when the Horfe leaps down from her ; or die they take Niter, Sparrows dung, Rozen, and Turpentine, thrufting the fame into the Mares genital, whereby it hath been proved, that fecundity oftentimes followed. Alfofomeufe Siler of the Mountains to procure conception in Mares and Cowes,and the true fign of conception is, when their nature ( that is) the fluent humour out of their fecre s ceafeth for amoneth,or two, or three: and Pliny faith, that when a Mare is filled, fhe changeth her colour, and looketh more red, which is to be underftood not of her hair, but of her skin, lips and eyes, The ordering her hair (landing more full then before. Then let them be feparated from the males, exempting ofa Mare with them from moift places, cold fhd labour, # for all thefe are enemies to her foaling, and caufe foal. abortment. Varro. Likewife they muft not have too much meat nor too little, but only a temperate diet, and foft tdUadius. lodging, their better ordering is elegantly defcribed in Vngi I ,by thefe Verfes. Nonilhx gravibm quifquamjuga ducere pUitfiriii Nonfaltu juperare viam fit patfus,& acn Carpereprata juga -.finviofqueinnare raphes. Sal'ibut in vacua pjfeant : & plena fecundum Flumina, mufcus ubi & vnidhjima granane ripa 3 Spelunctque tegant : & faxea procubet umbra. This is moft certain, that if a Woman in her flowers, touch a Mare with foal for fom.etimedo but fee her) it caufeth to call her foal, if that purgation be the firft after her Virginity : In like manner if they fmell of the fnuffe of a Candle, or eat Buck-maft or Gentian. The Egyptians, when they will defenbea Woman fuffering abortment, they picture a Mare treadingupon a Wolf, for if a Mire kick at a Wolf, or tread where a Wolfhathtroad,fhecaftethherfoale.- If an Affe cover a Mare which a Horfe hath formerly filled, there followeth abortment • but if a Horfe cover a Mare which an Afle hath formerly filled, there followed) no abortment, becaufe the Horfes feed is hotter then the Afles. If a Mare be fick of abortment or foaling, Polypody mingled with warm water given her in a horn, is a prefent remedy. The Scythians when they perceive their Mares|tobe quick with foale, they ride upon them, hol- ding opinion that thereby they crjft forth th'eirffpaJes with lefle pain and difficulty. They carry their young one in their wombs, as hath been already laid, twelve moneths, but fometimes they come at eleven moneths and ten dayes, and thofe are commonly males, for the males are fooner perfected in the womb then the females, and commonly the females are foaled at twelve moneths and ten dzyss and thofe which tarry longer are unprofitable and not worth education. A Mare is motleafily delivered of her young among other beafts, and bcareth mofl commonly but one at a time,yet it hath been feen that ttyins tjath proceeded from her. At the time of her delivery, (lie hath Jefle purgation of bloud, then fo .great a moldeof body can afford,andwhen (he hath foaled, fhe de- voureth her feconds, and alfo a thing that cleaveth to her foales forehead, being a piece of black flefti called Hippomaues, neither doth (he fuffer her young one to fuck until fhe have eaten that, for by fmelling thereunto, the young and old Horfes, or other of that kind would fall mad : and this thing have the importers of the world, ufed for a Philtre or amorous cup, to draw women to love them, Virgil fpeaketh thus of it j Gjhurhur & nafcentis Equi defronte revulfus Et matiis prxrepw amor And again; Hinc iemum Hippooianes vero quod nomine dicunt Pajieres, lenlum dijliEat abinguine virus Elippomanes, quod\ raging both with gefturesand voice, that they caft their Kill fill eyes upon every kind of Women, attempting wherefoever they meet them to ravifh or ingender with him: and befides becaufe of this opprellion of their minde, their body confumeth and fadeth away: for three dayes after the Colt is foaled he can hardly touch the ground with his head. It is not good to touch them, for they are harmed by often handling, only it is profitable, that it be fuffered with the dam in fome warm and large liable, fo as neither it be vexed with cold, nor in danger to be oppreffed by the M a e through want of room. Alfo their hoofs muft be looked unto, left their dung (ticking unto them burn them, afterward when it waxeth ftronger, turn him out into the field with his dam, left the Mare over-mourn her felf for want of her foal,, for fuch beafts love their young ones exceedingly. After three dayes let the Mare be exercifedand rid up and down, but with fuch a pace as the foal may follow her, for that fhall amend and encreafe her milk. If the Colt have foft hoofs, it will make him run more fpecdily upon the hard ground, or elfe lay little ftones under their feet, for by fuch means their hoofs are hardned, andifthat prevail not, take Swines greafe, and Bnmftone never burned, and the ftalks of Garlick bruifed and mingled all together, and therewithal anoint the hoofs. The Mountains alfo, are good for the breeding of Colts, for two caufes, fir ft for that in thofe places their hoofs are hardened ; and fecondly by their continual afcending and defending, their bodies are better prepared for induring of labour. And thus much may fuffice for the educa- ting and nurfing of foals. For their weaning obferve this rule, firft feparate them from their dams twenty four hours toge- ther, in the next morning let them be admitted to fuck their belly full, and then removed to be never more fuckled :.at five moneths old begin to teach them to eat bread or hay, and at a year old give them Barly and Bran, and at two years old, wean them utterly. of handling, taming, er breaking of Horfcs. THev which are appointed to break Horfes are called by the Grecians ^porcdict, Hif>j>odami,and Hiffccomi • the Laiim, HquijOnes , ArulateretjLnd Cociones\'\n Italian Jo Rozone. Abfyttw is of opinion that foals are to be ufed to hand, and to be begun tobe tamed at 1 8 moneths old, not to be backed but only tyedby the head in a halter to a rack or manger, fo that it may not be terrified for any extraordinary noife , for which caufe they ufethem to brakes, but the belt time is at three years old, as Crf/cei/erc/'/teacheth in many Chapters, wherefore when they begin to be handled, let him touch the 'rough partsofhis body, as the maneand other places, wherein the Horfe takech delight tobe handled: neither let him be over feverpand Tyrannous, and feek to overcome the bead by ftripes, but as Cicero faith, by fair mcans,or by hunger and famine. Some have uied to handle them fucking, and to hang up in their prefencebits and bridles,that fo by the fight and hearing thegingling thereof in their ears, they might grow more familiar. And when they came to hand to lay upon their backs a little boy fiat on his belly; and after- Ward to make him fit upon him formally, holding him by the head, and this they do at three year old, but commit him to no labour untill he be four year old,yet domeftical and fmall Horfcs for ordinary ufe are tamed at two year old, and the beft time for the effecting hereof, is in themoneth of Maxcb. It is alfo good in riding of a young Horfe to light often, and to get up again, then let him bring him home and ufe him to the ftable, the bottom whereof, is good to be paved with round ftones, or elfe planks of Cuk, ftrewing litter uponit when he lyeth down, that fohemay lie foft and ftand hard. It is alfo good to be regarded, that the plankes be fo laid, as the Urine may continually run off from them, having a little dole ditch to receive it, that fo the Horfes feet may not be hurt thereby, and a good Mifter of Horfes muft oftentimes go into his ftable, that fo he may obferve the ufageof thisbeaft. The manger alfo ought to be kept continually clean for the receiving of his provender, thatfo no filth or noifome thing be mingled therewith; there ought alfo to be partitions in it, that fo every beaft may eat his own allowance , for greedy Horfes do not only fpeedily raven up their own meat, but alfo rob their fellows. Others again have fuch weak ftomachs that they are offended with the breath of their fellows , and will not eat except they cat alone. 237 the a 3 8 The Hittory of Four -footed Hearts. The rack alio is to be placed according to their ftature, that fo their throat may not be too much extended, by reaching high, nor their eyes or head troubled, becaufe it is placed too low. There ought aifo to be much light in the ftable, left the beaft accultomed to darknefs, be offended at the Sun hght, and wink over much, being not able to indure the beams when he is led abroad j but yet the ftable muftbe warm and not hot ; for although heat do preferve fatnefs, yet it bringeth indige- ftion and hurteth a Horfes nature, therefore in the Winter time the ftable mult be fo ordered, as the Vtgetius. beaft may not be offended or fall into difeafes by overmuch heat or fuddain cold. In the Summer time let them lodge both night and day in the open air. This alfo in ftabling of your Horfes muft be avoided, namely, the fties of Swine ; for the ftink, the breath, the gruntling of Hogs, is abominable for Horfes, and nature hath framed nofympathy or concord betwixt the noble and couragious fpirit of a Horfe, and the beattly fluggifh condition of a Swine. Remove alfo faraway from your Horfes ftables ail kinde of fowl, which were wont to haunt thofe places to gather up the remnant grains of their provender, leaving behind them their little feathers, which if the Horfe lick up in his meat, ftick in his throat, or elfe their excrements which procureth the loofenefs of his belly. Ca\mams. It muft alfo be regarded, that the ftable muft be kept neat , fweet, and clean, fo as in abfence of the Horfe, it may not lie like a place for Swine. The inftruments alfo, and implements thereof, fuch as are the Horfe cloathes, the Curry-combs, the Mane-combs, Saddles and Bridles, be difpofed and hung up in order behind the Horfe,fo as it may neither trouble him eating or lying,nor yet give him occafion to gnaw, eat, and devour them to their own damage or hurt, for fuch is the nature of fome wanton Horfes, to pull afunder and deftroy whatfoever they can reach. They are therefore oftentimes to be exercifed and backed, and principally to be kept in a good diet, for want of food dejedeth the fpirit of the nobleft Horfe, and alfo maketh the mean Horfe to be of no ufe ; but on the contrary a good diet dotjh not only make a mean Horfe to be ferviceable, but alfo continue the worth and value of the beaft: which thing Poets confidered, when they fained that Arion the Horfe of Neptune and fome others were made by Ceres the Goddefs of Corn, which any mean witted man may interpret to fignifie, that by abundance of provender the nature of Horfes was fo far advanced above ordinary, that like the Sons of the Gods they perform in- credible things:whether therefore they eat chaffe,or hay,or graffe,or grain, according to the diver- fities of Countries, let it be wholefome, clean, frefb, and fweet, without duft, gravel, muftinefs, or evillfmell. In the morning give them Barly or provender, a little at a time in diftinft or feveral portions, twice or thrice one after another, fo as he may chew and eke digeft it throughly, otherwife if he raven it in, as he will do having much at a time, he rendreth it in his dung whole and not digefted. About three hours after, he hath eaten his provender, give him a little of hay, and three hours after that, his dinners allowance of grain, as in the morning, and afterwards about two or three a clock hay again, and then fome drink ; laft of all give him his allowance of provender for fupper, with a bottle or two of hay, which ought to be more plentiful then the former fervings: and yet thefe rules are not to be underftood as though they might not be altered, for the times prefixed may be prevented if occafion require. Their beft provender is Oats and Barley, yet Barly ingeridreth the thinner and better bloud , and therefore it is to be preferred, only the meafureofthe proven- der is left to the difcretion of the H jrfe-keeper, and there is no meat more wholefome for a Horfe, then Barly and Chaffe, becaufe it will make him full of life, and alfo able to indure labour, yet not over fat. In England in many places they give their Horfes bread made of Fitches, Beans, and Peafe. When one is to make a journey on horfe-back, let hfrrfnot give his Horfe too much provender the noon before, but fo much the more hay, and bread fteeped in wine, and alfo let him ferve him fooner at night then ordjnary, that fo the beaft may take the more reft. There be which refufe to give Horfes wet provender or fteeped bread, becaufe they conceive that it will breed in them loathfome- nefs of meat ; but the truth is,a reafonable Horfe-keeper preventeth that mifchief ; and befides, the m>. at of a Horfe is altogether fo dry, that the beaft himfelf is indangeredto be fick of that difeafe? ; and therefore it is asfafeto give him moiftened food fometimes, as well as to give him bread mingled with fait. Camerariuf. When a Horfe is weary or fweateth, let him not drink nor eat provender, but afcer he is walked a little while, give him hay, firftof all covering him with a large cloth, and remember, that hay- is not to be caft before a Horfe, as it is out of the reek, but firftof all it muft be pulled, and fhaken betwixt the hands, for the avoiding of duft and other filth. Reftrain the Horfe as much as you may from eating the litter under his feet, for even the beft meat fo defiled is unwholefome. It is alfo good fometimes to fuffer him to pick up his meat on the ground betwixt his forelegs, that will make his neck to grow thinner, leaner and more comely. Let his neck be faft bound in the ftable with a Leathern collar, and binde with a manicle his fore-leg to the hinder-leg on the contrary fide, andfofhall hig bepieferved in more health, becaufe they cannot move out of their place but with difficulty. Concerning the drink of Horfes, fomething more is to be added in this place, and namely bmckifh and troubled water fuch as runneth ioftly, as in great ponds, isfitteftfor Horfes,becaufe tojfiu* that water, being hot and thick nourifheth better, but the fwift Water is colder, and therefore more unwholefome, but in hot times (as in Summer ) the fweet and clearer water is more conve- nient Of the Horfe. rnenc if cuftome be not againft it. And becaufe a Horfe (except he drink freely ) can never be far, lec bis mouth oftentimes be wafhed within with Salt and Wine, and that wiJI make him eat and drink more liberally: and yet the running water is more wholel'ome for Horfes, becaufe whatfoever is moveably fluent , isleffe fubjed to poifon then that which fhndeth ftill ; but if a Horfe fweator be weary, it is not fafe go let him drink any thing, except he firftlhle, for in fuch cafes followeth diftention. And it is better to turn or lead forth your Horfe to water, then to bring it unto them. And if at any time neceflity caufe this to be done, then let the Water be very clear and frefh. His ftable or lodging ought to be ordered, as neither it offend him by cold in Winter, nor yet through heat in Summer, for both thefe extremities are pernicious : and therefore when the wea- ther is extream cold, then muft the Horfes back and belly be covered with a cloth ; and when on the contrary it exceedeth in heat, then muft his litter betaken away. Alfo in heat he muft be covered with linnen to avoid flies, and in cold with woollen to help nature: likewife it is good to- ward night to pick, cleanfe,and open his hoofs, with fome artificial inftrument, and to thruft into the hollow Cow-dung, or in defect thereof Horfe-dung with a littleftraw, that fo he may not (hake it out again : but this is not good to be done every day, but rather every fecond day, and it is good to mingle therewith fewet or greafe, or elfe a new laid Egge with warm afhes. In ancient time they ufed not to fhooe their Horfes with iron, untill the dayes of CatuHuf , who temembreth this cuftome, faying. , Ferream ut foleam tenaci in voragine mulct i So that k feemeth that this devife was firft of all invented for Mules. The Horfe -fhooes ought to be round like his feet, and not heavie, left the Horfes nimblenefs be thereby hindered; and great care muft be had in nailing or fetting them on, left the tender and flefhie part of the foot be there- by pierced. Another charge of a Horfe-keeper is to keep his Horfes lips foft, tender, and gentle, fo as he folliijt, may more fenfibly feel his bit : and for this caufe let him often rub them with his hands and warm water, and if need require with oil alfo .- and in handling of a Horfe this muft be obferved for a general rule, That neither he come to the Horfe right before his face, nor behind his tail, be- caufe both thefe are dangerous to the rider; left by his heels or mouth he harme him, but on his fide he may fafely let upon him or handle his Horfe, and when he leadeth him, he muft likewife go on his fide. . Likewife good and painful dreifing of Horfes is no fmall means to retain him in found and per- fect health ; and therefore he muft often be touched with the Curry-comb, and: afterward with a handful of ftraw, fo as the hand may follow the ftroke to lay the hair fmooth t and their fafhion was in old time to brufh over their Horfes with a little linnen inftrument made like a fword, where-! by they excufTe all dull from the beaft : and herein it is wifdom to begin at the head and mane, and fo to defcend to other parts, and to touch the Horfes back gently.- he may vvafh the head and mane becaufe it being fo bony, it is dangerous left the comb offend and grieve the beaft, except it be layed on very tenderly, but it is not good to wafh the legs , becaufe dayly wafhing loftneth the hoof by Aiding down of the water, and therefore it is fufficient only to ftroke them down with his hands. The neather part alfo of the belly is not to be kept over clean, for the more it is cleanfed with wa- Cantiptrftk ter,the more is the Horfe pained therein : when a Horfe is dreffed, it is good to bring him out of the ftable, that fo in the open air he may be tyed in a longer halter, and feem to be at liberty, whereby he (hall be brought to more cleannefs and tradable gentlenefs, ftanding upon fome fmooth ftones, till all the duft and loofe hairs both by the Comb and Brufh be driven away, and in the mean time the ftable be emptied, and this is to be performtd before the Horfes watering. You muft alfo re- gard the skin wherein the Horfes yard runneth be kept clean, for if it be flopped it hindererh urine, and maketh the Horfe fick, and when your Horfe is in dreffing, let him have before him no manner of meat either of hay or provender. Let them be led to the Water twice a day, and wafta therein both legs and belly, except in the. Wintertime, wherein it is not fafetowetthe Beaft fo often .• and if there be in them any appeat ranceof ficknefs and infirmity, or if you have any purpofe to give unto them any kind of medicinal, then muft you altogether forbear to water them. Someufeto wafh their Horfes legs with warm Vemiuii wine-!ees to refrefh their joints and finews after hard journies, which cuftome feemeth very al- lowable : other ufe in ftead thereof warme difh-water out of the kitchin, and the backes they wafh with cold water and fait. Underneath their tai!s,and near their yards, you (hall find them in the Summer time to be much annoyed with flies, and therefore it is a needful part of the Horfe-keepers watchfulnefs to look in thofe places and drive them away, for fo his charge will take the better reft. And evermore there muft be nourifhed a mutual benevolence betwixt the Horfe and Horfe- keeper, fo as the Beaft may delight in the prefence and perfon of his attendant ; and for this caufe he may be kept from hunger, wet litter, cold in the Winter, and flies in the Summer: and fur- thermore a diligent caution muft be had, that the Beaft be not provoked through overmuch feve- rity, for if the Horfe by his keepers violence be often driven to his rack and manger to avoid ft. riper, 139 ~~"^o The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. ih-ipes, either he hurtech his fhoulders or legs by his own weight or force, or elfe groweth into a trembling at the prcfence of a man, and fo never yeeldeth any loving obedience ; or elfe falleth into fome furious and unreclaimable evill qualities. The Matter therefore ought often to enter into his ftable, and take a view of his Horfes ufage, whereby the Beaft will quickly take notice of him, efpe- cially'if he have but one, for it is a great folly and piece of iH husbandry to truft Servants and not to over fee them. Cato was wont to fay, Fronsoccipitw frier : that is, as the forehead is before the nape of the neck ; meaning thereby that nature huh fet him higheft and formoft, which fhould not hide himfelf, but take his place upon him and difcharge it, for it is not fafe or any part of wifdome, to fee by another mans eyes, or work altogether by Deputies. Men muft alio be affraid of lending their Horfes, for the German have a pretty proverb, that they will not truft their wives at great feafts out of their fight, for commonly they learn fome evill faftit- on or other more then they had before; and fo much more Horfes falter lending) return home a- gain to their Matters with alteration of ftrength and quality. of adorning and furnijhing Horfes. The furniture t Cannot approve them that cut off their Horfes tail or forctop ; one received beginning ot a Hotfe nnd ^f rom an ignorant perfwafion of increafing the ftrength of the Horfes back, and the other from an bis trimming. j ma gj ne( j C omlinefs , by trimming it with ribben or fome devifed knot,or that it hindred the Horfes fight. In the firft the Beaft is wronged and deprived of his help againft the flies, and decency of his hinder parts; and in the fecond nature accufed, for not adorning the Horfes forehead with more gaudy and variable coloured hairs, and providing a bunch of hair to weaken his eyes ; but neither of thefe are tolerable, for a wife man once to imagine; and therefore I will not fpend any more time to confute this vain adorning of Horfes. 4 Letthehorfe-keeper take heed that he harm not the Beaft when he putteth on his Bridle, for a little negligence quickly bringeth a great offence, by touching, wringing, and oppreflingany tender part in the Horfes head or mouth. He muft alway put on his Bridle on the left fide, and if the Horfe of his own accord do not open his mouth to the bit, then muft he gently open his mouth with one finger, and fo put it upon him; and if by that means he open not his mouth, then preffe or wring his hp upon his great canine tooth, which thing caufeth any Horfe to open his mouth. Alfo it muft be regarded that the Ho? fe in leading be not drawn after you, for fo will he be made hard headed, unwilling to follow. Again his Cheeks muft not be pinched by the Bridle, left the skin grow fenfelefs;and alfo it muft not hang long or loofe in his mouth, for fo he will be alway biting his bit, and give lefTe obedience to his Rider. Camerarw writcth that he hath feen fome put Salt upon their bits, whereof the Horfe licking or tailing, became more willing to tike it into his mouth ; and for the betrer performance hereof, ic is neceffaryto obferve by often tria II, what kind or fafhioned bit beft befeemeth and fitteth the Horfes mouth, and finding it, keep him thereunto continually : and when it is put on, neither wring his Cheeks, or let him rowl it betwixt his teeth. The Saddle alfo muft be fo fattened to his back, as that it may not turn or rowl upon the fame; wherefore he which layeth it thereupon, muft come oh the left fide, and gently without violence ornoife fet it upon the Beaft ; fo that neither girths, peytril, fturrops, trappings, or crupyard, fall betw'ixt the Back and Saddle, ueither cohering therewith the Horfes wither, nor yet touching his hips or loins. *T Firft of all let the peytriii on the breaftJbe buckled, then the girths in order neer the forelegs, not ' upon the belly, for upon the belly they will be Hiding off, and that is againft the rules of riding; for Bene equitant qui bene cingunt ; that is to fay, they ride well which bind faft : and this ought to be done in an open place, where both the Rider and the Horfe may have more liberty: where- withal a generous and great ftomached Beaft is much delighted: neither muft he be tyed or drawn too hard till the Rider be feated. Look alfo often to the girths, that they wring not the fides, or pull off the skin. Of Riding and fitting on Herfeback, WHen you are to get up and mount on Horfcback, take hold on the lower part'of the Bridle neer the Bit, with the left hand, with fuch a diftance as may both keep him from r ifing, nor give him offence,if you take advantage to get into the Saddle, and with the right hand take the rains on the top of the (houlders and the mane, a/id fo hold them,as you give no check to the Horfes mouth in mounting : there are other rules for this among Riders, wherewithal I will not meddle, only it is good to ufe your Horfe to backing both fadled and bare, as well from the plain ground, as from blocks, and rifings invented for the eafe of man. -Therefore before you go to Horfeback, firft ftroke your Horfe, and make much of him with gentle words, or other convenient found which the Horfe underftandeth, and fo will he ftand more willingly till you be on his back: for this thing there is in Plutarch an excellent ftory of Aiexjtider the great, when Bucephalus was firft of all prefented tohis Father King Philip, by a 7 bzjfali an, czikd. Tbilonix; For when the King was perfwaded to go forth into the field to try the qualities of this Beaft, Of the Horfe. beaft, which was fp highly commended for rare parts, and valued at fuch a price, as none but a King might yeeld tor him, then the Horfe began to fnort, and kick, and to admit no man to come unto him within the length of the rains, but kept aloft like a wilde and untamed Horfe; yeelding no obedience to voice or other fignes of the Riders : whereat the King fell exceeding angry, and bid them lead away the unruly and untamed Horfe: Alexander being prefent, complained of the igno- rance and fearfulnefs of the Riders, and that they were the caufe why fuch a generous and g ilUm beaft was no better manned. At the hearing whereof,King Philip fmiled,and yet fo carryed himfelf as though he had not heard the words of his Son,untill Alexander repeated his faying the fecond time ; whereunto his Father replyed, What (fir Boy) will you make your felf more skilfull then thefe old cunning Riders ? will you lay on them an imputation of fear and ignorance? Yes>faid Alexander ,1 will adventure to handle this Horfe better then any other : Yea but (faid Philip) what punifhment then wilt thou undergo if thou fail and perform not what thou haftfaid? What punifhment ?( faid Alexander) why I will give them the price of the Horfe : Whereat the King laughed and ftruck up the wager, and fohad Alexander the rains of the Horfe delivered to him, who prefently turned him about againft the Sun-rifing,that fo he might not be terrified with the fhadow of the beholders, and fo led him up and down foftly two or three turns, and at laft wan the Horfe to hand, which he gently ftroked andapplauded : and when he had gotten perfed intelligence and underftandingof the Horfes ftomach, he caft off his cloak, and addrefTed himfelf to mount on his back, fo holding the rains and bearing his hand and whole body as he did not check or pinch the Horfes mouth: fo he inclined him firft of all to lay away his ftirred and angry minde, and afterward paced him to and fro gently, which the Horfe endured : At laft he put Spurs unto him, and made him run, leap , carreer, and curvet, to the terrour, at the firft, of all the beholders, and afterward to the Angu- lar admiration and praife of himfelf : which caufed the company or train to applaude this fad, and forced the old man his Father, to fend forth tears for joy ; and when Ahxanda defcended from lnsHorfe, he could not contain himfelf, buthemuft needs go kiffe and embrace fuch a Son* whereby it is manifeft, that when a Man is to ride on a generous fpirited Horfe, he fhall bend him to endure the burthen by gentlenefs and familiarity), fo as the Beaft may ftill know and love his Rider. Likewife when theMafter mountcth, it isrequifite that thefervant be on the other fide of the Horfe to hold the ftirrop, for fo fhall he get up more furely, and fet himfelf more foftly. Some Horfes are taught to bend their knees to take up their aged andfick Matters, that fo they may be Xew-ihu the leffe offended in afcending to their backs, and this cuftom (faith Pollux) did firft of all begin a- mong the Per/ians. The ancient German r were fo Angularly exercifed in Horfemanfhip,that (landing upon the ground and holding a Spear or Lance in their hands, theymounted without other ftirrop or vantage upon their Horfes backs; and not only when they were ordinary attired in common garments, but then alfo when they were armed, (though Julius Ctfar take from them all glory of Chivalry ) yet now adayes the invention of Saddles with ftirrops, is moft eafie'botb for Horfe and Horfemen, being then better the Pelethronian invention time. When the Rider is in his Saddle, and is wellfeated, he muft not fit as in a Chair or Chariot, ben- ded together, but rather keep his body upright, only bowing outward his knees, for fo fhall he be better able to defend himfelf, or offend his adverfary ; for he muft rather feem to (land then to fit on horfeback. The Rider or Mafter of Horfes muft fpare his Horfe in the heat of Summer, (about Dog- Ruflttts, dayes) and in the cold of Winter , and never at any time to Ride paft the twylight of the evening. The Horfe being empty, is more prone to make water then being full, and there- fore muft not be hindered in that defire : and alway after his ftaling, ride him not to6 faft, untill his nerves which were extended to let forth the Urine be contracted, fetled and drawn together again. If in the Winter time a Horfe be to paffe over a foord of water (which will afcend up abovehis Abftrlus belly)let him ftale firft,left he fall into the Strangury,and alfo be a little eafed of his load. There is no beaft that rejoyceth more in celerity and fwiftnefs then a Horfe, becaufe fo foon as he is turned out of hand, he inftantly runneth away fpeedily, and doth walke foftly as at other times: and this is a pleafure to them ,' except when they are provoked above their defires : and the coun- fell of Xenopben when you are to Ride faft or for a wager, is this, bend the upper part of the body forward, ftretching out the hand which carryeth the rains ; now drawing it in, and then letting it, at length again; and therefore it is good in fuch cafes to ufefhort rains, and if the Horfe in his * courfe ftretcb forth the rains of his own accord, then is it a fign of an unskilful Rider, or of a weak andtireable Horfe. Add not Spurs but in great neceffity,but guide and provoke him with voice Pollux. and riding rod, for quick and good metled Horfes are by the Spur made fierce; and gentle mturedBeaftsmade fluggards like Affes, which by often beating feem to negleft and defpife ftripes. ; You muft alfo fhorten and lengthen your journies and times of Ridings, fo as they may neither be certain to the Eeaft, nor yet over long; andfpecially after a Long journey, take a fhortsr if you Ride upon the fame Horfe. Firft of all let him be ufed to plain and equal wayes,and if he be to leap or go up a hiM,it was a pre- cept of the old Grecians, that then the Rider muft by the rains in his neck, 1 ' . - - y M 241 The Htftory of Four-footed 'Beaftr. It the Horfe at any time be either more fierce or fluggifh then ordinary, he may be holp by thefe means. Wildenefs and fiercenefs of Horfes, is like to anger and rage in men ; and therefore occafi- ons of offence in word and deed muft be avoided: therefore as foon as the Rider is upon his back, let him reft a little before he fet forward, and then alfo let the Horfe move but his own pace : for as men are offended with fuddain violence and imperious geftures, fo alfo are Horfes : but if the Horfe being ftirred to his race, be more forward and hot then ordinary, he muft be gently reftrained by the bridle ; and it is better to qualifie their rage in long and fpacious direft journies, then in often windings and turnings. But if any man be fo fimple as to think that by length of journey dr race, his Horfe will be more meek, becaufe he may be tyred, he deceiveth himfelf ; for as rage in man inventeth hurt- full revenge, and turneth into malice by continuance, fo alfo in Horfes it procureth a headlong ruineCif it be not prevented) both to Horfe and Rider : and therefore if your Horfe be of a gene- rous fpirit, never provoke him to ferocity, for as they are wilde and fierce, fo are they wicked and harmful. It is alfo better to ufe light and gentle bridles then heavy and fharp , except the Rider can by his art fo frame the fharp as the gentle bit : and alfo the Rider muft fo frame himfelf in his art of riding, that in the commotion of his Horfe, he may not touch any member or part of him, but on ly his back whereupon he fitteth. He muft alfo learn his different terms, to incite and ftir up his Horfe to run forward, which the Grecians call C/ogrwof ,or elfe to reftrain hin and keep him in,which they call Poppyjmut, the one clofeth the lips, and the other toucheth the palat. If the Horfe be fearful of any thing, you muft fJhew the thing to him plainly, that fo by cuftom he may learn not to be skittifh, and let him- fmell thereunto, till he learn not to be afraid j but if men beat them, they do but fear them more • for while they are fo ill handled, they fufpeft that the things whereof they are afraid are the caufe of their ftripes. In like fort when they go on the one fide, or turn back again, it is good to ufe the Spurs, becaufe they encreafe their terrour and perverfenefs ; and therefore as peaceable encouragement and friendly peftwafion is the beft means to perfwade a man in his fear, the like courfe muft be taken with a Horfe, that fo hfc maygoftraighton without doubt or trembling- and learn not to account any thing horrible to his nature When a Horfe is fo tyred and wearied in his journey that a man would judge him unfit for any labour, take offhis faddle and burthen, and put him into fome ftable or green field, where he may tumble and rowle over and over, and he (hall eafily recover. In ancient time, if Horfes were to be travelled through fnow, they made them boots' of fackdothto wear in their journey. of thtdiffofttion of Horfes in general. T A Mongthe flocks or heards of Horfes, there^is not a Captain or leader going before or J\. governing the refidue, as among Oxen, Sheep, and Elephants • becaufe the nature of thefe is more inftable and moveable it being afwift and high fpirited Beaft, and therefore hath received a body furnifhed with fuch members as are apt to be fwayed by fuch fpirit : for Laftanuus truly ob- ferveth in them a defire of glory, becaufe after viftory, the conquerours exfult and re joyce,but the conquered or Overcome, mourn and hang down their heads; which thing Virgil expreffeth in this V erfc ; Jnfultare fob, &grejfks glomerare [uperbos. But more plainly Ovid, the triumph of the conquering Horfe ; faying, Hie generofus honos & gloria major equorum ; Nam capiunt animis palmam 3 gaudentque triumpbo, Sen ftp tern /patiis circa meruere coronam. Nonue vides viilor quant* fublimius ahum Attollal caput, &vulgife venditet aura } Celfave cum C£jo decoratur terga hone, guam tumidus, quant oque venit fpeftabilk attu ; Com$ejcatquefolum,generofo concita f>ul[u, Vngula fub fpoliis graviter redeuntis opimis. And Pliny affirmeth that when they are joyned together in Chariots, they underftand their encou- ragements of glory and commendation : and therefore there is not any beaft of fo high a ftomach as a Horfe. Of OftbeHorfe. Of the natural dijfofttion ef Horfes. THey love wet places and bathes, for which caufe they are called Pbilolutra^they alfo love mufick, as hath been already declared.and the whole hoaft of Army or the Sybarite /, taught their Horfes to dance at the found of a Pipe : andCcelius writcth hereof in this manner,So great (faith hcj was the riot and wantonnefs of the Sybarites, that at their common feafts they brought in Horfes to dance before men ; which thing being known by the Crotoniatx, they offered them War, and agreed upon the fight : whereupon in the day of battle, theCrotoniats brought with them divers Pipers and Min- ftrils, who upon a fign given to them, founded their inftruments, whereupon the Sybaritan Horfes came running and dancing among their adverfaries, and fo betrayed themfelves and their Riders to the enemy. The like ftory is reported by Atken£us,of the people called Cardiani> for they alfo taught their Horfes to dance upon their hinder legs, and to work many ftrange feats with their fore-feet, at the hearing of certain meaiures played upon Pipes. The Bifaltans waged War againft the Cardians ^ and they had to their Captain a certain man called AHiftory,- Onarif, who when he was a Boy was fold to Catdia, and there he ferved with a Barber : In the time of his fervice he oftentimes heard, that the Oracle had foretold, how the Cardians fhould be over- come by the Bifaltans, and therefore he to prevent the worft, run away from his Matter, and Came home fafe to Bifalta his own Countrey, and was by his Countrey-men created Captain of all their warlike forces : he underftanding what tricks the Cardians taught their Horfes in dancing, brought out of Cardia certain Pipes, and taught divers Bifaltans to found and play the meafures upon them, which the Cardiam taught their Horfes : whereupon when as tjiey joyned battle with the Cardian Horfes (for all the force of the Cardians lay in their Horfes) he commanded his Piping Bifaltans to found their mufick, which the Horfes underftood, who prefen Jy flood up upon their hinder- legs, and would not fight any more, or go any further, fo as they were overthrown by their adverfaiies They have a l(q a lingular pleafure in publickfpeftacles,and therefore have been obferved to be Selinm, provoked not only by pipes or fuch inftrumentall mufick, but alfo by Songs or vocall harmony, by variety of colours, and by burning Torches. T>ion> alfo vvriteth that he faw a Horfe taught to know and to do reverence to a King. And Tcxter affirmeth that he faw a Horfe at Paris at the triumphs, Tilt, and Turnaments madeibr the mariage k,( Vewu the twelfth to Mary, a Lady of Britain, which being commanded by his Rider to falutetheC*2eef., prefently did bend both his knees unto her, and then rofe again running away as faft as a bird could flic Homer feemeth alfo to affirm that there are in Horfes divine qualities, underftanding things to come, for being tyed to their manger^ they mourned for the death of Patroclus, and alfo fore (hewed Achilles what fhould happen unto him • for which caufe Pliny faith of them, that they lament their loft Matters with tears, and foreknow battles j Virgil writeth thus of the Horfe of Pallas • " Poft bellator equus,pofttis infignibus, JEthoti It lachrymans, guttijque humttat grandibus or a. Accmfm affirmeth , that Cefar three dayes before he died, found his ambling Nag weeping in the (table, which was a token of his enfuing death, which thing I fhould not believe, except Tranquil! us in the life of Cepr^had related the fame thing, and he addeth moreover, that the Horfes which were coiafecrated to Mars for palling over Rubicon, being let to run wilde abroad without their Matters, becaufe no an might meddle with the Horfes of the Gods, were found to weep aboundantly,and to abftain from all eat. Whereof there could be no caufe given, but the love of their former Ma- ilers. It is alfo reported of Kodatus , a Captain to Charles the great, who after the death of the Emperour was made a Monk, his Horfe would never fuffer any to cordon his back except his Ma- tter, who likewife had abftained from riding many years : But it happene 1 that certain Pagans brake in upon the faidMonaftery, whereupon poor Kodatus went unto his Hoife, who after many years difcontinuance, willingly took up his aged Matter upon his back, aud fo carryed him untill he tri- umphed over his adverfaries • and no marvel, for Dogs and Horfes are„7i^ ft loving to men, if they be brought up carefully, and liberally, they recompense the good turns v>. their benefa&ors. It is obferved in the nature of Horfes, that they feldom hurt a man or childe, except in their madnefs,yet are there malicious Horfes as well as men. It is reported by Pliny and 7zetzes, that when a foil hath loft his dam, .he refidu<* of the Mares which give fuck, bring it up, and that they are feldom found at variance, except the barren Mares pull away the foals from the natural dams. For there is no creature fo loving to their young ones, as are Mares, neither any fo defirous of young; for which caufe, when they are barren themfelves, they labour to Ileal them away from others. They which were wont to races, would perform it upon Mares newly delivered of foals they tyed Aiijiolle, up the foals at home, and led the Mares to the beginning of the race, making the end thereof at the foals liable-, and fo putting the Beaft forward, (he runneth homewards more fpeedily for the re- membrance of her foal. Of The Hiftory of Four-footed "Beaflf. of the fear of Horfes, and their enemies in nature. HOrfes are afraid of Elephants in battle, and likewife of a Camel; for which caufe when Cyriu fought againft Crcefus, he overthrew his Horfe by the Tight of Camels,for a Horfe cannot abide to look upon a Camel. If a Horfe tread in the foot-path of a Wolfe, he prefently falleth to be aftonifhed: Likewife if two or more drawing a Chariot, come into the place where a Wolf hath trod, they ftandfoftill as if the Chariot and they were frozen to the earth, faith JElianus and Tliny. JEfculapiut alfo affirmeth the fame thing of a Horfe treading in a Bears footfteps,and afilgneth the reafon to be in fome fecret, betwixt the feet of both Beafts. We have fhewed already, that if a Mare ftrike a Wolf, or tread in the foot-fteps thereof, fhe pre- sently cafteth her Foal ; and therefore the Egyptians, when they fignifie a Woman fuffering abort- ment, picture a Mare kicking a Wolf. The Vextanian Horfes being not Gelded, dare fight with Lions, but being gelded, like all other Horfes, they are fo afraid of Lions, that no ftripes, or fpurs, is able to bring them in their prefence, the Caropian Horfes excepted. All kinde of Swine are enemies to Horfes ; the Eftridge alio is fo feared of a Hotfe, that the Horfe dares not appear in his prefence. The like difference alfo is betwixt a Horfe and a Bear There is a. Bird which is called Anclorus, which neyeth like a Horfe , flying about , the Horfe doth many times drive it away, but becaufeit isfomewhat blind, and cannot fee perfectly, therefore the Horfe doth oftentimes catch it, and devour it, hating his own voice in a creature fo unlike himfelf. It is reported by Ariflotle, that the Buftard loveth a Horfe exceedingly, for feeing other Beafts feeding in the Paftures, defpifeth andabhorreth them, but as foon as ever it feech a Horfe, it flyeth unto him for joy,although the Horfe run away from it ; and therefore the Fgyptians, when they fee a weak man driving away a ftronger, they pidure a Buftard flying to a Horfe. Horfes are alfo taught to leap,ifa Man take him by the rains,andgoover the ditch before him, holding hi-m faft, and pulling him to him. But if he be unwi!Iing,then let another come behind him and ftrike him with a whip, or with a rod,fo will he leap over without delay ; and thus when you have ufed him to leap empty,likewife accuftome him loaded. Firft over fmaller, and then over greater hedges. But ac the beginning let him leap in foft ground,and being well pradifed in harder ;and when hebeginnet'fi to leap, let the Rider put fpurs unto him, for fo will he performe his leap with more fafety to himfelf and the Rider; and by cuftome he may leap and run as well down the hill as uphill; and therefore the Ferfians, and NJrifeans ufe and accuftome their Horfes to run both down hill, and up hill. Thefe Epithets following, do ferve and expreffe the nature of Horfes ; full of ftomach, generous, magnanimous, ftrong, ardent, {harp , covetous, fierce, bolde, threatning, terrible, foaming; fuch were the Horfes of AcarnaniJ, Argos-, Mycena, A/ia, Elk, Epid, Spain, 7hejjali> Far]alis, of which Countrey was Bucephalus , the Horfe of Alexander. BaUafta^ Province addicted to Mahomet, hath many of thefe excellent, great and fwift Horfes, whofe hoofs are fo hard, that they need no iron fhooes , although they travel over rocks and mountains. The Arabians alfo have fuch Horfes, and in the Kingdom of Senega, they have no breed of Horfes at all, by reafon of the heat of their Countrey, which doth not only burn up all pafture, but alfo caufe Horfes to fall into the Strangury ; for which caufe they do buy Horfes very dear,ufing in ftead of Hay, the ftalkes of Peafe dryedand cut afunder,and Millet feed in ftead of Oats, wherewithal they grow exceeding fat ; and the love of that people is fo great to Horfes, that they give for a Horfe furnifhed nine bon'd-flaves, or if it pleafe them well, fourteen ; but when they have bought their Horfes, they fend for Witches, and obferve therein this ceremony. They make a burning fire with ftickes, putting therein certain fuming herbs, afterwards they take the Horfe by the bridle, and fet hira over the fmoaking fire, anointing him with a very thin ointment, muttering fecredy certain charmes, and afterwards hanging other charmes about their Neck in a red skin, (hut them up clofe for fifteen dayes together: then did they bring them forth, affirming that by this means they are made more valiant and couragious in war. T he love and knowledge of Horfes to men, ANd to this difcourfe of Horfes belongeth their nature, either of loving or killing men. Of the mtme of Alexanders Horfe before fpoken of, called Bucephalus, is fufficently fata", except this may be added,that fo long as he was naked and without furniture, he would fuffer any man to come on his back ; but afterwards being fadled and furnifhed, he could endure none but Alexander his Matter: For if any other had offered to come near him, for to ride him, he firft of all terrified him with his neighing voice, and afterwards trod him under foot if he ran not away. When Alexander was in the Indian Wars, and riding upon this Horfe in a certain battle, performed many valiant ads, and through his own improvidence, fell into an ambufh of his foes, from which he had never been delivered alive, but for the puiflancy of hi« Horfe, who feeing his Matter befet with fo many enemies, received the Darts into his own body, and fo with violence prefled through the middeft Of the Horfe. 345 T middeftof his enemies, having loft much bloud, and received many wounds, ready to die for .pain, not onceftayed his courie till he had brought his Matter the King fate out. of the battle, and kc him on the ground; which being. performed, in the fame place, he gave up the ,'gboft and dyed /a, s it were comforting himielf with this fervicej that by his own death he had favtd the life of Uifch.ja Gilliuu JKmg : for, which taufe, after 'ALxander had gotten victory, in thaft. very place where hisHorie died, he built a City ,and called it BMcepbalon. Ic is alfo reported that whenLiciruus the Emperour would havenad his Horfes to tear in.p>ece$ his Textor. Daughter, becaufe fhewasa Chriftian, he himielf was by one of them bitten to death. Nrocies the Sonof Ihemfiocles perifhed "by 'the biting of aHorfe : neither herein only is. the nature of Horfes terrible, becaufe alfo they have been taught to tear men in pieces: for it is faid that lufiris and Viomrdes did feed , their Hories with mans flefh , and therefore Hercitlet took the dike revenge of £>/owe^t/,,;fo'r he gave him to his Horfes toVbeeaten .• oi Dhmedes werejtliefe •.Veirfcs made ; nibilix msbeh khifoopH nth jnodw oiu it (.^luooorf 3 i no'rt ad r V: quitcrrili'es pn-fr^mcnbabintibui b.erbk, . ._: « lmpim bumar.o vijctre pavil equos. ■ The like alio is.reported of Glauciu (the Son of Syfipbut) who fed Horfes with. mans flefh at , To 'n'u a City of BceoUa, and afterward when he could make no more provifion for them, they devoured their Mafter .: | whereof Virgil wructh thus ; ' Et meiitcm Venus if [a dedit, quo tempore Gkuci ' - Fotniadesmalu membra ab jump [ere quadrat. But'this is thought a fiftion, to cxpreffe them which by feeding and keeping of Horfef, confome their wealth and fubftance. And thus much for the natural inclination of Hories. Of fevcral kincies of Horfes. Here be feveral kinds of Horfes which require a particular tradate by tbemfelves, and firft of all the Martial or great warlike Horfe, which for profit the Poet couplech with Sheep : Lanifere pecudts & (quorum beliica poles. The parts of this Horfeare already defenbed in the Stallion, the refidue may be fupplyed out of Xenophon and Oppiaaus. He mud be of a finguiar courage and docibility, without inaime, iear, cr other fuch infirmity. He mult be able to run up and down the fteepeft hils, to leap, and bite, and light in battle,«but with the direction of his Rider : for by thefe is both the ftrength of his body and rmnde dtfeovered ; •and above altj fuch a one as will never relufe to labour, though the day be fpent : wherefore the Rider muft firft look to the inftitutton and firft inftrudion of hisHorie, for knowledge in martial affaires is not natural in Men or Hories, and therefore except information and praclae adorne i t a - .ture, it cannot be, but either by fear or heady ftubbornefs,they will overthrow themielves and iheir Riders. Firft of all they muft not be Geldings, becaufe they are fearful, but they mull be fuch as will rejoyce and gather ftomach at the voice of muiick,or Trumpets,and at the ringing of Armour : they muft not be afraid of other Horfes, and refufe to combate,but be able to leap high and laiyand rulii into the battle, fighting (as is faid ) with heels and mouth. The principal things which he muft learn are thefe . firft to have a lofty and flexible neck, and alfo Xemphjn. ' to be free, not needing the fpnr ; for if he be fluggifh and need often agnation to and fro by the hand of the Rider, or elfeif he be full of ifomach and fullen,fo as he will do nothing but by flattery and fair fpeeches, he much troubleth the mindeof the Rider: but if he run intothc battle with the fame outward afped of body, as he doth unco a flock or company of Mares, with loud voice, high neckjWilling mind, and great force, fo fliali he be both terrible to look upon, and valiantly put In- fant in his combate. Wherefore the Rider muft fo carry his hand, as the rains may draw in the Horfes neck, and not lb eafiiy, as in a common travelling Gelding., but rather fharply to his-gne- vance a little, by which he will be taught as it were by fignesand tokens to fight, fta.nd ftilf or run away. '. The manner of his inftitution may be this; after the d re fling and furnifhing of your Horfe as The inftituti- aforefaid, and likewife the backing, firft of fill move,ftir or walk your Horfe gently, untill he be well 0,1 oi a warlike acquainted with the caringe of your hand and whole body, and afterward accuftome him to gieuer iIcrir ' and fpeedier pace or exercife, ufe him alfo to run longer pees, and alfo by drawing in your hand to flay or ftop fuddenly ; for there are Horfes fo inftructed, that they can ftay themlelves in their fpee- dieft courfeuponaninftant, without any circumambulation, fhakmg off the violence of their courK'. like an ordinary trotting Nag, by mounting up a little with their forefeet. . Andalwayitistoberemembredthatafcer the mounting on horfe-b.ick, you muft firft of r.l begin on the left hand.bendingyour hand that wav,and alfo to the right hand when you would have your Horfe to turn on that fide- And above all other things Horfes are delight ed with crooked , , '. Y 3 J ' bending 246 The Hiftory of Four-footed Heatis. bending and round courfes, fuch as are in circles and Rings, and he muft be accuftomed to run from other Horfes leaving them behind him, and likewife turning toward them and making at them with his face to them: but headlong and precipitate courfes, fuch as hunters make without guiding Men have pe- body , hand or Horfe, are evermore to be avoided, for many men have perifhed from theis Horfes , rilhed by rath- as t h e p oets witnefs of Nipheus,Leucagus,Liger, Cloniw, Rcmulus, Amycus. And alfo among the nefsin riding. Hij} or i C g T(1 pbers, Agcmr } Fukooi Jerujalem, TUlif fon of Ludovicas Crajfus King of France, and Beta K\x\goi Panmma. Of Horfe-men, and the orders of Chivalry and Knighthood. THe principal Horfe-men of the world celebrated in ftories,for training,ruling,and guiding their Horfes according to the art of War,may for the dignity of Knighthood (wherewithal they are The honour of honoured) and from whom that Equeftrial order is derived, be recited in this place. It is manifeft by Horfemanrtvp. S ipontinui ,thzt the Roman Equeftrial order,was in the middle betwixt the Senatours and the common people, for at the firft there was no difference betwixt Equites and fudices, for both of them had for a badge, cognifance, or note of their honour, power to wear a ring of gold, and in the Confulfhip of Marcus Qcao the title was turned to Equeftrial, or name of a Knight, or man at Armes, by that means reconciling himfelf to the Senate, and affirming that he was derived from that order, and •from that time came the Equefrer ordo } being, as is faid before, the people, and recorded after the people, becaufe of the latter creation thereof: yet had they not their beginning at this time, but only now they firft came into the orders of the Common-wealth; for they were called Celeres under Romulus, of one Celer, who at the command of Romulus flew Remus ; and he was made the chief Judge of three hundred. They were afterward called Flexanimes, either becaufe they fwayed the minds of them whom they judged, or elfe which is more probable, becaufe of martialling and inftructing their Horfes for war : afterward becaufe they took a great company of horfe-men , without all aid of Fejius. footmen, at the City Ircjfulum in Ibufaa, they were called T rojfulani , and Trefoil, and yet fome igno- rant perfons honoured with the title ofTrojfuli in remembrance of that victory, wereafhamed there- of as unworthy their dignities. They were forbidden to wear purple like as were the Senatours, and their golden Ring was a badge both of Peace and War. The Mafter of the Horfe among the Romans, called by the Grecians, Eipparchus, and by the Latins, Magiiler Equitum, was a degree of honour next to the Vidator , and M*rcius the Ditlator made the firft Mafter of horfe-men, who was called Spurius, and fet him in Suidas place next to himfelf. Thefe Equeftrial men or Knights of State were wont to be publicans at the leaft, and it was ordained that no man fhould be called into that order, except both he, his Father, and Grandfather were free men, and were worth in value twenty thoufand pound: Turon and Tiberius made this law, but afterward it grew remiffe and not obferved ; whereby both Bondmen and Scribes were rewarded with this dignity from the Emperour, for Orations and pleafing fpee- ches: yet were the Decurial Judges chofen out of this rank; for indeed by primary inftituti- on, they were the flower and feminary of the Roman Gentry. Pliny complaineth that this dignity which was wont to be a reward for Military men, who had adventured their lives for the honour of their Countrey, was now beftowed corruptly, and for money upon mean bribing perfons. It fhould feem they had every one a Horfe of honour given to him for his note, for if one of them had grown fat and unwecldy, not able to manage and govern this Horfe, it was taken from him. And Cato took away the Horfe from Scipio Afiaticus, becaufe he had intercepted money ; and from hence came the terms of their allowance, as Equefire for that money which was paid for a Horfe to one Knight, and Pararium £ceps Ante fuos ■ itvifiorEquus. And Horace alfo , Vt cum career thus miflbs-rapit ungula curt us, In fiat equi{ auriga fuos vincemibus, ilium Tr£Uritum ttmnens extremos inter eunt em. And. hereof came the proverb ( Axarceribus ad calcem) fignifying from beginning of the race to the latter end. Erichtbonius invented a Chariot called Hafaa, and was the fir it that ever ran in Olym- pus with four Horfes in the fame, of whom Vngill wfiteth thus : Primus Erichtbonius currus & quatuor aufm ' Jungere Bquos rapidifque ififijiere viihr. bnfi bv> •- •-' '■>'■■ i.-'ooW v.\un<„ hh ••»• M, I ...'d { bh > • 5 '"V''^ And from hence came the tewm Quadriga, io\- a Chaprlor with four -Horfes. . There was a Chariot in Athens drawn by one Horfe, and the games thereof were called Polemyfieria. Likewife at Rime'm the Conful-feafts celebrated for the honour of N:ptune, they ran with Horfes both joyned and tingle. ■ bJli .;. .. v . _ • There were likewife games teRome, called Equitia.&nd Equhia, celebrated every year,the twelfth of the Calends of May , wherein after the Horfes'the.y courfed Foxes tyed to pieces of wood fet on fire ; this is called in Latine alfo lurneamentum • and in Italian by SctfpJ, Hagioflra • and in French Formterim. There is alfo a play with Horfes for children cal'd 'Iroia,, firft invented by Afcanius, when he befieged Alba, and by him brought and taught to the Romans, of which Vjrgill fpeaketh, faying ; Incedmt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum Frenatis lucent in equity — Cornea bina ferunt prtfixa haftilia ftrro : Tars Uves humero pharetras. 'Ires equitum numero turm£, ternique vcgnntut VuUores : pueri biffeni quemque fecuti. * Signum clamore paratit JEpytidcs longe dedit, infmuitque flagdlo. Olli difcurrerepares, aique agmina terni Didudis folvere choris, rurfujque vocati Convertere vias, infeftaque tela lulere. Inde alios inemt curfus, aliojque ncurfus Adverfis [pains, alternofq; orbibus orbes Impediunt, pugn&qne cient fimulacbra fub armis. Et fiunc terga fug£ nudant, nunc fpicula vertuut lnfenfi : facia pariter nunc pace feruntur. Hunc morem curfus, atque h£C certamina primus Afcanim, lorigammuriscum cingeret Albam Rettulit. Of the Horfe. Retiulit, &-piifcos docu;t celebt are Latinos. Hint maxima .porro Accspit Kama, & patrium (ervavit bononmt Trojafjitenuric pmri % J rojanum dicitur agmen. of the gruttjl Horfe-mafters and nourifhers o/Horfes. IT is reported of King Solomon^ that he had forty thoufand ftables of Horfes for Chariots , and twelve thoufand for war. The Lybians when they went to war, did fight out of their Chariots, and therefore they were faid to fight upon two Horfes. The Centauns were the firft that ever taughc men to fight on Horfe-back, and the Roman furnia confifted of two and thircy Horfe-men, the Cap- tain whereof was called Brcemio. The people of Nomad* s called Surgatii , brought eight thoufand Horfe-men at one time inco : the field, which neither ufed armour, nor brafs, nor iron, except only their daggers, and a rope of leather thongs, wherewithall theyentred the battail , and joyning with their enemy, theyimade certain gins, or loops thereupon, which they caft upon the necks of Horfes and men, and fo with multitudes drew them unto them, in which draught they ftrangled them. The Indians ufe the very fejf fame Armour on Horfe-back that they do on foot, but yet they lead empty Horfes and Chariots to leapupanddownupon, and to refrefh their fighting Horfes > } and the number of their Horfe-men were at one time fourlcore thoufand. When Fharnuches the Arabian, was riding on Horfe-back, there was a Dog ran betwixt his Horfei legs, wherewithall the Horfe being amazed, fuddenly leaped upright, and caft offhis Rider, who being bruifed with the fall, fell into a Consumption: whereupon the Servants at the commandment: of their Mafter, brought the faid Horfe into the place where he caft his Rider, and there cut off his legs about the knees. There was alfo a fafhion for Horfes to fight in battails without bridles : For Fulvius Flaccus^ when the Romans overthrew the Celtiberians in Spin, caufed them to pull off their bridles from their Horfes, that fo they might run with all violence, without reftraint of Riders up- on their enemies ; whereupon followed vi&ory : for many times it falleth out that the Horfe hath more courage then his Rider, wherefore a good Horfe-man muft have skill to annoy his enemy, and defend himfelf ; and likewife, to make his Horfe to come off and on without fear or dread, accord- ing to neceftity. There is a proverb in Gree^ (Cboru bippeii) that is, (Seorfimequites) the Horfemen are afunder, whereof Suidas giveth this reafon : when Darius invaded the territory of the Athenians ranging and deftroying at his pleafure, no man daring to abide his forces, at his departure , the Ionians climed up inco trees, and fignified unto the Athenians, that the Horfe-men had broken rank and were afunder. Whereupon Miltiades fet upon the fcatered company, and obtained a noble viftory. of fighting in War upon Horfes. T*He moft cruel and fearful kinde of fight, is the arming of Horfes, which were called in ami- ent time CaufraBi, and Chbanarii , and AcatafraSi, and ferentarii, fighting firft of all with fpear, and afterwards with fword and fhield, calling fometimes alfo darts at one another, and bearing bows to (hoot arrows, their Horfes making room for them, which way foever they went : for with (harp pikes and other crooked-keen-cutting-inftruments, fattened to their Armour or Chariot- wheels, in the violence of their courfe, they wounded, killed, over-turned, or cut afunder whatfo- everflefh came in their reach. The ancient Horfemen of the Korwn/ had no breaft-plates, (as Tolybius affirmeth) and therefore they were naked in their fore-parts, providing for the danger tr>3t was behinde them, and defend- ing their breaft, by their own celerity : their (hields were made of Oxe skins plighted and pafted to- gether, being a little round in compafs lik e the fafhion of a mans belly. There was alio great ufe of fwift Horfes in War, for the Roman Souldiers carryed with them two j)- m Horfes a peece, being taught and exercifed like Indians, when they had need to flie, to leap upon their empyty Horfe,for their fparing of the other : and they were therefore called Ampbippi, being apt to carry their Mafters out of danger, and from hence ( JElianxs faith) the Romans took the pat- tern of their Phalanx, (called Antifiomiu)mth which they ufed to terrifie the Barbarians,fetting their Horfes in a double front, fo as they appeared headed both wayes : and this was alfo the cuftom of Alexander* all the Geimans , when the number of their Horfe-men was not equall, they mingled the Foot-men, with their Light-horfes, who being experienced to run fuddenly with the Horfe men, leaped into the battail,and furprized the enemies flying away : and the fame fafhion did the Spaniards afo ufe (Strabo faith) for the terrifying of their enemies, making the Foot-men to fall into the battell among the Horfe-men. Thofe which did (hoot Darts on Horfe-back, were called Hippotoxot^ and therefore Arifiophanes in his difcourfe of Birds,calleth Hawks by that name, for the refemblance betwixt them and Horfes, bearing thefe Riders. The Hawks are fo called in fwiftnefs of their courfe; and becaufe the talons of the Hawk are crooked like bows. Arriams writeth that the Horfe-men of Alexander carryed fpears in their hands fourteen cubits long, whereunto I cannot confent ; for eight cubits is a common fize, as much as any Sonldier on Horfe back is able to ufe. In 24O The Hiflory of Four-footed "Beafts. In battail there are wings of Horfe-men, which are fo called, becaufe like wings they cover and protect the Army. And there were alfo Legionary Horfe-men, becaufe they were joyned to the Le- gions of Souldiers, and the company of Elephants, Foot-men, and Horfe-men which were wont to go before the King, were called Agema. A company of Horfes fet like a Tower in a Quadrangular iorm in a field, was called Pergus. The Armour of Horfes on his front or fore-part , is called Pro- tnetopidia , upon the ears Parotia , upon the cheeks Paria , upon the breaft Profternidia , upon the fides Parapleuritis upon the loins Paramendia , upon the legs Paracnemidia. And the time of arm- ing a Horfe is known of every Souldier. Of Riding* THe Medes, Verfimt, and Armenians, Were the firft that invented the art of riding and (hooting, (as Sfn*i() faith) Paujanias cald Neftune Hippeus for no other caufe, but that it was fuppofed he was the firft invented the art of riding. PoljJorus afcribeth it to BiVerophon. Lyfias the Orator faith, that the Amazonian women were the firft of all mortal creatures that firft adventured 'to back Horfes. Others afcribe it to the Centaures: But to leave the Invention , and come to the Art. Da- mn in the life of ApoUotiius, fetteth down the fum of the Art of riding, which briefly is this; To fit ftraight upon his Horfe, to rule him valiantly, to turn him with the bridle which way foever he pleafeth, to beat him when heisftubborn, to avoid Ditches, Gulfs, and Whir pools when he rideth through waters • going up a hill, to lengthen the rains,and to reftrain and draw them in going down the hill ; now and then to ftroke his hair, and not always to ufe ftripes. Martial hath an excellent Epigram upon one Prifcus a raflvheaded-hunter, who neither feared Hedges, Hils, Dales, Ditches, Rocks, Rivers, nor other perils-, ufing a bridle to his Horfe, but none to his affedions • and therefore he telleth him, that he may fooner break a Hunters neck, then take away a Hares life : for there are deceits in the Rocks, Hils, and plain Fields, to (hake the Rider from Horfe-back to the earth. Thus followeth the Epigram ; Parcius utaris monet rapiente vereda, Frifce 3 nec in lepores tarn violentus eat. Sepe fat it fecit prxdtvenatori &acri Dtcidit excuffusmc rediturus (quo. Jnfidias & campus habet : necfojfa, nec agger, Nec fmt faxa licet, jailer e plana folent. Nen deerunt qui tantatibi fpeQacula pufienti lnvidia fati fed leviore cadunt. Si te dekHant animofa fericula, Ihufcit (lutidr eft virtus) infidiemm apt it. Quid te frena juvant temeraria ? Septus Wis Prifce ditumeii equitemrumpexe,quamUporem. The beft place for riding, is a barren and plain Countrey. It is reported oiClaudius, that when he had road a great way in the Countrey upon his enemies, and met no body ,he returned back again into his own Camp, and blamed the fluggifhnefs of his enemies, becaufe no one of them wasleen abroad. It is reported by Ariflotk, that the further a man rideth, themoreapthelhallbe to weep; and thereafonis, becaufe of all the motions of the body, riding is the wholefomeft, both for the fto- -machandfor the hips $ for a man muftnotfitonHorfe-back,asifhewerecarryedinaCoach ; buc rather keep his back-bone upright, not only to be moved by his Horfe that bearech him, but alfo by himfelf ; and there he muft fit clofe to the Horfes hips, extending his legs to the uttermoft, ufing not only his eyes to look before him, but alfo lifting up his neck to help his fight : for fo the fort pace of the Horfe doth corroborate the fpirit above all other exercifes ; likewife, the body and fto- mach ; alfo it purgeth the fenfes, and maketh them (harp : yet fometimes by the violent courfe of a Horfe, the breaft of a Man, or fome other part about the reins receive damage, (as fome have ob- ferved : ) yet is it not fo much to be afcribed to the motion of riding, as to the uneafie pace, or ra- ther to the uneafie feat of the Rider. The Scythians above all other Nations have the loofeft and broadeft bodies ; and thereafon is, be- caufe they wrap not their children in fwadling cloaths as other people and likewife becaufe they bave no regard unto their fitting upon Horfe-back ; and laftly, for their continual floath and eafe : for the men ufe much to ride in Chariots, and Litters, before they get on Horfe-back ■ but after they are accuftomed thereunto, they ride fo much, that their hips and bones fall full of ach, and they are alfo thereby made unfit for generation, becaufe in a journey of an hundred miles , they never light to eafe themfelves and their Beafts. Thefe men hereafter named, were excellent Riders and tamers of Horfes. Automedon , fervant of Achilles \ Idtus, fervant to Paxaimus ; Metifcus } fervant to to luxnus ; Myrtilus, fervant to Oenomaus\ Cebsres^ fervant to Darius ; Annicervs^ fervant to Cyxeneus ; Picus to Mefopus \ and Laufus Silius re- inembreth Cyrnas.Durius^ Atlas , and Iberus. the Of the Horfe. T he Injlruments of Riding appertaining to a Horfe. A Good Rider muftconfider the hardnefs or foftnefs of his Horfcs mouth, thatrfo he may tern- perhisbit; for a ftiffe-necked Horfe, is not fo much to be guided by rod and' Spur, as by bit, and bridle: wherefore it mutt fomecime be hard, and fometimes gentle. The hard bits are called Lupati, becaufe they are unequal, and indented to a Wolves teeth , whereunto the Horfe being ac- cuftomed, groweth more tractable and obedient to a gentle bit. According to the faying of Ovid : Tempore paret equus lent it animofus habenk t £r placido duros accfyh ore lupos. And Virgill again fpeaketh to like erTed : prenfifque n galunt Verbera lenta pati 5 & durit par ere lupatit Afper equus, duris contmditm oralupatis. And Silius faith : Quaarupedem fleUit nort cedens virga lupatis There is alfo another inftrument made of Iron or Wood (called Paftomi}) and Englifhed, Barnacles; which is to be put upon the Horfes nofe, to reftrain his tenaci6us fury from biting,and kicking, efpe- cially at fuch time, as he is to be (hod or dreffed. The Indians were wont to ufe no bridles, like the Grecians andCf/f/, but only put upon their Horfes mouth a piece of a raw Oxe skin, fattened round about, containing in it certain iron pricks ftanding to the Horfes lips, putting a long round trench 'through his m©uth, to the edge whereof they fatten the rains , wherewithall they guide the beaft. TheT«rJ^/fr Horfes, and Spam {h Jennets have bits, with open circles in the middle, confifting of Leather, or Iron* to reftrain the Horfes fury. The rains are called Habcna , becaufe they make the Horfes, Habiles, that is, tradable, and rulable, to be turned, reftrained, or put forward, at our pleafure, according to the faying of Siliut j Ferratocafo) atqueefufa largus habena, CunClantem impellebat equum. 5 And Virgill : lpfe ter addutla circum caput egit habena. Neither is there any Horfe fwift, or flow, noble, orunnoble, that can be guided without thefe, which mutt be held continually in the hand of the Rider, they mutt not be unequal,one longer then another, neither thick, neither weak, nor brickie. There was a certain golden chain (called Ampix) wherewithal the fore-tops of Horfes were wont to be bound or tyed up, and thereupon Homer calleth the Horfe of ' Marsfibiyfampix ; and from hence that cuftomof womens frontlets, to be adorned with gold and pretious ftonei. There are alfo other ornaments of Horfes called trappings ; and in Lati/ie, Thaler*, derived from Phalon in Greeks, fignifying bright, becaufe they were wont to put a great deal of gold and filver upon them, (as Livius faith) which Horfes fo trapped,were prefents for great Princes : And there isa-kind of Achates ftone, wherewithal the Indians do adorn their Horfe-trappings : and it was apparent in Homers time, that they ufed little Bels, or founding pieces of Bra fs to be fattened to their Horfes bridles and t,rap«- jpings ; they hanged likewife Jewels and Pearls to the breaft of their Horfes, which Virgill expreifech in this manner : »»fc:V : v> bafts> t ! 'i :..-.jT .:-jy.\ • .. ;;.or! •brh <>.: oi;:u riJii^^srf rfoirlw lnftrates oflro alipedes , piflifque tapetis Aursa pcSoribus, demifla monilia pendent. TMieuro, fulvum mandunt fub dentibus aurum. A good Horfe-man mutt alfo have a paring knife, wherewithal to purge and open his Horfej-feecf this is called by Kufius, Roflheta; and by others Scalprum. There is a kinde of Manicle for the pa ecus Corith£, pufietitas & , Hirpini,Ji rarujugo viUor'm fedii, Nil tibi majoium refpeUm ,gtatiu nulla Vmbrarum, domlnos pretiis rfiutarejubentur Exiguii, tritoquc trahunt Ep'nhedij coHo Segnipedes, dignique molam vet fare Ntfotk. One of thefe fwift light Horfes, is not to be admitted to race or courfe untill he be paft three year old, and then may he be fafcly brought to the ring, and put to the ftretching of his legs in a com* pofed or violent pace, as Virgil faith : Carper emox gjrum incipiut gradibnfque fonari Compt'fuif, finuetque alter na volum'macrmum. Tliny affirmeth, that if the teeth of Wolves be tyed to thefe Horfes, it will make them never to give over in race, and when the Sarmatians were to take long journeys, the day before they gave their Hories very little drink, and no meat at all, andfo would they ride them an hundred and fifty miles out right. The Arabians alfo in many regions ufe to ride upon Mares, upon whom they perform great jour-* Varuwar.H:, neys, and King Darius did alfo fight his battails upon Mares which had foals; for if at any time their affairs went to rack,and they in danger, the Mares in remembrance of their foals at home would car- ry them away more fpeedily then any other Horfe : and thus much for the light or fwift Horfes. ■ • Of the Gelding. TH^y have ufed to lib their Horfes, and take away their ftones, and fuch an one is called in La- tine ) Canterim 1 or Cunt beriw, which is drived ofCauterium, becaufe they were feared with hot irons, or elfefrom the ftronger boughs or branches of Vines, fo called, becaufe they were pruned. In F remh^heval Ogre^Cantier, Cbcuron, and Soppa doth interpret the Spawfb, fanetto, to be a Gelding. It is faid ofCatoCenforius, that he was carryed and rode upon a Gelding; and of thefe the Tuf%jk Horfes receive the greateft commendations. Z For- -54 The Hiftory of Four-footed 'Beafts. Cuverarlvs. Livius. Ftftus. Xemfion. Forafmuch as many Horfes by cheir feed and ftones are made very fierce, truculent, and unruly, by taking away of them, they are made ferviceable and quiet,which before yeelded unto man very little profit : and this invention may feem firft of all to be taken from them which fed divers together in one herd, being taught the intolerable rage of their ftoned Horfes towards their Colleagues an(| guides ; for abating whereof they took from them their male parts. Of the manner hereof you may read plentifully in Rufius, and he affirmeth that the Scythians and Sarmatians, who keep all their Horfes in herds, were the firft devifers thereof : For thefe people ufing to rob and for rage, were many times by the neighing of their unruly Horfes difcovered; for their property is to neigh not only at Mares, but alfo at every ftranger that they fee or winde, and for males they were fo head-ftrong,that they would divers times carry away the Rider perforce, and againii his will, to his own deftruction, in the rage of their natural luft. If they be gelded under their dams when they fuck, it is reported by fome, that from fuch their teeth never fall away ; and befide, in the heat of their courfe their nerves are not hardned, for which caufe they are the belt of all to run withall- They ufe to geld them in March, in the beginning of the Spring, afterward being well nourifhed, they are no lefs ftrong, able and couragious then other unlibbed ; alfo there is a pretty proverb, Can- theriHS inFcJfd:, a Gelding in a Ditch, which is then to be ufed, when a man undertaketh a bufinefs which he is not able to manage ; for a Horfe can do much in a plain,but nothing at all in a Ditch, It is reported that fubeUiusTaurea, and C.jlffeUiui^ fought a combate on Horfe.back near the City Ca- pM which is this ; Crete mulier Caruber'mo ritu afiam fimniat. That is to fay, this Woman fleeps ftanding like a new dreffed Horfe, and is applyed againft themwhichinakindeof foolifh jefture (hut their eyes when they talk or work : and thus much for the Gelding. Of Careering Horfes for Fomfor Triumph. THe nature of thefe Horfes is to lift up themfclves and rife before , ftanding upon their hinder legs, which is not pofiible for any to do without a generous and gallant fpirit, and alfo nimble and ftrong loins to bear up the hinder legs, for it is not as many fuppofe, that this power of rifing be- fore from the foftnefs of his legs, but rather from his loins and hips betwixt his hinder legs, for when his mouth is a little checked with the bridle he prefently bendethhis hinder patterns andan- ckles, and fo lifteth up his fore-parts, that his belly and yard do appear, and in doing hereof the Ri- der muft not bear his hand hard, but give him the bridle, thatfo he may do it willingly and with greater grace of the beholders. There are fome which teach Horfes to lift up themfelves by knocking their pafterns with a rod, which the Horfe underftandeth as well as he doth his race, when he is ftroke on the back by the Ri- der. And in teaching of a Horfe this feat, it muft be obferved, that he never have reft untill he have learned it, and that at certain figns and tokens,he be taught of his own accord to perform divers and fundry geftures : but if after long riding and copious labour,he begin to underftand his Matters plea- fure, and rife twice or thrice together, then you may give him the rains, nothing doubting but that he underftandeth and will be obedient to the pleafure of the Rider. And in this kinde he is accounted the beft careering Horfe, which will rife high and oftneft together; neither is there any quality fo commendable in a Horfe as this,or that fo draweth and (as it were) fo imprifoneth the eyes of old and young, and other beholders, for which eaufe Martial Horfes for fervice of War, are to be inftructed herein j and thus much for this Horfe. Of had or Pack- horfes. WHere they keep Horfes in herds and flocks, they have fome which are not fit for the faddle, nor for the wars, and therefore are to be employed for the carrying of burthens, or to the Cart ; although (as Fefius faith ) Mules were firft ufed for carrying and draught ; but forafmuch as all Nations have not Mules, they are therefore inforced to ufe Horfes,and for this purpofe the Geldings are much better then the ftoned Horfes ,• wherefore the Countrey-men of molt Nations take Hor- fes, fortius purpofe, after they be old, paft breeding, or have fome other blemifh in winde or limb, whereby they are difabled to travel under a man : for fo great is the greedinefs of our age, that Horfes are not fpared fo long as they be able to live ; according to the common proverb, (dfmif 3 equif,Miilu fer'wnufa) Horfes, Mules, andAlTes, keep no Holy-days: where the Law of God concerning the Sabbath is not obferved; for the nourifhing of Horfes doth countervail the charges. Of the Horfe. 255 charges. Among chefe may be remembrcd thofe litcle Nags called Uiani, and Ginni , lpoken of al- ready in the difcourfe of A Acs, wliercof fome are generated betwixt a Horfe and an Afs, and others fall to be very little, through lome lickncfs which happeneth unto them in their dams belly : theie are ufed with fhorn manes according to the faying of Iroperttus : hue mea detrnfit autta eft Cynthia mM- nii. They are ufed for pleafure, to carry the young fons of Noble-men and Gentle-me.i. There are alfo Horfes called Ep£fgroi y they abound in Spitin^nd in the Alpes, and intheDeferts of JEthiopia there are many of them, which have two long venomous teeth (landing out of their mouth : they differ alfo in their hoofs from other Horfcs,for they are cloven-footed like Harts, and they have a long mane growing all along their back to their tail: And if at any time the Inhabitants take them by gins and other Oppianut flights, they fall fo fallen, that they abftain from meat and drink, difdaining 1 to be kept in any fervi- * ' tude or bondage ; the Wilde Horfes oi India have but one horn : In the Alpes they are of an afh-co- ^ g tm lour, with a black lift down their backs. The wilde Horfes of Scytbiapzzr the River HypanU^zxt clean ' er M ' white. The wilde Horfes of Syria live in flocks and herds together , and in every herd they have on? Captain or Matter over the refidue, and if it fortune that any of the younger Horfes leap upon a Mare, this Captain horfe runneth after him, never giving over till he hath bit off his ftones. There are wilde Horfes in Brujhia which are like to other Horfes in all parts,excepting their backs* Autotk ' which are fofoft and weak,that they cannot endure to be fat upon, neither are they eafily tamed, ' ; 9 and the people of the Countrey eat their flefh : In Polonia there is a kinde of wilde Horfe which hath horns like a Hart,and therefore I take it to be the fame which is called Hippelaphus , whofe pidure is here defcribed as it was taken here in England, by that learned Phylitian Dodor Cay. The figure of HIP P E LAP HU S, The Hiflory of Four-footed Beafts. r pHis beaft was brought out of Norway^ having a mixt form, betwixt a Hart and a Horfe, having X a well compared body, a long and lean leg, a cloven hoof,a fhort tail, and in all parts you would judge him to be a Hart, but in his head and ears you would judge him to be a Mule, and in his horns a Roe, the upper lip hanging over the neather almoft as much as an Elks ; his mane like a Horfes,but thinner and ltanding more upright, without other alteration from their fhoulders to their tail, they have a like briftling mane growing on the back-bone, as long as their other hair; a bunch under their chaps, and upon that a bunch or fhaggy hair,the hair about their fhoulders is more longer then ordinary, but their necks fo fhort, that they can neither drink their drink, nor eat their meat upon the ground, except they bend down upon their knees. The males in this kinde do only bear horns, and fuch as do not grow out of the Crowns of their head, but as it were out of the middle on either Tide, a little above the eyes, and fo bend to the fides: They are fharp, and full of bunches like Harts, no where fmooth but in the tops of thefpeers, and where the veins run to carry nutri- ment to their whole length , which is covered with a hairy skin : they are not fo rough at the beginning, or at the firft proffes , fpecially in the fore-part, as they are in thefecond, for that only is full of wrinckles: from the bottom to the middle they grow ftraight, but from thence they are a little recurved ; they have only three fpeers or proffes , the two lower turn away, but the uppermoft groweth upright to heaven; yet fometimes it falleth out ( as the Keepers of the faid Beaft affirmed) that either by ficknefs, or elfe through want of food , the left horn hath but two branches : In length they are one Roman foot and a half, and one finger and a half in breadth, at the root two Roman palms. The top of one of the horns is diftant from the top of the other three Roman feet and three fingers, and the lower fpeer of one horn is diftant from the lower of the other, two Roman feet meafured from the roots : in fubftance and colour they are like to Harts horns,they weighed together with the dry broken fpongy bone of the fore-head,five pound and a half,and half an ounce, (1 mean fixteen ounces to the pound:) they fall off every year in the month of April, like to Harts,and they are not hollow. The breadth of their fore-heads betwixt the horns is two Rowan palms and a half,the top of the crown betwixt the horns is hollow on the hinder part,and in that fiecel lyeth the brain which defcendeth down to the middle region of the eyes. Their teeth are like Harts, and inwardly in their cheeks they grow like furrows, bigger then in a Horfe 5 the tooth nfing out fharp above the throat, as it fhould feem that none of his meat fhould fall thereinto unbruifed. This Beaft in young age is of a Moufe or Afs colour; but in his elder age it is more yellowifh, elpecially in the extream parts of his body : the hair fmooth, but moft of all on his legs, but under his belly, in the inner part of his knee, the top of his neck, breaft, fhoulders, and back-bone, notfo fmooth : In height it was about twenty two handfuls and three fingers, being much fwifter then any Horfe ; the female beareth every year, as the Keeper faid in Norway , two at a time; but in England it brought forth but one. The flefh of it is black,and the fibres broad like an Oxes ; but being drefTed like Harts flefh and baked in an Oven,it tafted much fweeter. It eateth commonly grafs ; but in England feldom after the fafhion of Horfes,which forbear hay when they may have bread ; but leaves, rindes of trees, bread and oats, are moft acceptable unto it. It reacheth naturally thirty hand breadths high, but if any thing be higher which it doth affed; itftandethup upon the hinder-legs, and with the fore-legs there imbraceth or leaneth to the tree, and with his mouth biteth off his defire It drinketh water, and alfo Englifh Ale in great plenty, yet without drunkennefs *, and there were that gave it Wine, but if it drink plentifully it became drunk. It is a moft pleafant creature being tamed ; but being wilde, is very fierce, and an enemy to mankinde, perfecuting men, not only when he feeth them by the eye, but alfo by the fagacity of his nofe following by foot more certainly then any Horfe, for which caufe they which kept them near the high ways, did every year cut off their horns with a faw : It fetteth both upon Horfe and Foot-men ; trampling and treading them under- foot whom he did over-match, when he fmelleth a man before he feeth him,heuttereth a voice like the gruntling of a Swine being without his female : it doth moft naturally affed a woman,thrufting out his genital (which is like a Harts) as if it difcerned fexes. In Norway they call it an£/^, or Eknd ) but it is plain they are deceived in fo calling it, becaufe it hath not the legs of an Elk, which never bend, nor yet the horns, as by conference may appear. Mu ch lefs can I believe it to be the Hippardius, becaufe the female wanteth horns, and the head is like a Mules ; but yet it may be that it is a kinde of Elk, for the horns are not always alike, or rather the Elk is a kinde of Horfe-hart, which Arrftotle calleth Atrochofius of Arraeotos a region of Affya , and herein I leave every man to his judgement ; re- ferring the Reader unto the former difcourfes of an Elk, and the tragelaphus. of the SEA-HORSE. THe Sea-horfe, called in Grre\ t Hippotomot, and in Latine, Equus FluviatUit ; It is a moft ugly and filthy Beaft, fo called becaufe in his voyce and mane he refembleth a Horfe, but in his head an Oxe or a Calf ; in the refidue of his body a Swine, for which caufe fome Grecians call him fome- times a Sea-horfe , and fometimes a Sea-oxe, which thing hath fiiovedmany learned men in our time to affirm, that a Sea-horfe was never feen; whereunto Iwouldeafily fubferibe (faith Bellm'm) were it not that the antient figures of a Sea-horfe, altogether refembled that which is here exprefled; and was lately to be feen at ConftantinQple , from whom this pidure was taken Of the Horfe. 257 taken. It liveth for the molt part in Nilus ; yetisitof a doubtful life, for it brings forth and breed- eth oh the land, and by the proportion of the legs, it feemeth rather to be made for going, then for fwimming : for in the night time it eateth both hay and fruits, forraging into corn fields, and de- vouring whatfoever cometh in the way ; and therefore I thought it fit to be inferted into this ftory. As for the Sea-calf, which cometh fometimes to land only to take fleep ; I did not judge it to be- long to this difcourfe.becaufe it feedeth only in the waters. This pi&ure was taken out of the Coloffus in the Vatican at Kowe,reprefenting the River Nilus, and eating or a Crocodile : and thus I referve the farther difcourfe of this beait unto the Hiftory of Fifties, adding only thus much, that it ought to be no wonder, to confider fuch monfters to come out of the Sea, which referable Horfes in their heads, feeing therein are alfo creatures like unto Grapes and Swords. The Orfean Indians do hunt a Beaft with one horn, having the body of a Horfe, and the head of a Hart. The ^Ethiopians likewifc have a Beaft, in the neck like unto a Horfe, and the feet and legs like unto an Ox. The Rhinocephalus hath a neck like a Horfe,and alfo the other parts of his body, but it is faid to breath out air which killeth men. Paufanias writeth,that in the Temple of Cabales, there is the picture of a Horfe, which from his breaft backwards is like a Whale. Lampfacenus writeth , that in the Scythian Ocean,there are Iflands wherein the people are called Hippopodes ,having the bodies of men, but the feet of Horfes ; and Lamia hereafter to be declared, hath the feet of a Horfe, but m other things the members of a Goat : and thus much for the feveral kindes of Horfes, both for them that are properly fo called, and alfo for any other, which like baftards retain any refernblance of nature with this Noble and profitable kinde of Beaft. of the Diet of Horfes, and their length of life. HAving thus difcourfed of the kindes of Horfes,and their feveral accidents,and ufes both for War, and Peace, pleafure, and necefllty j now likewife it followeth, that we ftiould proceed to their diet, and manner of feeding : wherein we are firft of all to confider, that the natural conftitution of a Horfe is hot and temperate. Hot, becaufe of his Levity, and Velocity, and length of lite j tern- R u fli USt perate, becaufe he is docible, pleafant, and gentle towards his Mafter and Keeper. He therefore that will keep Horfes, muft provide for them abundance of meat ; for all other Cattel may be piached without any great danger, only Horfes can endure no penury. Farro faith, that in feeding of Horfes, we muft confider three things ; Firft of all, what food the Countrey wherein we live doth yeeld -. Secondly, when it muft be given : Thirdly, by whom, but fpecially the place of feeding Horfes is to be confidered ; for although Goats can live in the Mountains, better then in the green fields, yec Horfes live better in the green fields, then they can in the Mountains. For which caufe when we chufe pafture for Horfes, we muft fee that it be fat, fuch as groweth in Meddows, that in the Winter- time it may be Sunny, and in the Summer it may be open and cold, neither fo foft under-foot, bu: that the Horfes hoofs may feel fome hardnefs, for Horfes,Mules,and Afles, do love well green grafs, and fruits, yet principally they grow fat with drinking ; when they are in the ftables,let them have p dry Hay.A Mare when (he hath foaled give her Barly,and generally at all times in the Winter feafon a m ' Bullimung, or a mixture of all kindes of grain is fit for them in the houfe, according to thefe verfes of Nemetian : Indeubt pttbentes calamos duravett tftas, i Cura (it^atquetoros manibuipercurrere equormi) LaBentefqm mens herb ,is ficcavei it omnem Gaudeat utplaufu fonipes letumque relaxet Menfibui bumorem^ culmi\que armarit ariftas, [ Corpus, & altorcsrapiat per vifcera (uccos, Ordeatumyfaleafque leves, prtbere memento. , Id curent famuli, ccmitumque animofa juventus. Fuhere qnwetiam 3 punts peernere fruges 2 3 We The Hiflory of Four- footed "Beasts. We h ive (hewed already , thac they mult have ftraw , or litter to lyupon, and Pollux doth fee down the kindes of meats for Horfes, as barley, hay, ox French wheat, rice, and hay • for hard and dry meat is fitted for Horfes, becaufe it doth not fill them with winde ; but all green meat is the lefs approved, by reafon of inflamation. Three-leaved- grafs is alio good for Horfes, efpeciallyif they be young, for chaffe, hay, grafs, and oats, are their natural and pleafing food : and although grafs be moiit , yet in the young age of a Horfe, he delights in moift meats, for they ftretch out his belly, andencreafe his growth, but when he is elder, then ought he to be nourifhed with dryer food; as chaff, Barley, Oats, and fuch things. For although chaff, by reafon of their drynefs, make not a Horfe fat, yet do they prefer ve him in perfect ftrength , for all hard things which are diffolved with difficulty, do retain their force of nutriment longer,but fofter meats do not fo • there- fore the belt dyet or habitude for Horfes, is, to retain the mean betwixt fatnefs and leannefs. For fat- nefs miniitreth many humors to the nounfhment of ficknefs, and leannefs diminifheth natural ltrength,maketh the body deformed. In fome Countreys they give their Horfes Vine branches in the Autumn, to move their bellies,, and increafe their ftrength. Mitheolus. The herbAW/c?, which aboundeth in Media, is very nourifhable to Horfes , but the firft ftalks ViofcoTides- are refufed, faith Auftotle, the refidue being watered with ftinking water , is moft commodious. In Italy they fat their Horfes with Irijoly - 3 in Calabiia with SuUa, ox Arthxitica j and the Ihracians, near the River Strymon, with a green Thiftle. In the Spring time give your younger Horfes Bullimung for many dayes together, for that will not only make them fat , but alfo purge their bellies : for this purgation is moft neceffary for Horfes, which is called foyling, and ought to continue ten days together, without any other meat, giving them the eleventh day a little Barley, and fo forward to the fourteenth ; after which day, continue them in that dyet ten days longer, and then bring them forth to exercife a little, and when as they fweat, anoint them with Oyl; and if the weather be cold , keep a fire in the (ta- ble : And you muft remember when the Horfe beginneth to purge, that he be kept from Bar- ley and drink, and give him green meat, or Bullimung t whereof that is beft that groweth near the Sea fide. But if the Horfe go to foil in April, after five days, bring him forth, and wafh him all over with water , then wiping his hair from all wet and filth, and loofe hairs, pour upon him Wine and Oyl, preffing it imooth upon his back, down to his skin ; fo let him be wiped all over again , and carryed into the ftable, to be dieted with Mafline, or BuL'imung, as before , except he be troubled with the Glanders, and then he muft not feed on it in the day time, left through the heat of the Sun, he fall into the mangie, or into madnefs. " It is alfo requifite, that while we feed our Horfes with green Corn, they be let bloud in the veins of thebreaft, and alfo cut in the roof of their mouths, thatfothofe places being em ptyed which were fluffed with corruption, the vacui ty may be replenifhed with better bloud ; a Horfe thus dye- ted, fhall not only live in more health, and free from ficknefs, but alfo be more ftrong to undergo his labour. With the bloud that cometh out of him , mingled with Nitre, Vinegar, and Oyl, you (hall anoinc him all over, if fo be he be fubjed to the Glaunders, or to the Mangie ; and then keep him in the fta- ble five days together, fuffering no Curri combe to come upon him, untill the fixt day, feeding him in the mean time with green Corn or BuUimung j and then bring him forth again, wafhing him all over with water, and rubbing him with a hard whifp, untill the humor or moiitures be wholly wiped off, and he fed as before fourteen days together. If you pleafe not to keep him in the ftable, then in the Spring time, turn him out in forae meddow, or green pafture, and there let him feed at his own pleafure j for it hath been often proved , that fuch a dyet hath recovered may fick Horfes. It is reported of the Horot£,&ndGec/ri<(ii, and men of FreefelanJ i the Macedonians, andLydians, do feed their Horfes with fifties : Likewife the Ptomans which inhabit about Prafius near the Mountain Orbelus, do feed their Horfes, and all Cattel which they yoak with fifhes. Concerning the drink of Horfes we have fpoken elfewhere, and therefore we fhall not need to fay any thing of it here, except that the drinking much, and the Horfe thrufting his head in deep into the troubled water, is an unfallible fign of his goodnefs ; andthecuftom of ibmeis,for to give their Horfes maflies made of water and corn fod together, or elfe Bear, Ale or Wine, by drinking where- of,they encreafe their fpirits and ftomach. Albertm faith, that fome to make their Horfes fat, take Snails, and beat them in pieces, fo putting them into their meats, whereby they grow to a falfe fatnefle, which is eafily difTolved. By eating of black Hellebor, Oxen, Horfes and Swine arc killed; and thus much for the food of Horfes. Concerning the voice of Horfes, the Latins call it Hinnitum, and the Grecians , Phruma , 'and Thrumatefia - but this iscertain, that from their very foaling, the females have afhrill and (harper voice then the males, which is fuller and broader, untill they be two year old, and after copulation their voice encreafeth, fo continuing untill they be twenty year old, after which time, it falleth and decreafeth again. 'The time of The length of a Horfes life (according to Arijlotle) is eighteen or twenty years, and if they be their life. we u tended and regarded in their youth , it hath been found, that fome have lived unto five and twenty, or thirty year old. The females live longer then the males, becaufe of their generation, for Of the Horfe. for the immoderate lull of Horfes, Ihortneth their dayes. And it hath been round thac a Mire hath lived to forty or fifty years, and a Horfe to three and thirty : whereforeldo leave t he relati- on of Pliny and Atheneus, to be cenfured by the Reader, who affirm, that Horfes in their time, lived threefcore or feventy years. Aibertm alfo affirmeth, that a Souldier told him for a certain truth, that he knew a Horfe which lived till he was threefcore years old, and at that age did fervice in the field. And Augufi. ftipbusalfo affirmeth, that the Riders of Ferdinand the firft, told hirn there was a Horfe in their Mailers ftableof feventy year old. The age of a Horfe may be known by his teeth, and the Perfian, Bohemian^ Epirian, and Sicilian Horfes, live longer then the Spanifb or Numidian In their years, the female never groweth after five, nor the male after fix in height or length, fo as the males are fooner / perfited in the womb then the females,on the contrary the females do looner grow to their perfecti- on after their foaling then the Males. The males have more teeth then the females, and in each fex they which havefeweft teeth, live not fo long, and in their old age their teeth grow white. Now their age is difcerned by their teeth on this manner, the firft four, that is two above and two beneath, be changed after they be thirty year old, and a year after the four next are changed in like manner, again after another year four more are changed, fo that after four year and fix moneths, he loofeth no teeth, except canine, which cometh again in the fift and fixtyear; fo that afterwards their age cannot be di- fcerned, becaufeinthe feaventh year, they are all filled. Another unfaigned note of their age, is the hollownefs of their temples, and theireye-lids beginning to wax gray, and their teeth hang- ing out of their mouths. They have alfo little blacks in the middle of their teeth. Some try the age of their Horfes, asa wife and learned man writeth, by considering twelve teech, fix above, and fix beneath, for the old Horfes have longer and thinner teeth, which are black at the top, and there are certain broaches or wrinckles in their teeth, which being filled , the mark is faid to be out of their mouth. Some try the age of their Horfes by their cheeks, for they pull up the skin from ^the bones, and if it will quickly fall back again into his former place, they take it for an allured token of the Horfes youth: but if it ftand out and fall flowly down, then on the contrary, they judge the Horfe to be oldj and thus much for the age and diet of Horfes. x of the ufes of Hot ft- flejh, {Mares-milk^ and other farts \ THere are certain people in Scytbia, which were called Htypophap , becaufe they lived upon Horfe-flefli ; fuch alfo were the Sarmatians and the Vandals : likewife in Scythia the lefTe, neer Taurica Cber[onne\w, the people do not only eat the fleftt of Horfes, but alfo their milk, and make Cheefe thereof. Athentus alfo affirmeth, that the manner of the ancient Perfians was, upon the feafts of their nativities to roaft an Ox 9 an AlTe, a Horfe, and a Camel whole, and fo let them before their guefts. In like fort, they eat Horfe-flelh and Camels-flefh at Vamafcui ; and in Tolonia wilde Horfes, efpecially that part which groweth under the mane. The Sarmatiant m?Ac meat of Miliet-feed, and Mit. Mkkcu* mingie it with Mares milk,or with bloud taken out of the veins of their legs, wherewithal they make p\u.Vene'm puddings, and this is their chief food. So wikewife do the Tartarian, who having a Horfe lick, cut off his Ulcer or wound, and fo kill him and eat his flelh. The Gotbes alfo in the dayes of Virgil did drink the bloud of Horfes, as appeareth in thefe Verfes $ Trofuit incenfos aftut avertere t & inter Irna ferire pedit, falienlem [anguine venam ; Bifalt£ 3 quo more folent, acerque Gelonus, Cum fugit in Kbodopen,atque in deferta Getarum } Et lac concretum cum [anguine potat equina. The Poets do alfo fain,that Pelios the Son of firm and N dnur fceleji viilima tarda deo. And for this caufe the Maffagetes facrificed a Horfe(the fwifteft of all Beaftsjunto the Sun,the fwifteft of all the Gods. Philofirativatfo recordeth, that Pa/amedes gave charge to the Grecians to Sacrifice to the Sun rifing a white Horfe. The Rhodians in honor of the Sun did caft yearly away into the Sea, the Chariots dedicated to the Sun, in imagination that the Sun was carryed about the World in a Chariot, drawn by fix Horfes. The ceremony As the Army of the Perftans did proceed forward on their journey $ the fire (which they did ofthe Perfiaat call Holy and Eternal) was lifted up on filver Altars ; prefently after this, there followed going to v/ar. t j, e wife-men, and after thofe Wife-men came 165 young men, being cloathedwithas many red little garments as there are dayes in the year: Inftantly upon the fame, came the holy Chariots of Jupiter, which was drawn by white Horfes ; after which, with a refplendent magni- tude the Horfe of the Sun was feen to appear (for fo it was called) and this was the manner of their Sacrifices. Cccliut. The King of Indians alfo (as is faid) when the dayes began to wax long, he defcended down to the River Indus, and thereunto facrificed black Horfes and Buls; for the Buls in ancient time wereconfecrated to the Rivers, and Horfes alfo were thrown thereinto alive, as the Irojar.s did in- to Xantbw. Varrinus. The Veneti (which worfhiped Viomedes with lingular honour) did Sacrifice to him' a white Horfe: Strabo. when the Ibebanes made war on the Lacedemonians, it is faid that Cedafm apeared in a vifion to Pelo- pidM, one oithelhebane Captains, and told him that now the Lacedemonians were at LeuUra y and would take vengeance upon the Thebanes, and their Daughters ; Whereupon Pelopidas to avert that mifchief, caufed a young foal to be gallantly attired, and the day before they joyncd battle, to be led to a Sepulcher of their Virgins, and there to be killed and facrificed. The7kejfi!ians obferved this cuftOme at their marriages and nuptial Sacrifices, the man took a Horfe of War armed and furnifhed; which he led into the Temple ; after the Sacrifice ended he de- livered the rains of the Bridle into the hands of his Wife,who led the fame Horfe home again : but Plutarch. for what llgnification or caufe this site was obferved, JElianus which relateth the ftory (heweth not, but faith he referreth himfelf to the Ihejjalians to declare their own reafons of this obfervatiort. And thus much (hall fuffice concerning the Sacrificing of Horfes. The burial of Another moral-honour done unto them was their burial; For we have (hewed already that Horfes. Volucer the Horfe of Verm the Em per our was honourably buried, the Mares of Cinon which had won three games at Olympws, were like wife interred neer his own body. The Scythians at the burial of their Kings ufed for to ftrangle one of his harlots, his cupbearer, his Cook.his Horfe-keeper, his Meffenger, and alfo Horfes and other Cattle,- and after a year they do this the fecondtime; ta- king fifty of his deareft fervants which were natural Scythians andftrangled them,- likewife fifty of his beft Horfes, out of whofe bellies they pull out their bowels and guts, and filling their bellies up again with chaffe, they fow them up: then make they half anarch upon two pofts Handing up- right 5 and likewife the other half upon two other pofts over the Kiugs grave; likewife fattening in the earth divers other (harp pofts upon which they put the' fifty Horfes, fo fattening them with thick pieces of timber all along their neck and back, fo that the (houlders of the Horfes reft upon the fore arch and their bellies on the hinder, their legs ftanding upward, then bridle they the Horfes, and ftretch forth the rains of their bridles unto the pofts of the earth, afterwards up- on every one of the dead Horfes they lay a dead man, putting a ftake through his back out of his neck, and the neather part of the faid ftake they faften in the poft, which pierceth or goeth through the Horfe; and thus having compaffed about the grave of their King, with fuch Horfes and Horfe-' men,they depart, leaving both the one and the other to the confumption of nature, and after this manner did they bury all their Kings. %s4drian buryed his Hunting Horfe, Ennorr.aiu his Mares, Partheria and Eripha. Like- wife Mtltiades , Evagoras , and Auguflus the Ernperour. At Amentum alfo there are many "Dion. Pyramides erecled upon the Sepulchres of Horfes. And thus much (hall fuffice for the burial of Horfes. We Idolatry by the pictures of Horfes. MutiftiT. Of the Horfe. 263 We have (hewed you already how Men and Women have been transformed into Horfes j JEliams. according to the fi&ion of the Poets, as of Saturne , Jupiter , Neptune, Ceres, Hippes , and yimy. O'-prhoes the Daughters of Chiron. In like fort there have been predictions or oftentations of Eefius. things to come, taken from a Wolf, a Fox, a Serpent, and a Horfe, which were called An- Prtdiaions or fricia Vedfiria. Auguri(m»ty Dreams alfo have been declared by Horfes, for Publius Vatinius in the M^c^w-jra w.ir,coming to- "o^"* wards Rome in the night time, fuppofed he faw two young men of excellent beauty to meet him, and tell him that Perjes the King was taken by Paulm^ which thing he declared to the Senate, but was by them put into prifon as a contemner of the Majefty and honour of that Captain, but after- wards it a ppeared by the letters of Paul that Ferfes was taken that very day • whereupon Vatinius was delivered out of Prifon, and rewarded with land and liberty. It alio appeareth that the fame day that Caftor and Pollux waflied away the fweat of themfelves Vukr. Afa,~. and thdr Horfes in the lake of Jutwm, that they watched for the fafetyof the Roman Empire, and their Temple which was joyned to the fame fountain being faft locked, upon a fuddain flew open without the hand of man. JEnccts alfo in Virgil faith , that he knew war would follow by the appearance of four Horfes> which in a green field fet upon a whole Campe, whereupon in Virgil 3 he fpeaketh thus to Anckiftt. Quatuor bic, pnmum omenJLquos ingramine vidi londentes campum late, candore mvali. }i f.paler Anchifes, Btllum terra bofpita porta* ; Bella armantur equi,F.eUum h£C armenta minantuX' Sed tamen iidem olitn curru fiiccedere fueti §uadrupedes t & frxnajugo concordia fcrre^ Spes efl pack, ait. — l.ucan alfo fpeaketh to the fame purpofe that Horfes prefage war 3 Primus ab tquoreafercujjis cufpidefaxis Thejfalicus [ompes beliit jeralibus omen Exiluit — 1 ' ■ - ■ » Alexander alfo writeth, that the Germans were wont to bring up white Horfes which were never ufed to labour, by whofe neighing they were forewarned of wars, and of other ftrange events, It is vulgarly known how Darius came to the Kingdom of Perfia, after it was agreed amongft the feven Princes, that he whofe Horfe did firft neigh in the morning in a place appointed, (hould be faluted King, Ebores his rider in the night time took one of the Mares which he knew his Mafters Horfe loved, and led her into the Suburbs, and there tied her, afterward he brought thither Darius his Horfe, and led him about her two or three times, and at length fuffered him to cover her, and fo led them both away together. In the next morning the Princes met as foon as day brake, and road up and down the Suburbs,until at laft they came to the place where the Mare of Darius was tyed the night before , whereunto the Horfe of Darius ran neighing ftrongly, and prefently it thundrcd and lightned in a clear day: whereupon the refidue of the Princes alighted from their Horfes, and did reverence to King Darius , who by divine appointment was thus advanced to the Scepter. Although there be fomethat fay Ebores by handling of a Mares genital and keeping his hand warm, untill they came to the place aforefaid,there ftroking the Noftrils of his Mafters Horfe,caufed him thus to neigh and win the Kingdom ; yet I rather incline to the former opinion which was re- lated by Herodotus in his Ibalia. There have alfo been Horfes of ftrange faftiions, for as we have (hewed already, that a Mare did ° f Monfler bring forth a Hare, fo alfo (Livie faith) an Ox did bring forth a Foal. Nero did (hew certain Hernia- Hotfes - pbrodite Mares, wherewithal his Chariot was drawn, which was a thing worth the fight, that the Monarch of the world (hould (it upon Monfters. Julius C^ar had a Horfe which had cloven hoofs like a Mans fingers^ and becaufehe was foaled at that time when the Sooth-fayers had pronounced that he (hould have the government of the world, therefore he nourifhed him carefully, and never permitted any man to back him but him- Pliny ', felf, which afterwards he dedicated in the Temple of Venus ^ for he conceived that-fuch a ftrange beaftbred in his own flock, was a prediction unto him of great honour. The Palatine of Vilva had a Dim. Horfe foaled with five legs, and Henry the Count- Falatine had likewife a Horfe with fix legs. Thus Ccelius. much may fuffice for the monfter Horfes. In the next place it is good to enquire what the Cmaures are,whoaredefcribedby the Poets to Of Centaures. have their forepart like men, and their hinder part like Horfes, the occafxon whereof is thus rela- ted by Pindarus : that Centaurus the Son of Ixion, committed buggery with the Mares of Mignctii, under the mountain Pelius, from whence came that monftrous birth in the upper part refembling the Father and in the neather the mother. Thefe faith he pofTefTed the Mountains and Defert places of 7bejfaly, being given to all manner of Latrociny and Depredation. They were called alfo Hip- focentauri Andfomefay that they were firft of all nouri(hed by the Nymphes in the mountain Feliui, who afterwards being the firft that tamed Horfes, were thought to be half Men, and half Horfes, becaufe they were feen backward, and from hence came the fable that they were tamed by HerculeSy The Hittory of Four-footed Heatts. Herc^es, which was one of his greateft labours : But yet that no man may wonder or think it impof- fibie that Rich monftrous creatures fhould have exiftence in nature, theie authorities following may pertwade Sufficiently. Tlutctrck in his Banket of Wifemen, affirmeth, there was a Horfe-keeper which brought into the lioufe of Perianderzw Infant or rather a Monfter which he had got upon a Mare, which had the head, neck, hands and voice of a childe, and the other parts like a HorSe, Diodes prefently judged it to be a Monfter , and Signified contentions and ftrifes in the world. But lhales told Periander he was of another opinion, namely, that it was no Monfter, but a meer natural birth from fuch a copulation, and therefore advifed Periander, that either he fhould keep no Riders, or elfe let them have Wives Claudius C&\ar alfo writeth, that in the time of hisreign there was fuch a one born in Thetfaly, which dyed the fame day it was born : and Pliny that he afterwards faw it feafoned in hony,broughc out oiEfyft to be Shewed to the Emperor. Thek Centaur es, Homer calleth Fera, that is, Fer£, wilde perfons The Lapith£ and the Centaures are Said to be very like the one to the other,and were alfo once very loving, but they fell afterwards to deadly war, by reafon the Centaures in a banket being drunk, offered to ravifh the females of the L<*pitfc Quimus Martius , Iremulus, Vomitianus, and many other both Men and Women : for ihe Romans had theEqueftrial Statues in great reverence and ceremony, no doubt in imitation of the Grecians, but with this difference, that they pictured none but the Swift HorSes, but the Romans .Works and Chariots, and from hence came the cuftome to have Chariots in triumph. But this cuftome to have Six HorSes in a Chariot was brought in laft of all by Auguflus. Ariftodemus pictured the Chariots and Wagoner. Pificrates the woman Pitbo, with a Wagon. Etfhycrates, the Son of Lyfppus expreSfed the Equeftrial combate at the Oracle of Irophomum with Singular art,alSo many Chariots of Medea, the HorSe and his carriage. There were alfo earthen Chariots at Rome in the porch of Jupiters Temple, as we have Shewed before in the difcourfe of Chariots. When Conftantinus the great took a view of the City of Rome, and paSiing Srom place to place, came at length to Fo'um 7 jajani, the moft exquifite building of all the world, he Stood amazed at the admirable frame of Giants which were lineally deciphered therein, whereof defpairing to imitate any part of that work, he chofe only to erect the picture of Such,a Horfeand Prince, as in Amianw. the middle of the fame was erected in remembrance offrajane, and So much he intimated to his followers: cloSe by him Stood that Princely Hormifda (zPerfian) who made the Emperour this anSwer, Ante imferator jlabulum tale condi jubeto ft vales : Equus quern fabricare dijponis ita late fuc- ceiatut ifte quern videmus : O Noble Emperour before you make fuch a Horfe, firft of all build Such a Stable; that your work in all parts may be correspondent to this which you propoSe unto your Self to imitate. MeteVus theMtfce^Hidwraifed two porches which were compaSSed about with two Horfes,without infeription or dedication, which now are compaSfed with the porches ofOtlavia, and the row of Equeftrial ftatues in the front of the faid buildings, now the greateft ornament of that place, he alfo brought out of Macedonia,. And it is Said that Alexander the great caufed Lyfippus (that Singular work- man) to frame the picturesof all thofe Knights which in his company were Slain at the River Grani- c«w,andalSo to place his own picture among them. In the City of Rome there are two mountains called Equilini, in one of them are the bathes of Viocktian, and the great Marble HorSes, with two men half naked, holding their rains, being moft Singular wormanShip, whereof one hath this inscription in Latin letters,^; PraxiteHf, the work of Frax'nekSi the other Opus Phidix, the work of Phidias: and it is clear, that they were brought thither Of the Horfe. 265 thither by 'Jytdatei King of" Amenia, for whofe entertainment Nero caufed the Theatre of Pompcy to be covered all over with gold in the fpace of one day. The ftory of the Trojan Horfe is vulgarly Sipontinto. known, which is alfo called Equut Vutateus, or Dureus, wherein the Grecian Princes hid themfelves, when they took Troj, according to thefe Verfes ; JVff cum durateus TrojanU Pergama 'partu Ifammajcit Equut notturno Grajugenarkm. The truth whereof ftandeth thus, The Grecians making (hew that they had vowed a vow unto Pallas ^ framed a Horfe of fo gre.it bignefs, that it could not be taken into Troy, except the gates were pul- led down ; and this they placed hard to the wals of Troy : Sinon (the counterfeit runnagate) being then within the wals among the 7 rojans, pcrfwaded them to pull down their wals and pull in thac wooden Horfe; affirming that if they could get it, Pallas would ftandfo friendly to them that the Grecians lhould never be able to move war againft them : wherefore they pull down their gates, and part of their wall, and by that means do bring the Horfe into the City while the Jrojans were thus revelling and making merry with themfelves, and not thinking of any harm might enfue upon them, the leaders of the Grecian Army who by deceit all this while kept themfelves clofe hid, (ever fince which time the Grecians are tearmed of all Nations deceitful) on a fuddain rofe out of their lurking places, and fo going forward invaded the City, being deftitute of any defence, and by this means fubdued it. Others are of opinion, that the Poets fi&ion of the Trojan Horfe, was no other but this, thac there was a mountain rieerTroy called Equm^ and by advantage thereof Troy was taken, whereunto Virgil feemeth to allude, faying ; Infiar montis Equum divina PaVadis arte JEdifcant. • For they fay that Pallas and Epeus made the Horfe, and therefore I conjecture, that the Trojan Horfe was nothing elfe but an engine of Warlike unto that which is called Aries : For Paufanias faith , thac Epetu was the inventer thereof. And Higinus faith, that the Trojan Horfe was Macbina oppugnatoria, a devife of war, to overthrow the wals. Of this Horfe there was a brazen image at Athens in Acrofolit , with this infcription, Chxri&e- mus, Fuangeli filius C£lenatus dicavit. When Alexander looked upon his own pidure at Ephefws which ApeHes had drawn with all his skill, the King did not commend it according to the worth thereof: It fortuned that a Horfe was brought into the room, who prefently neighed at the pidure of Alexanders Horfe, fmellinguntoit as to a living Horfe, whereat Apelles fpake thus to the King ; Ho men Hippos eoice [ou graphicoteros cata polu. j That is to fay, The Horfe is a better difcerner of truth then you. There was one Pbormu which went from M*nalus in Arcadia into Sicilia, to ferve Gelon the Son ofVinomenes, under whom and his brother Hiero he arofe to great eftate of wealth,and therefore he gave many gifts to Apollo at Velpbos,and made two brazen Horfes with their riders at Olympia Jetting "Dionifw the Grecian upon one, and Simon Egineta upon the other. JEmilim Cenjorinus (a cruel Tyrant in Sicilia) beftowed great gifts upon fuch as could invent new kinde of torments; there was one Aruntim Paterculus , hoping to receive from him fome great reward, made a brazen Horfe , and prefented it to the Tyrant : to include therein fuch as he fhould condemn to death ; at the receipt whereof JEmilm which was never juft before, firft of all put the Author into it that he might take experience how curfeda thing it was to mi- nifterunto cruelty. Apelles alfo painted Clytus on Horfe-back haftening to war , and his Armour-bearer reach- ing his helmet unto him , fo lively, that other dumb beafts were affraid of his Horfe. And excellent was the skill of Nealces, who had fo pidured a Horfe foaming, that the beholders were wont to take their handkerchefs to wipe it from his mouth. And thus much for the moral ufes of Horfes. Of the feveral difeafes $f Horfes and their cures, SEeing in this difcourfe I have principally aimed at the pleafure, delight, ancfprofk of Englifh- men, I have thought good to difcourfe of the difeafes of Horfes and their cures in the words of our own Countreymen, M. Blundevile, and M. Mtrkpam, whofe works of thefe matters are to be re- corded like the Iliads of Homer in many places and feveral Monuments, to the intent that envy or Barbarifmmay never be able to bury them in oblivion, or negled to root them out of the world, without the lofle of other memorable labours. A a Wherefore 2 66 The Hiftory of Four- footed Be aft s. Wherefore good Reader, for the eniuingTradate of difeafes and cures compiled by them, after that I had readover the labours of C. Gefmr, and compared it with them, finding nothing of fub- ftance m him, which is not more materially, perfpicuoully, profitably, and familiarly , either ex- traded or expretfed by them, in a method mod fitting this Hiftory, I have thought good to follow them in the defcription of the difeafe and the remedy ■ firft (according to time) declaring them in the words of M. Blund. and afterwards in the words of M Martyam-j methodically one afcer the other, in the fame place : wherewithal I truft the living authors will not be difpleafed, that To you may with one labour examine both - and I hope, that neither they, nor any of their friends or Scholars ftiall receive any juft caufe of offence, by adding this part of their ftudies to our labours,' neither their books imprinted, be any way difgraced or hindered, but rather revived, renobled, and honoured. To begin therefore f faith Matter blundcvile) after thedifcourfe of the nature of a Horfe followeth thofe things which are againft nature, the knowledge whereof is as needfully profitable as the other. Things againft nature be thofe whereby the health ful eftate of a Horfes body is decayed, which are in number three ; that is, the caufes, the ficknefs, and the accidents • of the two firlt in order, and die other promifcuoufly as need requireth. of caufes and kinds thereof, Biundevile. / TpHe caufes of ficknefs be unnatural affeds, or evill difpofitions preceding ficknefs,- and pro- 1 voking the fame, which of themfelves do not hinder the actions of the body, but by means of ficknefs coming betwixt. Of caufes, fome be called internal, and fome external. Internal be thofe that breed within the body of the Bea'ft, as evil juice. External be thofe that chance outwardly to the body, as heat, cold, or the flinging of a Serpent, and fuch like. In knowing the caufe of every difeafe, confifteth the chief skill of the Farriar. For uniefle he knoweth the caufe of the difeafe, it is impofhble for him to cure it well and skilfully. And therefore I wifh all Farriars to be diligent in feeking to know the caufes of all difeafes, as well in the parts fimilar, as inftrumental, and to know whether fuch caufes be fimple, or compound ; for as they be fimple or compound,' fo do they en- gender fimple or compound difeafes. Of ficknefs, what it is, and hew many general kinds there be • alfo with what order the difeafes of Horfes are herein declared. And finally , of the four times, belonging to every ficknefs. SIcknefs is an evill affed contrary to nature, hindering of it felf, fome action of the body. Of fick- nefs there be three general Kinds, whereof the firft confifteth in the parts fimilar; the fecond in the parts inftrumental ; and the third in botli parts together. The firft kind is called of the Latins Intemperies, that is to fay, evil temperature, which is either fimple or compound. It is fimple, when one quality only doth abound or exceed too much, as to be too hot, or too cold ; it is compound, as when many qualities do exceed, as when the body is too hot and too dry, or too cold and too moift. The fecond kind is called Mala cmftiluiio, that is to fay, an evill ftate or compofition, which is to be confidered, either by the (hape, number, quantity, or figtit of the member, or part evill af- feded or difeafed. The third kind is called Vnitatii \oiutio, that is to fay, the loofening or divifion of the unity, which as it may chance diverfly, foit hath divers names accordingly ; for if fuch foluti- on or divifion be in a bone, then it is called a fradure; if k be lnanyfleftiie pan , then it is called a Wound or Ulcer ; in the veins, a Rupture; in the finews,aConvulfionorCramp ; and in the skin, an Excoriation. Again, of difeafes,fome be called long, and fome {harp and fhort, called of the Lat'ms i Morbi acuti, which be perillous and do quickly kill the body. The long, do tarry longer by it. Yet moreover, there is ficknefs by it felf, and ficknefs by confent ; Sicknefs by it felf, is that which being in fome member,hindereth the adion thereof by it felf.Sicknefs by confent,is derived out of one member into another, through the neighbourhood and community that is betwixt them : as the pain of the head which cometh from the ftomach. Thus the learned Phyfitians which write of Mans body, do divide ficknefs. But Abiyrtut writing of Horfe-leach craft,faith of that ficknefs,or rather malady(for fo he termeth it,ufing that word as a general name to all manner of difeafes that be in a Horfe) there be four kinds,that is to fay, the moift malady, the dry malady, the malady ofthe joynts, and the malady betwixt the flefli and the skin. The moift malady is that which we call the Glafiders. The dry malady is an incurable confumption, which fome perhaps would call, the mourning ofthe chein, but not rightly, as (hall appear unto you hereafter. The malady of the joints comprehended! all griefs and forances that be in the joints. And the malady betwixt the flefh and the skin, is that which we call the Scab. Unto which four kindes of maladies, Vcgetitu addeth three others, that is,the Farcine, the paiile of the Reins or Kidnies, and the cankered Manginefs, mod commonly called of the old writers theLepro- fie; andfomaketh feven kindes of maladies, under which all ojher particular difeafes are compre- hended. Again, OftbeHorfe. Again, LaHrentius Kufm, ulecb an other kind of divifion of ficknefs. Of Hories difeafes, laichhe, fome be natural, and fomc accidental. The natural be thofe that do come either through the ex- ceffe, or lack of engendring feed, or by error of nature, in misforming the young, or elfe by fome defect of the dam or fire, in that perhaps they be difeafe d within, and have their feed corrupted. The accidental difeafes be thofe that come by chance, as by furfetting, of cold, heat, and fuch like thing. But forafmuch as none of thefe writers do follow their own divifions, nor handle the parts thereof accordingly: to avoid their confufion, and to teach plainly; I thought good and profitable therefore to ufe this my own divifion [and order here fol- lowing. Firft then, of difeafes fome be inward, and fome be outward. The inward be thofe that breed within the Horfes body,and are properly called maladies and difeafes, whereoffome do occupy all the whole body,and fome particular parts or members of the body. Of thofe then that occupie all the body, and not be accident Co any private member, I do firft treat, as of Agues, of the Peftilence, and fuch like, and then of thofe that be incident to every particular member, beginning at the head, and fo proceed orderly throughout all the members, even down to the fole of the foot, obferving therein fo nigh as I can, the felf fame order that Galen ufeth in his book, T)e locit male affeRif , declaring what manner of difeafe it is, and how it is called in JLnglifb, andalfoin Italian, becaufethe Kings itable is never without Italian Riders, of whom our Farriars borrowed divers names, as you fhall perceive hereafter. Then the caufes whereof it pro- ceeds, and the fignes how to know it, and finally, the cure and diet belonging to the fame ; and be- caufe I find not inward difeafes enow to anfwer every part of the body,I do not let to interlace them with outward difeafes incident to thofe parts, yea rather, I leave out no outward difeafe belonging to any particular member, and to the intent you may the better know to what difeafes or forances every part or member of the Horfes body is moft commonly fubjeft. And note by the way, that I call thofe outward difeafes that proceed not of any inward caufe,butof fome outward caufe, as when a Horfe is fhouldered by means offome outward caufe, or his back galled with thefaddle,or his fides fpurgalled, or his his hoof cloid with a nail, which properly maybe called forances or griefs. Thirdly, I talk of thofe difeafes as well outward as inward, that may indifferently chance in any part of the body, as of Impoftumes, Cankerous Ulcers, Wounds, Fiftulaes, Burnings, Brufings, Breaking of bones, and fuch like. Fourthly, becaufemoft difeafes are healed either by letting of bloud, by taking up of veins, by purgation, or elfe by cauterifation, that is to fay by giving the fire : I talk of thofe four neceffary things feverally by themfelves ; and finally I (hew you the true order of paring and fhooing all man- ner of hoofs, according as the diverfity of hoofs require : and to the intent you may the better un- derftand roe, you have the perfe&fhapes of all neceffary fhooes, plainly fet forth in figures before your eyes. Thus much touching mine order which I have hitherto obferved. Now it is neceffary to know, that to every difeafe or malady, belongech four feveral times, that is to fay, the beginning, theincreafing, the ftate,and declination, which times are diligently to be obferved of the Farriar, becaufe they require divers applying of medicine ; for that mecucine which was meet to be ufed in the beginning of the difeafe, perhaps is not to be ufed in the declination thereof: and that which is requifite, and very needful, to be applyed in the ftate or chiefeft of the difeafe, may be very dangerous to be ufed in the beginning. And therefore the Farriar ought to be a man of judgement, and able to difcern one time from another, to the intent he may apply his me- dicines rightly. Hither of caufes and ficknefs in general. Nowitisalfo meet, that we fpeak in general of fignes whereby ficknefs is known. Of the fignes of ficknefs in general, SIcknefs according to the learned Phyfitians, is known four manner of wayes. Firft, by infepa- Blundevile. rable or fubftantial accidents, as by the fhape, number, quality, and fight of the part or member difeafed. For if it beotherwife formed, or more or leffe in number or quantity, or elfe otherwtfe placed then it ought to be, then it is not well. Secondly, ficknefs is known by alte- ration of the quality, as, if it be too hot, or too cold, too moift, or too dry. Thirdly, when the a&ion of any member is hurt or letted, as when the eye-fight is not perfect, it is a manifeft fign that the eye is evill affected or fick. Likewife, when there breedeth no good bloud in the body, it is an evident token that the Liver is not well. Fourthly, ficknefs is known by the excrements that come fromtheBeaft,asbydungorftale5 for if his dung be too ftrong of fent, full of whole Corns, or of Wormes, too hard, or too foft, or evill coloured, it is a token that he is not well in his body : fo like- wife if his ftale be too thick, or too thin, too white, or too red, it becokeneth fome furfet, raw dige- ftion, or elfe fome grief in his reins, bladder or ftones. But Vegeuut faith, that it is beft known, whe- ther a Horfe be fick or not, or toward ficknefs, by thefe fignes here following j for if he be more flow and heavie in his trotting, or gallopping, harder of Spur then he was wont to be, or fpreadeth his litter abroad with his feet, often tumbling in the night feafon, fetching his breach fhorc and vio- lently, loud fhuffling in the Nofe, and cafting out vapors at his Ncftrils, or lyeth down immediately A a z after " 2 68 The Hiftory of Four- footed ( Beaftf. ™ atcerhis provender, or maketh long draughts in his drinking, or in the night feafon is now down, and now on foot, or if in the next morning he be very hot in his patterns, or betwixt his ears, or that his ears hang more then they are wont to do : again, if his eye fight be dim, and his eyes hollow in his head, his hairs Handing right up, and his flanks hollow and empty, whenfoever two or three of thefe fignes do concur together, then it is to be thought, faith Vegeiius, that the Horle is not -well, and therefore he would have him immediately to be feparated from his companions that be whole, and to be placed by himlelf untill his difeafe be perfectly known and cured, and efpecially if it be any contagious difeafe. Ihavefeen divers Farriars here in England to ufe that for the trial ofaHorfes ficknefs, which I never read in any Author, that is, to feel his ftones, whether they be hot or cold, and tofmell at his noftrils and fo by the favour thereof to judge what ficknefs the Horfe hath. Truly I think that no evill way , if they can difcern with their fenfe of fmelling, the diverfity of favours, that cometh out of his Noftrils, and then aptly apply the fame to the humours whereof fuch favours be bred, and fo orderly to feck out the originall caufe of his ficknefs. But I fear me, that more Farriars fmell with- out judgement, then with fuch judgement, and no marvell why, fith that few or none be learned,or have been brought up with skilful Mafters. Butfrom henceforth I truft that my travail will caufe fuch Farriars as can read, and have fome underftanding already, to be more diligent in leeking after knowledge then they have been heretofore, whereby they fhall be the better able to fervc their Countrey,and alfo to profit themfelves, with good fame,whereas now for lack of knowledge they incur much flander. Of the Fever And divers kinds thereof in a Horfc. Blondevlle. t Think it will feem ftrange unto fome, to hear that a Horfe fhould have an Ague or Fever , JLbut it was not ftrange untothemen ofoldtime, asto Abfyrtus 3 Hierocies. XenepbonJ/egetius, and fuch like old Souldiers, throughly experimented in Horfes griefs. A Fever, according to the learned Phyfitians, is an unnatural and immoderate heat, which proceeding firft from the heart, fpreadeth it felf throughout all the arteries and veins of the body, and fo letteth the actions thereof. Of Fevers there be three general kinds, whereof the firft, is that which breedeth in the fpirits , being inflamed or heated more then their nature requireth. The fecond breedeth in the humors, being alfo diftempered by heat. The third in the firm parts of the body, being con- tinually hot. What fpirits and humors be, hath been told you before in the keepers Office. Of thefe three general kinds do fpring many other fpecial kinds, as Quotidians, Tertians, Quartans, Fevers He&ick, and very many others, whereunto mans body is fubjed:., whereof none of my Authors do treat, unlefs Vegetius , who fpeaketh fomewhat of a Fever Quotidian, of a Fever continual, and alfo of a Fever accidental. He fpeaketh alfo of Sum- mer, Autumn, and Winter Fevers, without making any great difference betwixt them, more then that one is worfe then another, byreafon of the time and feafon of the year, fothac in effeft all is but one Fever. Wherefore according unto Abfyxtus opinion, I will briefly fhew you firft the caufes whereof it proceeds, and then the fignes how to know it, and finally how to cure the fame. The Fever chanceth fometime by furfetting of extreme labour or exercife, as of too much travel- ling, and efpecially in hot weather, of too fwift gallopping and running, and fometime by extreme heat of the Sun, and alfo by extreme cold of the aire, and fometime it breedeth of crudity or raw digeftion, which many times happeneth by over greedy eating of fweet green corn, or of fuch pro- vender as was not thoroughly dryedor cleanfed : for after fuch greedy eating, and fpecially fuch meat, never followeth perfeft digeftion. The fignes to know a Fever be thefe, The Horfe doth con- tinually hold down his head, and is not able to lift it up, his eyes are even blown fo as he cannot eafily open them yea and many times they be watering, theflefliofhislrpsand of all his body is lufti and feeble, his ftones hang low, his body is hot, and his breath is very hot and ftrong, he ftan- deth weakly on his legs, and in his going draweth them lafiely after him, yea he cannot go but very foftly, and that ftaggering here and there he will lie down on his fide, and is not able to turn him- felf, or to wallow ; he forfaketh his meat both hay and provender, and is defirous of nothing but of drink, which, as dbfyitus faith, is an aflured token of a Fever: he alfo fleepethhut little. The cure and diet. Let him bloud in the face and temples, and alfo in the palat of his mouth, and the firft day give him no meat, but only warm drink, and that by little and little. Afterward give him continually grafle, or elfe very fweet hay wet in water, and let him be kept warm, and fometime walke him up and down fair and foftly in a temperate air, and then let him reft, and when you fee that he begins to amend, give him by little and little at once Barley fair fifted and wejl fodden , and alfo mundified , that is to fay , the huske pulled away , like as when you blanch Almonds. Of the Horfe. 269 of divers forts of Fevers according to Vegetius, and frfl of that which continntth but one day. THe Fever of one day called by the Greeks name 'E^bemera^ or elfe by the Latin name Viaria^ chan- ceth many times throughtherafhnefsand fraall difcretion of the keeper, or fome other that letteth not to ride a Horfe unmeafurably,either before or after watering, whereby the Horfe after- ward in the (table entreth into an extream heat, and fo falleth into his Fever, which you fhall know partly by his waterifhand bloud- fhotten eyes, and partly by his fhort violent and hot breathing and panting. Moreover.hc will forfake his meat,and his legs will Wax ftiffe and 1 ^ feeble. The cure.Lec him have reft all the next day following, and be comforted with warm meat, then let him be walked up and down fair and foftly, and fo by little and little brought again to his former eftate. of the Fever continual. THe Fever continual, is that which continueth without intermiflion, and is called in Italian by the Latin name hebrti continua, which ipringethof fome inflaraation or extream heat, bred in the principal members or inward parts, about the heart, which is known in this fort. The Horfe doth not take his accuftomed reft, whereby his flefli doth fall away every day more and more, and fometime there doth appear hot inflamations in his flanks, and above his withers. The cure ; Purge his head by fquirting into his Noftrils Mans urine, or the Water of an Ox that hath been refteda certain time, to the intent fuch water may be the ftronger, and then give him the drink written in the next Chapter. Of the Fever taken in the Autumn, that is to fay, at the fill of the leaf. IF a Horfe chance to get a Fever at the fall of the leaf, caufe him immediately to be let bloud in the neck vein, and alfo in the third furrow of the roof of his mouth, and then give him this drink; Take of Jermander four ounces, of Gum-dragant, and of dryed Rofes, of each one ounce, beat them all into fine powder, and put them into a quart of Ale, adding thereunto of Oil-olive four ounces, and of Hony as much, and give it the Horle lukewarm. Of the Fever in Summer feafon. A Fever taken in Summer feafonis much worfe then in any other time, and efpecially if it be Blundevile, taken in the Dog days, for then the accidents be more furious. The fignes be thefe, his arteries will beat evidently, and he will fhed his feed when he ftaleth, and his going will be unorderly. The cure j Let him bloud in a vein that he hath in his hinder hanch, about four fingers beneath the fun- dament, or if you cannot finde that vein, let him bloud in the neck vein, toward the withers, and if it be needful you may alfo give him this drink ; Take the juyce of a handful of Parflein mingled with Gum- dragant, with Enfens, and a few Damask rofes, beaten all into fine powder, and then put thereunto a fufficient quantity of Ale made fweet with Hony. of the Fever in Winter, F Or the Fever in Winter, it fhall be good to take the powder of the drugs laft. mentioned, and Blundevile, with a quill or reed, to blow it up into his left noftril to make him to neefe. It fhall be good alfo to let him bloud in the neck vein, andin thepalatof the mouth, and then give him one of thefe drinks here following ; Take of Ireos fix ounces, of round Pepper one ounce, of Bay berries, and of thefeedofSmallage, of each one ounce, and let him drink them with foddenWine. Or elfe takea pinte of good Milk, and put therein of Oile four ounces, of Saffron one fcruple, of Myrrhe two fcruples, of the feed of Smallageafpoonful,andmakehim drink that: or make him this drink j Take of Ariftoloch, otherwife called round Hartwort, one ounce, of Gentian, of Hyfop, of Worm- wood, of Sothernwood, of each one ounce, of dry fat figs fix ounces, of the feed of Smallage three ounces, of Rue a handful, boil them all in a clean VefTel with River Water, untill the third part be confumed, and when you fee it look black and thick, take it from the fire, ftrain it, and give the Horfe to drink thereof lukewarm. As touching his diet, let his water be alwayes lukewarm, wherein would be put a little Wheat meal, and remember to give him no meat fo long as his fit continueth. Andbecaufein all Agues in is good to quicken the natural heat of the Horfe, by rubbing and fretting his body j it fhall not be amiAe in fome fair day to ufe this Fridion, called of the ancient writers Apotorapie, which is made in this fort, Take ofDamaske Rofes one pound, of old Oil a pinte, of ftrong Vinegar a pinte and a half, of Mints and Rue beaten into powder, of each one ounceand a half, together with one old dry Nut beat them and mingle them together, then being drained and made lukewarm, rub and chafe alltheHorfes body therewith againft the hair, untill he beginneth to fweat, then fethimup in the warmeft place of the ftable, and cover him well. A a 3 0; The Hift&yof Four-footed Beafts. Ofihe Fever which comtth of raw Digeflicn^ or of -Re fiction. •\7Qu fuall know if the Fever procc.c.dethof any fuch caufe, by thefe fignes here following. J 'The Horfe will blow ac the nofe.^ore then hp is. accuftomed to do, Jeemeth to fetch his winde only at his nofe y and his breath will be (horjjt.V.oc and dry , you (hall fee. bH flanks walk., and his back, to beat! The cure : Caufe him to be jet BJoud abundantly in the head! and palat of his I5 i o ( u,tli.,'uid by ("quitting warm Vinegar in the morning into bis noftrils, force him to .neefe : and if $a !?£ 'collive, let his fundament betaked, or elfe give him a Glyfter to eafe the pain in. his head. And as'touching his cli"ct',give him but litttle provend.er or hay ? neither let him drink much nor often, but betwixt times. But in any wife let him be well rubbed and chafed, and that a good while toge- ther , and if you ufe the Fridion' declared in the laft Chapter before in fuch fort as there is faid, it (hail do him very much good, j Of the Fever accidentaUonting offline Vlcer in \he-_ month or throAt. Hr^Heriorfe not being well kept and governed, after that he hath been let bloud in the upper X parts ; yea, and alfo befides that of his own nature is fubjed unto the diftillatioaih his throat; or parts thereabout, the painful fwelhng or Ulcer whereof, caufeth the Horfe to 611 into a grievous Ague. Whereof, befides the former remedies apt to purge humors, it (hall be necefTary alfo, to let him, bloud in the vemof the head, and in the palat of his mouth, and to be fhort, in all thofe places where the difeafe caufeth moft grief. And if the Horfe be fo fore pained as he cannot fwallow down his meat , it (hall be good to give him lukewarm water mingled with Barley meal , or Wheat meal, and befide that, to make him fwallow down feven fops foppedtn Wineone after another, at one time : fome ufe at the fecoud time to dip fuch fops in fweet Sallet Oil. Thus l.ar V. gnuu. > ... ..• .... . ■•. j , • , «, | • : •. f of the Pejhlent Ague. Kunde-Ale. T~f feemeth by Laurent'm Rujfim , that Horfes be alfo fubjed to a Peflilent Fever, which almofb in- 1 curable, is called of him InfirmitasEpictemialit, that is to fay> a Contagious and pettiferous difeafe, whereoftheredyedinoneyearin Rome, above a thousand Horfes , which as I takeit came byfome corruption of the air, whereunto jfttawn the chief of Summer is much fubjed, or elfe corrupt humours in the body ingendered by unkind food, by reafon perhaps, that the City was then petered with more Horfe-men then there could be conveniently harbored or fed hiweniiwi himfelf ren- dreth no caufe thereof, but only fheweth fignes how to know it, which be thefe ; The Horfe holdeth down his head,, eateth little or nothing, his eyes waterilh, and his flanks do continu- ally beat. TheCure: Firll give him this Glylter, Take of the pulp of Coloquintida one ounce, of D.agantum one ounce and a fa If, of Ceutaury and Wormwood, of each one handful; o>fCoflonu>n half an ounce, boil them in Water, then being (trained, diffolve therein of Gerologundinum fix- ounces, of Salt an ounce" and a half, and half a pound of Oil-olive, and minifter it lukewarm with a horn, or pipe made of purpofe. Make alfo this Plaifter for his head ; Take of Squiila five ounces, of Elder, ofCajhreum, of Mallard feed and of Euforbium, of each two ounces, diffolve the fame in the juice of Daffodil, and of Sage, and lay it to the Temples of his head next unto his eares; or elfe give him any of thefe three drinks following, Take of the belt Triacle two or three ounces, and .diftemper it in good Wine, and give it him with a horn; or elfe. let him drink every mor- ning the fpace of three dayes, one pound or two of the juyce of Elder roots ; or elfe give him every morning to eat, a good quantity of Venus hair, called ofche Latins ,CapUufVeri£ris^ newly and frelh ga thered, but if ft be old, then boil it in. Water, and give him the decodton thereof to drink with a horn. Martins opinion and experience touching a Horfes Fever. nl d 7e / ~]P Hough Martin have not feen fo many feveral kinds of Fevers to chance to Horfes;, yet he' Jim evi . £ confeffeth that a Horfe willhavea Fever, and faith, that you (hall know it by thele fignes; Forafter the Horfe hath been fick two or three dayes, ifyou lookuponhis tongueyou (hall feeit almoft raw and fcalt, with the heat thatcomcs out or his body, and he will (hake and tremble, reel and ftagger when his fit cometh, which fit will keep his due hours, -both of coming and alfo of continuance, unleffe you prevent it by' putting the Horfe into a heat, which would be donefo fooir as you fee him begin to tremble, either by riding him, or tying up his legs, and by chafing him up and down in the liable, untill he leave (baking, and then let him be kept warm, and (land on the bit the fpace of two houres, that done, you may give him fome hay, by a little at once,and give him warm water, with a little ground malt twice a day, the fpace of three or four dayes, and once a day wafli his tongue with Alomwater .Vinegar & Sage. But ifyou fee that all this prevails not,then purge him with this drink, after that he hath failed all one night ; Takecf Aloes one ounce, ofAgarick half an ounce, of Licoras and Annis feeds,of e:.ch a dram beaten to powder, and let him drink it with Of the Horfe. 271 with a quart of white wine likewarme, and made fweet with a little hony in the morning failing, and let him be chafed a little after it, and be kept warm, and fuffered to Hand on the bit meatlelle two or three hours after, and hefhall recover his health again quickly. Of ficknefs in general^ and the Fever. IN general^ficknefs is an oppofite foe to nature, warring againft the agentsof the body and mind,, Murkham. ■fecking to confound thole actions which Uphold and maintain the bodies itrength and lively- hood. Who cpyeteth to ha ve larger delinjtion of ficknefs, let him read Vegetim^ Itufiw, or excellent Matter WhndeviU, who in that hath. been admirably well-deferving painful. For mine one part, my intent is to write nothing more' then mine own experience, and what I have approved in Horfe^ difeafes molt availeable : and firft of the Fever or Ague in a Horfe, though it be a difcafe feldom or not at all noted by our Mechanical Horfe Farriars, who cure many times what they know nor, and kill where they might cure, knew they "the'eaufe : yet I have my felf feen of late (both by the demonstrate opinions of r others better learned, and by the effects of the difeafe ) fome two .Horfes which. ld;ire avouch were mightily tormented with a Fever; though divers Leeches had thereof given divers opinions, one laying it was theBots, byreafon of his immoderate languilh- inent : another affirmed him to be bewitched, by reafon of great fhaking, heavmefs, and fvyea- .ting: but I havefound it and approved it to Se a Fever, both in effect:, nature, and quality; the cure whereof is, thus ; for t he original caufe. of a Fever, is furfet, breeding, pucrifactiom in the bioud ; theiiwhcu his'fhakmg beginneth, take three new laid Egges, break them in a dilh, and beat them together, tljen mix thereto five or fix fpoonfuls of excellent good Aqmv'iu, and give it him in a horn, then, bridle him, and in fome Clofe or Court, chafe him till his fhaking ceafe.and he begin to fweat : then fet him up and cloath him warm. And during the time of his ficknefs, give him no water to drink, but before he drink it, boil therein Mallowes, Sorrel, Purflain, ol each two or three handfuls. As for his food, let it be fodden Barly, and now and then a little Rie in the fheaf to clenfe and purge him, chiefly if he be dry inwardly and grow coftive. This I have proved uneffectlefs for this difeafe, andalfo much availeable for any other inward ficknefs proceeding either of raw digeltion, too extieam nding, or other furfet. Divers- have written diverfly of divers Agues, and I could pre- fcribe receipts for them, but fince I have not been experimented in them all, I mean to omit them, intending not to exceed mine own.xnowledge in any thing. of the Pejlilemc. T He Peltilence is a contagious difeafe, proceeding, asFelagonju faith, fometime of overmuch Blundcvilc, labour, heat, cold, hunger, and fomenme of iudden running after long reft, or of the reten- tion or holding of ftale or urine, or of drinkingcold water whiles the Horfe is hot and fweating: for all thefe things do breed corrupt humors in the Horfes body, whereof the Peltilence doth chiefly proceed, or elfe of the corruption ©f the air, poifoning the breath whereby the Beafts ihould live, which a I fo happeneth fometime of the corruption ofevill vapors and exhalations that fpring out of the earth, and after great floods or earthquakes, and fometime by means of fome evill diftillation or influence of the Planets, corrupting fometime the plants and fruits of the earth, and fometime divers kind of Cattle, and fometime both Men, Women and Children, as we dayly fee by experience. Itfeemeth that this evill or mifchief in times paft came fuddenly, without giving any warning, for none of mine Authors doth declare any fignes how to know whether a Horfe hath this difeafe or not, but only affirm^ that if one Horfe do die of it, all his fellows that bear him com- pany will follow after, if they be not remedied in time: fo that as far as lean learn, the hidden death of one or two firft, muft be the only mean to know that this difeafe doih reign. And the remedy that they give is this; Firft: feparate the whole from the lick; yea, and have them clean out of the air of thofc that be dead, the bodies whereof, as Vegetius faith, if they be not deep buryed, will infeft all the reft. And let them bloud as well in the neck, as in the mouth j and then give them this drink, Take of Gentian, of Ariftoloch, of Bay benies, of Myrrhe, of the fcraping of Ivory, of each like quantity, beat them into fine powder, and give as well to the fick as to the whole,whom you would preferve from this contagion, every day a fpoonful or two of this, powder in apinte of good Wine, fo long as you fhall fee it needful. This medicine before rehearfed, is called of the ancient writers Viapente, that is to fay, a compofition of five iimples, and is praifed to be a foveraign medicine and prefervative againft all inward difeafes, and therefore they would have fuch as travell by the way , to carry of this powder alwayes about them. There be many other medicines which I leave to write, becaufe if I fhould rehearfe every mans medicine, my book would be infinite ; I for my part would ufe no other then that before exprelfed, or elfe Wine and Treacle only. Of 2J2 The Hitfory of Four- footed HeaBsi Of the Difeafes in the Headi Blundevile. *T*He head is fubjed to divers difeafes according to the divers parts thereof : for in the panicles _|. or little fine skins cleaving to the bones, and covering the brain, do raoft properly breed head- ach and Migram. Again, in the fubftance of the brain, (which in a Horfe is as much in quantity as is almoft the brain of a mtan Hog) do breed the f renfie, madnefs, fleeping evill, the Palfie and forget- fulnefs. Finally,in the ventricles or eels of the brain,and in thofe conduds through which the fpirits animal do give feeling and moving to the body, do breed the Turnfick or ftaggers, the Falling-evill, theNight-mare. the Apoplexy, the Palfie, and the Convulfion or Cramp, the Catar orjRhume, which in a Horfe is called the Glaunders : but flrft of Head-ach. of Head-ach, THe Head-ach either cometh of fome inward caufes ; as of fome cholerick humor, bred in the the panicles of the brain, orelfeof fome outward caufe, as of extreamheat or cOld, of fome blow, or of fome violent favour. Eumelus faith, that it cometh of rawdigeftion : but Martin faith moft commonly of cold: thefignesbethefe; the Horfe will hang down his head, and alfo hang down his ears ; his fight will be dim, his eyes fwollen and waterifh ; and he will fOrfake his meat The cure. Let him bloud in the palat of his mouth : alfo purge his head with this perfume ; Take of Gar- like ttalks a handful, all to broken in (hort pieces, and a good quantity of Frankincenfe, and being put into a chafing-difh of frefli coals, hold the chafing-difh under the Horfes noftrils, fo as the fume may afcend up into his head: and in ufing him thus once or twice,it will make him to caft at the nofe, and fo purge his bead of all filth. Pelagonius faith,that it is good to pour into his noftrils Wine,wherein hath been lodden Euforbium, Centaury, andFrankincenfe. Of the Frenzy and Madnefs of a Horfe. THe learned Phyfitians do make divers kindes, as well of Frenfie, as of Madnefs, which are not! needful to be recited,fith I could never read in any Author,nor learn of any Farriar,that a Horfe were fubjed to the one half of them. Abfyrtus, Hierocles, Eumelut ,Pelagonius t and Hippocrates, do write limply de furore & rabie : that is to fay, of the madnefs of a Horfe. But indeed, Vegetius in his fe- cond Book of Horfe-leach-craft, feemeth to make four mad paffions belonging to a Horfe, intitu- ling his Chapters in this fort, deAppiofo^ de Frenetko i de Cardiacit, de Rabiofo, the effeds thereof, though I fear me it will be to no great purpofe, yet to content fuch as perhaps have read the Author as well as I my felf , I will here briefly rehearfe the fame. When fome naughty bloud (faith he) doth ftrike the film or pannicle of the brain, in one part only, and maketh the fame grievoufly to ake, then the beaft becometh Appiofum; that is to fay, as it feemeth by his own words next following,both dull of minde and of fight. This word Afipiofum is a ftrange word, and not to be found again in any other Author, and becaufe in this paffion, the one fide of the head is only grieved, the Horfe turneth round, as though he went in a Mill. But when the poyfon of fuch corrupt bloud doth infed the mid brain, then the Horfe becometh Frantick, and will leap and fling, and will run againft the wals. And if fuch bloud filleth the veins of the ftomach, or breaft, then it infedeth as well the heart as the brain, and caufeth alienation of minde, and the bodytofweac, and this difeafe is called of Vegetius 1 TajJocardiaca i which if Equus Appiofus chance to have, then he becometh Rabiofus, that is to fay, ftark-mad. For faith he, by overmuch heat of the liver and bloud, the veins, and arteries of the heart are choaked up, for grief and pain whereof the Horfe biteth himfelf, and gnaweth his own flefh. Of two forts of mad Horfes, I believe I have feen my felf here in this Realm. For I faw once a black SweatblandHorfc (as I took him to be) in my Lord of Hunfdons (table at Hmjdon, coming thi- ther by chance with my Lord Morley, which Horfe would ftand all day long biting of the manger, and eat little meat or none,fuffering no man to approach unto him,by which his doings,and partly by his colour and complexion, I judged him to be vexed with a melancholy madnefs.called of the Phy- fitians Mama, or rather Melancholia, which cometh of a corrupt Melancholy , and filthy bloud or humor, fometime fpread throughout all the veins of the body, and fometimes perhaps remaining only in the head, or elfe in the fpleen, or places next adjoyning. The other mad Horfe was a Roan of Matter Allies, Matter of the Jewel houfe, which with his teeth crufhed his Matters right fore- finger in pieces, whileft he offered him a little Hay to eat, whereby he loft in a manner the ufe of his whole hand, to the great grief of all his friends, and alfo of alltheMufes, which were wont to be much delighted with fuch pafling fweet mufick as that his fine quavering hand could fometime make upon divers Inftruments, but efpecially upon the Virginals. This Horfe I fay, though he could eat his meat, drink his drink, and fleep : yet if he were never fo little offended, he would take on like a fpirit, and both bite and ftrike at any man that came nigh him : yea and would bite himfelf by the fhoulders moft terribly , pulling away lumps of flefh , fo broad as a mans hand : and whenfoever he was ridden,he was fain to be mufled with a muflel of iron, made of purpofe to keep him from biting either of his Rider or of himfelf, which no doubt pro- ceeded of fome kinde of frenzy or madnefs, whercuntothe Horfe was fubjed- by means that hoc bloud Of the Horfe. 273 bioud (as I cake it ) abounded over-much in him. But now as touching the caufes, fignes, and cure of Horfes madnels, you {hall hear the opinion of old Writers : for Martin never took fuch cure in hand. Abfortuf and the other Authors before mentioned, fay, that the madnefs of a Horfe comet h ei- ther by means of fome extream heat taken by travelling,or long ftanding in the hot Sun, or cite by eating over many fitches, or by fome hot bloud reforting to the panicles of the brain ; or through s bu nda nee of choler remaining in the veins; or elfe by drinking of fome very unwholefome water. The fignes be chefe, he will bite the manger and his own body, and run upon every man that comes nigh him, he will continually fhake his ears, and (fare with his eyes, and fome at the mouth : and al- io, as hiffetratn faith, he will forfake his meat , and pine himfelfwith hunger. The cure. Caufe him to be let bloud in his legs abundantly, which is done (as I take it) to divert the bloud from his head. Notwithstanding it were not amifs, to let him bloud in the neck and brelt veins. Then give him this drink : take the roots of wilde Cowcumber,and boil it in harfli red Wine, and put thereunto a little N.tre, and give it him with a horn luke-warm : or if you can get no Co,WCumber s t hen take Rue,and Maits,and boil them in the Wine:it were not amifs alfo to add there- into a handful of black Ellebtrus, for that is a very good herb againit madnefs. Yumelim faith, that if you give him mans dung in Wine, to drink three mornings together, it will heal him : alfo to take or black Elieborus two or three handfuls, and boil it in a Efficient quantity of ftrong Vinegar, and therewith rub and chafe both his head, and all his body once or twice a day ; fortheoftner his head is rubbed, the better, and often exercife is very profitable to all his body. Some again would Lave the skin of his body to be pierced in divers places with an hot iron, to let out the evill humors : but if none of all this will prevail, then the laft remedy is to geld him of both his (tones , or elfe of one at the leaft j for either that will heal him, or elfe nothing. As touching the diet and ufage of a mad Horfe, the Authors do not agree,-for fome would have him kept in a clofe,dark and quiet houfe, void from all noife, which as Abortus faith, will either make him madder,or elfe kill him out of hand. His diet would be thin, that is to fay , without any provender, and that day that he is let bloud, and receiveth his drink, they would have him faftuntill even, and then to have a warm mafh of Barley meal: yea, me thinks it were not amifs to feed him only with warm mafhes and hay - } and that by a little at once, untill he be fomewhat recovered. Another of theHead-acb. *TT*HeHead-ach,asmoft are opinionated, proceedethofcoldandrawdigeftion: the cure is ; Take Marconi. X a Gopfe feather anointed with Oyl-de-bay,, and^thrult it up into the Horfes noltrils, to make him neefe j then take a wreath of Peafe-ftraw oY we&^ay,'- and putting fire thereunto, hold ic un- der die Horfes nofe, fo as the fmoke may afcend-up.intq his head • then being thus perfumed , take a knife and prick him in the palat of the mouth, fo that he may lick up and chaw his own bloud,which done, have great care in keeping his head warm , and doubj: not his recovery. Of the Sleepng-wit. HT His is a difeafe forcing the Beaft continually to fleep, whether he will or notjtaking his memory pj m ^ eV n^ '■ x. and appetite clean away, and therefore is called of the Phyfitians Lethargui , it proceedeth of abundance of flegm moiltning the brain overmuch. It is eafie to know it, by the continual fleecing of the Horfe. The cure of this difeafe according to Pelagonius, Ve^etiui, and others, is in this fort : Let him bloud in the neck, and then give him this drink ; Take of Camomile and Mother-wort, of each two or three handfuls, and boil them in a fufficient quantity of water, and put thereunto a lit- tle Wheat-bran , Salt and Vinegar, and let him drink a pinte of that every day, the (pace of three or four days together.lt is good alfo to perfume and chafe his head,with Thyme and Pennyroyal fodden together in Vinegar, or with Brimftone and feathers burned upon a chafingdifh of coals under his nole: and to provoke him to neefe, by blowing Pepper and Pyrethre beaten to powder, upintohis noltrils : yea and to anoint the palate of his mouth, with Honey and Muftard mingled together, and in his drink, which would be always warm water, to put Parfley feed-and Fennel feed, to provoke urine. His legs alfo would be bathed, and his hoofs filled with Wheat-bran, Salt, and, 'Vinegar, fod- den together, and laid to fo hot as he'may endure it, andinany cafe fufferhim noc to fieep , but keep him waking and ftirring , by continual cryingiintp him , or pricking him wich Tome fharp thing that cannot pafs through the skin, or elfe by beating him with a whip, and this 4ping he (hall recover. ,^boo3 ■ / . «ol ims ' , Another- of the Sk{pt?g-evill. •"THe Sleeping-evil 1 in 'a Horfe, differed! nothing from that which thePhyfitiansjcal^heLethargy Marram M. in men, for ic provoketh the Horfe to fleep continually, without defiitiog,vot(bing.his menio- ry and appetite of their qualities : the knowledge thereof iseafily known by his-dr fovyjiijiefs and the an e .n .this fort : Let one ftand by him, and either with, fearful noifc or ftripei » pefforce keep pm . ■ : then let him b'louJunder fheieyes., and in the neck, and qbeatafe^le-afjor t-wo pf the beft Tobacco which being dryed and beaten to powder, with a quill blow it up into his noltrils, and we him to drink Vinegar , Salt, and Muftard mingled well together, to which if you put a little Honey, The Hittory of Four- footed Hearts. Honey , it (hall not be amifs j and alfo when he drinketh any water, put thereto either Fennel-feed^ Anileeds or Pepper. Of a Horfe that is taken. Blundevile. A Horfe is faid to be taken, when he is deprived of his feeling and moving, fo as he is able to ftir il no manner of way, but remaineth in fuch ftate and form, as he was taken in ; which difeafeis called of the Phyfitians by the Greeks name Catalepfis, and in Latine, Veprebeiifio, or Congelation and ot~Vegetius,Sideratio; which alfo calleth thofe Beafts that have this difeafe Jumenta fideratitia. The Phyfitians fay, that it cometh of abundance of phlegm and choler mixt together, or elfe of melan- choly bloud, which is a cold dry humor opprefling the hinder parts of the brain. But Vegetius faith, that it comes of fomeextream outward cold, ftriking fuddenly into the empty veins, or fome ex- tream heat or raw digeftion ; or elfe of fome great hunger, caufed by long falling. It is eafie to know by the defcription before mentioned. As touching the cure, Veget'm faith, that if it come of cold, then ic is good to give him te drink one ounce of Laferpitium, with Wine and Oyl mixt together, and made luke-warm : if of heat, then to give it him with Water and Honey ; if of crudity, then to heal him by faffing: if of hunger, then by feeding him well with Peafe. But Mtrtin faith, that this difeafe is called of the French men Surprins, and it cometh (as he faith) moft chiefly of cold taken after heat , and he wifheth a Horfe that is thus taken, to be cured in this fort. Firft to be let bloud on both fides of the breaft, and then to be put in a heat either by continual ftirring and molefting him; or elfe if he will ftir by no means, then to bury him all fave the head in a warm dunghill, and there to let him ly until! his limbs have fome feeling. And before you fo bury him, it fhall be good to give him this drink : Take of Malmfie three pintes, and put thereunto a quartern of Sugar, and fome Cinamon and Cloves, and Jet him drink it good and warm, and untill he be perfectly whole, let him be kept warm, and often exercifed and walked up and down in the ftable, and thinly dieted, and drink nothing but warm water, wherein if you put fome Fennel and Parfley feed, to provoke him to urine, it fhall be the better. And if he cannot dung, let him be raked, and have a Glyfter made of the broth of Mal- lows and frefh Butter. Another of a Horfe that is taken. Mirtyam. A Horfe which is bereft of his feeling, moving or ftirring, is faid to be taken, and in footh fo he S\. is, in that he is arretted by fo viHainous'a difeafe; yet fome Farryers, not well underftanding the ground of the difeafe,confter the word taken, to be ftricken by fome Planet, or evill fpirit, which is falfe j for it proceedeth of too great abundance of phlegm and choler, fymbolized together : the cure is thus j Let him bloud in his lpur veins, and his breaft veins, and then by foulding him inabun- dant number of cloaths, drive him into an extream fweat, during which time of his fweating, let one chafe his legs with Oyl-de-bay; then after he hath fweat the fpace of two hours, abate his clothes moderately; and throughly after he is dry, anoint him all over with Oyl Tetrolium , and in twice or thrice drefling him he will be found. r of the Staggers. "Blundevile *T*His * s a dizzinefs of the head, called in Latine, Vertigo ; and of the Italians, as I remember, Crfi- X fiura. It cometh of fome corrupt bloud, or grofs and tough humors opprefling the brain/rora whence proceedeth a vaporous fpirit, diflblved by a weak heat, which troubleth all the head. The fignes be thefe ; dimnefs of fight, the reeling and ftaggering of the Horfe, who for very painwill thruft his head againft the walls, and forfake his meat. The cure according to Martin is thus : Let him bloud in the temple veins, and then with a knife make an hole an inch long over-thwart his fore-head, hard underneath his fore-top, and raife the skin with a Cornet, thrufting it upward towards the head-ftale a good handful, and then put in a tent dipt in Turpentine and Hogs greafe molten together, renewing the tent every day once untill it be whole, and do the like upon the ridge of the rump ; but me thinks it were better to do the like, in the powl of his head, or nape of his neck, for fo (hould the evill humors have both ways the eafier and fpeedier paffage : and as touching his diet, let him have continually warm drink, and mafhes ; and once a day be walked up and down fair and foftly to exercife his body. Of the Staggers, Markham. *T"*He Staggers is a dizy difeafe, breeding frenzy in a Horfe, which if it be not inftantly helped,is ^ J. mortal: the cure is thus ; Let him bloiid in the temple veins, and then apply to his temples cloth wet in the juyce of Garlike, and Aqua vit* mixt together : if you crufh Garlike, and put it in his ears, ?t is excellent; or if you flit his fore-head, and loofening the skin from the bone, taint ic with Turpentine and Sallet-oyl, it will undoubtedly help him. Of the Horfe. 275 Of the Failing- evil. THis is a kinde of Convulfion or Cramp,called of the Latines by the Greek^r.&mQ fyikpfia ; in Ita- Blmdevile. lian,ll morbocaduco, depriving the Beaft at certain times, and for a certain fpace of theufe of feeling, hearing, and feeing, and of all the other fcnfes. And although it be a difeafe hath be<:n feldom feen to chance unto Horfes of this Countrey, yet it appeareth by Abiyrtus, and alfo by Vege- tiui, and divers others, that Horfes be fub/ed thereunto. For Abfyrtwi writing to his friend Tibe- rius Claudius faith, that unto Horfes chanceth many times the Falling-ficknefs. The figns whereof are thefe; The Horfe will fall down fuddenly, partly through the refolution of his members, and part- ly through dittenfion of his finews, and all his body will quiver and quake, and fometime hewillfomeat the mouth. Vegetius again writeth in this fort; By a certain courfe of the Moon Horfes and other beafts many times do fall, and dy for a time as well as men. Thefignes whereof are chefe : Beingfallen, their bodies will quiver and quake, and their mouths will fome, and when a man would think that they would dy out of hand,they rife fuddenly up and fall to their meat. And by feeling the griltle of their noftrils with your finger, you fhall know whether they will fall often or not; for the more cold the griftle be, the oftner, and the lefs cold it be, tbefeldomer they will fall. The cure: Let him bloud abundantly in the neck veins, and within five days after , let him blond again in the temple veins, and let him ltand in a warm and dark liable, and anoint all his body with comfor- table Ointments, and his head and ears with Oyl of Bay, and liquid Pitch or Tar, mingled together. And alfo put fome thereof into his ears, and then make a Biggen for him of fome foft warm skin, as of aSheepsskin, orelfeof Canvas Huffed underneath with Wool, and make him this purging drink. Take of Radifh roots two ounces, of the root of the herb called in Latine.Fanax or Panaccs, and of Scammony, of each one ounce 5 beat all thefe things together, and boyl them in a quart Of Honey, and at fundry times as you fhall fee it needful, give him a good fpoonful or two of this in a quart of Ale luke-warm, whereunto would be put three or four fpoonfuls of Oyl. It is good alfo to blow the powder of Motherwort, or of Pyrethrum, up into his noftrils- and if the difeafe do con- tinue ftill for all this,then it fhall be needful to pierce the skin of his fore-head ia divers places with a hot iron, and to let out th e humors opprefiing his brain. Of the Night- ware. THis is a difeafe opprefiing either Man or Beaft in the night feafon when he fleepeth, fo as fie cannot draw his breath, and is called of the Latines, Incubut. Iccometh of a continual crudity or raw digeftion of the ftomach, from whence grofs vapours afcending up into the head, do opprefs the brain, and all the fenfitive powers, fo as they cannot do their office, in giving perfect feeling and moving to the body. And if this difeafe chancing often to a man, be not cured in time, it may perhaps growtoaworfe mifchief, as to the Falling-evil, Madnefs, or Apoplexy. But I could never learn that Horfes were fubjeel: to this difeafe, neither by relation, nor yet by reading, but only in an old Engbjh Writer, whofheweth neither caufe nor fignes, how to know when a Horfe hath it, but only teacheth how to cure it with a fond foolifh charm ,* which becaufe it may perhaps make you gentle Reader to laugh,as well as it did me, for recreation fake I will here rehear fe it. Take a flint ftone that hath a hole of his own kinde, and hang it over him, and write in a bilL Tifl truly her troath [he him plight, That {he would not c-me within the nighty there as Saint George our Ladies Knight, Named was thtec times, Saint George, In nomine pa\rvs,&c. Saint George our Ladies Knight, He walked day, jo did hs night. Until he her found , He her beat, and he her bound, And hang this Scripture over him , and let him alone : with fuch proper charms as this is ? the falfc Fryars in times pall were wont to charm the money out ol plain folks purfes. of the Apples."]. THe Apoplexy, is a difeafe depriving all the whole body of fenfe and moving. And if it deprive ^lundevile but part of the body, then it is called of the Latines by the Greek^ name farahfisjn our tongue a Palfie. It proceeds of cold, grofs, and tough humors, opprefiing the brain all at once, which may breed partly of crudities and raw digeftion, and partly by means of fome hurt in the head, taken by a fall, ftripe, or otherwife. As touching Apoplexy , few or none writing of Horfe-leach-craft do make any mention thereof: but of the Palfie Vtgetius writeth in this manner ; A Horfe (faith he) may have the Palfie as well as a man, which is known by thefe fignes : He will go grovelling and fidelin^ like a Crab, carrying his neck awry, as if it were broken, and goeth crookedly with his legs, beat- ing his head againft the wals, and yet forfaketh not his meat nor drink, and his provender feemeth moiftandwet. The cure. Let him bloud in the temple vein, on the contrary fide of the wryingof hisneck,and anoint his neck with comfortable Oyntment,andfplerit it with fplents of wood to make The Hiftory of Four-footed Beap. TTitand right, and let him ftand in a warm ftable, and give him fuch drinks as are recited in the next chapter iollowing. But if all this profiteth not, then draw his neck with a hot iron on the contrary fide : that is to jay, on the whole fide, from the neather part of the ear down to the (houlders.and draw alio a good long ftrike on his temple, on thatfide, and on the other temple make mmalittle fiar in this fort *, and from his reins to his mid back, draw little lines, in manner of a ragged ftaffe, and that will heal him. Of the Crmp or Convulfion of the Sinews and Mufclts. AConvulfion or Cramp , is a forcible and painful contraction or drawing together of the finews andmufdes, which do happen fometime through the whole body, and fometimebut in one part or member only. And according as the body may be diverfly drawn, fodothePhy- fitians, and alio mine Authors that write of Horfe-leech-craft, give it divers names. For if the body be drawn forward , then they call it in Gree^, Emproftbctonos ; in Latine, Tenfio ad an- terior*. And if the body be drawn back, it is called in Greek^, Opiftbotonos ; in Latine, Tenftoad pofieriora. But if the body be ftark and ftrait, bowing neither forward , nor backward, then it is called fimply in Greek,, Tctanos ; in Latine, Difienfio or Rigor: which names alfo areapplyedto the like Convulfionsof the neck. Notwithftanding, Vegelius writing of this difeafe, entituleth his chapters de Roborofis , a ftrange tearm, and not to be found again in any other Author. A Convulfion, as I faid before, may chance as well to one part or member of the body, as to the whole body : as to the eye, to the skin of the fore head, to the roots of the tongue, ro the jaws, to the lips, to the arm, hand or leg: that is to fay, whenfoever the fmew or mufcle lerving to the moving of that part, is evill affe- cted or grieved Of which Convulfions, though there be many divers caufes : yet Hippocrates bring- eth them all into two : that is to fay, into fulnefs and emptinefs : for when a Convulfion proceedeth either of fome inflamation of fuperfluous eating or drinking, or for lack of due purgation, or of overmuch reft and lack of exercife, all fuch caufes are to be referred to repletion or fulnefs. But if a Convulfion come by means of over-much purging or bleeding, or much watching , extream labour, long fafting j or by wounding or pricking of the finews, then all fuch caufes are to be referred unto emptinefs. And if the Convulfion proceed of fulnefs, it chanceth fuddenly, and all at once ; but if of emptinefs, then it cometh by little and little, and leifurely. Befides thefe kindes of Convulfions, there is alfo chancing many times in a mans fingers, legs and toes, another kinde of Convulfion, which may be called a windy Convulfion, for that it proceeds of fome grofs or tough vapour, entred into the branches of the finews,which maketh them to fwell like aLuteftring in moift weather, which though it be very painful for the time, yet itmaybefoon driven away, by chafing or rubbing the member grieved with a warm cloth. And this kinde of Con- vulfion or Cramp chanceth alfo many times to a Horfes hinder- legs ftanding in the ftable. For I have feen fome my felf, that have had one of their hinder-legs drawn up with the Cramp almoft to the belly fo ftiffe and hard, as no man hath been able to ftir it, neither could the Horfe hira- felf fet it down to the ground of a long feafon, which I think might be foon remedied : firft by con- tinual chafing, fretting,or rubbing his legs with a good wifpe,and then by tying up the other hinder- leg,or elfe the foreleg on the fore fide,whereby he fliould be forced to fet down the pained leg.Thus far I have difcourfed of the Convulfion of finews, and of the caufes thereof, according to the opini- ons of the learned Phyfitians. Now I will briefly (hew you the caufes, fignes, and cure thereof, ac- cording to the doctrine of mine Authors that write of Horfe- leech-crafc. Abjynus faith, that this difeafe doth come, either by driving the Horfe into a fweat when he haft- eth, or for that he hath troden upon fome nail, or by taking cold after journeying and fweating in Winter feafon, whereby his lips are clung together, or by long lying and reft after fweating, where- by the finews of his fore-legs be nummed, or by having fome ftripe of his privy members; or by long travelling in the cold Mountains, where Snow and Ice doth abound. For Iheomaeftus writech, that coming out of Ptonia, with the King and his Army, and paffing over the Mountains to go into ltafyi there fell fuch (abundance of Snow, as not only many Souldiers dyed, fitting ftill on their Horfes backs, with their Weapons in their hands, being fo ftark and ftiffe, and cleaving fo faft to their Saddles, as they could not eafily be pulled out of them : but alfo divers Horfes in their go- ing were fo nummed as they could not bow their legs : yea and fome were found ftark dead, ftand- ing ftill on their feet , and few Horfes or none efcaped at that time free from this Convulfion of fi- news, infomuch that Ibeomneflui his own Horfe which he loved dearly, was fore vexed therewith. The fignes to know whether a Horfe be troubled with the Convulfion in the finews or not', be thefe : His head and neck will be fo ftiffe and ftark, as he can bow it no manner of way, his ears will ftand right up, and his eyes will be hollow in his head,and the flefhy parts thereof in the great corners,will be turned backward • his lips will be clung faft together, fo as he cannot open his mouth, and his tongue fo nummed as he can neither eat nor drink ; his bark-bone and tail will be fo ftiffe, as he can- not move it one way nor other, and his legs fo ftiffe,as they will not bow,and being laid he is not able to rile, and fpecially on his hinder-legs, but falleth down on his buttocks,like a Dog when be fitteth on the ground j and by means of the Convulfion in his back , his bladder alfo for neighbour-hood fake, fuffereth,whereby the Horfe cannot ftale, but with great pain. The. cure. Put Of the Horfe. 277 Put him inco a fweat, either by burying him all Cave the head in fomc warm dunghill ; or if he be a Horfe of price, carry him into a hot houfe, where is no fmoke, and let him fweat there. Then an- oint all his body, head, neck, legs, and all, with Oyl of Cypres, and Oyl of Bay mingled together. Or elfe with one of thefe Ointments : Take of Hogs greafe two pound, of Turpentine half a pound, of Pepper beaten in powder one dram, of new Wax one pound , of old Oyl two pound; boil all thefe together, and being made very warm, anoint all his body therewith. Or elfe with this Oint- ment: Take of new Wax one pound, of Turpentine four ounces, of Oyl-de-bay as much, of Opo- panax two ounces, of Deers fewet and Oyl of Storax, of each thcee ounces, melt all thefe together, and anoint all his body therewith. It isgoodalfo to bath his head with the deco&ionof Fitches,or elfe of Lupines, and make him this drink : Take twenty grains of long Pepper, finely beaten into powder, ol Cedar two ounces, of Ni- tre one ounce, of Luferpitium as much as a Bean, and mingle all thefe together with a diffident quan- tity of white Wine ; and give him thereof to drink a quart every morning and evening, for the ipdee of three or four days; or elfe this drink : Take of Opopanax two ounces , of Storax three ounces,' of Gentian three ounces, of Manna Succary three ounces , of Myrrhe one fcruple, of long Pepper two fcruples, give him th:s wuh old Wine : or make him a drink of Laferpitmm, Cumin, Anile ieed, Fenigreek, Bay-berries, and old Oyl. In bid time they were wont to let him bloud in the Temp!es,which Abfyrius doth not allow, faying that it will caufe the finews of his lipsto dryup, foas the Horfe being not able to move them, fhail pine for hunger. As touching his diet, give him at the firft warm mafhes, and fuch foft meat as he may eafily gtt down, and wet Hay, bringing him to harder food by little and little. And in any cafe, let him be kept very warm, and ridden or walked once a day to exercife his legs and limbs. Theomncfius cured his Horfe, as he faith, by placing him in a warm (table, and by making a clear fire without any fmoke round about him ; and the Horfe not being able to opeis his jaws of him- felf, he caufed his mouth to be opened, and put therein fops dipt in a confedion called Entrigoncon- ditum, and alio anointed all his body with a Medicine or Ointment called Acopum (the making whereof hereafter followed)) diffolved in Cypres Oyl, which made him to fall into a fweat, and being before half dead and more, brought him again to his feeling and moving, fo as he did rife and eat his meat. Of the Cramp or Convulfiens of the S.netvs or Mufiles* AConvulfionorCramp, is a forcible drawing together of the finews, fometimes univerfalty over the whole body; as I have feen one Horfe in my life time, and fometimes but in one part or member, as I have known and helpr divers. Thefe Convulfions have two grounds, name- ly, either natural, or elfe accidental ; natural, as proceeding of cold windy humors ingendered in the body, and difperfed into thofe parts, work there the effedsof grievance. Accidental, is by wounding or pricking the finews, of which immediately enfueth a Convulfion. If it be natural, and the difeafe generally difperfed; then the cure is thus: Dig a great deep hole in feme old dung- hil, and there bury him all fave the head, r fo as he may fweat there for the fpace of two hours at the lea it ; then take him out, and anoint his body all over with Nerve oil, Turpentine, and Deers fuet mingled together on the fire,and bath his head in the juyce of Rue and Camomile. Then give him to drink old Ale brewd with Cinamon,Ginger,Fenigreek and long Pepper : of each three ounces. As for his diet,let it be warm ma(hes,fodden wheat and hay, throughly carded with a pair of Wool-cards : let him be kept very warm and aired abroad once a day at the leaft. If this Convulfion be but only in one member, then it is fufficient, if everyday with hard ropes of hay or ftraw you rub and chafe that part exceedingly, and apply there to a little quantity of the Oyl ot Pepper. If the Convulfion be accidental, proceeding of fome hurt, whereby the finew is wounded or prickt ; then (hall you incontinently take up the finew fo wounded, (earthing the wound wid) great discretion, and cut it clean in funder ; then (hall you endeavour to heal up the fame with unguents, plaitters and balms, as (hall be hereafter mentioned in the chapters of wounds and ulcers, of what kinde or nature foever. of the Cold in the Head. According as the cold which the Horfe hath taken, is new or old, great orfmall, and alfo ac- cording as humors do abound in his head,and as fuch humors be thick or thin, fo is the difeafe more or lefs dangerous. For if the Horfe cafteth little or no matter Out of his nofe , or hath no Bluudeiile very great cough, but only heavy in his head, and perhaps lightly coughed) now and then, it is a fign that he is (topped in the head, which we were wont to call the pole. But it his head be full of humor s congealed by fome extream cold taken of long time paft ; and that he cafteth foul filthy matter out at the nofe, and cougheth grievoufiy j then it is a fign that he hath either the Glaunders , or the Strangullion, mourning ofthechein, or Confumption of the Lungs. For all fuch difeafes do breed for the moft part of therheume or diftillation that cometh from the head. Of the cures thereof \vt leave to fpeak, until we come to talk of the difeafes in the throat,minding here to (hew you how to heal the pofe or cold before mentioned. bh)\ht The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Martin faith , it is good to purge his head, by perfuming him with Frank incenfe, and alio to pro- voke him to neeze, by thrufting two Goofe feathers dipt in Oyl-de-bay up into his noftrils,and then to trot him up and down half an hour, for thefe feathers will make him to caft immediately at the nofe. Laureiiiius Rufius would have him to be perfumed with Wheat, Pennyroyal, and Sage fodden well together ,and put into a bag fo hot as may be ; which bag would be fo dole fattened to his head, that all the favour thereof may afcend up into his noftnls , and his head alfo wouid be covered and kept warm'- and to provoke him to neeze, he would have you to binde a foft clout anointed withSope; or elfe with Butter and Oyl-de-bay unto a ftick, and to thruft that up and down into his noftrils, fo high as you may conveniently go, and let him be kept warm, and drink no cold wa- ter. Yea, it (hall be good for three or four days, to boil in his water a little Fenigreek , Wheat meal, and a few Anife-leeds. And every day after that you have purged his head by perfuming him, or by making him to neeze, caufe him to be trotted up and down, either in the warm Sun, or elfe in the houfe half an hour, which would be done before you water him, and give him his pro- vender. Of the Cold in the Head. THe pofeorcoldin aHorfe, is the moft general difeafe that hapneth, and is the eafieft per- ceived, both by flopping, ratling in the nofe, and coughing, the cur e thereof is in this fort : If KUrkh of Oyl Olive and Turpentine , of each two ounces, and mingle them together, and make him a biggen of Canvas to clofe in the fore, fo as the tent with the Ointment may abide within, re- newing the tent once a day untill it be whole. But if the Horfe have pain in his ears, without any great lwelling or Impoftunmion , then thruft in a little black Wooll dipt in Oyl of Camomile, and that will heai it. Of the Poll evill. THis is a difeafe like a Fiftula growing betwixt the ears and the poll or nape of the neck, and proceedeth of evill humors gathered together in that place, or elfe of fome blow or bruife, for that is theweakeft and tenderer! part of all the head, and therefore fooneft offended, which rude Carters do little confider, whileft in their fury they beat their Horfes upon that place of the head with their whip-ftocks; and therefore no Horfe is more fubject to this difeafe then the Cart- horfe ; and this difeafe cometh n;oft in Winter feafon. The fignes. You (hall perceive it by the fwel- ling of the place,which by continuance of time will break it felf, rotting more inward then outward, and th erefore is mor« perillous if it be not cured in time ; and the fooner it be taken in hand 3 the bet- ter.! he cure according to Martin is thus ; If it be not broken, ripe it with a plaifter of Hogs greafe laid unto it fo hot as may be; and make a biggen for the Poll of his head to keep it from cold; which biggen would have two holes open, fo as his ears may ftand out; and renew the plaifter every day once, untill it break, keeping the fore place as warm as may be. And if you fee that it will not break fofoon as you would have it, then there as it is fufteft and raoft meeteft to be opened • take a round hot Iron,as big as your little finger, and (harp at the point, and two inches beneath that foft place, thruft it in a good deepnefs upward, fo as the point of the Iron may come out at the ripeft place,to the intent that the matter may defxend downward,and come at the neather hole, which would be always kept open ; and therefore tent it with a tent of flax dipc in Hogs greafe, and lay a plaifter of Hogs greale alio upon the fame, renewing it everyday once the fpace of four days, which is done chiefly to kill the heat of the fire. Then at the four days end, take of Turpentine half a pound , clean w*(hed in nine fundry waters, and after that throughly dryed , by thrufting out the water with a flice on the difhes fide, then put thereunto two yolks of Egges, and a little Saffron, and mingle them well togecher : that / Of the Horfe. 1 281 that done, fearch the depth of the hole with a whole quill, and make a tent of a piece of fpunge, lo long as it may reach the bottom, and fo big as it may fill the wound, and anoint the tent with the aforefaid Ointment, and thruft it into the wound, either with that quill, or elfe by winding it up with your finger and thumb,by little and little, untill you have thruft it home : and lay on the plailler ot Hogs greafe made luke-warm. renuing it every day once or twice,untill it be whole. But if the (wel- ling ceafe, then you need not to ufe the plaifter, but only to tent it, and as the matter decreafeth, fo make your tent every day lcifer and lefler, untill the wound be perfectly whole. of the Fives. THe Vives be certain kernels growing under the Horfes ear 3 proceeding of fome rank or cor- Blurt^viU. rupt blond reforting to the place, which within are full of little white grains, like white fait kernels.The J/<7/mw call them Vivole,wh\ch if they be fuffercd to grow, Laurentius Kuflius faith, that they will grievoufly pain the Horfe in his throat, fo as he fhall not beable to fwallow his meat, nor to breath. They be eafie to know, for they may be felt, and alio feen : The cure according unto Mvtin, is in this fort : Firft draw them down in the midft with a hot iron, from the ro ut of the ear fo far as the tip of the ear will reach, being puld down : and under the root again draw two ftrikes on each fide like a broad arrow head ; then in the midft of the firft line lance them with a lancet, and taking hold of the kernels with a pair of pinfons, pull them fo far forward, as you may cut the kernels out without hurting the vein; that done, fill the hole with white Salt. But Hierocles would have them to be cured in this fort : Take a piece of Spunge fowfed well in ftrong Vinegar, and binde that to the fore, renewing it twice a day untill it hath rotted the kernels; that done, lance the nea- thermoft part where the matter iyeth, and let it out, and then fill it up with Salt finely brayed, and the next day wafh all the filth away with warm water, and anoint the place with Honey and Firch- flowre mingled together. But beware you touch none of the kernels with your bare finger, for fear of venoming the place, which is very apt for a Fiftula to breed in. Another of the Vives. THe Vives be certain kernels ; growing under the Horfes ear, which come of corrupt bloud, the Marty am* cure is diverfly fpoke and written of; but this is the beft mean which I have tryed , that if you finde the kernels to en flame and grieve the Horfe, take a handful of Sorrel, and lay it in a Bur-dock leaf, and roft it in the hot embers like a Warden; then being taken out of the fire, apply it fo hot as may be to the fore part, differing it to ly thereunto the fpace of a day and a night, and then renew it, till fuch time that it ripen and break the fore, which it will in fhort fpace do. When it is broken, and the vilde matter taken away, you fhall heal up the fore place with the yolk of an Egge, half a fpoon- fulof Honey, and as much Wheat-flowreaswill ferveto make it thick, plaifter-wife, which being bound thereunto, will in three or four days heal the fame. Of the Cankerous Ulcer in the Nofe. THis difeafe is a fretting humor, eating and confuming the flefh,and making it all raw Within, Bfano'evHe. and not being holpen in time will eat through the griftle of the nofe. It cometh of corrupt bloud, or elfe of (harp humors ingendered by means of fome extream cold. The fignes be thefe : He will bleed at the nofe, and all the flefh within will be raw ; and filthy (linking favours,and matter will come out at the nofe.The cure according to Martin is thus : Take of green Copperas, of Allum, of each one pound, of white Copperas one quartern,and boil thefe in a pottle of running wa- ter, untill a pinte beconfumed, then take it off, and put thereunto half a pinteof Honey : then caufe his head to beholden up with a drinking ftaffe, anti (quirt into his noftrils with a fquirt of brafs, or rather of Elder, fome of this water being luke-warm, three or four times one after another, but betwixt every fquirting, give him liberty to hold down his head, and to blowout the filthy matter, for otherwife perhaps you may choke him. And after this it fhall be good alfo without hold- ing up his head any more, to wafh and rub his noftrils with a fine dowt bound to a white flicks end, and wet in the water aforefaid ; and ferve him thus once a day untill he be whole. Of bleeding at the Nofe. I Have feen Horfes my feif,that have bled at the nofe,which have had neither fore nor ulcer in their nofe, and therefore I cannot choofe, but fay with the Phyfitians, that it cometh by means that the vein which endeth in that place, is either opened, broken or fettered. It is opened many times by means that bloud aboundeth too much, or for that it is too fine,or too fubtil and fo pjerceth through the vein. Again, it may be broken by fome violent drain, cut or blow. And finally, it may be fretted or gnawn through, by the fharpnefs of fome bloud, or elfe of fome other humor contained there- in. As touching the cure, Martin faith, it is good to take a pinte of red Wine, and to put therein a quartern of Bole Armony, beaten into fine powder, and being made luke-warm, to pour the one half thereof the firft day into his noftril that bleedeth, caufing his head to beholden up, foasthe liquor may not fall out, and the next day to give him the other half. But if this prevaileth not, B b 3 then i 8 1 The Hiftory of Four-footed Be aft s. rfien I tor my pare would cauic him to be let bloud in the breaft vein, on the fame fide that he bleed- eth at leveral tithes: then take of Frankincenfe one ounce, of Aloes half an ounce, and beat them into powder, and mingle them throughly with the whites of Egges, untill it be fo thick as Honey ,and with lolt Hares lair, thrutt it up into Imnoftril, filling the hole fo full, as it cannot fall out; or 'elfe fill his noih-ils full of Affes dung, or Hogs dung, for either of them is excellent good to reftrain any flux of bloud. of the bleeding at the Nofe^ or to Jlanch Flux of bloud in any fort. rfartyant. T ^ ave k'lown many Horfes in great danger by bleeding, and I have tryed divers remedies for the J. lame, yet have I not found any more certain then this : take a fpoonful or two of his bloud, and put it maSawcer, and fet it upon a chafing difh of coals, and let it boyl till it be all dryed up' into powder, then take that powder, and if he bleed at the nofe, with a Cane or QmiII blow the lame up into his noftrils : if his bleeding come of any wound or other accident, then into the wound put the fame powder, which is a prefent remedy. New Horfe-dung,or earth 5 is a prefent remedy,applyed to the bleeding place * and fo are Sage leaves bruifed and put into the L wound. Of the dtf "cafes in the Mouthy and fir fl of thebloudy Rifts , or Chops in the Palat of the Mouth. BluuJcvile. •TT" His dileafe is called of the Italian! , Palatina ; which as Laurentius Ruffius faith, cometh by eating X hay or provender that is full of pricking feeds, which by continual pricking and fretting the furrows of the mouth do caufe them to ranckle, and to bleed corrupt and ltinkmg matter, which you (hall quickly remedy, as Martin faith, by wafhing firft the fore places with Vinegar and Salt,and then by anointing the lame with Honey. Of the Bladders in a Horfes mouth jvhich our old Farriers were wont to call the Gigs. The Italians call them Fr one die. THefe be little foft fwellings, or rather puftules with black heads, growing in the infide of his hps, next unto the great jaw-teeth, which are fo painful unto the Horfe, as they make him to let his meat fall out of his mouth; or at the leaft to keep it in his mouth unchawed, whereby the Horfe profpereth not : Ruffius faith, that they come either by eating too much cold grafs, or elfe pricking, dufty, and filthy provender. The cure whereof, according to Martin, is in this fort: Slit them with a lancet, and thruft out all the corruption, and then wafh the fore places with a little Vi- negar and Salt • or elfe with Allum water. of the Bladders in a Horfes mouth. Markham. QOme Horfes will have bladders like paps growing in the infide of their lips, next to their great O teeth, which are much painful : the cure whereof is thus : Take a fharp pair of fhears, and clip them away clofe to the gum, and then wafh the fore place with running water, Allum and Honey boiled together, till it be whole. Of the Lampafs. THe Lampafs, called of the Italians ^Lam^cus, proceedeth of the abundance of bloud, reforting to the firit furrow of the mouth, I mean that which is next unto the upper fore-teeth, caufing the faid furrow to fwell fo high as the Horfes teeth, fo as he cannot chew his meat, but is forced to let it fall out of his mouth. The remdy is to cut all the fuperfluous flefh away, with a crooked hot iron made of purpofe, which every Smith can do. Another of the Lampafs, Marram. *T*^ e ^ am P a ^ s 1S a tmc ^ spongy flefti, growing over a Horfes upper tecth,hindering the conjunfti- X on of his chaps, in fuch fort that he can hardly eat : the cure is as follloweth. Cut all that naughty flefh away with a hot iron, and then rub the fore well with Salt, which themoft ignorant Smith can do fufficiently. of the Canker in the mouth* THis difeafe,as Martin faith, isarawnefsof the mouth and tongue, which is full of blifters, foas he cannot eat his meat. Which proceeds of fome unnatural heaticoming from the ftomach. For the cure whereof , take of Allum half a pound, of Honey a quarter of a pinte, of Columbine leaves, of Sage leaves^of each a handful : boyl all thefe together in three pintes of water, untill a pintc be confumed, and wa(h the fore places therewith fo as it may bleed, continuing fo to do every day once untill it be whole. Amther JSlundcvile. Of the Horfe. 283 Another of the Canker in the mouth, THisdifeafe proceedetli of divers caufes, as of unnatural heat of the ftomach, of foul feeding, Markham. or of the ruft or venome of fome bit or fnaffel, undifcreetly lookt unto. The cure is thus j Wafti the fore place with warm Vinegar, made thick with the powder of A Hum, two or three dayes toge- ther, every time until it bleed, which will kill the poifon and vigor of the exulcerated matter : then make this water; Take of running water a quart, of AHum four ounces, of Hony four or five fpoon- fuls, of Woodbine leaves, of Sage leaves, and of Columbine leaves, of each half a handful, boil all thefe together till one half be confumed,then take it off,and every day with the water warmed,wafh the fore until it be whole. Of the heat in the mouth and lip, SOmetime the heat that cometh out of the ftomach breedech no Canker, but maketh the mouth Blundcvik, hot, and caufech the Horfe to foriake his meat. The cure whereof, as Martin faith, is in this fort: firft, turn up his upper Up, and jagge it lightly with a launcet, foas it may bleed, and t then wafh both that and all his mouth and tongue with Vinegar and Salt. of the tongue being hurt with the hit or otherwife, ]F the tongue be cut or hurt any manner of way, Martin faith , it is good firft to wafti it with Allum water , and then to take the leaves of black Bramble, and to chop them together fmall with a little Lard, that done, to binde it up in a little clout, making it round like a ball, then having dipt the round end in Hony, rub the tongue therewith : continuing fo to do once a day until it be whole. of the Barbies or paps underneath the tongue* THefe be two little paps, called of the Italianr, Barbole, growing naturally (as I think) in every Horfes mouth underneath the tongue, in the neather jawes, which if they (hoot of any length, RuJJiu* faith, that they will hinder the Horfes feeding, and therefore he and Martin alfo would have them to be dipt away with a pair of iheers, and that done, the Horfes mouth to be wafhed with Vinegar and Salt. Of the pain in the teeth and gums, of the Wolfs teeth, and Jaw teeth, A Horfe may have pain in his teeth, partly by defcent of humors from his head, down into his teeth and gums, which is to be perceived by the ranknefs and fwelling of the gums, and partly having two extraordinany teeth, called the Wolfs teeth, which be two little teeth growing in the upper jawes, next unto the great grinding teeth, which are fo painful to the Horfe, as he cannot en- dure to chaw his meat, but is forced either to let it fall out of his mouth, or elfe to keep it ftill half chawed, whereby the Horfe profpereth not, but waxeth lean and poor, and he will do the like alfo when his upper Jaw-teeth be fo far grown as they overhang the neather Jaw-teeth, and therewith be fo (harp, as in moving his jawes they cut and rafe the infides of his cheeks, even as they wererafed with a knife. And firft as touching the cure of the pain in the teeth, thac cometh by means of fome diftillation : Vegetiiu faith,it is good to rub all theoutfide of his gums with fine chalk and ftrong Vinegar mingled together, or elfe after that you have wafhed thegums with Vinegar, to ftrew on themof Pomegranate piles- But me thinks that befides this.it were not amifle to flop the temple veins, with the plaifter before mentioned, in the Chapter of weeping and waterifh eyes. The cure of the Wolfs teeth, and of the Jaw-teeth, according to Martin^ is in this fort, Firft caufe the Horfe head to be tyed up to fome rafter or poft, and his mouth to be opened with a cord, fo wide as you may eafily fee every part thereof ; Then take a round ftrong iron toole, half a yard long, and made at the one end in all points like unto the Carpenters gouge, wherewith he maketh his holes to be bored with a wimble or auger, and with your left hand fet the edge of your tool at the foot of the Wolfs teeth, on the outride of the jaw, turning the hollow fide of the tool downward, holding your hand fteadily, fo as the tool may not flip from the aforefaid tooth : then having a mallet in your right hand,ftrike upon the head of the tool one prety blow,and therewith you (hall loofen the tooth, and caufe it to bend inward : thenftaying themidft of your tool upon the Horfes neather jaw, wrinch the tooth outward, with the infide or hollow fide of the tool, andthruft it clean out of hi* head : that done , ferve the other Wolfs tooth on the other fide in like manner, and fill up the empty simievih places with Salt finely brayed. But if the upper jaw teeth do alfo overhang the neather teeth, and fo cut the infide of his mouth as is aforefaid, then keeping his mouth ftill open, take your tool and mallet, and pare all thofe teeth fhorter, running along them even from the firft unto the laft, turn- ing the hollow fide of your tool towards the teeth, fo (hall not the tool cut the infide of his cheeks, and the bark or round fide being turned towards theforefaid cheeks, and that done wafh all his mouth with Vinegar and Salt, and let him go, The Hifiory of Four- footed 'Beafts. Why the difeafes in the neck, wither s^And back, be declared here before the difeafes in the throat. T_T Aving hitherto fpoken of the difeafes incident to a Horfes head, and to all the parts there- X~lof, natural order requircth that we fhould now defcend into the throat, as a part next ad j scent to the mouth. But forafmuch as the difeafes in the throat have not only affinity with thehe;rd, but alfo with the lungs and other inward parts, which are many times grieved by ■ means of diftillation coming from the head, and through the throat: I will fpeak of the difeafes incident to the neck, withers, and back of a Horfe, to the intent that when I cume to talk of fuch difeafes, asRheumes and diftillations do caufe, I may difcourfe of them orderly without interruption. of the Crick in the neck. BEcaufeaCrickisnootherthingthenakindeof Convulfion, and for that we have fpoken fuffi- ciently before of all kindes thereof in the Chapter of Convulfion, Ipurpofenot here therefore to trouble you with many words, but only (hew -you Rufjitu opinion, and alfo Marlins experieHee therein. The Crick then called of the Italians, Scima, or Lucerdo according to Ruffi.v,, and according to Martin is, when the Horfe cannot turn his neck any manner of way, but hold it Hill right forth, infomuch as he cannot take his meat from the ground but by times, and that very flowly; Rufius faith, it cometh by means of fome great weight laid on the Horfes fhoulders, or elfe by overmuch drying up of the finews of the neck. Thecure whereof, accordmg to Martm, is in this fort. Draw him with a hot iron from the root of the ear on both fides of the neck, through themidft of the Tame even down to .the breft, a ftrawdeep, fo as both ends may meet upon the bt eaft , then make a hole in his forehead, hard under the foretop, and thruft in a Cornet upward betwixt the skin and the flefh a handful deep, then put in a Goofe. feather, doubled in the mi.uft and anointed with Hogs greafe to keep the hole open, to theintent the matter may run out the fpace often dayes. Biic every day during that time, the hole muft be cleanfed once, and the feather alfo cleanfed and frefh anointed, and fo put in again. And once a day let him itand upon the bit one hour or two, or be ridden two or three miles abroad, by fuch a one as will bear his head, and make him to bring it in. But if the Crick be fuch as the Horfe cannot hold his neck ftraighc, but clean awry, as I have feen divers my felf : then I think it not good that the Horfe be drawn with a hot iron on botii fides of the neck, but only on the contrary fide. As for example, if he bend his head toward ihe right fide, then to draw him as is aforefaid only on the left fide, and to ufe the reft of the cure as is abovefaid, and if need be, you may fplent him alfo. with handfome ftaves meet for the purpofe to make his neck ftand right. of Wens in the neck, A Wen is a certain kirnell like a tumor of fwelling, the infide whereof is hard like a griftle,and fpongiouslikeaskinfullof wrets- Of Wens, fome be great, and fome be fmall. Again, fome be very painful, and fome not painful at all. The Phyfitians fay, that they proceed of groffe and vicious humors; but Vegetiut faith, that they chance to a Horfe by taking cold, or by drinking of waters that be extreme cold. The cure according to Martin is thus, Take of Mallovves, Sage, and -red Nettles, of each one handful, boil them in running watet*, and put thereunto a little Butter and Honey , and when the Herbs be foft, take them out and all to bruife them, and put thereunto of oil of Bay two ounces, and two ounces of Hogs greafe, and warm them together over the fire, mingling them well together ; that done, plailter it upon a piece of leather fo bigasthe Wen, and lay it to fo hot as the Horfe may endure it, renewing it every day in fuch fort, the fpace of eight days,and if you perceive that it will come to no head,then lance it from the midft of the Wen down- ward, fo deep as the matter in the bottom may be difcovered and let out; that done, heal it up with this Salve, Take of Turpentine a quarter, and wafh it nine times in fair new water, then put thereunto the yolk ofanEgge and a little English Saffron beaten into powder, and make a tent or rowleofFlax, and dip it in that ointment, and lay it unto the fore, renewing the fame every day once untill it be whole. Of fuelling in the neck After blood-letting. THis may come of the fleam being rufty, and fo caufing the vein to rankle, or elfe by means of fome cold wind ftriking fuddainly into the hole. Thecure according to Martin is thus; Fnft anoint it with oil of Camomile warmed,and then lay upon it a little hay wet in cold water,and bind it about with a cloth, renewing it every day the fpace of five dayes, to fee whether it will grow to a head, or elfe vanifh away. If it grow to a head, then give it a flit with a lancet, and open it with a Cornet that the matter may come out. Then heal it up, by tenting it with Flax dipt in Turpentine and Hogs greafe molten together, drefiing it fo once a day untill it be whole. Hta> Of the Horfe. Hew to ftauncb blond. IF a Horfe be let bloud when the figne is in the neck, the vein perhaps will not leave bleeding (o foon as a man would have it, which if any fiach thingchance, then Rkftu* faith, it is good ty binde thereunto a lettle new Horfe dung tempered wich chalke and ftrong Vinegar, and not to re- move it from thence the fpace of three dayes, or elfe to lay thereunto burnt ftlk , felt, or cloth, for all fuch things will itaunch bloud. of the falling of the Creft. T His cometh for themoft part of poverty, and fpecially when a fat Horfe falleth away fuddain- Blurdtvilt. ly. The cure according to Martin is thus; Draw his Creft the deepnefs a ftraw, on the con- trary fide with a hot iron, the edge of which iron, would be half an inch broad, and make your beginning and ending fomewhat beyond the fall, fo as the firft draught may go all the way hard upon the edge of the mane,even underneath the roots of the fame,bearing your hand right downward,into the neckward,thenanfwer that with another draught beneath, and fo far diftant from the firft as the fall is broad, compafling as it were all the fall, but ftill on the contrary fide : and betwixt thofetwo draughts right in the midft, draw a third draught, then with a button iron of an inch about, burn at each end a hole, and alfo in the fpaces betwixt the draughts, make divers holes diflant three fin- gers broad one from another : that done, to flake the fire anoint it every day once, for the fpace of nine dayes, with a feather dipt in frefh Butter moulten. Then take Mallows and Sage, of each one a .;andful,boil them well in running water,and wafh the burning away untill it beraw flefh then dry it up with this powder; TakeofHony half a pinte,and fo much unfleck't lime as will rr)ake thatHony thick like pafte ; then hold it in a fire-pan over the fire untill it be baked fo hard as it may be made in powder, and fprinklc that upon the fore places. Of the falling of the Creft. THe falling of the Creft is occafioned moft commonly through poverty; yetfometimes I have bfahyrn, feen it chance thorugh the ill proportion of the Creft, which being high, thick and heavy, the " neck thin and weak underneath, is not able to fupport or fuftain it up, however it be,there is remedy for both : if it proceed of poverty, firft try by good keeping to get it up again, but if it will not rife, or that the original of the difeafe be in the ill fafliion of the Creft, then let this be the cure, Firft with your hand raife up the Creft as you would have it ftand, or rather more to that fide from which it declineth, then take up the skin between your fingers on th at fide from which the Creft fwarveth, and with a (harp knife cut away the breadth of very near an inch, and the length of four inches- which done, ftitch up the skin together again with three or four ftitches, and by means of firings, weights, or other devifes, keep the Creft perforce on that fide, applying thereunto a plaifter of Deers fewet and Turpentine,boiled together, till the fore be healed • and at the felf fame inftant that by this manner of infition you draw together and ftraiten the skin on that fide, you fhall in this fore give liberty to the other fide, whereby the Creft may the eafier attain to his place ; Take a hot iron made in fafliion of a knife,the edge being a quarter of an inch broad, and therewith from the upper part of his Creft unto the neather part of the fame extending towards his fhoulder,draw three lines in this forme I I I and the fame anoint dayly with frefh Butter,untill fuch time as it be perfectly whole. By this manner of cure,you may make any lave-ear'd Horfe,to be as prick-ear'd and J I j comely, as any other Horfe whatfoever. of the m&nginefs of the Mane. THe manginefsproceedeth ofranknefsof bloud, or of poverty, of lowfinefs, or elfe of rubbing ^lundtvits where a mangy Horfe hath rubbed,or of filthy duft lying in the mane for lack of good drefiing. U ' The fignes be apparent by the itching and rubbing of the Horfe, and the Scabs, fretting both flefh and skin. The cure,according to Martin, is thus ; Take of frefh greafe one pound, of Quickfilver half an ounce, of Brimftone one ounce, of Rape oil half a pinte, mingle them together, and ftir them con- tinually in a pot with a flice, untill the Quickfilver be fo wrought with the reft, as you ftiali perceive no Quickfilver therein. That done, take a blunt knife, or an old Horfe-comb, and fcratch all the mangy places therewith untill it be raw and bloudy,and then anoint it with this ointment,in the fun- fhine if it may be, to the intent the ointment may fink in : or elfe hold before it in a fire-pan or fome broad bar ofiron made hot, to make the ointment to melt into the flefh. Andifyoufee that within the fpace of three dayes after, with this once anointing, he leave not rubbing, then markcin what place he rubbeth, and drefTe that place again, and you (hall fee ic heal quickly. Of The Hiftory of Four-footed TBeafts. Of the failing df the hair of the Mane. IT falleth for the moft part, becaufe it is eaten with little Wormes, fretting the roots in funder ; which, according to Martin, you (hail remedy in this fort ; Anoint the mane and Creft with Sope' then make ftrong he and wafh all the roane and Creft withall, and that will kill the Wormes,within twice or thrice wafhing. of griefs in the withers. TOaHorfes withers and back, do chance many griefs and foEances^ which, zsRufftut faith; do fometime proceed of inward eaufes, as of the corruption of humors ; and fometime of outward caufes, as through the galling and pinching of fome naughty faddle,or by fome heavy burthen laid on the Horfes back, or fuch like. And offuch griefs, fome be but iuperricial blifters, fwellings, light- gals or bruifings, and be eafily cured. Some again do pierce to the very bone, and be dangerous,ar.d especially if they be nigh the back bone ; let us firft then fbew you the cure of the fmaller griefs,and then of the greater. Another of blijlerings^ or [mall fwellings in the withers or hack and gallings. Blunievile. TT" THenfoever you fee any fwelling rife, then Martin would have you to binde a little hotHorfe W dung unto it, and that will affwage it. If not, then to prick it round about the fwelling,either with a fleam,or elfe with a fliarp pointed knife not toodeep,but foasit may pierce the skin 3 ?ind make the bloud to iffue forth. That done, take of Mallowes or elfe of Smallage,two or three handmls, and boil them in running water untill they befo foftas pap ; then ftrain the water from it, and bruife the herbs in a trean difh, putting thereunto a little Hogs greafe, or elfe Sallet oil, or Sheeps fewet, or any other frefh greafe, boil them and ftir them together, not frying them hard, but fo as it may be fort and fupple,andthenwitha clout lay it warm upon the fore, renewing it every day once until! the fwelling begone. For this will either drive it away, or elfe bringll into his head, which lightly chanceth not, unlefTe there be fome griftle or bone perifhed. biddethyou,fp foon as ypu fee any fwelling rife, to fhave the place with a rafor,& lay there- unto this plaifter ; Take a little Wheat flower and the white of an Egge beaten together,and fpead it on a little clout,which being laid unto the fwelling two or three dayes and not removed,wi!l bring it to a head, and when you come to take it off, pull it away fo foftly as you can pofilble, and whereas you fee the corruption gathered together, then in the loweft place thereof, pierce it upward with afharpironfomewhat hot, that the corruption may come out, and anoint the fore place every day once with frefh Butter, or Hogs greafe; but iftheskinbe only chafed off without any fwelling, then wafh the place with Water and Salt, or elfe with warm Wine, and fprinkle this powder there- on i Take of unfleck't Lime beaten into fine powder, and mingle it with Hony untill it be as — thick as any pafte, and makerols orbalstheof, and bake them in a fire-pan over the fire, untill they befo hard as they may be brought to powder, for this is a very good powder to dry up any galling or fore. The powder ofMyrrheor burnt filk, felt, or cloth, or any old poft, is alfo good forfuch purpofesj but whenfoever you ufe this powder of Lime and Hony> let the place b.e wafh- edj as is aforefaid. Of great fwellings and inflamations in a Horfes withers. T F the fwelling be very great, then the cure according to Martin is thus ; Firft draw round about _| the fwelling with a hot iron, and then croiTe him with the fame iron in manner of a checker, then take a round hot iron having a fharp point, and thruftitinto the fwelling place on each fide up toward the point of the withers ; to the intent the matter may iffue downward at the holes. That done, tent both the holes with a tent dipt in Hogs greafe to kill the fire, and alfo anoint all the other burnt places therewith, continuing fo to do untill the fwelling be aflwaged, renewing it every day once, untill the fiery matter be clean fallen away, and then tent him again with wafhed Turpentine mingled with yolks of Egges and Saffron in fuch manner as hath been aforefaid, renew- ing the tent every day once untill it be whole. If you fee thac the fwelling for all this go not away, then it is a figne of fome impoftumation with- in, and therefore it fhal! be neceffary to lance it, and to let out the corruption ; then take of Hony halfapinte, of Vcrdigreafe two ounces beaten to powder, and mingle it together with the Hony, then boil them in a pot untill it look red, then being lukewarm, make either a tent or plaifter, according as the wound fhall require, renewing the fame every day once, untill it be whole. Eut the fore may be fo vehement, that for lack of looking in time, it will pierce down- ward betwixt both fhoulders toward the intrails, which is very dangerous: yea, and as Kuffim faith, mortal, becaufe the corruption of the fore infecting the lungs and heart (which be the vit2ll parts and chief prefervers of life) the body muft needs decay. And therefore Martin would have you to fill the hole with the Salve laft mentioned, and to thruft in afterward a piece of a ipiing?, 286 OftbeHorfe. ipunge, as well tokeep the hole open, as alfo to fuck out the corruption, renewing it every day once untill it be whole. Of the horns or hard knobs growing under the Sadie fide. T His is a d«;ad skin like a piece of leather, called of the Italiam, Corno, that is to fay, a horn, B/undand by faft flicking of the skin unto the ribs when you perl at it with your hand. The cure, according to Martinjs thus: Let him bloud on both fides the belly rn the flank veins betwix the flank and the girding place: that done,give him this drink; Take a quart of white Wine, or elfe of good Ale, and put thereunto three ounces of good Sallet Oil , of Cumin one ounce, of Annis feeds two ounces, of Licoras two ounces, beaten all into fine powder, and give it him lukewarm with a horn. And when he hath drunk, let one (landing at his huckle Done, rub him hard with his hand along the back, and overthwart the ribs, the fpace of half an hour: that done, fet him in a warm ftable, and let him (land in litter up to the belly, and cover all his back and ribs with a fack firft, throughly foaked in a tub of cold water, and then well and hard wrung, and over that caft another cloth, and gird it faft with a furcingle, (tuffing him well about the back with frefh ftraw, continuing thus to do every day once the fpace of a week, during which time give him no cold water, but lukewarm, and put therein a little ground Mault. The wet fack will caufe the back to gather heat it felf, and the skin to loofen from the flefh, and if you will beftow more coft, you may anoint all his body with Wine and oil mingled together, according to the opinion of the? old writers, which no doubt is a very comfortable thing, and muft needs fupple the skin, and looleo it from the flefh. of the difeafes in the throate and lungs, and tvly the griefs of the Jhoulders and hip be not mentioned before amongfl the griefs of the withers and back. SOme perhaps would look here, that for fo much as I have declared the difeafes of the neck, withers and back, that I fhould alfo follow on now with the griefs of the fhouldersand hips. But fith that fuch griefs for the moft part doe caufe a Horfe to halt, and that it requireth fome skill to know when a Horfe halteth, whether the fault be in his fhoulder, hip, leg, joint, or foot, I think it is not good to feparate thofe parts afunder, fpecially fith nature hath joyned them together, than is to fay, the (boulders to the forelegs, and the hips to the hinder legs. And therefore according to natures order, I will treat of them in their proper place ; that is to fay, after that I have fhewed all the difeafes that be in the inward Horfes body, not only above the midriffe, as the difeafes of the throat, lungs, breaft and heart, but alfo under the midriffe, as thofe of the ftomach, liver, guts,and of all the reft. And firft, as touching the difeafes of the throat, the Glaunders, and S:rangullion, to all Horfes is moft common. of the Glanders and Strangullion, fo called according tot he Italian name Stranguillion. MOft Farriars do take the Glanders and Strangullion to be all [one difeafe , but it is not fo, for the Glanders is that which the Phyfitians call Ion/ill*, and the Strangullion is that which they call in Latine t Angina^ in Greeks, Cynavcb, and we commonly call it in Ln^lifh the Squinan- cy, or Quinfie. TonftV*, is interpreted by them to be the inflamations of the kirnels called in Latin, Glandes } thc Italian ^latiduU, which lie on both fides of the throat, underneath the root of the tongue, nigh unto the fwallowing place; of which word Giandes, or Glandule, I think we borrow this name Glanders ; for when the Horfe is troubled with this difeafe, he hath great kirnels under- neath his jawes.eafie to be feen or felt, paining him fo,as he can not ealily fwallow down his meat, which cometh firft of cold diftillations out of the head : But if fuch kirnels be not inflamed, they will perhaps go away of themfelves, or elfe by laying a little hot horfe-dungand draw unto them, the warmth thereof will diffolve them, and make them to vanifh away. But Of the Horfe But if they be inflamed, they will not go away but encreafe and wax greater and greater, and be more painful every day then other, and caufe the Horfe to call continually filthy matter at Iris Nofe. The cure whereof, according to Mar\in> is this j Firft ripe the kernels with this plainer ■■, Take of bran two handfuls, or as much as will thicken a quart of Wine or Ale : then put thereunto half a pound of Hogs greafe, and boyl them together, and lay it hot to the fore with a cloth, renewing it every day until it be ready to break, then lance it, and let out all the matter, and tent it with a tent of Flax dipt in thisfalve ; Take of Turpentine, of Hogs greafe, of each like quantity, and a little wax, and melt them together, and renew the tent every day until it be whole. Laurentins Rufliun faith, that this difeafc is very common to Colts, becaufe in them doth abound fluxible moifture,j apt to be diffolved with every little heat, and to turn to putrifa&ion: and therefore if the Horfe be not over young, he would have you firft to let him bloud in the neck vein, and then to lay unto the fame fore a ripening plaifter, made of Mallowes, Linfeeds, Rew, Wormwood^ ground Ivy, Oyl of Bayes, and Dialthea, and to anoint his throat alfo, and all the fore place with freih Butter: and the fore being ripe, to lance it., or elfe to rowel it, that the matter may come forth- But if the kernels will not decreafe,then pull them away by the roots, and dry up the Ulcerous place with an ointment made of unfleck't Lime,Pepper,Bnmftone,Nitrum,and Oyl Olive. It (hall be alfo good to purge his head by perfuming him every day once,in fuch fort as hath been before decla- red And let the Horfe be kept warm about the head.and fhnd in a warm liable, and let him drink no cold water but if you fee that after you have taken away the kernels, the Horfe doth not for all that leave cafting filthy matter at the Nofe, then it is to be feared that he hath fome fpice of the mourning of the Chine, for both difeafes proceed of one caufe, and therefore I think good to fpeak of it here prefently. But firft I will fet down a drink which I have feen proved upon a Horfe that I thought could never have been recovered of the fame difeafe, and yet it did recover him in very fhort fpace, fo as he travelled immediately after many miles, without the help of any other me* dicine. A drink for the Strar>gullio» or Glanders. TAke of warm milk as it cometh from the Cow a quart, or in (lead thereof a quart of new Beer Blm&evlls* or Ale warmed, and put thereunto of moulten Butter the quantity of an Egge ; and then take one head of Garlick, firft clean pilled and then ftamped fmall, which you muftput into the milk or drink being made lukewarm, and give itthe Horfe with a horn, and immediately after the drink be given, catch hold of his tongue with your hand, and having broken two raw Egges, either upon his foreteeth, oragainft theftaffe wherewith his head is holdenup, caftthofe broken Egges, ftiels and all into his throat, making him to fwallow down the fame ; that done, ride him up and down till he begin to fweat, then fet him up covered warm with an old coverlet and ftraw, notfuffering him to eat nor drink for the fpace of two or three hours after, and let his drink for the fpace of two or three dayes be fomewhat warm, whereunto it is good to put a handful or two of Bran or ground Male, and in giving the faid drink, it fhall not be amiffe to powre fome thereof into either Noftril. of the mourning of the Chind THis word, Mourning of the Chine, is a corrupt name borrowed of the French tongue, wherein it is called Mortedefchien, that is to fay, the death of the back. Becaufe many do hold this opi- nion, that this difeafe doth confume the marrow of the back ; for remedy whereof, they ufe ftrange kinds of cures. For fome taking it to be a rheume, go about to ftop it, by laying aftndive, or binding charges to the nape of the neck. Some again, do twine out the pith oftheback with along wire thruft up into the Horfes head, and fo into his neck and back, with what reafon I know not. Well; I know that few Horfes do recover that have this difeafe. Some again think that the Lungs of the Horfe be rotten, and that the Horfe doth caft them out at his Nofe. But Martin faith, that he hath cut up divers Horfes which have been judged to have dyed of the mourning of the Chine, but he could finde never either Back or Lungs to be perifhed,. but only the Liver, and moft com- monly that fide of the Liver which anfwereth the Noftril whereat he cafteth, whereof we will talk in his proper place, when we come to fpeak of the difeafes in the Liver, The Italians do call this difeafe Ciamorro, the old Authors do call itthemoift malady, whereof Ibeomneflus maketh two differences. For in the one the matter which he doth caft at the Nofe is white, and doth not' fmert at all: and in the other that which he cafteth is filthy and ftinking corruption. They proceed both of cold humors congealed in the head.but more abounding in the one then in the other ; by reafon perhaps that the Horfe was not cured in time : for of cold firft cometh the Pofe ? and the Cough, then the Glanders, and laft of all the Mourning of the Chine. When the Horfe cafteth matter at the Nofe that is not ftinking, he may eafily be cured by fuch remedies as have been before declared in the Chapter of the Pofe : but if the matter be very filthy and ftinking, then it is very hard to cure. Notwithstanding it fhall not grieve me to write unto you here , the experience of Iheomnejiut 3 and of LiurentM Rufiits. Jhecmmjlm cure is thus; Take of Water and Hony 7 C c called 280 The Hiflory of Four-footed Beafts. called of the Phyfitians Hydtsmel, a quart, and put thereunto three ounces of Oyl, and powre dm into his Noftril every morning the fpace of three dayes ; and if that do not profit him, then let him drink every day, or once in two dayes, a quart of old Wine, mingled with fome of the medicine, or rather the precious meat, called of the ol&writersletraphjrmacum, and that will reftore him to his former eftate. Laurentiui Rufiut faith, that of all difeafes there is none more perillous, nor more to be fufpe&ed, then the rheume which cometh of cold, for Horfes have large Conduites, and are full of moiftui e, and therefore if cold once enter, it findeth matter enough to work on, to breed conti- nual diftillation as well outwardly at the Nofe, as inwardly, defcending down to the vitall part in fuch fort, as it doth not fuffocate the fame. The ftghesi according to the faid Ruffuu, be thefe ; theHorie doth caft matter continually at the Nofe, fometime thin,and fometime thick, his Noftrils, Ears, and all his outward parts, will be cold to the feeling, his eyes, head, and all his body heavy, and he will cough, and have fmall appetite to- his meat , and leiie to his drink, and fometime he will tremble and fhake. His cure is in this fort j Purge his head, partly by perfuming him, & partly by making him to neeze infuch fort as hath been before taught in the Chapter of the Pofe, which wayes of perfuming and purging his head as they be good, (o doth Rufius praife thefe two here following to be molt excellent; the firft is this: Take of the {talks of Vitis alba, otherwife called Briomt ^ or wilde Vine, two or three good handfuls, and being bruited put them into a linnen bag, and fallen the bag to the Horfes head, fo as he may receive the fent up into his Noftrils, without touching the hearb with his mouth, and this will caufe the humors to run down abundantly. The fecond medicine; Take of Euforbium beaten into fine powder, three ounces, of the juice of Betes one pound, of Swines bloud half a pound, boyi ail thefe together until they be throughly mingled together, and liquid like an ointment, and then take it from the fire, and put thereunto one ounce more of Euforbium, and mingle them again throughly together, and preferve the fame in a box, to ufe at needful times in this fort. Make two itiffe long rols or tampins of linnen clouts, or fuch like ftuffe, fharp pointed like Sugar loaves: which tampins are called of the Phyfitians in LaUn, Ftffi , and being anointed with the ointment aforefaid , thruft them up into the Horfes Noftrils , and let them abide there- in a pretty while, then pull them out, and you fhall fee fuch abundance of matter come forth at his Nofe, as is marvellous to behold. Ku(jm alfo praifeth very much this medicine here following. Take as much of the middle bark of an Elder tree, growing on the water fide, as will fill a new earthen, pot of a mean fixe, putting thereunto as much clear water as a pot will hold, and let ic boyl until one half be confumed, and then to be filled up again with frefh water, continuing fo to do three times one after another, andatthelaft time that the one half is confumed, take % it from the fire, and ftrain it through a linnen cloth. Then take two parts of that decodion, and one part of Hogs greafe, or Butter, and being warmed again together, give the Horfe to drink thereof one hornful, and powre another hornful into his Noftril that cafteth ; and whenfoever you give him this medicine, let the Horfe be empty and falling, and keep him without meat alfo two or three hours after, for this is a very good drink for any ficknefs that cometh of cold. Moreover, open the skin of his forehead, and of his temples, and alfo of his tail with a (harp hot iron, that the cor- rupt humors may iffue outward. That done, take hot brickes, or elfe a pan of frefh burning coles, and hold it nigh unto his belly and flanks, to the intent that they may be throughly warmed, and being fo warmed, anoint them all over with Oyl-de-bay, or Dialthea, to defend his body from the cold, and let his head be well covered, and all his belly kept warm. Yea, and it were good to bathe his head fometime, as Ruflitu faith, with a ^bath made of Rew, Wormwood, Sage, Juniper, Bay leaves, and Hyfop. And let his drink be warm water mingled with Wheat meal; yea, and to make it the more comfortable, it were good, as Ruflius faith, to put thereunto fome Cinamon, Ginger, Galingale, and fuch hot pieces. And his meat in Winter feafon would be no other but fodden Corn, or warm Mafhes, made of ground Malt and Wheat bran : in Summer feafon, if he went to graffe, I think it would do him moft good,fo that he go in a dry warm ground , for by feeding alwayes downward, he fhall purge his head the better, as Kujftw faith. Thus much of the Glanders, and mourning of the Chine. Nowwe will fpeakfomewhatoftheStrangul- lion, according to the opinion of the Authors, though not to the fatisfaftion perhaps of our Jlnglifh Farriars. of. the Strangullion w Squinancy. THe Strangullion, called of the Latines, Anoint , according to the Phyfitians, isaninflama- tion of the inward parts of the throat, and as I faid before, is called of the Greeks, Cynancbe, which is as much to fay in Englifb as Strangling, whereofthis name Strangullion as I think is deri- ved, for this difeafe doth ftrangle every Manor Bead, and therefore is numbred amongft the perillous and {harp difeafes, called of the Latines , Morbi acuti; of which ftrangling, the Phyfi- tians in Mans body make four differences ; The fii ft and worft is^ when no part within the mouth nor without, a ppeareth manifeftly to be inflamed, and yet the patient is in great peril of ftrangling. The fecond is, when the inward parts of the throat only be inflamed. The third is, when the inward'and outward parts of the throat be both inflamed. Thefourthis, whenthemufclesofthe neck 29O Of the Horfe. neck are inflamed, or the inward joynts thereof foloofened,as they ftraiten thereby both the throat, or wefand, or wind-pipe ; for fhort breath is incident to all the four kinds before recited, and they proceed all ofonecaufe ; that is to fay, offome cholerick or bloudy fluxion, which conies out of the branches of the throat veins into thofe parts, and there breedeth fome hot inflamacion. But now to prove that a Horfe is fubjed to this difeafe,you fhall hear what Abfyrv.K J-iitrodes Vege\im ,and others do fay, Abfyrtus writing to his friend a certain Farriar or Horfe-leach, called AiJIoticm, fpeaketh id this manner 3 When a Horfe hath the Strangullion it quickly killeth him; the fignes whereof be; thefe; His temples will be hollow, his tongue will fwell and hang out of his mouth, his eyes alfo will be fwollen,and the paffage of his throat ftoptfo as he can neither eat nor drink All thefe figneS be alfo confirmed by Hit rocles. Moreover, VegetUu rendereth the caufe of this difeafe, affirming that it proceeded) of aboundance of fubtle bloud, which after long travel will inflame the inward or outward rnufcles of the throat or wefand , or fuch affluence of bloud may come,by ufe ofhot meats after great travel. being fo altera- tive^ they caufe thofe parts to fwell in fuch forr,as the Horfe can neither eat nor drink nor draw his breath. The cure s according to Vegeiusjs in this fort : Firft bathe his mouth and tongue in hot water, and then anoint it with the gall of a Bull ; that done,give him this drink, Take of old Oyl two pound, of old Wine a quart, nine Figs, and nine Leeks heads well ftamped and brayed together. And after you have boiled thefe a while before you ftrain them, put thereunto a little Nitrum Alexandrinum, and give him a quart of this every morning and evening. Abfyntu and Hieroclrs would have you to let him bloud in the palate of his mouth, and alfo to powre Wine and Oyl into his Noftrils, and alfo give him to drink this decodtion of Figs and Nitrum fodden together, or elfe to anoint his throat within with Nitre, Oil, and Hony, or elfe with Hony and Hogs ding mingled together,which differeth not much from Galen his medicine, to be given unto man. For he faith, that Hony mingled with the powder of Hogs dung that is white, and fwallowed down, doth remedy the Squinancy pre- fently- Abfyrtus alfo praifeth the ointment made of Bdellium, and when the inflamation beginneth fomewhat to decreafe, he faith it is good to purge the Horfe, by giving him wiide Cucumber and Nitre to drink. Let his meat be graffe if it may be gotten, or elfe wet hay, and fprinkled with Nitre. Let his drink alfo be lukewarm water, with fome Barley meal in it. OF Coughs, fome be outward, and fome be inward. Thofe be outward which do come of out- ward caufes, as by eating a feather, or! by eHting dufty or (harp ftraw, and fuch like things I which tickling his throat, caufeth him to cough : you fhall perceive it by wagging and wrying his head in his coughing, and byftamping fometime with his foot, labouring to get out the thing that grievethhim, and cannot. The cure, according to klartin, is thus: Take a Willow wand, rolled throughout with a fine linnen clout, and then anoint it all over with Hony, and thruft it down his fhroat, drawing your hand to and fro, to the intent it may either drive down the thing that grieveth him, or elfe bring it up, and do this twice or thrice, anointing every time the ftick with frefh Hony. OF inward Coughs, fome be wet, and fome be dry. The wet Cough is that cometh of cold,taken after fome great heat given to the Horfe, diffolving humors, wh icli being afterward congea- led, do caufe obftruttion and flopping in the Lungs. And I call it the wet Cough, becaufe the Horfe in his coughing will void moift matter at his mouth after that it is once broken. The figneS be thefe; The Horfe will be heavie, and his eyes will run with water, and he will forfake his meat; andwhenhecougheth,hethruftethout his head, and reacheth with great pain at the firft, as though he had a dry Cough, untill the fleam be broken, and then he will cough more hollow, which is afigneof amendment. And therefore, according to Mmins experience, to the intent the fleam may break the fooner, it fhall be neceffary to keep him warm, by clothing him with a double cloth, and by littering him up to the belly with frefh ftraw, and then to give him this drink; Take of Barley one peck, and boyl it in two or three gallons of fair water, untflll the Barley begin to burft, and boyl therewith of bruifed Licoras, of Anife feeds or Raifins, of each one pound, then ftrain it, and to that liquor put of Hony a pinte, and a quartern of Sugarcandy, and keep it clofe in a potto ferve the Horfe therewith four fevecal mornings, and caft not away the fodden Barley with the reft oftheftrainings, but make it hot everyday to perfume the Horfe withal,being put in a bag aiidtied to his head, and if the Horfe will eat of it, it fhall do him the more good. And this perfuming in Winter fealon would be ufed about ten of the clock in the morning, when the Sun is offome height, to the intent the Horfe may be walked abroad, if theSun fhine, to exercife him moderately. And untill his Cough wear away, fail not to give him warm water, with a little ground Mault And m his Cough breaketh more and more, fo let his water every day be lefle warmed then other. Of the Cough, Of the inward and tvet Cough. slorfw -r.-,L i Cc 2 5f The Hiftory of Four-footed Heap. Of the dry Cough, '-"j-^His feemeth to come of fome groiTe and tough humor cleaving hard to the hollow places of X die Lungs which ftoppeth the winde-pipes, fo as the Horfe cannot eaiily draw his breath, and ifit continue, it will either grow to the Purfick, or elfe break his winde altogether. The figns be thefe ; He will cough both often, drily, and alfo vehemently ,without voiding at the nofe or mouth. The cure, according to Martinis in this fort ; Take a clofe earthen pot, and put therein three pintes of ihong Vinegar, and four Eggs, fhels and all unbroken, and four Garlick heads clean pilled and bruifec), and fet the pot being veryjclofe covered in fome warm dunghil,and there let it ftand a whole night ; and the next morning with your hand take out the Egges, which will be fo foft as filk, and lay them by untill you have itrained the Garlick and Vinegar through a fair cloth, then put to that liquor a quartern ofHony, and half a quartern of Sugarcandy, and two ounces of Licoras, and two ounces of Anife feeds,beaten all into fine powder And then the Horfe having fafted all the night before, in the morning betwixt feven and eight of the clock , open his mouth with a cord , and whorle therein one of the Egges, fo as he ma}/ fwallow it down, and then immediately powre in after a hornefull of the aforefaid drink, being firft made lukewarm, and caft in another Egge with another hornful of drink , and fo continue to do, untill he hath fwallowed up all the Egges, and drunk up all the drink ; and then bridle him, and cover him with warmer clothes then he had before, and bring him into the ftable, and there let him ftand on the bit, at the bare rack, well Blundevile. littered up to the belly, thefpace of two hours. Thenunbit him, and if it be in Winter, offer him a handfull of Wheaten ftraw ; if in Summer, give him grafTe, and let him eat no hay unlefs it be very well dulled and fprinkled with water, and give him not much thereof. And therefore you fhall need to give him the more provender, which alfo muft be well cleanfed of all filth and dull:, and give him no water the fpace of nine dayes. And if you perceive that the Cough doth not wear away, then if it be in Winter, purge him with thefe pils j Take of Lard two pound laid in water two hours, then take nothing but the clean fat thereof, and ftamp it in a morter, and thereto put of Licoras, of Anife feeds, ofFcnegreek, of each beaten into powder three ounces, of Aloes in powder two ounces, of Agarick one ounce : Knead thefe together like pafte, and make thereof fix bals as big as an Egge. Then the Horfe having fafted over night, give him the next morning thefe pils one after another, anointed with Hony and Oyl mingled together in a platter -and to the intent he may fwallow them down whether he will or not, when you have opened his mouth, catch hold of his tongue, and hold it faft while you whirle in one of the pils ; that done, thruft it into his throat with a rolling- pin, and then let his tongue go untill he hath fwallowed it down; then give him in like manner all the reft of the pils, and let him ftand on the bit warm clothed and littered, the fpace of three hours attheleaft, and after that give him a little wet hay, and warm water with a little ground mault in it to drink , and let him drink no other but warm water the fpace of a week. And now and then in a fair funny day, it (hall be good to trot him one hour abroad to breath him. Of the Freti^ed., broken And rotten Lungs, THis proceedeth, as Alforw and Iheommflus faith, either of an extreme Cough, or of vehement running, or leaping* or of over greedy drinking after great thirft, for the Lungs be inclofed in a very thin film or skin, and therefore eafie to be broken, which if it be not cured in time, doth grow to Apoftumation, and to corruption, oppreiling all the Lungs, which of old Authors is called Vomica , and Suppur at io. Butlheomneftuf faith, that broken Lungs, and rotten Lungs, be two divers difeafes, and have divers fignes, and divers cures. Thefignesof broken Lungs be thefe; the Horfe draweth his wind fhort,andby little at once, he will turn his head often toward the place grieved, and groanethin his breathing, he is afraid to cough, and yet cougheth as though he had eaten fmall bones. The fameTheomneftM healed a friends Horfe of his, whofe Lungs were fretized, or rather broken as he faith, by continual eating of Salt, with this manner of cure here following j Let the Horfe have quiet and reft, and then let him bloud in the hanches, where the veins appear moft : and give him to drink the fpace of feven dayes, Bar ley, or rather Oatesfodden in Goats milk; or if you can get no milk, boil it in water, and put therein fome thick collops of Lard and of Deers fewet, and let him drink that : and let his common drink in Winter feafon be the deco&ion of Wheat meal ; and in the Summer time, the decodion of Barley; and this as he faith will bind his Lungs again together. Vegetim utterly difalloweth letting of bloud in any fuch difeafe as this is,and all manner of (harp medicines, for fear of provoking the Cough, by means whereof the broken places can never heal perfectly. And therefore neither his medicines nor meat would be harfh, but fmooth, gentle and cooling. The bed medicine that may be given him at all times is this; Take of Fenegreck, and of Linfeed,of each half a pound, of Gum dragant, of Maftick, of Myrrhe, of Sugar, of Fitch flowre, of each one ounce. Let all thefe things be beaten into fine powder, and then infufed one whole night in a fufficient quantity of warm water, and the next day give him a quart of this luke- warm, putting thereunto two or three ounces of Oyl of Rofes, continuing fo to do many dayes together,and if the difeafe be new, this will heal him ; yea, and it will eafe him very much, although the difeafe be old, which is thought uncurable. And in Winter feafon fo long as he ftandech in the liable, Of the Horfe. ihble, ledum drink no cold water, and let his meat be clean without duft, but in Summer feafon it were belt to let him run to grafle; for fo long as he eateth grafle, a man fhall fcantly perceive this difeafe. Thus much of broken lungs. Of fHtrifed and rotten lungs, THefignes toknow whether a Horfes lungs be putrifiedor rotten, according to Theonneflut are thefe; The Horfe will eat and drink greedilyer then he was wont to do, he fhall be oftner vexed witha Cough, and in coughing he will caft little lumps of matter out of his mouth. Thecure whereof^according to 7 beomneftw, is thus; Give him to drink every morning, the fpace of feveri dayes,the juyce of Purflain mingled with Oil of Rofes, and add thereunto a little Tragagantum that hath been layed before in fteep in Goats milk, or elfe in Barley or Oaten milk, ftrained out of the Corn. When the Apoftume is broken, then a very ftrong vile and evill favour will come out of his Noltnls, : for remedy whereof, it fhall be good to give him the fpace of (even dayes this drink here following ; Take of the root called Coftus two ounces,and of Caiia or elfe of Cinnamon three ounces into fine powder 3 and a few Raifins, and give it him to drink with wine. But Vegetim would have himtobecuredinthisfortjandwithleffecoftlafTureyoy; Take of Frankinceiafe and Ariftoloch, of each two ounces , beaten into fine powder, and give him that with wine; or elfe takeofunburnc Brimftone two ounces,and of Ariftoloch one ounce and a half beaten into powder, and give him that with wine- And he would have you alfo to draw his breaft with a hot iron, to the intent the hu- mors may iflue forth outwardly. Of fhortnefs of breath. A Horfe may have fhortnefs of breath, by haft y running after drinking, or upon a full ftorftacfi, or by thedefcendingof humors unto histhroator lungs, after fome extreme heat diffolving the faid humors, which fo long as there is nothing broken, may in the beginning be eafily holpen. The fignes be thefe ; The Horfe will continually pant, and fetch his breath fhort, which will come very hot out at his nofe, and in his breathing he will Iquife in the nofe,and his flanks will beat thick : ; yea and fome cannot fetch their breath unleffe they hold their necks right out and ftraight, which difeafe is called of the old writers by the Greek^n&tnc Orthopnea. The cure; Let him bloud in the 1 neck, and give him this drink j Take of Wine and Oil, of each a pinte, of Frankincenfe half an ounce, and of the juice of Horehound half a pinte. It is good alfo to powre into his throat Hony, Butter and Hogs greafe moulten togetheu, and made lukewarm. Tibcrim faith, it is good to give httn whole Egges, (helsand all, fteeped and made foft in Vinegar ; that is to fay, the firft day three, the fecond day five, and the third day feven, and to powre Wine and oil into his noftrils. I for my part would take nothing but Annis feeds, Licoras,and Sugarcandy, beaten all into fine powder, give him that to drink, with Wine and Oil mingled together. Of the Purftek, THisisa fhortnefs of breath, and the Horfe that is fodifeafed is called of the Italians, Cavallo pulfivo, or £>•//», which I think is derived of the Latin word Vuljut, by changing V. into B, and I think differeth not much from him that hath broken lungs, called of Vegetim and other old writers Vulfitf, for fuch fhortnefs of breath comes either of the fame caUfes, or elfe much like, as aboundanceof groffe humors, cleaving hard to the hollow places of the Lungs, and flopping the windepipe*. And the winde being kept in, doth refort downward, as Rujjim faith, into the Horfes guts, and fo caufeth his flanks to beat continually without order; that is to fay, more fwiftly and higher up to the back, then the flanks of any Horfe that is found of winde. And if the difeafe be old, it is feldom or never cured ; and though I finde many medicines, prefcribed by divers Authors, few or none do content me, unlefs it be that of Vegetiut, recited before in the Chapter of broken Lungs. And if that prevaileth not, then I think it were not amiffe according to Kujjius to purge him with this drink here following ; Take of Maiden hair, of Ireos, of Afh, of Licoras, of Fenigreek, of slmdtvite Raifins, of each half an ounce, of Cardanum, of Pepper, of Bitter Almonds, of Baurach, of each two ounces, of Nettle feed, and of Ariftoloch, of each three ounces, boil them all together in a fufficient quantity of water, and in that decoction diffolve half an ounce of Agarick,and two ounces of Co- loquintida, together with two pound of Hony, and give him of this a pinte or a quart at divers times : and if it be too thick,make it thinner, by putting thereunto water wherein Licoras hath been fodden : and if need be, you may alfo draw both his flanks croffe-wife with a hot iron, to reftrain the beating of them, and alfo flit his Noftrils, togivehira more air. Andif it be in Summer, turn him to grafTc;ifinWinter,let him be kept warm, and give him now and then a little fodden wheat . Rnffliu would have it to be given him three dayes together, and alfo new fweet wine to drii>k,or elfe other good wine min gled with Licoras water. 2 9? Of The Htftoryof Four-footed IBeafts. Of a Confttmption. AConfumption is no other thing but an exulceration of the lungs, proceeding of fume fretting or gnawing humor, defcending out of the head into the lungs And I take it to be that difeaie which the old Writers are wont to call the dry Malady ; which perhaps fome would rather interpret to be the mourning of the chine], with whom I intend not to ftrive. Bat thus much I mull needs fay, that every Horfe having the mourning of the Chine , doth continually caft at the nofe, but in the dry Malady it is contrary. For all the Authors that write thereof affirm, that the Horfe avoideth nothing at the nofe. And the fignes. to know the dry Milady, according to their doftrine , be thefe : His flefh doth clean confume away, his belly is gaunt, and the skin thereof fo hard itretchcd, or rather (hrunkup, as if you ftrikeonbim with your hand it will found like a Taber, and he will be hollow backt, and forfake his meat, and though he eatethit, fas Abfynus faith) yet he doth not digeft it, nor profpereth not withal, he would cough and cannot but hicking- ly , as though he had eaten fmall bones. And this difeafeis judged of all the Authors to be in- curable. Notwirhftanding they fay, that it is good to purge his head with fuch perfumes as have been (hewed you before in the Chapter of the Glanders , and alfo to give him always Coleworts, chopt fmall with his provender. Some would have him to drink the warm bloud of fucking Pigs new flain ; and fome the juyce of Leeks , with 6yl and Wine mingled (together. Others praile Wine and Frankincenfe j fome, Oyl and Rue ; forne would have his body to be purged and fee to grafs. Of the Confimption of the Fhjb^ And how to make a lean Horfe fat. MAnin faith, that if a Horfe take a great cold after a heat, it will caufe !us flefh to waft, and his skin to wax hard and dry, and to cleave faft to his fides,and he (Via 11 have no appetite unto his meat, and the fillets of his back will fallaway,andallthefiefl-iofhisbuttock8,andof hisfhoul- ders will be confumed. The cure whereof is thus: Take two Sheeps 'heads unflead, boyl them in three gallons of Ale, or fair running water, until theflefhbe confumed from the bones, that done, ftrain it through a fine cloth, and then put thereunto of Sugar one pound, of Cinamon two ounces, of Conferveof Rofes, of Barberries, of Cherries, of each two ounces; and mingle them together, and give the Horfe every day in' the morning a quart thereof luke-warm , untill all be fpent: and after every time he drinketh, let him be walked up and down in the ftable, or elfe abroad if the weather be warm, and not windy, and let him neither eat nor drink in two hours after, and let him drink no cold water, but luke-warm, the fpace of fifteen days, and let him be fed by little and little, with fuch meat as the Horfe hath molt appetite unto. But if the Horfe benefh and tender, and fo wax lean without any apparent grief or difeafe , then the old Writers would have him to be fed now and then with parched Wheat, and alfo to drink Wine with his water, and eat continually Wheat- bran mingled with his provender^untill he wax ftrong; and he muft be often dreflfed andtrimmed, andlyfoft, withoutthe which things hismeatwilldo htm but jittle good. And his meat mult be fine and clean, and given often and by little at once. Ruflfas faith, that if a Horfe eating his meat with good appetite, doth not for all that profper , but is {till lean: then it is good to give him Sage, Savin, Bay-berries 9 Earth-nuts, and Boares-grcafe, to drink with Wine : or to give him the intrails of a Barbel or Tench , with white Wme. He faith alfo that fodden Beans mingled with Bran and Salt, will make a lean Horfe fat in veryfhort fpace. * Of grief to the Brcajl. Ljiurentius Rufftus writeth of a difeafe called in halian^Gravezzadi petto, which hath not been in experience amongftour Farriers, that lean learn. It comes, as Rufftus faith, of the fuper- fluity of bloud, or oiher humors diffolved by fome extream heat, and reforting down the breaft, paining the Horfe, fo as he cannot well go. The cure whereof accordingto huffim is thus : Let him bloud on both fides of the breaft in the accuftomed veins, and rowel him under the brealt , and twice a day turn the rowels with your hand, to move the humors that they may ifTue forth, and let him go fo roweled the fpace of fifteen days. of the fain in the Heart called Anticcr^that is to fay , contrary to the Heart, THis proceedethof abundance of ranck bloud bred with good feeding and over much reft s which bloud reforting to the inward parts doth fuffocate the heart, and many times caufsth fwellings to appear before the breft, which will grow upward to the neck , and then it kil- leth the Horfe. The fignes : The Horfe will hang down his head in the manger,forfaking his meat, and is not able to lift up his head. The cure according to Martin is thus : Let him bloud on both fides abundantly in the plat veins, and then give him this drink : Take a quart of Malm- lie, and put thereunto half a quartern of Sugar, and two ounces of Cinamon, and give it Of the Horfe. him luke-warm,then keep him warm in the (table, Huffing him well about the ftomach, that the wind offend him no manner of way j and give him warm water with mault always to drink, and give him fuch meat as he will eat. And if the iwelling do appear, then befides letting him bloud, ftrike the fwelling in divers places -with your fleam, that the corruption may go forth: and anoint the place with warm Hogs greafe, and that will either make it to wear away, or elfe to grow to a head, if it be covered and kept warm. Of tired Uorfes\ BEcaufe we are in hand here with the vital parts , and that when the Horfes be tired with over- much labour, their vital fpirits wax feeble, I think it beft to fpeakof them even here, hot with longdifcourfing, as Vegelim ufeth ; but briefly to fhewyou how to refrefh the poor Horfe, having need thereof, which is done chiefly by giving him reft, warmth and good feeding, as with warm mafhes and plenty of provender. And to quicken his fpirits, it fhall be geod to pour a little Oyl and Vinegar into his nolh ils, and to give him the drink of Sheeps heads recited before in the Chapter of Confumption of theflefh; yea, and alfo to bath his legs with this bath: Take of Mallows, of Sage, of each two or three handfuls, and of a Rofe-cake ; boil chefe things together, and being boyied,then put urtto it a good quantity of Butter ,or of Sallet-oyl. Or elfe make him this charge : Take of Bole Armony, and of Wheat-flowre,of each half a pound, and a little Rozen beaten into powder, and a quart of ftrong Vinegar, and mingle them together and cover all his legs there- with j and if it be Summer turn him to grafs. Of the difeafed parts under the Midriffs andprft of the Stomach. THe old Authors make mention of many dileafes incident to a Horfes ftomach, as loathing of meat, fpewingup his drink, furfetingof provender, the hungry evil, and fuch like, which few of our Farriers have obferved : and therefore I will briefly fpeak of as many as I think necefTary BluaievUe, to be known 3 andfirftofthe loathing of meat. 1 of the loktfihg of Meat, A Horfe may loath his meat through the intemperature 5 of his ftomach , as for that it is too hoc or too cold. If his ftomach be too hot, then moft commonly it will either inflame his mouth and make it to break out in blifters, yea and perhaps caufe fome Cancker to breed there. The cure of all which things hath been taught before. But if he forfake his meat only for very heat , which you fhall perceive by the hotnefs of his breath and mouth, then cool his ftomach by giving him cold water, mingled with a little Vinegar and Oyl to drink, or elfe give him this drink : Take of Milk,and of Wine, of each one pinte,and put thereunto three ounces of Mel Rofatum t and wafh all his mouth with Vinegar and Salt. If his ftomach be too coid, then his hair will ftare and ftand right up, which Abfyuus and others were wont to cure, by giving the Horfe good Wine and Oyl to drink, and fome would feethe in Wine Rew, or Sage ; fome would adde thereunto white Pepper and Myrrhe; fome would give him Onyons and Rocket-feed to drink with Wine : Again,there be other fome which pre- fcribe the bloud of a young Sow with old Wine. Abortus would have the Horfe to eat the green blades of Wheat, if the time of the year will ferveforit. Columella faith, that if a Horfe, or any other Beaft, do loath his meat, it is good to give him Wine , and the feed of Gith ; or elfe Wins and ftamptGarlick. / Of cajting out his Drink. VEgetim faith, that the Horfe may have fuch a Palfie proceeding of cold in his ftomach, as he is not able to keep his drink,but many times to caft it out again at his mouth. The remedy where- of is to let him bloud in the neck, and to give him Cordial drinks, that is to fay , made of hot and comfortable Spices ; and alfo to anoint all his breaft, and under his fhoulders with hot Oyls, and to purge his head, by blowing up into his noftrils, powders that provoke neezing, fuch as have been taught you before. ' . Of Sur feting with glut of Provender. THe glut of provender or other meat not digefted, doth caufe a Horfe to have great pain in his body, fo as he is not able to ftand on his feet, but lyeth down, and waltereth as though he had theBots. The cure whereof according to Martins experience, is in this fort : Let him bloud in the neck, then trot him up and down for the fpace of an hour- and if he cannot ftale, draw out his yard,and wafh it with a little white Wine luke-warm,and thruft into his yard either a bruifed clove of GarIick,or elfe a little oyl of Camomile, with a wax Candle. If he cannot dung,then rake his funda- ment, and give him this Glyfter : Take of Mallows two or three handfuls, and boil them in a pottle of fair running water ; and when the Mallows be fodden, then ftrain it, and put thereunto a quart of frefh Butter, and half a pinte of Oyl Olive • and having received this Glyfter, lead him up and down.-, ■ ^6 The Hiftory of Four-footed c £eap. ~~ down, untill he hath cmptyed his belly, then fet him up, and keep him hungry the fpace of three or four days, and the Hay that heeateth, let it be fprinkled with water,and let him drink water, wht re- in fhould be put a little Bran, and when he hath drunk, give him the Bran to eat, and give him little or no pro vender at all, for the fpacc of eight or ten days. Of another kmde of Surfeting with meat or drink 5 called of ns 9 t . Foundering in the body. THis difeafe is called of the old Writers in Greek,, Critbiafu ; \nLatine,Hordeatio\ it cometh as they fay , by eating of much provender fuddenly after labour,whileft the Horfe is hot and pant- ing, whereby his meat not being digefted, breedeth evill humors, which by little and little do fpread throughout his members, and at length do opprefs all his body, and do clean take away his ftrength, and make him in fuch a cafe, as he can neither go, nor bow his joynts, nor being laid, he is notable to rife again ; neither can he ftale, but with great pain. It may come alfo,as they fay ,of drinking coo much in travelling by the way when the Horfe is hot, but then it is not fo dangerous, as when it cometh of eating too much. But howfoeverit cometh, they fay all, that the humors will immediately refortdown into the Horfes legs, and feet, and make him to caft his hoofs: and therefore I muft needs judge it to be no other thing but a plain foundering; which word foundering is borrowed, as I take it, of the French word FunetH, that is to fay, molten. For foundering is a melting or difTolution of humors, which the Italians call Infufwne. Martin maketh divers kindes of foundering, as the foundering of the body, which the French men call moll commonly Morfundu ; and foundering in the legs and feet ; alio foun- dering before and behinde,which fome Authors do deny, as Mdgifier Maurus, and Uurcntius Ruftus, affirming that there are fewer humors behinde then before, and that they cannot eafily be diffolved or molten, being fo far diftant from the heart, and the other vital parts. Whereunto a man might anfwer, that the natural heat of the heart doth not caufe difTolution of humors, but fome unnatu- ral and accidental heat, fpred throughout all the members, which is dayly proved by good experi- ence. For we fee Horfes foundered not only before or behinde, but alfo of all four legs at once, which moft commonly chanceth either by taking cold fuddenly after a great heat; as by ftandmgftili upon fome cold pavement, or abroad iri the cold winde ; or elfe perhaps the Horfe travelling by the way, and being in a fweat, was fuffered tpftand in fome cold water whileft he did drink, which was worfe then his drinking : for in the mean time the cold entering at his feet, afcended upward, and congealed the humors which the heat before had dilTolved, and thereby when he cometh once to reft, hewaxech ftiffe and lame of his legs. But leaving to fpeak of foundering in the legs, as well before as behinde, untill we come to the griefs in the legs and feet ; we intend to talk here only of foundering in the body,according to Martins experience. The fignes to know if a Horfe be foundered in the body, bethefe: His hair will ftare, and he will be chill, and fhrug for cold, and forfake his meat, hanging down his head, and quiver after cold water ; and after two or three days he will be- gin to cough. The cure, according to Martin is thus : Firft, fcour his belly with the Glyfter laft mentioned, and then give him a comfortable drink made in this fort : Take of Malmfieaquart, of Sugar half a quartern, of Honey half a quartern, of Cinnamon half an ounce, of Licoras and Anife feeds, of each two fpoonfuls, beaten into fine powder, which being put into the Malmfie, warm them together at the fire, fo as the Honey may be molten , and then give it him luke-warm : that done,walk him up and down in the warm ftable the fpace of half an hour, and then let him ftand on the bit two or three hours without meat ; but let him be warm covered, and well littered ; and give him Hay fprintled with a little water, and clean lifted provender by a little at once ; and let his wa- ter be warmed with a little ground Malt therein. And if you fee him fomewhat cheered , then let him bloud in the neck, and alfo perfume him once a day with a little Frankincenfe ; and ufe to walk him abroad, when the weather is fair and not windy,or elfe in the houfe,if the weather be foul : and by thus ufing him you fhall quickly recover him. Of the Hungry EviB. THis is a very great defire to eat, following fome great emptinefs,or lack of meat, and it is called of the old Authors by the Gree\mme Bulimas y which is as much to fay, as a great hunger pro- ceeding, as the Phyfitians fay, at the firft of fome extream outward cold , taken by long travelling in cold barren places, and efpecially where Snow aboundeth, which outward coldcaufeth the fto- mach to be cold s and the inward powers to be feeble. The cure according to /ibfirtus and Hiero- cles, is in the beginning to comfort the Horfes ftomach, by giving him Bread fopt in Wine. And if you be in a place of reft, to give him Wheat-flowre and Wine to drink; or to make him Cakes or Bals of Flowre and Wine kneaded together, and to feed him with that; or with Wine and Nuts of Pine trees. Hierodes faith, if any fuch thing chance by the way whereas no flowre is ro be had, then it (hall bebeft to give him Wine and earth wrought together, either to drink, or elletoeat in Bals. ol Of the Horfe. Of the D/feafe in the Liver. A LI the old Authors fpeak much of the pain in the liver, but none of them do declare whereof it cometh, or by what means, faving that Hippocrates faith, thatfome Horfes get it by violent running upon fome ftony or hard ground. I for my part think that the liver of a Horfe is lubjed to as many difeafes as the liver of a man, and therefore may be pained diverfly. As fometime by the intemperatenefs of the fame, as for that it is perhaps too hot, or too cold, too moitt, or too dry: fometimes by means of evill humors, as choler, or flegm abounding in the fame, according as the liver is either hot or cold: for heat breedeth choler, and cold, flegm, by means of which intempe- rature proceedeth all the weaknefs of the liver. It may be pained alfo fometime by obftrudion and flopping, and fometime by hard knobs, inflamation, Apoftume, or Ulcer bred therein, fometime by Confumption of the fubltance thereof. The fignes of heat and hot humors, be thefe ; loathing of meat, great thirft, and loofenefs of belly , voiding dang of ftrong fent, and leannefs of body. The fignes of cold, and cold humors be thefe : appetite to meat without thirft, a belly neither continu- ally loofe nor ttiptike, but between times, no ftrong fent of dung, nor leannefs of body, by which kindeof fignes, both firft and laft mentioned, and fuch like } the weaknefs and grief of the liver is alfo to be learned and fought out. Obftrudion or flopping moft commonly char.ceth by travelling or labouring upon a full ftomach, whereby the meat not being perfc d ly digefted, breedeth grofs and tough humors, which humors by vehemency of the labour, are alfo driven violently into the imall veins, whereby the liver {hould receive good nutriment, and fo breedeth obftrudion and flop- ping. The fignes whereof in mans body is heavinefs and diftenfion, or fwelling, with fome grief in the right fide under the lhort ribs, and efpecially when he laboureth immediately after meat, which things I believe if it were diligently obferved, were eafie enough to flnde in a Horfe, by his heavy going at his fetting forth, and often turning his head to the fide grieved. Of an old obftrudion, and efpecially if the humors be cholerick, breedeth many times a hard knob on the liver, called of the Phyfitians Schirrus, which in mans body may be felt, if the body be not over fat : and it is more eafie for him to ly on the right fide than on the left, becaufe that lying on tbe left fide, the weight of the knob would opprefs the ftomach and vital parts very fore, by which fignes methinks a di- ligent Farrier may learn 5 whether a Horfe hath any fuch difeafe or not. The inflamation of the liver cometh by means that the bloud either through the abundance, thinnefs,boyling heat, or fharpnefs thereof j or elfe through the violence of fome outward caufe, breaketh out of the veins, and flow- ethinto the body of the liver, and there being out of his proper veflels doth immediately putrifie and is inflamed, and therewith corrupteth fo much flefhy fubltance of the liver as is imbrewed with- all ; aud therefore for the moft part, the hollow fide of the liver is confumed : yea, and fometime the full fide. This hot bloudy matter then is properly called an Inflamation 1 , which by natural heat i$ after- ward turned into a plain corruption, and then it is called an Impoftume, which if it break out and run, then it is called an Ulcer, or filthy fore : Thus you fee, of one evill fountain may fpring di- vers griefs, requiring divers cures. And though none of mine Authors, nor any other Farrier that I know have waded thus far,- yet I thought good by writing thus much, to give fuch"Farriers as be wife, difcreet and diligent, occafion to leek for more knowledge and underftanding then is taught them ; and me thinks that it is a great fhame, that the Farriers of this age (hould not k now much more than the Farriers of old time, fith that befides that the old men9 knowledge is not hidden from them, they have alfo their own experience; and time alfo bringeth everyday new things to light. But now to proceed in difcoui fing of the liver according to the Phyfitians dodrine as I have begun j I fay then of an inflamation in the hollow fide of the liver, the fignes be thefe : loathing of meat, great thirft, loofenefs of belly, eafie lying on the right fide, and painful lying on the left. But if the inflamation be on the full fide or fwelling fide of the liver, then the patient is troubled with difficulty of breathing, with a dry cough and grievous pain , pulling and twitching the winde-ptpe, andtoly upon the right fide is more painful than the left, and the fwelling may be felt with a mans hand. Bui -you muft underftand by the way, that all thefe things laft mentioned be the fignes of fome great in- flamation, for fmall inflamations have no fuch fignes, but are to be judged only by grief under the lhort ribs and fetching of the breath. The fignes of Apoflumation is painful and great heat. The fignes of Ulcerations is decreafe' of the heat with feeblcnefs and fainting. For the filthy matter flowing abroad with evill vapours cor- rupteth the heart, and many times caufeth death. The fignes of the Confumptionof the liver, fhallbe declared in the next Chapter ; and as for the curing of all other difeafes before mentioned, experience muft firft teach it ere lean write it. Notwithstanding, I cannot think but that fuch things as are good to heal the like difeafes in Mans body, are alfo good for a Horfe ; for his liver is like in fubltance and (hape to a mans liver, differing in nothing but only in greatnefs. And therefore I would wi(h you to learn at the Phyfitians hands, who I am fure firft , a9 touching the weaknefs of the liver, proceeding of the untemperatenefs thereof, will bid you to heal every fuch witenftprfrace- nefs by his contrary ; that is to fay, heat by cold, and drinefs by moifture : and fo contrary : And therefore it fhallbe very neceffary for you to learn the qualities, natures, and vertues of hearbs, drugs, and all other fimples, and how to apply them in time. And for to heal the obftrufticm of the liver, they will counfel you perhaps to make the Horfe drinks of fuch ftmple*as thefe The Hiftory of Four- footed "BeaUs. be, Agrimony j Fumitory, Camomile, Wormwood , Licoras, Anife feeds, Smallage , Parfly, Spikenard, Gentian, Succory, Endive, Sperage, Lupines, the vertues whereof you fhall learn in the Herbals : but amongft all fimples, there is none more praifed than the liver of a Woolf beaten into powder, and mingled in any medicine that is made for any difeafe in the liver. The cure of an inflamationconfifteth in letting bloud, and in bathing , or fomenting the fore place with fuch herbs andOyls, as may mollifie and difperfe humors abroad, wherewith fome fim- ples that be aftringent would be always mingled : yea;, and in all other medicines that be applyed to the liver, for any manner of difeafes. Simples that mollifie and difperfe be thefe : Linfeed,Fe- nigreek, Camomile, Anife feeds, Melliot ; and fuch like things. Simples aftringent be thefe : Red Rofe leaves, Bramble leaves, Wormwood, Plantain, Myrrhe,Maftick, Stirax, and fuch like. Apo- itumes.are to be ripened and voided. Ulcers muft be cleanfed, and fcowred downward, either by the belly, or by urine.- and therefore the ufe of fuch fimples as provoke urine in fuch cafe isneceffary. The old Writers of Horfe-leech-craft do fay, that when a Horfe is grieved in his liver, hewillfor- fake his meat, and his body will wafte, his mouth will be dry , his tongue rough and harfh: yea, and it will fmell, and he will refufe to ly on that fide where his grief is. The cure whereof accord- ing to Abfyrtus is in this fort : Let him drink ftampt Ireos with Wine allayed with water. He praifeth alio an herb much like unto Calamint ; called of Fliny, Poljmoria • or let him drink Savory with Wine andOyl. Ithinkthat Agrimony or Liver-wort is as good as the beft of them. Abfyrtus would have his body to be chafed with Wine and Oyl mixt together j and to be well littered that he may ly fofc : and his provender that fhould be given him to be iteeped flrft in warm water: and now and then fome Wtrum to be put into his drink. of the Ccnfuwpion in the Liver, I Believe that no inward member of a Horfe doth fufferfo much as the lungs and liver, and thst not fo much by continual, as by unordinate, and untimely travail) labour, and exercife, whereby either the Horfes lungs, or his liver do moft commonly perifh, and is confumed : yea, and fome- time both. Of the Confumption of the lungs, we have talked fufficiently before : therefore lec us fhew you here the caufes whereof the Confumption of the liver proceedeth. The Phyfitians fay, that it may come of any humor, but chiefly and moft commonly of cholerick matter, fhed throughout the fubftanceof the liver, which putrifying by little and little, and leifurely, doth at length corrupt and perifh all the fubftance of the liver , which thing in mans body doth firft proceed, as the Phyfitians fay, either by eating corrupt meats, orelfeby continual drinking of fweet Wines. But me thinks that the Confumption of a Horfes liver, fhould come by fome extreme heat, in- flaming the bloud, which afterward being putrified, doth corrupt and exulcerate the fubftance of the liver. For after inflamation, as I faid before, cometh Apoftumation, and Exulceration, which is very hard to cure, becaufe the fubftance of the liver is fpongeous like unto the lungs. Andwhileft the liver is fo corrupted, there can be no good digeftion , for lack whereof the body receiveth no good nutriment, and therefore muft needs alfo languifh and confume. The fignes according to Mar- tin be thefe : . The Horfe will forfake his meat, and will ftand ftretching himfelf in length, and never covet to lydown; and his breath will be fo ftrong, as no man can abide it, and he will continually caft yellowifh matter at the one noftril, or elfeat both, according as one or both fides of the liver is corrupted; and on that fide that he cafteth moft, he will have under his jaw » even about the midft thereof, a knob or kernel as much as a Walnut, which when Martin findeth, he committeth his car- kafe to the Crows, taking him to be paftcure. But if he were let bloud in time, and had fuch drinks given him, as are good to comfort and ftrengthen the liver,'he thinkech that the Horfe might be recovered. I never read any medicine for the wafting of the liver, as I remember, but this only diet, which I found in an old Englijh Book : Let him drink for the fpace of three days no other thing but warm wort ; and let him eat no other meat but Oats baked in an Oven, and let him ftand meatlefs the firft night before you give him the wort : But I think it were not am ifs to put into the wort that he drinketh every morning fome good confeftion or powder made of Agrimony, red Rofe leaves, Saccbarum ^ Rofaceum, Viarchadon, Abbaxit, Viafantalon, Licoras, and of the liver of a Wolf, and fuch other fimples as do comfort and ftrengthen the liver? or elfe to give him the fame things with Goats milk luke-warm. Of the difeafes in the Gall. IN my opinion the gall of a Horfe is fubjed: to divers difeafes, as well as the gall of a Man, as to obftru&ion, whereof cometh the fulnefs and emptinefs of the bladder, andlikewifetheftone in the gall. But obftru&ion may chance two manner of ways: Firft, when the way, whereby the choler fhould proceed from the liver unto the bladder of the gall as unto his receptacle, is flop- ped, and thereby the bladder remaineth empty, whereof may fpring divers evill accidents: as vo- miting , the Lax or Bloudy flix. Secondly, when the way whereby fuch choler fhould iffue forth of the bladder of the gall down into the guts is (hut up, whereby the bladder is over full and abound- eth with two much choler,which caufet h heavinefs/uffocatio^bekhing^hcat, thirft, and difpofitiori to 298 Of the Horfe, to angrynei.!.. The fignes of both kindes of obftruction in the gall is coffn-vcnels and yellowifhnefs of skin infected with the yellow Jaundife. The ftonein the gall, which is fomewhac blackifh, pro- ceedethof the obitrudion of the conduits of the bladder, whereby the choler being long kept in, waxeth dry,»nd turnecli at length to hard' gravel or ftones, whereof becaufe there is neither fignes nor any grievous accident known to the Phyfitians, I leave to talk any farther thereof, and the rather for thatnoneof mine Authors domakeany mentionof the gall at all. Notwithftanding to give f'-me light to the learned Farriers, and that they may the better underftand the inward puts of aHorle; I thought good to write thus much, thinking it no time loft while I may profit them any way. Of the dfeafes in the Spleen. T He Spleen, as I have faid before in many places, is the receptacle of melancholy, and of the dregsof bloud, and is fubjed to the like difeafes that the Liver is, that is to fay; to fwejlmg, ©bltruction, hard knobs, and inflamation \ for thefubftanceof the Spleen is fpongeous, and there- fore apt to luck in all filth, and to dilate it felf ; wherefore being full it muft needs fwell, which will appear in the left fide under the fhort ribs ; and fuch fwellingcaufeth alfo (horcnefs of breath, and efpecially when the body doth labour or travel It is painful alfo to Iy on the right fide, becaufe the Spleen being fwolnfo oppreffeth themidriffe, and efpecially when the ftomach is full of meat, and the patient hath worfe digeftion then appetite, and is troubled with much winde, both upward and downward. Moreover the vapour of thehumor doth offend the heart, making it faint, and caufeth all the body to be heavy and dull $ and if fuch fwelling be fuffered to go uncured , then if it be a melancholy humor, and abounding over-much , it waxeth every day thicker and thicker, caufing obftrudiun not only in the veins & arteries,which is to be perceived by heavinefs and grief on the left fide, but alfo in the Spleen it felf;- whereas by vertueoftheheatitis hardned every day more and more, and fo by little and little waxeth to a hard knob, which doth not only occupy all the fubftance of theSpleen, but alfo many times all the left fide of thewomb, and thereby maketh the evill acci- dents or griefs before recited much more than they were. Now as touching the inflamation of the Spleen which chanceth very feldom ; for fo much as every inflamation pfoceedeth of pure bloud , which feldom entereth into the Spleen-. Ifhall not need to make many words, but refer you over to the Chapter of the Liver, for in fuch cafe they differ not, but proceeding oflikecaufe, have alfo like fignes, and do require like eure. The old Writers fay, that Horfes be often grieved with grief in the Spleen,and fpecially in Summer feafon with gree- dy eating of fweet green meats, acid they call thofe Horfes Lienoftt ; that is to fay, Spleenetick. The fignes whereof (fay they) are thefe, hard fwelling on the left fide, fhort breath, often groning, and greedy appetite to meat. The remedy whereof according to Abfyrtus istomake t 'a Horfe to fweat once a day during a certain time, by riding him, or othtfrwife travelling him, and to pour in- to his left noftrihevery day the juyce of Mirabolans mingled with Wine and Water, amounting in all to the quantity of a pinte. But me thinks it would do him rrfore good, if he drank it as Hieroclej would have him to do. Eumeliuf praifeth this drink : Take oT-C9mmin feed and of Honey, of each fix ounces,and of Laferpitiuttt as much as a Bean,of Vinegar a pinte^ and put all thefe into three quarts of water, and let it ftandfo all night,and the next morning give the Horfe thereof to drink, being kept over night failing. "Iheomneftus praifeth the decodion of Capers, efpecially if the bark of the root thereof may be gotten fodden in water to a fyrup. Or clfe make him a drink of Garjick , M- trum, Hore-hound, and Wormwood, fodden in harfh Wine : and he would have the left fide to be bathed in warm water, and to be hard rubbed. And if all this will not help, then to give him the fire, which Abjyrtus doth not allow, faying the Spleen lyeth fo , as it cannot eafily be fired, to do him any good. But for fo much as the Liver and Spleen are members much occupied in the ingendring and feparatingof humors, many evill accidents and griefs do take their firft be- ginning of them, as the Jaundife, called in a Horfe, the yellows, drinefs of body, and Confampri- on of theflefh, without any apparent caufe why, which the Phyfitians call Atrophia; alfo evill habit of the body, called of them Cachexia, andtheDropfie. But rirft we will fpeakof the Jaun- dife or Yellows. Of the Yellows, THe Phyfitians in a mans body do make two kindes of Jaundife t that & to fay, the Yellow. pro- ceeding of choler difperfed throughout the whole body, and dying the skin yellow; and the Black, proceeding of melancholy, difperfed likewife throughout the whole body, and making all the skin black. And as the yellow Jaundife cometh for the moft part, either by ob.ftrudion or flop- ping of the conduits belonging to the bladder of the gall, which fas I faid before) is the receptacle* of choler; or by fome inflamation of the Liver ,whereby the bloud is converted into choler, andfo fpreadeth throughout the body : even fo the black Jaundife cometh by mean of fome obftrudion in the Liver-vein, that goeth to the Spleen, not fuffering the Spleen to dp his office, in receiving the dregs of the bloud from the Liver, wherein they abound too much ; or elfe for that the Spleen is already too full of dregs, and fo fheddeth them back again into the veins. But as for the black Jaundife^ they have not been ebferved to be in Horfes as in Men,by any of our Farriers in thefe days 299 The Hiftoryof Four-footed 'Beap. chat I can learn. And yet the old {Writers of Horfe-leech-crafc , j$o feem to make two kindes of jaundife called of them Cholera, that is to fay, the dry choler,and alfo the moift choler. The fignes of the dry choler, as Abfyms faith, is great heat in the body, and coftivenefs of the belly, whereof it is faid to be dry. Moreover, the Horfe will not eovet to ly down, becaufe he is fo pained in his body, and his mouth will be hot and dry. Ic comedi,ashefaith, by obftrudionof the conduit, whereby the choler ftiould refort into the bladder of the gall, and by obftrudion alfo of the urine vefTels, fo as he cannot ftale. The cure ac- cording to his experience, is to give him a Glyfter made of Oyl, Water and Nittum, and to give him no provender, before that you have raked his fundament, and to pour thedecodion of Mal- lows mingled with fweet Wine into his noftrils, and let his meat be grafs, or elfe fweet Hay fprinkled with Nitre and Water ; and he muft reft from labour, and be often rubbed. Hisrocles would have him to drink the decoction of wilde Coleworts fodden in Wine. Again of the moift choler of Jaun- dife, thefe are the fignes : The Horfes eyes will look yellow, and his noftrils will open wide ; his ears and his flancks will lweat, and his ftale will be yellow and cholerick ; and he will grone when he ly- eth down ; which difeafe the faid Abfyrtut was wont to heal, as he faith, by giving the Horfe a drink made of Thyme and Cumin, of each like quantity ftampt together ^ and mingled with Wine,Honey, and Water, and alfo by letting him bloud in the patterns. This laft difeafe feemeth to differ nothing at all from that which our Farriers call the Yellows. The fignes whereof, according to Martin^ be thefe : The Horfe will be faint, and fweat as he ftandeth in the ftable, and forfake his meat : and his eyes, and the infide of his lips and all his mouth within will be yellow. The cure whereof accord- ing to him is in this fort: Let him bloud in the neck-vein, a good quantity, and then give him this drink: Take of white Wine, of Ale a quart, and put thereunto of Saffron , Turmerick, of each half an ounce.and the juyce that is wrung out of a handful of Celandine, and being luke-warm, give it the Horfe to drink, and keep him warm the fpace of three or four days, giving him warm wa- ter with a little Bran in it. THe Yellows is a general difeafe in Horfes, and differ nothing from the yellow Jaundife in men : It is mortal, and many Horfes die thereof : the fignes to know it is thus • pull down the lids of the Horfeseyes, and the white of the eye will be yellow, theinfideof his lips will be yellow, and gums ; the cure followeth : Firft, let him bloud in the palat of his mouth, that he may fuck up the fame, then give him this drink : Take of ftrong Ale a quart, of the green ordure of Geefe ftrainedj three or four fpoonfuls, of the jjryce of Celandine as much, of Saffron half an ounce - mix thefe to- gether, and being warm, give it the Horfe to drink. Elmdevile. A S" touching the drinefs and Cpnfumption of the flefti, without any apparent caufe why, artled XJL of the Phyfitians as I faid before Atrophia ; I know not what to fay more then I have already before in the Chapter of Confumntion,of theflefh, and therefore refort thither. And as for the evill habit of the body, which is to be evill coloured, heavy, dull, and of no force, ftrength, nor live- linefs, cometh not for lack of nutriment, but for Jack of good nutriment, for that the bloud is cor- rupted with flegm, choler, or melancholy, proceeding either from the Spleen>or elfe through weak- nefsof the ftomach or liver, caufing evill digeftion, or it may come by foul feeding: yea, and alfo for lack of moderate exercife. The Evill habit ef the body, is next coufen to the Dropfie, whereof though our Farriers have had no experience, yet becaufe mine old Authors writing of Horfe-leech- craft do fpeak much thereof : I think it good here briefly to fhew you their experience therein,that is to fay,how to know it,and alfo how to cure it. But firh none of them do fhew the caufe whereof it proceeds ; I think it meet firft therefore to declare unto you the caufes thereof, according to the do- ctrine of the learned Phyfitians, which in mans body do make three kindes of Dropfies, calling the firft Ana/area, the fecond Afcites, and the third Timpanix. Anafarca, is an univerfal fwelling of the body through the abundance of the water, lying betwixt the skin and the flefh, and differeth not from the difeafe laft mentioned, called Ctfciewtf, that is to fay* Evill habit of the bJoud , faving that the body is more fwoln in this then in Cachexia, albeit they proceed both of like caufes.as of coldnefs and weaknefs of the liver, or by means that the heart, fpleen, ftomach,and other members ferving to digeftion, be grieved or difeafed. Afcites is a fwelling in the covering of the belly, called of the Phy- fitians Abdomen, comprehending both the skin, the fat, eight mufcles, and the film or panicle called Teritoneum, through the abundance of fomewhayifti humor entred into the fame, which befides the caufes before alleadged, proceedeth moft chiefly by means that fome of the veffels within be broken or rather cracked, out of the which, though the bloud being fomewhat grofs cannot ifTue forth, yet the whayifh humor being fubtil, may runout into the belly, like water diftilling through a crack- ed pot. Tm?aniat> called of us commonly the Timpany, is a fwelling of the aforefaid covering of the belly, through the abundance of winde entred into the fame, which winde is ingendered of crudity and evill digeftion, and whileft it aboundeth in the ftomach, or other intrails finding no ifTue out, it breaketh in violently through the fmall conduits among the panicles of the aforefaid covering, Of the Yellows. not Of the Horfe. not without great pain to the patient, and fo by toiling to and fro,windeth at length into die ipacc of the covering it lelf. But furely'fuch winde cannot be altogether void of moifture. Notwithitanding, the body fwelleth not fo much with this kinde of Dropfie as with the other kinde called Afcitts. The fignes of the Dropfie is fhortnefs of breath, fwelling of the body, evill colour, lothing of meat, and great defire to drink,efpecially in the Dropfie called /Ileiti s • in which alfo the belly will found like a bottle half full of water : but in the Tim pany it will found like a Ta- ber. But now though mine Authors make not fo many kindes of Di oplies, yet they fay all gene-* rally, that a Horfe is much fubject to the Dropfie. The fignes according to Abfanui and Hicrccles, be thele: His belly, legs, and ftones, will be fwoln j but his back, buttocks, and flancks, willbedryed and (hrunk up to the very bones. Moreover the veins of his face and temples, and alfo the veins under his tongue will be fo hidden, as you cannot fee them; and if you thrult your finger hard againfthis body, you (hall leave the print thereof behinde, for the flefh lacking natural heat will not return again to his place , and when the Horfe lyeth down he fpreadeih himfelf abroad , not being able to lie round toge- ther on his belly; and the hair of his back by rubbing will fall away. Pehgonius in (hewing the fignes of the Dropfie, not much differing from the Phyfitians firft recited, feemeth to make two kindes thereof , calling the one the I impany , which for difference fake maybe called in En^lijb the Winde Dropfie, and the other the Water Dropfie. Notwithitanding both have one cure , fo far as I can perceive , which is in this fort : Let him be warm covered , and walked a good while together in the Sun to provoke fweat , and let all his body be well and often rubbed alongft the hair, andlethim feed upon Coleworts, Smalla'ge, 'and Elming boughs, and on all other things that may loofen the belly , or provoke urine; and let his common meat be grafs if it may begotten, if not, then Hay fprinkled with Water and Nitrnm. It is good alfo to give him a kinde of Pulfe called Cich, fteeped a day and a night in water, and then taken out , and laid fo as the water may drop away from it. Tehgomus would have him to drink Parfly ftamptwith Wine, or the root of the herb called in Latine, Panax , with Wine. But if the fwelling of the belly will not decreafe for all this, then flit a little hole under his belly a handful behinde the navil, and put into that hole a hollow reed or fome other pipe, that the water or winde may go out, not all at once, but by little and little at divers times, and beware that you make not the hole over wide, left the kali of the belly fall down thereunto; and when all the water is clean run out, then heal up the wound as you do all other wounds, and let the Horfe drink as little as is pofhble. Of the Evil habit of the Stomach. TF your Horfe either by inward ficknefs, or by prefent furfeit, grow to a loath of his meat, or Marty m. X by weaknefs of his ftomach caft xip his meat and drink ; this (hall be the cure for the fame : Firft, in all the drink he drinks, let him have the powder of hot Spices; as namely, of Ginger, Anife feed$, Licoras, Cinamon, and Pepper ; then blow up into his noftnls the powder of Tobacco to oc- cafion him to neefe, inftantly after he hath eaten any meat, for an hour together after, let one ftand by him, and hold at his nofe a piece of fowre leaven fteept in Vinegar, then anoint all his breaft over with the Oyl of Ginnuper and Pepper niijtt together. 3OI Of the difeafes of the Guts of a. Horfe, and firft of the Colick. THe guts of a Horfe may be difeafed with divers griefs, as with the Colick, with Coftivenefs, &!undevilt> with the Lax, with the Bloudy flux and Worms. The Colick is a grievous pain in the great gut, called of the Phyfitians Co/0/2, whereof this difeafe taktth his name, which gut, became it is very large and ample, and full of corners, it is apt to receive divers matters, and fo becometh fub- jeft to divers griefs. For fometime it is tormented with the abundance of grofs humors gotten betwixt the panicle of the faid gut, and fometime with winde having no iifue out, fometime with inflammation 5 and fometime with (harp fretting humors. But fo far as lean learn, a Horfe is moft commonly troubled with the Colick that cometh of winde, and therefore our Farri- ers do tearm it the winde Colick. The fignes whereof be thefe : The Horfe will forfake his meat, andlie down and wallow and waiter upon the ground, and (landing on his feet he will ftamp for very pain with his fore-feet, and ftrike on his belly with his hinder foot, and look often towards his belly, which alfo towards his flancks will fwell, and feem greater to the eye then it was wont to be. The cure whereof according to Martin, is in this fort : Take a quart of Malmfie,ofCloves,Pep- ger, Cinamon,of each half an ounce, of Sugar half a quartern, and give it the Horfe luke-warm, and anoint his flancks with Oyl of Bay, and then bridle him and trot him immediately up and down the fpaceof an hour, until he dung, and if he will not dung, then rake him,- and if need be provoke him to dung, by putting into his fundament an Onyon pilled and jagged with a knife crofs-wife, fo as the juyce thereof may tickle his fundament ; and for the fpaceof three or four days let him drink no cold water, and let him be kept warm. RuJJius was wont to ufe this kinde of cure: Take a good big reed afpan long or more, and being anointed with Oyl , thruft it into the Horfe* fundament, faftning the outward end thereof unto his tail, fo as it cannot flip out,and then having D d firft The Hiftory of Four-footed Beajis. firft anointed and dialed all the Horfes belly with fome hot Oyl, caufe him to be nddcn haftily^up and down fome hilly ground, and that will make him to void thewinde out of his belly through the reed: which done, let himbe kept warm and fed with good provender, and warm mafhes made of Wheat-meal, and Fennel feed, and let him drink no cold water until he be whole. Abfptia would have you to give him a Glyfter made of wilde Cowcumber, or elfe of Hens dung, Nitrum, and ftrong Wine. Of Copvenejs, or Bellybowd. COftivenefs is when a Horfe is bound in the belly and cannot dung, which may come by glut of provender, or overmuch feeding and reft, whereof we have talked fufficient before, alio by winde, grofs humors, or cold caufing obflru&ion, and (topping in the guts. The cure whereof,ac- cordingtoMdrtw,isinthisfort; TakeofthedecottionofMallowsaquart, and put thereunto half a pinteof Oyl, or in ftead thereof, half apinteof frefh Butter, and one ounce of BemdiUe laxa- tive, and pour that into his fundament with a little Horn meet for the purpofe, that done, clap his tail to his fundament, holding it ftill with your hand, whileft another doth lead him in his hand, and trot him up and down, that the medicine may work the better, and having voided all that in his belly, bring him unto the ftable, and there let him ftand a while on the bit well covered, and warm littered, and then give him a little Hay, and let his drink be warmed ; it fhall not be amifs alfo to give him that night a warm mafh. Of the Lax. THe Italians call this difeafe Ragiatura, and the Horfe that hath this difeafe Cavatio Arragiato> or Sjorato. It may come through the abundance of cholerick humors defcending from the liver or gall, down to the guts. But Kuffius faith , that it cometh moil commonly by drinking overmuch cold water immediately after provender,or by fudden travelling upon a full ftomach, before his meat be digefted, or by hafty running, or galloping immediately after water. If this difeafe continue long, it will make the Horfe very weak and feeble, fo as he fhall not be able to ftand on his legs. Notwithftanding, fith nature feeling her felf oppreffed , endevoureth thus to eafe her felf by expelling thofe humors that grieve her , I would not wifh you fuddenly to flop it , left fome worfe inconvenience grow thereof. But if you fee that the Horfe loofeth his flefh, and waxeth more dull and feeble then he was wont to be; then give him this drink often experimented by Marlin t and that fhall flop him: Take of Bean-flowre, and of Bole Armony, of each a quartern j mingle thefe things together in a quart of red Wine, and give it him luke-warm, and let him reft and be kept warm, and let him drink no cold drink but luke-warm, and put therein a little Bean- flowre, and let him not drink but once a day, and then not over-much, for the fpaceof three or four days. i r * vi"-'-»-i >•, > 'gdj ah if.cn tf&ftMii 49 MGUi r'"*V - ■""yp'j ' n f iffl*BBfT-* gM' J - of the Bhftdyflux. ITfeemeth by the old Writers,that a Horfe is alfo fubjed to the Bloudy Mux. For Abfyrtus,Hierocks t and Democritus ,fay all with one voyce,that the guts of a Horfe may be fo exulcerated, that he will void bloudy matter at his fundament, yea and his fundament therewith will fall out , which difeafe they call Vyftnteria, which is as much to fay, as a painful exulceration of the guts,' under the which the old men as it feemeth by the words of Hierccles, zn&Abjyms, would comprehend the difeafe called of the Phyfitians 7>w<*/rw dung dryed and mingled with Salt.Wine, and Ammoniacum to drink, fome Hogs dung only with Wine, and fome the dregs of Hoj-fe-pifs with Wine, and many other medicines which I leave to rehearfe, for fear of being too tedious, and efpecially, fith Martins experience doth follow here at hand - agreeing in all points with Laurcntius Kujfius cure, winch is in this fort : Firft, draw out his yard, and wafh it well in white Wine, and fcour it well, becaufe it will be many times flopped with dtirt and other baggage together, and hardned like a ftone; aqd then put a little Oyl of Camomile into the conduit, with a wax Candle and a bruifed clove of Garhck , and that will provoke him to Hale. And if that will not help : Take of Paf- fley twohandfuis, of Coriander one handful, ftamp them and ftrain them with a quart of white Wme, and difiblve therein one ounce of Cake-fope, and give it luke-warm unto the Horfe to drink, and keep him as warm as may be ; and let him drink no cold water for the (pace of five or fix days; and when you would have him to ftale, let it be either upon plenty of ftraw , or upon fome green plot, orelfe in aSheepscot, the favour whereof will greatly provoke him to ftale, as hath been aforcfaid. 1 Of Piling B loud. PElagonius faith.,- that if a Horfe be over-much laboured, or over-charged with heavy burthen, or over fat, he will many times pifs bloud, and the rather as I think, for that fome vein is broken within the Horfes body , and then deer bloud will come forth many times, as the Phyfi- tians fay, without any pifs at all. But if the bloud be perfectly mingled together with his ftale, then itisafignethat it comet h from theKidnies, having fome ftone therein, which through ve- hement labour, doth fret the kidnies and. veins thereof, and fo caufe them to bleed, through which while the urine pafleth, muft needs be infeded and dyed with the bloud. It may come alfo by fome ftripe, or from themufcle that indofeth the neck of the bladder. The cure according to Pela- gonius, Abfyrtuf, Hierocles 3 and the reft, is thus : Let the Horfe bloud in the palate of themouth,to convert the bloud the contrary way ; then take of Traga{£mt that hath been fteeped in Wine, half an ounce, and of Poppy feed one dram and one fcruple, and of Stirax as much, and twelve Pine- apple-kernels ; let all thefe things be beaten and mingled well together, and give the Horfe thereof every morning, the fpace of feven days, the quantity of a Hafel-nut diftempered in a quart of Wine : me thinks that the quantity of a Wal-nut were too little for fo much Wine Some write that i t is good to make him a drink with the root of the herb Atfkoddui, which fome call Daf- fadil, mingled with Wheat-flowre and Sumach fodden long in water, and fo to be given the Horfe' with fome Wine added thereunto ; or make him'a drink of Goats milk and Oyl, (training thereun- to a little Fromenty. Ahmftih faith, that it is good to give the Horfe three days together, foddea Jkans clean pilled, whereunto would be added fome Deers Sewet, and a little Wine. of the Colt Evil. THis name Colt Evil, in my judgement, doth properly fignifie that difeafe, which the Phyfi- Blmdevile, tians call Piiapifmus, which is a continual (landing together, with an unnatural fwellingof the yard proceeding of fomewinde, filling the arteries and hollow finew or pipe of the yard ; or elfe through the abundance of feed, which do chance oftentimes to man, and I think forrre- time to ftoned Horfes. Notwithftanding Martin faith that the Colt Evil is a fwellingof thefheatn of the yardb and part of the belly thereabout, caufed of corrupt feed , coming out of the yard, and remaining within the fheath where it putrifieth. And Geldings moft commonly are fubjeft to this difeafe, not being able for lack of natural heat, to expel their leed any further. For Horfes, as Martin faith, are feldom troubled with this difeafe, becaufe of their heat,unlefs it be when they have been over trave!led,or otherwife weakened.The cure^according to him is thus ; Wafh the (heath clean within with luke-warm Vinegar,then draw out his yard and wafli that alfo : that done, ride him into fome running ftream up to the belly, tofling him therein to and Fro to allay the heat of the members, and ufe him thus two or three days, and he fliall be whole. Another of the Colt Evih THe Colt Evil is a difeafe that cometh to ftoned Horfes, through ranckr.efsof nature and want MiMam' of vent, it appeareth in his cod and fheath, which will fwell exceedingly ; the cure is nothing ; ' ^ ' for if you will but every day, twice or thrice drive him to the mid-fide in fome Pond or running River, the fwelling will fall, and the Horfe will do well. If the Horfe be of years , and troubled with this grief j if you put him toaMare,kisnotamifs; for ftanding ftill in a liable without exer- cife, is a great occafionof this difeafe. D d 3 Of The History of Four-footed 2>eatfs. of the mattering of the Yard. IT cometh at covering time, when the Horfe and Mare both are over-hot, and fo perhaps burn themfclves. The cure according to Martin is thus : Take a pinte of white Wine, and boil therein a quartern of roch Allum, and fquirt thereof into his Yard three or four fquirtfuls, one after ano- ther, and thruft the fquirt fo far as the liquor may pierce to the bottom, to fcour away the bloudy matter, continuing thus to do once a day untill he be whole. Of the fheddwgof Seed. TH,s difeafe is called of the Phyfitians Gonorrhea, which may come fometime through abundance and rancknefs of feed, and fometime by the weaknefs of the ftones and feed veflels not able to retain the feed untill it be digefted and thickned Vegetius faith, that this difeafe will make the Horfe very faint and weak, and efpeeially in Summer feafon. For cure whereof, the faid Vegetius would have the Horfe to be ridden into fome cold water, even up to the belly, fo as his ftones may be cover- ed in water • and then his fundament being firft bathed with warm water and Oy', he would have you to thruft in your hand and arm even to the very bladder, andfoftly to rub and claw the fame, and the parts thereabouts, which be the feed veffels : that done to cover him warm that he take no cold, and every day he would have you to give the Horfe Hogs dung to drink with red Wine untill he be whole. 1 for my part, if I thought it came of weaknefs, asisaforefaid , which I would judge by the watenfhnels of thefeed and unluftinefs of the Horfe, would give him red Wine to drink, and put therein a little ^c-.«ri«?w, the juyce of Plantain, and a little Maftick, and bath his hack with red Wine and Oyl of Rofes mingled together. Of the Falling of the Yard. 1Tcometh,asItakeit, through the weaknefs of the member, by means of fome refolution in the ( mufcles and finews ferving the fame, caufed at the firft (perhaps) by fome great ftrain or ftripe on the back It may come alfo by wearinefs and tiring. For remedy whereof, Jbfirtus was wont to wafh the yard with fait water from the Sea, if ft may be gotten; and if not, with water and fait ; and if that prevailed not, he would all to prick the outmoft skin of the yard with a fharp needle, but not deep, and then wafh all the pricks with ftrong Vinegar, and that did make the Horfe, as he faith, to draw up his yard again immediately : yea,3nd this alfo will remedy the falling out of the fundament. Telago> ins would have you to put into the pipe of his yard,Honey and Salt boyled together and made HquidjOr clfe a quick flie,or a grain of Frankinceiife,or a clove of Garlick clean pilled, and fomewhac bruifed ; and alio to pour on his back Oyl, Wine, Nitre made warm and mingled together. Buc Martini experience is in this fore: Firft, wafh the yard with warm white Wine , and then anoint it with Oyl of Rofes and Honey mingled together, and put it up into the fheath , and make him a Cod-piece of Canvas to keep it ftill up, and drefs it thus every day once until it be whole. And in any cafe let his back be kept warm, either with a double cloth, or elfe with a charge made of Bole Ar- mony, Egges, Wheat-flowre, Sanguii Draconif, Turpentine, and Vinegar ; ordfclay ona wet fack, which being covered with another dry cloth will keep his back very warm. Of the fwelling of the Cod and Stones. ABfyrttis faith, that the inflamation and fuelling of the cod and ftones, cometh by means of fome wound, or by the ftinging of fome Serpent, or by fighting one Horfe with another. For reme- medy whereof,he was wont to bathe the cod with water wherein hath been fodden the roots of wilde Cowcumber and Salt, and then to anoint it with an Ointment mde ofCerufa Oyl, Goats greafe, and the white of an Egge. Some again would have the cod to be bathed in warm Water, Nitrum>and Vi- negar together, and alfo to be anointed with an Ointment made of Chalk, or of Potters earth, Oxe dung, Cumin, Water and Vinegar, or elfe to be anointed with the juyce of the herb Solarium^ called of fome Night -fhade, or with the juyce of Hemlock growing on dunghils : yea, and alfo to be let bloud in the flanks. But Martin faith, that the fwelling of the cods cometh for the moft part after fome ficknefs or furfeting with cold, and then it is a figne of amendment. The cure according to his experience is in this fort. Firft let him bloud on both fides the flank veins. Then take of Oyl of Ro- fes, of Vinegar of each half a pinte, and half a quartern of Bole Armony beaten to powder. Mingle them together in a crufe, and being luke-warm^anoint the cods therewith with two or three feathers bound together, and the next day ride him into the water, fo as his cods may be within the water, giving him two or three turns therein, and fo return fair and foftly to the ftable, and when he is dry anoint him again as before,continuing thus to do every day once.untii they be whole. The faid Mar- tin faith alfo, the cods may be fwollen by means of fon e hurt or evill humors referring into the cod, and then he would have you cover the cods with a charge made of Bole Armony and Vinegar wrought together, renewing it every day once untill the fwelling go away, or that it break of it felf, and if it break, then tent it with Mel Kvfatuti^nd make him a breech of Canvas to keep it in,renewing the tent every day once untill it be whole. Of OftbeHorfe of mcording And hruifing. 'T-Histerm,Ificording ) is borrowed of the Italian word Imerduto, which in phi irftfjifh is as much to lay as Burften,and might be more rightly tearmed of us nncodded.For when a Hurfe is Burilen, his gurs falleth down into tfie cod making tt to fwell. The Italians as I t;.ke it, did call it hwoidaio, beai'le the gut follows the tiring of the ltone; called of them // cor dune, or Lj corda, whereof Incor- datt feerns to be derived with fome reafon. According to which reafon we fhonld call it rather La- it ringed , then Incorded « for Coida doth fignifie a ftringor cord. Notwithstanding, fich thatln- cording is already received in the fttble, I for my part am very well content therewith, minding not to contend againlt it. But now you have to note, that either Man or Beaft may be Burftcn diverfly, and according to the names of the parts grieved , the Phyfitians do give it divers names; for }ou {hall underiland, that next unto the thick outward skin ofthe belly, there is alfo another inward thin skin covering all the mufcles,thc Caul,and the guts of the belly, called of the AnatomiftsPcn/c- neum, which skin cometh from both parts and fides of the back, and is fattened to the MtdrifTe above, and alfo to the bottom of the Belly beneath, to keep in all the' contents of the neather belly And therefore if the skin be broken, or over fore {trained or ftretchcdi then either fome part of the caul or guts flippeth down, fometimeinto the cod, fometime not fofar. It the guts flipdown into thecod, thenit is' called of the Phyfitians by the Greeks name Enterocele, that is to fay, Gut-burften. But if the caul fall down into the cod, then it is called of the Phyfitians Ep pl<>cdt, that is to fay, Caul-burften. But either of the difeafes is moft properly incident to the malekinde,for the female kinde hath no cod. Notwithftanding they may be fo burften,as either gut or caul may fall down into their natures, hanging there like a bag • but if it fall not down fo low,buc remameth above nigh unto the privy members or flanks, which place is called of the latins^ Iriguen, then of that place the Burfting is called of the Phyfitians Bubonocele, whereunto I know not what Engl fb name to give, unlelTe I fliould call it flank-burften. Moreover, the cod or flank may be fometimcs fwollen, by means of fome waterifh humour gathered together in the fame, which is cal- led of the Phyfitians Hydrocele, that is to fay, Water- bur ften ; and fornetimes the cod may be fwollen by means of fome hard pcece of flelh cleaving to the thin skins or panicles of the ftones,and then it is called of the Phyfitians Sarcocele, that is to fay, Flefh-burften. But forafmuch as none of mine Authors, Martin, nor any other Farrier in thefe dayes that I know, have intermedled with any kind of Burfting, but only with that wherein the gut falleth down into thecod: leaving all the reft apart, I will only talke of this, and that according to Matins experi- ence, which I aflure you diflfereth not much from the precepts of the old writers i But firft you fhall underftand, that the Gut-burften, and Flank-burften, doth proceed both of one caufe, that is to fay, by means that the skin, called before Peritoneum, is either fore {trained, or elfe broken, either by fome ftripe of another Horfe, orelfebyfome ftrain in leaping over a hedge, ditch, or pale, or otherwifej yea, and many times in palling a career, through the carelefnefs of the Rider, flopping the Horfe fuddenly without giving warning, whereby the Horfe is forced to caft his hinder legs abroad, and fo ftraineth or burfteth the skin aforefaid, by means whereof the gut falleth down into the cod. The figns be thefe ; The Horfe will forfake his meat, and ftand fhoring and leaning alwayes on that fide that he is hurt ; and on that fide if you fearch with your hand betwixt the ftone and the thigh upward to the body, and fomewhat above the ftone you fhall find the gut it felf big and hard in the feeling, whereas on the other fide you fhall find no fuch thing. The cure, according to Martin, is thus; Bring the Horfe into fome houfe or place that hath over head a ftrong balk or beam going overthwart, and ftrew that place thick with ftraw ; then put on four paftcrnes with four rin gs on his feet, and then faften the one end of a long rope to one of thole rings, then thread all the other rings with the loofe end of the rope, and fo draw all his four feet together,and caft him on the ftraw. That done, caft the rope over the baulk, and hoife the Horlefo as he may lie flat on his back, with his legs upward without ftrugling Then bathe his ftones well with warm Water and Butter molten together, and the ftones being fomewhat warm, and well mollified, raife them up from the body with both your hands being clofed by the fingers faft together, and holding the ftones in your hands in fuch manner,work down the gut into the body of the Horfe, by ftriking it downward continually with your two thumbs, one labouring immediately after another, untill you perceive that fide of the ftone tobefo fmall as the other, and having fo difcorded, that is to fay- returned the gut into his right place ; take a lift of two fingers broad throughly anointed with frefh Butter, and tie his ftones both together with the fame fo nigh as may be, not over hard, but fo as you may put your finger betwixt That done, take the Horfe quietly down,and lead him fair and foftly into the ftable, where he muft ftand warm, and not be ftirred for the fpace of three weeks. But forget not the next day after his difcording to unloofen the lift, and to take it away, and as well at that time, as every day once or twice after, to caft a difli or two of cold water up into his cods, and that will caufe himtofhrink up his ftones, and thereby reftrain the gut from falling down, and at the three weeks end be fure, it were not amiffe to geld the ftone on that fide away, fo fhall he never be encor- ded again on that fide. But let him not eat much nor drink much, and let his drink be alwayes warm. 307 0) The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafls. of the botch in the grains of a Horfe. IF a Horfe be full of humours and then fuddenly laboured, the humors will refort into the weakeft parts, and there gather together and breed a, Botch, and efpecially in the hinder parts be- twixt the thighs, not far from the coda. Thefignesbethefe; The hinder legs will be all i'wollen , and efpecially from the hoofs upward, and if you feel with your hand you (hall find a great kind of fvvelling, and if it be round and hard it will gather to a head. The cure, according to Martin, is thus ; . Firft ripe it with a plaifter take of Wheat-flowre,^ of Turpentine, and of Hony, of each a like quan- tity, ftirring it together to make a ftiffe plaifter, and with a cloth lay it unto the fore, renewing it every day once untill it break or wax foft, and then lance it as the matter may run downward ; t-hen tent it with Turpentine and Hogs greafe molten together, renewing it every day once, untill it be .whole. Of the difeafes incident to the womb of a Mare, and fpecial/y of barrennefs. IT feemeth by fome writers, that the womb of a Mare is fubject to certain difeafes, though not: fo many as the womb of a Woman, as to afcent, defcent, falling out, Convulfion, Barrennefs,. aborfement; yea, Arifiotle and others do not let to write, that menftrual bloud doth naturally void from the Mare, as from the Woman, though it befo little in quantity, as it cannot be well perceived. But fith none of mine Authors have written thereof to any purpofe, nor any Farrier of this time that I know, have had any experience in fuch matters, I will parte them all over with illence, faving barrenneffe, whereof I promifed before in his due place, to declare unto you the caufes and fuch kind of cure for the fame, as the old writers have taught. A Mare then may be bar- ren through theuntemperatenefsofthe womb or matrix, as well for that it is too hot and fiery, or elfe too cold and moift, or too dry, or elfe too fhort, or too narrow, or having the neck thereof turned awry, or by means of fome obftru&ion or flopping in the matrix; or for that the Mare is too fat, or too lean, and many times Mares go barren, for that they be not well Horfed. Wei, the cure of barrennefs that cometh through the fault of the matrix or womb according to the old writers is thus ; Take a good handful of Leeks,ftamp them in a morter with halfa glafle full of wine, then put thereunto twelve Flies, called of the Apothecaries Cantharider, of divers colours, if they may be gotten, then* ftrain all together with a fufficient quantity of water to ferve the Mare there- with two dayes together, by powring the fame into her nature with a horn or glyfter-pipe made of purpofe, and at the end of three dayes next following offer the Horfe unto her that fhould cover her, and immediately after that (he is covered, wafh her nature twice together with cold water. Another receipt for the fame purpofe. r JPAke of Nitrum, of Sparrows dung, and Turpentine, of each a like quantity well wrought toge- -I ther and made like a Suppofitory, and put that into her nature, and it will caufe her todefire the Horfe, and alfo to conceive. Hippocrates faith, that it is good alfo to put a nettle into the Horfes mouth that fhould cover her. of the Itch, Scab, and Manginefs in the nil, and falling of the tail. IN Spring time Horfes many times are troubled with the Troncheons in their fundament,and then they will rub their tail, and break theha ir thereof, and yet in his tail perhaps, {hall be neither Itch, Scurffe nor Scab ; wherefore if you rake the Horfe well with your hand anointed with Sope, and fearch for thofe Troncheons and pull them clean out, you {hall caufe him to leave rubbing : and if you fee that the hair do fall away itfelf,thenitisafign,tbatitis either eaten with Worms, or that there is fome Scurffe or Scab fretting the hair, and caufing fuch an itch in his tail as the ftorfe is alwayes rubbing the famc-As touching the wormes, Scurffe or Scab, it fhall be good to anoint all the tail with Sope, and then to wafh it clean even to the ground with ftrong lie,and that will kill the Wormes, and make the hair to grow again. And if much of the tail be worn away, it fhall be needful to keep the tail continually wet with a fpunge dipt in fair water 5 and that will make the hair to grow very faft. But if the Horfes tail be mangy, then heal that like as you do the manginefs of the mane before rehearfed. Again, if there breed any Canker in the tail (which will confume both flefh and bone,andas Lnurentius Eufiitu faith,make the joints to fall away one by one) it fhall be good, as Mar- tin faith,to wafh all his tail with Aqua fort'u, or ftrong water made in this fort:take of green Copperas, ofAllum, of each one pound, of white Copperas a quartern. Boyl of all thefe things together in three quarts of running water in a ftrong earthen pot, untill one half be confumed,and then with a little of this w ater being made lukewarm, wafh his tail with a little clout, cr flax bound to the end of a flick, continuing fo to do every day once untill it be whole. f Of the Horfe. 3°9 Of the Scab. THe Scab is a foul fcurffe in divers parts of a Horfcs body, and cometh of poverty or ill keeping, or many times by going amongft woods wherein they are infefted with water boughs: it is molt incident to old Horfes, which will die thereof, and chiefly in the Spring time when the new bloud appears : the cure whereof I have fpoken before. BEing now come to talkeofthe griefs in the {houlders, legs, hips, houghes, joynts and hoofs, cauftng the Horfe molt commonly to halt : I think it good firft to fhew you the way how to find in what part of his legs the Horfe is grieved when he halteth either before or behind. And firft: you have toconfider that if a Horfe halceth before, it muft be either in his fhoulders, in his legs, or in his feet. If it be in his fhoulders and new hurt, the Horfe will not lift that leg, but trail it nigh the giound. If it be old hurt, he will calt that leg further from him in his going then the other,and if he be turned on the forefide, then he will hale io much the more. If a Horfe halteth in the leg, it is either in the knee, in the (hank, or elfe in the paftern joynt j if it be either in the knee, or pattern , joynt 3 he will not bow that leg in his going like the other, but go very ftifly upon it. If he halteth in the (hank, then it is by means of fome fplent, wind gal,or fuch apparent grief,apt to be feen or felt. If he halt in the foot, it is either in the cronet, heel, in the toe, in the quarters, or lole of the foot. If it be in the cronet, the grief will be apparent, the skin being broken orfwollen fome manner of way. If in the hee!,as by over-reach. or otherwife, then he will tread moft on the toe. If upon any of the quarters, then going on the edge of a bank or hilly ground, he will halt more then on the plain ground, and by the Horfes coming toward you, and going from you upon fuch edge or bank, you (hall eafily perceive whether his grief be in the inward quarter or m the outward'quarter ; the quar- ter is to be underftood, from the mid hoof to the heel. If he halt 19 the toe, which is not commonly feen, then he will tread more upon the heel. If the grief be in the fole of the foot,then he will halt all after one fort upon any ground, unlefle it be upon the ftones- And to be fure in what part of the foot the grief is, it (hall be good firft to make him go upon the plain ground, and then upon a hard and ftony ground: yea, and alfo a bankie ground. Thus having declared unto you in general, how to know in what part a Horfe is grieved when he halteth before ; I think it meet firft to fhew you orderly all the particular griefs and Fran- ces, whereunto the foreparts of a Horfe is fubjecl, together with the caufes, fignes and cure thereof. That done, I will fpeak of halting behind, and {hew you firft generally where the grief is, and then particularly declare unto you every grief incident to the hinder parts of a Horfe. Andlaftly, I will 1 fpeak of fuch griefs and forances as arc commonly in both parts, that is to fay,as well to the fore legs' and fore feet, as to the hinder legs and hinder feet. THis cometh either by labouring and {training the Horfe too young, or elfe by fome great burthen; you {hall perceive it by the narrownefs of the breaft, and by confuming flefti of the (houlders, infomuch as the forepart of the fhoulder bone will (tick out, and be a great deal higher then the flelh- And if it be of long continuance, he will be very hollow in the brisket towards the armeholes, and he will go wider beneath at the feet, then above at the knees. The cure, according to Mart'm.h thus Give him a flit of an inch long with a (harp knife or rafor upon both fides an inch under the (houlder bones : then with a Swans quill put into the flit, blow up firft the one fhoulder, and then the other, as big as can pofiible, even up to the withers, and with your hand ftrike the winde equally into every place of the fhoulders. And when they be full, then beat all the windy places with a good hafell wand, or with both your hands, clapping upon the places puffed up with wind, fofaftas*they can walk one after another over all the fhoulder ; then with a flatflice of iron, loofen the skin within from the fle(h : that done, roll the two flits or cuts with two round rols made of the upper leather of an old fhooe, with yhole in the middeft that the matter may iflue forth,and let fuch rols be three inches broad, and fo put in as they may he plain and flat within the cut; then make a charge to lay upon the fame in this fort ; Take of Pitch, and Rolen, of each one pound, of Tar half a pinte,boyl thefe things all together in a pot, and when it is fomewhat cooled, take a flick with a woollen clout bound faft to the end thereof, and dip it into this charge,and cover and daub all the fhoulder therewith. That done, clap thereunto a pound of Flox offuch colour as the Horfe is, or as nigh unto the fame as may be, every other day cleanfe both the wounds and rols, and put them in again, continuing thus to do the fpace of fifteen dayes. Then take them out, and heal up the wounds with two tents of Flax dipt in Turpentine, and Hogs greafe molten together, renewing the fame every day once, untill the wounds be whole. But let the charge lie (till, untill it fall away of ic felf, and let the Horfe run to grade untill he hath had a froft or two. How to know when a Horfe halteth before in what fart his grief is. Of the grief and pinching in the fioulder. Of 310 The Hittory of Four-footed Hearts. of the xvr'wching of the Shoulder, THis eometh fometime by a fall, and fometime by turning too fuddenly in fome uneven ground, or by rafh running out of fome door, or by fome ftnpe of another Horfe, or by fome fudden ftop in palling a Career: you fhall perceive it in his going, by trailing his legs upon the ground, fo dole unto himfelf as he can poffible. The cure, according to Martin, is thus ; Let him bloud the quantity of three pintcs , on the breaft in the palat-vein, receiving the bloud in a pot; and thereunto put firft a quart of itrong Vinegar, and half a dozen broken Egges, fhelsandall, andfo much Wheat- flowre as will thicken all that liquor. That done, put thereunto Bole Armony beaten into fine powder one pound, Sanguit Draconn two ounces, and mingle them all together, fo as the flowre may not be perceived, and if it be too ftiffe,you may make it more liquid or foft, with a little Vinegar. Then with your hand daub all the fhoulder from the mane downward, and betwixt the fore-bowels, all againft the hair, and let not the Horfe depart out of that place , untill the charge ^be furely faftned unto the skin. That done, carry him into the ftable,and tie him up to the rack , and fuffer him not to lie down ail that day, and give him a little meat , dieting him moderately the fpace of fifteen days: during which time he may not ftir out of his place, but only lie down.and every day once refrefh the fhoul- der point with this charge, laying ftill new upon the old,and at the fifteen days end,lead him abroad to fee how he goeth, and if he be fomewhat amended, then let him reft without travelling, the fpace of one month; and that fhall bring his fhoulder to perfedion. But if he be never the better for this that is done, then it fhall be needful to rowel him with a leather rowel upon the fhoulder-point, and to keep him rowelled the fpace of fifteen days, renewing the rowel , and cleanfing the wound every other day ; and then walk him up and down fair and foftly, and turn him always on the con- trary fide to the fore ; and when he goeth upright, pull out the rowel and heal the wound with a tent of flax dipt in Turpentine, and Hogs greafe molten together. And if ail this will not ferve,then it fhall be needful to draw him checker-wife with a hot iron over all the Shoulder-point ; andalfo make him to draw in a plough every day two hours at the leail, to fettle his joynts for the fpace of three weeks or a month; and if any thing will help him, thefe two laft remedies will help him,and make him to go upright again. Of S fluting in the Shenldtr. THis cometh by fome dangerous Aiding or flipping, whereby the fhoulder parteth from the breaft, andfo leaves an open rift, not in the skin, but in the flefh and film next under the skin, and fo he halteth and is not able to go ; you fhall perceive it by trailing his leg after him in his going. The cure according to Martin is thus : Firft put a pair of ftraight patterns on his fore-feet, keeping him ftill in the ftable without difquieting him : Then take of T>ia\xhaa one pound, of SalietOyl one pinte, of Oyl-de-bays half a pound, of frefh Butter half a pound ^ melt all thefe things together in a Pipkin, and anoint the grieved place therewith, and alfo round about the infide of the fhoulder, and within two or three days after, both that place and all the fhoulder befides will fwell. Then ei- ther prick him with a lancet or fleam, in all the fwelling places, or eife with fome other (harp hoc Iron, the head whereof would be an inch long, to the intent that the corruption may run out, and ufe to anoint it ftill with the fame Ointment. But if you fee that it will not go away, but fwell ftill, and gather to a head, then lance it where the fwelling doth gather moft,and is foft under the finger, and then tent it with flax dipt in this Ointment : Take of Turpentine and of Hogs greafe, of each two ounces, and melt them together, renewing the tent twice a day untill it be whole. Of the Shoulder fight, Blunaevile. 'TpHis is when the fhoulder point or pitch of the fhoulder is difplaced, which grief is called of the X Italians, Spallato ; and it cometh by reafon of fome great fall iorward,rufh or ftrain. The fignes be thefe: That fhoulder-point will ftick out further then his fellow, and the Horfe will halt right down. The cure according to Martin is thus : Firft make him to fwim in a deep water up and down a dozen turns , and that fhall make the joynt to return into his place- Then make two tough pins of Allien wood as much as your little finger, fharp at the points ; each one five inches long : that done, flit the skin an inch above the point, and an inch beneath the point of the fhoulder, and thruft in one of the pins from above downward, fo as both ends may equally ftick without the skin. And if the pin of wood will not eafilypafs through, you may make it way firft with an Iron pin. That done, make other two holes crofs to the firft holes, fo as the other pin may crofs the firft pin right in the midft with a right crofs, and the firft pin would be fomewhat flat in the midft, to the intent that the other being round, maypafs the better without ftop, and clofe the jufter together. Then take a pieceof a little line fomewhat bigger then a whip-cord, and at one end make a loop, which being put over one of the pins ends, winde the reft of the line good and ftraight about the pins ends, lo as it may lie betwixt the pins ends and the skin , and faften the laft end with a pack-needle and pack- thread unto the reft of the cord, fo as it may not flip : and to do well, both the pricks and the cord would be firft anointed with a little Hogs greafe. Then bring him into the ftable , and let him reft Of the Horfe. the fpace of nine days, but let him lie down as little as may be, and put on a pattern on the fore leg, foasit may be bound with acord unto the foot of the manner, to keep that leg always whilett he ftandeth in the liable more forward then the other. And at the nine days end take out the pricks, and anoint the fore places with a little Dialtbea, or with Hogs greafe, and then turn him out to grafs. Of the f welling of the Fore- legs after great labor. GReat labour and heat caufeth humors to refort down into the legs making them fwell. The cure whereof according to Mai tin is thus : Bathe them with buttered Beer , or elfe with this bath here following : Take of Mallows three handfuls, a Rofe cake, Sage one handful f boil them together in a fufficient quantity of water, and when the Mallows be foft, put in half a pound of But- ter, and half apinteof SalletOyl, and then being fomewhat warm , waih the lwelling therewith every day once, the fpace of three or four days. And if thefwelling will not go away with this ; then take Wine lees, and Cumin, and boil them together,and put thereunto a little Wheat-flowre, and charge all the lwelling therewith, and walk him often : and if it will not ferve, then take up the great vein above the knee on the infide, buffering him not to bleed from above, but all from beneath. Of the Foundering in the Fore-legs, THe caufe of this grief is declared before in the Chapter of foundering in the body, whereas I (hewed you, that if a Horfe be foundered in the body, the humors will immediately refort down into his legs,as Martin faith,within the fpace of 24 hours,and then the Horfe will go crouching all upon the hinder-legs, his fore-legs being fo ftiffe,as he is not able to bow them The cure where- of, according to Martin, isin thisfort : Garter each leg immediately one handful above the knee., with a lift good and hard, and then walk him or chafe him, and fo put him in a heat,and being fome- what warmed, let him bloudin both the breaft veins, referving the bloud to make a charge with- all in this manner : Takeof that bloud two quarts, and of Wheat-flowre half a peck, andfixEgges, fhels and all, of Bole Armony half a pound, of Sangnit Vraconk half a quartern, and a quart of ttrong Vinegar ; mingle them all together, and charge all hie (houlders, breaft, back, loyns; and fore-legs therewith, and then walk him upon fome hard ground, fuffering him not to ftand ftHi; and when the charge is dry, refrefh it again. And having walked him three or four hours together, lead him into the liable, and give him a little warm water with ground Maultinit, and then a little Hay and pro- vender, and then walk him again, either in the houfe, or elfe abroad, and continue thus the fpace ol four days: and when all the charge is fpent, cover him well with a houfing cloth ,.a;ud. let him both ftand and lie warm, and eat but little meat during the four days. But if you fee. that at four days end he mendeth not a whit, then it is a fign that the humor lies in the fp.Qt, for the which you muftfearch with your Butter, paring all the folesofthe fore-feet fo thin as you fhall fee the water iflue through the fole. That done, with your Butter,let him bloud at both the toes.and let him bleed well. Then ftop the vein with a little Hogs greafe, and then tack on the fhooes , and Turpentine molten together, and laid upon a little Flax; and cram the place where you did lee him bloud hard with Tow,to the intent it may be furely ftopt.Then fill both his feet with Hogs greafe,and bran fryed together in a flopping pan, fohot as is poftible. And uponthe flopping clap a piece of leather,or elfe two fplents to keep the flopping. And immediately after this, take two Egges, beat them in a difh, and put thereto Bole Armony, and Bean-flowre fo much as will thicken the fame, and min- gle them well together, and make thereof two plaifters, fuch as may clofe each foot round about, lomewhat above the cronet, and binde it faft with a lift or roller, that it may not fall away, nor be removed for the fpace of three days, but let thefolebecleanfed, and new flopped every day once, and the cronets to be removed every two days, continuing fo todountill it be whole* Daring which time let him reft unwalked, for fear of loofening his hoofs. But if you fee that he begin to amend, you may walk him fair and foftly once a day upon fome foft ground , to exercife his legs and feet; and let him not eat much, nor drink cold water. But if this fundering break out above the hoof, which you fhall perceive by the loofenefsof the coffin, above by the cronet; then when you pare the fole, you mutt take all the fore-part of the fole clean away, leaving the heels whole, t <> the intent the humors may have the freer paflage downward, and then flop him, and drefs him about the cronet as is before faicL iuwwSs Jifc 'for^i ii ao » ■i'h- yfam shoJ town ^ ruo*{ red* In ••• j ho Of Foundring* OF all other forances, foundering is fooneft got, and hardlyeft cured : yet if it may be perceived ^ , , . in twenty four hours, and taken in hand by this means hereafter prefcribed, it fhall be cured r \ jam ' in other twenty and four hours .- notwithstanding, the fame receic hath cured a Horfe that hath been foundered a year and more, but then it was longer in bringing it to pals. Foundering cometh when a Horfe is heated, being in his greafe and very fat, and taketh thereon a hidden cold which Ariketh down into his legs, and takech away the ufe and feeling thereof. Theiign to know it is.the Horfe 5 II The Hittory of Four-footed Heatls. Horle cannot go, but will Hand cnpling with all his four legs together; if you offer to turn him, he will couch his buttocks to the ground, and fome Horfes have I feen fit on their buttocks to feed The cure is thus: Let himbloud of his two breaft veins, of his two fhackle veins , and of, his two veins above the cronets of his hinder hoofs ; if the veins will bleed, take from them three pintes at leaft \ if they will not bleed,then open his neck vein,and take fo much from thence. Sa ve the blood, andletoneftandbyandftirit as he bleeds, left it grow into lumps; when he hath done bleeding, take as much Wheat flowre as will thicken the blood, the whites of twenty Egges, and three or four yolks ; then take a good quantity of Bolearminack^, and a pinte of ftrong Vinegar, incorporate all thefe well together, and withal charge his back, neck, head, and ears; then take two long rags of cloth and dip in the fame charge, and withal garter him fo ftrait as may be above both his knees of his forelegs ; then let his keeper take him out to fome ftony caufie, or high-way paved with ftone, and there one following him with a cudgel, let him trot up and down for the fpace of an hour , or two, or more: that done, fet him up and give him fome meat; and for his drink, let him have a warm mafh : fome three or four hours after this, takeoff his garters, and fet him in fome pond of water up to the mid-fide, and fo let him ftand for two hours,then take him out and fet him up ; the next day pull off his fhooes,and pare his feet very thin,and let him blood both of his heels and toes ; then fet on his fhooes again, and ftop them with Hogs greafe and bran boiling hot, and fplint them up, and fo turn him out to run, and he fhall be found. of the fplent as well in the infide or out(tde of the knee, as other where in the Legs. , - '^TpHis forance to any mans feeling, is a very griftle, fometime as big as a Walnut, and fometime 'Utnaeviie. J no more then a Hafel-nut , which is called of the Italians, SpineVa, and it cometh,as laurentius Kuftw faith, by travelling the Horfe too young, or by oppreiling him with heavie burthens offen- ding his tender finews, and fo caufeth him to halt. It is eafie to know, becaufe it is ap- parent to the eye, and if you pinch it with your thumb and finger, the Horfe will fhrinkup his leg. The cure whereof, according to Martin, is in this fort : Wafh it well in warm water, and fhave off the hair>, and lightly fcarifie all the fore places with the point of a rafor, fo as the blood may iffueforth. Then takeofCantharideshalfafpoonful,andofEuforbiumas much, beaten into fine powder, and mingle them together with a fpoonful of Oyl-de-bay, and then melt them in a little pan, ftirring them well together, fo as that they may not boil over, and being fo boiled hot, take two or three feathers, and anoint all the fore place therewith. That done, let not the Horfe ftir from the place where you fo dreffe him for one hour after, to the intent he fhake not off the oint- ment. Then carry him fair and foftly into the ftable, and tie him as he may not reach with his head beneath the manger, for otherwife he will covet to bite away the fmarting and pricking medicine , which if it fhould touch his lips, would quickly fetch offthe skin. And alfo let him ftand without lit- ter all that day and night. The next day anoint the fore place with frefh butter, continuing fo to do every day once for the fpace of nine dayes , for this fhall allay the heat of the medicine, and caufe both that, and the cruftto fall away of itfelf, and therewith either clean take away the fplent,or at leaft remove it out of the knee into the leg, andfo much diminifh it, as the Horfe fhall go right up, and halt no more through occafion thereof. Laurentius Rufius would have the fplent to be cured by firing it longftwife and overthwart. I have feen the fplent to be clean taken away thus : firft having dipt away the hair growing upon the hard place, you muft beat it with a good big flick ofHafelalmoft a foot long, in which ftick fomewhat diftant from the one end thereof would be fet faft afharpprick of a little bit of fteel, to prick the fore place therewith, once or twice to make the bloud ifTue our, never leaving to beat it firft fofcly, and then harder and harder until it waxeth foft in every place to the feeling, and to thruft out the blood, partly with the ftick, leaning on it with both your hands, and partly with your thumbs : that done, wind abouc the fore place with a piece of double red woollen cloth, holding it fo as it may lie clofe thereun- to; then fear it upon the cloth with the flat fideof your fearing iron, made hot, and not red- hot, tut fo as it may not burn through the cloth ; that done, takeaway the cloth, and lay up- on the fore a piece of Shoomakers wax, made like a little cake, fo broad as is the fore place,and then fear that into his Legs with your fearing iron, until the wax be throughly moulten, dryed, andfunken into the fore: that done, fear another piece of wax in like manner into the fore, until it be dr-yed up, and then you may travel your Horfe immediately upon it if you will, for he will not halt no more. Of the Splent. Marfyam. A Splehtis aforanceofthe leaft moment, unlefle it be on the knee, or elfe a through Splent, ./jLboth which cannot be cured. A Splent is a fpungy hard griftle or bone, growing faft on the infide of the fhin-bone of a Horfe, where a little making ftark the finews compels a Horfe fomewhac toftumble. The cures are divers, and thus they be ; If the Splent be young, tender, and but new in 312 Of the Horfe. in breeding, then cait the Horfe, and take a fpoonful of that Oyl called Petrolium , and with that Oyl rub the Splent till you make it foft ; then take a fleam , fuch as you let a Horfe bloud withal, and ltrike the Splent in two or three places, then with your two thumbs thrult it hard, and you (hall fee crufh't matter and bloud come out, which is the very Splent ; then fct him up and let him reft, or run at graffe for a week or more. Others for a young Splent do thus; Take a Hafell Hick and cut it fquare , and therewithal beat the Splent till itbefoft, then take a blew cloth and lay upon the Splent, and take a Taylors prelling Iron made hot and rub it up and down upon the cloth over the Splent, anditfhall take it clean away. But if the Splent be old and great, and grown to the perfection of hardnefs,thcn you mutt caft the Horfe, and with a (harp knife flit down the Splent; then take Cantharidei and Euforbium^ of each like quantity, and boyl them in Oyl-de-bay, and with that fill up the flit , and renew it for three dayes together, then take it away and anoint the place with Oyl-de-bay, Oyl of Rofes or Tar, until it be whole. of a Mahndtr* AMalanderisakinde of Scab growing in theformeof lines, or ftrokes, over thwart the Bent of Bltindev'ilf' the knee, and hath long hairs with ftubborn roots, like the briftles of a Bore,which corrupteth and cankereth the flefh, like the roots of a childes fcabbed head : and if it be great, it will make the Horfe to go itiffe at the fettmg forth , and alfo to halt. This difeafe proceedeth fome^ time of corrupt bloud , but raoft commonly for lack of clean keeping, and good rubbing. The disaccording to Martinis thus ; Firft wafh it well with warm water, then fha ve both hair and fcab clean away, leaving nothing but the bare flefh, whereunto lay this Plaifter : Take a fpoonful of Sope, and as much of Lime, mingle them together, that it may be like pafte, and fpread as much on a clout as will cover the fore, and binde it faft on with a lift, renewing it every day once the fpace of two or three dayes, and at the three dayes end, take away the Plaifter and anoint the fore with Oyl of Rofes made luke-warm, and that (hall fetch away the cruft-fcurfe, bred by means of the Plai- fter, which being taken away, wafh the fore place well every day once with his own ftale,or elfe with mans urine, and then immediately ftrowuponit the powder of burnt Oyfterfhels, continuing thus to do every day once until it be whole. 313 Anothet tf the Malander, AMalanderisa peevifh forauce.and cometh of ill keeping, it is on the fore-legs, juftorithe infide, at the bending of the knee, it will make a Horfe go ftark, and ftumble much. The cure is in this fort ; Caft the Horfe, and with fome inftrument pluck off the dry fcab that will Hick thereon, and rub it till it bleed, then take and bind it thereto for three days, in which fpace you lhall fee a white asker on the fore, then take that offand anoint it with Oyl of Rofes or frclh But- ter until it be throughly cured. Of an ttpfer Attaint or over-reach ufon the back fine* of the Jhanke, fomervhat above the jsynt. THe Italians call this forance dttintto, which is a painful fwelling of the mafter finew, by means that the Horfe doth fometimes over reach, and ftrike that finew with the toe of his hinder-foot, which caufeth him to halt. The fignes be apparent by the fwelling of the place, and by the Horfes halting. The cure, according to Martin, is thus; Wafh the place with warm water, and {have all the hair fo far as the fwelling goeth , and fcarifie every part of the fore place lightly with the point of a Rafor,that the bloud may iflue forth. Then tzbzofCantharides and of Euforbium, of each half an ounce, mingle them together with half a quar- tern of Sope,and with a flice fpread fome of this Ointment overall the fore, fuffering him to reft there as you dreffe him for one half hour after, and then you may carry him into the ftable,and there let him ftand without litter, and tyed as hath been faid before in the Chapter of the Spleen, and the next day dreffe him with the fame Ointment once again, even as you did before. And the third day anoint the place with frefh Butter, continuing fo to do the fpace of nine dayes, and at the nine dayes end, make him this bath; Take of Mallowes three handfuls, a Rofe-cake, of Sage a handful; boyl them together in a fuflicient quantity of water. And when the Mallowes be foft, put in half a pound of Butter , and half a pinte of Sallet Oyle ; and then being fomewhat warm , wafh the fore place therewith every day once, the fpace of three or four dayes. Ec Of 3*4 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Of a Nether taint. Blmievile. ■ '^His is a little bladder full of jelly, much like unto a Wind- gal, not apparent to the eye, but I to the feeling, growing in the midft of the pattern, fomewhat above the frufh. It cometh M. by a ftrain, or elfe by fome wrench, or by any other over-reach, and maketh the Horfe to halt. The fignes be thefe ; The neather-joynt toward the fewter-lock will be hot in feeling, and fomewhat fwollen. The cure, according to Martin, is in this fort • Tie him above the joynt with a lift fomewhat hard, and that will caufe the bladder to appear to the eye. Then lance it with a fharp pointed knife, and thruft out all the jelly. That done, lay unto it the white ofanEgge, and a little Salt beaten together, and laid upon flax or tow, and bind it faft unto the fore, renewing it once a daythefpace of four or five dayes, during which time let him reft, and then you may boldly la- bour him. Of an Attaint. Mvtyam. A N Attaint is a grief that cometh by an over-reach, as clapping one leg upon another, or by XX fome other Horfes treading upon his heels. The cure is; Take a fharp knife and cut out the over-reach, that is, if it be never fo deep like a hole, cut it plain and fmooth, how broad fo ever you make it, then wafh it with Beer and Salt, and lay to it Hogs greafe. Wax, Turpentine 3 and Rofen, of each like quantity, boyled and mingled together, and this will in few dayes heal him, be it never fo fore. of an over-reach upon the heel. THis is a cut, fo as the skin hangs down at the heel, made with the toe of the hinder foot, and is apparent to the eye, and it will caufe the Horfe 1 fomewhat to halt. The cure whereof, ac- cording to Martin, is thus ; Cut away the skin that hangeth down, and bind a little flax dipt in the white of an Egge mingled with a little Bole-armony, renewing it every day once the fpace of three or four days, and that will heal it. Offalfe quarters. THis is a rift fometimein the outfide, but moft commonly in the infideof the hoof, becaufe the infide is ever the weaker part, which fides are commoniy called quarters, and thereof thisforance taketh his name, and is called a falfe quarter ; that is to fay, a crafed or un- found quarter , which name indeed is borrowed of the Italianr, calling it in their tongue, Falfo qu*r- to. It cometh by evill fhooing, and partly by evill paring. The fignes be thefe: The Horfe will for the moft part halt, and the rift will bleed, and is apparent to the eye. The cure, according to Marti rc,is thus ; If the Horfe halt, then pull off the ftiooe., and cut fo much away on that fide of the fhooe where the grief is, as the fhooe being immediately put on again, the rift may be unco- vered. Then open the rift with a Rofenet or drawer, and fill the rift with airoll of Toe dipt in Turpentine , Wax , and Sheeps fewet molten, renewing it every day once until it be whole. And the rift being clofedinthe top, draw him betwixt the hair and the hoof with a hot Iron overthwart that place, to the intent that the hoof may fhoot all whole downward , and when the Horfe goeth upright , ride him with no other fhpoe , until his hoof be throughly hardned again. [Of halting hehin^ anywhere the grief is. "Blundtvile. a ^ or ^ e halt behind, the grief muft either be in the hip, in the ftifle , in the hough, in the ham, lin the leg, in the neather joynt, pattern or foot. If he halt in the hip of a new hurt, the Horfe will go fideling, and not follow fo well with that leg as with the other ; but if it be old hurt, the fore hip will fhrink and be lower then the other. And is beft feen, when he goeth up a hill, or upon the edge of fome bank, fo as the worft leg may go on the higher fidej for then he will halt fo much more, becaufe it is painful unto him to go fo unevenly wrinching his leg. If the grief be in the ftifle, then the Horfe in his going will caft the ftifle joynt outward, and the bone on the infide will be far bigger then the other. If the grief be in the hough, then it is by means of fome Spaven, or fome other hurt apparent to the eye. And the like may be faid of the ham', wherein may be feen the Selander, or fuch like apparent forance , caufing the Horfe to halt. If the grief be either in the leg, pattern or foot , then you fhall findeit by fuch fignes as have been taught you before. And therefore let u* now fpeak of thofe forances that are properly incident to the hinder legs. Of Of the Horfe. Of thi String bait. THe String-halt is a difeafc that makech a Horfe twitch up his leg fuddenly, and fo halt much, it Msrlbv cometh iometimes naturally, and fometimes cafually, by means of, fome great cold whereby thefinewsareftrained: the belt cure thereof, is to dig a pit in fome dunghii, asdeep as the Horie is high, and fet the Horfe in, and cover him with warm dung, and fo let him Hand the fpace of two hours, then take him out and make him clean, and then bathe him all over with Tram-oyl made warm, and it will help him. Of a Horfe that is hiffed, or hurt in the hips, THe Horfe is faid to be hipt, when the hip-bone is removed out of his right place, which grief ii called of the Italians, Mai del ancba. It cometh moft commonly by fome great ftripe or itrain, flipping, Aiding or falling. Thcfignesbe thefe : The Hori'e will halt,,and id his going he will go fideling, and the fore hip will fall lower then the other ,and the flefli in procefle of time will confumc clean away. And if it be fufTered to run fo long.it will never be reftored unto his priftine eft-ate. The beftway, as Martin faith, to make him go upright, is to charge his hip and back with Pitch and Rofen molten together, and laid on warm, and then fome flocks of his own colour to be clapped upon the fame, and fo let him run to graffe untill he go upright. But the fore hip will never rife againfo high as the other. If the Horfe be not hipped, but only hurtin the hip, and chat newly, then firft take of the Oyl de-bay, of Dialthea, of Nerval, of Swines greafe, melt them all together, ftirring them continually until they be throughly mingled together,and anoint the fore place againtt the hair with this Ointment every day once, the fpace of a fortnight, and make the Ointment to fink well into the flefh, by holding a hot broad bar over the place anointed, weaving your hand to and fro, until the Ointment be entred into the skin. And if at the fortnights end, you fee that the Hoi ic amendeth no whit for this, then flit a hole downward in his skin, and an inch beneath the hip-bone , making the hole fo wide, as you may eafily thruft in a rowel with your finger, and then with a little broad flice or iron, loofen the skin from the flefh above the bone,and round about the lame,fo broad as the rowel may lie flat and plain betwixt the skin and the flefh, which rowel would be made of foft Calves Leather, with a hole in the midft like a ring, having a threed tied unto it, to pull it out when you would cleanfe the hole, and if the rowel be rolled about with flax fall tyed on/and anointed with the ointment under written, it will draw fo much the more ; and thruft in the rowel firft double,and then fpread it abroad with your finger. That done, tent it with a good long tent of flax or tow dipt in a licti Turpentine and Hogs greafe molten together and made warm, and cleanfe the hole and the rowel every day once, and alfo renew the tent every day for the fpace of a fortnight. And be- fore you dreffe him 5 caufe him every day to be led up and down a foot pace a quarter of an hour, to make the humors come down, and at the fortnights end pull out the rowel, and heal up the wound with the fame falve, making the tent every day ieffer and leffer until it be whole. And fo foon as it is whole, draw with a hot Iron croffe lines, of eight or nine inches long, right over the hip-bone, fo as the rowelled pjfee may be in the very midft thereof, and burn him no deeper, but fo as the skin may look yellow, and then charge all that p!ace,and overall his buttocks with this charge : Take of Pitch a pound, of Rofen half a pound, of Tar half a pinte; boyl them together, and then being good and warm, fpread it on with a clout tyed in a riven ftick , and then clap on a few flocks of the Horles colour. And if it be in Summer, let the Horie run to graffe a while, for the more he travelleth at his own will, the better it is for him. Of piping, and hurts in the Jl/fle. THe Horfe is faidtobe ftifled, when the ftifling bone is removed from the place; but if it be not removed nor loofer.ed, and yet the Horfe haltcth by means of fome grief there, then we fay that the Horfe is hurtin the ftifle, and not ftifled. The ftifle cometh by means of fome blow,or fome great ftrain, flipping or Aiding. The fignes be thefe; If he be ftifled , the one bone will ftick out farther then the other, and is apparent to the eye. Man'm would have you to cure the ftifle in all points like unto the fhoulder-pight, faving that the pins need not be fo long,becaufe the ftifling place is no: fo broad as the fhoulder, and ftandmgin the ftable, let him have a pattern with a Ring on his fore-leg, and thereunto faften a cord, which cord muft go about his neck, and let it be fo much ft rained,as it may bring his fore leg more forward then the other to keep the bone from ftarting out. But if the Horfe be but hurt in the ftifle with fome ftripe or ftrain, then the bone will not ftand cut, but perhaps the place may befwollen. The cure, according toM.jrfi/7, is thus ; Firft: anoint the p^tce with the Ointment mentioned before, every day once the fpace of a fortnight ; and if the Horfe a- mend not with this,then rowel him with a hearen rowel, or elfe with a quill,and let the neathcr hole be fomewhat before the fore place, and cleanfe the hole every day, by turning the rowel, continuing ftill to anoint the place with the Ointment aforefaid, and that will make him whole. Ee 2 Of The Hijiory of Four-footed Beafls. of foundering behind. His haps moft commonly when a Horfe is very fat, and hath his greafe moulten within him \ Jl which is foon done with every little heat. You fhall perceive it by his going, for he will be afraid to fet his hinder-feet to the ground , and he will be fo weak behind, as he will ftand quive- ring and (baking, and covet alwayes to lie down. The cure, according to Mirtin^ is thus-. Firtt gar- ter him about the houghes, and then force him to go a while to put htm in a heat, and being fome- ' what warm, let him bloud in the thigh veins, referving of that bloud a pottle, to make him a charge in this fort ; Put unto that bloud, of Wheat-flower and of Bean-flower,of each a quarter of a peck, of Bqle-armony one.pound,of Sanguis Vr aeon it two ounces, fix Egges, flielsand all, of Turpentine half a pound, of Vinegar a quart ; mingleall thefe things together, and therewith charge both his hinder-legs, his reins, and flanks, all againft the hair. And if the Horfe cannot dung, let him be raked, and give him this glyfter ; Take of Mallowes three handfuls, and boyl them well in fair Water from a pottle to a quart; then ftrain it, and put thereunto half a pound of Butter, and of Sallet Oyl a quarter ofa pinte, and having emptied his belly, give him alfo this drink to comfort him; Take of Malmefie a quart, and put thereunto a little Cinamon, Mace, and Pepper, beaten into fine powder, and of Oyl a quarter ofa pinte, and give the Horfe to drink of that luke-warm with a horn. That done, let him be walked up and down a good while together if he be able to go; if got, then tie him up to the rack, and let him be hanged with Canvas and Ropes, fo as he may ftand upon the ground with his feet : For the lefle he lyeth, the better ; and pare his hinder-feet thin, untill the dew come out, and tacking on the fhooes again, flop the hoofs with Bran and Hogs greafe boyled toge- ther, and let both his reet, having this geer in it, be wrapped up in a cloth even to his pafterns, and. there tie the clout faft. Let his diet be thin, and let him drink no cold water, and give him in Winter wet hay, and in Summer grafle. 316 Of the dry Spaven. THe dry Spaven, called of the Italian! , Spavano, or Sparavagno • is a great hard knob as big as a Walnut growing in theinfideof the hough-hard under the joynt, nigh unto the mafter vein, and caufeth the Horfe to halt, which forance cometh by kinde, becaufe the Horfes Pa- rents perhaps had the like difeafe at the time of bis generation ; and fometime by extreme labor and heat diffblving humors which do defcend through the mafter vein, continually feeding that place with evil nu tnment, and caufeth that place to fwell. Which fwelling in continuance of time becom- eth fo hard as a bone, and therefore is called of fome the Bone Spaven. It needeth no fignes or tokens to know it } becaufe it is very much apparent to the eye., and therefore moft Farriers do take it to be incurable. Notwithftanding , Martin faith, that it may be made lefle with thefe remedies here follow- ing; Walh it with warm water, and (have off the hair fo far as the fwelling extendeth , and fcarifie the place fo as it may bleed; then take of Cantkarides one dozen, of Euforbium half a fpoonful, break them into powder, and boyl them together with a little Oyl-de-bay, and with two or three feathers bound together, put it boyling hot upon the fore, and let his tail be tyed up for wiping away the medicine ; and then within half an hour after,fet him up in the ftable, and tie him fo as he may not lie down all the night for fear of rubbing off the medicine, and the next day anoint it with frefli butter , continuing thus to do every day once the fpace of five or fix days, and when the hair is grown again, draw the fore place with a hot Iron; then take another hot {harp Iron like a Bodkin, ibmewhat bowing at the point, and thruft it in at the neather end of the middle line , and fo upward betwixt the skin and the flefh to the compafle of an inch and a half. And then tent it with a little Turpentine and Hogs greafe moulten together and made warm , renewing it every day once the fpace of nine dayes. But remember firft imme- diately after his burning to take up the mafter vein, fuffering him to bleed a little from above, and tie up the upper end of the vein, and leave the neather end open, to the intent that he may bleed from beneath until it ceafe it felf, and that fhall diminifli the Spaven, or elfe nothing will do it. Of the Spaven, both bene and bloud. DOubtlefs a Spaven is an evill forance, and caufeth a Horfe to halt principally in the begin- ning of his grief; it appeareth on the hinder-legs within, and againft the joynt, and it will be a little fwoln ; and fome Horfes have a thorough Spaven , which appeareth both within and without. Of the Spaven there are two kindes, the one hard, and the other foft ; that is, a Bone-Spaven,and a Bloud-Spaven : for the Bone-Spaven, I hold it hard to cure, and therefore the lefle neceflary to be dealt withal, except very great occafion urge; and thus it may be holpen. Caft the Horfe, and with a hot Iron flit the flefli that covereth the Spaven, and then lay upon the Spaven, Cantbari&s and Euforbium boyled together in Oyl-de bay, and anoint his legs round about, Of the Horfe. 31 7 about,either with the Oyl of Rofes,and with Viiguenwm album catvphiratum. Dreffc him thus for three dayes together, then afterward take it away, and for three dayes more lay unto it only upon flax and unfleck't Lime, then afterward dreffe it with Tar until it be whole. The Cantharides and Euforbinm } will eat and kill thefpungy bone, the Lime will bring it clean a- way, and the Tar will fuck out thepoifon, and heal all up found : but this cure is dangerous, for if the incifion be done by an unskilful man , and he either by ignorance, or by the fwarving of his hand, burn in twain the great vein that runs [croffe the Spaven , then the Horfe is fpoiled. Now for the bloud Spaven that is eafily helpt, fori have known divers which have been but newty beginning, helpt only by taking up the Spaven vein, and letting it bleed well beneath, and then flop the wound with Sage and Salt, but if it be a great bloud Spaven, then with a fharp knife, cut it as you burnt the bone Spaven, and take the Spaven away, then heal it up with Hogs greafe and Turpentine only. Of the wet S 'pav en , or through Sf avert. THisisafoft fwelling growing on both fides of the hough, and feems to go clean through the" hough, and therefore may be called a through Spaven. But for the moft part the fwelling is on the infide, becaufe it is continually fed of the mafter vein, and is greater then the fwelling on the outfide. The Italians call this forance Laierda, or Gietdene, which feemeth to come of a more fluxible humour, and not fo vifcous or flimy as the other Spaven doth, and therefore this waxeth not fo hard, nor groweth to the nature of a bone as the other doth , and this is more curable then the other. It needs no fignes, becaufe it is apparent to the eye, and eafie to know by the clefcription thereof before made. The cure, according to Martin, is thus; Firft wafh, (have, and fcarifiethe place as before; then take of Caniharides half an ounce, of Eufortiutn an ounce broken to powder, and Oyl-de-bay one ounce, mingle them well together cold, without boy ling them, and dreffe the fore therewith two dayes together, and every day after, until the hair be grown again anoint it with frefh Butter. Then fire him both without and within, as before, without tenting him, and immediately take upj the mafter vein, as before; and then for the fpace of nine dayes, anoinc him every day once with Butter, until the fired place begin to fcale, and then wafh it with this bath; Take of Mallowes three handfuls, of Sage one handful, and as much of red Nettles, boyl them in water until they be foft, and put thereunto a little frefli Butter, and bathe the place every day once for the fpace of three or four dayes, and until the burning be whole , let the Horfe come in no wet. Of the SeUnden THisisa kindeof Scab breeding in the ham, which is the bent of the hough, and is like in all points to the Malander, proceeding of like caufes, and requireth like cure, and therefore re* fort to the Malander. Of the hough bonf) or hard knob. THisisa round fwelling bony, like a Park ball, growing upon the tip or elbow of the hough,and therefore I thought good to call it the hough-bony. This forance cometh of fome ftripe or bruife,and as Martin faith, is cured thus ; Take a round hot iron fomewhat fharp at the end like a good big bodkin, and let it be fomewhat bending at the point; then holing the fore with your left hand, pulling it fomewhat from the finews , pierce it with the iron , being firft made red- hot, thrufting' it beneath in the bottom, and fo upward into the belly, to the intent that the fame jelly may iffue downward out at the hole, and having thruft out all the felly, tent the hole with a tent of Flax dipt in Turpentine, and Hogs greafe molten together, and alfo anoint the outfide with Hogs greafe made warm, renewing it every day once until the hole be ready to fliuc up, making the tent every day lefTer and lefler , to the intent it may heal up. of the Curk THisisaiong fwelling beneath the Elbow of the hough, iri the great finew behind,andcaufeth Umievilel the Horfe to halt, after that he hath been a while laboured, and thereby fomewhat heated. -For the more the finew is (trained, the greater grief, which again by his reft is eafed This cometh by bearing fome great weight when the Horfe is young; or elfe by fome ftrain or wrinch, where- by the tender finews are grieved, or rather bowed (as Ruffw faith) whereof it is called in .Italian , Curba a Curvando , that is to fay of bowing , for anguifh whereof it doth fwell , which fwelling is apparent to the eye, and maketh the Leg to fhew bigger then the other. The cure, not cording to Martin, is thus; Take of Wine-lees a pinte, a porringer full of Wheat flowre, of Cumin half an ounce, and ftir them well together, and being made warm, charge the fore three or four Ec 3 dayes ? ^8 The Hiftory of Four-footed B eafts. day esT-ind when the fmelling is almoft gone, then draw it with a hoc iron, and cover the burning wuh Pitch and Rofen molten together, and lay it on good and warm, and clap thereon fome flocks of his own colour, or fo nigh as may be gotten, and remove them not,until they fall away of them- iches. And tor the Ipace of nine dayes let the Horfe reft., and come in no wet. Another of the Curb. M rkham A Curb is a forancethat maketh a Horfe to halt much, and it appears upon his hinder legs, rf ^ ' A ftraight behind upon the cumbrel place, and a little beneath the Spaven,and it will be fwoln as big as half a Walnut. The cure iolloweth j Take a fmall cord and bind his legs hard above it,\and beneath it, then beat it, and rub it with a heavy Hick till it grow foft, then with a fleam ftrike it in three or four places , and with your thumbs crufh out the filthy bruifed matter,then loofe the cord, and anoint it with Butter uutil it be whole. Of the ?*ins. A 7 ^"1^ His is a kind of Scab, called in Italian, Craj>pe> which is full of fretting matterifh water, and it blundevile. j breedeth in the pafterns for lack of clean keeping and good rubbing after the Horfe hath been journyed, by means whereof, the fand and dirt remaineth in the hair, fretteth the skin and flefh,and fo breedeth a Scab. And therefore thofe Horfes that have long hair, and are rough about the feet, are fooneft troubled with this difeafe, if they be not the cleanlier kept. The fignes be thefe ; His legs will be fwollen and hot,and water will iffue out of the Scab, which water is hot and fretting, as it will fcald off the hair and breed Scabs,fo far as it goeth. The cure,according to Martin ,is thus ; Firft wafh well all the pafterns with Beer and Butter warmed together, and his legs being fomewhat dryed with a cloth : clip away all the hair, faving the fewter locks. Then take of Turpentine, of Hogs greafe, of Hony, of each like quantity, mingle them together in a pot, and put thereto a little Bole-armony, the yolks of two Egges, and as much Wheat flowre as will thicken the things aforefaid, and make it plaifter like, and for that caufe it had need to be very well wrought and ftirred together. Then with a (Lee ftrike fome of the plaifter upon fuch apiece of linnen cloth as will ferve to go round abouc the pattern, and bind it faft on with a roller, renewing it once a day until it be whole, and let not the Horfe be travelled nor ftand wet. Another of the Pahs. Hitkhum. T~)^ ms ' s a f° rance tnac cometh of hot ill humors of ill keeping ; it appeareth in the Fctlocks.and ' JL will fwell in the Winter time, and will fend forth a fharp water ? the hair will ftare : and the cure is thus ; Wafh them every day twice or thrice with gunpowder and Vinegar, and they will be whole iu one week at the raoft. Of Mules or Kihed heels, called of the IuUans> Mule. *TT His is a kind of Scab breeding behind, fomewhat above the neather joynt, growing overthwart 1 the fewter lock, which cometh moft commonly for being bred in cold ground,or clfe for lack of good dreffing, after that he hath been laboured in foul mire and dirty wayes, which durt lying ftill in his legs, fretteth the skin, and maketh fcabby rifts, which are foon bred, but not fo foon gotten away. The anguifh whereof maketh his legs fomewhat to fwell, and fpecially in Winter and Spring time, and then the Horfe goeth very ftifly, and with great pain. The forance is apparent to the eye, and is cured,according to Martin jn this fort ; Take a piece of linnen cloth, and with the falve recited in the laft Chapter, make fuch a plaifter as may cover all the fore place, and bind it faft on that it may not fall off, renewing it every day once until the fore leave running, and beginneth to wax dry, then wafh it every day once with ftrong water, until it be clean dryed up, but if this forauce be but in breeding, and there is no raw flefh, then it fhall fufRce to anoint it with Sope two or three dayes^nd at the three dayes end, to wafh them with a little Beef broath or difh water. of Frettijh 'wg. Blundevile. "T^Rettifhing is a forance that cometh of riding a Horfe till he fweat,and then tofet him up with* jT out litter, where he taketh fuddenly cold in his feet, aud chiefly before ; it appears under the heel in the heart of the foot ; for it will grow dun, and wax white and crumbly like a Pomys,and alfo in time it will fhow,by the wrinkles on his hoof, and the hoof will grow thick and brickle,he will not be able to tread, on ftones or hard ground, nor well to travel but ftumble and fall. The cure is thus ; Take and pare his feet fo thin as may be, then roft two or three Egges in the Embers very hard, and being extreme hot taken out of fire, crufh them in his foot,and then clap a piece of Leather thereon, and fplint it that the Egges may not fall out, and fo let him run and he will be found. Of Of the Horfe. 319 Of for awes or griefs that be common to a ll Fore- feet, Hitherto we have declared unto you the caufes, fignes and cure of all fuch griefs as are properly incident, either to the fore-legs, or hinder-legs: now therefore we fpeak of thole griefs that be common to them both, and firft of Windgals. Of Windgals. THe Windgal called of the Italians, GaUa j is a bladder full of corrupt jelly , whereof fome be Bluadevile. great, and fome be fmall, and do grow on each fide of the joynt, and is fo painful, and efpe- cially in Summer feafon, when the.weather is hot and the ways^ hard, as the Horfe is not able to travel, but halteth downright. They come for the moft part through extreme labour and heat, whereby the humors being diffolved, do flow and refort into the hollow places about the neather joynts, and there be congealed and covered with a thin skin like a bladder. They be apparent to the eye, and therefore need no other fignes to know {them. The cure whereof according to Matin is thus: Wafli them with water, and (have off the hair, fcarifie them with the point of arafor,and drefs thera with Cantharides in the felf fame manner as the fplent in the knee was taught before,and anoint them afterward with Butter untill the skin be whole. And if this will not heal it, then draw them with a hot Iron like a ragged ft affe. That done, flit the middle line which paffeth right down through the windgal with a fharp knife, beginning beneath, and ffo upward the length of half an inch, to the intent you may thruft the jelly out at that hole ; then lay unto it a little Pitch and Ro- zen molten together, and made luke-warm,and put a few flocks on it s and that will heal him. And you may dry up the Windgal in fuch manner as here followeth : Firft chop off the hair fo far as the Wind- gal extendeth, and having ftricken it with a fleam, thruft out the jelly with your finger. Then take "apiece of red wollen cloth and clgp it to the place, and with a hot broad fearing Iron fear it, fo as the Iron may not burn through the cloth, which is done to dry up the humors. Then having taken away the 910th, lay unto the place a piece of Shoomakers wax made like a flat cake, about the breadth of a teftorn j and with your Iron not made over hot, ftreek foftly upon it to and fro, untill the faid wax be throughly melted into the fore. Whereupon lay a few flocks, and let him go. Which flocks will afterward fall away of their own accord. Of Windgals. WIngals are eafie to cure, they be little fwellings like blebs or bladders, on either fide the joynt MuThham. next unto the fewter- locks, as well before as behinde, and they come through the occafion of great travel, in hard, gravelly, or fandy ways. The cure is: Take Pitch, Rozen, andMaftick, of each like quantity ,melt them together ,and with a ftick lay it round about the Horfes legs,and whileft it is hot lay flocks thereon : the nature of this plaifter, is never to come away whileft there is any Windgal on the Horfes legs ; but when they are dryed up, then it will fall away of it felf. Of Wrinching the neather joynt. THis cometh many times by treading awry in fome Cart root or otherwife. The fignes be thefe : The joynt will be fwollen and fore, and the Horfe will halt. The cure whereof according to Manin is thus : Take of Vialthea half a pound, and as much of Nerval • mingle them together , and ^ anoint the fore place therewith, chafing it well with both your hands,that the Ointment may enter, continuing fo to do every day once, until the Ointment be all fpent, and let the Horfe reft. But if this will not prevail, then wafh it with warm water and (have away all the hair faving the fewftr- lock> Scarifkit, and lay to it Cantharides, and heal it as you do each fplent in the knee. B Of Entcrfering. Ecaufe Enterfering is to be holpen by (hooing, we purpofe not to fpeak of it, untill we come to talk of the order of paring and fhooing all manner of hoofs. Another of Enterfering* ENterfering is a grief that cometh fometimes by ill {hooing, and fometimes naturally, when a Horfe trots fo narrow that he hews one leg 'upon another, it appeareth bothjbefore and be- hinde, between the feet againft the fet locks, and there is no remedy but fhooing him with fhooes made thin and flat on the outfide, and narrow and thick within. Wk f^r>6 mid • inyl kras.V; at.',. .. . si ,* t & ai.-d fiostgottoffil uli u> sgJte The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Of the Sbakel-gaU. IF a Horfe be galled in the patterns, with ftiakel, lock pattern, or halter, anoint the fore place with a little Honey and Verdigreafe boyled together, untill it look red, which is a good Ointment tor all gallings on the withers, and immediately ftrow upon the Ointment, being firft laid upon the leg, a little chopt flax or tow, and that will ftick faft, "continuing fo to do every day once untill it be whole.) Of hurts in the L egs 3 that cometh by cafling in the halter or collar, Wiundcvile, T T chanceth many times, that a Horfe having fome itch under his ears, is defirous to fcratch the X fame with his hinder-foot, which whileft he reacheth to and fro, doth faften in the collar or hal- ter, wherewith the more that he ftriveth the more he galleth his legs ; and many times it chanceth for that he is tyed fo long, by means whereof being laid, and the halter flack about his feet , rifing perhaps or turning he fnarleth himfelf fo as he is not able to get up, but hangeth either by the neck or legs, which fometime are galled even to the hard bone. Ruffius calleth fuch kind of galling Capiftratura^hkh he was wont to heal with this Ointment here following,praifing it to be excellent good for the cratches, or any fcab, bruife, or wound : Take of Oyl Olive one ounce, of Turpentine two or three ounces ; melt them together over the fire, and then put thereunto a little Wax, and work them well together, and anoint the fore place there- with. Martin faith, it is good to anoint the fore place with the white of an Egge and Sailer Oyl beaten together; and when it cometh to a fcab, anoint it with Butter being molten, untill it look brown, Of the Cratches, or Rats tails, called [of the Italians, Crepaccie. THis is a kinde of long fcabby rifts growing right up and down in the hinder part, from the few- ter-lock up to the curb, and cometh for lack of clean keeping, and is eafily feen if you take up the Horfes foot, and lift up the hair. The cure according to Martin is thus : Take of Turpentine half a pound, of Honey a pinte, of Hogs greafe a quartern, and three yolks of Egges,and of Bole-ar- mony a quartern, beaten into fine powder, of Bean-flowre half a pinte ; mingle all thefe well toge- ther, and make a falve thereof, and with your finger anoint all the fore places, (heading the hair as you go, to the intent you may the eafier finde them, and alfo to make the falve enter into the skin, and let the Horfe come in no wet, untill he be whole. Of the Scratches. Msrkpam. Q Cratches will caufe a Horfe to halt fore,and they come only by naughty keeping,and they appear O »n the patterns under the Fet-locks ; as if this skin were cut over-thwart, that a man may lay in a Wheat-ttraw. The cure is thus : Binde unto them, (the hair being cut clean awayj black Sope and Lime kned together, for three days, then lay that by, and anoint the place with Butter; and heal the fore with Bores greafe and Tar mixt well together. of the Ring-bone, THis is a hard griftle growing upon the cronet, and fometime goeth round about the cronet, and is called in Italian^ Soproflh. LaurenXius Rufituf faith, that it may grow in any other place of the leg; but then we call it not a Ring-bone, but a knot or knob. It cometh at the firft either by fome blow of another Horfe, or by ftriking his one foot againft fome ftub, or ftone, or fuch like cafualty. The pain whereof breedeth a vifcous and flimy humor, which reforting to the bones, that are of their own nature cold and dry,waxeth hard,cleaveth to fome bone, and in procefs of time be- comethabone. The fignes be thefe: The Horfe wili halt, and the hard fwelling is apparent to the eye, being higher then any place of the cronet. The cure according to Martin is thus : Firft wafh it well with warm water, and (have away all the hair,fo as the fore place may be all difcovered. Then fcarifie it lightly with the point of a rafor, fo as the bloud may iffue forth. Then if the fore be broad, take of Euforbium one ounce, of Cantharides half an ounce, broken into fine powder, and of Oyl-de- bay one ounce ; and if the fore be but little,the one half of this may ferve : Boyl thefe things together, ftirring them continually, jeft it run over; and with two or three feathers, lay it boiling hot unto the fore, and let not the Horfe ftir from that place for half an hour after ., then carry him into the liable, both ufing and curing him for the fpace of nine days, in fuch order as hath beenfaid before in the chapter of thefplent. But when the hair beginneth to grow again, then fire the fore place with right lines from the pattern down to the coffin !of the hoof; and let the edge of the drawing Iron be as thick as the back of a meat-knife, and burn him fo deep as the skin may look yellow : that done , cover the burning with Pitch and Rozen molten toge- ther , and clap thereon flocks of the Horfes own colour , or fomewhat nigh the fame , and about three days after lay again fome of the laft mentioned plaifter, or Ointment; and alfo new Of the Horfe. new flocks upon the old ? and there let them remain, until they fall away of themfclves. But if thefe Ring-bones, or knobs, breed in any other place, then in the Cronet, you fhall cure them as is before faid, without firing them. of the Ring-bone* THe Ring-bone is an ill difeafe, and appeareth before on the foot above the hoof, as well before Markj>am< as behinde, and will be fwoln three inches broad, and a quarter of an inch or more of height, and the hair will flare and wax thin, and will make a Horfe halt much. The cure is : Caft the Horfe, and with an Iron made flat and thin, burn away that griftle which annoys him ; then take Wax, Tur- pentine, Rozen, Tar, and Hogs-greafe, of each like quantity, mingle them together Plaifler-wife, and with it cure the lore : This Plaifter will alfo cure any other wound or ulcer whatfoever. Of the Crown- fcah. THis isakindeof filthy and ftinking Scab, breeding round about the feet upon the Cronets,and Blundaile; is an elvifh and painful difeafe, called in Italian, Crijaria. It feemcth to come by means that the Horfe hath been bred in fome cold wet foil, ftriking corrupt humors up to his feet; and therefore the Horfe that hath this grief is worfe troubled in Winter then in Summer. The fignes be thefe : The hair of the Cronets will be thin and flaring like briftlcs, and the Cronets will be always matter- ing, and run on a water. The cure according to Martin is thus : Take of Sope , of Hogs-greafe, of each half a pound, of Bole-armony a little, of Turpentinea quartern ; and mingle them all toge- ther, and make a Plaifter, and binde it faft on, renewing it every day once, until it leave running, and then wafh it with ftrong Vinegar,being luke-warm, every day once,until the fore be clean dryed up, ( and let him come in no wet until it be whole. 321 Of hurts upon the Cronet crofsing one foot over (mother, which the Italians call Suprapofte. MAnin faith, wafh it well with white Wine/or with a little ftale, and then lay unto it the white" of an Egge, mingled with a little Chimny foot and Salt, and that will dry it up in three or four days, if it be renewed every day once. Of the Quitter-hone, THis is a hard round fwelling upon the Cronet, betwixt the heel and the quarter , and groweth moll commonly on theinfide of the foot, and is commonly called of the Italians, Setula ox Se- ta. Jt cometh by means of gravel gathered underneath the fhooe, which fretteth the heel , or elle by the cloying or pricking of fome nail evil driven, theanguifh whereof loofeneth the gnflle, and To breedeth evil humors, whereof the Quitter-bone fpringeth. The fignes be thefe: The Horfe will halt, and the fwelling is apparent to the eye, which in four or five days coming to a head, will break out with matter at a little deep hole like a t ifiula. The cure according to Martin is thus : Firft, burn about the quitter-bone with a hot Iron, in manner of half a circle, and then with the fame Iron draw another right ftrike through the midft thereof. Then take of Arfenick the quantity of a • Bean beaten into fine powder, and put it into the hole, thrufting it down to the bottom with a quill, and flop the mouth of the hole with a little tow, and binde it fo faft with a cloth, and cord, as the Horfe may not come at it with his mouth, and fo let it reft for that day. And the next day, if you fee that the fore looketh black within, then it is a figne that the Arfenick hath wrought well and done his part. Then to allay the burning thereof, tent the hole with flax dipt in Hogs-greafe, and Turpentine, molten and mingled together, and cover the tent with a bolfter of Tow dipt alfo in the . Ointment aforefaid, continuing fo to do every day once, until you have gotten out the core. Then (hall you fee whether the loofe griftle in the bottom be uncovered or not ; and if it be uncovered, then feel with your finger, or with a quill, whether you be nigh it or not. And if you be, then raife the griftle with a little crooked inftrument, and pull it clean out with a pair of fmall nippers, meet for the pupofe. That done, tent it again with a full tent dipt in the aforefaid Ointment, to affwage the anguifh of the laft dreliing, and flop it hard, to the intent that the hole may not fhrink together, or clofe up ; and the next day take out the tent, and tent it a new with the Salve or Oint- ment taught in the Chapter of the Shakel-gall, renewing it every day once until it be whole, keeping always the mouth of the fore as open as you may, to the intent that it heal not up too faft 5 and let not the Horfe be in any wer, nor travel, until he be perfectly whole. of the Quitter-hone, QUitter-boneisa round hard fwelling upon the Cronet of the hoof, betwixt the hoof and the Mark^am" ^quarter, and for themoft part groweth on the infide of the foot ; the Original effeft there- or is the fretting of gravel underneath the fhooe. which bruifeth the heel ; or elfe by means of fome ftub, The Hittory of Four-footed Heafts. ilub, or the pricking of fome nail, through the pain whereof the griftle is loofened, breeding evil humors, which be indeed the ground of the Quitter- bone : it is to be known by the Horfes halt- ing, and by the apparent fwelling to the eye of that part, which in three or four days will grow un- to a head and break, evacuating great abundance of filthy matter at a little hole. The cure is thus : Take a hot Iron, madeinfafhion of a knife, and with it burn out the flefn, incompafsof a Moon, till you come to feel the griftle, then burn it out too : Then take>.Verdigreafe, frefh Butter, and Tar' molten together, and dip fine Tow therein, ftop up the hole, then lay thereon a Sear-cloth of Deer-fewet and Wax, and fo let him reft for the firft day : the next day, take of Mel rofatum, Oyl of Rofes, Wax, and Turpentine, of each like quantity , infufe them all on the fire toge- ther; and with the Salve drefs the fore morning and evening, till it be whole. But if you finde any proud flefh to grow, then forget not to lay-thereon fome red Lead, or Verdigreafe : and with- all have an efpecial regard, that the upper part of the wound heal not fafter then the bottom,for fear of Fiftulating. Of tbe.G ravelling. Blmdev'ile /"""■ - ^His is a fretting under the foot, moft commonly in the infide, and fometimein theoutfide, I and fometime in both fides together of the heel. It cometh by means of little gravel ftones I p getting betwixt the hoof, or calking, or fpunge of the fhooe, which by continual labour and treading of the Horfe, doth eat into the quick, and the rather, if his heel be lb ft and weak, or that the fhooe do lie flat to his foot, fo as the gravel being once gotten in, cannot get out. The fignes be thefe : The Horfe will halt, and covet to tread all upon the toe, to favour his heel. The cure according to Martin is thus : Firft pare the hoof,and get out the gravel with a cornet, or draw- er, leaving none behinde, for if you do, it will breed to a Quitter-bone- That done, flop him with Turpentine and Hogs-greafe molten together, and laid on with tow or flax, and then clap on the fhooe to keep in the flopping, renewing it every day once until it be whole. And fuffer the Horfe to come in no wet, until he be throughly whole. If a gravelling be not well ftopt to keep down the flefh, it will rife higher then the hoof ; and not only require more bufinefs in bolftering it, but alfo put the Horfe to more pain. Of Gravelling. Mirfyam. A">Ravelfing is a hurt will make a Horfe to halt, and cometh of gravel and little ftones, that VJgoeth between the fhooe and the heart of the foot. The cure is: Takeoff the fhooe, and let him be well pared ; then fet on the fhooe again, and ftop it with Pitch, Rozen, and Tallow, and this lhall help. Of Surbating. T His is a beating of the hoof againft the ground, called of the Italians*, Solathurd; it cometh fometime by means of evil fhooing, lying too flat to his foot; or by going long bare foot, and fometime bythe hardnefs of the ground, and high lifting of the Horfe. And thofe Horfes that be flat-footed, the coffins whereof are tender and weak , are moft commonly fubjeft to this forance. The fignes be thefe : the Horfe will halt on both his fore-legs, and go ftiffely and creep- ing, as though he were half foundered. The cure according to A4arlin\% thus: Take off his fhooes, pare him as little as may be ; and if the fhooes be not eafie, that is to fay, long, large, and hollow enough , then make themfo, and then rack them on again with four or five nails. That done, ftop his feet with Bran, and Hogs-greafe boyled together, fo hot as maybe; and alfo cover all the coffin round about with the fame, binding all in together with a cloth, and a lift fattened about the joynt, renewingit every day once, until it be whole, and give the Horfe during that while warm water j and let him ftand dry and warm, and not be travelled until he be whole. Of A frith, in the fole of the Foot, by treading on a nail^ or any other flhirp thing that doth enter into the Foot. THe fignes be thefe : If a man be on his back when he treadeth on any fuch thing, he fhall feel that the Horfe will lift up his foot, and covet to ftand ftill to have help. And if it chance at any other time, the halting of the Horfe, and the hurt it felf will fhew. The cure according to Martin is thus : Pull off the fhooe, and pare the foot ; and with a drawer uncover the hole, making the mouth fo broad as a two penny piece, then tack on the fhooe again. That done, ftop it, by pouring into the hole Turpentine and Hogs-greafe molten together, and lay fome flax,or tow upon it; and then ftop all the Horfes foot with Horfe-dung, or rather with Cow-dung, if you can get it ; and fplent it either with flicks, or elfe with an old fhooe-foJe, fo as the flopping may abide in, renewing it every day once until it be whole, and let the Horfe come in no wet. If this be not well cured, or looked to in time, it will caufe the hoof to break above, and to loofen round about, and perhaps to fall clean away. But if you fee that it beginsto breakabove, then make a greater iffuc OftbeHorfe. i flue beneath by opening the hole wider, and taking more of the fole away, that the fiefh may have the more liberty. Then take of Bole-armony half a quartern, Bean-iflowre, and two Egges. Beat them, and mingle them well together, rtnd make a platfter thereof upon Tow, and lay it round about the Cronet,binde it faft on, and fo let it remain the fpace of two days, and then renew it again, not failing fo to do every two days untill you fee it wax hard and firm above. For this Plailter being reftnftive, will force the humors to refort all downward, which muft be drawn out with Turpentine and Hogs-greafe as before, until it leave mattering, and then dry it up with burnt Allum beaten to powder, andftroweduponit, with a little flax laid again upon that, con- tinuing fo to do every day once, until it be hardned ; and let not the Horfe come in any wet, until he be whole. Of Acchjd or Prickt. ACdoyd is a hurt that cometh of fhooiog, when a Smithdnvetha nail in the quick, which Martyam, will make him to halt. And the cure is ; to take off the ftiooe, and to cut the hoof away, to lay the fore bare : then lay to it Wax, Turpentine, and Deer-fewet, which will heal it. Of the Fig, IF aHorfe having received any hurt, as before isTaid, by nail, bone, fplent, or ftone, or otherwife in the fole of his foot, and not be well dreffed and perfeftly cured, there will grow in that place a certain fuperfluous piece of flefli, like a Fig: and it will have little grains in it like a fig, and therefore is rightly called of the Italian, Vnfico, that is to fay, a fig. The cure whereof according to Martin is thus: Cut it clean away with a hot Iron, and keep the flefli down with Turpentine, Hogs-greefe, and a little Wax laid on with Tow, or Flax, and flop the hole hard, that the flefli rife not, renewing it once a day until it be whole. Of a Retreat. THis is the pricking of a nail, not well driven in the fliooing , and therefore pulled out again by the Smith, and is callea\pf the Italians, Ixatta mejja. The caufe of the prick- ing may be partly the rafti driving of the Smith , and partly the weaknefs of the nail, or the hollownefs of the nail in the (hank. For if it be too weak, the point many times bendeth awry into the quick when it ftiould go right forth. It flatteth and fhivereth in the driving into two parts, whereof one part rafeth the quick in pulling out, or elfc perhaps break- eth clean afiinder , and fo remaineth ftill behinde,, and this kinde of pricking is worfe than the cloying?, becaufe it will ranckle worle, by reafon of the flaw of Iron remaining in the flefli. The fignes be thefe: If the Smith that driveth fuch a nail be fo lewd, as he will not look unto it before the Horfe depart , then, there is no way to know it , but by the halting of the Horfe, and fearching the hoof firft with a hammer by knocking upon every clinging. For when you knock upon that nail , where the grief is , the Horfe will flirink up hisj-foot, And if that will not ferve, then pinch or gripe' the hoof with a pair of pinfons round about, until you have found the place grieved. The cure according to Martin is thus : Firft, pull off the ftiooe , and then open the place grieved with a Butter or Drawer , fo as you may per- ceive by feeling or feeing, whether there be any piece of nail or not- if there be, to pull it out, and to Hop the hole with Turpentine, Wax', and Sheeps-fewet molten together, and fo poured hot into the hole, and then lay a little Tow upon it , and clap on the fliooe again, renewing it thus every day, until it be whole, during which time , let not the Horfe come in any wet, and it muft be fo flopped, though it be but prickt without any piece of nail re- maining. And if for lack of looking to it in time , this retreat caufe the hoof to break above, then cure it with thePlaifter reftridivein fuch order as is mentioned in the laft place faving one before this. Of Cloying. CLoying is. the pricking of a whole nail, called of the Italians, Incbiodatura ; pafiing through the quick, and remaining ftill in the fame, and is clenched as other nails be, and fo caufeth the Horfe to halt. The grieved place is knowi^by fearching with the hammer and pinfons,as is before faid : If the Horfe halt immediately, then pull off his ftiooe, and open the hole, until it begin to bleed ; and ftop it with the Ointment aforefaid, in the fame page of" the Retreat, and clap on the fhooe again \ and the hoof maybe fo good, and the harm fo little, as you may travel him imme- diately upon it, but if he beranckled, then renew the flopping every day once j let him come in no wet, until it be whole. 329 The Hiftory of Four-footed ?>eafts. of loo fining the Hoof. THis is a parting of the hoof from the cronet , called of the Italians, Dijfolatura del unghia, which if it be round about, it cometh by means of foundering ; if in part, then by the an- guifhcaufed by the pricking of the canel nail, piercing the fole of the foot , or by fome Qmtter- bone, Retreat, Gravelling, or Cloying, or fuch like thing : The fignesbe thefe : When it is loofened by foundering, then it will break firft in the fore-part of the Cronet, right againft the toes, becaufe the humor doth covet always to defcend towards the toe. Again, when the pricking of a canel nail.or fuch like cankered thing is the caufe,then the hoof will looien round about, equally even at the rirft.But when it proc^edeth of any of the other hurts laft mentioned : then the hoot will break right above the place that is offended, and moft commonly will proceed no further. The cure according to Martin is thus : Firft, of which foever of thefe caufes it proceeds, be fure to open the hoof in the foleof the foot 9 fo as the humor may have free pa flage downward, and then reftrain it above with thePlaifter reftridive before mentioned, and in fuch order as is there written, and alfo heal up'the wound, as is before taught in the Chapter of a prick inthefole of the foot. Of cafting. the Hoof. THis is when the coffin falleth clean away from the foot,which cometh by fuch caufes as were laft rehearfed, and is fo apparent to the eye, as it needeth no fignes to know it. The cure according to Martin is thus : Take of Turpentine one pound, of Tar half a ptnte , of un- wrought Wax half apinte: Boil all thefe things together, and ftir them continually until they 'be throughly mingled, and compact together. Then make a Boot of Leather with a good ftrong fole meet for the Horfes feet, to be laced or buckled about the paftern ; and drefs his foot with the Salve aforefaid laid upon the Flax or Tow, and bolfteror ftuffehis foot with foft Flax, fo as the Boot may grieve him no manner of way, renewing it every day once until it be whole, and then put him to grals. f Of the Hoof -bound. Elundevilc. *TpHis is a ihrinking of all the whole hoof. It cometh by drought, for the hoofs perhaps arc \ kept too dry, when theHorfeftandeth in the ftabfe, and fometime by means of heat, or of over-ftraight ftiooing. The Italians call the Hoffe thus grieved IncafteHado. The fignes be thefe : TheHorfe will halt, and the hoofs will be hot ; and if you knock on them with a hammer, they will found hollow like an empty bottle, and if both the feet be not hoof-bound, the fore foot will be iefTer than the other indeed, and appear fo to the eye. The cure according to Martin is thus: Pull off the ihooes, and fhooehim with half Moon fhooes called Lunette ; the order and fhape whereof you fhallrlnde among the Farriers, and rafeboth the quarters of the hoof with a draw- er, from the cronet unto the lole of the foot, fo deep as you mall fee the dew it felf come forth. And if you make two rafes on each fide, it lliall be fo much the better , and inlarge the hoof the more. That done, anoint- all the hoof about, next unto the cronet round about, with the Ointment prelcnbed before in the Chapter of cafting the hoof, continuing fo to do every day once until he begin to amend for the fpace of a month; and if he goeth not well at the months end, then take off the half fhooes, and pare all the foles, andthrufhes, and all fo thin as you may fee the dew come forth, and tack on a whole (hooe ; and ftop all the foot within with Hogs-greafe and Bran boiled together, and laid hot to the foot ; renewing it dayly once the fpace of nine days, to the intent the fole may rife. But if this will do no good ; then take away the fole clean, and clap on a whole fliooe, and flop the foot with Nettles and Salt brayed together, renewing it once a day, but not over hard, to the intent the fole may have liberty to rife, and being' grownagain, let him be fhod with the lunets, and fent to grafs. Of the running Frufh. THe Frufh is the tendereft part of the hoof towards the heel, called of the Italians, Fettone, and becaufe it is fafhioned like a forked head , the French men call it Furcbette, which word our Far- riers, either for not knowing rightly how to pronouaie it; or elfe perhaps for eafinefs fake of pro- nuntiation, do make it a monofyllable, and pronounce it the Frufh ; in which Frufh breedeth many times a rottennefs or corruption proceeding of humors that cometh out of the leg, whereby the leg is kept clean from the Windgals, and all other humors and fwellings by means that the humors have paflage that way. Notwithstanding the difcommodity of the forance is greater then the com- modity, becaufe it maketh the Horfes feet fo weak and tender, as he is not able to tread upon any hard ground. The fignes be thefe : The Horle will halt, and fpecially when the pafTage of the humor isftopt with any gravel ga- thered in the Frufh, and not being ftopt it will continually run, the favour whereof will be fo ftrong, as a man is not able to abide it , and in fome places it will look raw. The cure according to 324 Of the Horfe to Martin is thus. Fa it cake off the fhooe and pare away all the corrupt places, and make them raw, fo as you may fee the water iffue out of the raw places, then tack on the Ihooe again, being firlt made wide and large enough. That done, take of Soot one handful, of Salt as much,- bruife diem well together in a difh, and put thereunto the white of three Egges, and temper them togethcr,and with a little Tow dipt therein, Hop ail the foot, and efpecially the Frufh, and fplent it fo as it may not fall out, renewing it once a day the fpace of feven days, and then he will be whole. During which time let the Horfe reft, and come in no wet, at the feven days end leave ftopping him, and ride him abroad, and always when he cometh in , let his fore foot be clean wafhed , that no gravel remain therein, without doing any more unto him. Of the FruJI). THe Frufh is the tendereft part of the fole of the foot, which by humors diftilling many times down from the legs, occalion infiamacions in that part, which may eafily be perceived by the" impoftumation of the fame. The cure is thus : Firft having taken off the fhooe, pare away all the corrupted and naughty mattcr,until the fore look raw,then nail on a hollow fhooe made for the fame purpofe ; and take of foot a handful, of the juyce of Houfe-leek and of Cream, with thew; an Egge or two, as'much as will thicken the fame : with this flop up the fore, and fplint if, fo ns it may noc fall out, renewing it until it be whole : but during the cure, have regard that the fore foot touch not any wet, for that is very much hurtful. 525 Of difeafes or griefs indifferently incident to any part of the body, but fi r fi of the Lefrofte, or nniverfal Manginefs^ called of the old Writers Elephantia. •TT'Hisis a cankredMingincfs, fpreading over all the body, which cometh of abundance of me- _| lancholy, corrupt and filthy bloud. The fignes be thefe : The Horfewill be all mangy and fcur-< vy 3 fullof fcabs, and raw plots about the neck, and evil favoured to look on, and always rubbing and fcratchinp. The cure according to M-jrun is thus : Let him bloud the firft day in the one fide of the neck, and within two days after that, in the flanck veins,- andlaftof all, in the vein under the tail. Then wafh all the fore places with Salt brine, and rubbing them hard with a wifpe of ftraw hard twifted, fo as they may bleed well, and be all raw. That done, anoint the place with this Ointment ; Take of Qiiick-iilver one ounce, of Hogs-greafeone pound, of Brimftone beaten into powder a quartern,ofRapeOyl a pinte ; mingle thele things well together ,until the Quick-filver be through- ly incorporated with the reft; and having anointed all the raw places with this Omtmenc, make it to fink into the flefh, by holding and weaving up and down over it a hot broad bar of Iron, and then touch hi n no more again the fpace of two or three days ; during which time, if you fee that he rubbeth ftill it. my place, then rub that place again with an old Horfe-combe, to make it raw, and anoint it with frefh Ointment. But if all this will not help, then with a hot Iron , and blunt at the point, fo big as a mans little finger; burn ail the mangy places, making round holes, puffing only- through the skin, and no further. For which intent it fhall be»needful to puli the skin firft from the flefh, with your left hand, holdingit ftill until you have thruftthe hot Iron through ic, and let every hole be a fpan off one from another, and if need be, you may ai oint thofe holes with a little Sope, and let the Horfe be thin dieted, during his curing time. 3 of the Farcin^ called in Italian offomeW vcxmzf and of fomeVimnn. THis kindeof creeping Uicer groweth in knots, following a long fomc vein, and it proceedeth of corrupt bloud ingendered in the body, or elfe of fome outward hurt, as of fpur-galling, or the biting of fome other Horfe; or of biting of ticks,or of Hogs lice,or fuch like carnalities : Or if it be in the legs, it may come by interfering. It is eafily known, partly by the former defcnption.and alfoit is apparent to the eye. The cure according to Martin is thus : Let him bloud in that vein where it cometh, as nigh the fore place as may be, and let him bleed well; then fire every knot one by one, taking the knot in your left hand, and pulling it fo hard as you can from his body, to the intent you may better pierce the knot, with a blunt hot Iron, of the bignefs of a mans fore-finger, without doing the body any hurt, and let out the matter, leaving none unburn'd , be it little or much. That done, anoint every knot fo burned with Hogs^greafe warmed every day once , until the coars be ready to fall away : and in the mean time prepare a good quantity of old Urine, and when you fee the coars ready to fall, boil the Urine, and put therein a [little- Copperas and Salt, and a few ftrong Nettles, and with that water being warm, wafh out all the coars, and the corruption. B That done, fill every hole immediately with the powder of fleck't lime, continuing thus to^do every day once, until the holes be doled up 3 and if any be more ranker then other, fill thofe with' Vexdigi'eafe ; and during this cure let the Horfe be thinly dieted, that is to fay, with ftraw and wa- fer only, unlefs it be now and.thento give hima loaf of bread : for the lower.be be kept; the fqpcnr he will be whole. And in any. wife let his neck be yoked in an old bouomlefs fpaU, or elfe bnu ' F \ wiUl The Hiflory of Four- footed 'Beafts. "with fhort leaves to keep him from licking the fores,and the lefs reft he hath, the better. Or do thus : Take a good great Dock-root clean fcraped, and cut thereof five little rundies or cakes to be ufed as followeih.Firft with a knife make a flit right down in theHorfes fore-head three inches long, then with a Cornet loofen the skin within the fkfh,fo as you may eafily put therein five rundies of Dock, that is to fay, two on each fide of the flit one above another,and put the ft ft rundle in the very midft betwixt the other four : that done, faften to each of the flits two fhort Shoomakcrs ends, to lerve as laces to tie in the forefaid rundies, fo as they may not fall out, and clenfe the fore every day once, for the vertue of the root isfuch, as it will draw all the filthy matter from any part of the body: yea, though the Farcin be in the hinder-legs, which matter is to be wiped away from time to time, and'new roors be thruft into the flit according as you fee it needful. Of the F anion. THe Farcion is a vilde difeafe, ingendered of ill bioud, flegmatick matter, and unkindely feed- ing ; it appeareth in a Horfe like unto little knots in the fiefh, as big as a Hafel-nut ; the knots will encreafe daily and inflame, Impoftume, and break; and when the knots amount to threefcore, they will every night after breed fo many more,till they have over-run the Horfes body,and with the poyfon,w!iich is mighty and alfoftrong foon bring him to his death : This difeafe is very infectious and dangerous for fome Horfes, yet if it be taken in any time, it iseafieto be holpen : The cure thereof is in this manner : Take a fharp Bodkin-and thruft it through the neather part of his nofe, that he may bleed : or if you will, to let him bloud in the neck-vein lhail not be amifs , then feel the knots, and as many as are foft lance them and let them run ; then take ftrongLye, Lime, and Allum, and with the fame bathe all his fores,and it fhall in fhort fpace cure him. There isaifo another man- ner of curing this difeafe, and that is thus: Take a fharp iance-kr.ife, and in the top of the Horfes fore-head, juft between his eye3, make a long flit even to the skull : then with a blunt inftrument for the purpofelofe the flefh from the fcalp a pretty compafs: then take Carret-roots cut into little thin round pieces, and put them between the skin and the skull, as many as you an, then dofe up the wound,and once a day anoint it with frefh Butter : This is a moft fureand approved way to'cure the Pardon $ for look how this wound thus made, fhall rot ,wafte, and grow found, fo fhail the Far- cion break, dry up, and be healed,becaufe all the poyfon that feedeth the difeafe fhall be altogether drawn into the fore-head, where it (hall die and wafteaway. The only fault of this cure is, it will be fomewhat long, and it is a foul eye-fore until it be whole. Some ufe to burn this forance, but thai is naught and dangerous, as who fo proves it fhall finde. A moft approved medicine to cure the Farcion. TAke of dqua-viu two fpoonfuls of the juyceof Herb of grace as much • mingle them together, then take of Plegants or Bal's of Flax or Tow, and fteep them therein, and flop them hard into theHorfes ears; then take a needle khd a thread, and ftitch the tips of his two ears together, by means whereof he cannot fhake 1 Out -the medicine, and ufe him thus but three Teveral mornings, and it will kill any Farcion whatfoever, for it hath been often approved. . Another medicine of the fame. S Lit every hard kernel with a fharp knife, and fill the hole with anOintmentimde of old Lard, Sope,and gray Salt, for that will eat out the coar, and caufe it to rot, and fo fall out of the own accord. of the Canker called of the Italian,// Cancro. A Canker is a filthy creeping Ulcer, fretting and gnawing the flefh in great breadth. In the be- ginniisg it is knotty, much like a Farcine, and fpreadeth it felf into divers places,and being ex- ulcerated, gathereth together in length into a wound or fore. This proceeded] of a melancholy and filthy bloud ingendered in the body, which if it be mixt with Salt humors, it caufeth the more painful and grievous exulceration, and fometime it cometh of fome filthy wound rhat is not clean- ly kept, the corrupt matter whereof cankereth other clean parts of the body. Ic is e>fie to be' known by the description before. The cure whereof according to Martin "is thus : F;rft let him bloud in t'hofe veins that be next the fore, and take enough of him. Then take of Allum half a pound, of green Copperas, ancfof white Copperas , of each one quartern, and a good handful of Salt : boil all thefe things together 'in fair running water, from a pottle to a quart. And this water being warm, wafhthe fore with a ^cloth , and then fprinkle thereon the pow- der of unfleck't lime, continuing'fo to do every day once the fpace of fifteen days : and if you fee that the lime do not mortifie the ranck flefh, and keep it from fpreading any further; then take of black Sope half a pound, of Qaick-iilver half an Ounce, and beat them together in a pot, until the Quick-filver be fo well mingled with the Sope ,■ as you can perceive none -of the Quick-iilver in it. And with an Iron flice . after that youhave wafhed the fore with the Strong- wafer 1 aforefaid, cover the wound with this Ointment, continuing thus to do every day once, imtil the Cariktt! leave fpreading abroad. And if it leave fpreading, and that'Jyou fee the rakk flefh is mdrcified'; Of the Horfe. and that the edges begin to gather a skin, then after the wafhing, drefs it with the June as before, continuing lb to do until it be whole. And in the drefling, fuffer no filth that cometh out of the fore, to remain upon any whole place about, but wipe.it clean away, or elfe wafh it away with 'warm water. And let the Horle during this cure, be as thinly dieted as may be, and throughly cxercifed. Of the FtfiuU, called of the Italians Fijtula. AFiftula is a deep hollow crooking Ulcer , and for the moft part fprings of malign humors, ingendered in fome wound, fore, or canker, not throughly healed. It is eafieto know by the defcription before. The cure according to Martin is thus : Firft, fearch the depth of it with a quill, or with fome other inftrument of Lead, that maybe bowed every way, meet for the pur - pofe. For unlefs you finde the bottom of it , it will be very hard to cure : And having found the bottom, if it be in fuch a place as you may boldly cut, and make the way open with a lancet or rafor, then make a flit right againft the bottom, fo as you may thruft in your finger , to feel whether there be any bone or griftle perifhed, or fpongyor loofeflefh, which muft be gotten out, andthen tent it with a tent of flax dipt in this Ointment : Take of Hony a quartern, and of Verdigreafe one ounce beaten into powder. Boil them together, until it look red, ftirring it continually, left it run over; and being luke-warm, drefs the tent wherewith, and bolfter the tent with a bolfter of flax. And if it be in fuch a place, as the tent cannot conveniently be kept in with a band, then- faften on each fide of the hole, two ends of Shoomakers thread right over the bolfter to keep in the tent, which ends may hang there as two laces, to tie and untie at your pleafure, renewing the tent every day once until the fore leave mattering. And then make the tent every day leffer and leffer, until it be whole. And dofe it up in the end, by fprinkling thereon a little fleckt lime. Bug if the Fiftula be in fuch a place as a man can neither cut right againft the bottom, or nigh the fame : then there is no remedy, but to pour in fome Strong-water, through fome quill, or fuch like thing,fo as it may go to the very bottom, and dry up all the filthy matter, drefiing him fo twice a day, until the Horfe be whole. of an Anbury* THis is a great fpungy Wart full of bloud, called of the Italian!) M9ro 3 or Selfo, which may grow in any place of the body, and it hath a root like a Cocks ftone. The cure according to Martin is thus : Tie it with a thread, fo hard as you can pull it, the thread will eat by little and little in fuch fort, as within feven or eight days it will fall away by it felf. And if it be fo flat as you can binde nothing about it, then take it away with a (harp hot Iron, cutting it round about, and fo deep as you may leave none of the root behinde, and dry it with Verdigreale. Rufftus faith,that if it grow in a place full of finews, fo as it cannot be conveniently cut away with a hot Iron } then it is good to eat out the core with the powder of Refalgar, and then to ftop the hole with flax dipt in the white of an Egge for a day or two j and laftly, to dry it up with the powder of unfleck't Lime and Hony, as before is taught. Of Wounds, WOunds come by means of fome ftripe or prick, and they are properly called wounds, when fome whole part is cut or broken. For a Wound according to the Phyfitians, is defined to be a folution, divifion, or parting of the whole ; for if there be no folution or parting, then me thinks it ought rather to be called a bruife then a wound. And therefore wounds are moft commonly made with lharp or piercing weapons, and bruifes with blunt weapons, Notwithftanding, if by fuch blunt weapons, any part of the whole be evidently broken, then it ought to be called a wound as well as the other: Of wounds fome be fhallow, and fome be deep and hollow: Again, fome chance in the flefhy parts, and fome in the bony and finewie places : And thofe that chance in the fleftiy parts, though they be very deep, yet they be not fo dangerous as the other; and there- fore we will fpeak firft of the moft dangerous : If a Horfe have a wound newly made, either in his head, or in any other place that is full of finews, bones, or griftles : Firft, Martin would have you to wafh the wound well with white Wine well warmed : That done, to fearch the bottom of the wound with fome inftrument meet for the purpofe , fuffering it to take as little winde in the mean while as may be. . Then having found the depth, ftop the hole clofe with a clout, until your falve be ready: Then take of Turpentine, of Mel RoJatum } of Oyl of Rofes, of each a quartern, and a little unwrought Wax, and melt them together ; and if it be a cut, make a handfome roll of clean picked Tow, fo long and fo big as may fill the bottom of the wound, which for the moft part is not fo wide as the mouth of the wound: then make another roll greater than that, to fill up the reft of the wound, even to the hard mouth,and let both thefe rolls be anointed with the ointment aforefaid luke-warm, ! But if the hurt belike a hole made with fome prick, then make aftiffetent, fuch a one as may reach the bottom, anointed with the aforefaid Ointment, and bolfter the fame with a little Tow j And if the mouth be not wide enough, fo as the matter may eafily run forth, if it be in F f 2 fuch 327 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. i'uch place you may do it without hurting any finew, then give it a pretty flit fro m the mouth down- ward, that the matter may have the freer paffage, and in any wife have a fpecial regard, that the tent may be continually kept in by one means or other, as by binding or Haying the feme with the ends of Shoomakers thread as is aforefaid. And if the hole be deep, and in fuch place as you may not then make your tent of a Spunge, and fo long as it may reach to the bottom, and the tent being made fomewhat full, with continual turning and wryingofit, you flulleafily get it down, and then dtefs the wound with this twice a day,cleanfingthe wound every time with a little white Wine luke- warm. For this Spunge, anointed with the Ointment aforefaid, will both draw and fuck up all the filthy matter, and make it fo fair within as is poffible : and as it beginneth to heal, fo make your tent every day lefier and leffer , until it be ready to clofe up, and never leave tenting it, fo long as it will receive a tent, be it never fo fhort. For hafty healing of wounds breedeth Fiftula's, which properly be old wounds, and therefore muft be cured like Fiftula's. Of Wounds in the flefiy parts, USe the fame Ointment 'and manner of proceeding as before. And if the wound be large, then to keep in the tent or rolls , you fhall be fain to put two or three Shoomakers ends on each fide of the fore, leaving them fo long as you may tie them together, and loofen them when you will like laces. Of old Ulcers or Wounds* TO cure an old Ulcer, as Fiftula, Gall, or Botch; or any new received wound, thefe are the beft Salves,and moft approved in mine experience : Take of Hony half a pinte, of Deer-fewet two ounces, of Verdigreafe beaten into powder as much ; boil all thefe exceeding well upon the fire, then with the fame luke-warm, tent or plaifter any venemous fore, and it will recure it. If you take of Wax, Turpentine, Oyl of Rofes, of Hogs-greafe, of each like quantity, and half fo much Tar as any one of the other fimples ; melt all thefe together, and being well incorporated together, cither tent or plaifter any wound, and it will heal it. Alfo, if you take the green Teaves of Tobacco bruifed, and put them into a green wound, they will heal it; the afhes of Tobacco burnt, if theybeftrewed upon any fore that is neer skinning, it will alfo skin it perfe&ly, and it will incarnate well, if the Ul- cer be not too deep and dangerous. There be many other Salves, Plaifters, and Unguents which I could fet down ; but fince 1 have experienced thefe for moft effectual, I omit the others as fu- perfluous. Of an hurt with an Arrow. IF the Horfe be hurt with an Arrow, tent the hole with Hogs-greafe and Turpentine molten toge- ther, renewing it every day once until it be whole. Of fulling out Shivers or Thorns, MArtin faith, that if it be not very deep,Sope being laid unto it all night will make it to appear, fo as you may pull it out with a pair of nippers.But if it be very deep,(then you muft open[the place with a knife or lancet, and get it out, and afterward heal up the wound as hath been taught you before. Ruffius faith, that the roots of Reed being ftampt and mingled with Hony, will draw out any thorn or (hiver : and fo will Snails, as he faith,being ftampt and wrought with frefh Butter j and if the place be fwoln, he faith it is good to mollifie it with Hogs-greafe and Hony , which will affwage any new fwelling, that cometh by ftripe or otherwifc. ofhrmftngs or fwellings. MArtin faith, Firft prick it with a fleam. Then take of Wine lees a pinte , as much Wheat- flowre as" will thicken it, and an ounce of Cumin ; boil them together ,and lay this fomewhat warm unto it, renewing it every day once until the fwelling either depart, or elfecome to a head. And if it do, then lance it, and heal it up as a wound. Of Sinews Mrf rich, or bruifed. Blu idtvile. *T*Akeof Tar, and Bean-flowre, and a little Oyl of Rofes, and lay it hot unto the place. And X if this do no good, then take Worms and Sallet Oyl fryed together, or elfe the Ointment of Worms, which you (hall have at the Apothecaries, and one of thefe will knit it again, if it be not clean afunder. 328 Of Of the Horfe. 329 How to cure a wound made with Harquebi-jhjlot. M At tin faith, Firftfeek with an inftrument whether the pellet remain within or not, and if ir do, you muff get it out with an inftrument meet for the purpofc. Then to kill the fire a Take a-little Vernifh, and thruit it into the wouad with a feather, anointing it well within with the lea- ther, and after that, ftop the mouth fair andioftly with a little foft flax, to keep the winde out, and on theoutfide, charge all the fwelling with this charge : Takeof Bole-armany a quartern, ofLm- feed beaten into fine powder half a pound, of Bean-flowre as much 3 and three or four broken Egges, fhels and all, and of Turpentine a quartern, and a quart of Vinegar, and mingle them well toge- ther over the fire, and being fomewhat warm, charge all the fore place with part thereof, and im- mediately clap a cloth, or a piece of leather upon it, to keep the wound from the cold air, conti- fluinobothto anoint the hole within with Vernifh, and alfo to charge the fwelling without , the fp?.ceof four or five days, and at the five days end leave anointing of it , and tent it with a tent reaching to the bottom qf the wound, and dipped in Turpentine and Hogs-greafe molten together, renewing it every day twice until it be throughly killed, which you fhall perceive by the matter- ing of the wound, and by falling of the fwelling : for fo long as the fire h uh the upper hand, no thick matter will iffue out, but only a thin yellowifh water, neither will the fwelling affwage. And then take of Turpentine, wafhed in nine feveral waters, half a pound, and put thereon three yolks of Egges, and a little Saffron, and tent it with that Ointment, renewing it every day once un- til the wound be whole. of burning with Lime or An) other fiery thing, MArtin faith; Firftwafh away the Lime, if there be any, with warm water. Then kill the fire with Oyl and Water beaten together, dreffing him (o every day until it be all raw, and then anoint it with Hogs-greafe, and ftrew thereupon die powder of flecked lime, drcfling him fo every day once until it be whole. • % 1 Of the biting of a m td Bog. IF a Horfe be bitten with a mad Dog, theverfom of his'teeth will not only pain him extremely, but alfo infect all his bloud, and makehim to dye mad. - The cure according to the old Wri- ters is thus: Takeof Goats dung, of flefh that hath laid long in Salt, and of the herb Ebulus, cal- led of fome Danewort, of each half a pound, and forty Walnuts. Stamp all thefe things together, and lay thereof unto ihc fore, and this will fuck out the venom, and heal the wound. It is good alfo to give the Horfe Treacle, and Wine to drink : yea, and fome would have the fore place to be fiered with a hot Iron. Of hurts by tusks of a Boar. IF a Horfe be hurt with the tusk of a Boar, lay Vitriol^ and Copperas thereunto, and the powder of a Dogs head being burned, but let the tongue be firft pulled out and caft away. To heal the biting or stinging ef Serpents^ LAurentius KuQius faith ; Take a good quantity of the herb called Sanicu.a^ {tamp it, anddiftem- per it with the milk of a Cow, that is all of one colour, and g ; .ve him that to drink , and that will heal him., Another Medicine for the fame ptryofe, MAke a plaifter of Onions, Hony and Salt,ftampt and mingled together,and lay that to the fore place, and give the Horfe Wine and Treacle to drink. Ai>fyAbfyrtus would have you to give him drink made of Smallage- feed, Wine,and Hony, and to walk him throughly upon it,that he may empty his belly. , F f 3 Of ^ The Hiftory of Four- footed Beafts. of Lice^ and how to kill them, Blundtvile. *TpHey De like Geefe Lice > buC lornewnat bigger, they will breed mod about the ears, X r,eck, and tail, and over all the body. They come of poverty, and the Horfe will be alway.es rubbing, and fcratthing, and will eat his meat; and not pr,o!pec withal, and with rub- bing he will break all his mane and tad. The cure, according to Martin, is thus; Anoint the place withSope and Q^ickfilver, well mingled together, and to a pound of Sope, put half an ounce of Quickfilver. . of Lottfintfs. , , "T" Here be Horfes that will be Loufie, and it cometh of poverty cold and ill keeping,and it is ofcneft bhrl^drn. amon g^ young Horfes, and moft men take little heed unto it, and yet they will die thereon. The cure is, to wafh them three mornings together in Stau-aker and warm water. Horv to fave Horfes from the flinging of pes in Summer. ANoint the Horfes coat with Oyle, and Bay-beries, mingled together, or tie to the headftal ofhis collar, a fponge dipt in ftrong Vinegar, or fprinkle the ftable with water wherein Herb-grace hath been laid infteep, or perfume the ftable with Ivie, or with Calamint, or with Gith burned in a pan of coles. Of hones being broken out of joynt, FEw or none of our Farriers do intermeddle with any fuch griefs, but do refer it over to the Bonefetter, whofe practifed hand, I. muft needs confeffe, to be needful in fuch bufinefs. Not- withftanding, for that it belongeth to the Farriers art, and alio for that the old writers do make fome mention thereof, I thought good not to paffe it over altogether with filence. Albeit, they fpeak only of fra&ures in the legs beneath the knee. For they make little mention or none or bones above the knee, taking them to be incurable, unleffe it be a rib, or fuch like. If a bone then be broken in the leg, it is eafie to perceive 5 iby feeling cheroughnefs and inequality of the place grieved, one part being higher then another. The cure whereof, according to Abjptm and Hiencks, is in this fort.: • Firft put the bone again into his right place : that done, wrap it about with unwafh't wool, bin- ding it faft to the leg with a fmall linnenxoller, foaked before in Oyl and Vinegar mingled together. / And let that roller be laid on as even ks is poihble , and upon that again lay more wool dipt in Oyl and Vinegar, and then fplentitwith three fplents, binding them faft at both ends with a thong, and let the Horfes leg be kept ftraight, and right out, the fpace of forty days, and let not the bonds' be loofened above three times in twenty days ,unlefs it fhnnk,and fo require to be new dreft, and bound again. But fail not every day once, to pour on the fore place, through the fplents , OylandVine- gar mingled together. And at the forty dayes end , if you perceive that the broken place be Jowdered together again with fome hard knob or griftle then loofen the bonds, fo as the Horfe may go fair and foftly, ufing from that time forth to anoint the place with fome foft greafeor Ointment. Of broken bones, Martyam' T Have not for mine own part had any great experience in broken bones of a Horfe, becaufe it J[ chanceth feldom, and when it doth chance, what through the Horfes brutifh unrulinefs, and the immoderate manner of the aft, it is almoft held incurable; yet for the little experience I have, Ihavenot found for this purpofe any thing fo foverain orabfolute good,asOyl of Mandrag, which applyed, conglutinateth and bindeth together any thing, efpecially bones being either fhiveredor broken. of bones out of joynt, B/ d tie T ^ a ^ or ^ es k° ee or fhoulder be clean out of joynt, and no bone broken, Mun'in faith the readied un m ' J[way is, to bind all the four legs together, in fuch fort as hath been taught before in the Chapter of Incording, and then to hoife the Horfe fomewhat from the ground, with his heels upward, fo {hall the weight and poife ofhis body, caufe the joynt to fhoot in again into the right place : for by this means he pleafured not long fince a friend and neighbour ofhis, who going with his Cart from S. Albons, towards his own houfe, his Thiller fell and put his fhoulder clean out of joynt, fo as he was neither able to rife, nor being holpen up, could ftand on his legs : to which mifchance Martin being called, made no more ado, but taking his friends Cart-rope, bound the Horfes legs all four together, and with a lever being ftaid upon the Cart wheel, they putting their fhoulders to the other end, hoifed up the Horfe clean from the ground, the poife of whofe body made the bone to return into his Of the Hot fe. his right place, with fuch a loud knack or cracky as it might be heard a great way otf, and the Horfe immediately had the ufeof his leg, fo as he drew in the Cart, and went alfo fafc home without torn- plaining thereof ever alter. Certain receipts of PlaiiJcrs, very good for broken bones, taken out of the old Authors, writing of Horfe-leach craft. *t|~» Ake of Spurn* trgenti ,of Vinegar, ofeach one pound, ofSallet Oyl half a pound.of dmmmheunt, J tod Turpentine ,ofeich three ounces, of Wax,ofRofin,of each two ounccs,of Bitumen,of Pitch, Gf Verdi r-rc'.le, ofeach halt a.pound Boyl the Vinegar, Oyl and Spuma argent i together, until it wax thick, then put thereuntathe Pitch, which being molten, take the pot from the hrc, and put in the Bitumen, without ftirring teat all, and that being alfo molten, then put in all the reft, and fee the pot again ilo tire ia>e,and let them boyl all together until they be ail united in one*, that done, ftrain it, and make it irva plainer form ? and this is called Hierocles Plaiftef. Another receit for broken bones, *T~ Ake of liquid Pitch one pound, of Wax two ounces,ofthe pureft and fineft part of Frankincenfc £ one ounce, of Ammomacum four ounces, of dry Rofes, and of Galbauum, ofeach one ounce, of Vinegar two pintes.Boyl firft the Vinegar and Pitch together,tfien put in the Ammoniacum, diffolved firft in Vmegar^'and after that y ali the reft of theaforefaid drugs, and after they have bovled toge- ther, and be united in one, ftrain it, and make it plaifterwife, and this is called Emplafirumfl\ m fo v -\ only wi0 piis, or elfe with purging powders put into Ale, Wine, or fome other liquor. But the fimples whereof fuch pils or powders be made, would be cholen with judgement and aptly ap~ plycd, fo as you may purge away the hurtful humors, and not the good. Learn firft therefore to know with what humor or humors the Horfe is grieved, be it Choler, Flcgm, or Melancholy, and in what part of the body fuch humors do abound : then what fimples are belt to purge fuch humors, and with what property, quality, and temperament they be indued. For fome be violent and next coufius to poyfon,as Scammony,or Coloquintida. Some again are gentle, and rather meat than me- dicines, as Manna, Caffia t Whay, Prunes, and fuch like. And fome again be neither too violent,fnor too gentle, but in a mean, as Rhubarb, Agarick, Sene, Aloes. The old men did ufe much to purge Horles with the pulp of Coloquimida, and fometime with the roots of wilde Cowcumber ; and lome- time with the broath of a fodden Whelp mingled with Nitrnm s and divers other things , whereof I am lure I have made mention before in the curing of Horfes difeafes. Notwithstanding I would not'wifh you to berafh in purging a Horfe after the old mens ex- ample. For as their fimples many times be very violent, fo the quantities thereof by them prefcri- bed are very much, and dangerous for any Horfe to take in thefe days, in the which neither man nor beaft, as it feemeth, is of fuch force or ftrength as they were in times paft. And therefore when- foever you would purge him with fuch like kindes of Purgations as Martin ufeth, whereof you have example before in divers places ; and whenfoever you lift for knowledge fake to deal with other fim ples,to prove them firft upon fuch Jades as may well be fpared. For whofoever mindeth to purge a Horle well, that isj to do him good and no hurt, had need to confider many things : as the nature of the Horfes difeafe, and the Horfes ftrength : alfo the nature, ftrength and quantity of the me- dicine that he miniftreth : the Region,or Countrey,the time of the difeafe, the time of the year and day. For as the difeafes and evil humors caufing fuch difeafes are divers, fo do they require to be purged with divers medicines, diverfly compounded, wherein confifteth a point of Art to be learn- ed at the Phyfitians hands, and not at mine. Again, weak, delicate, and tender Horfes may not be purged in fuch fort, as thofe that be of a ftrong fturdy nature. And therefore in fuch cafes the quality and quantity of the fimples is not a little to be confidered ; neither is the hotnefs or coldnefs of the Region to be neglected, nor the time of [the difeafe. For fome require to be purged in the very beginning, fome not until the matter be throughly digefted : and though the difeafe proceed perhaps of cold^nd cold humors, yet a man may not minifter fuch hot things in Summer, as he would do in Winter, nor in the con- trary cafe, fuch cold things in Winter as he would in Summer. And therefore the time and feafon of the year is alfo to be obferved : yea the day and time of the day. For the more temperate the day is, the better j not in an extreme hot day, for making the Horfe to faint; nor yet when the winde bloweth in the cold North, for that will ftop and hinder the working of the medicine, but ra- ther in a temperate raoift day, when the winde is in the South, if it may be ; for that will further and help the working of the medicine, and make the body loofe and foluble. Again for a Horfe, whether you purge him with pils or drink, it is beft for him ("as Martin faith ) to take them in the morning, after that he hath fafted from meat and drink all the night before. And having received his medicine, let him be walked up and down, one hour at theleaft, and then fee himup,and fuffered to ftand on the bit two or three hours without any meat,but in the mean time fee that he be well littered, and warm covered : and at three hours end, offer him a little of a warm mafh made with Wheat-meal,or with Bran,or elfe with ground mault. Give him little meat,cr none until he be purged : all which things have been (hewed you before in divers places, and therefore I think it not good to be tedious unto you with often recital thereof. of Cauterisation, er giving the fire, as well actual as potential. FOrafmuch as the Fire is judged of all the old Writers to be the chiefeft remedy, and as it were the laft refuge in all difeafes almoftwhereuntoaHorfeis fubjed , I thought good therefore to talk of it in this place; and the rather, for that few or none of our Farriers, unlefs it be Martin, or fuch as have been taught, do know how to give the fire, or to what end it ferveth. But firft you fhall underftand, that according to the learned Chirurgeons, yea, alfo according to my old Authors, there be two kindes of Cautery, the one actual,and the other potential. The Cautery actual is that which is done only by tiering of the grieved place with a hot Iron. The ' potential Cautery is done by applying unto the grieved place fome medicine corrofive, putrifaftive, or.'cauftick.But we will fpeak firft of the actual Cautery, (hewing you wherefore it is good, then of what metal and fafhion your inftrument fhould be made, and finally how and when to ufe them, Avicen faith, that an aftual Cautery moderately ufed, is a noble remedy to ftop corruption of members, torectifie the complexion of the fame, and alfo to ftanch bloud. Howbeit you muff beware (faith he ) that you .touch not the finews, cords, or ligaments, left the member be weakened, or that the Cramp enfueth. Vegetius alfo writing of Horfe-leach- craft, praifeth the actual Cautery very much, fpeakiog in this fort: The aftual Cautery laith he ,bindeth toge- ther The Hijlory of Four-footed Beafts. ther parts loofened, ic doth attenuate parts blown and puffed up, it dryeth up fuperfluous moifture, it loofeneth and divided) evill matter gathered together into knots, it affwageth old griefs it refti- fieth thofe parts of the body that are corrupted by any manner of way, reducing them to their priftineeftate, andfuffereth nofuperfluity to grow or increafe, for the skin being opened with a hot iron, all kind of corruption by virtue of the fire is firft digefted and ripened, and then diifolved, fo as the matter doth iflue out at the holes, whereby the member or part before offended is now healed, and eafed of all pain and grief; yea the holes being once clofed and clean (hut up., that place is ltronger and better knit, and covered with a tougher skin then ever it was before. Now as touching the inftrument whereof, and of what fafhion they fhould be made,you (hall un- derftand, that Vegetim and the other old Writers would have them to be made of Copper, praifing that metal to be far better to burn with, then Iron. The Chirurgions for mans body do praife Gold and Silver; but as for the fafhion of the Irons, it is to be referred to the kind of* fore place and grieved, wherewith you have to deal, according to the diverfity whereof, the inftruments are to be made of divers fafhions, as fome with fearing Irons with (harp edges, and fome with blunt and broad edges, fome like right, and fome like crooked Bodkins, and fome like hooks and Tickles, and fome with a great Button, and fome withajmall Button at the one end; in making whereof the Farriers judgement is moft needful, who ought to be fo skilful as he may be able to make all manner of Irons that he fhould occupie, and to alter them according as need (hall require. And therefore I thought good only here to fpeak of the common drawing Iron 5 and of the Button Iron, like in form to thofe thar Martin ufeth, referring all the reft to your own judgement, and fpecially fith you have been fully inftru&ed before of what fort they fhould be made meet to ferve your turn in any difeafe. Now as touching the ufe of the inftruments, two things are fpecially to be confidered, that is the heating of the Ironj and the bearing of the hand. For the back of the Iron may not be red hot, but only the edge, for fear of yeelding too much heat. And therefore though it be made red hot at the firft, yet it (hall be good before you occupie it, to cool the back of the inftrument in water ; and as touching the bearing of the hand, more evenly and lightly it is done, the betcer,and that according as the finenefs and thinnefs of the skin (hall require, which is to be judged by the hair. For if the hair be fhort and fine, then it is a figneof a fine skin, if long and rough, then it be- tokeneth a thick skin. The fine skin requireth the lighter hand, and not to be burned fo deep as the thick skin, yet both muft be burned until they look yellow. But the fine skin will look yel- low with leffer burning then the thick skin. For the thick skin with his long hair doth choke the fire, and therefore requireth a more heavy hand : yea, and more often heating of the inftrument then the thin skin doth, and be fure to draw alwayes with the hair, and not againft the hair, in what forme and in what manner oflines hath been taught you before; for thofe muft be made either long.* fhort, deep, (hallow, right-crooked, or over-thwart, according as the difeafe doth require : you have learned a lfo how to allay the heat of the fire, after fuch drawing. And therefore I have no more to fay here, but only to admonifh you according to Veget'm precepts, not to fire any finewie place, nor bone that is broken or out of joynt, for fear of weakning the whole member, nor to bear fo heavie or uneven hand 5 as you fhould thereby deform or misfafhion any part of the Horfe, nor be too hafty in giving the fire, but to attempt firft all other convenient remedies , and when no- thing elfe will help to make the fire your laft refuge, and yet not fo much to neglect it and abhor it, like the ignorant fort, as you will not ufe it when need requireth, for lack whereof many Horfes go lame, and uncured of divers difeafes. Pradtife your felves therefore in giving the fire at needful times with judgement and difcretion, fo (hall you do it to the Horfes benefit, and to your own great praife and profit. Of Cauteries Potential. CAuteries Potential, as Johannes Vigo faith, are medicines Corrofive, Putrifadive and Cauftick. This word Corrofive, is derived of the Latin word Corrode, which is as much to fay, as ro gnaw and fret ; and of fuch Corrofives, fome be fimple and fome compound. The fimple, as Vigo faith,be fuch as thefe be, Roch Alum, as well burnt as not burnt, fpunge of the Sea fomewhat burnt, Lime, red Coral, powder of Mercury. Compound Corrofives be thefe, Vnguentum Apeftolorum, Vnguentum JEgyptiacum, Vnguentum Ceraceum. Medicines Putrifa&ive,called of the learned (ort^Septica, according to Avicen^ be thofe that have ftrength to corrupt the complexion of the member, and to induce any fear like dead flefh, caufing great pain ; yea and Fevers, and therefore ought not to be miniftred but to ftrong bodies and in ftrong difeafes, as in Carbuncles, Cankers, Ulcers, and fuch like , and they be thefe, Arfinickt,Sublimat,Refalgar 3 and otder medicines compound therewith. Silvius alfo addeth thereunto Sandaraca, Ghrjfocolla , and Aconitum, but he doth not agree with Av'wn in the defcription of the putrifa&ive medicines : For he faith, that they have little pain or none, neither be they fo hot and drie as thofe that are called EJcbarotica; that is to fay, Cruftive : which be hot in the fourth degree, and do breed a cruft and fear, and caufe great pain, as unfleck't Lime, and the burned dregs of Wine : wherefore it feemeth that Avicens defcription belongech rather to the cruftive thentothePutrifadive medicines. Notwithftanding, I muft needs fay that our Chirurgions and alfo Farriers, do finde both Arfmc\e and Rejalgar ,to be fo (harp, hot and burning things, as when they minifter the fame to any part of the 334 f Of the Horfe. the body, cheyare forced co allay the fharpnefs thereof : the Chirurgions with the juice of Plan- tain, or Daffodil, or elfe of Houfe-leek, the Farriers with Hogs greafc. Medicines Caufcick/that is to fay, Burning, are thofe whole operation are molt (hong and incline to the nature of the fire, and yet more eafily allayed as f/gowritethj then the medicines Putrifadive, and therefore may be more fafely ufed. They be made as he faith, of ftrong lie, called Capite ' urn, or Migiftra, ofVitrhU Rn- mtn£,SalNitrt, Aqm fortit, of this fort be all thofe which Vigo calleth the bliftering medicir.es, as A$ium,Cant}jATides-,C;cl(mime>Qi\\on'i, ftrong Garlick, Melanacardimm, die ftones Off grams of Vita yf/4<», otherwile called Brionie. Moreover, K/go maketh every one of thefe Cauteries Potential to excell one another, as it were by certain degrees, faying, that Corrolivcs be weaker then putrifa- dives, and Putrifadives be weaker then Caufticks, and therefore Corrofives work in the upper part 4 and in foft flefh ; Purrifadives,in hard fiefh and deep. But Caufticks have power to break the '.km in hard fiefh, and do enter molt deeply. The ufe of the moft part of which things have been taught you before in fundry places, according to Martins experience. And therefore I leave to trouble you any further ,wifhing you that are defirous to know any more of thofe matters, to read Taugam us writing Vepirotici* ; and Silvias de mtfceamatiaym cjn.fofnkw j and John Vigo writing of Surgery, linglifhed but few years fince. But the old writers, fo far as I can judge by the words of Ahfynas, and others, that write of Horfe-leach craft, do apply this word Ciuftick, to fuch medicines as arc aftridive, and binding, called of Martin and other Farriers in thefe dayes, binding charges, as may well appear by the compolition and ufehere following, re- cited by Vegetius in this fort. The receipt of a Caujlick ufed by Chiron, to dry up the fuperfluoas moifltire y and to bind parts loofened^ and to Jlrengthen parts rvcakned. TAke of Bitumen Judaicum two pound, of Bitumen Apollonii two pound,of the pureft part of Fran- kincenfe fix-ounces, of Bdellium Arabicum two ounces, of Deersfewet two pound, of Populeum two ounces, of Galbauum two ounces, of the drops of Storax two ounces, of common Wax two pound, of RefinGabial one pound^ofVifaaltalictu three ounces, of Apoxima two ounces,of the juyce of Hyfop two ounces, of the drops of A/moniack^two ounces, of Pitch one pound. Another CauUick ufdby Pclagonius, to dry up Spellings , Bladders, Wind- gals and Splents in the legs and joy nts. TAke Virgin Wax one pound, of Rofin two pound and a half, of Gallar.um three ounces, of Ajpbaltum Judaicum two pound, of Mirrhe fecondary two pound, of Bitumen one pound, of Armoniack fix ounces,of Cand being added thereunto fometimes the feed of Henbane. The Of the Horfe. The teeth ofa male Horfe not gelded, or by ".any labour made feeble, being put under the Albmns. head, or over the head of him chat is troubled.or ftai tcth in his dream, do:h witblhnd and ojfift all unquietnefs which in. the time of his reft might happen untohmi. Ptihy aifudorh affenc that flowre doth heal the forenefs ofa Horfes teeth , and gums, and the clefts and chinks of a Horfiti feet.., i:jsi2 . lo ' ' 1 ' The teeth alfo of a Horfe is very profitable for the curing of the Chilblancs -which arc rotten and Murcellui. full of corruption when they arefwollen full ripe. ^ Uarcclw faith-, that the tooth ofa Horle being beaten and crufhed into very fmall powder,.and being fprinkled upon a Mins genital doih u.ndi profit and very effectually help him: but the teeth which were firtt ingendred in a Hor.fe , have this virtue in them, that if they (hould touch the teeth of Man or Woman who are molelted and grieved with the tooth-ach : they.fhalI prefently find a final end of their pain : if in the like manner a childedokiffethenofe or fnowt of a Horfe, he (hall never feel pain in his teeth, neither at any SweUtfj time fhall the childe be bitten by the Horfe. The teeth which do firft of all fall from Horfes, being bound or faftned upon children in their infancy, do very eafily procure the breeding of the teeth, but with more fpeed and more effectually if they have never touched the ground, wherefore the. Poet doch very well apply ihefeVerfes, faying i Gilo ighur molli denUs neflenlur eqwnii §)ui prima juerint pnlio crejcenle caduci. It is alfo faid,that if the hair of a Horfe be faftned unto the Houfe ofa mans enemy it will be a means that neither little flies or fmall gnats (hall flie by his dwelling place or nboad. The tongue of a Horfe being never accuftomed unto wine, is a moft prefent anti expedient medicine to allay or cure Pliny. the milt of a Man or Woman (as Cwi/a* Bum reporteth unto us r that he learned ic of the Bailari- am.) But MmceliM faith, that the Horfe tongue ought to bedryed and beaten into fmall powder, and put into any drink, except wine only, and forthwith it willfhew the comrheduy which rifeth thereupon, by eafing either Man or Woman, of the pain of the Spleen or Milt : divers alfo do think that a Horfes tongue ufed after this manner, is a good means or , preservative a-gaiuft the biting of Serpents or any other venemous creatures. But for the curing of any fores or griefs in the inward parts, the genital ofa Horfe is moft of all commended : for as Pliny fuppofeth, this genital ofa Horfe>rs v verymedicinable for the loofing of the p/;^,_ belly,as alfo the bloud, marrow, or liver of a Goat, but thefe things do rather dry up and clofe the belly (as before we ha ve taught) concerning the Goat. In the heart of Horfes there is found a bone, moft like unto a Dogs tooth, ic is faid that this doth drive away all grief or forrow from a mans hcart,and that a tooth being pulled from the cheeks or jawbones' of a dead Horfe doth fhew the full and right number of the lorrowes of the party fo grieved. The duft ofa Horfe hoof anointed with Oyl and Water, doth drive away im- fliny, poitumes and little bunches which rife in the flefh, in what part of the body foever they be: and the duft of the hoof of an Afle anointed witli Oyl, Water and hoc urine,dorh utterly expell all Wens and kernels which do rife in the neck, arme-holes, or any other pare of the body, of either man or woman. The genical of a gelded Horfe dryed in an Oven, beaten to powder, and gi ven twice or thrice in a little hot broth to drink unto the party grieved, is by Pliny accounted an excellent and approved remedy for the feconds of a woman. The foam ofa Horfe, or the duft of a Horfe hoof dryed, is very good to drive away fhamefaftnefs, being anointed with a certain titulation. The fcrapings of the MarcetTuS. Horfes hoofs being put in wine,and poured into the Horfes noftrils, do gready provoke his urine. Theafhes alfoof an Horfes hoof, being mingled with wine and water, doth greatly eafe and help the difeafe called the Colick or Stone : as alfo by a perfume which may be made by the hoofs of Horfes being dryed, a childe which is ftill born is caft out. The milk of Mares is of luch an excellent virtue, that it doth quite expell the poifon of the Sea* hare,and all other poifon whatfoever .- drink alfo mingled with Mares miIk,doth make the body loofe andlaxable. It isalfo counted anexcellenC remedy againft the falling ficknefs, to drink theftonesof a Boar out ofa Mares milk or water. If there be any filth or matter lying in the macrice ofa woman, Hippocrdtti, let her take Mares milk boiled and througly {trained, and prefently ' the filth and excrements will void clean away. If fo be that a Woman be barren and cannot conceive, let her then take Mares m.lk ("not knowing what it island let her prefently accompany with a man, and (he will conceive. -The milk of a Mare being drunk doth afTwage the labor of the matrice, and dodvcaule a ftill childe to be caft forth. If the feed of Henbane bebeaten fmall and mingled with Mares milk, and bound- with a Harts skin, fo that ic may not touch the ground, and fattened or bound to a woman, theywilr hinder her conception. The thinneft or lateft part of the milk of a Mare, doth very eafi-ly, gently.and without any danger purge the belly. Mares milk being dayly anointed with a little Hony doth without any pain or punifhment take away the wounds of the eyes being new made. Cheefe made of Mares milk doth reprefTe and take away~all wringings or aches in the belly, whatfoever. If you anoint a comb with the foam of a Horfe, wherewith a young man or youth doth ufc to comb his head, it is offuch force as it will caufe the hair of his head neither to encreafe, ot any whit to appear. The foam or a 337 The Hiftory of Four-footed c £eaftf. Horfe is aUo very much commended for them which have either pain or difficulty of hearing in their ears or elfe the duft of Horfe dung being new made and dryed^and mingled with Oyl of Rofes. The grief or forenefsofa mans mouth or throat, being wafhed or anointed with the foam of a Horie which hath been fed with Oates or Barly, doth prefently expell the pain of the forenefs, iffobe that it be two or three times wafhed over with the juyce of young or green Sea-crabs beaten final! together; but if you cannot get the Sea-crabs which are green, ffpnnkle upon the grief the fmall powder which doth come from dryed Crabs which are baked in an Oven made of Braffe,and afterward wafh the mouth where the pain is, and you fhall finde prefent remedy. The foam of a Hor.'e being three or four times taken in drink, doth quite expell and drive away the Cough. But Marcellut doth affirm that whofoever is troubled with the Cough, or confumption of the lungs, and doth drink the foam of a Horfe by it felf alone without any drink, (hall finde MareeJki. prefent help and remedy: but as Stxtyg faith, the Horfe will prefently die after it. the fame alfo being mingled with hot water, and given to one who is troubled with the fame difeafes, being in Rafts, manner paft all cure, doth prefently procure health, but the death of the Horfe doth inftantly enfue. The fweatofa Horfe being mingled with Wine, and fo drunk 3 doth caufe a woman which is very Albertut* big and in great labor, to caft a ftill childe. liafa. The fweat of any Beaft, (but as Albertus faith only of a Horfe) doth breed wind in a man or wo- mans face, being put thereupon, and befides that, doth bring the Squince or Squincy, as alfo a filthy {linking fweat. If Swords. Knives, or the points of Spears when they are red fire hot, be a- nointed with the fweat of a Horfe, they will befo venemousandfullof*poyfon, that if a man or R ufltHt woman be fmitten or pricked therewith, they will never ceafe from bleeding as long as life doth laft. * ' If a Horfe be wounded with an Arrow,and have the fweat of another Horfe, and bread which hath been brent, being mingled in mans urine,given him to drink, and afterwards fome of the fame being mingled with Horfe greafe put into thCwoundjt will in fhort time procure him eafe and help. There are fome which will a flare us,that if a man be troubled with the belly worms,or have a Serpent crept into his belly, if he take but the fweatofa Horfe being mingled with his urine, and drink it, it will prefently caufe the Worms or the Serpent to iflueforth. Virfcoridet. The dung of a Horfe or AfTe which is fed with gralie, being dryed and afterward dipped in wine, Pliny, and fo drunk, is a very good remedy againft the bitings and blowes of Scorpions. The fame medi- cines they do alfo ufe, being mingled with the genital of a Hare in Vinegar, both againft the Scorpi- on, and againft the Shrew-moufc. The force is lb great in the poyfon of a mad Dog or Bitch, that his pargeted Urine doth much hurt, especially unto them that have a fore boil upon them; the chiefeft remedy therefore againft the fame is the dung of a Horfe mingled with Vinegar, and being Matcelt'us. warmed put into the fcab or fore. The dung as well of Aftes as of Horfes, either raw, cold, or bur- ned, is excellent good againft the breaking forth or iffues of the bloud. The dung of Horfes or Afles being new made or warm ; and fo clapped and put to a green wound, doth very eafily and fpeedily ftanch the bleeding. If the vein of a Horfe be cut, and the bloud do Rufliia iffae out in too much aboundance, apply the dung of the fame Horfe unto the place where the vein is cut, and the bleeding will prefently ceafe, wherefore the Poet doth very well exprefs it in thefe Pelagonius. Verfes following; Sive fimus mtnni cum tefiit urilur ow, Et refirimit fluidos miro mtdicamine cu> Jus. ' The fame doth alfo very well drive away the corruption in mens body which doth caufe the bloud Albirtus- to ftinke if it be well and juftly applyed unto the corrupt place. The fame alfo being mingled with f . Oyl of Rofes, and new made, and fo applyed unto the ears, doth not only drive away the pain, but JLJculdpius. a jf doth very much help for hearing: There is another remedy alfo for the hearing, which is this, to take the dung of a Horfe which is new made, and to make it hot in a furnace, and then to pour it Marcellus. on the middle of the head againft the Vvula ) and afterward to tie the aforefaid dung inalinnenor woollen cloth unto the top of the head in the night time. Pliny. The dung of a young Afle when he is firft foaled, given in Wine to the quantity or magnitude of a Bean, is a prefent remedy for either man or woman who is troubled with the Jaundice or the over- flowing of the gall : and the fame property hath the dung of a young Horfe or Cole when he is new foaled. But the dung of an old Horfe, being boiled in fair water, and afterward ftrained and Sextus. fo given to the party to drink^who is troubled with Water in his belly or ftomach, doth prefently make vent for the fame. EmfiricM. There is alfo an excellent remedy againft the Colick and Stone, which is this, to take a handfnll of the dung of a Horfe which hath been fed with Oates and Barly, and not with grafTe, and mingle very well it with half a pinte of Wine,all which I do guefTe will amount unto the weight of eighteen ounces^ and then boyl them all together untill half of them be boyled or confumed away, and then drink the fame by little and little until it be all drunk up, but it will be much better for the party that is troubled to drink it up all together if he be able. Marcellut.) There is moreover a very good and eafie way by Horfe dung to cure the Ague or Quartern Fever, which is thus, to burn the forefaid dung, and to mingle the very duft it felf thereof in old wine, and then beat it unto fmall powder, and fo give it unto the party who is troubled therewith, to drink or fuck without any water in it^and this will very fpeedily procure eafe and help. If that a woman 338 Of the Hyxna woman fuppofeth her childe which is in her womb co be dead, lecher drink themi/t or fpleen of a Horfe in fomefweet water, not to the fmell, but to the tafte, and (lie will prcfentjy caft the childe. The fame virtue are in the perfume which is made of a Horfes hoof, as alfointhe dry dung or a Vl'my. Horfe: There is fome which do ufe this means againft the falling ficknefsj or the ficknefs called Saint Johns evilly that is to mingle the water or urine which a Horfe doth m ike with the water which cometh from the Smiths trough, and fo to give it the party in a potion There is a very good help Empirical* for Cattel which do avoid bloud through their Noftrils or fecret parts,which is this, to make a pafte of Wheat flowre, and beat itandrmingle it together with Butter and Egges in the urine of a Horfe which hath lately drunk ,and afterward to give that pafte or poultek baked even to aflies to the beaft fo grieved. To provoke urine when a mans yard is ftopt, there is nothing fo excellent as the dung or filth which proceedeth from the urine which a Horfe hath made, being mingled with wine, and then ftrained, and afterwards poured into the Noftrils of the party fo vexed. There are certain Tetters or Ring-wormes in the knees of Horfes, and a little above the hoofs Viofcorides. in the bending of thefe parts, there are indurate and hardned thick skins, which being beaten into fmall powder and mingled with Vinegar, and fo drunk, are an exceeding good prefervative againft Gakn. the Falling- ficknefs : the fame is'alfo a very good remedy for them which axe bitten with any wilde Beaft whatfoever. By the Tetter or Ring-worm which groweth in a Horfes knees or above the hoofs, beaten and mingled with Oyle, and fo poured in the ears, the teeth of cither man or woman which were weak and loofe, will be made very ftrong and fait. The aforefaid Tetter, Pliny. without any mingling withOyl, doth alfo heal and cure the head-ache and Falling-ficknefs, in either manor woman. The fame alfo being drunk out of Garret Wine or Mufcadel for forty dayes together, doth quite expell and drive away the Colick and Stone lit hat any man do get and put up the ftiooe of a Horfe being ftruck from his hoof as hetravelleth in his pace (which doth y[.,g U many times happen) it will be an excellent remedy for him againft the fobbing in the ftomach cal- led thcHicket. Of the HYesENd, and the divers kinds thereof. WE are now to difcourfeof a Beaft whereof it is doubtful. whether the names or the kinds The names thereof be more in number, and therefore to begin with the names, it feemeth to me in ge- 2nd ? thci £ e ". neral, that it is the fame Beaft which is fpoken of in Holy Scripture, and called Zeeb-ereb, and ner acci en ' Arabotb, Zepban. 3. Principes urbU Hiero(oiym£ velut Leonesrugienles, judices e)m fimiles funt lup'n Vejper- tinkquiofa nonrelinquunt ad diluculum : Their Princes are roaring Lions,and their Judges are like to night-wolves which leave not the bones till the morning, as it> is vulgarly tranflated. In like fort fer. 5. calleth them Zeeb-druboatb, Wolves of thie wildernefs, and the Prophet lUbak^nl\ , Cap. 1. ufeth the word Zeeb-ereb, Wolves of the evening. By which it is made eafie to confider and difcuffe what kinde of Beafts this Hyaena maybe deemed^ for the Hyaena, as I fhall fhew after- ' ward, is a (7)'^ word. And firft of all I utterly feciude all their opinions, which tranflate this word Arabian Wolves, for the Hebrew notes cannot admit fuch a verfion or expofition : But feeing we read \r\Oppianuf and Tzetzes, that there are kinds of Wolves which are called Harpages, more hungry then the relidue, living in Mountains, very fwift of foot, and in the Winter time, coming to the gates of Cities, and devouring both flefhand bones of every living creature they can lay hold on, efpecially Dogs and men, and in the morning go away again from their prey, I take them to be the fame Beafts which the Grecians call Hyxn.e, which is alfo the name of a Fi ill much like in na- ture hereunto. It is alfo called G/rfwo/,and bythe Phrygians, and Byihinians fianos , and from one of thefe came the lllyrian or Sclavoman word San, and it feemeth that the Grecians have given it a name from Swine, becaufe of the griftles growing on the back, for an Hyaena can have no better derivation then from Hut or Byn.Julitu Capitolinus calleth it Belbus in Laiinjn the fame place where he recordeth that there were decern Bilbifub Gordiano,ten Hy£naes in the days otGordiauus : And the reafon of this name is not improbably derived from Belba a City of Egypt. Pincianws a learned man calleth it Grcbthier, becaufe it hunteth the Sepulchres of the dead. tAlbettw in ftead of Hyaena, calleth it Lna. The ^Arabians call it Kabo, and Zabo, or Ziba and tsfzaro. I take it alfo to be the fame Beaft which Alb.nws. is called Lctta, and Ana> and Zilio, becaufe that which is reported of thefe, is true in the Hyaena • tliev frequent graves, having fharp teeth and long nails, being very fierce, living together in herds and flocks, and loving their own kinde moft tenderly, but moft; pernicious and hateful to all o- ther , being very crafty to fet upon a fit prey, defending it felf from the rage of ftronger Beafts by their teeth and nails, or elfeby flight or running away. Wherefore we having thus expreffed the name, we will handle the kinds, which I finde to be three, the firft Hyena, the fecond Papio or Dabuh, the third CrocHta, and Leucrocuta, whereunto by conje&ure we may add a fourth, called Muntichora. 139 The 34° The Hittory of Four-footed Heatis. The Figure of the firft HT^NA. Hieronymut. *TPHis firft and vulgar kinde of Hyxna, is bred in Afrk\ and Arabia, being in quantity of Anftotle. X body like a Wolfe, but much rougher haired, for it hath briftles like a Horfes mane all along his back, and in the middle of his back it? is a little crooked or dented, the colour yellowifh, but be- fpeckled on the fides with blew fpots, which make him look more terrible, as if it had fo many Oppianus eves - The eyes change their colour at the pleafure of the beaft, a thoufand times a day, for which Thcfcveial caufe many ignorant writers have affirmed the fame of the whole body, yet can he not fee one pans. quarter fo perfe&ly in the day as in the night • and therefore he is called Lupus vefpertinut, a Wolf of the night. The skilful Lapidariflt- of Germany affirm that this beaft hath a ftoneinhis eyes (or Fliny. rather in his head) called Uyma or Hy&rdws\ but the Ancients fay, that the apple or puple of the eye is turned into fuch a ftone, and that it is indued with this admirable quality, that if a man layic under his tongue, he fhall be able to foretel and prophefie of things to come; the truth hereof I leave to the reporters. Their back-bone ftretcheth it felf out to the head, fo askhe neck cannot Solinut. be nd except the whole body be turned about, and therefore whenfoever he hath occafion to wry Albcrtus. his neck, he muft fupply that quality by removing of his whole body. This Beaft hath a very great heart, as all other Beafts have which are hurtful, by reafon Ariflotle. of their fear. The genital member is like a Dogs or Wolfs ;- and I marvail upon what oc- Whether'they cafion the writers have been fo poffeffed with opinion that they change fexes , and are fome- changs fexcs time male and another female, that is to fay, male one year, and female another, according to yearly. thefe Ve rfes , Si tamen eft aliquid mire novitatis in ifih Altemare vices, & qu£ modo fxmina tergo Ovid. Fajfa marem eft, nunc ejfe rnarem miremur Hyxnam. Both kindes have under their tails a double note or paffage, in the malethereisafciffurc like the fecrets of a female, and in the female a bunch like the ftones of the male, but neither one nor other inward, but only outward ; and except this hath given caufe of this opinion, I cannot learn the JElianus. ground thereof : only Ortts writeth, that there is a Fifh of this name which turneth fex, and per- adventure fome men hearing fo much of the Fifh, might miftake it more eafily for the four-footed Beaft, and apply it thereunto. Their proctea- Thefe engender not only among themfelves , but alfo with Dogs , Lions, Tygers, and tion. Wolves, for the F.ibupian Lion being covered with an Hyaena, beareth the Crocuta. The Ihcefy of* whom we fhall fpeak more afterward, arc generated betwixt this Beaft and a Wolf: and indeed it is not without reafon that God himfelf in holy Scripture calleth it by the name of a Z^vrmie JFcI/fj feeing it rcfembleth a Wolf in the quantity, colour, in voracity and gluttoning in of flefb , infubtilty to overcome Dogs and Men, even as a Wolf doth filly Sheep. Their teeth are in both Beafts like fawes, their genitals alike, and both of them being hungry, range and prey in the n ; ght feafon. ••- ■ This Of the HyaftuUa Hytna. properties &t this bcalt. Pliny. And the female is far more fubtill then the male, and therefore more fcldom taken, for they are afraid of their own company. It was conftantly affirmed that among eleven Hyanaes, there was found but one female; it hath' been believed in ancient time, that there ism this beaft a Mi- gical or enchanting power, for they write, that about what creature fo ever he gocth round three times, it fhailftand ftone-ftill,andnot be able to move out of displace: and jftDqgs do but come within the compaffe of their. fhadow and touch it, they prefently lofe their voice i and that this JEliar.iit. fhe doth moft naturally in thefull moon; for although the fwiftnefs or other opportunity of the f hilts. Dogshdpeth them to flie away from her, yet if flic can but caft her fhadow upon them, fif cafily obtaineth her pray. She can alio counterfeit a mans voice, vomit, cough and whittle 5 by which meansin the night time fhe cometh to Houfcs or folds where Dogs are lodged, and fo ma- king as though flie vomited, or elfe whittling, draweth the Dogs out of doors to her, and devoureth g s jm^ them. Likewife her nature is, if 'flic finde a Man or a Dogsn fleep,fhe confide! eth whether fhe or he ^ /V ^ ., ;- have the greater body, if fhe, then fhe falleth on him^and either with her weight, or.forne fejcreC tvorkof nattjre,by ftretching her body upon him killeth him, or maketh him lenfelelte; whereby without refinance fheeateth off his hands; but if fl)e finds her body to be fhorter and letter then his, then flie taketh her heels and flyeth away. If a Man meet with this Beaft, he mull not fet upon it on the right hand , but on the left, for it hath been often feen, that when in hafte it did run by the Hunter on the right hand, he prefently fell off from hisHorfe fenfeiefs ; and therefore they that fecure themfelves from this-beaftjiiuft be care* ful to receive him on the left fide, that fo he may with more facility be taken, efpecially ( laith Pliny) if the cords wherein he is to be enfnared be fattened with feven knots. JEUaniu rcporteth of them, that one of thefe coming to a Man afleep in a Sheep-cot , by laying her left hand or fore-foot to his mouth, made or caft him into a deed- fleep, and afterward digged about him fuch a hole like a grave, as flie covered all his body over with earth, except his throat and head, whereupon fhe fac untill flie fuffocated and ftifled him; yet Philes attributeth this to her right foot. The like is attri- buted to a Sea-calf, and the fifh Hyaena, and therefore the old Magicians by reafom'of this exanim'a - ting property, did not a little glory in thefe beafts, as if they had been taught by them to exercifc Diabolical and praeftigious incantation, whereby they deprived men of feme, motion, and reafon They are great enemies to men, and for this caufe Solinw reporteth of them, that by fecrec accuftc- ming themfelves to houfes or yards, where Carpenters or fuch Mechanicks work, they learn to call their names, and fo will come being an hungred and call one of them with a diftiiitt and articulate voice, whereby he caufeth the man many times to forfake his work and go to fee the perfon calling him ; but the fubtile Hyaena goeth further off, and fo by calling allureth him from help of company, and afterward when flie feeth time devoureth him, and for this caufe her proper Epithet is JErr.nU Texsor, vec if , Voyce-counterfeiter. There is alfo great hatred betwixt a PardjU and this Beaft, for if after death their skins be mingled Wmnm, together, the hair falleth off from the Pardals skin, but not from the Hyaenaes ; and therefore when Their enmity the E£y/>t*' a11 not only be delivered from the Tyrany of the higher powers, but alfo foreknow the fuccefle Zixorftus. and event of his petitions and futes in Law. If his left foot and nails be bound up together in a Linnen bag, and fo fattened unto the right armeof a Man, he fhall never forget whatfoever he hath heard or knoweth. And if he cut off the. right foot with the left hand and wear the fame, whofoever feeth him fhall fall in love with him, befides the Beaft. Alfo the marrow of the right foot is profitable for a Woman that loveth not her Husband, if it be put into her noftrils. And with the powder of the leit claw, they which are anointed therewith^ being firft of all decoded in the bloud of a Weafi^do fall into the hatred of all me:>. And ifthe nails of any beaft be found in his maw after he is flai'n, it fignifieth the death of fomeofhis hun^rs. And to conclude, fuch is the follyof the Magitians, that they believe the tranfmigration of fouls, not only out of one man into another, but alfo of man into beafts. And therefore they affirm, that their men SymU and religious votaries departing life fend their fouls into ) rm - Lions, and the religious women into Hyaenaes. • The excrements or bones coming out of the excrements when it is killed, are thought to have virtue in them againft Magical incantations. And Vemocrhut writeth, that \r\Cappadoua and M?fia,hy tire eating of the hearb Therimircka, all wilde beafts fall into a deadly deep, and cannot be recovered but by the afperfion of the urine of this beaft. And thus much for the firft kinde, now followeth the fecond. The Second kinde of HY^NJ, called Papio or Dafak, 942 THis Beaft abounded! near Ctfarei in quantity refembling a Fox, but in wit and difpofition a Wolf j the fafhion is, being gathered together/or one of them to go before the flock finging, or howling) and all the reft, anfwering him with correfpondent tune : In hair it refembleth a Fox and Of the Ctocuta. 343 and their voices are fo lhrill and founding, that although they be very remote and far off, yet do men hear them as if they were hard by : And when one of themisllain, the refidue flock about The laments^ hiscarcafe, howling like as they made funeral lamentation for the dead. onforthe When they grow to be very hungry by the conftraintof famine they enter into Graves of men, ^j- T.d e^t their dead bodies, yet is their flefh tin Syria, Damafnu-., and Berutus, eaten by men. Wis y i ertUS ' n (Jlled alfo Ranefelofi Aberwpi, Aldabba, Dabba, Vabab, and Vboboba, which are derived from the He- T ^TvX Hew word Deeb, or Veeba i\\V.ibuk is the A>abian name, and the Africans call him Lej>ph, his feet and , :amts< pigs are like to a mans, neither is it hurtful to other Beafts being a bale and fimple creature. The Wlour of it is like a Bear, .and therefore I judge it to be Arfiocyo*, which is ingendered of a Bear and The parrs and a Dog, and they bark origin the night time. They are exceedingly delighted with Mufick, fuch nanual difpofi- as is uled by Pipes and Timbrels. wherefore when the Hunters have found out their caves/.hcy fpread fteir nets and fnarcs at the mouth thereof, and afterwards ftfijung up their iifftrurr.ents, the filly Jf^^^r |eaft inconfiderate of all fraud cometh out andis taken, the/pi&ure hereof is formerly expreffed. ° 4 ^ ' And there was one of thefe in Germany in the year of our Lord 1 55 1 . at the Qtf^ujpurg to be feen bublickly. It was brought out of the Wddernefs of India, it did eat Apples, Pears, and other ' fUuits of trees, and alfo bread,' but efpecially it delighted in drinking of Wine : when it was. an feungry, it dimcd up into trees, and did fhake the boughs to make the fruit fall ; and it is reported, that when it is in the tree, ipfeafeeh not an Elephant, but yet avoideth all other Beafts which i'r is not able to refift. It was of a .chearful nature, but then efpecially when it faw a woman, whereby it was withered that it was a lull r u! Beaft. His four feet were divided like a mans fingers • and the female ever bringktlj forth twins, a maie and a female together. It continually holdeth up his tail, (hewing the hole behinde, for at every motion it turneih that, as other Beafts do their head. It hath a fhort tail, and but for that , I (hould judge it, to be a kindeof Ape; I know not whether it be that kinde of little Wolf which Be'Jonius faith aboundeth in Cilici a and 4pa, which in the night timeraveneth and cometh to the bodies of fleepmg men, taking away from them their boots, caps, or bridles : when they are fhut i:p in the night time they bark like Dogs ; but being at liberty they live two hundred in a company, fo that there is no Beaft fo freqoens as theiein ajl Cuicia. As for the golden Wolf fpoken of by 0[pianus, I defer the defcription of it to his due place , for they are not all of one colour : and thus much lhall fuffke for the ftcond k inde of Hytaa* Of the CROCUTA. *, If ,, Ifl '. * •"•'(' , •'• mtiy/i\' '< THe third kinde of Uyana is c lied Grocuta, not the Guhn afOrefaid, but another different from The realon that, which is faid to be an JEthio\ian fOur-footecTbeaft , becaufe it is ingendred betwixt proportioned a Lyonefs and an Hy^na. His teeth are'all of one bone, being very fharp on both fides ocllcr qualities, of his mouth, and included in the flefh like as in a cafe, that they may not be dulled: with their teeth they break any thing. It is faid alfo by Selinus, that it never win';eth , and that their nature feemethtobe tempered betwixt a Dog and a Wolf, yet is it more fierce then either of both, more admirable inftrength, and efpecially of the teeth and belly, having power to break and digeft any bone : it imitateth alio the voyce of a man to devour them, a,s is faid before in the Hyena, In the Region Vacbinabades, which is a mediterranean Country in the Eaft, containing great and high mountains,amongft other wilde Beafts,are abundance of thefe Grocutaes ; and at the marriage of AnXonitts the fon of Severus the Emperor, to Vlautilla the daughter of Plautianus, amongft the fpecta- clesfet forth for the delight of the beholders, wasa combate betwixt an Elephant and this Beaft, which before that time was never to be feen at Rove (as Dion reporteth)And thus much for the third kindeof Hy*na,exce who are troubled with the tooth-ach , will prefently eafe the pain and vexation thereof. One of the great teeth of an Hyena, being bound with a firing unto any that are troubled in the night times with fhadows and phantafies, and which are frayed out of their fleep withfearful vifions, doth very fpeedily and effectually procure them eafe and reft. The tooth of an Hyena (called Alzabo) being Allcnus. bound upon the right arm of any one which is either oblivious or forgetful, and hanging down from the arm unto the middle finger or wrift, doth renew and refrefh their decayed me- mory. ■ The palat of an Hyena being dryed and beaten to powder, and then mingled with Egyptian Allum, and fo made hot and mixed altogether, being three times turned in any ones mouth, which hath ei- ther fore or ulcer in it, will in fmall time procure them remedy and help of their vexation and trou- ble. The flefli which groweth upon the hinder part of the neck, being burned, ar.d then eaten of taken in drirJc, doth very fpeedily help and cure the grief and aches of the loins. The 345 34 6 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beajls. The fhoulders like wife beingufed in the aforefaid manner, doth profit much for the healing of any who are vexed with any anguifh or pain in their fhoulders or fides. The lungs being dryed and taken in drink, doeafeany, either man or woman which is troubled either with Colick or StOne. But being dryed into powder, and mingled with Oyl, and fo anointed upon the belly, itkilleththe Worms, and expellcth all aches away from the belly. The Heart being ufed in the aforefaid manner and taken in drink , doth eafe and help all aciies, pains or griefs in the body whatfoever. The white flefh being taken from the breaft of an Hyaena; and feven hairs, and the genital of a Hart, being bound all together in the skin or hide of a Buck or a Doe, and afterwards hanged about the neck of a woman which is in travel, will greatly hinder her for bringing forth her childe. If there fhall be any flefh or bones of men found in the body of a dead Hyaena, being dryed and beaten to powder, and then mixed with a certain perfume, they will be very excellent to help the Govvt, or drive away the Convulfion of the finews. The kell or caull wherein the bowels are con- tained, being ufed in the aforefaid manner ,and alfo mixed with Oyl,will be a prefent remedy againft the burnings and inflamations of fores, botches, and Ulcers. The chine bone of an Hyaena being bruifed and beaten into fmall powder, and fo dryed, and then mingled with the tongue and the right foot of a Sea-calf, the gall of an Ox being added thereunto, and all of them boyled or baked together, and anointed upon the hide or skin of an Hyaena, ar.d fo lapped about the legs or joynts of them which are troubled with the Gowt, will in fhort time eafe the pain, and rid them altogether of the grief thereof. The chine bone being alfo beaten to powder, and given in Wine to drink, is very profitable and neceflary for thofe which are in fore travel or pain of childe-birth. The firft or eighth rib of the fame Beaft , being beaten and mingled with a certain perfume, is very good and medicinable for fores and botches which do break through the flefh. Their flefh alio being eaten, doth quickly cure and heal the bitings or tearings of a ravenous Dog; but their liver being fo ufed, is more effectual and fpeedy for the curing thereof. The liver of the aforefaid Beaft is alfo very curable for Agues or quartern Feavers being beaten to powder, and drunk in Wine, before the augmentation or fecond affaults thereof. The fame alfo is an excellent and fpeedy remedy for the wringings and aches of the belly, as alfo for that grievous and painful dif- eafe called the Colick and Stone. For the fame difeafes, the gall of a Sea-fcorpion , and of a fifh called H and is there rehearfed among the clean Beafts, which al- Of thename. though the Septuagints tranftate Tragelaphus, yet we have fhewed already in that ftory, that it cannot ftand with the meaning of the holy Ghoft, becaufe thatBeaft is found no where but near the River Thafis, or in Arabia, (as Tliny andViodorus write: ) and befides the Chaldee tranflation hath Jaela ; the Per fians, Cotzietu; the Arabians, Ohel ■ all which by Abraham Ezra, and Rabbi So- lomon, and many other of the learned fern, are interpreted to be the Ibex, which of the Germans is called S\einbot\; and the female of the Helvetians is called Ibfcben, and Tbfcbgeifs ; which words feem- eth to be derived from the Latine word Ibex, and the Cifalpine French, which fpeak Italian, dwelling about Millain, retain the German word for the male, but the female by a proper word they call Vt- fina, and fo alfo do the Rbttians. The Tranfalpine French, Bouc eftane ; the Iltyrians, Kozorcziecz, and fome Latine Authors call him Capricomus. The Grecians, IxaUf, and JEgoceros : Although I have ne- a fiftion of ver read Capricomus to fignifie a Beaft, but only a ftar, excepting fome Poetical Grammarians, who CapKornxt. affirm this Beaft to be a monfter of the Sea ; and that Tan when he fled out of Egypt, with other Gods from Typbon the Giant, their great Enemy, cafthimfelf into the water, and was transformed into this Beaft. But Jupiter admiring his wit, placed him among the Stars near to Leo, according 'to this verfe ; Humidus JEgoceros> nee plus Leotollitur urna. Although there be fome that affirm, this Capricorn to be placed among the Stars by Jupiter, becaufe he was nurfed with him. And that Tan hath his hinder pares like a fifhjand his fore-part like a Goat, according to thefe verfes : Turn gtlidum valide de pedore jrigus anhelans, Corpore femifiro, magno capricomus in orbe. Wherefore by the fignes Cancer and Cafrieornus, the Ancients were wont to underfhnd the defend- ing and afcending of the foul : that is to fay, by the Cancer or Crab which goeth backward, the fouls defcent,by Capricorn, (becaufe the Goat climbeth) the fouls afcent : and therefore they place Torphyrm. it in the Zodiack, where the Sun after the fhort days beginneth to afcend , for no other caufe thenforthat which I have rehearfed. The Epithets that are given unto this Capricorn, do The attributes alfo belong unto the Ibex , fuch as are thefe, moift, cold, fwift, horn-bearer, watery, fnowy, of this beaft. wool-bearer, rough, briftly, eared, horrible, fierce, tropick, frowning, fhowring, threatning,black, Textor. and fuch like. To return therefore unto the Ibex, although I do not diflike the opinion of them, which take it to be a wildcGoat, yet I have referved it into this place, becaufe of many eminent differences, as may appear by the ftory. Firft thefe are bred in the Alpes, and are of an admirable celerity, al- Their Conn- though their heads be loaded with fuch horns , as no other Beafts of their ftature bearetb. For I cr,es oi hrec ^j do read in Eufiathius, that their horns are fixteen palms long, or five fpans and one palm, and fometimesfeavenfpans; fuch was the horn confecrated at Debs, being two cubits and a fpan long, u ° and fix and twenty pounds in weight. This Beaft (faith Tolybius) in his neck and hair is like a Buck- goat, bearing a beard under his chin of a fpan long, as thickas a Colts tail, and in other parts of his body refembleth a Hart. It feemeththat his Hebrew name faal, is derived of climbing, and Ifidorus faith that Uiasars The places c.f qmtft Avicei, that is like Birds, becaufe like Fowls of the air, they inhabit the tops of clifts, Rocks, their abode and 3 48 The Hittory of Four- footed Heatts; and Mountains, far from the view and fight of men. Their horns reach to their buttocks or hips, fo that if at any time hedoth chance to fall, he cowcheth his whole body betwixt his horns, to break the ftrong force and violence of his own weight, and alfohe is able to receive upon his horns the ftrokes of great ftones which are {hot or caftathim; they are knotty and fharp, and as they encreafe in age, fo do their horns in ftrongnefs and other qualities, until they be twenty years old. Stumpl'ms* ThefeBeafts inhabit and keep their abode in the tops of thofe Mountains, where the ice never The benefit of t h awec h or diffolveth j for it loveth cold by nature,otherwife it would be blinde ; for cold is agree- Tbeir feveral able to the eye fight and beauty. It is a noble Beaft, ar d very fat. In the fmall head, and lean legs, membeis. it refembleth a Hart $ the eyes are very fair and bright -the colour yellowifh; his hoof cloven and (harp like wilde Goats. It far excelleth a wilde Goat in leaping • for no man will believe how far off, or what long fpace it will leap, except he faw it. For there is no place fo fteep or cragged, that if it afford him but fo much fpace as his foot may ftand on, but he will pafs over it with a very few Tbeirt3king. jumps or leaps. The Hunters drive them to the fmooth and high Rocks, and there they by enclo- fing them, take them in ropes or toils, if they cannot come near them with fhot or fwords. When the Beaft feeth his hunter which defcendeth to him by fome Rock, he obferveth very diligently, and watcheth if he can fee any diftance or fpace betwixt him and the Rock ; yea, but fo much as his eye- fight can pierce through : and if he can, then he leapeth up and getteth betwixt the Hunter and the Rock, and fo cafteth him down head-long ; and if he can efpy no diftance at all, then doth he keep his ftanding until he be killed in that place. The huncing of this Bcaft were very pleafant, but that it is encumbred with much labour and ma- ny perils, and therefore in thefe days they kill them with guns. The Inhabitants of Valok (neerthe River Sidur.ui) take them in their infancy when they are young; and tame them, and until they be old, they are contented to go and come with the tame Guats to pafture, but in their older and riper age they return to their former wilde nature. Their copula- S*riftotle affirmeth^that they couple or engender together .(not by leaping upon each other) lion. but ftanding upright, upon their hinder legs : whereunto I cannot content, beeaufe the joynts and nerves . Of the Ichneumon. nerves or' their hinder-legs will not be ftretched to fuch a copulation ; and it may be that he or his relator had Teen them playing together as Goats do, ftanding upright, and fo took that gcfture in their paftime for carnal copulation. The female hath iefs horns then the male, buta greater bo- dy 5 and her horns are very like to a wilde Goats. When this Beaft feeleth infallible tokens of her death, and p; rceiveth that her end by fome wound Their bshai •- or courfe of nature approachcth, and is at hand; it is reported by the Hunters, that flic afcendeth our at their, ' tothetop of fome Mountain or high Rock, and there fafteneth one of her horns in the fame itcep c ' eu! - place, going round continually and never ftanding ftill, until fhe have worn that horn afunder, -whereby fhe ftayeth her felf, and fo at length at the mftant or point of death , breaking her horn, falleth down and pcrifheth. And becaufe they die among the Rocks, it falleth out feldom that their bodies are found, but many times when the Snow falleth from the Mountains in great and huge mal- fes,it meeteth with a living Ibex, and other wilde Beafts, and fo opprclling them dnveth them down to the foot of the Hils or Mountains,as it doth trees and fmall houfes,which are built upon the Tides Pet nonius. of them. fe In Greet they make bows of the horns of thefe Beafts. And concerning their taking it is not to The ufc of be forgotten how the Hunter which perfueth her from one rock to another, is forced many times for their horn$» the fategardof his own life, to forlake his ftanding, and toobfervethe Beait when it maketh force at him, and to rid himfelf from danger of death by leaping upon his back, and taking faft hold on his horns, whereby he efcapeth. Inthehoufeof Pompey, where the memorable Forreft of Gordianus was painted, there were among other Beafts,two hundred Ibices, which Pompey gave unto the people ac the day of his triumph, for to make fpoil thereof at their own pleafure. The < Medicines of the Ibex. Some do commend the bloud of the Ibex to be a very good remedy againft the ftone of the blad- der, being ufed in this manner : Firft, they divide it in parts, and put one part of the bloud, and about fome fix parts of Wine Apiat, and Hony mixed together, and do boil them both together luke-warm, and afterwards they referve it in a clean vefiel, and the third day in the morning they give it unto the party to drink who is grieved, and then they put him into a Bath about noon time and in the evening, and this order is to be obferved for three days together, for it will come to pafs' that in that fpace the Stone will be diffolved and turned into fand or gravel, and fo by that means will have vent together with the urine. There is alfo by the dung of the aforefaid Beaft, an excellent remedy againft the Sciatica or Hip- gout, by which that moft excellent Phyfitian Aufonius himfelf was healed, and many other lying de- lperate of remedy, which is this • to gather the'dung of this Beaft in the feventeenth day or the Moon, neither is it any great matter whether you gather it in fome part of the old Moon, for it will have the fame operation : you (hall therefore take as much of this r*ung as you can hold in your hand or fift at one time : fo that the quantity of the dung be unlike^, and you fhall put it in a morter and beat it to powder, and caft twenty grains of Pepper into the fame fimc, being very diligently pounded or bruifed, and then you fhall adde nine ounces of the heft Hony unro the aforefaid mixture, and four pounds of the beft Wine, and mix the potion in the manner of a compound Wine, and the dung or dirt being dryed and beaten firft; you (hall mingle all the reft, and put them together in a vefTel made of glafs, that when you have any need, you may have the medicine ready prepared, to comfort him or her which is fo afrlifted. 349 Of the ICHNEUMON. M Ocellus and Solinut, do mke queftion of this Beaft (Ichneumon) tobeakinde of Otter, or the Otter a kinde of this Ichneumon, which I find to be otherwife called Enydros,ox Enhydm , an d na m« becaufe it li'veth in water ; and the reafon of this name I take to be fetched ab invefii^ando, becaufe with the reafon like aDog or hunting Hound , ft diligently fearcheth out the feats of wildeBeafts, efpecially the thereof. Crocodile and the Afp, whofe Egs it deftroyeth. And for the enmity unto Serpents, it is called OpbU omachus. Ifidorus is of opinion, that the name of rSis Beaft in the Gretl^ is given unto it, becaufe by the favour thereof, the venom and wholefomefs of mcates is defcried. Whereof Dracontias writeth in this manner : , . v . - Pr*iticit Suillus vimcujufcunq; venenL The Ichneumon firetelletb the power, and pre fence of all poyfon. And it is called SuiVus'xtx Latme, be- caufe like a. Hog, it hath briftles in ftead of hair $ AlbertussAfo doth call it Neomon miftafcincit for Ichneumon. ' There be fome that call it an 7/wfcwMoufe, becaufe there is fome proportion or fimilitude in the e/„„,,w outward form between this Beaft and a Moufe. But it is certain, that it is bred in no other Nation r U Z but only in Egypt, about the River Nilus ; and of fome it is.called Mus ?kaia'onis\ PbatathsHouk. Vot I baroab was a common name to all the Egyptian Kings. There ~~35° The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Aibtrtus. There be fome that call itlhyamon, and jinfchycomon, and alfo Damwla , miftaking it for that Vincenti us. Weafil which is an enemy to Serpents, called by the Italians, Vomla: yet I know no learned man The quantity but taketh thefe two names, to fignifie two different Beafts. The quantity of it or ftature is and levcral fometimes as great as afmall Cat or Ferret, and the hairs of it like the hairs of a Hog; the eyes P ans - fmall and narrow, which fignifie a malignant and crafty difpofition ; the tail of it very long like a Serpents, the end turning up a little, having no hairs but fcales, not much unlike the tail of a Moule. JElianm affirmcth, that both fexes bear young, having feed in themfelves, whereby Their procrca- they conceive. For thofe that are overcome in combates one with another , are branded ticn and fights Wlt f, a warlike mark of Villanage , or fubjedion to their Conquerours ; and on the con- °°f r WKh a "°" trary fide they which are conquered and overcome in fight , do not only fniake vafTals of them whom they overcome but in token thereof for further punifhment, fill them with their feed by carnal copulation, fo putting off from themfelves to them, the dolours and torments of bearing young. This frjlfitfureof the Ichneumon was taken if Bcllonius except the Back be too much elevated. ESS SSKES, and better Lor co T acd ; the beak lwtrot awou, tne dou> • s a w i t h ut beard ; the ears (hort and round; the legs black, havm^ve cidws uFu , fa th t0 ngue, teeth and ftones arc like a Cats, excrement hoteUkfthe Lital of a woman , which it never opcncth but in extrem.ty of lieat ; S I W* 'hU iremenfs remaining (hut, only being more hollow then at other times. And it mav be that The Authors aforefaid, had no other reafon to affirtn the mutation of feeble or it may dc mat tae "^'""" » hefide the obfervation of this natural paflage in male, C a °nd~ n Thfy "ZfS X.^-^^i^^ffT ana remaie. l uey »™>p £j . J , . fa benefit of both c ements ; but efpecially Hemetian j £ r Of the Ichneumon. 35 1 - — i — -Et phcid'u Ichneumona quarere ripti, Inter arundmeat ft&eies. — For ic will dive in the water like an Otter, and feem to be utterly drowned , holding in the breath longer then any other four-footed Beaft, asappeareth by his long keeping under water, andalfo by living in the belly of the Crocodile, until he deliver forth himfelf, by eating through his bowels, as (hall be (hewed afterwards. It is a valiant and nimble creature,not fearing a great Dog, but fetteth y he C0U1 . a _ e upon him and biting him mortally,but efpecially a Catjfor it killeth or ftrangleth her with three bites a .id ftrengrh of her teeth, and becaufeher beak or fnout is very narrow or fmall,it cannot bite any thing,except it of this beaft. be lefs then a mans fift. The proportion of the body is much like a Badgers, and the nofe hangeth over the mouth, like as it were always angry ; the nature of it is, finding the Crocodile aflecp, fud- His entrance denly to run down into his throat and belly, and there to eat up that meat which the Crocodile hath into a Croco- devoured, and not returning out again the way it went in, makethapafTageforitfelf through the dile. Beafts belly. And becaufe it is a great enemy and devourer of Serpents, the common people of that Countrey The taming of do tame them, and keep them familiarly in their houfes like Cats, for they eat Mice, and likewife be- IchQ eumons. wray all venemous Beafts : for which caufe as is faid before, they call it Fbaraobs Moufe, by way oi excellency. At Alexandria they fell their young ones in the Market, and nourifh them for profit : Ic is a little Beaft, and marvelloufly ftudious of purity and cleanlinefs. Betlonitu affirmeth that he faw one of them at Alexandria, amongft the ruines of an old Caftk, which fuddenly took a Hen and eat it up, for it loveth all manner of fowls, efpecially Hens and Their food. Chickens, being very wary and crafty about his prey, oftentimes ftanding upright upon his hin- der-legs, looking about for a fit booty, and when it efpyeth his prey near him, it flideth foclofe Their fubtilt? to the ground, as is very admirable, until it be within the reach, and then leapeth upon it with in obtaining incredible celerity, flying to the throat, and like a Lion killeth all by ftrangling. It eateth indifie- tlieir P rcyi rently every living thing, as Snails, Lizardsj Camelions, all kindes of Serpents, Frogs, Mice, and Afps. For Strabo faith, when he findeth an Afp by the water fide, it catcheth hold on the tail, and fo draweth the Beaft into the water, andreceiveth help from the flouds to devour her enemy j and whereas we have faid already, that the Ichneumon entreth into the belly of the Cro- codile, Ammiams Marcellinus , Strabo, P liny, and Oppianus, maketh thereof this difcourfe following* When the Crocodile hath filled his belly, and over-glutted himfelf with meat, he cometh to the land to fleep. Now there is in Egypt, a certain Bird called Crochillm, whofe nature is to wait upon the Cro- codile, and with her breath and cb.ws,gently and with a kinde of delight, to pull out the remnants of the meac flicking in the Crocodiles teeth ; wherewithal the Crocodile being pleafed, openeth his mouth wide, to be thus cleanfed by this Bird, and fo falling faftafleep gaping, watched all the while by the vigilant eye of the Ichneumon, perceiving him to be deeply plunged in a fenfelefs fecurity, goeth prefently and walloweth in fand and dirt,and with a lingular confidence entereth into the gate of death, that is, the Crocodiles mouth, and fuddenly pierceth like an Arrow through the Moniters wide throat down into his belly. The Crocodile feeling his unlooked for evil, awaketh out of fleep, and in a rage or madnefs,void Th Croco . of counfel, runneth to and fro, far and wide, plunging himfelf into the bottom of the river, where ^ cs behavior finding noeafe, returneth to land again, and there breatheth out his untdlerable poyfon, beating feeling the himfelf with all his power, ftriving to be delivered from thisunfufferable evil. But the Ichneumon ichneumon in careth not for all this, fitting clofe upon the liver of the Crocodile, and feeding full fweetly upon herbfclly. hisintrails, until at laft being fatisfied, eateth out her own paffage through the belly of her hoaft. Thefelf fame thing is related by Vlutarch : but I wonder for what caufe the Beaft Ihould rowl her felf in fand and dirt, to enter into the Crocodiles belly; Forfirftof all, if after her rolling in dirt, (he dry her felf in the Sun, yet will not that hard cruft be any fufficient armour of proof to defend her fmallbody from the violence of the Crocodiles teeth, and befides, it encreafeth the quantity of her body, making her more unfit to Aide down through the Crocodiles narrow throat: and therefore, the Authors cannot be but deceived in afcribing this quality to her, when (he is to enter into the Crocodile, but rather I believe, (he ufeth this defence againft the Afp, as Arijiotle faith,and therefore the Author feeing her fo covered with mud, might eafily be miftaken in her purpofe. For it is true indeed that when (he feeth the Afp upon the land, (hecalleth her fellows, who arm Their C om- themfelves as before faid before the combate, by which means they are fafely preferved from the bates with bitings of their enemies; or if it be true that they wallow themfelves in the mud, they do not dry Alps, themfelves in the Sun, but while their bodies are moift, Aide down more eafily into the Crocodiles " belly. Concerning their fighting with Afps, and the arming of themfelves as aforefaid, the JEg)p- tiani make this Hieroglyphick of the Ichneumon, to fignifiea weak man, that wanteth and cra- veth help of others-, Fiiny alfo faith that when the Afp fightethwith this Beaft, the Ichneumon turneth to her, her tail, which the Afp taking for defiance, prefently makech force ac it, whereby Ihe is overtaken and deftroyed by the Ichneumon , but in my opinion this combate is better ex- prefied by Oppianm. * H h 2 lot The Hittory of Four-footed deafly. For faith lie, the Ichneumon co\evc:h her body in the fand, as it were in a grave , leaving nothing uncovered but her long Serpentine tail, and her eyes, and fo expeð her enemy. When theAfpe efpyeth her threatning rage,prelently turning about her tail, provoketh the Ichneumon tocombate and with an open mouth and lofty head doth enter the lilt, to her own perdition. For the Ichneumon being nothing afraid of this great bravado, receiveth the encounter, and taking the head of the Afp in his mouth, bitech that off, to prevent the cafting out of her poyfon : afterwards tearing her whole body in pieces, although gathered together wound in a circle; for the fuccefs of thefe two comba- tants, lyeth in the firft blow. If the Afp firft bite the Ichneumon, then doth her poyfon deftroy her adverlary ; and lb on the contrary, if the Ichneumon firft bite the Afp, then is the Ichneumon con- querour ; and for this caufe (he covereth her body as aforefaid. r^kindesof Furthermore, this Beaft is not only enemy to the Crocodile and Afp, but alfo to their Egs, Scrpem" nnd° vvhich fhe hunteth out by the fagacity of her nofe , andfo deftroyeth them, yet doth fhe not then egs.' eat them: whereby the merciful providence of God doth notably appear, for the fafeguardof mankinde , which in thofe Countries where thefe noifome Beafts are bred, hath provided fuch an enemy to deftroy them , both Egs, and Birds, as is friendly and tameable by the hand and wic of man. For which caufe the blinde Pagans, confecrated this Beaft to Latona, and Lucina, and the He- rac'eopoHtes did think that they poflefledall religion; the Egyptians themfelves did worfliipthem, becaufe as their Countrey is above all other plagued with Serpents, fo they are much eafed by the help of this little Beaft. And when they die, they do not only lament them, but alfo bury them religioufly. And thus much for the defcription of the Ichneumon. Now followeth their medi- cinal vermes. The Medicines of the Ichneumon. The skin of the Ichneumon, being dryed and beaten into fmall powder, afterwards mingled with WineVmegar, and anointed upon thofe which are'grieved with the venemous or poyfonfome bites of the fame Beaft ; doth v.ery effectually and fpeedily cure them of the fame. The pretious ftone called by the name of Irif, which is very hard, as Horus faith, being burned, and afterward beaten or pounded into powder , is an excellent remedy againft the venemous biting of the Ichneumon. It is alfo laid, that all Beafts (but efpecially the Crocodile) do for the moft part hate and deteft the foci- ety of this Beaft. There is moreover a very ranck and venemous poyfon, which proceedeth from the genital or groin of this Beaft. The hairs of the Ichneumon being taken in a certain perfume, doe very much help and cure thofe which are troubled or grievechvith the Maw-worms. The dung o£a Cat, or the dung of this Beaft, is very medicinable to be put in any falve,or potion/or the ftrengthening and confirming of the body. The urine or tail of an Ichneumon, being mixed with the milk of a black Cow, and given unto thofe which are troubled with that grievous difeafe, called the Colick and Stone , for the fpace of three days together in any kinde of drink, will eafily and fpeedily cure them of their pain. The ftones of an Ichneumon, being either beaten in powder,or taken raw, either in Wine or anv other drink, is very medicinable,and cureable for thecafingof all fuch as are troubled or grieved with any ach, pain, or difeafe in their belly : And thus much lhallfuffice concerning the cures, and medicines of the Ich- neumon. 6f the LAMIA. Tbefignifica- npHis word Lamia hath many fignifications, being taken fometime for a Beaft of Lybia , fome- non of the J_ times for a fifh,and fometimes for a Spe&re or apparition of women called Pbairies. And from word Lamia, hence f ome have ignorantly affirmed, that either there were no fuch Beafts at all, or elfe that it was a compounded monfter of a Beaft and a Fifh, whofe opinions I will briefly fet down. Arifiophanes affirmeth, that he heard one fay, that he faw a great wilde Beaft having feveral parts refembling out- wardly an Ox, and inwardly a Mule, and a beautiful Woman,uihich he called afterwards Empufa. Vifions of When ApoDonius and his companions travelled in a bright Moon-fhine-night,they faw a ecrtain ap- Pbairies. parition of Phairies, in Latine called Lamie&nA in Gree^ Empufe, changing themfelves from one fhape into another, being alfo fometimes vifible,and prefently vanifhing out of fight again: as foonas he perceived it, he knew what it was,and did rate it with very contumelious and defpiteful words, ex- horting his fellows to do the like, for that is the beft remedie againft the invafion of Phairies. JAnd Yhilo(lra\us. when his companions did likewife rail at them, prefently the vifion departed away. The Poetical The Poets fay, that Lamia was a beautiful woman , the daughter of Behs and Lybia, which Lamia. Jupiter loved, bringing out of Lybia into Italy , where he begot upon her many fons, but fum jealous of her husband, deftroyed them asfoon as they were born, punifhing Lamia alfo with a reftlefs eftate, that fhe fhould never be able to flcep, but live night and day in continual V annus, mourning, for which occafjon fhe alfo ftealeth away and killeth the children of others, where- upon came the fable of changing of children: Jupiter having pity upon her, gave her exemptile eyes that might be taken in and out at her own plea fure, and likewife power to be transformed into what fhape fhe would: And from hence alfo came the faigned name of Acho, and Alpbito, Of the Lamia. 353 wherewithal women were wont to make their children afraid, according to Ehefe verfes of Lucilius. Terricolas Lamias, Fauni quas Pomj>iliiq- } lnJhtuereNuiruejremithat, &c. Of thefe Angelas Folitidntis rehteth this old wives ftory , in his preface upon Aiifiotles firft book of OI.3 Wives Jnalytickt, that his Grand-mother told him when he was a childe, there were certain Lam'u in the tail » ot i'bai- Wildernefs, which like Bug bears would eat up crying boys, and that there was a little Well near to ries - Fefulanum, being very bright, yet in continual ftiadow, never feeing Sun, where thefe Phairy women have their habitation, which are to be feen of them which come thither for water. Tlutarch alfoaffirmeth, that they have exemptile eyes as aforefaid, and that as ofcenas they go from home, they put in their eyes, wandring abroad by habitations, ftreets 3 and crofs ways, entrmg into the aflemblies of men, and prying fo perfectly into every thing, that nothing canefcape them, be it never fo well covered : you will think (faith he) that they have the eyes of Kites,for there is no fmall mote but they efpy it, nor any hole fo fecrct but they finde it out, and when they come home again, at the very entrance of their houfe they pull out their eyes, and caft themafide, fo being blindeathome, but feeing abroad. If you ask me (faith he) what they do at home, they fix ring- ing and making of wool,and then turning his fpeech to theF/oreKf;n/,fpeaketh in this manner : Vidi- fi'ifne ob fecro Lamias i(ias,viri Florentini,qu Ar ■<*. \h asinthe firft of Zeph. Araotb, Scbojanim, roaring Lions; and from hence comes Ariel, fignifyino valiant and ftrong, to be the name of a Prince: andlfai. 29. Ezek. 43. it is ■ taken Jfor the Akir of Burnt-offerings, becaufe the fire that came down from heaven, did continually lie upon that Altar, like a Lion in his den: or elfe becaufe the fafhion of the temple was like the proportion pi the Lion; the Adrians call a Lionefle Arioth, the Hebrews call the male Lion Labi, and the female LebU, and they diftinguifli Ari, and Labi, making! Ari to fignifie a little Lion., and} L'M a great one; and in Num. 23. in this verfe, containing one of Gods promifesto the peo- : pic of Ijrdelfot victory againft their enemies; Behold my pfepk fall ari\e like Labi, and be lified W Ikt Ari : there the Ca/dVetranflatiou rendereth Labi,.Leta , the Arabian^Jebu ; the Ferftanr^Sihir ; and filunfter faith that Labi is an old Lion. In Job 38. Lf£dM figmfieth- L;on*, and m Pial. 57. Lcbact fignifieth Lionejjes. In the Prophet N/£>hm the z Laijch is by the Hdrevrstrmftatwl a Lion, and the fame word Ifa-.the^o. is by the Caldees tranfiated a Lions \ahelpe ; and indte a-fSreTaid'plareof* the The Hijlory of Four-footed Beaftr. the Prophet N and Iheffalia; but yet of purpofe Princes in Caftles and Towers for their pleafures fake, do nourifti and keep Lions in Europe, where fometimes alfo they breed, as hath been feen both in England and Florence. Feloponnefm alfo hath no Lions, and therefore when Homer makcth mention of Dianats hunting in the mountains of Erimanthus and Taygetus, he fpeaketh not of Lions, but of Harts and Boars. Countrie?of All the Countries in the Eaft and South, lying under' the heat of the Sun, do plentifully breed their breed. Lyons, and except in hot Countries they breed feldom, and therefore the Lions of Feffe, temefna, Angad, H'fppo, and Tunk, are accounted the mod noble and audacious Lions of Afric\, becaufe they are hot Countries. But the Liors of colder Countries have not half fo much ftrengcN , ftomach, The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. itomach, and courage. Thcfe Lybian Lions have not half fo bright hair as others, their face andneck are very horrible rough, making them to look fearfully, and the whole colour of their bodies be- twixt brown and black ; Apollmiut iiw Lions alfo beyond Nilus , Hiyhafu , and Ganges: and Strabo affirmeth that there are Lions about Meroe, Aftap*, and Ajiabore, which Lions are very gentle, tame, and fearful, and when the Dog ftar called Can* Siriw doth appear, whereof cometh the Dog days, that then they are drove away by the bitings of great gnats. Ethiopia alfo breedeth Lions, being blacK coloured, having great heads, long hair, rough feet , firy eyes, and their mouth betwixt red and yellow. Cilicia, Armenia, and Parthia ) about the mouth of Iffer, breed many fearful Lions, having great heads, thick and rough necks and cheeks, bright eyes, and eye-lids hanging down to their nofes. There are alfo plenty of Lions in Arabia, fo that a man cannot travel neer the City Aden over the mountains, with any fecunty of life, except he have a hundred men in his company. The Lions alfo of Hircania are very bold and hurtful; and India, the mother of all kinde of beafts, hath moft black, fierce and cruell Lions. In Tartana alfo, and the Kingdom of Narfmga, and the Province of Abafm, are many Lions, greater then thofe of Babylon and Syria; of divers and fundry intermingled colours, both white, black and red. There Vartomannus. be many Lions alfo in the Province ofG/^«i,fo that for fear of them, men dare not fleep out of their own houfes in the night time. For whomfoever they finde, they devour and tear in pieces. The ftiips alfo which go up and down the River, are not tyed to the bank fide for fear of thefe Lions, be- caufe in the night time they come down to the wateriide, and if they can finde any paffage into the barks, they enter in, and deftroy every living creature, wherefore they ride at Ancor in the middle of the River. The colour of The colour of Lions is generally yellow, for thefe before fpoken of, black, white and red , are Lions. exorbitant. Their hair fome of them is curled, and fome of them long, (baggy and thin, not {lan- ding upright, but falling flat, longer before, and fhorter behind, and although the curling of his Cardanus. na j r De a to ken of fluggifh timidity, yet if the hair be long and curled at the top only, it portendeth generous animofity. So alfo if the hair be hard : for beafts that have foft hair, as the Hart, the Hare, and the Sheep, are timorous, but they which are harder haired, as the Boar and the Lion, are more audacious and fearlefs. There is no four footed beaft, that hath hairs on his neather eye-lids like a man, but in ftead thereof, either their face is rough all over as in a Dog, or elfe they have a foretop as a Horfe and an Afle,or a mane like a Lion. The Lioneffe hath no mane at all,for it is proper to the male, and as long hairs are an ornament to a Horfes mane, fo are they to the neck and fhoulders of a Lion; neither are they eminent but in their full age,and therefore Pliny hid;Turrigeros elephantorum miramur humeros, leomm jubas. We wonder at the Tower-bearing fhoulders of Elephants,and the long hanging manes of Lions. And JElianus Rationit expertibut mariprtfiantiam quandam natura largitaeft, \uba Leo antecel- lit fxmiham , ferpens crifta. Nature hath honoured the Male, even in creatures without reafon, to be diftinguifhed from the female, as the mane of the male Lion,and the comb of the male Serpent do from their females. Martial writeth thus of the Lions mane : quantum per coVa decus, quern [par fit bomrem, tdurealunau cumfietit unda jub* ! A Lion hath a moft valiant and ftronghead, and for this occafion, when the Nymphes" were terrified by the Lionsandfled \x\to Caryfim , the Promontory wherein they dwelled was called Co~ lean , that is, the Lions-head, where afterwards was built a goodly City. It fortuned as Themifloc'es went thither to manage the affairs of the Greuans, Epiries the Perfian, prefident of Pbrygia, intended his deftruftion, and therefore committed the bufinefs unto one Pifts, with charge that he fhould behead 7kemi(locl?s, who came thither to execute that murder; but it happened as Ihemiftecles flept at the noon day, he heard a voice crying out urlto him, Tbemiflocks efuge leomm caput ne ipfe in leonemincurraii that is to fay, O"lhemifiocles get thee out of the Lions head, left thou" fall into the Lions teeth : whereupon he arofe and faved his life. The face of a Lion is not round as fome have imagined, and therefore compared it unto the Sun, becaufe in the compaffe thereof, the hairs ftand out eminent like Sunbeams, but rather it is fquare figured like as his forehead, which Ariftotle faith, you may chufe whether you will call it a forehead, or Epipedonfrontk, that is, the fuperficies of a forehead; for like a cloud it feemeth to hang over his eyes and nofe, and therefore the Germans call a man that looketh with fuch a coun- tenance, Niblen of Nubilare, to be cloudy, and it betokeneth either anger or forrow; alfo it is called Scythicus a]peUw^ becaufe the Scythians were alwayes wont to look as though they were ready to fight. The eyes of a Lion are red, firy, and hollow, not very round nor long, looking for the moft part awry; wherefore the Poets ftyle the Lionefs Torva lema. The pupils or apples of the eye fhine exceedingly , infomuch as beholding of them , a man would think he looked upon fire. His upper eve-lid is exceeding great, his Nofe thick, and his upper chap doth not hang over the neather, but meet it juft : his mouth very great, gaping wide, his lips thin, fo that the upper pares fall in the neather,which is a token of his fortitude : his teeth like a Wolves and a Dogs, like fawes, lofing or changing only his canine teeth,the tongue like a CatsorLeopards,as fharp as a file,wearing through The feveral pares. tlutarcb Of the Lion. through the skin of a man by licking ; his neck very ftirfe, becauie ic confifteth but of one bone without joynts , like as in a Wolfe and an Hyaena j the flefh is fo hard as if it were all a finew : There are no knuckles or turning joynts in it called bprndyli, and therefore he cannot look backward. The greatnefs and roughnefs of his Neck, betokeneth a magnanimous and liberal minde ; Nature hath given a IhortNeck unto the Lion, as unto Bears and Tygers, becaufe they have no need to put it down to the earth to feed like an Ox, but to lift it up to catch their prey. His fhoulders and breafts arc very ftrong, as alfo the forepart of his body, but the members of the hinder part do degenerate. For as Pliny faith, Ltomvii jumma in peciore, the chiefeft force of a Lion is in his breaft. The part above his throat-hole is loo fe and foft, and his Met a phrenon or part of his back againft his heart (focalled) betwixt his fhoulder-blades , is very broad. The back bone and ribs are very ftrong, his ventricle narrow, and not much larger then his maw. He is moll fubjed: to wounds in his flanck, becaufe that part is weakelt, in all other parts of his body he can endure many blowes. About his loyns and hip-bone he hath but little flefh The lionefie hath two udders in the mideft of her belly, not becaufe (he bringeth forth but two at a time, for fometimes fhe bringeth more , but becaufe fhe aboundeth in milk,and her meat (which fhe getteh feldomj and is for the molt part flefh, turneth all into milk. The tail of a Lion is very long, which they fhake oftentimes, and by beating their fides therewith, they provoke themfelves to fight. The Grecian: call it Aha: and A'x'mws maketh this excellent emblem thereof upon wrath. Alctim veteres caudam dixere Leonif, §Hta fiimulante iras evneifit He graves. Lutea quumfurgit biln crudefcit> & atro Felle dolor , fur ias excitat indomitas. The neather part of his tail is full of hairs and griftles ; and fome are of opinion, that there is there- in a little fting wherewithal the Lion pricketh it felf, but of this more afterwards. The bones of Lions have no marrow in them, or elfe it is fo fmall that it feemeth nothing : there- JElianw, fore they are the more ftrong, folid, and greater then any other beaft of their ftature, and the males driflotle. have ever more harder bones then the female, for by ftriking them together you may beget fire as by the percufiion of Flints ; and the like may be faid of other beafts that live upon flefh, yet are fome of the bones hollow. The legs of a Lion are very ftrong and full of Nerves, and in ftead of an ankle-bone it hath a crooked thing in his pattern, fuch as children ufe to make for fport, and fo alfo hath the Lynx. His forefeet have five diftinft toes or dawes on each foot, and the hinder feet but four.Hisclawes piinyl are crooked, and exceeding hard, and this feemeth a little miracle in nature,that Leopards/Tygers, Card'anuil Panthers, and Lions, do hide their clawes within their skin when they go or run, that fo they might not be dulled, and never pull them forth except when they are to take or devour their prey; alfo when they are hunted, with their tails they cover their footfteps with earth, that fo they may not SqUhus. be bewrayed. The Epithets of this beaft are many, whereby the authors have expreffed their feveral natures, fuch are thefe, thecurft kind of Lions, full of ftomach, fharp, bold, greedy, blunket, flefti-eater', Cafpian,Cleonean, the Lord and King of the beafts and woods, fierce, wilde, hairy, yellow, ftron« , fretting, teeth-gnafhing, Nemean, thundering, raging, Getulian, rough, lowring, or wry-faced; impa- tient, quick, untamed, free,; and mad, according to this fay ing of the Poet ; FertuY Prometbeut infant Lconif Vim Jlomacbo cpfofuiffe tioflro. Forasthe Eagle is faigned to feed upon the heart of Prometheus ; fo alfo is the Lion the ruier of the heart of man, according to the tsfftrologians. And from hence it cometh that a man is faid to bear a ftomach when he is angry, and that he fhould be more fubjed to anger when he is hungry, then when he is full of meat. Thefg alio are the Epithets of Lions, wrathful, maned, Lybian, deadly ,ftout, great, Mj/fZ/dTz/Afoa- The-Epitfcew ritanian, Parthian;, Phrygian, Mo!orch£an> Carthaginian, preying, ravening, ftubborn, matching, wrink- °* L 'ons. led, cruell,bloudy, terrible, fwelling,vaft,violent, Marmarkan. Thefe alfo are the Epithets of the Lionefle, African^ bold, ftony-hearted, vengible, cave-lodg- The voice of ing, fierce, yellow, Getulian, Hyrcanian, ungentle, Lybian, cruell, frowning, and terrible. By all Lions « which the nature of this Beaft;, and feveral properties thereof, are compendioufly expreffed in one word, The voice of the Lion is called Rugituf, that is, roaring, or bellowing; according to this Verfe of the Poet ; Ti&ridet mdomite rancant, rugimtq; Lemes. And 359 360 The Hitfory of Four- footed Heatts. Pa. Venetus. JElianus, The eft.. nati- on of a Lio- nef?,nnd the general rage of Lions. Ariflotle. And chereforecomech Kugim Leon*, the roaring of the Lion. It is called alfo GemUm, and Fremiti*, as Virgil, F remit leo ore cruento. And again j H/w exaudiri gemitus, irtq-, leomm Vincla recufanium, 6"fera jub nefte tudentttm. And when the young Lions have gotten a prey, in token thereof they roar like the bleating of a Calf, thereby calling their elders to participate with them. The places of their aboad are in the mountains, according to this faying ; Leocacumina montium amat. Their fight and their fraelling are moft excellent, for they fleep with their eyes open, and becaufe of the brightnefs of their eyes, they cannot endure the light of fire : for fire and fire cannot agree : alio their fmelling(for which caufe they are called Odorati) is very eminent, for if theLionefte have committed adultery with the Leopard, the male difcovereth it by the fenfe of his Nofe, and for this caufe alfo they are tamed in Tartaria, and are ufed for hunting Boars, Bears, Hares, 'Roe-bucks, wilde Affes, as alfo for wilde and outlandifti Oxen, and they were wont to be carryed to hunting, two Lions in a Cart together, and either of them had a little Dog following them. There is no beaft more vehement then a (he or female Lion, for which caufe Semiram'n the Baby- Ionian tyrannefs, efteemed not the (laughter of a male Lion or a Libbard; but having gotten a Lioneffe, above all other fhe rejoyced therein. A Lion when he eateth is moft fierce, and alfo when he is hungry, but when he is fatisfied and filled helayeth afidethat favage quality, and fheweth himfelf of a more meek and gentle nature, fo that it is leffe danger to meet with him filled then hungry, for he never devoureth any till famine conftraineth him. I have heard a ftory of an Englifhman in Barbary which turned Mwr\ and lived in the Kings Court, on a day it was (aid in his prefence that there wasa Lionwithin a little fpace of the Court, and the place was named where it lodged. The Eng'ifhman being more then half drunk, offered to go and kill the Lion hand to hand, and therewithal armed himfelf with a Musket, Sword and Dagger, and other complements, and he had alfo about him a long Knife; fo forth went this regenerate Englipy Moor, more like a mad man then an advifed Champion to kill this Lion, and when he came to it, he found it a fleep, fo that with no perill he might have killed her with his Musket before fhe faw him : but he like a fool-hardy fellow, thought it as little honour to ki 11 a Lyon fleeping, as a ftout Cham- pion doth to ftrike his enemy behind the back. Therefore with his Musket top he fmote the Lion to awake it, whereat the beaft fuddenly mounted up, and without any thankes or warning, fet his forefeet on this Squires breft ; and with the force of her body overthrew the Champion, and fo flood upon him, keeping him down, holding her grim face and bloudy teeth over his face and eyes; a fight no doubt that made him wifh himfelf a thoufand miles from her, becaufe to all likelihood they fhould be the grinders of his flefh and bones, and his firft executioner to fend his curfed foul totheDevillfor denying Jefus Chrift his Saviour. Yet it fell out otherwife, for the Lion having been lately filled with fome liberal prey did not prefently fall to eat him, but flood upon him for her own fafegard, and meant fo to ftand till fhe was an hungry ; during which time, the poor wretch had liberty to gather his wits together, and fo at the laft, feeing he could have no benefit by his Musket.Sword, or Dagger, and perceiving nothing before him but unavoidable death, thought for the faving of his credit, that he might not die in foolifh infamy, to do fome exploit upon the L 'yet that one is a Lion; for one Lion is better then a thouland Foxes, and true generofity confifteth not in popularity, or multitude, but in the gifts of the minde joyned with honorable defcent. The Lioneffes of Syria bear five times in their life; at the firft tune five, afterwards but one, and laftiy they remain barren. Herodoim fpeaking of other Lions, faith, they never bear but one, and that only once, whereof he givetli this reafon , that when the whelp beginneth to ftirinhis D.ims belly, the length of his claws pierce through her matrix,and fo growing greater and greater, by often turning leaveth nothing whole; fo that when the time of littering cometh fhe cafteth forth her whelp and her womb both together, after vvhich time (he can never bear more: but I hold this for a fable, becaufe Homer, Plui) ,Uj>phtw , Sdinui, Pbj/tt, and JElianus affirm otherwife contrary , and befides experience fheweth the contrary. When Apolhnm travelled from Babylon, by the way they faw a Lionefs that was killed by hun- ters, the Beaft was of a wonderful bignefs, fucli a one as was never feen : about her was a great cry of the Hunters, and of other neighbours which had flocked thither to fee the monlrer, not won- dering fo much ather quantity, as that by opening of her belly, they found within her eight whelps, whereat Apollomut wondring a little, told his companions that they travelling now into India (hould be a year and eight moneths in their journey ; for the one Lion fignificd by his skill Fhibflratut. one year, and the eight young ones eight moneths. The truth is that a Lion beareth never above thrice, that is to fay, fix at the firit, and at the raoft afterwards two at a time, and laftly but one , becaufe that one proveth greater, and fuller of ftomach, then the other before him ; wherefore na- ture having in that accomplifhed her perfection, giveth over to bring forth any more. Within two moneths after the Lionefs hath conceived the whelps are perfected in her womb, and at fix moneths are brought forth blinde, weak, and (fonie are of opinion) without life, which fo do remain three dayes together, untill by the roaring of the male their father, and by breathing in their face fbyfiolvgut, they be quickned, which alfo he goeth about to eftablijfh by reafon; but they are not worth the * relating. Ifidorus on the other fide declareth that for three dayes and three nights after their lit- tering, they do nothing but fleep, and at laft are awaked by the roaring of their father : fo that it Ihould feem without controverfie, they are fenfelefs for a certain fpace after their whelping: At two moneths old they begin to run and walk- \ They fay alfo that the fortitude, wrath, and boldnefs of Lions, is confpicuous by their heat, the young one containeth much humidity contrived unto him by the temperament of his kinde, which afterwards by the drinefs and calidity of his comple* dion groweth vilcous and flimie like bird-lime, and through the help of the animal fpirits prei vaileth efpecially about his brain^whereby the nerves are fo ftopped.and the fpirits excluded.that all his power is notable to move him, untill his parents partly by breathing into his face, and partly by bellowing, drive away from his brain that vifcous humor ; thefe are the words of Phyfiologw, whereby he goeth about to eftablifti his opinion; but herein I leave every man to his own judgment, in the mean feafon admiring the wonderful wifdomof God, which hath fo ordered the feveral natures of his creatures,that whereas the little Partridge can run fo foon as it is out of the (hell ; and the duck- ling the firft day fwim in the water with his dam, yet the harmful Lions, Bears, Tygres, and their whelps are not able to fee,ftand or go, for many moneths ; whereby they are expofed to deftrudion when they are young, which live upon deftrudion when they are old: fo that in infancie, God clotheth the weaker with more honor. There is no creature thatloveth her young ones better then the Lionefs, for both fhepherds, and hunters, frequenting the mountains, do oftentimes fee how irefully fhe fighteth in their de- fence, receiving the wounds of many Darts, and the ftroaks of many ftones, the one opening her bleeding body, and the other preiling the bloudout of the wounds, {landing invincible,never yiel- ding till death, yea death it felf were nothing unto her, fo that her young ones might never be taken outofher D:n ; for which caufe Mwer compareth A)ax to a Lionefs, fighting in the defence of the JElianus. carcafs of Patrodus. It is alfo reported, that the male will lead abroad the young ones, but it is not Endetnus. likely, that the Lton which refufeth to accompany his female in hunting, will fo much abafe his noble fpirit, as to undergoe the Lionefles duty in leadingabroad the young ones- In Pangius a mountain ofTbr ar >d when as their decrepit and withered eftate is not able to follow the game, the younger purfueth and taketh it for him : having obtained it, roareth mightily like the voice of fome warning piece, to fignifie unto his elder that he fhould come on to dinner, and if he delay, he goeth to feek him where he left him, or elfe carryeth the prey unto him ; at the fight whereof, in gratulation of natural kindnefs, and alfo for joy ofgood fuccefs, the old one firft lickethand kiffeth the younger, and afterward enjoy the booty in common betwixt them. Arijlotle. Admirable is the difpofition of Lions, both in their courage, fociety and love, for they love Alberutt. t j ;e j r n0 urifhers and other men with whom they are converfant : they are neither fraudulent Lions°to C their nor m fp' c ' ous > tne Y never look awry or fquint, and by their good wils they would never be benefaftors. ' looked upon. The nature of Their clemency in that fierce and angry nature is alfo worthy commendation, and to be wonde- their revenge, red at. in fuch Beafts, for if one proftrate himfelf unta them as it were in petition for his life, they Tliny. often fpare, except in extremity of famine ; and likewife they feldom deftroy women or children ; Solinur. and if they fee women, children, and men together, they take the men which are ftrongeft, and re- fufe the other as weaklings and unworthy their honor ; and if they fortune to be harmed by a Dart or ftone by any man, according to the quality of the hurt, they frame their revenge ; for if it wound not, they only terrifiethe hunter, but if it pinch them further, and draw bloud, they increafe their punifhment. There is an excellent ftory of a Souldier in Arabiajwho among other his colleagues, rode abroad on geldings to fee fome wilde Lions : now geldings are fo fearful by nature, that where they con- ceive any fear, no wit or force of man is able by fpur and rod to make him to come near the thing it feareth, but thofe which are not gelded are more bold and couragious, and are not at all afraid of Lions, but will fight and combate with them. As they road they faw three Lions together, one of theSouldiers feeing one of them ftray and run away from his fellowes, caft a Dart athim,which fell on the ground neer the Lions head, whereat theBeaft flood ftill a little and paufed, and after- ward went forward to his fellowes. At laft the Souldier road betwixt him and his fellowes which were gone before, and run at his head with afpear, but miffed it, and fell from his Horfe to the earth, then the Lion came unto him and took his head in his mouth , which was armed with a Hel- met, and preffing it a little did wound him, taking of him no more revenge, then might require the wrong received, but not the wrong intended ; for generally they hurt no more then they are harmed. There is an obfeure Author that attributeth fuch mercy and clemency to a Beaft which he cal- leth Melofus , for he perfecuteth with violence and open mouth ftout men, and all whom he is able to refi ft, but yet is afraid of the crying of children. It is probable thathemiftaketh it for the Lion, for befiJes him, I have not read of any Beaft that fpareth young children. Solium affirmeth that m^ny Captives having been fet at liberty,have met with Lions as they returned home,weak,ragged, fick, and difarmed, fafely without receiving any harm or vio lence. And in L)bia the people believe that they underftand the petitions and entreatings of them thatfpeak to them for their lives • for there was a certain Captive woman coming home again into Getulia her native Countrcy through many woods, was fet upon by many Lions, againft whom fteufedno other weapon but only threatnings and fair words, falling down on her knees unto them, 364 Of the Lion. 365 them, beiecclung diem co (pare her life, telling them that fhe was a Granger, a capti ve,a wanderer, a weak, a lean and loft woman, and therefore not worthy to be devoured by fuch couragious and F/w;. generous Beafts as they: at which words they fpared her, which thing {he confeffed after her fafe SeUnat. return: the name of this woman was called fuba. Although about this matter there be fundry opinions of men, fome making queftion whether it be true, that the Lion willfpare a proftrate fuppliant, making confeflion unto him that he is overcome,- yet the Romans did fo generally be- lieve it, that they caufed to be inferibed fo much upon the gates of the great Roman Palace in the.'e two Verfes ; Jrat us recolas , quam nobiln ha leenis ; T'oxtor In ftbiproftratos, je negat ejfe feram. It is reported alfo, that if a Man and another Beaft be offered at one time to a Lion to take his Albertus. choife whether of both he will devoure, hefpareththe Man and killech the ocher Beaft. Thefe Lions are not only thus naturally affected, but are enforced thereunto by chance and accidental harmes ; asmay appear by thefe examples following ; Mentor the Syracuftan as he travelled in 5vrw met with a Lion, that at his firft fight fell proftrate unto him, rolling himfelf upon the earth like fome diftrefled creature, whereat trie man was much amazed, and not underflanding the mean- ing of this Beaft, he indevoured to run away; the beaft ftill overtook him, and met him in the face, licking his footftepslike a flatterer, (hewed him his heel, wherein he did perceive a certain fwelling, whereat he took a good heart, going unto the Lion, took him by the leg, and feeing a fplint flicking therein, he pulled it forth, fo delivering the Beaft from pain j for the memory of this fad, the picture of the man and the Lion were both pictured together in Syracufis, until! ? Unlet tirne.ashereporteth. The like ftory is reported of Elpis the Samian, who coming into Africk^ by fhip, and there going a fhore, had not walked very far on the Land, but he met with a gaping Lion, at which being greatly amazed, he climed up into a tree, forafmuch as there was no hope of any other flight, and prayed unto Bacchus ( who in that Countrey is efteemed as chief of the Gods) to defend him, as he thought,from the jawes of death ; but the Lion feeing him to climb into the tree flood ftill, layed himfelf down at the root thereof,defiring him in a manner, by his heavie roaring, to take pity upon him, gapingwith his mouth and fhewing him a bone flicking in his teeth, which through greedinefs he fwallowed, which did fo pain him that he could eat nothing, atthelaftthe man perceiving his minde (moved by a miracle) laid afide all fear, and came down tothedumb-fpeaking diftrefled Lion, andeafed him of that mifery : which being performed, Yliny. he not only (hewed himfelf thankful for the prefent time, but like the belt natured honeft man, never forfook fhore, but once a day came to (hew himfelf to the man his helper, during the time that they abode in thofe quarters ; and therefore Elpis did afterward dedicate a Temple unto "Bacchus in remembrance thereof. And this feemeth to me moft wonderful, that Lion9 fhould know the vertue of mens curing hands above other creatures, and alfo come unto them againft nature and kinde, but fo much is the force of evill and pain, that it altereth all courfes of favage minds and creatures. When Andwcles a fervant run away from a Senator of Sowe, becaufe he had committed fome of- Mfiww fence (but what his offence was I know not) and came into Africa, leaving the Cities and places in- Gellms. habited to come into a defer t region: Afterwards when Androchs had obtained a 'Matter being Confull of that Province of Africa, he was compelled by dayly ftripes to run away, that his fides £ "^'l • might be free from the blows of his Matter, and went into the folitary places of the fields, and the oiy ° a lwn> fandesof the wildernefs : and if he fhould happen toftandinneed of meat, hedid purpofe to end his life by fome means or other ; and there he was fo fchortched with the heat of the Sun, that at laft finding out a cave, he did cover himfelf from the heat of it therein ; and this cave was a Lions den. But after that the Lion had returned from hunting, (being very much pained by reafon of a thorn which was fattened in the bottom of his foot) he uttered forth fuch great lamentation & piti- ful roarings, by reafon of his wound, as that it fhould feem,he did want fome body to make his moan - ... unto for remedy j at laft coming to his cave, and finding a young man hid therein, he gently looked (jelliUi ' upon him, and began as it were to flatter him,and offered him his foot, and did as well as he could pray him to pull out the piece of fplint which was there faftened. But the man at the firft was very fore afraid of him, and made no other reckoning but of death: but after that he faw fuch a huge favage beaft fo meek and gentle, began to think with himielf, that furely there was fome f :>re on the bottom of the Beaft, becaufe he lifted up his foot fo unto him, and then taking courage unto him, lifted up the Lions foot, and found in the bottom of it a great piece of fplint, which he plucked forth, and fo by that means eafed the Lion of his pain*; and preffed forth the matter which was in the wound, and did very curioufly without any great fear throughly dry it, and wipe away thebloud: the lyon being eafed of his pain, laid himfelf down to reft, putting his foot into the hands of Androdes. With the which cure the Lion being very well pleafed, becaufe he handled him fo curteoufly and friendly, not only gave him for a recompence his life, but alfo went dayly abroad to forrage and brought home the fatteft of his prey. Androcles whom all this while (even for the fpace of three years) he kept familiarly, without any note of cruelty or evill nature in his den, and there the Man and the Beaft lived mutually atone commonsj the man roafting his meat in the hot Sun, and Ii 3 the 3 6 6 H*/fory of Four-footed Beaftr. the Lion eating his part raw, according to kind. When he had thus lived by the fpace of three years, and grew weary of iuch habitation, life, and fociety, he bethought himfelf of fome means to depart; and therefore when the Lion was gone abroad to hunting, the man took his journey away from that hofpitality, and after he had travelled three days ( wandering up and down) he was ap- prehended by the legionary Souldiers ; to whom he told his long life and habitation with the Lion, and how he ran away from his Maftera Senator of Rome; which when they underftood, they alfo Jent him home again to Rome to the Senator. And being received by his mafter, he was guilty of fo great and foul faults, that he was con- demned to death, and the manner of his death was, to be torn in pieces of Wild beafts. Now there were at Rove in thofe days many great, , fearful, cruell, and ravening beafts, and among them many Lions: it fortuned alfo that (hortly after the taking of the man, the aforefaid Lybian Lion with whom he lived long, feeking abroad for his companion and. man-friend, was taken and brought to Rome, and there put among the refidue, who was the moft fierce, grim, fearful, and favage, above all other in the company, and the eyes of men were more faftened upon him then all other befi-Je. When AndrocUs was brought forth to his execution, and cart in among thefe favage hearts, this Lion at the firft figfit looking ftedfaftly upon him, flood ftilla little,and then came toward him fofdy, and gently, fmelling to him like a Dog, and wagging his tail: the poor examinate and forlorn man, -not looking'for any thing but prefent death, trembled and was fcarce able to ftand upright in the prefenceoffuch abeaft; not once thinking upon the Lion that had nourifhed himfo long, but the Beaft Acctpti beneficii memore mindful of former friendfhip, licked gently his hands and legs, and fo went round about bim touching his body, and fo the man began to know him , and both oft hem to congratulate each other in that their imprifoned occurrence, and to fignifie to all the beholders their former acquaintance and converfation, the man by ftroking and killing the Lion, and the Lion by falling down proftrate at the mans feet. In the mean time a Pardall came with open mouth to devour the man, but the Lion rofe up againft her, and defended his old friend,and (he being inftant,the Lion tonr her in pieces, to the great Gillius. admiration of the beholders, as it could not otherwife chufe. Then C&far which had caufed thofe s fpe&acles, fent for the man, and asked him the caufe of that fo rare and prodigious an event s who incontinently told him the ftory before expretTed. The rumor whereof was quickly fpred abroad among the people, and tables of writing were made of the whole matter, and finally all men H greed that it was fit that both the man and the Lion (hould be pardoned and reftored to liberty: Appion. a M afterward (faith Appion ) all the people and beholders of that comedy were »futers to the Scnat for the accomplifhment thereof, and fo the man was pardoned, and the Lion was given unto him for a reward or fuffrage, who led him up and down the ftreetsin a learn or flip; Artdtocles receiving money , and the Lion adorned with flowers and garlands, and all men that faw or met them faid, Hie efi L> o holpes hmanU, hie eft homo nudww bonis : Here goeth the Lion which was th» Mans Hoft, and here if the man nhhh was this Lions? by fitiati. Seneca alfo in his book T)e benrficik, out of Gellius Writeth fo much of another Lion : and indeed there is no man or other Beaft more fixed and conftant in their love and friendfhip, or more A ftory of the ready to revenge the breach of amity and kindenefs, then is a Lion ; asappeareth by this ftory of juftice of FwJewtf, who writeth of a certain young man, that he nourifhed together many years a Dog, a Lions. Bear and a Lion, who lived in perfect peace and concord without breach, marling, or appearance of anger. On a day as the Bear and Dog played together and biting one another gently, it happened that the Dog faftened his teeth fin lport) deeper then the Bear cold digeft, and therefore prefently he fell upon him, and with his claws toar out the foft part of his belly, whereof he pre- sently dyed: the Lion fitting by, and feeing this cruelty, and breach of love, amity, and concord among them thai: had folong lived together, fell to be inflamedito revenge that perfidie, and like a true king of Beafts, meafured the fame meafure to the Bear as he had done to the Dog,andferved him with the fame fauce, tearing him inftantly in pieces. JEliams. There is alfo in the life of S. Jerome, a ftory of aLion that was cured by him ; as you have read before . the Lion was by Elf it, and that the Beaft in gratitude of that good turn, did ever afterward follow the Affe which brought him home his carnage and provifion through the woods ; till at laft the Lion being afleep, the Affe was ftolen away, for forrow whereof, the Lion put himfelf in the Affes ftead,to bear burthens as he did ; within fhort time after he found out the Affe in the theeves ftable, lextor. anC i brought him home again ; but I am of Erafmus minde concerning this ftory, that the Author thereof took upon him to write wonders and not truth. Diodow. The King's of Egypt and Syria did keep tame Lions,to accompany them into their wars, which were led about their own bodies for their guard and cuftody, againft all peril and invafion. The clemency It is alfo very pertinent to this place,to exprefs the clemency of thefe Beafts towards the Martyrs of Lions in and fervants of Jefus Chrift, both men and women, that fo we may obferve the performance and fparingmen. accompliftiment of that Prophefie, Pfal. 9i. They {kou'.d walfy upon the Afpe, and the Ccckattice , and foftly tread upon the Lion and the Dragon: This we are not to attribute to the nature of Lions, but rather to the over-ruling h?nd of our and their Creator, who in remembrance of his own promife, and advancement of his own glory, ftoppeth the mouth of Lions, and reftraineth all violence both of living creatures and elements ; yet I will not impofe any necefiity of believing thefe ftories upon the Reader, for I my felf report them not for truth, but becaufe they are written. When Of the Lion. When S. Anthony went about to make a grave for the interring or the carkafs of Paul the firft Ana- 'lixtor. choiite^nd wanted a fhovel or fpade to turnup the earth,therecarne two Lions, and with their claws opened the earth fo wide and deep, that they performed therein the office of a goad grave-maker. The Prophet Darnel was call unto the Lions, to whom (according to the Babylonian ftory) was given for their diet every day, two condemned men, andtwolheep, and yet by power of the Almighty whom he ferved, the Angel of the Lord came down and ftopt the Lions mouths, fo that in extre- mity of hunger, they nev er fo much as made force at him, but fate quietly at his feet like fo many little Dogs; by which means he efcaped all peril and torments of death. Eleutherius being caft to the Lions at the command of Adrian the Emperor, and Prifca a Noble Virgin, at the command of Claudius Ctfar 3 both of them in their feveral times , tamed the untamed Beafts and? efcaped death. Macarius being in the VVildernefs or Mountains, it fortuned a Lionels had a den neer unto his cell, wherein fhe had long nourifhed blinde whelps, to whom the holy man (as it is reported; gave theufeof their eye and fight ; the Lionefs requited the fame with fuch gratification as lay in her power, for flie brought him very many fheep-skins to clothe and cover him. Primus, and Foelici- cms, Ihracus, Vitus> Msdfftus, and Crejccntia, all Martyrs, being caft unto Lions received no harm by them at all, but the beafts lay down at their feel;, and became tame, gentle, and meek, not like them- felves, but rather like Doves. When a Bear and a Lion fell upon Teda the Virgin, a Martyr, a Li- onels came and fought eagerly in her defence againft them both. When Martina, the daughter of a Conful could not be terrified or drawn from the Chriftian faith by any imprifonment, chains, or ftripcs, nor allured by any fair words to facrifice to Apollo, there was a Lion brought forth to her, at the commandment of Alexander the Emperor, to deftroy her '» who affoonas he law her, he -lay down at her feet wagging his tail, and fawning in a loving and fearful manner, as if he had been more in love with her prefence, then defirous to lift up one of his hairs againft her. The like maybe faid of Daria, a Virgin, in the days of Numerian the Emperor, who was defended by a Lionefs; but I fpare to blot much paper with the recital of thofe things (which if they be true) yet the Authors purpofein their allegation is moft profane, unlawful and wicked, becaufe he thereby goeth about to eftablifh miracles in Saints, which are lone agone ceafed in the Church of God. Some Martyrs alfo have been devoured by Lions, as Ignatius Bifhop of ' Atiticch , Satyrus and j^ en devoured Terpdua , he under Trajan the Emperor, and they under Valerian and Galienus. In holy Scri- by Lions, pture there is mention made of many men killed by Lions. Firft of all it is memorable of a Prophet, i King. 13. that wasfent by the Almighty unto Jeroboam, to cry out againft the Altar at Babel, and him that ereded that Altar, with charge, that he fhoukt neither eat nor drink in that place. Afterward an old Prophet which dwelt in that place hearing thereof, came unto the Prophet, and told him that God had commanded him to go after him, and fetch him back again tohishoufe to eat and drink • wherewithal' being deceived, he tame back with him contrary to the command- ment of the Lord given to himfelf; whereupon as they fat at meat, the Prophet that beguiled him, had a charge from God to prophefie againft him, and fo he did: afterward as he went homeward a Lion met him and killed him, and flood by the corps, and his Afs.not eating of them till the old Pro- phet came and took him away to^bury him. In the twentieth chapter of the fame Book of Kings , there is another ftory of a Prophet, which as he went by the way he met with a man,and bade him in the name of the Lord,to wound and finite him, but he wOuld not, preferring pity before the fervice of the Lord: Well (faid the Prophet un- to him) feeing thou refufcft to obey the voyceof the Lord) Behold as ft on as thou art departed, a Lion (ball 'meet thee and defiroythe^ : and fo it came to pafs ; for being out of the prefence of the Prophet, aLi- on met him and tore him in pieces. The Idolatrous people that were placed at Jemfalem by the King of Babel, wegre deftroyed by Li- ons ; and unto thefe examples of God his judgements, I will adde other out of humane ftories. Pc- phages a King of Ambracia, meeting a Lionefs leading her whelps, was fuddenty fee upon by her and torn in pieces, upon whom Ovid made thefe verfes : Fceta tibi occurrai palm popular^ in arvo } Siiq-, Paphdgea caufaletna neck. Hyas the brother of Hyades, was alfo flain by a Lionefs. The people called AmbracioU in Afric^ do j£H miSt moft religioufly worfhi pa Lionefs; becaufe a notable Tyrant which did opprefs them was flain by fuch an one. There is a Mountain neer the River Indus (called Liuus) of a Shepheard fo named, p/ Hfrfrc £ which in that Mountain did moft fuperftitiouflyworftiip the Moon, and contemned all other Gods, his facrifices were performed in the night feafon ; at length (faith the Author) the Gods being angry with him, fent unto him a couple of Lions who tore him in pieces, leaving no monument behinde but the nameof the Mountain for the accident of his cruel death The Inhabitansof that Mountain • wear in their ears a certain rich ftone (called Clitork') which is very black, and bred no where elfe but , in that place. There is a known ftory of the two Babylonian lovers, P)ramusandTt>Hbe<> who in the night time • had covenanted to meet at a Fountain near the fepulchrc of Ninus, and Tbisbe coming thither firft, as 3 6 7 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafls. as fhe late by the Fountain, a Lionefs being thirfty, came thitherto drink water, (after the flaughter of an Ox : ) at fight whereof, Tbube ran away and let fall her mantle,which the Lionefs finding tore it in pieces with her bloudy teeth. Afterward came Fyramus, and feeing her mantle all bloudy and torn afunder, fufpeding that fhe that loved him, being before him at the appointed place had been killed by fome wilde beaft, very inconfiderately drew forth his fword, and thruft the fame through his own body, and being fcarcedead, Ihisbe came again, and feeing her lover lie in that diftrefs, as one love, one caufe, one affection had drawn them into one place, and there one fear had wrought one of their destructions, fhc alfo facrificed her felf upon the point of one and the fame fword. There was alfo in Scythia a cruel Tyrant (czWedJherodomai) who was wont to cafF men to Lions to be devoured of them, and for that caufe did nourifh privately many Lions : unto this crueky did Ovid allude, faying : "XherodomanUos ut qui fenfere hemes. And again : Non tibi 7berodomas crudufq; vocabitur Atnus. Unto this difcourfe of the bloud-thirfty cruelty of Lions, you may add the puiffant glory of them, Men that have who both in Sacred and prophane ftories are faid to have deftroyed Lions. When Sampfon went overcome Li- down to limnath, it is faid, that a young Lion met him roaring to deftroy him, but the Spirit of ons - the Lord came upon him, and he tore it in pieces like a Kid; wherein he was a Type of Jefus Chrift, who in like fort being fet upon by the roaring of the Devil and his members, did with facility ( through his divine nature ) utterly overthrow the malice of the Devil. Afterward Sampjon went down to the Philijline woman whom he loved, and returning, found that Bees had entred into the Lions carcafs, and there builded, whereupon he propounded this Riddle; A ve- raci exitt abus , & ex forti egreffa eft dulcedo : Out of the dtvoum came meat , and out of I be ftrorig came fweetne[s. Benaiab the fon of Jehoiada one of Davids Worthies, did in the Winter time in the fnow kill a Lion in a ditch : David himfelf feeding his fathers flock,flew a Lion and a Bear which had robbed him of a Lamb. It is reported of Ftrdiccas (one of the Captains of Alexander) a valiant man, that he went alone into the Den of a Lionefs, but not finding her therein, took away her whelps , and brought them forth to the admiration of all men ; for the Lionefs both among the Barbarians andGmcians is ac- counted the ftrongeft and molt unrefiftible beaft. In the Northern parts of the World (faith ?au- fanias) near the monuments of Alcmea and Uyllus , thefonsof Hercules^ there was a Lion which flew many people, and at laft alfo Euippus the only fon of King Megareus ; whereat the King grew fo for- rowful and angry, thirfting after revenge, that he promifed to the man that could overcome him his daughter, and the fuccellion of his Kingdom: There was a noble and valiant young man called Jlcatbus, who undertook the action and killed the Lion, for which thing he obatained both the Wife and the Kingdom according to the promife of Megareus , and therefore in thankfulnefs of fo good fortune, he builded there a famous Temple, dedicating it to Diana Agrotera , and Apollo Ageus. We have fpoken before of Lyfimachus, unto whom we may add Foljdamas the Scotuftan , who in all things he took in hand, propounded unto himfelf the example of Hercules, and did kill a Lion of monftrous ftature and bignefs, being unarmed, in the Mountain Olympus ; as at another time he held a Buls leg fo faft in his hand, that while the Beaft ftrove to loofe himfelf, he left the hoof of his foot behinde him. When Hercules was a boy or (tripling ,he flew the Teumeffian Lion in Teumeffus a Moun- tain of Beolia, and pulled off his skin which ever after he wore in ftead of adoke. This Lion is alfo called a Nem x man,difireffed with ibeweekpefs of body, to jail into the hinds of a woman, that ■ by her mercy thvu mayft attain tkoje things which art requifits for thy own maintenance 'and fuflenh th.n ? yea ra- ther thou fhouldft k he firft of all beateth the earth with his tail, afterwards his own fides, and laftly leapeth upon Tdamlmius ' ms P re y or adverfary. Some creatures u(e to wag their tails, when they fee fuddenly thofe which are Albertus. ' oftheir acquaintance, as Dogs; but Lions and Buls, doit for anger and wrath. Thereafon both of one and other, is thus rendred by Aphrodifeus. The back-bone of fuchBeafts is hollow, and con- tained! in it marrow, which reacheth to the tail, and therefore there is in the tail a kinde of animal motion, and power. For which caufe when the Beaft feeth one of his acquaintance , he waggeth his tail by way of falutation for the iamereafon that mc-nfliake hands, for that part is the readied and nimbleft member of his body ; but Buls and Lions are conftrained to the wagging of their tails for the fame rcafon that angry men are light fingered, and apt to ftrike : for when they cannoE have fufficient power to revenge, they either fpeak it they be Men, orelfebarkif they be Dogs, or fmite their fides with their tail if they be Lions ; by that means uttering the fury of their rage to the eafe of nature, which they cannot to the full defire of revenge. But we have (hewed before that the Lion ftnketh his fides with his tail, for the ftirring up of himfelf againft dangerous perils, for which caufe Lucan compareth C atq, rapinis. Hoc babetibecftudiumpofiesornare fuperbos } Pellibus, & captas domibtts configere pradas, Atq; par are metum \ylvis>& vivere rapto. The huntiug and taking ot Lions. Concerning the hunting and taking of Lions, the Indian Dogs,and fome other ftrong Hunters do fet upon Buls, Bores, and Lions, as we have faid before in the Hiftory of Dogs : but Dogs, which are begotten of Tygers, amongft the Indians, and thole of Hyrcania, efpecially do this thing,asit is noted by Mantuan, concerning the fortitude and courage of a Dog, faying : Et truculentusHelor certare Letnibus sudms. In Of the Lion, In the Province or" Gjngui, which is fubject to great Cham King of latiaua , there are very rnanv Lions which are very great and cruel : and in that Region the Dogs are accounted fo bold and ftrong, as they will not fear to invade or fet upon thofe Lions; And it oftentimes conieth to pafs, that two Dogs and a hunting Archer fitting on Horfe-back do kill and deftroy a Lion ; for when the Dogs perceive the Lion to be near them, they fet upon him with great barking, but efpecially when they know themfelves backed with the help of a man, they do r.oc ceafe to bite the Lion in Jus hin- der parts and tail : and although the Lion doth oftentimes threaten them with his frowning and terrible countenance, turning himfelf this way and that way, that he might tear them in pieces, notwithstanding the Dogs looking warily unto themfelves, are not eafily hurt by him, efpecially when the hunting Horfe-man following them, doth feek the belt means to faften his Dart in theLio::, when he is bitten of the Dogs, for they are wife enough to confider their own help. But the Lion thenflyeth away, fearing left the barking and howling of the D)gs, may bring more company both of Menand Dogsuntohim. And if he can he betaketh himfelf rightly unto fome tree- that he may enjoy the fame for a place of defence for his back, then turning himfdf with a fcornful grinning, he fighteth with all his force againft the Dogs. But the Hunter coming nearer Paulut. upon his Horfe, ceafeth not to throw Darts at the Lion until he kill him: neither doth the Lion Vtaeutjb feel the force of the Darts until he be fl iin, the Dogs do unto him fo great hurt and trouble. If a Lion be feen in the time of hunting, being afhamed to turn his back, he dorh a little turn away himfelf if oppreffed with a multitude : but being removed from the fight of the Hunters, he doth haftily prepare for flight, thinking that his fiiame is cleared by concealing himfelf; and there- fore knoweth that the Woods cannot give teftimony of his fear- He doth want in his flight the leaping which he ufeth in purfuing other Berfts.He doth craftily dif- femble and abolifh his foot-lteps to deceive the Hunters: Pollux affirmeth, that if a Hunter do tight againft any wilde Beafts, as a Bore, he mult not ftraddle with his legs wide abroad, but keep them together within the compafs of afoot, thac he may keep his ground ftedf.ft and fure, even as the manner is in Wreftling : for there are fome wilde Beafts,as Panthars and Lions,when they are hunt- ed, and are hundred in their courfe by their Hunters, if they be any thing near them, do prefently leap upon them. But the ftroke which is given ought to be directed or levelled right againft the breaft, and the heart, for that being once Stricken is incurable. Xenop'non faith, in his Book con- cerning hunting, that Lions, Leopards, Bears, Pardals, Lynxes, and all other wilde Beafts of this fort which inhabit Defert places (without Greece) are taken about the Pandean Mountain, and the Mountain called Qrtwx, about Macedony : fome in Ofympus, Myfius, and Pinilus : fome in Myfia above Syria, and in other Mountains which are fit for the breeding and nourifhing Beafts of this kinde. But they are taken partly in the Mountains by poyfon of Wolf-bane ; for the fharpnefs of the Region (becaufe that can admit no other kinde of hunting as by Nets and DogsJ but ming- ling this with that thing in which every wilde Beait delighteth j the Hunters do caft it unto them near the Waters. Therearefome alfo which do defcend down in the nighttime, who are taken in regard thatal! the ways by which they (hould afcend unto the Mountains are flopped with Huntf-men, and wea-' pons, neither being fo excluded, are they taken without great peril unto the Huntf-men. There are fome alfo which make pitfals or great ditches in the ground to catch Lions, in the midft whereof, they leave a profound ftony pillar, upon which in the night time they tie a Goat, and do hedge the pitfals roundabout with boughs, left that it might be feen, leaving no entrance into the fame. The Lions hearing the voyce of the Goat in the night, do come unto the place and waik round about the hedge, but finding no place where they may enter, they leap over and are taken. • Oppiantu doth defcribe three manner of ways of hunting Lions, which alfo Bellifatius doth, but he doth defcribe them mymindevery unskilfully. Thefirftof them is rehear fed out of Xmophon ; we will notwithftanding alfo add thereunto Oppi- Three ways :o anus : for he doth in vary both of them. The fecond is made by fire.The third by whips or fcourges. take Llons - The firfl manner of way is therefore as GiVius for the molt part tranflateth out of Oppianur , in this fort : Where the Hunters of L)bia do obferve the beaten path or way of the Lion going out of his Den unto the Water, they make a broad and round Ditch near unto it, in the midft whereof theyraifeupa great pillar, upon this they hang a fucking Lamb ; they compafs the Ditch round about with a wall of (tones heaped together, left that when the wilde Bealt cometh near he per- ceive the deceit. The f amb being faftned upon the top of the pillar, doth incitatethe hunger- ftarven heart of the Lion by his bleating, therefore coming near, and not being able to ftay longer about the wall, he doth prefently leap over and is received into the unloosed for Ditch, in which being now included, he vexeth himfelf in all the parts of his body , lifting himfelf up rather at the Lamb, then to go forth, and being again overthrown, he maketh force again. Thefe things Gllllui , affirmeth. The other manner of hunting by fire, is the device of the people which inhabit about the River The fecond, Euphrates, who hunt Lions after this manner : The Hunters fome upon ftrong Horfes, and fome up- on gray Horfes, with giafen eyes, which aremoftfwift, and which dare only meet Lions, when other Horfesdare not abide the fight of Lions : other being on foot do fet the Nets. Three of them being placed in the fnares remain to underprop the Nets, with flays and flakes: one in the middle, all the reft in both the bendk.gs or turnings of the fame , fo that he which is in the middle c can The History of Four- footed "BeaHs. can hear both the other at the farther ends : fome fetting round about in warlike manner , holding pitchy fire-brands in their right hands, and bucklers in their left , for with thofe they make a very great noife and clamor, and with (hewing their fire brands, put the wilde Beafts in an incredible tear: Therefore when all the Horfe-men being fpred abroad invade the Beafts, and the Foot-men likewifedo follow with a great noife : the Lions being terrified with the crying out of the Hunters, not daring to refill, giveplace: and afwell for fear of fire, asofthemen, theyruninto the nets and are taken: like as fifties in the night time, by fire are compelled and driven into the nets of the fifhers. The third manner of hunting is 'done with leffer labour: that is, four ftrong men armed with fhields, and fortified all over with thongs of leathe r, and having helmets upon their heads , that only their eyes, nofes, and lips may appear, with the brandifhing of their fire-brands, ruftle in up- on the Lion lying in his den : he not bearing this indignation, with a gaping and open wide mouth, the lightning or burning of his eyes being inflamed, breaketh forth into a great roaring, and with fuch celerity ruftleth upon them, as if it were fome ftormor tempeft : they with a firm and con- itant courage abide that brunt : and in the mean while that he coveteth to catch any of them in iiis teeth or claws, another of them, provoking himbehinde doth finite him, and with a loud noife or clamour doth vex him: then the Lion in haft leaving the firft which he had taken in his mouth, turneth back his mouth unto the hinder: each of them in feveral parts do vex him ; but he breathing forth warlike ftrength, runneth here and there, this man he leaveth, that he lhatcheth upon high: at the length being broken with long labour, and wearyed, foaming in his mouth, he lyeth down ftraight upon the ground, and now being very quiet they binde him, and take him from the earth as if he were a Ram. I do alfo finde that Lions are intricated in inares or traps, bound unto fome poft or pile, nigh unto fome narrow place, by which they were wont to pafs. But Ptipy faith, that in times paft it was a very hard and difficult manner to catch Lions, and that the chiefeft catching of them was in Ditches. In the Mountain Zaronius in Afrk\, the ftrongeft men do continually hunt Lions,the beft of which being taken, they fend them unto the King of Fejfe : and the King ordereth his hunting in this manner; in a very fpacious field there are little hutches built of that height as a man may ftand upright in them: every one of thefeis fhut with a little gate; and within ftandeth an armed man, the Lion being raifed, and forced to that place the dores being open, then the Lion feeing the dores open, runneth with great force, which being fhut again, he is provoked to anger : Afterward they bring a Bull to combate with him, where beginneth a cruel fight, in which, if the Bull {hall kill the Lion, the honour of that day is finifhed ; but if the Lion overcome him, all the armed men, which in number are almoft twelve, come forth to fight againft the Lion ; fome of them having' Boar-fpears of fix cubits long : but if the armed men fhall feem to overcome the Lion, the King commandeth the number to be diminifhed , and if on the contrary , the armed men be over- come, the King with his Nobles fitting in an high place to fee the hunting kill the Lion with Crofs-bows; but it cometh oftentimes to pafs, that every one of them is flain before the Lion. The reward of thofe which combate with the Lion, is ten golden Crowns, together with anew garment : neither are any admitted unto this fight, except they are of a moft pregnant and valorous itrength, and born in the Mountain Zafog^ but thofe which do firft of all provoke and give on-fet to the Lions, are born in the Mountain Zarenius. To conclude this difcourfe of the hunting of Lions. If it fortune that he be followed with men and Dogs, yet in the plain fields he never mendeth his pace, «s fome writers affirm, oftentimes turning about and looking upon his purfuers, as it were to dare their approchment, and to «ive defiance unto all their pretences: yet having gotten the thickets, he looketh to hisfafety with his beft celerity and fpeed, fo wifely tempering his fear before his foes, that it may feem a boldnefs, and fo pohtickly when hethinketh no eyefeethhim, no longer diffembleth with himfelf, but runneth away like a fearful Hart, or Hare, laying down his ears, and ftrikinghis tail betwixt his legs, like a Cur-dog, feldome times looking behinde him,- but moft irefully upon thofe that come before him, efpecially if he receive from them any wound, whereunto Horace alluded, faying: Quid ut wverca me intuerif, AuX ut petita fcrre bellua . ? In his courfe he fpareth no Bcaft that he meeteth, but falleth upon it like a mad Dog, (except Swine) for he is afraid of their briftles ; and if a man do not attempt to wound him, he will fnatch ac him, and overthrow him, but do him little harm ; according to thefe verfes of Ovid : Corpora magnanimo fatit eft profirajf? Leoni • Vugna fuum finem^ cum jacet hojiif, habet* Heobferveth moft vigilantly the hand that woundeth him, and laboureth to take revenge for the evil turn, and fo it remaineth in his minde, till opportunity fend him his adverfaries head : as may appear by this ftory following. When Of the Lion When Juba Ki tig of M>ors (the Father of him which when he was a cinide was brought m tri- umph) travelled through the Wildernefs with an Army of fouldiers , to reprefs certain rebels in one part of his Dominion, which had (haken off" his government, and to fettle them agam in their firft allegiance. There was a noble young Souldicr in his Train, of the race of the Nobility, and not only very ftrong, but alfo well experienced in hunting, and by the way he with other of his fellows met with a Lion, at whom he prelently cafl a Dart, and gave him a lore wound, but noc mortal; after the wound received , the Lion went away guilty of his hurt, and the young men did not profecute him,but went forward on their journey : After a whole year, the King returned homeward the fame way, and his company that he carryed with him, among whom was this young gallant that wounded the Lion : The Lion having recovered Ins hurt , and having his Den near the way and place of his harm , perceiving a return of the Army , went Iu/iolII / among them, and found out the man whofe hand had wounded him, and could not by any help of his aflociates be flayed from a revenge, but tore the young fouldier in pieces-aud departed away fafe, for the refidueleeing his rage, ran all away, thinking him to be fome D.;vil in the i.kenefsof a Lion. After the taking of Lions, it followerh that we (hould intreat of their taming, and firft of Ofthe taming all, they which are tamed in their infancy while they are wheips, are molt meek and gentle, lull of of 1.. fport and play, efpecially being filled with meat ; fo that without danger, a flranger may meet with them: but being hungry, they return again to their own nature, forasit is true (which Seneca faith) Leonibus m«nus magifter jtifcrit , ofculatur Tigrim fuus cn[rts , that is to f ty ; The Mafter of a Lion may put hishandin his mouth, and the Keeper of a Tyger maykifs him , yet is it alfo to be feared, Tigres Leenefq r.uriquamfeiitaternexuunt-, aliquandofuhrjiiur,!, & cum miiiime exfdla- vtru y UTvhM iraiigna redibit. Lionsand Tygers do never leave off their v/ildenefs,although fometimes they yeeld, and feem to be fubmifs, yet upon a fudden when a man expecteth not, their maligna c wrath breakech forth, and they are exafperated. Whererore after they grow to be old, it is impoflible to make them utterly tame ; yet we read .in divers ftories of tame Lions, whether made fo from their littering, or elfe conftrained by the Art of man, futh are thele which follow ; Uanno had a certain Lion, which in his expeditions of war carryed his baggage, and for that caufe the Carthaginians condemned him to banifliment , for faid they, Mule a edi hbertas for their nofes are as well fitted for that purpofe,as the belt Hounds ; as we have fhew-ed be- fore of the King of Tartan. i And the beft means of taming them is the rule of Apolloniut, which he faid was the pre< ept of Pba j !ic ^ ieft notes, which is, that they be neither handled too roughly,nor too mildely 5 for if they be beaten with means to ran-* ftripes, they grow over ftubborn ; and if they be kept in continual flatteries, and ufed over kinde- Lion*, ly, they grow over proud : For'they held opinion, that by an equal commixtion, of chrearning,and fair fpeaking, or gentle ufage, by which means they are more ealily brought to good defired con- ditions : and this wifdom the Ancients did not only ufe in the taming of Lions, but alfo in reftraining of Tyrants, putting it as a bridle to their mouths, and a hook in their noflrils, to reftrani them from fury and madnefs. Albertus faith, that the beft way to tame Lions, is to bring up with them a little Dog, and often- times to beat the fame Dog in their prefence, by which difripline the Lion is made more tradable to the will of his Keeper. It is faid of Helingabalus, that he nourifhed m3ny tame Lions, and Tygers, .and other fuch noifome beafts, calling himfelf their great mother ; and when he had made any qf Ins friends drunk in the night time, hefhutthemup together (who quickly fell afleepj through the heavinefs of their heads, who being foafleep, he turned in amongftthem fome of his fore- faid children, both Lions, Bears, Tygers, and fuch like: at whofe prefence in the morning, his drunken friends grew fo amazed, that oft times, fome of them fell dead for fear : and to conclude, there is a ftoryina certain Epigram, of a Lion wandering abroad in the night time, for the avoid- ing of froft, and cold, came into a fold of Goats : at the fight whereof the Goat-heards were much afraid, calling in queftion not only the lives of the flock, but alfo their own . becaufe every one of them , thought himfelf bound to fight unco death in defence hereof : whereupon 57? 374 The Hiftory of Four-footed TBeatts. Flutarcb, Fliny. according to the manner of men in extremity, they all made their prayers, defiring God to be deli- vered from the Lion, and according to their wifhes fo it came to pafs j for after the Lion had lodged in the warm fold of Goats a whole night, he departed in the morning, without doing any harm to manor beaft; wherefore I take this Lion to be ofthe tame kinde, and as in all beafts there are diffe- rences both of natures, and inclinations, as we may fee in Dogs, fome of them being more apt after the manners of men, and to be ruled by them then others j foalfol fee no reafon, but that in the fierce, and royal nature of Lions, fome of them fhould be more inclinable to obedience, fubje- dion, and fubmiihon ; whereunto being once won, they never afterwards utterly fhake off their vaffalage and yoke of them which overcome them. . , From hence it came, that there were fo many fpeftacles at Rome ; as firft of all Lucius SjVa, wmes" a*nd S ' * n the office of his xdility, or overfight of the Temple, brought into the Roman circle, or ring, one comhaccs with hundred great maned Lions loofe, which always before that time, were turned in bound or murfled. Lions. And King Eochus fent fo many valiant Archers, and Dart-cafters, to fight with them and deiiroy them. After him Fompey the great, in the fame piace brought inacombate, conlifting of fix * hundred great Lions, and among them there were three hundred fifty maned Lions : Alio he in- ftituted hunting of Lions at Kmwp, wherein were flain five hundred. Cajar when he was Dictator, prefented in fpeftacle four hundred Lions. Qumtus Saevoh caufed Lions to fight one with another. But Mircus Anton>us in the civil War, after the battail of Tharjalia , did firft of all caufe Lions to be yoked, and draw the Chariot of triumphs; whe* he himfelf fate, with one Citbeiii a Jefter : which thing was not done, without fhew and obfervations of a prodigious and montfrous action, and efpecially in thofe times, wherein it was interpreted, that as the noble fpirits of thofe Lions were fo much abafed, and vaffalaged, inftead of Horfes to draw a Chariot^ they being in nature the King of Beafts, fo it was feared that the ancient Nobility of Rome, the grave Senators, and gallant Gentlemen, Commanders ofthe whole Common- wealth, fhould in time to come,through civil wars, and pride of the people, be deprived of all honour, and brought down totheba(eft offices of the whole State. Antoninus P/w/nourifhed a hundred Lions. Vomitian the Emperor, called for AtiUius ( : <*£rzotheConful, into Albania, about the time that the games were celebrated, for the p/ofperity of youth and young men, which i were called fuvenalia^ to fight with a great Lion, and Acillius coming wifeiy into the combate, did eafily kill him. In ancient time when Lions could not be tamed, they did difcern them by their teeth, and nails, and fo taking as it were the fling and poy- fon from the Serpent, and the weapons wherein confifteth all their ftrength, they were without all peril, fent into the publick AfTemblies, at the time of their general meetings, and great feafts. Mar- tial hath an excellent Epigram, of the great Lion before exhibited in publick fpeftacle by T>omman } wondering that the Maffylian and Aufonian fhepheards were fo afraid of this Lion. and made as great a noile, and murmur, about his prefence, as if he had been a heard of Lions, and therefore he cora- mendeth the Lybian Countrey for breeding fuch a beaft, and withal expreffeth the joy of the fhep- heards for his death, as are fhown in thefe verfes following : Audim quantum Majfyla per avia murmur , Innutnero quotks fytva Leone furit : Fallidui attonitoi ad plena mapalia paflor Cum revecat tauros, & fine mente pecus : lantus in Aufonia fremuitmodo terror arena ; Ghtis non ejfe gregem crederet ? unus erat, Sedcujus tremerent ipft quoq\ jura Leenes 3 Cui diadema daret mamore pitta Nomas. quantum per colladecus, quern fparfit bonorem Aurea lunau cum fielit unda jub* ! Grandia quam decuit latum venabula peclus, Quanuq\ de magna gaudia morte tulit ? Vnde tuis Lybie tarn felix gloria fylv'u ? A Cybtles nunquiu venerai ille jugis ? An magi* Hercule Gexmanice mifil ab afiro Hanc tibi vel frater, vel pater ipfeferam f Tame Lions We have fhewed already that Lions although never fo well tamed, become wilde again, and that become wilde through hunger, which breaketh through ftone walls, according to the common proverb, and again. therefore niaketh them to deftroy whatfoevcr cometh in their way, according to thefe verfes of Virgil ; Jmpaftus ceu plena Leo per ovilia turbans, (Suadet enim ve\ena garnet) manditq; trahitq; Molle pecus, mutumq; metu 3 f remit ore cruento. Such a one was the Lion of Borfius Duke of Ferrara, who being in his cave would devour Bulls, Bears, and Boars, but with a Hare or little Whelp he would play, and do them no harm; at laft leaving all his tamable nature.he deftroyed a young wench, who oftentimes came unto him to combe and ftroke his mane, and alio to bring him meat and flowers, upon whom Stroza made thefe two verfes ; Suftulit ingratus cui quondam plurima debens FeSendaJq; jubas y & fera colla dabat. The like unto this alfo, was the tame Lion that M^r/w/fpeaketh of, who returning to his firft na- ture, deftroyed two young children, and therefore he faith juftly, that his cruelty exceedeth the cruelty of war ; the Epigram is this : Verhu Of the Lion. 375 Verbera fecuri flitusLeo ferre magijlri, lnfnumi]; pdti blandui in ora manurn^ Dfdidicit paam fubho^ feritate reverja, Ghtania nec in Lybkis deluit fjfejugis. Nam duo dc tenera puerilia corpora tuib-j, San^uincam Xifiris qu& rer.wabat / ur,um 1 S&vus & infxlix * ux iali den\ e per emit, Martia mn vidtt majus arena ntfus. Having thus fpoken of the taming and taking Lions, it alfo now followeth to entreat of the length of their life, and the difeafes that are incident unto them, with their feveral cures : firft therefore, it is held that they live very long, as threefcore, or fourfcore years: ior it hath been feen , that The length of when a Lion hath been taken alive, and in his taking received fome wound whereby he became lame, a Lions life, or loft fome of his teeth, yet did he live many years ; and alfo it is found that fome have been taken an f* tlie * r ***** without teeth, which were all fallen out of their head through age, and JElianut faith, that a Lion e3its " and a Dolphin,do both confumeaway through multitude ofyears. The fickneffes wherewithal they are annoid, are not very many, but thofe which they have are continual : for the moft part their intraiis or inward parts, are never found, but fubjecl: to corruption, as may appear by their fpittle, and alfo by their biting, and fcratching of their nails ; for aman lightly touched by them at fome Allertus. times is as much poyfoned, as the biting of a mad Dog •> alfobyreafon of his extreme hot nature, every each ether dayhefufferethoneficknefsorother, at which time he lyeth proftrate upon the earth, roaring not all the day long, but at certain hours, and in his wrath he is confumed through the heatinclofedin his own body- And in his belteftate he is aftlifted with a quartane Ague, even Cardan, then when he feemeth to be in health, and except oiis difeafe did reftrain his violence and malice by wcakningof his body,he would be far more hurtful to mankinde then he is rand this is to be under- ftood,in the Summer time he fajleth into this'difeafe fometime at the fight of a man, and is cured by the bloud of Dogs,according to Albertus and P by fiologus, when he feeleth himfelf fick,through abun- danceofmeat, he falleth a vomiting, either by the ftrength of nature, or elfe helpeth himfelf by eatingakindeof grafs, or green corn in the blade, or elfe rapes ; and if noneof thefe prevail, then hefafteth, and eateth no more till he finde eafe ; or elfe if he can meet with an Ape, he devoureth and eateth his flefh, and this is the principal remedy and medicine which he recetveth againft all his difeafes,both in youth and age j and when he groweth old, being no more able to hunt Harts,Boars, and fuch beafts, he exercifeth his whole ftrength in the hunting and taking of Apes, whereupon he liveth totally ; and for thefe caufes, there is a comparifon betwixt the Lion and the Dolphin, in JEliams. Leoni, & Detphino multa J r untc 'ommum a , uterq;imparat , ills terrenis, hie aquatilibus befiiis, fe- nefluie ambo tube fount, & cum funt in the fon of Aetion, which faid in this manner ; Concipil in petris aquila enixura Lemem KobuJium,fevu7ti } genua & quimulta refolvet. Htcbenenunc animis verfate, Cor intkia proles, §)ui colitis pulchram Pallenem, altamq--, Corirrtbum. A monfter In the year of our Lord 1 274. there was a certain Noble woman in the Bifhoprick of Kojlnizer, like a Lion. which brought forth a childe like to a Lionefs in all parts,but it had the skin of a man : Unto this dif- "ndfevSfffta- courIeI m a y ac[ d the Images of Lions,both in Temples, and alfo upon fhields ; and firft of all in the tuesof Lions. Temple where the fhield of Agamemnon hung up, (as Paucennius writeth) there was the picture (t eat J drawn with a Lions head, becaufe as the Lion fleepeth little, and in his fleep his eyes be open • fo is the condition of Fear ; for we have fhewed already, that the Lion when he fleepeth hath his e^es open, and whenhewakethhefhiuteth them, and therefore the Ancients did fymbolically pidure Of the Lion. 377 pidurc or" a Lion upon che doors of their Temples, and upon the Ships alfo, in the fore-part of Ccelius. them , they ingraved the figure of Lions, according to this faying of Vugil : Amholeghs. — Aeneia puppit Prima tenet rojiro } Phrygios fubjetta Leones. It was 'alfo aufual cuftom topi&ure Lions about Fountains and Conduits, efpecially among the Egjptians, that the water might fpring forth of their mouths , Quoniam 2{Uus arvu JEg)pti no- vum aquam invehit, file tranfeunte Leonem; becaufe that Nilus did w&fiok the fields of Egypt , at what time the Sun faffed through the fign Leo. Therefore alfo the River Alpheus was called Leontios po- ros, the Lions fountain, becaufe at the heads thereof, there were dedicated the pictures of many Lions. There was a noble Harlot called Le which was acquainted with the tyrannies of Hdr- Varinus. modius, and Arifttgiton ; for which caufe {he was apprehended, and put to grievous torments, to the intent (he (hould difclofe them, but (he endured all unto death, never bewraying any part of their counfel : After her death, the Athenians deviling how to honour that vertue, and Paufaniai. becaufe fhe was a Harlot or common Curtizan, they were not willing to make a ftatueforher Atheneut, in the likenefs of a Woman, but as her name was Lema, that fignifieth a Lionefs , fo they ere- cted for her the pifture of a Lionefs ; and that they might exprefs the vertue of her fecrefie, they caufed it to be framed without a tongue. Upon the grave of Lais, there was a cover- ing containing the pifture of a Lion, holding a Ram /in his fore-feet by the buttocks , with an infenption that a Lion held the Ram ; fo do Harlots hold their lovers, which Akiatus turned in- to this Epigram : Quid fcalptui fibi vult ariet, qutm parte Letena Vnguibus afprenfum pofteriore tenet ? Non aliter captos quod & ipfa teneret amantes, Virgregis effaries, clunetenetur amms. There was alfo a Lion at De//>6of, which weighed ten talents of gold; and at the entrance of IhermopyU upon the Tombeof Leonides the Captain of the Spartans, there flood a Lion of ftone: Upon the fteps of the Capitol of Rome, there were two Lions of black Marble touch-ftone. And the Agricold- Cyziceni ingraved upon one fide of their money the pidture of a Lion, and on the other fide the face of a woman. King Solomon built his Ivory Throne upon two Lions of Brafs • and upon the fteps or Hairs afcending up to that Throne were placed twelve Lions,here and there. And from hence it came, that many Kings and States gave in their Arms the Lion, Rampant, Paflant, and Regardant, di- ftinguiftied in divers colours in the fields of Or, Argent, Azure, and Sables, with fuch other terms of Art. The Earth it felf was wont to beexpreffed by the figure of a Lion; and therefore the Image of Atergas was fupported with Lions. Cybelt the faigned Goddefs of the Mountains was carryed upon Lions. And it is faigned that the Curetes, which nourished Jupiter in Creet , who was committed to Qpp- tams them by his mother Rhea, by the anger of Saturn, were turned into Lions, who afterwards by Jupi- yj r j mf ' ter when he reigned, were made the Kings of beafts, and by him enjoyned to draw the Chariot of his Mother Rhe a } according to this verfe ; Ei jmtt* currum Domine fubiere Leone U There is a conftellation in Heaven called the Lion, of whom Germanicus writeth in this fort,that he The conftelLi- is the greateft and moft notable amongft the fignes of theZodiack, containing three itars in his tioaofthe Li- head and one clear one in his breaft,and that when the Sun cometh to that figne which happenech in on ' the month of July, at which rime the vehement he* of Summer burneth the earth , and dryeth up the Rivers. And therefore becaufe the Lion is alfo of a hot nature , and feemeth to partake of the fubftance and quantity of the Sun, he hath that place in the Heavens. For in heat and force he excel-* leth all other beafts, as the Sun doth all other ftars. In his breafts and fore-part heismoftftrong, and in his hinder-part more weak, fo is the Sun, encreafing until the noon or fore-part of the year, until the Summer, and afterwards feemeth to languilh towards the fetting , or later part of the year called the Winter. And the Lion alfo feemeth always to look up with a fiery eye, even as the Sun which is patent with the perpetual and infatigal fight upon the earth. The Lion alfo^s a fignification of the Sun, for the hairs of his mane do refemble the ftreaming beams of the Sun, and therefore this conftellation is ftyled with the Macrobiut. fame Epithets that the Lion and the Sun are, as heat-bearing, aeftive, ardent, arent, calent, hot, flam- mant, burning, Herculean, mad, horrible, dreadful, cruel, and terrible. It is feigned of the Poets, that this Lion was the Nemaan Lion flain by Hercules , which at the commandment of Juno was foftered in Arcadia , and that in anger againft Hercules after his death , fhe placed him in the heavens. To conclude this ftory of the Lions, it is reported of the Devils called Onofceli, that they flew themfelves fometimes in the fliapes of Lions and Dogs, and the Dog of Serapis, which was feigned to have three heads, on the left fide a Wolfs, on the right fide a Dogs, and in the middle a Lions. We have (hewed already , that the people called Ampxaciou , did worlhip a Lionefs, K k 3 becaufe 3 78 The Hiftory of Four-footed "Beafts Liori* JMrafhed becaufe (he killed a Tyrant. And the hgyptiam builded a City to the honor of Lions, calling it Leon- m Templct 3 & t \dis , and dedicating Temples to Vulcan for their honor. And in the porches of Heliopolu, there worflvpf ed. were common itipends for the nourifhing of Lions. As in other places where they are fed daliy with Beef,and have alfo windowes in their lodgings, with great Parkes and fpaces allotted unto them for their recreation and exercifes: with an opini- on that the people that came unto them to offer and worfhip them, fhould fee a fpeedy revenge ♦ through-divine judgement upon all thole that had wronged them by perjury, or broken the oath of fidelity. To conclude, in holy Scripture we finde that our Saviour Chrift is called the Lion of the tribe otludah; for as he is aLambinhisinnocency,foisheaLion in his fortitude. The Devil alfo is called a roaring Lion, becaufe Lions in their hunger are molt of all full of fury and wrath. And fo I will conclude and end this ftory of Lions with that Emblem of Akium, defcribing how little Hares did rejoyce and leap upon dead Lions : JEacid* moriens percuflu cufiidk Heftor, l Vum mm & pedibut neftere vlncla parant. gui tnUi hojles vicerat ante fjw* Vijirabite ut libitum efi : fie aft luce leonit Corner imere baud potuit vscem infullantibut itiis, j Convdlant barbam vel timidi Lepores. The medicines ef the Lion. The bloud of a Lion being rubbed or fpred upon a Canker, or upon a fore which is fwelled about Albertui. the veins, will prefently and without any pain cure and eafe the grief thereof. Whofoever doth Sextus. anoint his body all over with the bloud of a Lion, may fafely and without any danger travel amongft any wilde beafts whatfoever. JEfculapius. The flefh of a Lion being eaten either by a Man or Woman which is troubled with dreames and fantafies in the night time, will very fpeedily and effectually work him eafe and quiet- nefs. The fame alfo being boyled or baked, and given to them which are diftraught of their wits to eat, doth bring them eafe and comfort , and renew their wits again : it is alfo very good for the pains of deafnefsor the ears. And being taken in drink, it helpeth thofe which are troubled with the (baking of the joynts or the Palfie. Whofoe ver (hall have fhooesmadeof the hide or skin of a Lion or Wolf, and wear them up- CaUn. on ms ^ eet ' * ie never h ave an y P a i n or ac ^ m them. They will alfo defend him that ufeth them from the Gowt, or fwelling in the feet or legs. The skin or hide of a Lion is alfo very good for either Man or Woman which are troubled with the piles or fwelling of the veins, if they fhall but at fome feveral times lit upon it. The fat of a Lion is reported to be contrary to poifon, and venemous drinks, and being taken in Wine, it will by thefent expell all wilde Beafts from any one; and it doth alfo refift and drive away the fent or fmell of Serpents, by which they follow men to deftroy them. Whofoever doth anoint his body all over with the tallow or fewet of the reins or kidney of a Lion , fhall by the fent and favour thereof expell and drive away from him all Wolves, how greedy and ravenous foever they be. A Man being throughly anointed with the greafe of a Lion being melted, doth drive away from him and put to flight any living creature whatfoever, and alfo venemous andpoifonous Ser- pents themfelves. ■& a r xu If any wilde Beaft be anointed with the tallow or fewet of a Lion which is diffolved and cla- rified, he fhall neither be troubled with the flinging of Flies or Bees. The fat or greafe of a Lion being mingled with Oyl of Rofes doth keep the skin of the face free from all blattings and blemi- fhes , being annointed thereupon, and doth^ilfo preferve the whitenefs thereof, and being mingled with Snow-water 3 doth heal any fkfh which is burnt or fcorched upon a man, and doth alfo cure the fwelling of the joynts. The fewet or fat of a Lion being mingled with other ointments, and anointed upon the places of either Man or Woman who have any blemifhes in any part of their bodies , doth prefently expell the fame. The fame virtue hath the dung or dirt of a Lion being mixed with the aforefaid unguent. The greafe of a Lion being diffolved and prefently again conglutinated together, and fo be- ing anointed upon the body of thofe who are heavieand fad, it will fpeedily extirpate allforrow and grief from their hearts. The fame alfo being mixed with the marrow of a Hart and with Lettice,and fo beaten and bruifed,and afterwards mingled all together,is an excellent remedy againft the fhrinking of the Nerves and fincws, and the aches of the bones and knuckles about the legs, be- ing anointed thereon. The greafe of a Lion by it felf only, mixed with a certain ointment, is alfo very profitable to ex- pell the Gowt. The fame being mingled with Oyl of Rofes, doth eafe and help thofe which are troubled dayly with Agues and Quartern Fevers. The fame alfo being diffolved and powred into the ears of any one which is troubled with any pain in them, will prefently free him from the fame. Trtere Of the Lion. There is alfo in this Lions greafe, another excellent virtue which is this, that if the jawbone of anyone be fwelledand anointed over with this greafe being melted, it will very fpeedily avoid the pain thereof. , The fat or fewet of a Lion being melted and mixed with certain other things, and fo mi- niftredunto any one that is troubled with the wringing of the bowels, and bloudy flux, in the lame manner as a glyfter is ufed , is commended for an cxcelknt remedy for the fame. The fame alfo being mingled with a certain Oyl and warmed together, and anointed upon the head of any one, whofe hair doth fhed, or is troubled with the Foxes evill , doth immediate- ly help and cure the fame. The feed of a Hare being mixed with the fat of a Lion, and anoin- Galen. ted upon the privie members of any one, will ftir and incitate them up to luft,how chart foever they {hall be. The fat of a Lion mingled with the fat of a Bear , and melted together , being anointed Myreffu. upon the belly, doth allay and affwage the hardnels thereof, as alfo any other pain or grief in the fame. The brains of a Lion, as alfo of a Cat, being taken in drink, doth make him mad unto whom itis given. Thefame being mingled with fome fmallquantity of OyLof Spike, and powred ^jhertM, or diftilled into the eares of any one which is deaf or thick of hearing, will very effectually cure the deafnefs. It the eye teeth of a Lion be hung about the neck. of a young childe before that he caft his Rafv, teeth, and the beginning of his fecond or new teeth, they will keep him for ever from having any ach or pain in them. The heart of a Lion being beaten into fmall powder, and taken in drink, doth very fpeedily cure and heal thofe which are troubled with Agues or Quartain Fevers. The liver of the Lion being dryed, and beaten to powder, and put in the pureft wine which' is j>i m » poflible to be gotten, and fo drunk, doth take away the pain and grief from any one which is troubled with his liver. The gall of a Lion being taken in drink by any one, doth kill or poifon him out of hand. But EetrutiuSo fome do impute this venom to be in the gall of a Leopard. The gall of a Lion being mixed with pure water, and anointed upon the eyes of any one, will take away the btemifhes thereof, and caufe them to fee clearly : and the fat of the Lion being added thereunto, is an excellent remedy againft the Falling ficknefs. A very little part or dram of the gall of the Lion being put in Albertusi wine and fo drunk, will fpeedily help and cure thofe which are troubled with the Yellow Jaun- dife. The fame dileafe is alfo cured by yellow Carets being {tamped and put in wine, and fo given in drink. For the fores or blemiflies in the eyes, the gall of a Lion being mingled with Hony, and fo anoin- Q a [ en , ted upon them, is commended for a very fpecial and effectual cure or healing The gall of a Lion, a Bear,or an Ox being mixed with certain other unguents, is very much ufed for the extending or moving forward of conception. The right ftoneof a Lion being beaten together with Rofes^ and fo {trained hard untillfome Rafit. liquid juyce or water doth proceed from them, and fo taken in drink, doth make that party barren unto whom itis given: it hath the like effect in it/if it be eaten either roafted or broyled, or raw and bloudy. The fat which proceedeth from the privity or fecret parts ;of a (he Lion being put in a ^ etlH ^ veffell made of Ivory, and fo being temperately mollified, is commended for a very effectual and fpeedy means to hinder conception. The dung or dirt of a Lion being dryed into powder, ana" mixed with fome certain foft and eafie AlberlUh ointment, with which any one may be eafily anointed over all his body, doth drive away the blemi- flies and fpots in the skin. The hurts or fores which are bitten either by amaleor female Lion , are fo full of matterand filthy corruption, that the running thereof can be flayed arid repi effed neither by lapping of clothes about them, nor by waftiing them by fpunges: theji-jare cureg % 'the fame means Ariftotk* as the fores which are, bitten by ravenous Dogs are , as I have before declared in the cures of the Hyaena. The wounds which are made by the teeth of a Lion are very hurtful • for as" much as the yenome of their interior parts doth go into the wounds, and when the wounds are tied, the venomc iffueth from them into the things with which they are tied, and the fame bindings being again bound upon the wound, doth fo infect it, thaut can be cured by no other means but by the afore- faid medicine. . .. v ;; w»d! The bitings ofLions and fuch like Beafts are fo dangerous, in regard of their ftrength and fierce- nefs, for they do not only bite, but alfo wreath and tear the wounds which they make with -their teeth or nails. And thus much lhall fuffice for the cures of the Lion. Of 5 8o The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Of the LIN X. The figure of a L'tnx once in the tower of London, which was firjl deferred by Doclor Cay. Thenamesof '"TpHe wilde Beaft'which among the Germans is named Luch[s s by making a name from the Linx, the Linx, X or as others write Lux, or huxs : amongft the Italians is at this day called Lupo cervero, or Cerve- rio, being engendered betwixt a Hinde and a Wolf j and likewife amongft the Rh£tians which fpeak Italian : and che Sabaudians, and the Dalmatians or Il/yrians, Cerviri.Bm there was a certain Bohemian of late which declared that the Linx as he conjectured, was called among the lUyrians y Kys, (and that it was called Luc^fs among the Germans) but that amongft the Illyrians was lefler then the other, yet very like. The Spaniards do as yet call him by the Latin name Lince, even as certain Italian writers in their vulgar tongue, as Alunnm doth teftifie. In certain places in Helvetia, and about Sedunuf, they call him Tbierwolf. Amongft the barbarous writers he is called by the name of an Ounce • which . lido iuppofe to be a Panther. Fr. Alunnm doth fay, that this Beaft was called of certain Italian writers in the vulgar tongue, Low« and ^ e kngth °f tllc tail feven fingers, the breadth of the fhoulder-blades of his back, and the top of his neck, was two palmes fix fingers andafpan; the length of his forelegs, afpanandfive fingers; and the length of his hinder- legs, a fpan and three fingers; the hair was very foft, but yet thick and deep, the tips of the hair upon his back were white, but in the neather- moft parts they were red, and they are moft white which fall downwards on both fides from the middle of his back- In the middle they are more red and duskie, the middle of the belly, and efpecially the lower part is white, but both fides of it are white and red, and every where upon his belly there are black fpots, but moft plentiful in the bottom of the belly, and on both fides. The uppermoft part of his neck, right over againft his ears, hath great black fpots,his ears are frnall,and not bigger then a little Triangle, in the edges they are black, although with the black hairs there are mingled fome white. His beard is mixed with black and white hair, which hair is great like to briftles. The teeth are moft white, and the upper canine teeth hang over the neather the breadth of a finger, whereof fix are fmall, and of thole fix two are the greateft, and all the refidue are very fmall on the neather chap; and to conclude, all the teeth were like a common Weafils or Martil. His feet were very rough, being five diftincfb claws upon the fore-feet, and four upon the hinder, which claws were very white and (harp. . The priceofa The tail was of equall bignefsand thicknefs, butinthe tip thereof it is black. Thefe skins are Linxes skin, fold for three Nobles a piece, and fometimes for fix, and fometimes for lefie, according to the quan- Coumties of t{t y f t h e s j,j n an£ j Countrey wherein it is fold. .And unto this defcription do Bellonius and Bonaws inX6S ' agree. For Bdlomus atConjlantmople faw two Linxes, much like unto Cats; and Bmaxiu had often- times feen them hunted in Mofchovia, Litttania^ Polonia, Hungaria, and Germany • but he commendeth above all the Linxes of Scotland and Sxvefia, as moft beautiful, having Triangular fpotsupon their skins. But the Indian and African Linxes, he faith have round fpots, fharp-briftly fhort hair, and full of fpots on all parts of their body, and therefore thevare not fo delicate as the Linxes of Europe. which with good caufe he conjeftureth to be the Linx that Fliny fpeaketh of, and not unlike to that which is bred in Italy. There are Linxes in divers Countries, as in the forenamed Ruflia, Litujnia, Pohnia, Hungary, Germany , Scotland, fo alfo they are moft abundant in Scandinavia, in Swefia,(o alfo about Hyelfm, and He'fyngia : likewife in all the Regions upon the Alpts j and in Sylva Martia, they are alfo very plentiful in Ethiopia, in France and Italy , about the River P-adiu, and in the Ifland Carpathtu. And thus having difcourfed of their Countrey and proportion, whereby their differences and kinds may be difcerned,we will leave every one of them to their particular,and proceed to the treadle and defcription of their general natures. Their outward There is no great difference betwixt their outward fhapes and proportion, for both the fmaller (hape and feve» and the greater have bright eyes, divers coloured skins, a little head, a nimble and chearful ftce,and ral pans. (Alberta* faith) that their body is longer then the body of a Wolf, but their legs Ihorter, miftaking the Linx for the Thses. Their eyes ftand forth of their heads very far, their tongue like the tongue of a Serpent, and Textor affirmeth that they have paps or udders in their Breafts, but furely he taketh Lynx for Sphinx. There 382 Of the Linx. 383 Their meac goerh inco the belly itraighc through the maw, without It lying, and therein is a rote of their mlatiable voracity, for none but infatiable Beafts or Birds are fo affected, as in Birds, the Cormorant. It hath no ankle bone, but a thing like unto it ; the nails are very long, as you may fee in two of the former pidurcs, but he hideth them within his skin till he be angry, ready to fight or climb, or other wife affected, as you may fee by the picture of the Linx taken in the Tower of London. The inward proportion and anatomy of their bodies is like unto a man, and therefore Galen giveth this leffon to ftudents in Phyfick, Prsjiat fimiarum hom'mi quam f\m'tllimatu-n aitui d i (J -ca return \e in excmplo exercere injittue^fm eu ncn detur, aliquam ei proximam deliguo, aut fi nulla umnino Simia 1 eperia- tur, Cynocepbalum, vel Satyrum,vel Lincemjummatnn ea omnia^quibu> artuum ixlremain digitos quhot Lixcf - and at their pleafure, according to necefiity, let upon both. ' tuw J mS - They are taken fometimes in Germany, in the Dutchy of iVertivlerg, and that it was once credibly Theplaceof affirmed, one of them leaped down from a tree upon a Countrey man, as he paffed under the fame their abode, tree, but being weary, and having an Ax on his neck , received her on the fharp edge thereof, and fo killed her, otherwifc fhe would loon have killed him. They live in the mountains alfo, where they are killed by poifon, or elfe hunted by armed men TheIf i on Horfe-back, and included with multitudes, for their hunting is perilous, and therefore they f 00 "[ mtat ° muft beinclofed with great company. Some take them with ditches, as we heard before Lions were taken; others in fnares or gins laid upon the rocks, and ftones, and whenfoever they are hunted with Dogs, they run directly to the woods or to the next trees, wherein they are killed by gun (hot. In the Summer time they are very weak and live among the Rockes, never ftraying far from their own lodging, hurting no man until! the Autumn. They hunt wilde Goats, whom they fol- low from Rock to Rock, leaping as faft or fafter then the Goats. They hunt alio wilde Cats and Hares, and fome other little Beafts ; but the greateft Linxes hunt Harts and Affes, and their man- ^ m ner is, as we have faid already, to get up into trees, and there to lie in wait for their prey, untill they efpy it under the boughs,and then fuddenly leap into the neck thereof, whether it be a Mm or a great Beaft, wherein they fix their claws fo faft, that no violence can fhake them off, but with the fharpnefs of tbeir teeth, bite into the fcull, and eat out the brains, to the utter deftrudion of the Man or Beaft, whomfoever they light upon, but if it be a fmall Beaft,they eat the whole body there- of, and not only the brains. Yet this is a wonderful fecret in their nature, that although they be long afflided with hunger, J ^ff^^ yet when they eat their meat, if they hear any noife, or any other chance caufe them to turn about f°in e fj„ from their meat, out of the fight of it, they forget their prey notwithftanding their hunger, and pw " go to feek another booty, never remembring that which they had before them . nor yet return back Solin'us. again to eat thereof. The voice of this Beaft is called by a fpeciall word in Latin, Orcare> or Corcare, which I may Eng/ifh Croaking, or Whining, for the voice thereof is not great, and therefore the Author of Philomela faith , Dum L'mces orcandofreoiunt, urfus feim unat , While the Luix croak- eth,the wilde bear whineth. And Arlunm faith, Cot care vox Inpi Ceivarii j to croak isthevoice of Thevoieeof a Linx. Linxes. It is thought that of all Beafts they fee moft brightly', for the Poets faign, that their eye fight _ ( pierceth through every folidbody, although it be as thickasawalh yet if you offer unto it any Linxes thing which is tranfparent, it is much offended, and fometimes blinded, but I cannot tell, whether the fight be attributed to the Linx truely according to nature, or fabuloufly in imitation of the Poetical fidion of Lynaus, of whom it was faid in ancient time, that he faw through ftone wals, of whom Horace writeth thus : Si poffis oculo, quantum contendere Lynccus^ Nun tamen idarco contemnas lippus inungi. Marcus 7u11ius alfo faith in this manner, in the admiration of Lynceus eye-fight, as though darknefs Orpheus. did not hinder it, guk eft lamLyncats qui in tantk ter.cbrit nihil efendat ? Jpttonius faith , that fo great 9 8 4 The Hiflory of Four-footed T-eafts. gveat was the perfe&ion of this nuns eye-fight, as he was believed to fee perfectly down into the earth^nd what was done in Hell. Plutarch faith, that he could fee through trees and rocks. Paujanias wnteth, that he was a King, and raigned after Vanaovita. ?)ndarus writcth, that Ida and Lynceus Thefablesof were tbefonsof fyhuxem, and that a contention growing betwixt Ida, andCaftor, and Pollux at the Poets about t [ ie marriage of Helena becaufe they twain would have ravifhed Phoebe and I.'ayra , the wives of Ida. Lymus. an£ j i y, lceU s\ Ida did therefore flay Cafior, and afterwards Lynceus flew Pollux when he fpyed him lie Ibcocntus. tinder an O ike, from the mountain laygexw. Wherefore 'jupiter flew Idj with lightni ig,and placed Ca U->r and Pollux in heaven among the ftars. There was another Lynceus husband of Hypermneftra, Daughter of Panaus, which Panaus having commanded all his Daughters in the night time to kill their Husb mds.fhe only fparcd her husband Lynceus. But the truth is, that Lynceus of whom there Cctlius. is fo many fables ofhis eye-fight, was the firft that found outthe mines ofGold, Silver and Braffe in the earth, and therefore Ample people feeing him bringGold and Silver out of the earth, and coming now and then upon him while he was digging deep for it, ufing the light of Candles which TaL'pbains. he never brought out of the pits, they foolifhly imagined, that by the light ol his eyes he was firft of all led to feek for thofe treafures, and from hence came the common proverb, Lynceo \>erf\ factor, for a man of excellent eye-fight. And to conclude, others fay, that Lynceus could fee the new Moon the fame day or night that fhe changed, and that therefore the fame of his eye-fight came fo to be celebrated, becaufe never any mortallman faw that fight, himfelf excepted. And from thefe fiblesof Lynceus came the opinion of the lingular perfpicacity of the Beaft Linx : of whom as I laid before, as the fight is very excellent, and lo far excelling men ( as Galen faith) like as is alfo the fight of E taac they knowing a certain virtue in their urine, do hide it in the Sand , and thac led into a me- thereof cometh a certain pretious ftone called Lyncurium, which for brightnefs refembleth the Amber, dicinal ftone. and yet is fo congealed and hardned in the fand, that no Carbuncle is harder, fhining like fire, wherewithal they make fealing Rings, which caufedOw'^ to write thus; Vitta raccmifero Lytic at dedit India Baccho, E quibui, ut msmorarit, quicquid veftca remifit Vertilur m Lpides, & ccngektaere tado. But they fay that of themale cometh the fiery and yellow Amber,andof the female cometh the white and pale Amber. In Italy they call it Langurium, and the Beaft Languria, and Lange. This Lyncurium is called of (omeEhQrum, Pterygophoron, and they lay it is the fame which will draw unto it leave?, ftraw, and plates of Braffe andiron, according to the opinions of Diodes and 'Iheifhraftus, and that being drunk out of water is good for the ftomach, and very convenient for the flux of the belly, according to Vicfcoridis ; and that it cureth the pains of the reins, and healcth the Kings evill, according to Solims: And 1 he of hrafius goeth about to eftablifh this opinion by reafon, and Jaboreth to perfwade it as probable, that the urine of a Linx fliould congeal into a ftone among fand, as well as the urine of a man, to ingender a ftone in the reins or in the bladder. And of this opinion is Pliny, Tbeophrafius, Hefychius, Varinus, Ztnotbimit, Flutanb, and Ariflctle. But in my op nion it is but a fable : For Tbeophrajius himfelf confefleth that Lyncurium, which he calleth Lyngurion, and Amber Huahs, is digged out of the earth in Lyguria. Sudmesznd Metrodorus fay that there is a certain tree in Lyguria, out of which Amber is taken, and this tree is the black Popler, and it is alfo very probable, that feeing this Amber was firft of all brought into Greece out of Lyguria, according to the denomination of all ftrange things, they called it Lyngurium after the name of the Countrey,whereupon the ignorant Latins did faign an etymology of the word Lyncurium, quafi Lynci. urinam, and upon this weak foundation have they raifed that vain building; and for further demonftration of this truth, Vvfcorides faith in his difcourfe of the Popler, that it growing about the River Er/^wi//, fendeth forth a certain humor like tears , which groweth hard, whereof they make that which is ca\tedEle8 rum, being rubbed,it fmelleth fweet,and for that it hath not only power todrawuntoit Brafle, Iron, andfuch things, but alfo Gold, it is alfo called Chryfiphoton • untothis Lucianus fubferibeth : and whereas it was faid that in Italy this Amber-ltone is begotten, neer the River Padus, where ftand many white Poplers ; my conjecture is, that fome fuch like humor may iffue out of them, and not only by accident, but through affinity of nature, and conderifate into a ftone, which the people finding, covered in the fand under the trees, and through their former per- fwafion, might eafily take it for the ftone engendred by the urine of the Linx. Muihroms Hemolaus alfo writeth this of the Lynwiwn, that it groweth in a certain ftone, and that it is a kind prow out of 3 ofMufhrom, or Padftook which is cut off yearly,and that another groweth in the room of it, a part of ftone, the root or foot beiiig left in the ftone, groweth as hard as a flint, and thus doth the ftone encreafe, with a natural fecurdity:which admirable tlnng,(faith he) I could never be brought to believe,unti!l I did eat the: eof in mine own houfe. Of the Linx. huax (as icisreciced by Sylvatkut) faith that the urine of the Linx, dimi feivatus , generat opiimes jnngoijupa\e quotannk, referved at home in ones houfe, bringeth forth every year the belt Muforomr. This is alfo called Lapn L/rz/,and Laps f>rafws> which is divided into three kindes, that is Jalpit, Armenians, and Lapis pbrygiut , called a\(o Belemintes; wherewithal the Chirurgians of flhffia and Vomerania, cure green wounds, and the Phyfitians break the ftone in the bladder. But the true Lyncurmm which is extant at this day,and currant among the Apothecaries, is as light as the Pu- mice-ftone,and as big as filleth a mans fift,being of a blackifh colour,or of a ruffetjthe rufTet is more folid .fandy, and fat, and being bruifed or eaten, tafteth like earth: both kindes are covered with little white skins, and there is apparent in them, a fpungy tenacious fubftance, and this I take to be the Mufbrom whereof Hermolaus fpeaketh. And by the little ftones and fmall skins, it may be con- jeftured to be Corpus Utengenes ,in terra coale{cens : A Hetrogenean body encreafing in the earth, wherewithal it hath no affinity. There was another ftone of the urine of a Linx tobefeen in Savoy, the fubftance whereof was clearly cryftal , the form of it was triangular, the hardnefs fo, as you might ftnke fire with it, and the colour partly white, and partly like Wine mingled with water; fotkat I will conclude, thac the urine of a Linx may engender a ftone, though not in fuch manner as is beforefaid- For the ArabUn Joratb affirmeth, that within feven dayes after the rendring, it turneth into a ftone ; but it is not the Lyncuriwn properly fo called, for that is the Amber or Gum before fpoken of, although catachreftically fo called And if it be true, that there be certain Muflmms neer the Red-fea, which by the heat of the Sun arehardned into ftones, then alfo it may follow very naturally, that thofe ftones may produce Mufhroms again, for both the diffblution and the conftitutidh of things are thought to be groun- ded upon the fame principles. And thus much fhall fuffice for the urine of the Linx, and the ftone made thereof. The skins of Linxes are moft pretious, and ufed in the garments of the greateft eftates , both lires of their Lords, Kings and Emperors, as we have fhewed before, and for that caufe are fold very dear. The fe ^ eral P arts « claws of this Beaft,efpeciallyofthe right foot, which he ufeth in ftead of a hand, are encluded in ^ ems - filver,and fold for Nobles a piece, and for Amulets to be worn againft the falling ficknefs. The love of thefebeafts to their young ones is very great, like as the Pardals, Lions, and Tygers. The King of Tartaria hath tame Linxes which he ufeth in hunting, in ftead of Dogs. Theantient Tag/ins dedicated thisBeaft to Baccbm, feigning that when he triumphed in his chariot of Vine branches, he was drawn by Tygers, and Linxes. And therefore Virgil faith ; Linxes tamed, Quid Lymes Baecbi vm£> And Ovid; Difta racemifero Lyncas dedit India Baccbo. All the nails of a Linx being burned with the skin, beaten into powder, and given in drink.will Tbemedirines very much cohibite and reftrain abominable Lechery in men : it will alfo reftrain the luft in women of the LinX - being fprinkled upon them: and alfo very effedually and fpeedily take away either itch or fcurf in manor womans body. The urine of this Beaft is accounted very medicinable for thofe which are troubled with the Strangury, and running of the reins. The fame is alfo very good and wholefome for the curing of any pain or grief in the winde-pipe or throat; Bonarus Baro doth a affirm that the nails of Linxes which are in their Countrey, are had in great eftimation and price amongft their Peers and Noble men: for there is a very certain opinion amongft them, that thofe nails being put upon the yard of either Horfe or Beaft whofe urine is kept back or reftrained, will in very fhort fpace caufe them to void it without any grief at all. He reporteth alfo that their nails do there wax white, and that they include them all in filver, and do commend them for an excellent remedy againft the Cramp, if they be worn ( perad- venturebecaufethey are bending and crooked,) by which perfwafion there are fome fuperftitious men which hang certain roots which are crooked and knotty about them againft the Cramp. There are fome which do afcertain that thefe nails are good and ready helps for the forenefs of the Uvula which is in the Horfes mouthes : and for that caufe there are many Horfemen which carry them continually about them. The Linx or Wolf, which is begotten of a Wolf and aHinde, the Musk-cat, theWeafill and all ArnoUns. fuch other like Beafts, do more hurt men by their biting teeth-wounds then by poifon. There was a certain Hunter, as Collinus reporteth, which told him that the flefh of a Linx being fodin fome hot pottage or broath, and afterwards eaten, would be a very good and wholefome medi- cine for the expelling of the Ague, or Quartan Fever ; and that the bones of the fame Beaft being burnt and pounded into powder, would be a very excellent remedy for the curing of wounds which are old and ftale, and full of putrifadion, as alfo the Fiftulacs which grow in she thighes or hips of men. LI Of The Hiftory of Four-footed 'Beafls. The feveral names. Pi .ices of click abode. The life of thier skins,and how to chufe the beft. Difference be- twixt Foins and Manias. Of the Marder, Mart d \ or Marten. THis bcaft is called in the Hebrewflach, or as fome fay Ziim ; amongft the Ara- bians, Faftoz, or rather Kacbeobeon, or Ka- chinem ; in Latine, Mattes ; the Germans^ Mard and Of the Mole. 389 and the neck, and thac it could not be a young one, betaufe it was two palms in length betwixt liis head and tail. Thefe Beafts are all blindeand want eyes, and therefore came the proverb Talpa uchr, Tu,h!ote- BlindnefM rot afpaldCot y blinder thena Mole; to lignifie a man without all judgement, wit or torefight; for Molei; itismoft elegantly applyed totheminde. Yet if any man look earneftly upon the places where they fliould grow,he (hall perceive a little paflage,by drawing up the membrane or little skin which is black, and therefore Arijiotle faith of them in this manner probably ; All kindes of Moles want their fight, becaufe they have not their eyes open and naked as other Beafts, but if a man pull up the skin of their browes about the place of their eyes, which is thick and fliadoweth their fight, he fhall perceive in them inward covered eyes, for they have the black circle, and the apple which is contained therein, and another part of the white circle or skin, but not apparently eminent; neither indeed can they, becaufe nature at the time of generation is hin- dered, for from the brains there belong to the eyes two ftrong ncrvie pafTages, which are ended at the upper teeth, and therefore their nature being hindered, it leavech an imperfed work of fighc behindeher. Yet there is in this Beaft a plain and bald place of the skin where the eyes fliould ftand, having outwardly a little black fpot like a Millet or Poppey-feed, fattened to a nerve inwardly, by prefling it, there followeth a black humor or moiftnefs, and by difledion of a Mole great with young, it is Albertus. apparent (as hath been proved) that the young ones before birth have eyes, but afterbirth, living continually in the dark earth without light, they ceafe to growtoany perfedion; for indeed they need them not, becaufe being out of the earth they cannot live above an hour or two. Efop hath a pretty fable of the AlfejApe,and Mole,each once complaining of others natural wants; the Affe, that he had no horns, and was therefore unarmed ; the Ape, thac he had no tail like other Beafts ofhisftature and quantity, and therefore was unhandfome ; to both which the Mole maketh anfwer, thac they may well be fiJenr, for that (he wanteth eyes, and fo infinuateth, that they which complain fliall finde by confideration and comparifon of their own wants to others, that they are happy and want nothing that were profitable for them- Offlianuf faith, thac there was one Phineus which was firft deprived of his eye-fight, and after- ward turned inco a Mole : Ic fliould feem he was condemned firft co loofe his eyes, and after- ward his life. Thefe Moles have no ears, andyec chey hear in the earth more nimbly and perfedly then Their fevers! men can above the fame, for at every ftep or fmall noife and almoft breathing, they are terrified P arts and and run away,*nd therfore (Pliny faith) that they underftand all fpeeches fpoken of themfelves, mem beis. and they hear much better under the earth then being above and out of the earth. And for this caufe they dig about cheir lodging long palTages, which bringech noifes and voices co chem, being fpoken never fo low and fofcly, like as the voice of a man carryed in a crunk,reed or hollow thing. Their fnout is not like a Weafils, as SuidM faich, but rather like a Shrew-moufes, or (if it be law- ful to compare fmall with great) like to a Hogs. Their teeth are like a Shrews and a Dogs ; like a Shrews in the neather teeth and furthermoft inner teeth, which are fharp pointed and low inward- ly ; and like a Dogs, becaufe chey are longer ac die fides, although only upon the upper jaw, and therefore they are worthily called by the Grecians^ M"rootatonf ; that is dangerous biting teeth, for as in Swine the Under ceeth ftand out above rhe upper, and in Elephants and Moles, the upper hang over the neather, for which caufe they are called tiypeifbe'e 'n . The congue is no greacer chen the fpace or hollow in the neather chap, and they have in a manner as little voice as fight, and yet I marvel how the proverb came of Loquax Talpa, a pratling Mole, inapopular reproach againft wordy and talkative perfons, which Ammianus faith, was firft ofall applyed to one Julianus CaptBa, after hehadfo behaved himfelf, that he had loft the good opini- on ofall men. The neck feemeth to be nothing, ic is fo fliort, (landing equall wich che forelegs. The lights are nothing elfe but diftinguifhed and feparated Fibres, and hang noc cogecher upon any common rooc or beginning, and chey are placed or feared wich the heart, which chey enclofe,much lower coward the belly chen in any other Beaft Their gall is yellowifh,their feet like a Bears,and fhorc legs,where- fore they move and run but flowly ; their fingers or toes wherewithal they dig the earth, are armed with fharp nails, and when (he feeleth any harm upon her back, prefently (he turneth up- ward and defendeth her felf with her fnowt and feet: with her feet fhe diggeth, and with her nofe Czrdantis. cafteth away the earth, and therefore fuch earth is called in Germany, Mai reerff, and in England, Mole-bill : and (he loveth the fields, efpecially meddowes and Gardens, where the ground is fofc, for ic is admirable wich whac celericy Ihe caftech up the earth. They have five toes with claws upon each forefoot, and four upon each foot behind, according to Albertus, but by diligent infpe&ion you (hall finde five behind alfo, for there is one very little and recurved backward, which a man flightly and negligently looking upon, would take to be nothing. The palm of the fore-feet is broad like a mans hand, and hath a hollow in it if it be put to- gether like a fift ,and the toes or fingers with the nails are greater then any other beafts of that quan- tity. And to the end that he might be well armed to dig, the forepart of her fore-legs confift of two folid and found bones which are fattened to her fhoulders, and her claws fpread abroad. not bending downward, and this is peculiar to this Beaft not competible to any other, but in her hinder legs, boch before and behind chey are like a Moufes, excepc in the pare beneach the knee,which confifteth LI 3 buc ^ 9 o Tbe Hittory of Four- footed 'Beatts. but of one bone which is alfo forked and twifted. The tail is fhort and hairy. And thus much for the Anatomy and feveral parts. the places of They live as we have faid in the earth, and therefore Cardan faith, that there is no creature which beir abode. hath blood and breath that liveth fo long together under the earth, and that the earth doth not hinder their expiration and infpiration ; for which caufe they keep it hollow above them, that at no time they may want breath, although they do not heave in two or three dayes ; but I rather be- lieve when they heave, they do it more for meat th*en for breath, for by digging and removing the eArth they take Wormes, and hunt after victuals. When the Wormes are followed by Moles , ( for by digging and heaving, they foreknow their own perdition) they flietothe fuperfcies and very top ot the earth, the filly beaft know- ing that the Mole their adverfary, dare not follow them into the light, fo chat their wit in flying their enemy is greater, then in turning again when they are troadupon. They love alfo to eat Toads and Frogs, for Albertm faith, he faw a great Toad whofelega Mole held faft in the earth, and that the Toad made an exceeding great noife, crying out for her life, during the time that the Mole did bite her. And therefore Toads and Frogs do eat dead Moles. They eat alfo the root of Herbs and Plants, for which caufe they are called by Oppioms, Foioybagi Herbivor£ , herb-eaters. Enemies to In the month of July they come abroad out of the earth, I think to feek meat at that time when Moles. wormes befcanty. They are hunted by Weafils, and wilde Cats, for they will follow them into their holes and take them, but the Cats do not eat them : whereas we have faid already, that they have an underftanding of mens fpeech when they hear them talk of them ; Underftand- I may add thereunto a ftory of their underftanding, thus related by Gillius 'm his own experience : ngotMoks. and knowledge. When I had ( faith hej put down inco the earth an earthen pot made of purpofe with a narrow mouth to take Moles, it fortuned that within fhort fpace as a blind Mole came along fhe fell into it and could not get forth again, but lay therein whining ; one of her fellowes which followed her feeing his mate taken, heaved up the earth above the pot, and with her nofe caft in fo much,till (he had railed up her companion to the brim and was ready to come forth : by which in that blind creature confined to darknefs, doth not only appear a wonderful work of Almighty God, that endoweth them with skill to defend, and wifely to provide for their own fafety, but alfo plan- ted in them fuch a natural and mutual lo've one to another, which is fo much the more admirable, confidering their beginning or creation as we have fhewed already. Becaufe by their continual hearing and laboring for meat, they do much harm to Gardens and other places of their aboad, and therefore in the husband-mans and houfe-wifes common-wealth, it is an acceptablt labor to take Taking of and deftroy them. For which caufe it is good to obferve their paflages, and mark the times of their Moles. coming to labor, which being perceived, they are eafily turned out of che earth with a fpade, and this was the fir ft and moft common way. Some have placed a board full of pikes which they fatten upon a fmall ftick in the mole hil or paffage, and when the mole cometh to heave up the earth, by touching the ftick fhe bringeth down the pikes and fharp nailed boards upon her own body and back. Other takea Wyar of Iron, and make it to have a very fhar p point, which being fattened to a ftaffe and put into the earth where the Moles paffage is, they bend and fo fet up, that when the Mole cometh along, the pike runneth into herandkilleth her. The Grecians (faith Palladius) did deftroy and drive away their Moles by this invention, they took a g-eat Nut, or any other kind of fruit of that quantity, receipt and folidity, wherein they included Chaffe, Brimftone and Wax, then did they ftop all the breathing places of the Moles, ex- cept one at the mouth, wherein they fet this devifeon fire, fo as the fmoak was driven inward, wherewithal they filled the hole and the place of their walks, and fo flopping it, the moles were either killed or driven away. A\(o Faramus fheweth another means to drive away and take Moles: If you take white Hellebor, and the rindes of wilde Mercury in ftead of Hemlock, and dry them and beat them to powder, after- ward fift them and mix them with meal and with milk beaten with the white of an Egge, and fo Faramuu make it into little morfels or bals,and lay them in the Mole-hole and paffages,it will kill them if they eat thereof, as they will certainly do. Many ufe to kill both Moles and Emmets with the froath of new Oyl. And to conclude, by fet- tingan earthen pot in the earth and Brimftone burning therein, it will certainly drive them for ever from that place. Unto which I may add a fuperftitious conceit of an obfeure Author, who writeth, that if you whet a mowing fythe in a field or meddow upon the feaft day of Chrifts Nati- vity (commonly called Chriltmas day) all the Moles that are within the hearing thereof, will cer- tainly for ever forfake that field, meddow or Garden. Ufe of their With the skins of Moles are purfes made, for the rough and foft hair, and alfo black ruffet itvcral pares, colour is very delectable. Pliny hath a ftrange laying, which is this ; Ex yellibw talparum cubicularia vi- dimus ftrapula-, adeo ne religio quidem aportentu fummovet deluias ; that is, We have feen the hangings of Chambers made of mole skins, fo that no confeience of religion cannot avert the monftrous love of delights from the affectation of men. For all the ancient Wife men and Magicians did hold, that this beaft was capeable of Religion, Nullif o y or Sorice, Alforgio, Rato, Vi cafa, although Rato fignifieth a Rat,both among the Germans, French, and Englifli.The Spaniards cal the lit- tle Moufe,Ruii labor in Ihiah ? defti Myos ? anne M)ronis ? There Of the Moufe. 39? There was a Conlul of Howe, whole name was /vM,and therefore Camtrarius made this Riddle or* the Moufe j Parvumibi domus eft, fedjanua femper apetta.Acciduo fumpiu>furtiva vivo fajrttta, ghrtH mibi mmaitneft , Rom* quoq^Corjfulhakbat. The 1 bracians call'd Argiiui a Moufe, and the City which he builded Argelus- Myes was a City of Lma y and a Citizen of that City was called Myetius. Mym a City of Lotri'm Epirus, and the people thereof are called Myones. Myonefusp little Region betwixt Teon&ndLeb<-don y and according to Stephanus, anlflandnear Epfoftif* the firtt Port or Haven of Igypt, opening to the Red Sea, is called Muos armor, the Moufes haven, and My ft a alfo feemeth to be derived from their ftem.There is an Ifland under the Equinoctial line,called Insula Murium, the Moule Ifland, becaufe of the abundance of Mice therein: and to conclude, even the herbs and plants of the earth, have received names from this iittle beaft,as tiordeumjdurimm Myacantha^perage, Myopte- Theuctni. tonfllyuooi ..A(iorrccow,Moufe-ear, Moufe-foot,and fuch i like. There have been alfo Comedies imde of M:fs, as that Of < arftnus, called Mya,wherein the Weafil llrangleth the night-wandering Myjs. And another Greek, , called Galenmyo»iama 9 that is a fight betwixt Cats and Mice, wherein the Poet doth rnoft pieafantly faign names of Mce, as their King he calieth creiLus, that is, a flefli-eatcr, and his eldeft Ion Pficarpax, a corn-eater ; and his feebnd Ion Pfttotiarpes t bread-eater, and his eldeft daugh- Fiflions learn- m^Lycnozluphki candle-eater; and all his Anceftors Carpoaaptai, that is, fruit-eaters. And then he ed and winy of bringeth other Mice in as Turolicoi,PfiC(/licei,Cboltci,clnl'bvs Homer in his Batrachomyomacbia^thuis, a fight betwixt Frogs and Mice, doth very elegantly defcribe divers proper names of Mice. AsP/jcar- pax, whole father was luvxaxus, and his mother Lyekomilf, daughter of YffltiemUa fehe King 1 , and then other Mice, as L)cbopnax, T'trngUfbuf^Embafchitrus^Lycbenor^Troglodites, Arttfbagh, ?termogli~ phut, Pteinoplagus, CmfodicdiS , Sitophatus, Artophtlus, Me idarpcx , and Tbulacottox, all which are not only out of the abundance of the Authors wit, but invented for the expreffing of the Moufes nature. The Epithersof Mice are thefe ; fhort, fmall fearful, peaceable, ridiculous, ruftick, or Country The colour of Moufe, urbane, or City Moufe, greedy, wary, unhappy, harmful, black, obfcene^ittie.whiner.biter, Mice - and earthly. And the ones are exprelTed before in the proper names, and thus much may lufficefor the names of Mice. Now to come to their feveral nature and iignifications- Firltofal! Scahger. concerning their colour. Ic is divers, for although Odor murims be a common tearm for -a Moufe Albtrtas. colour of Afles, yet notwithstanding Mice are fometimes biackifh, fometimes white, fometimes yellow, fometimes brown, and fometimeafh colour. There are white Mice among thepeople of Sa- Thcqmnticy voy, and Dauphin in France called Allobroges, which the Inhabitants of the Countrey do believe that »ndfeveral they teed upon fnow. But the white Moufe is above all other n^ft -jAjfciVious and lecherous*,' and ^ ni ^ r f ice ° therefore it came into a proverb, MysLcuco!, MysCacos, the whiteOToufe is an ill Moufe , oT whole "^ut, luft Alciatu! made this Emblem • Of ali which conjectures of the Poets, the firft is moft probable { for the Ancients were wont *£o call wanton and effeminate men Pygargei, and Leucopygoi , from their beauty and whitenefs. And as there is a difference in their colours, fo alfo there is in their quantity : For fome a'r'e very great,lome meanly great, and fome very fmall. Their heart is very great, and their liver and lights increafe in the Wintertime. Alfo the fibres that are in them, do increafe and decreafe with the waxing and waning of the Moon- For every day of the Moons age, there is a fibre increafed in their liver. And therefore Lucilius (aid we\\,Luni alit vfirea, & implex eebmos, & Muribus fbras auget : that is to lav, The Moon feedeth Oyfters,filleth Hedgehogs,and encreafeth fibres in Mice. Some of thefe Mice have a gall, and fome have none, as Ariftotle and Pliny fnew in many places. The Moufes place of conception have many holes in it, during the time fhe beareth her young ones. There is no creature that heareth more perfectly then a Moufe, they dwell in houfes of men, AlbertUti efpecially near flipping and dining rooms, kitchins, or larders.where'any meat is ftirrirjg. And they Orus. make themfelves places of abode by gnawing with their teeth , if they finde not convergent lodge- ings prepared to their hand, and they love the hollow places of wals, or the roofs of houfes j and JEliamiH therefore the Wafps which in Arifio\ick, and efpecially of Lybia, die affoon as they drink. And the reafon thereof we dj^c"" 110111 w '" fh*w afterwards in the taking of Mice, when wecome to difcourfeof their poyfons. Andfor 1 iU &"' the prefent it fhould feem their temperament, or constitution is fo moift, that nature can endure no addition. Yet in the plains of Arcadia, there are Mice which drink of a certain Fountain without any harm. Theopbraflus. The generation and procreation of Mice, is not only by copulation, butalfo nature worketh Generation of wonderfully in ingendering them by earth and fmall fhowers, as we will fhew in the difcourfe of Mice,md their wilde Mice. carnal copula. g ut t ^ e houfe Moufe whereof we now intreat, is engendered by copulation betwixt male and fe- uon * male, and they are in general moft libidinous, as may appear by that faying of Cratinus againft Xe- nophon, There nun cx aithnas Katapupofunenmuos afltapfo Xenopbontos, go to now, for from the skies I will itrike by lightning the Murin wantonnefs of Xenopbon : and the female is much more venereous then the male, as appeareth. by that fable of 7/>icr<*/ beafts, fearing to do any thing publickly, and yet privately enterprife many deceits, are j'uftly re- tion,and their proved in imitation of fuch beafts. For this caufe was it forbidden in Gods Law unto the fews, not flcih. only to eat, but to touch Mice,and the Prophet Efai ch 66 {^\th, Comedenies carnem fuxlkmp- abemina- Procopius,' tionem } atq-,murem, fimul confumentur ,mquilT>ominus^ that is, they which eat Swinesflefh, abominati- Anfieas, on, and the Moufe, fhall be deftroyed together,faith the Lord : wherein the Prophet threatneth a curfe unto the people, that broke the firft Law of God in eating flefh forbidden ; and the Phyfitians alfo fay, that the eating of the flefh of Mice engendereth forgetfulnefs, abomination, and corrupti- Arnolds. on intheftomach. The eating of bread or other meat which is bitten by Mi ce,doth encreafe in men and children a Hurt by Mice certain difeafe in their face, and in the flefh, at the roots of the nails of their fingers certain hard to the body f bunches; called by the Venetians, Spelli ; ; and by the Germans, Leidfptfm ; and by the Latiws } Denies mankinde. Murk: yet it is affirmed,that the flefh of Mice is good for Hawks, toby given them every day, or Medicine of every each other day together with the skin ; for it helpeth their intrails, purge th fleam and cho- Hawks. ]er ; reftraineth the fluxions of the belly; dnveth out ftones and gravels ftayeth thediftillation of VemttriuSo the head to the eyes ; and finally corroborated the ftomach. Yet we have heard that in the King- dom of Calecut, they do eat Mice and Fifhes roafted in the Sun. And itisfaidby fome Phyfiti- ans and Magicians, that the flefh is good againft melancholy, and the pain of the teeth • but the medicinal vertues we referve it to its proper-place. fliny affirmeth a ftrange wonder, worthy to be remembred and recorded,that when Hannibal be- Eating of iieged Caffelinum, there was a man that fold a Moufe for two hundred pieces ot coin, fo great was the Mice, extremity of famine, that the man which fold it, dyed for hunger, and as it fhould feem through the want of it, but he which bought it lived by eating thereof; the which thing argueth, that necefii- ty, hunger, and famin,maketh men for the fafegard of life, to make more reckoning in extremity of the bafeft creatures, then in profperity they do of the beft. For that perfon which gave fo much money for a Moufe, at another time would have fcorned to have given fo much for four Oxen. And on the other fide, the wretched love of gain, which caufeth a man to endanger his own life for love of filver. But I rather think that it was the hand of Godhimfelf taking vengeance of fuch a covetous difpofition, which would not iufier him to live, that like Midas had gotten fo much gold. The enemies of Mice are many, not only men, which by fundry artificial devices kill them, be- Enemies of caufe of harm, but alfo beafts and wilde fowl do eat their flefh, and live upon them. And firft of all Mice. Cats and Weefils do principally hunt to catch Mice, and have been therefore by the late Writers called Muriltgi, for their taking of Mice. And the nature of the Weefil is not only more inclined to hunt after them, then the Cat, but is more terrible alfo unto them • for if the brains of a Weefil, *° the hair or rennet be fprinkled upon Checfe, or any other meat whereto Mice refort,they not only forbear to eat thereof, but alfo to come in that place They are alfo driven away by the fprink- ling of the afhes of Weefils ; and as all noifes make them afraid, fo none fo much as the skreeching or crying of a Weefil, for at the hearing thereof they all fall aftonifhed. And befides, they have more opportunity to follow and take them then Cats , becaufe their bodies areleffer, and their nofes and fnowts longer, and therefore they follow them many times into their holey, and very nimbly The Hifiory of Four-footed Beafts. nimbly pull them forth when they think they are molt fecure. Foxes alio kill Mice; and in Italy there is a black Snake called Catbonaue, from his colour, refembling coals, which I think to be the fame that the Grecians call Myagw, from his hunting of Mice : This Snake doth alfo eat and de- vour Mite. Hawks cat Mice, and all the night-birds, efpecially the night-crows and Owls. How hateful a Moufe is to the Elephant, we have (hewed already in that ftory, how in the prefence there- of lie will not touch his meat, nor eat any thing over which a Moufe doth run. Nor yet eat in the cratch or manger wherein a Moufe hath been. Porzettus affirmeth, that there is great love between Mice and Serpents, for fometimes they play together. There is a hatred betwixt Bats, Frogs , and Mice, as may a ppear by Antbologw^ Mufeus,, and others. It is faid alfo that they are hateful to Oyfters, whereof I know no reafon, except it be becaufe they iove their fifh- And Akiam hath a pretty embleme, which he entituleth Capiivm obgulam, wherein hefheweth, that a Moufe watcheth an Ojfter when he gapeth,and feeing it open, thrufts in his head to eat the fifh ; aflbon as ever the Oyfter felt his teeth, prefently he clofeth his fhell again, and fo crufheth the Moufes head in pieces , whereby he deciphereth the condition of thofe men which de- ftroy themfelves to ferve thtir bellies And thus much for the love and enmity betwixt Mice and other Beafts. Now concerning the actions of men, they hunt Mice to be rid from their annoyances, becaufe they do not only deftroy the things they eat, and live upon other mens coft; and therefore Para- fitesare compared unto unto them whom the Germans call Scbmorotzer^znd Tellerleck^r, that is,(mell- feafts, and lick-fpickets, are compared to Mice, becaufe they live at other mens tables. But alfo Mice do defile and corrupt, and make unprofitable whatfoever they tafte 5 and therefore the Egyptians when they would defcribe corruption, do pifture a Moufe. For thefe caufes have men invented many devices, fnares, and gins , the general whereof is cal- led by the Latines, Mufcipula ; and by the Grecians, Mufpala, and Mytgra, the divers and feveral forms whereof I will not difdain to fct down. For the wife Reader muft confider, that it is as ne- ceffary., or rather more necefTary for moft men to know how to take Mice , then how to take Elephants. And although every woman , and filly Rat-catcher can give inftru&ion enough therein, yet their knowledge cannot excufe my negligence, if Ifhould omit the inventions and devices of the Ancieuts, whereby they delivered themfelves from the annoyances of thefe beafts. And therefore firftof all to declare the manner of catching them in places where corn is kept : Let your Moufe- trap be placed to catch Mice, right againft the door, but let them have room to come in , and in fhort time it will fo fear them, that they will trouble you no more. But if Mice breed in the ground under crevices, except you fill all the crevices with Moufe-traps, you will never catch them, which the Inhabitants of the Ifland Pandataria are fain to do. Varrut. There are other kinde of Moufe-traps which do catch Mice alive : and otherfome which do kill them,either being preffed down with the weight of it, or ftifled with water, or otherwife, as with a ftrong piece of Iron being fmall, and hung right againft the button of the trap, on the which piece of Iron they hang meat, and fo by that means the Moufe is catched by putting her head through the hole to fnatch at the meat ; for fhe by ftirring the Iron doth loofen the button, and fo her head is fhut faft in the hole. And there are other kinde of Moufe-traps which are covered all over, into the which the Moufe may run ; and if you have put any water therein they are prefently ftifled. Of all which kinde of traps (hall be feverally traded : Andfirftof all thofe which do catch Mice alive. The common kinde of this Moufe-trap is made of wood, long, and four-cornerwife, and is framed of four boards, but the hinder part is ftrengthened with ftrong wiers of Iron, that fhe may without danger look in to fee what fhe may get there ; and that the fmell of that which fhe findeth there, may allure her to come to it. And the former part hath a hole in the top, through which there is put a fmall piece of Iron ; and alfo there is made a trap-door in form of a Percullis, to the which the Iron is very flightly hung, that when the Moufe cometh to catch at the meat, fhe is fuddenly taken by falling of the fame ; but the meat which you fatten to the neather end of this Iron hook muft be fat or the cruft of cheefe or bread ; which if it be a little toafted at the fire, it will not be amifs, tha't the Moufe may fmell it far off. Some do make thefe kinde of traps double, with one door at one end, and another door at another end. Thefe kinde of Moufe-traps Petm Crefcent. doth call traps belonging to houfes, which fhall be fpoken of hereafter. The other kinde of Moufe-trap is made with Iron hooks hung in the round circle ; in the midft of the which brim is put a great many of the fame wiers, which being made fharp at every end, are after theformofthetopof acreft, or helmet, or as it is made in a bow-net to catch fifties ; and upon the hook let there be hung meat, by which means the Moufe coming to the meat, fticketh herfelf upon the hooks. The manner of making lefTer Moufe-traps is with Walnut-tree , and that the middle part of it be not covered, and that there be put to the mouth or brim thereof fome kinde of mettle, fo that the open part may bend inward, and that the Moufe may not gnaw that which is within, except fhe creepeth under : which if fhe fhall do, fhe fhall prefently be fhut in by ftir- ring the trap. Crefcmticn. Alfo there is another kinde of Moufe-trap which is covered with the bark of a tree, which is cut into equal pieces, and laid crofs one over another ; but there is tied a Swines skin in the middle, and alfo an earthen pot covered with the fame bark , being firft fprinkled with corn , that the Mice may cuftom to come to it, and being dryed with lying, they break in pieces, but you muft lay them together 39 6 Of the Moufe. together again, and fill your pot with water, by the which means alloon as ever they are upon the lame, they tall into the pit, and fo are ftifled. And alfo it is reported of thofe which have tryed the fame, that if Mice fall into a veflei with- out water, and remain there a long time without meat, that then they devour one another, but if they remain there fo long until one among them all be left alone, that is to fay, the ttrongeft of them all, and thathe be fufiered to go out, wherefoever he (hall finde any Mice he will eat them up, and they fhall have much ado toefcape him, becaufe he hath been fo long accuftomed unto them. I was told alfo of a certain friend of mine, that a man of Senenfts did fet a purfe in a hollow place, and made it to open and fhut by fomedevife, fo that at length he took a Moufe, which Moufe he fed only with the flefhof Mice, and after lie had fed it fo a long time, he let it go > who killed all the Mice he did meet, and was not fatisfied with them , but went into every hole that he could finde, and eat them up alfo. Alfo Mice are taken in veflels, from Crefcentiea] whence they cannot efcape, upon the which veflei let there be put a fmall ftaffe, which is fo cut in the middle, that fhe may only hold her felf by the meat, and when you have fo done, put the kernel of a Nut upon the middle of the ftaffe, to the which the Moufe coming, doth fall into the veflei with the ftaffe,and they will be ftifled if there be any water: but if there be none (he will be killed. And again, hetellethof another manner of catching of Mice, which is as great as the firft, and it is after this manner: Take two fmooth boards about the length of thy arm, and in breadth half thy arm, but joyn it fo together, that they may be diftant from the lower part in length fome four fingers or little lefs, with two fmall fpindles or clefts, which muft be at every end one, and fallen Paper under them, and put a piece of pafte therein, being cut overthwart in the middle, but you muft not fallen it nigh the middle, and let it be fo bound, that it may eafily be lifted up betwixt the fpindles, that if by flipping it fhould be altered, it might be brought again to the fame form. But the two fpindles fpoken of before, ought to be joyned together in the ends above, and beyond them another fmall fpindle to be made, which may hold in the middle a crooked wedge orbutten, upon the which may be hanged a piece of Hogsskin, fo that one of them may eafily be turned upfidedown with the skin, and put thereunto a Jittle piece of earth or ftick, that the Mice may eafily come to it: So that how many Mice foever (hall come thereto, and to the meat, fhall be taken, always by rowling the Paper into his wonted place. There is another manner alfo, which is to make a round piece of wood fattened on both fides with Needles, and made fo that the hinder part of it weigh heavier then the former, and .hat it ftand an inch higher then the other, and then when you have fo placed ic, throw fome corn there- on, that the Mice may be allured thereto, and tie alfo a piece of flefti upon the former end of it ; and fo the Moufe going into the middle, by the rowling off the fame, fli ppeth into the kettle which flandeth under it, which muft behalf full of water, the circle prefently being as it was before, that very often many Mice are catched in one night by this work, all falling into the kettle. Alfo there Crejcentien', are many kindes of Mice-traps, where Mice do perifh by the weight thereof, and they are made of a fmall piece of wood made hollow, into the which fhall fall down another fmall piece of wood ; but ir muft be made fo, that it may fall weighty to prefs down the Mice going to the meat, and let the meat be tied to another little fmall piece of wood, which being touched, the heavy piece doth pre- fently fall down, and fo by that means the Moufe is taken. Our Country men do make a trap which is foroewhat like to this, let two pieces of boards be joyned together one foot broad, & two foot long,and afterwards let there be put in them a wooden pin, which you muft fallen to the lower board, fo that it may not touch the uppermoft ; and you mult fet it fo, that the former part may eafily move backward and forward ; but moreover, the for- mer board muft be fattened to the hinder, like the fafhion of a Gibbet or Gallows, with two pieces of wood Handing upright, one being put overthwart, or after the falhion of the Greek, letter n,and it muft ftand fome nine inches high, and as broad as the board will fuffer you, and let the meat be hung in the middle of it, but that board which is uppermoft, muft touch bpth the ends of the other, and notched according to the breadth, the notch being made after the form of a wedge divided in- to two parts; andanother fmall piece of wood muft be put to that which is uppermoft, almoft two fingers long, and one finger broad, and let there be put into the lower notch a piece of wood with meat at it, fo that it may be flightly fattened to the brim of the uppermoft/that the meat being pre- fently touched, the other may the eafiler fall. And you may lay a ftone upon the uppermoft board, that it may fall the heavier. And there are fome alfo which co the lower board do fallen iron pins, made very (harp ; againft the which the Mice are driven by the weight of the fall.? Furthermore, there is another kinde of trap made co cover them alive, one part of it cut out of a fmall piece of wood , the length of the palm of thy hand, and the breadth of one finger,and let the other part of it be cut after the form of a wedge : and let this piece of wood be ere&ed like a little pillar,and let the wedge be put into the notch of another piece of wood, which muft be made equal with the other, or very little fhorter : and this pillar muft be fo made, that the Moufe may not perifti before (he come to the meat : the wood where the meat muft ftand, ought to be a fpan long, and you muft fallen the meat about the middle of it, but the former part of it muft have a cleft, which muft begin a little from the brim, and fhall be made almoft the length of two fingers, and you muft make it with two ftraight corners , and take away half the breadth of the wood. Thefe three pieces of wood being thus made ready, thou 397 Tbe HiHory of Four-footed leasts. {hull ereft a little pillar ,fo that the'wedge may be downward, whereby the Moufe may fee the meac every where: and let the meat be hung in the former corner of the pillar,fo ( if the Moufe fhall touch the meat, he fhall be preffed down with the fall of the board. Mice alio by the fall of a cleft board are taken, which is held up with a pillar, and having a little fpattular of wood, whereon the meat {hall lye, fo made that the pillar doth not open being parted, except when the Moufe cometh to touch the meat, and fo by that means fhe is taken. There is alfo another manner of Moufe-trap ufed among us, which is, let there be a hole made and compaffed about with a board of a foot long, and five or fix fingers broad, the compafs where- of muft be four fingers ; into this hole let there be put a velTel made of wood the length of ones fift, but round and very deep; and in the middle of each fide of this veiTel let there be made a hole, wherein there is put in a thread made of Iron with meat, and let it be compafTed about with a fmall thread which muft be faftened overthwart the hole : ar.d the part of the thread which hangeth down muft be crooked, that the meat may be faftened thereto, and there muft be a piece of thetTiread without, to the which maybe tied a ftronger piece of wood , which is the thread whereon the meat is hanged, by the which the Moufe is taken, by putting her head into theveflel to catch at the meat. And alfo Mice are taken otherwife, with a great Cane wherein there is a knot, and in the top of it let there be made a little bow with a Lute ftring, and there flick a great needle in the middle of the pole of the Cane, and let the pole be made juft in the middle, and let there be bound a piece of flefh beneath, fo prepared, that when the Moufe fhall bite, and move the skin, that then the ftring flip- peth down, and fo the needle pierceth through his head, and holdeth him that he cannot run away. But among all the reft, there is an excellent piece of workmanfhip to catch Mice; which I will here fet down : Take a piece of wood.the length of both thy fifts,one fift broad,and two fingers thick, and let there be cut off about fome two fingers, a little beyond the middle of half the breadth. And that breadth where it was cut, ought to be more declining and lower, after the manner of this letter A. And you muft put to the fide of this a piece of wood, half a circle long, bending, and in the middle part of each fide holes pierced through,fo that the half circle may be ftrait,and plainly placed to the foundation of the wood, that the trap being made, it may reft upon the fame half circle, and upon this half circle let there be placed Iron nails very {harp, fo that the inftrument by falling down may cover the Irons of the half circle afibon as ever they touch the fame. Furthermore, there is another manner of trap, when a veflel out of which they cannot efcape, is filled half up with water, and upon the top thereof Oatmeal is put, which will iwim , and not fink, making the uppermoft face of the water to feem white, and folid, whereunto when the Moufe cometh, fhe leapeth into the Oatmeal, and fo is drowned : And the like may be done with chaffe mingled with Oatmeal : and this in' all traps muft be obferved, wherein Mice are taken alive , that they be prefently taken forth, for if they make water in the place, their fellows will for ever fufpect the trap, and never come near it, till the favour of the urine be abolifhed. aUadius faith, that the thick froth of Oyl, being infufed into a difh or brafen Caldron, and fet in the middle of the houfe in the night time, will draw afl the Mice unto it, wherein they fhall ftick faft, and not be able to efcape. Amolius. Y lin y fa^h, that if a Moufe be gelded alive, and fo let go, fhe will drive away all the refidue; but thisistobeunderftoodof theSorex. If the head-of a Moufe be flead; or if a male Moufe be flead all over, or her tail cut off; or if her leg be bound to a poft in the houfe, or a bell be hung about her neck, and fo turned going, fhe will drive away all her fellows. And (Pliny faith) that the fmokeof the leaves of the Ewe tree, becaufe they are a poyfon, will kill Mice, fo alfo will Libbards-bane, and Henbane-feed, and Wolfsbane, for which caufe they are feverally called Myofto- nos, and the roots of Wolf-bane, are commonly fold in Savoy unto the Country people for that purpofe. In Germany they mingle it with Oatmeal, and fo lay it in balls to kill Mice. The fume of Wall- wort , Calcauth, Parfely, Origanum, and Deaths-herb do alfo kill Mice: you may alfo drive them away with the fume of the ftone Haematites, and with green Tamarisk, with the hoof of a Mule, or of Nitre, or the afhes of a Weefil, or a Cat in water, or the gall of an Ox put into bread. The feed of Cowcumbers being fod, and fprinkled upon any thing, Mice will never touch it, likewife wilde Cowcumber andColoqnintida, kill Mice. To keep Mice from Corn, make mor- ter of the froth of Oyl mingled together with chaff, and let them well dry , and afterwards be wrought throughly, then plaifter the walls of yourgarnery therewith, and when theyaredry caft more froth of Oyl upon them, and afterwards carry in your corn, and the Mice will never annoy it. Cato. Wormwood laid among clothes.and skins, defend them from Mice : And alfo the water of Worm- wood fod, fprinkled upon clothes hath the fame operation. Tragus. Ink tempered with water, wherein Wormwood hath been wafhed,or fod, caufeth that the Parch- ment and Paper written therewith, fhall never be eaten, or touched with Mice. Avicen. Anatoliui and Itrenxinm, in the difcourfeof the granery or barn, do write, that Milk-thiftle mingled with Hony, Water, and fine Flower, or Mil-duft, made into little balls, and laid where faxaufus- Mice may eat of it, doth make them blinde if they taft thereof. White Hellebore mixed with pot- tage, or the feeds of wilde Cowcumber,Coloquintida, and Meal, mi ngled with black Hellebore, and put 398 Of the Moufe. put into Cheefe or Bread, or any other kinde of fat meat, killeth both Rats and Mice. So Jikewilc a white Caraelion fod in broth, rmngled with water and Oyl, killeth Dogs, Swine and Mice. The juyceof the root of the herb Camclion, mixed with Wa;er and Oyl, draweth Mice unto it, and killeth them by rafting thereof, if they drink not prefently : fo alfo doth Henbane. The roots of the bramble Tree, mingled with Butter, Bread, or Hony, Elecampane, and Sea Onions, Scam- mony, wilde Sparage, Arfenick, Mug-wort, otherwife called Moufe-wort , mingled with Lird in fmall pieces, with Auripigment, killeth Wolfs and Mice ; and in fome Countries, for the better Crefceniien- difperfing of the poyfon, let drink befide the fame, whereof afToon as they taft, they fwell and die ; fts. but I have feen them die without drinking at all. Mice and Wolfs, if they taft of the wilde Rofe,and drink after it, do not only die, but alfo fall into madnefs and bite their fellows, communicating thequalkyof the difeafe to every one they bite. Flefh cut into little pieces, and fryed with Butter Cardan. in afryingpan, and afterwards when it is cold, adde half fo much foft pitch thereto, and mingle it together, rowling up the flefh in the Pitch, then diftribute it upon little bords, and let it in the place, and places whereunto the Mice do much refort, and water befide it, and when that they have tafted of it a little, they are fo eagerly a thirft, that they drink and die. The likel may fay of Rats-bane, O^iick-iilver, Sublimate, and Precipitate, and divers other things ; and thus much may fuffice for the catching, taking, and killing of Mice, whereunto I may adde the ufe of their members and parts,not medicinaljbut natural,although I have touched it here- tofore in part. The Scythians were wont to be clad with the skins of Mice and Woolfs, and it is obferved, that when Mice cry and fcreeketh above their ordinary cuftom, it prefageth an alteration and change of the weather ; and thus much (hall fuffice for their natural difcourfe. Having thus difcourfed of the nature of the vulgar Moufe, I may alfo add the moral ufe thereof, The moral Ad- as I finde it recorded among learned Writers, delivered either in Hiftory, or in Proverb. It is re- ry of Mice, ported of Glaucus the fon of Minos and Paftphae, that while he followed a Moufe to take her, he fell intoaveflelof Hony; but after Polyades the Prophet, by laying an herb on him , raifed him again Tzdzts. to life. Ham an Archbiihop of Metz in the frontiers of Germany, was deftroyed by Mic^ or as other fay by Rats • but the words of Textor are ; Hatto Archiepifcopus Mogunfinus a muribut fertur deyoratus. And the error may proceed,becaufe that Mus is a general word for the Rat and Moufe ; and therefore they which have thought it an unreafonable thing, that fo fmall beafts (hould deftroy fo mighty a Prince,have rather attributed it to the Rats then to the Mice;but they ought to have remembred,thac it was an extraordinary judgement of God to puniih a cruel covetous wretch, and that therefore it was as eafie for him to make the little Moufe his inftrument, as the great Rat : for we read,that Herod was devoured by Worms ; and other have been eaten up with Lice Adrian the Pope was ftrangled by a Fly; and therefore Hatto an Archbifhop might afwell perifh through the afHiding hand of God by a multitude of Mice. Heliogabalus that wretch, amongft other his monftrous defires, and Tyrannical commands, Lam- pridius affirmeth, that upon a time he commanded,that there fhould be brought unto him ten thou- fand Mice alive, a thoufand Weefils, and a thoufand SV/ce/, or wilde Field-mice, fo bafe were his thoughts, that while he fhould have attended his Emperial calling , and hearkened to the fuits and complaints of poor diftreffed fubjeds, he was bufied in killing of Mice, and therefore in an- cient time, a Moufe-killer was taken for an opprobrious fpeech, for a bafe, fluggilh, and idle companion. The like is reported of a M«/cei/ig nes. Tllny. Matcdlus. Mjreffuf. Galems. Tllny. Alexius Te- demmWius. The Hiftory of Four-footed "Beafts. added or mingled, it will take away any filthy fent or ftrong favour in the mouth. The brains of a Moufe being taken and put or fteeped in Wine, and ftamped, and beaten fmall, and anointed upon the brow or fore-head of any one who is troubled with a pain or ach in the head, and he (hall foon iinde eafe and remedy. If any man fhall but touch or kifs with his mouch the fnowt or noftrils of a Moufe, and be troubled with the difeafe called the Rhume , which falleth down and ftuffeth the noltrils, he fhall in very fhort fpace be eafed of the fame. The Magi or wife men do very much commend this medicine for the expelling of a quartain Ague or Fever, which is thus; To take the nofe or fnowt of a Moufe, as a lfo the very tops of the ears, and bruife them together, and after- ward tie them in a linnen cloth, which hath had Rofes or Rofe-leaves in the fame, and thenbinde them unto the arms or wnfts of him which is fo troubled, and they will very effectually and fpee- dily cure and heal him. For therottennefsanddeminifhingoftheteeth, the belt remedy is to take a living Moufe, and to take out one of her teeth, whether the greateft or the leaft it is no great mat- ter, and hang it by the teeth of the party grieved : but firft kill the Moufe from whom you had the tooth, and he fhall prefently have eafe and help of his pain. The heart of a living Moufe be- ing taken out, and hanged upon the left: arm of any woman, is of fuch force and power, as it will caufe her never to conceive. The laps or fillets of the liver of a Moufe, being beaten fmall and mingled with four drams of fowre and unpleafant Wine, is an excellent remedy for thofe which are troubled with quakings in their joynts • asalfo for Fevers and fhaking Agues. A Moufe being cue or parted in the conjunction of the Sun and the Moon, and the liver puiled out and roafted or boil- ed, and given to one which is troubled with the aforefaid difeafe to eat, will very fpeedily and with- out any difficulty or pain cure and heal him of the fame. The gall of a Moufe being beaten very fmall, and fteeped or wafhed in Vinegar, and fo poured or diftilled into the ears of anyone who is deaf or thick of hearing , or hath any ach or pain in the fame, is counted for the chiefeft , and moft lingular and chiefeft remedy or cure which is ufed for the fame. The dung or dirt of a Moufe being new made, is very profitable for thofe which are troubled with the difeafe called the Sciatica, or Hip-gowt, anointed or rubbed upon the fame. Moufe-dung being alfo mingled with Vinegar and Oy 1 of Rofes, and fo anointed or fpread upon the fore-head or temples of any one who is troubled with the head-ach, will prefently eafe and help him of the fame. The gum called Benzoin being mixed with Wine and Safron, and Pepper; as alfo with the dirt or dung of Mice being new made , and mixed with Vinegar, and mingled all in one medicine, and fo {trained and given to one to drink, which is fpare and lean, in fome fhort fpace or time it will make him grow very fat. , The dung or.dirt of a Moufe being mingled with certain other medicines, is very good and wholefome for thofe which are troubled with Tetters, and dry fcabs which over-run the whole Body, The dung of Mice being mingled with the duft or powder of Frankincenfe , with a little red Arfenick added thereunto, is a very profitable and wholefome medicine for thofe to ufe which are troubled with little hard red bunches and fwellingsarifing in divers and feveral parts of the body. Seven pills being taken out of the dung of a Moufe, and mingled with Vinegar, and anointed upon the fore-head and temples, of thofe which are grieved therein , will very fpeedily help and cure him. The inward parts of earth mixed with Moufe-dung, white Pepper, and Myrrhe, being of each of them half an ounce, and afterwards mingled with Vinegar all together ; and fo anointed upon the head of any one which is troubled with the Megrim , will very effectually and fpeedily eafe and rid him of the fame. The herb called Strumm beaten together with Moufe-dung, and afterwards mixed with Vinegar, is an excellent remedy againft the fwellings in the head, or little bunches which arifing therein become fores, and arefullof matter and filthy corruption. The dung or dirt of Mice being melted, diffolved, and mingled with Vinegar, and then rubbed upon the head of any one who is troubled with the fcurf or skaules thereon in a bathe or ftove, will prefently expel land drive them quite away. The dung of Mice being mingled with Frankincenfe, and fo beaten or tempered together until they come unto the likenefsor thicknefsof Hony, and then anointed upon the legs or feet of any one that is troubled with the Gowt, he fhall finde prefent help and remedy. The fame difeafe alfo is very effectually cured by the dung of a Moufe, and burned or fcorched Barley mingled to- gether, of each being the fame weight or quantity, and afterwards mixed with Vinegar all toge- ther, and fo fpread or anointed upon the difeafed parts. There is alfo another excellent re- medy for curing of the aforefaid difeafe, which is thus: To take Cantharides, and bruife them all to pieces, and mingle them with foft or liquid Pitch, and alfo with Nitre, and fo anoint or rub them upon the skin being prepared for the purpofe ; but there mult be great care had , that the skin be not rubbed or lanced too far. Afterwards unto the wound fo made, there mufi be taken the heads, galls, and dung of Mice, being mixed with the herb Lingworr, and Pepper; and fo beaten alltpge- ther until they come unto a temperate falve or medicine, and then anointed upon the faid wounds, and they will in very fhort fpace cure the fame. The hairs and dung of a Moufe, parched or dryed by the fire, and anointed upon the eye-lids of any one which are pield or bare, will prefently procure hair to grow thereon. Moufe-dung being dryed in the (hade is an excellent remedy againft the voiding or fpitting of blond which floweth from fome parts of the body, but efpecialiy from the belly. The fame Of the Rat fame is alfo very good to ftanch the bloud which iffuech from wounds being new made. White Sceny-feed, and the dung of a Moufe or Hare being put into broth, with the ftem or ftalk of Fennil, and to boy led together, and afterwards given unto a woman to drink who is deftitute of milk in her breafts, will prefently and very fpeedily procure her milk in great abun- dance. The dung of Mice being fteepedor wafhed in rain water, doth eafeandrefrefh the fweliing of Screws, womens dugs in their time of delivery. The dung of a Moufe being given in any drink or liquor to one that is troubled with the difeafe called the Colick and ltone to drink , [will in very {hort fpace or time cure him of the fame. Moufe-dung being alfo taken in drink, doth loofe the body of^ either man or woman, how fad foever they be bound- There is an excellent remedy arifing from Moufe-dung againft the Sciatica, orHip-gowt, which is this : To take nine grains of a Marcehs, Moufes dung mixed or mingled with half a pinte of Wine, and given to the party grieved upon a bench or foot- ftool to drink, fo that he drink it (landing upon that foot only which paineth him, evenat theSun-rifmg ; and having fo drunk it, let him leapdown, and afterwards let him leap Bhfcoride;. three times, and let him do this but three days together, and he fhall have prefent help and reme- dy of hrs difeafe. Moufe-dung mixed with Frankincenfe and fweet Wine, andfodrunk by any one which is trou- Avicen. bled with the Colick and Stone, will prefently cafe him of the fame. But the dung of Mice ming- led with Frankincenfe, Water, and Hony, and fo boyled together, and drunk , doth not only drive away the pain of the aforefaid difeafe, but alfo doth break and quite diffolve the Stone. Moufe- dung alfo being taken in drink by it felf alone, doth diffolve and melt the Stone in the Bladder. The fame being alfo boyled in water, is very good and profitable for thofe which cannot make water.The fame being new madeand anointed upon the belly of anyone who is troubled with the Colick or Stone, fhall Hnde prefent eafe and remedy thereby. There is yet moreover another excellent medicine proceeding from this dung, whereby the fruit in a womans womb may be brought forth either dead or putrified,without any hurt or prejudice un- to the woman,which is thus ; Firft to take E&ptian Salt, Moufe-dung,and Gourds which are fowen Hippocrates in Woods; and afterwards to pour in half a pinte of Hony, being half boyled , and to caft one dram of Rozen into the Hony , the Gourds, and the Moufe-dung, and beat them well and throughly together, and then rowl them up, and fafhion them in the manner of Acorns , and put them to the belly of the party fo grieved as often as you fhall think it meet and convenient, and in ufing this fome (hort fpace or time, you fhall fee the aforefaid putrified fruit to proceed and ifTue forth. Moufe-dung being parched or burned, and mingled with Hony, is very good and medicinable Avium. afwell for thofe which are troubled with the fwellings in their legs and feet ; as alfo for thofe whofe eye-lids are pilled and bald, to make hair to grow again upon them^being fpread or anointed there- upon. The dung of Mice being dryed and beaten into fmall duft or powder, and put into the teeth of any one which arc hollow, will prefently expel away all pain from them, and alfo confirm and make the teeth ftrong. The duft or powder which proceedeth from Moufe-dung, is alfo very good Marce'dut. to cure any difeafe in the fundament of either man or woman. The urine of a Moufe is of fuch ftrong force, that if it fhall but touch any part of a mans body, it will eat unto the very bones. The bitings of Mice are healed by no other means but by green Figs and Garlick being mixed or mingled together, and fo anointed thereupon. 405 Of the RAT. THere is no doubt that this Beaft belongeth alfo to the rank of Mice, and the name thereof Thenar we have (hewed already, is common both to the French, Spanish, Italian, andEnglifh, and it Rar,orgKj S may feemtobe derived from the Greek word Ratfes, or Heurex, or Rifcos , for the Grecians ufe ^meftical all thofe words. And this beaft is four times fo big as the common Moufe, being of a blackifh ^. Lure - dusky colour, more white on the belly, having along head, not much unlike the head of the ofR^and* Martin; (hort and round ears, a reafonable rough skin, fhort legs, and long claws, and exceeding their pans, great eyes, fuch as can fee very perfectly in the dark night, and more perfectly then by candle light; with their nails theyclimbe up fteep and hard walls, their tail is very long, and almoft naked, void of hair, byreafon whereof it is not unworthily counted venomous; for it feemeth to partake with the nature of Serpents. The quantity of their body is much like a Weefils; and fometime you fhall fee a Rat exceeeding the common feature, which the Germans call RatzenKu- nig, the King of Rats, becaufe of his larger and greater body ; and they fay that the lefTer bring him meat, andhelyeth idle. But my'opimon is, that as we read of the Dor-moufe, (he nounfheth her parent when fhe is old; fo likewife the younger Rats bring food unto the elder, becaufe through their age , they are not able to hunt for themfelves, and are alfo grown to a great and un- weeldy ftature of body. Sometimes you fhall fee white Rats, as was once feen in Germany , taken in the middle of April; having very red eyes (landing forth of their head, and a rough "and long beard. And at Auftur£ in Germany , about the Temple called the Church of S, Huldric , they abound in greater number then in other places. They do not lie in the earth like Mice, except in the vally of loachim, where for the Summer time they forfake houfes ; and go into Cony holes, but 4°4 Rats. Poyfon of Fats. but in the Winter time they return to the houfes again. They are more noylome then the little Moufe, for tl ey live by ftealth, and feed upon tie lame meat that they feed upon, and therefore as they exceed in quantify, fo they devour more, and do far more harm. They are killed by the fame poyfonsand meats that the common Mice are killed j except Wolf-bane ; for if they eat thereof, they vomit it up again, and are fafe. They are alfo taken in the fame traps , but three or four times fo big : Their flefh is far more hot and (harp then the flefh of the vulgar Moufe, as we have gathered by the difTe- ction of it , and therefore in ope- ration it is very like that it ex- pelleth and dryeth more then the other. The excrements are alfo of the fame vertue; and with the dung of Rats the Phyfitians cure the falling off the hair. And it is faid alfo that when they rage in luft , and follow their copulation , they are more venemousand dangerous then at other times. For if the urine do fall upon the bare place of a man , it maketh the flefh rot un- to the bones , neither will it fuf- fer any fear to be made upon the ulcer ; and thus much of the vul- gar Rat. The Hiftory of Four-footed "Beaftr. Njn.es ofWa: tcr-rais. Ment of Wa- ter-rats. Places of Wa- tci iacs abode, A wonder m he parts of a jmaleRat. of the WATER-RAT. SEeing there are two kindes of Ratsj one of the earth called Katius tefreftrh, and the other of the water called Rattus Fluviatilit , of which we are now to entreat, be- ing alfo called of the Latims , Mitt aquations ; by the Germans, Twaffer- maiu, and Wafferrat ; by the Italians, Sorgomogange ; by the French, Rat cT eau. This bealt hunteth fifties in the Winter, and have certain caves in the water fides , and banks of the Rivers or Ponds : For which oc- cafion it being feen in the waters, deceiveth their expectation which look for the return of it to the land. And this bealt hath been forgotten by the Ancients, for they have left of it no defcription nor ftory, becaufe it liveth partly in the water, and partly on the land , and therefore he faid true, that fpake of the habitation and place of abode of this bealt, in this fort; Ego tion in fiuviu^ nec alii* aquu magnk, fed parvii tantum rivk atq; heibofts omnium ripit , hoc ani- mal frequentijjjrnum verfari audio. That is to fay ; That this beaft doth not keep in great Waters or Rivers, but in fmall and little currents and Ponds, where abundance of grafs and other weeds do grow On the fides and banks: Pliny attributeth that to the Water-rat , which is proper to the Tortoile; for indeed there is fome fimilitude of natures bewixt thefe beafts, with this exception, that the ftrn iles in this kinde have three vifible pafTagesfor their excrements, one for their urine, another Of the Alpine Moufe. another toe the dung, and the third for the young-ones, that is a -peculiar place for the littering of tti'eir young brie** and this Water-rat over and "UejTide her common nature with other Rats, doth fwim over Rivers, and feed upon herbs j and if at any time fhe be hunted from her native biding and accuftomed lodging, then alfo fhe goeth among vulgar and common Rats and Mice, and feedeth upon fuch as they eat : and (Bel/enim faith) that there are great ftoije of thele in ?iUus and Strymtn, and that in calm nights when there are no windes,they walk to the fhorcs, & get up upon the banks; eating and gnawing fuch plants as grow near the waters ; and if they hear any noife, they fuddenly leap into the waters again. He expreffeth alfo the figure of this Rat, which we have omitted be- caufe it refembleth in all parts the common Rat, excepting the fnowt or beak which is rounder or blunter. Among fomeof the Ancients alfo, there is mention made of this beaft, and no more. Therefore Ariftotle faith in the Arcadian Lufe, which is a City fo called, (as Steyhanm writeth J where Malamyus did wafh the daughters of Ptcttm, and delivered them from their madnefs : There is a cer- tain Fountaia 3 wherein do live Rats of the Earth, (they fhould fay Rats of the Water.) for here- unto agree both Pliny and Iheopbrafim. Likewife in a River ofCaffinus, the ancient Wife-men, which were followersof Zoroaflres, made great account of the Hedgehog, but hated deadly the Water- rats, and faid, that he that could kill moft of them, was moft. dear and acceptable to God. And fur- thermore they faid, that Dogs, Hens, and Hedgehogs, did proceed, and were attended from and by good Angels, and Water-rats by evill. And thus much flullfuffice for the difcourfe of the Rat. The ftory which enfueth is of ftrange and lefs known Mice ; and therefore I will diftribute them after an alphabetical order, according to their feveral names. Of the ALPINE MOVSE. THe Alfine Moufe taketh her name from the ^/p^wherein fhe is bred 3 and although there be ma- ny other kindesof Mice bred in the Alpes, yet this being the principal thereof,receiveth denomi- nation from the Mountains, becaufe they are bred in the very tops of the Mountains , and feldom or never come down to the roots. The Italians call it Marmota, and Murmont, and according to Afatheelus, fylarmonlana ; the Rkttians, Mont anella ; and in fome part of /f a/^Farre/tf ;in France^Marmote ; although Marmot be alfo a word among them for a Munkey. The Germans, and efpecially the Helvetians, by a corrupt word drawn from a Moufe of the Mountain, Murmelthier } &nd Murmentle,and fome Mi(lbel!erle % by reafon of his fharp whining voyceilike a little Dogs.In Laune it is called alfoEro/>fr fay, that the Armdins are called AlpineMke, whereunto they are led, becaufe they fleep all the Winter long, like the Alpine Moufe ; but we fhall (hew in their due place, that thefe belong to the Weefils,and not to the Mice, which living in cold Countries, grow white in the Wintertime: the Hebrew word is Sapbati, according to fome Authors, and is tranflared Arck^onim, but we will fhew in due place, that the Arktomyt is the Cycetus, or Grycet Moufe, and the Saphan we have (hewed already to be the Cony. Thefe Alpine Mice are in the tops of the Apmnine hills.and none of the Ancients except Pliny make mention thereof,and it is doubtful whether he doth defcribe it or no. For his words are, Sunt bit Muribus Alpinit paxes & in JEgypto, ftmi liter q-, rrfiduntin clunibus & binU pedibus gradiuntur, prioribufq;Ut manibus uluntur, that is to fay, there are Mice in Egypt like to the Alpine Mice ; for they fit upon their buttocks, and go with their fore-moft two feet, which alfo they ufeinftead of hands by which we coiled:, that they are not the fame, but like the Alpine Mice. The Alpine Moufe is in quantity like a Hare, or at the leaft betwixt a Hare and u Cony , being The quantity more fat, and of a thicker body then a Cat, but (horter legs, in outward appearance moft like a of this beaft, Moufe, and therefore it is called an Alpine Moufe. The back of it is very broad, and the hair harder and the fever and hardier then a Conies. The colour for the moft partis yellow, which in fome is more clear, Pl rts * . and in others more obfeure and brown- Their eyes of areafonable quantity, ftanding far out of Matktcmi their heads. Their ears very (hort like cropt ears. The head like a Hares, and their feet with long nails ; his fore-teeth like a Squirrels, two above, and two beneath, but long and fharp like a Beavers, in colour yellow ; about the nofe and upper lips he hath long black briftle hairs like a Cat. The tail is half a cubit long, according to Stumpftus. but two palms according to Agricola. His legs very (hort and thick, covered with long deep thick hair, like to the bottom of his belly. The toes of his feet are like a Bears, and his claws long and black, wherewithal! he diggeth the earth to make his den ; he goeth upon his hinder-feet like a Bear, or like an Ape, by jumps, and with his fore-feet he taketh his meat like a Squirrel and an Ape, fitting in the mean time upon his buttocks. His back is alfo very fat , although all the other parts of his body be lean, and yet that on his back cannot be faid to be fat, but rather like a Cows udder, neither fat nor flefli, and they en- crcafe or grow more in breadth then in length. Scaliger defcribeth Ehem in this manner, a Marmot (faith he, for fo he tearmeth in Alpine Moufe The defcript in French) is a Beaft about the bicnefsof a Badger, having hair and tail much like it , and after °"°. f '\ e >f 9 ° ° rhe ^ nf Moufe. 405 406 The Hittory of Four-footed Heatts. The places of their abocie,and their lingular art in making their cave. the fame manner fhort legs, and little or no ears, long, (harp, firm, crooked, ftrongand black claws, which is numbred amongft the kindes of Mice,with whom it holdeth little correfpondence except that like a Squirel it taketh his meat in the fore-feet as with hands, and eateth fitting upon his tail. They agree alfo with the Dor-moufe in their fleep, for they pafs over Winter fleeping. Their teeth are like to the teeth of Hares and Mice; after that they are made tame, they arc not hurtful to men or children, excepc they be provoked. Being kept in houfes, they will eat and gnaw all linnen and woollen cloth; thus far Scaliger. But we have (Viewed al- ready, that the outward appear- ance of it is like a Moufe, and that therefore it is fafer to follow Pliny, dlbertus,Math Stumpfiut, and others, then hisfoleand Angular opinion; they keep as we have faid already, in the tops of the Mountains., wherein they make their cave with wonderful art and circurafpection , making two different pafTages into their Den, one above another a poles length, which meet in the middle like a fork, or the conjun&ion of two Rivers or Path-ways, making the feat of their reft to be very deep in the Mountain, and therein they remain five, feven, nine, or eleven of them together. They play many times before the mouth of their Den together, and in their fport or paftime, bark like little Dogs. When they go out of their cave into the Moun- tains to gather food, or to play, or to fetch in grafs ; always one of them remaineth like a Watch- man near the mouth of the cave upon fome high place, looking moft diligently and vigilantly, both far and near ; and if he fee either a man or wilde bealV coming towards them , then he fuddenly cryeth out , and with his voyce giveth the warning word, whining like the whiflingofa pipe, if his fellows be far off ; or elfe barking like a Dog , if they be near at hand. When the refidue hear it, they prefently repair home, and he which kept the watch, entereth into the Den laft of all. And it is reported by a certain Gm\ Writer , that if their fpeculator do not give them the watch-word, but that they are endangered by any man or beaft through his neg- ligence', they tear him in pieces with their teeth. There is no beaft fo ftrongas this, confidering the quantity; for it hath been feen, that when a lufty young roan took one of them by the hinder- leg Their obferva- tion of watch. StumpfiUS. The ftrength of this Be j if. Of the Alpine Moufe. 407 log as ic ran mco the Den 3 he could not with ail his might pluck it back again. The c laws of it are ex- ceeding fbarp, and fit to dig ; fo that it is thought if a man findc them in the earth, and fcelc to take them by digging unto them, he fnall labour in vain, becaufe the Beaft diggeth fatter from him then he can follow her; they cannot run very fait in the plain ground, but are ealily killed by a man, except they get into the earth : with their teeth they bitedeep,for they can flieer afunder wood with them iike Beavers, they eat or live upon fruits, and efpecially being tamed when they are young; they fheir feveraf refufe not bread, flefh, fifh, or pottage, and above all they delire milk, butter, andchcele; for in food, the Alpes they will break into the little Cottages where milk is kept, and are oftentimes taken in the manner fucking up the milk, for they make a noifc in fucking of milk like the pig In the moneth of May they are much delighted to eat Hornets, or Horfe-flies, alfo they feed upon wilde Sagapen of the meddow, and feeded Cabages, and while they are wilde in the Mountains, they never drink ; the reafon is, as I fuppofe, becaufe in the Summer time they eat moift green herbsj and in all the Winter time they fleep. Towards the feaft of Saint Michael the Archangel,and of Gallus, they enter into their Caves j and as Entrance into Tliny faith, they firft of all carry provifion of Hay, and green Herbs into their Den to reft upon, rllcir CiVes « wherein their wit and underftanding is to be admired ; lor like Beavers one of them fallethonthe back, and the refidue load his belly with the carriage, and when they have laid upon htm fufficient, he girtethit faft by taking his tail in his mouth, and fo the refidue draw him to the Cave ; but lean- not affirm certainly, whether this be a truth or a falfehood. For there is no reafon that leadeth the Author thereunto , but that fomeof them have been found bald on the back. But this is cer- tain, when the Snow begins to cover the Mountains, then do they enter into their Dens, and (hue upclofethepafTages, with flicks, grafs, and earth, both fo hard and fo thick, that it is eafier to break the folid ground, then the mouths of their Caves,and fo being fafely included both from the fear of the Hunters,from rain, fnow, and cold, there they live until the Spring,without all manner of meat and drink, gathered round together like a Hedgehog, fleeping continually; and therefore the people inhabiting the Alpes have a common proverb, toexprelsadrowfie and fleepy fellow in the German tongue thus; Er muffe fouzyt ge\chlaffen haben wic einmurmelthier: in Latine thus ; 2\£e- Their eontii cejfe habet certum, doimiendo, tempus confumere, inttar murit Atyini. He muft needs fleep a little, like nual fleep all the Moufe of the Alpes. They fleep alio when they be tamed, but it hath been found by experience, the Winter that when a tame one hath been taken a fleep, and laid in a warm barrel upon Hay, the mouth be- tlUie ' ing fhut and clofed to keep cut rain and fnow, at the opening thereof it was found dead ; and the reafon was, becaufe it lacked breath, and therefore this is moft wonderful, that in the Mountains, notwithftanding the clofe flopping of the mouth of their Caves, yet they fhould not be deprived of refrigeration, that is, frefh air, for expiration, and refpiration. Bnc this is to be confidered, that after they have been long tamed, they fleep not fo much as when they are wiide ; for I think that their continual eating of raw and green herbs, ingendereth in them fo many humors as cannot be difperfed without a long continuing fleep ; but afterwards when they are dieted with fuch meat as is provided for the nounfhment of man, they are eafed of the caufe, and fo the effed ceafeth. During the time that they fleep, they grow very fat, and they are not Growing fat awaked very eafily, except with the heat of the Sun or fire, or a Hot-houfe. Now the manner of Wlth ^ ee P* their taking while they are wilde, is thus ; In the Summer time when they go in and out of their Caves, they are taken with fnares fet at The taking ct the mouth thereof; but in the Winter time, when they go not abroad, then alio are Inhabitants thtf - beafts ' .forced to another devife, for then in the Summer time, they fet up certain pillars or perches near the mouth of their Den , whereby they may be direded,when the fnow doth cover the Mountains. For the pillars or poles ftand up above the fnow, although the fnow be very deep. Then come the Inhabitants upon round pieces of wood in the midft of the Winter, faftned to their ihooe-foJes over the deep fnow with their pyoners and diggers, and caft away the fnow from the den, and fo . dig up the earth, and not only fake the beafts, but carry them away fleeping, and while they dig, they diligently obferve the frame and manner of the flopping of theMoufes den. For if it be long i and deep, if isafignof a long and a hard Winter, but if they be (hallow and thin,of the contrary : fo coming upon them as we have faid, they take them and carry them away afleep, finding al- ways an odd number among them; aiid they diligently obferve, that whileft they dig, there be no great noifc, or that they bring not their fire too near them. For as Smmpfiuf faith, Exper- relii enim capi non pejfunt , nam utemq; firenue fodiat venaior^ ipft fodiendo fimul & retroc&tipit & pc- dibut quam efederint, terram rejkiendo ftjftjrm impediunt. That is to fay, If they be once awaked, $hey can never be taken, for howfoever the Hunter dig never fo manfully, yet they together \ with him, dig inward into the Mountains, and caft the earth backward wich their feet to hinder II his work. ... ... • ■ * .. , Being taken as we have faid, they grow very tame, and efpecially in the prefence of their keep- Their taming ers, before whom they will play and fport, and take lice out of their heads with their fore-feet like fnJ h " h nd ^ 0ES ran Ape. Infomuch as there is no beaft that was ever wilde in this part of the world, that becometh in 1 c on ' e ° fo tame and familiar to man as they ; yet do they always live in the hatred of Dogs, and oftentimes j bite them deeply, having them at any advantage, efpecially in the prefence of men,where th e D->g? idare not refift nor defend themfelves. When they are wilde,they are alfo killed afleep,by putting of a knife into their throat , whereat their fore-feet ftir a little, but they die before they can be v awaked. II The 408 The Htftory of Four-footed c Beafts. The faying Their bloud is laved in a vefle!,3nd afterwards the Moufeit felf is drefled in hot fcalding water and ofe of like a Pig, and the hair thereof plucked off, and then do they appear bald and white ; next to that thekflelh. they bowel them, and take out their intr i Is : afterwards put in the bloud again into their bellies, and fo Teethe them, or elfe fait them, and hang them up in fmoke, and being drefled after they are dryed, they are commonly eaten in the Alpine Regions with Rapes and Cabbages, and their flefli is very fat, not a fluxible or loofe fat like the fat of Lambs, but a folid fat, like the fat of Hogs and Oxen. And the flefh hereof is commended to be profitable for Women with childe; and alfo for allwindinefs and gripings in the belly, not only the flefh to be eaten in meat, but alfo the fat to be anointed upon the belly or navil: And for this caufe it is ufed to procure fleep, and to ftrengthen decayed and weak fi news: the flefh is always better falted then frefti, becaufe the fait drieth up the overmuch humidity, and alfo amendeth the gravity and rancknefs of the favour: but whether it be fait, or whether frefh, itisalwayshardtobedigefted, oppreiling the ftomach, and heating the body overmuch. The medicines The ventricle or maw of the Moufe Alpine, is prefcribed to be laid upon the belly againft the Co- of this beaft. lick. If the hands of a man be anointed with the fat of this beaft, it is faid he fhall be the better able to endure cold all that day after: Alfo the fame fat being drunk up in warm broath by a woman in travail, are believed to accelerate and haften her delivery. Certain Horfe-leethes, in the cure of that difeafe which they call the Worms, which are certain ulcers rifing in the body, do mingle this fat with other medicines which are very drying or ftiptick. And Matb£olus doth prefcribe it for the foftning and mollifying of contracted nerves and joynts in the body. The defcripti- By the difcourfe aforefaid, it doth appear, that of thefe Alpine Mice there are two kindes, on of the £m- . one great like a Badger, and the other in ftature of a Hare or Cony : This lefler feemeth pfi-a or little t k c pr0 p er to Germany, which there they call Embdor, of the Latine word Emptra, a Moufe of r the Mountain. The ftory whereof I thought good to exprefs , being fhort, out of Stumpfius and Agricola. The males and females fay they of this kinde, do gather together wildecorn which groweth among the Rocks in the Summer time againft the Winter, and carry the fame into the holes of the earth, where their lodging is. Now the female in this kinde is crafty, and more apt to devour; the male on the other fide more thrifty and fparing, wherefore he driveth his female out of the Den in the Winter time, and ftoppeth the mouth of his Cave, to forbid her entrance, but fhegetteth behinde the fame, and Album, diggeth a fecret hole, whileft the male lyeth at the mouth afleep, fhe confumeth the whole ftore behinde him ; wherefore in the Spring time (he cometh forth very fat and comely, and he very lean. And therefore in my opinion, the makers of emblems may very well defcnbe an unthrifty Wife, that confumeth her Husbands wealth, by the picture of this female, as by the picture of the Afs behinde Ocnus, biting afundcr the cord that he weaveth, as we have (hewed before in the Hiftory of the Afs. Thefe beafts give themfelves much to fleep, and when they are awake they are never idle, but always carrying into their Den ftraw, hay, flicks, rags, or pieces of cloth, wherewith they fill their mouth fojfull, that it may receive no more, 'and if they meet with any thing which is too big for their mouth, by the help of their feet they draw and rowl it to their own Den. Whereas they are nourifhed tame in houfes, it it is obferved, that they are a neat and cleanly kinde of beaft, for they never defile their lodgings with their excrements, butfeekout fome fe- cret corner, wherein they both render urine, and empty their bellies. With their teeth the gnaw wood, and make holes in bords, fo large as their bodies may pafs through ; and while they live, they have a very ranck and ftrong favour like a Moufe, efpeciallyin the Summer time while they are lean, and before they grow fat ; for fuch is the nature of this beaft, that in the Summer time they labour and grow lean ; but in the Winter time they fleep and grow fat. And thus much for the Alpine Moufe. Of the DORMOUSE, '-i-^He Dormoufeis called in Latin, Glis\ and in Greek,, Myoxos ; the reafonof the Latine name reafon^tbjre- -I Gl "> »s taken from g/i/frr*, which fignifieth to grow fat, according to the faying of Columella, f, • Valeit vero quibus fere omnes regiones abundant Afinus glifcit i that is to fay, an Afs groweth fat b/ eating chaffe which aboundeth in all Countries. This word Glie, fignifieth not only a beaft, but a piece of fat earth, and alfo aThiftle; whereupon Sy Ivatkus made this vcrfe : GlU animal, glis terra tentx, glis lappa vacatur. The Italians call it Lo Galero, Lo Gliero, or Giero ; the Spaniards ^Liron ; the French Hkewife Linn, and Rat, Liron, and Vngloyer, and Vngratvel\ the Germans, Eingreul ; the Helvetians, Ein rell, or Kel mut,ot Gros hafelmus; but our Engli(b, Dormoufe, feemeth to be a compounded word of Vormiens mur, that is, a fleeping Moufe. The Polenians call him Scurez. But concerning his name Myoxus , there tsforae cjueftion among the Authors. For Saint J(rom writing upon the eleventh chapter of Xe« Of the Dormoufe. 409 viticus and the 66 Chapter of Efay, tranflatech Atyar the Hebrew word for a Moufe, Glirem, a Dormoufe, and he giveth this reafon, becaufe all the Countries of the Eaft, meaning Gr*ca, do lav that Myoxtu is a Dormoufe. And this Myoxm by Epiphaniui in his Anchoret is alleadged to prove the'refurredion. Myoxm, faith he, Animal \emefire moritur, &rurfuf f oft tempore luorevivifat. The Dormoufe at half a year old dyeth,and after her full time reviveth again: And in his Book againft He- redes, he fpcaketh thus to Origen ; Tradunt natmarerum expexti, Myuxum latitare, & foem \uo ftmul in The defcrip-i- todcmloco muitos parere; quinque, & ampUm : Viper at autemhosvenari , & ft inverter it Mum latibulwn on of the Dor- ipfa Viper a, qmm nonpojfet omnes devorarepro una vice ad facietatem edit wutn ant duos, reliquorum vera JjSjS^ cculos expungiti & abet affert , fxc£dto(que emtrit, donee voluer it unumquemq; eorum devor are. Siverocon- p/> tigerit, ut aliqui inexperti in hot incidam, ipfofq s incibum {umant, venenum jibiipfis [umunt, eos qui a Vi- perdvmeno funt enutriti. Sic etiam 6 tuOrigenet aGrtcadofirina mente exctcatut , venenum bit qui tibi crrdiderunt,evmuifli t & fatlus es ipfu tneduliumvenenatum, Haut perqutitfe injuria afeQut es, per ea flus injuria afficeru. The Philofophers which are cunning in the nature of things do write, that the Dormoufe cloth lie hid, and bring forth many young ones in the fame place where he lyeth,, five or more at a time, and the Vipers do huntthefe to deftroy them: now if the Viper finde their r.eft, be- caufe Ihe cannot eat them all at one time at the firft , (he filleth her felf with one or two, and putteth out the eyes of the refidue, and afterwards bringeth them meat and nourifli- eth them, being blinde , until the time that her ftomach ferveth her to eat them every one. But if it happen that in the mean time, any man chance to light upon thefe Viper-nourifhed- blinde-Dormice, and to kill and eat them, they poyfon themfelves through the venom which the Viper hath left in them : fofareth it with i thee O Origen, for thou art blinded with the Graciant doSrine , and doft vomit out that poyfon into their hearts 'which do believe thee , that thou art made unto them a venemous meat, whereby thou doft wrong others, as thou haft been wronged thy felf. Py which it is manifeft , that Myoxut is neither a Toad nor a Frog , but the Dormoufe. And the charm which is made for the Affes urine , as we have {hewed already in his ftory , Gallus bibit , & non meiit , Myoxus meiit , & ma bibit. The Cock drinketh , and Whether they maketh not water, the Dormoufe maketh water, and never drinketh. But whether it be "^.^ true or no that (he never drinketh, I dare not affirm : But this is certain, that (he drink- an " n "° * eth but very feldom ; and it ought to be no wonder that fhe fhould make water , for tame Conies , as long as they can feed upon green herbs , do render abundance of urine, and yet never drink. The Grecians alfo do call this Beaft Elayos, although that word do likewife fignifie a Squirrel. In Nhefia a Wood of hrty , there is never found Dormoufe , except at the time of their littering. They are bigger in quantity then a Squirrel , the colour variable , fometimes black, fome T The quantity times grilled , fometimes yellow on the back, but alwayes a white belly, having a {hort colour, and fe- hair, and a thinner skin then the Pontique Moufe. They are alfo to be found in Helvetia, veral P arts « about Clarona. It is a biting and an angry Beaft , and therefore feldom taken alive. The beak or fnowt is long; the ears {hort and pricked; the tail {hort, and not very hairy at the end; the middle of the belly fwelleth down betwixt the breaft and the loins, which are more narrow and truffed up together, they are always very fat , and for that caufe they are called Lardhoni- Buck-maft is very acceptable meat unto them, and doth greatly fatten them, they are much de- Thei. food, lighted with Walnuts, they climbe trees, and eat Apples, according to fome : but Albettus faith more truly, that they are more delighted with the juyce then with the Apple. For it hath teen of- N n tentimes 4 1 o The Hittory of Four-footed 'Beatts. tentimes found, that under Apple-trees, they have opened much fruit, and taken out of it nothing but the-kemels, tor fuch is their wit and policy, that having gathered an Apple, they prefently put it in the twift of a tree betwixt boughs, andfoby fitting upon the uppermoft bough prefs it alunder. They alfo grow fat by this means. ■Jourifhers In ancient time they were wont to keepithem in coops or tuns, and alfo in Gardens paled about nd .1 'niching yfob board, where there are Beeches or Walnut trees growing, and in fome places they have a kinde t D-nnuce. f earthen pot, wherein they put them with Walnuts, Buckmaft,and Chefnuts. And furthermore it muft be be obferved, that they muft be placed in rooms convenient for them to breed young ones j their water muft be very thin , becaufe they ufe not to drink much, and they alfo love dry places. T.'^/Pww/'f^j (as Frffre faith) did nouriflh a great many of them enclofed, and fo alfo < Herpinus in his Park in Gallia. It is a Beaft well faid to be Animal Semtftrum^ a creature half w^lde, for if you fet for them hutches, and nourifh them in Warrens together, it is obferved, that they never aflernble, but fuch as are bred in thofe places : And if ftrangers come among them which are feparated from them, either by a Mountain, or by a River, they defcry them., and fight with them to death. loeiefy yid They nourifh their parents in their old age, with Angular piety. We have (hewed already, how he5? l ' they are deftroyed by the Viper, and it is certain, that all Serpents lie in wait for them. Their old flilf age doth end every Winter. They are exceeding fleepy, and therefore Martial faith: Somnicuhfos illi porrigit glim. They grow fat by fleeping 3 and therefore Aufon'mt hath an elegant verfe ; Vic^ejfantecibo, [omno quit opimior eft ? glit. Becaufe it draweth the hinder-legs after it like a Hare, it is called Animal trafiik , foritgoeth by jumps and little leaps. In the Wintertime they are taken in deep ditches that are made in the Woods, covered over with fmall flicks, ftraw, and earth, which the Countreymen devife to take The means to them when they are afleep. At other times they leap from tree to tree like Squirrels, and that they nkethcfe are j^Ued with Arrows as they go from bough to bough, efpecially in hollow trees : for when the Dormice. Hunters finde their haunt wherein they lodge, they flop the hole in the abfence of the Dormoufe, and watch her turn back again : the filly Beaft finding her paffage clofed, is bufiedhand and foot to open it for entrance, and in the mean feafon cometh the Hunter behinde her, and killeth her. In Tellina. they are taken by this means' ': The Countrey men going into the fields, carry in their hands burning- Torches in the night time, which when the filly Beaft pcrceivcth, with admiration thereoFflocketh to the lights, whercunto when they were come, they were fo dazled with the brightnefs that they were ftatk blinde , and might fo be taken with mens hands. - ° , he T ^ e u ^ 0 being taken, was to eat their flefh, for in Rhetia at this day they fait it and eat it, becaufe it is fweet and fat like Swines flefh. Ammianm Marcellinm wondereth at the delicacy of his age, becaufe when they were at their- Tables, they called for ballances to weigh their fifh, and the members of the Dormoufe, which was not done (faith he) without any diflike of fome prefent, and things not heretofore ufed, are now commanded daily. Jipitiut alfo prefcribeth the mufcles and flefh inclofedinthem, taken out of every member of a Dormoufe, beaten with Pepper, Nut-ker- nels, Parfenips, and Butter, fluffed all together into the belly of a Dormoufe , and fewed up with thread, and fo baked in an Oven, or fod in a Kettle, to be an excellent and delicate difh. And in Italy at this day, they eat Dormice (faith Ccelius,) yet there were ancient laws among the Re- mans, called Leges cenfori LeVLii acervit hordei Avarus antro credulam Extrudit arte conjugem. Serva, inquit, exiens for as, Coeli ferena&pLUVias, Sed jxminis qu'n infitam, Novum parans cuniculum, Furaturomne triticum. Egens maritus perfidam ghitTil per antra conjugem, 2(ec /e repel' at blandulk Vemulcet inventam /unit, JHe ejfe jam communia Servata dum finit bona. Atperfidus multiplies Opponit intus obices. Rurfusfruuntur mutuk Vine ant dolkaftutiam. ? A\ntri$.cibit t amplexibus. t) D -t-j:i io 3no ur.v ,- 1 .7' if '^,. "ono -:-'"-> 301 ' " Ai < om1 Hismeatantf This Beaft doth devour all kinde of fruit, and if hebt aourtfhed in a houfe he eateth bread and food. flelh : he alfo hunteth the field Mice. When he taketh his mcat.he raifeth himfelf upon his fore-feet : he is alfo wont with his fore-feet to ftroke his head, ears, and mouth, which thing the Squirrel and the Cat do alfo, and as the Beaver amongft thofe creatures which live as well by water as by land: but although in his body he feemeth but fmall , notwithftanding he is by nature apt to fight, and very furious being provoked, with his carriage in his mouth : he beateth away v.v> Of the Norician Moufe. 413 away with both his feet that which refifteth him, dire&ly invading his enemy : Inthefpint and af- The anger mi faulting of his mouth he is wayward and threatning,from whence our Country men were accuftomed fl " ' v ot lhis to fay of anyone which was angry ; he breatheth his wrath out of his mouth like a Hamfter: Vu fprueft vuie ein Hamfter : neither is he eafily affrighted, although he be far unequal unto thofe in jftrength with whom he is in combate. Wherefore fome do give it in the place of a Proverb, that our Countrymen do call a man which is madly rafh, EintoL'en Hamfter, as fool-hardy as a Hamfter. He fiieth from any one that doth fharply refift him, and doth greedily follow after them that fl ie from him. I my felf fa w one of thefe, who byaflaukingaHorfegathimbythenofe, and would never leave his hold until he was killed with a fword: He is taken by divers means, for he is expelled either by hot water poured into his den, or Of the taking is choaked within ; or being digged up with a mattock or fpadc he is killed j or by Dogs He is fome- ° f ' hi$ times pulled out by the Fox, or hurt : or opprefled by fome fnare,a great weight being put about it : or to conclude, he is taken by Art alive, and that in the night time, when he goeth to ieek his prev, for in the day time for the moft part he lyeth hid. Before his ufual Cave (as I have faid) he is taken by the path which is worn, by a pot which is put into the earth, and afterward made plain about it like other places of the field - there is earth calt into the bottom of the pot to the deepnefsof two fingers, above every where covering the poc there is placed a ftone,which is held up by a piece of wood,to which there is bound below a fragment of bread: In the fpace between the Cave and the pot there are crums of bread fcattered, which he following and leaping into the pot, the wood falling, he is taken. Being taken after the manner of other beafts, he toucheth no food.If a broad ftone,fuch an one with which they cover pavements, or of which they make roof tiles, fhall be joyned unto the pot, and the beaft be taken, he will be very hardly known in the morning ; for the fpirit of the beaft being fhut in, and waxing wroth, piercing for thinnefs doth moiften the ftone. The skins of Hamfters are very durable, of which there are cer- Tf,e ufe of tain long coats which come down unto the heels, and divers coloured cloaks made, which the wo- ' lheil skins " men of Mifena and Silefia do ufe, and account them very honorable, of a black and red colour, with broad guards or edges of the skins of Otters: the fame coats are for the moft part valued at the price of fifteen or twenty Renenfian crowns : for it dcjth out-wear in length three or four garments made either of linnen or woollen cloath. In Turingia and Mifena this beaft is frequent, notwithftanding not in all places, for in Turingia his chiefeft abode is about Efurdanus, and Salcenfis'm Mifena, about Lipfta> and the field Pegenfu , the plentifulleft and moft fertileft places of both thofe Regions. In Lulatia about Radeburge , hie is dig- ged out of thofe places where Painick groweth. At Mulberge and Albit, he is found in the Vineyards, for he is alfo fed with ripe Grapes. Our Country men are wont to burn a living Hamfter in a pot, being (hut, for the medicines of Horfes. It hath been feen that one of thefe hath leaped up and caught a Horfe by thenofe, never letting go his hold until fhe was cut off with a fword. The skin is of three or four different colours, beftdes the fpotted fides, and therefore the skin is very pretious. They abound in Turingia where the foil is good, and there is alfo great ftore »- of grain. Of the NORICIAN MOUSE. "♦He Norician Moufe is called in Latine, GiteVus, anditkeepeth like thewilde Mice in the cave.«? Thenari^d* . and dens of the earth. The body is like to a domeftical Weefils , long and flender, the tail d c i f'2" , n ana very fhort, the colour of the hair like to a gray Conies, but more bright. It wanteth ears like a jL,"^' Mole, but it hath open paffages in ftead of ears, wherewithal it heareth the found, as you fhall * lee in many birds. The teeth are like the teeth of Mice, and of their skins (although they be not very precious ) they ufe to make garments. In Germany they call it Pile and Zifel , and of this Ger- man word was the Lat'meChellus feigned ; and it appeareth by ufgricola t that there are two kindes of thefe ; one greater, which are call'd Zyfell and Z«/«/r,and another leffer (called Pile) which may Genelius. be the fame that is alfo called Bilchmufi, and differeth from other,becaufe it is ufed for meat.Thcfe are bred in Croatia, and in the Country about Venice. They have a ftrangefmell or favour, which is faid to be hurtful to the head : They eat both falted and hung in the fmoke, and alfo frefh and new kil- led. With their skins they edge the skirts of garments, for it is as foft as the skin of a Hare : and be- fide the common nature of Mice they are tamed. They alfo have very large cheeks.whereinto they gather an innumerable quantity of grain, and carry it into their den, as it were in bags againft the Winter. They live thirty and forty together in a r Cave,and are not driven forth but by infufion of hot water. They gather great ftore of Nuts into their Caves, and therefore as well as for their flefh do men hunt and feek after them. Of the MOUSE PO NT I gVE. THe name of this Moufe is given unto it from the Ifhnd out of which it was firft brought, OUusmig. named Pontus, and for thjs caufe it is alfo called Venetus, becaufe it was firft of all brought into dgricola. Germany from Venice. It is called alfo Vanus by Idowi , from whence cometh the German N n 3 word 4 1 4 The Hittory of Four-footed Hearts. word Vunc^ from the diveriicy of the colour Grauvuerck; It is called alfo Fundtmufs , as it were Pontics mm, or rather of Bundi, becaufe they were wont to be brought in bundles to be fold fifty together , and they were fold for twenty groats, Volaterrams,3.nd Hnmolaus are of this opinion, that the white one in this kinde, be called of the Italians, ArmeL'ine , and the Germans, Hermelin, but we have promifed already to prove that Uermdm is a kinde of Weefil,which in the Winter time is white, by reafonof extremity of cold, and in the Summer recurneth into her colour again, like as do the Hares of the Alpes. This Pontique Moufe differeth from others only in colour, for the white is rnirgkd with afh colour, or elfe it is fandy and black, and in Polonia at this day they are found red and afh coloured. Their two lowermoft teeth before are very long, and when it goeth, it draweth the tail after it like Mice ; when it eateth it ufeth the fore-feet in ftead of hands , and feedeth upon Walnuts, Chefnuts, Filbeards, fmall Nuts, Apples, and fuch like fruits. In the Winter time they take deep in ftead of meat ; And it is to be rernembred, that the Polonians have four kindes of preci- ous skins of Mice which they ufe in their garments, diftinguifhed by four feveral names. The firft of grifel colour, called Popieliza. The fecond is called Gronofthtii, a very white Beaft all over, except the tip of the tail which is all black, and this is the Hamlin. The third is called Tfovogrodela, from the name of a Town, and this is white mingled with grifel, and this is alfo a kinde of Pontique Moufe. The fourth Vvieuvorkg, of a bright Chefnut colour, and this is the Squirrel, for they call Squirrels,Wt erils 3 and Herrnelins all by the name of Mice.Thefe Pon- tique Mice have teeth on both fidesj and chew the cud. In the Winter time as we have faid they lie andfleep, efpecially the white ones, and their fenfe of tafte doth excel all other, (as Pliny writeth) they build their nefts and breed like common Squirrels. Their skins are fold by ten together, the two beft are called Litzfcbna'; the third, a little worfe, are called Cta\na, and the fourth next to them PocraJna> and thelaft and vileft of all Moloijchna: with thefe skins they hem and edge garments ; and in fome places they make Canonical garments of them for Priefts, unto which they few their tails to hang down on the skirts of their garments; of which cuftom Hermolam writeth very excellently in thefe words. Inft(uxit,& exmuribusjuxuriam fuam vita, alios magni* frigoribus, alios medio anni tempore, a feptentrionibuspetendo, armamus corpora, & debplla- mus animos. That is to fay ; The life of man hath learned to be prodigal, even out of the skins of Mice, for fome they ufe againft extremity of cold, and they fetch others out of the fartheft Nor- thern parts, for the middle part of the year : Thus do we arm and adorn our bodies, but put down andfpoilour mindes. Befide , there is a flying Pontique or Scythian Moufe, which we may call the broad r Squirrel Moufe,whofe skin is here expreffed as you may fee, andforthedefcription thereof, I have thought good to add an Epiftic of Antonius Scbnebergerus the Lituanian of Vtlna unto Gefner, in thefe words following: I fend unto thee a little skin, the upper place of the hairs thereof being of a white afh colour, but the root of the hair or inner part thereof is a black brown. They call it Popyelycza Lataacza, that is, a Politique flying Moufe : It is always fo moift, that it can never be dreffed by the Skinner, or Lether-dreffer. The people ufe it to wipe fore running eyes, ha- ving a perfwafion that there is in it a lingular vertueforthe eafingand mitigating of thofe pains: but I think that the foftnefs was the firft caufe which brought in the firft ufe thereof, but if the hairs do not cleave hard to the skin, it cannot be done without danger. Alfo the hairs hanging as it were in a round circle againft or above the two former feet, they call wings, wherewithal they are Of the Shrew-moufe. 41 5 are thoughc co flie from tree to tree. Thus far Antonius. Gefntr after the receit of chele skins, being willing to preferve them from moths, becaufe they were raw, for experience fake gave them to a leather drefler, who prefently drefled them with Vinegar, and the Lees of Wine, fo that it appear- ed! the Skinners of Lituania had not the skill how to drefs it. After they were drefled they were fo foft,that they ftretched above meafure, fo that every one of them were fquare, that is to fay, their length and oreadth were equal, for they were two palms or eight fingers broad : and no more in length, the head and tail excepted : wherefore it may well be called a fquare Moufe, or Sciurusquadratus, becaufe we are fure of the former, but not of the flying ; the tail was as long as four or five fingers are broad, being rough like the tail of other Squirrels, but befet with black and white hairs, the whole colour both of the belly and upper part was whi- tifh, as we have faid, but black underneath, thehairisfofoftasany filk, and therefore fit for the ufe of the eyes.The ears fhorter and rounder then a Squirrels,the feet did not appear by the skin ; the heather part was diftinguifhed from the upper part, by a certain vifible line, wherein did hang cer _ tain long hairs, which by their roughnefs and folidity under the thin and broadframe of their body, might much help them to flie, even as broad fifhes fwim by the breadth of their bodies, rather then by the helpof their fins. The Helvetians wear thefe skins in their garments. Tt is reported by JEli- anus , that the Inhabitants of fontus, by making fupplication to their Gods, did avert and turn away the rage of Mice from their Corn-fields, as the Egyptians did, as we have faid before in the ftory of the vulgar Moufe. Of the Moufe called the Shrew, or the Erd fhrew. THe word H<>nah$ of the Hebrews remembred in the 1 1 . chapter of Leviticus, is diverfly inter^ preted by the tranflators, fome call it a reptile beaft which always cryeth : fome a reptile fly- ing beaft ; fome a Horfe-leach, or bloud-fucker ; fome a Hedgehog • and fome a Beaver, as we have (hewed before in the Hedgehog. But the Septuagirtts tranflate it Mygale ; and S. Jerom, Mus ara- neus, that is, a Shrew. Diofcorides calleth it Miogale ; the Germans and Helvetians, call it Mutzer; in fome parts of Germany , from the figure of the fnowt it is called Spitzmus, by fome Zijjmuff, from the fiftion of his voice; and fome Grojs Zijfmufs ; the Hollanders call it Mol/Mufe, becaufe it refembleth a Mole. Mathxdus for the Italians call it Toporagno ; that is, a Mole-fhrew. The Helvetians call it Bifem- mufsy that is, aMusk-moufe, becaufe it being dryed in a furnace fmelleth like Musk. The skin pul- led from the flefh, fmelleth beft by it felf, and yet the flefh fmelleth wellalfo, and fo do the ex- crements. But to return to the Grerk^ name, why it fhould be calPd Mygale, there is no* one opinion amongft the learned : but I do moft willingly condefcend to the opinion of Aetius , who writeth that it is called Mygale, becaufe in quantity it exceedeth not a Moufe, and yet in colour .it re- fembleth a Weefil, and therefore it is compounded of two words, Mys„ a Moufe, and Gales, aWeefil. Amyntas is of opinion, that it is fo called, becaufe it is begot betwixt a Moufe and a Weefil, but this is neither true nor probable. For is it likely that Weefils and Mice will couple together in carnal copulation, whofe natures are fo contrary, the one living upon the death of another, that is, the Weefil upon the Moufe ? And befide the difference of quantity betwixt them, maketh it im- pofiiible to have fuch a generation. The other derivation of Mygale, which is made by Rodo'fbus wri- ting upon Leviticus, fetching Mygale from Musgulefus, that is, a devouring Moufe, 'it is againft the order of all good Linguifts, to derive Gree\ words from Latine, but rather confonant to learning, to fetch the Latme from the Gree\. There is no lefs inquiry about the Latine name, why it fhould be called Mus araneus , feeing jiranea fignifieth a Spider. This Moufe faith Albertus , is a red kinde of Moufe having a fmall tail, afharp voice, and is full of poyfon, or venom : For which caufe Cats do kill them, but do not eat them. Sipontinus writeth thus, of this Shrew; Mus araneus , exiguum animal, atq; leviC- fimum eft, quod aranejt modo tenuiffimum filum, & gladii acicm confeendit. That is to fay, this Shrew- moufe is a little and light creature, which like a Spider climeth up upon any fmall thread, or up- on the edge of a fword : and therefore you fee, they derive the Latine name from his climinglike a Spider. But in my opinion it is more reafonable , to derive it from the venom and poyfon which ic containeth in it like a Spider. For which caufe Silvaticus writeth thus; Mugali id eft, draco mart* nut) The Hiftory of Four-footed 'Beafts. tins t & animalvenenofum, pufillum muri fimile : nam & araneumpijcem, propter venerium pungent ibus infitum [pint*, veteres ophim y idefi, (erpentem nominarvint , & hodie quamvulgo dtaconem vel dracs,as they do in other Mice, but are con j oyn- ed in the refidue, in one continued rank. They are fharp like a faw, having fharp points like needles, fuch as could not be feen by man, except the tips of them were yellow. Of either fide they have eight teeth, whereas the vulgar Mice have butfour, befidethe two long fore teeth, which alfo feem divided into two or three, which except one mark diligently, he would think them to be all one. Arnold**. It is a ravening Beaft, feigning it felf gentle and tame, but being touched, it biteth deep, and JEl'tanus. poyfoneth deadly. It beareth a cruel minde, defiring to hurt any thing, neither is there any crea- ture that it loveth, or it loveth him, becaufe it is feared of all. The Cats, as we have faid, do hunt it and kill it, but they eat not them, for if they do, they coifume away in time. They annoy Vines, and are feldom taken, except in cold ; they frequent Ox-dung, and in the Winter time repair to houfes, gardens, and ftables, where they are taken and killed. n If they fall into a Cart-road, they die and cannot get forth again, as Marcel/ut, Nicander, and Pliny affirm. And the reafon is given by Philes, for being in the fame, it is fo amazed, and trembleth, as if it were in bands. And for this caufe fome of the Ancients have prefcribed the earth of a Cart- road , to be laid to the biting of this Moufe for a remedy thereof. They go very flowly, they are fraudulent, and take their prey by deceit. Many times they gnaw the Oxes hoofs in the ftable. They love the rotten flefh of Ravens ; and therefore in France, when they have killed a Raven, they keep it till it ftinketh, and then caft it in the places where the Shrew-mice haunt, whereunto they gather info great number, that you may kill them with (hovels. The Egyptians upon the former opinion of holinefs, do bury them when they die. And thus much for the defcription of this Beaft. The fucceeding difcourfe toucheth the medicines arifing out of this Beaft ; alfo the cure of her vene- mous bitings. Tee 4l6 Of the Sbrew-moufe. 417 the Medicines of the Shrew- The Shrew, which falling by chance into a Cart-rode or crack, doth die upon the fame, being M-trceEm. burned, and afterwards beaten or diflblved into dull, and mingled with Goofc greafe, being rubbed or anointed upon thofe which are troubled with the (welling in the fundament coming by the caufe of fome inflammation jidoth bring unto them a wonderful and moll admirable cure and remedy. The Shrew being (lain or killed, hanging fo that neither then nor afterwards fhe may touch the ground, Fl'my- doth help thofe which are grieved and pained in their bodies, with fores called fellons, or biles, which doth pain them with a great inflammation, fo that it be three times invironed or compafled about the party fo troubled. The Shrew which dyeth in the furrow of a Carc-wheel , being found P%- and rowled in Potters clay or a linnen cloth, orinCrimfon, or Scarlet woollen cloth, and three times marked about the Impoftumes, which will fuddenly fwell in any mans body, will very fpeedi- ly and effectually help and cure the fame- The tail of a Shrew being cut off and burned, and afterwards beaten into duft, and applyed or anointed upon the fore of any man, which came by the biting of a greedy and ravenous Dog, will in very fliort fpace make them both whole and found, fo that the tail be cut from the Shrew when fhe is alive, not when (he is dead, for then it hath neither good operation, nor efficacy in it The former hoofs of a Horfe being fcraped, and the fame fragments or fcantlings thereof being beaten Hippocrates. in the duft or earth, which hath been digged up by a Shrew, in four meafures of water, poured down the mouth of a Horfe which is troubled with any pain or wringing in his bowels, will foon give him both help and remedy. The Shrew being either applyed in drink, or put in the manner and form of a plaifter, or hanged upon the fore which he hath bitten, is the moft excellenteft, and moft medicinablc cure for the helping and healing thereof. A prefervative againft poyfon, would be an excellent remedy, that neither man nor any other living creature, fhould be bitten if they fhould leave or would want that fuperftition called an enchantment againft poyfon, being hanged about the neck, whereof we will fpeak more in the curing of the bites of thisBeaft. that the biting of a Shrew is venemous, and tf the reafm of healing in this tynde. In Italy the biting of a Shrew is accounted for a very ftrong poyfon, and that extept there be fliny- jfome medicine very fpeedily applyed for the curing and healing thereof, the party fo bitten will die. Thefe Shrews are truly fo venemous and full of poyfon, that being ilain or killed by Cats, tvhofe nature is to kill whatfoever Mice they take, they will not offer to touch or eat the leaft part of them. But the biting of a female Shrew is moft obnoxious and hurtful when fhe is great with young, but Marcellus. moft dangerous of all when fhe biteth any one which is great with young, either a woman or any other Beaft whatsoever, her felf being alio with young, for then it will hardly be cured. . If a Shrew fhall bite any creature while (he is great with young, the pufhes or biles will in time be Diofarides* broke which they make,and will come unto a Very great and malignant wound and fore.If the Shrew do alfo bite any creature during the time fhe is with young, fhe will prefently leap off, notwith- ftanding fhe biteth more dangerous. There is nothing which do more apparently explain and fhew Avkema. ihe biting of a Shrew then a certain vehement pain and grief in the creature which is fo bitten, as alfo a pricking over the whole body, with an inflammation or burning heat going round about the place, and a fiery rednefs therein, in which a black pufh or like fwelling with a watery matter, and filthy corruption doth arife, and all the parts of the body which do joyn unto it feem black and blew with the marvellous great pain, anguifh, and grief , which arifeth and proceeded) from tbe fame. When the pufh or bile which cometh by the occafion of a Shrew cleaveth.or is broken, there pro- ceeded and iffueth forth a kinde of white flefh, having a certain rinde or skin upon it, and fbme- time there appeareth in the ; a certain burning, and fometimes the fame iscateninandfallethout, but in the beginning there is a moft filthy green corruption and matter which floweth in the fame, afterward it is putrefied, and eaten in, and then the flefhfalleth forth : the wringings alfo of jyi 9 [Q 0Y \des. the inward parts, the difficulty of voiding the urine , and a corrupted fweat doth follow and ac- company the fame. But Avicmna affirmeth, that in what place foever this Beaft fhall bite, the fores thereof with great anguifh will pant or beat, and that in every hole wherein his venemous teeth have entred, there will a certain fiery rednefs appear, the skin whereof being broken.there will cornea very white and mattery fore, which will breed much pain and trouble in all the parts of the body for the moft part. The fores or wounds which are made alfo by this Beaft are very manifeftly known by the marks Aeoima. of the fore-teeth (landing all in a row together, as alfo by the bloud which iflueth from the wound,, being at the firft pure, clear, and exceeding red, but afterwards corrupt, blackifh, and full of putre- faction. There do alfo divers bunches arife in the flefh ufually after the biting of thisBeaft, which if any roan (hall break, he fhall fee the flefh which lyeth under them corrupted, and divided with certain 4i8 The Hiflory of Four-footed Heatts. Avker.a. Dhfcoricfes. Avkcnni. Aetius. Viofccrides. GeopGnica. JElianus. certain clefts or rifts in the fame. Moreover the nature of this Beaft is fuch, that for the moft part he doth covet to bitethofe whom he can come unto by the ftonesor genital, not only men, but alfo all other brute Beafts whatfoever : and thus much fhall fuffice concerning the biting of this Beaft. ■ Wormwood being beaten or bruifed fmall, ftrainedinafinelinnen cloth, and mingled in Wine, oiven to the party, either man or woman,in Wine to drink, who is bitten by a Shrew, will procure him prefent eafe and remedy. The fame alfo is an excellent remedy for the bitings or ftingings of a Sea-dragon. Vinegar is very medicinable for the bitings of the Shrew, and of Dogs, as alfo for the fifti called. by the Lit'mes, Scolopendra, (which voideth all her bowels out until the hook come forth, wherewith (he is taken, and then fucketh them up again) the Scorpion and all other venom- ous Serpents. But the Gracian Phyfitians affirm, that the fame ought to be mingled with other medicines for the helping of the aforefaid difeafes, as to take the allies of the Shrew being burnt, the gum or liquor of the Herb called Fennil-giant, dryed Barly beaten into fmall powder, 'Mu- itard-feed pounded fmall with the Herb called Purple, or Mothmullein 3 and mingle them all together with Vinegar, and being fo applyed they will prefently cure the aforefaid flings or bitings. \ v Garlick being bruifed, and the juyce thereof anointed upon the place which was bitten by a Shrew, will prefently expel the pain, and wholly cure the fore. For the expelling of the fu- perfluities of the parings of the deadflefh, growing round about the fore, being not caft away but remaining thereon. Take Cummin and cover the wound or biting therewith, then apply Gar- lick being beaten into Oyl thereunto, and anoint the places about the fore, as alfo the fore it felf very diligently, and in very fhortfpace of time it will caufe the fame to fall away of it own accord. For the healing alfo of the bites of this Beaft : Take Garlick, the leaves of a Fig-tree, and Cummin, mingle them very well all together, till they come to a mollifying or temperate fubffance ; then take* the iame, and fafhion it in the form or manner of a plaifter, and it will very fpeedily and effectually cure the fore. The feed or leaves of Coleworts, being beaten together with Vinegar, and the herb call'd Ajja fx ida, is very good and profitable to be applyed either to the bites of this Beaft, or a ravening Dog. The dung of a Dog being taken and anointed upon either Man or Horfe which hath been bitten by a Shrew, will be an excellent remedy both for the curing and healing them of the fame. The hoof.of a Ram being dryed,beaten into powder & afterwards mixed with Hony,will be likewife very goodfor thole which are bitten with the fame Beaft, fo that they be firft tempered and fafhioned in the man- ner of a plaifter, and then applyed thereunto. The little white ftalks which proceed from a black Fig,- being beaten with the leaves of the herb called Moth-mullein, Wax, and Vinegar, until they come unto a mollifying juyce or falve ; will be an excellent remedy againft the biting of the Shrew,, being anointed thereupon. The young or tender ftalks of a wilde Fig-tree, be they never fo few or fmall , being firft fkeped in Wine, then lapped in a leaf of the fame Tree, and fo applyed unto the flings and bites of Scorpions, and the Shrew, will in very fhort time cure and heal the fame. Provided always that the wound be well and diligently bathed or wafhed, before any thing be put or applyed thereunto. Vhfcerides, Avicenna, and Aciuarus, do affirm, that the excellenteft, and medicinableft cure for th$ bites of a Shrew is this : To take the Spleen of thefameBeaft, and beat it together wich Vinegar* andthe Gum called Galbanum, then to anoint it or rub it upon the fore, and it will prefently expel away all pain, and in fome fhort fpa'ce altogether heal it. If the red bunches or ulcers which do ufually grow about the bites of a Shrew, do fortune to break ; take very fharp and ftrong brine or pickle, and rub it both about, and within the fore, and afterwards apply Barly being burned and beaten into fmall duft or powder, thereunto, which medicine although it feem fomewhat grievous and painful, yet it is very good and profitable for the expelling either of the ftings of Scorpions, Of the bi tes of the Shrew or ravenous Dog. The genital of a.Hare being beaten into powder mingled with Vinegar, and anointed upon the bites of a Shrew, doth fpeedily cure them. Wilde Mallows being mingled with thofe M illowsthat grow in the Garden, have in them a very effectual force and power to cure all ftings or venomous bi- tings i efpecially of Scorpions, Shrews, Wafps, and fuch like ftinging creatures. The Shrew being cut and applyed in the manner of a plaifter, doth effectually cure her own bites. The Shrew being killed and anointed all over with Oyl, and dirt or mire, applyed unto the Ulcers' or red fwellings which come by her venomous teeth, will very fpeedily procure them to break. The Shrew being cut or beaten into fmall pieces, dryed into powder, mixed with Vinegar, and fafhionect in the form of a plaifter, will very fpeedily and effectually cure the bites of a Shrew, whether fhe be great with young or not, fo that they be well applyed thereunto. But there are fome which do think it nothing convenient to 'mingle the Shrew with any other thing whatfoever, but that it is only after this manner to be applyed by it felf, as to take it burned or dry it, and then to pound it in powder, and fo tofprtnkle it in the wound or fore, which in very fhort time will eafily heal it. The Shrew falling into, the furrow of a Cart wheel doth prefently die .- the duft thereof in thepaffage by which fhe went, being taken and fprink led into the wounds which were made by her poyfonfome teeth, is a very excellent and prefent remedy for the Of the Sbrexp-moufe. 4 1 9 the curing of the fame, tsiaithtolus alleadgeth out of Meander , that the dirt which cleavetii ^ niM unto the wheels of a Chariot being ftraped off and fprinkled into the bites of a Shrew, will be very medicinable for the healing of them , which thing he himfelf thinketh a meer fable, and not to be believed. If the punples or bladders which a rife in the bites of a Shrew lhall be thought convenient to be broken, for the performing of the fame, take the skin of a baked pr roafted Pomgranate , and fpread it upon the aforefaid red pimples, as hot as ponible may Be fullered for lomefmall time, and itwillcaufe the ulcers to break, and all the corruption to itfue forth. . Jf it grow unto anlmpoftumc, take the little berries or pellets which are within the Pomgra- Avhennt. nate^bemg very well baked,jmd. apply them unto the fore fome fhOrt timc,and they will very ealily cure the. fame. Muftard- feed being mingled with Vinegar, anointed upon the bites of a Shrew, Aegmtta, doth very effectually heal them. A Moul being bruifed into fmall pieces, and applyed unto the b^ris of a Shrew in the form of a plaifter, is a very excellent remedy for the.curingof them. Pitch a'vdTrifol'y being baked, and rubhed very hot upon the bites of a Shrew, is accounted a very me- dicinable cure': but it is requiftte that this fomentation be given unto none but fuch as are of a ftrong and powerful body,and are alfo able to endure pain. The liquor of the Herb called Southern- DhfcorUet. wood being giyertin Wine to drmk doth very much profit thofe: which are troubled, and pained in their limbs witlt^he bites of Shrews. Wormwood being ufed in the like manner, will cure thofe Vvluch are bitten by a Shrew. The genital of a Lamb or Kid being mingled with four drams of the Herb called Arijiolachia^at Hart-wort, and fix drams of the fweeceft Myrrh, is very good- and medicinable for curing of thofe which are bitten or ftung with Shrews,Scorpions,and fuch like venemous Beafts. The leaves of Cole- worts being dryed, mingled with flower , and tempered together, until they come into the form of a plaifter, will very much help againft the venemous bites of thCShrew. The feeds of Coleworts, Kuellim> £nd the leaves of the lame herb being mingled with Vinegar, and the herb called Affa fxtida beat or pounded together, do very well and fpeedily cure the bites of the Shrews,as alfo of a ravenous Dog, if the fame in due time be applyed thereunto. The liquor aifo of the leaves of Coleworts being given in any kinde of dnnk, is good and wholefome for the curing of the aforefaid bites or wounds. The Nuts of a young Cypres tree being mixed with a certain fyrup or potion made of Hony, Water; Viofcorides, and Vinegar, and afterwards drunk, doth very fpeedily procure eafe and help for thofe which are bitten by a Shrew. The root of a white or black Thiftle, being beaten or bruifed and given in drink, doth very ef- fectually help or cure thofe which arc- bitten by a Shrew. The like vertue hath the herb called Rocket in it, and alfo the feed thereof being given in any kinde of drink. The gum or liquor which proceedeth from a kinde of Ferula, being given in Wine to drink, doth very much help and cure J&gimtta* r.bofe which are bitten by a Shrew. The fame vertue alfo in it hath the root of the herb called Genti- an or Bltterwort,being given in Wine to drink. One or two drams of the youngeft or tendreft leaves of the Laurel tree, being beaten fmall aud given in Wine to drink, doth fpeedily cure the fores or wounds which are bitten by a Shrew : the fame being alfo ufed in the faid manner,and given in fome Aetius. certain portion unto Horfes to drink, doth quickly help and heal them. But there are fome which before all other medicines do commend this for the belt, andchiefeft; that is - to take the juyce Avkenna t which proceedeth from the leaves of the Lawrel tree, and the leaves themfelves , being moift and new growing, and to boil them in Wine, and being once cooled, to give it to any which is bitten by a Shrew, and this will in very fhort fpace altogether help them. A young Weefil being given p// n «. in Wine to drink, is accounted very medicinable for thofe which are bitten by a Shrew, or ftung by a Scorpion or any other venemous creature. The herb called Baltfamint or Coftmary, the herb cal T jgpi m \ a led Bartram, or wilde Pellito, the herb called Betony, the herb called Water-mint, orWater- crefles « the fweet and delicious gum called Storax, as alfo the herb called Vervin , being each of them federally by themfelves,eithe,r given in Wine to drink,or applyed in the manner of a plaifter ,or anointed upon the bites or wounds which come by the venemous teeth of a Shrew, will very effectu- ally cure the pain, thereof: The biting of a field Moufe or Shrew, is very troublefome or grievous- Avkenm, to all labouring Beafts 1 for inftantly after her bitings there do little red Pimples arife, and there is moft danger of death in thofe Bgafts which (he biteth when {he is great with young j for the afore- faid pimples will then prefently break, after which the Beaft fo bitten will inftantly die. TheShrew Alhertus. doth alfo kill fome labouring Beafts with poyfon, as chiefly Horfes and Mules, but efpecially and for the moft partMares, which are great with young. There are fome which do affirm, that if Horfes, or any other labouring creature do feed in ; that paftureor grafs in which a Shrew fhall put forth her venome or poyfon in, they will prefently die. In what place foe ver a Shrew lhall bite in jnr . any creature , it will be compared . with an exceeding hard fwelling, the Beaft alfo being fo bitten, ^ doth exprefs his grief or forrow with much pain, and (training his body doth likewife fwell all over his eyes do in a manner weep, the fwelling inhis body doth fquize out matter, or filthy putrifa&i- on, he voideth poyfon out of his belly ; and doth vomit all fuftenance upaffoon as ever he receiveth }t. If an Afs being great with young be bitten by this Beaft, it is a very great chance if fhe fcape Hiercdesi death. ' But if the Shrew do bite any Beaft when (he is great with young, it is known by thefe fignes.or marks, there will certain red pimples compafs the fore round about, and alfo fpread themfelves over all the body of the bitten Beaft, and will in fhort fpace deftroy him, except there be procured fome 4^0 The Hifiory of Four-footed Beafts. V 'genus. iome pretent remedy. The Normans \n biance, do iuppole che Shrew to be a Beaft fo full of ve- nom, andpoyfon,thatif he (hall but pafs over either an Ox, or a Horfe lying down along upon the ground, it will bring fuch a dangerous difeafe upon them, that the Beaft over which fhe (hall pais, (hall be lame about the loins, or £hall ieem as if he were immoveable, and that he can be cured by no other means but by the fame Shrew, who either of his own accord, or by compulfion muft pals over the contrary fide of the Beaft, and that then he will be cured ; which thing I do hold to be very vain and not to be believed. For the curing of Beafts which are bitten by a Shrew, thou (halt boil the feed of Parfly together with Wine and Oyl, and thou Ihalt cut the place which fwelleth with a Pen-knife, by which the Hipocrates, poyfon mayilTue forth, and the wound being pointingly pulled or torn may wax raw : if by thefe the inflammation do wax more fervent and hot, thou (halt eat the fore with Iron inftruments burning with fire, taking away fome part of thac which is whole and found : then (halt thou renew the wound with the Iron inftruments being governed rightly, by which the corruption may iflue forth : but if that part do chance to lwell by the exculceration , thou (halt fprinkle Barley being burned and dryed therein; but before you do this, it is meet to joyn the old far. There is alio another excellent medicine for the curing of the Shrew, which Startonicut himfelf doth much commend, which is this: To lance or fcarifie the wound afloon as it is bitten but efpecially if it be compafled with an inflammation , afterwards to fprinkle Salt and Vinegar upon it, then to encourage or provoke the Beaft the next day following by fome fweec water or liquor; to run or go fome little journey, firft having anointed the fore with Fullers-earth , being beaten fmall and mixed with Vinegar, and then daily to nourifh or bathe it with water which cometh from bathes where fome have wafhed themfelves, and this in very Ihort time being fo ufed, will very weli Uiaooles. ant i altogether cure the Beaft. Againft the biting of a Shrew Garlick is accounted for an excellent remedy being mingled with Nitre ; but if there lhall be no Nitre to be had , mix it with Salt and Gumin, then to dry and beat them al together into powder, and with the fame to rub the places which are infe&ed with the biting : but if the venemous wounds do chance to break ; then to take Barly being fcorched or burned, and pound it into fmall powder, and fteep it in Vinegar, and after- wards to fprinkle it into the wound: This medicine Pelagwaffirmtth, will only heal the bites of a Shrew, and that the grief of the fore, by the ufe of any other medicines doth rather encreafe, then decreafe. Vegetius. The flowre which is made of red Wheat, the herb called Dill,the liquor or Rozen which runneth out of the great Cedar, and two pound of the belt Wine, being mingled all together , given in a potion, and poured down the throat of any labouring Beaft which is bitten by a Shrew, will prc- fently eafe and cure him of his pain. There is alio another potion for the curing of the bites of this Beaft; which is this - To take cloves of Garlick being bruifed fmall, Salt, Cumin, and Wine.of each the like quantity ; thefe being given to any Beaft to drink, doth prefently cure him ; as alfo any man being anointed upon the Hippocrates, wound, but not given to drink. The herb called Nard or Pepper-wort, being beaten to the quantity of two ounces and a half, and mingled with fome fweei fmelling Wine,will prefently help any Beaft which is bitten by the Shrew, being poured through his Nofe, and his fore being at that inftant time anointed with Dogs dung : the fame is alfo very medicinable or wholcfomc for men which are trou- bled with the faid biting. The bites of a Shrew being pricked with an Aul, and anointed with duft which is found in the furrows of Carts undei? the marks or fignes of the Wheel, being mingled with fli3rp Vinegar, doth prefently afiwage the pain, and heal the fore. The earth of the track of a Cart alfo mingled with ftale or urine, being applyed unto the bites of a Shrew, will very fpeedilycure them either upon Men or Beafts. A Shrew being new killed and rubbed over with Salt,applyed unto the wounds which ihe (hall bite in any Beafts, will inftantly cure them : This vertue alfo hath the gall of a Rere-moufe or Bat, being mixed with Vinegar. Yliny. There is a very good remedy againft the bitingsof Shrews, or to preferve Cattle from them which is this; to compafs the hole wherein (he lyeth round about, and get her out alive, and keep her fo till fhe dye, and wax ftiflfe, then hang her about the neck of the Beaft which you would preferve, and there will not any Shrew come near them; and this is accounted *'to be moft cer- tain. And thus much {hall fuffice concerning the bitings of the Shrews , and of the cures thereof. Of Wilde FIELD-MICE. ThcEpitheti 'TpHis wilde Moufe called by the Latines, Msu agrefiis, Mus Sylvefiru^ylvaticus^Suhterraneus, and ofwildeMice X fonie fay Hjtedula, (although I rather take that word to fignifie a Glare-worm.) It is called defctihing alfo Exiguus Mus, and Rufiicus. The Grecians call it Myfs Arourayos ; the Germans, Field-moufe, and their kindes. Erd-moufe, that is, a Moufe of the Earth, and Nuelmus, Nualmufs, Schorrmufs, Schoermowfs, Stojfmufs^ and Luchfmtfs^ by reafon of her digging in the earth like a Mole. The French call it Mullotu There is of thefe Mice two kindes, a greater and a lefler. The pidure of the greater we have defcribed here forbearing the lefler, beeaufe in all parts it refembleck this, except in the quantity. Of .the .Field-mice. This greater kinde is not much leffer then a Rat, having a long broad tail like ic. The cars of U^Their .pn*i?t^ J t in£ug$tq;Jtuu£ 3*3ij| of gnbd ay on widj bllS - ' I • nOi d 9ll I Of \htiSlut-m6ufe i Kaftl-mmfe, ot Filbird wou[e« ^.^Vv^'-T.^ImatlJ Nisi jffflwiuoD Lib afaauaSlt THis Beaft is a kinde of S.o.rex, and may-be that- which the Germans tear'nr Witi grofi Haftfmus, a great Hafel-moufe, .fo called becaufe they feed upon Hafel-nuts, and Fiibirds. The F&Mrigs call it Ein S/aperat, that is, a fleeping Rat ; and therefore the French call it by the name L«v>r,where- by alfo we have fhewed already, they under ft and a Dormoufe, The Hiftory of Four-footed Beajls. For this lleepeth like that, and yet the flefh thereof is not good to be eaten. The colour of this Moufe is red like the Hafel, and the quantity full as great as a Squirrel, or as a great Rat : upon the back and fides it is more like a Moufe, and upon the head more red. His ears very great, and pilled without hair. The belly white, foalfoare his legs. The neathermoft of his tail towards the tip white. His noftrils and feet reddifh. The tail wholly rough, but moftatthe end with white hairs. The eyes very great hanging out of his head, and all black, fo that there is not in them any ap- pearance of white. The beard partly white, an&partly black, both above and beneath his ears, and about his eyes, and the upper part of his tail next his body all black. Upon his forefeet he hath four claws or diftinft toes, for he wanteth a thumb. But upon his hinder-feet he hath five, I mean upon each feverally. The outride of his hinder-legs , from the bending to the tip of his nails is altogether bald without hair. And the favour of all this kindeislikethefmell of the vulgar Mice. They live not only in the earth, but alfo in trees which they climbe like Squir- rels , and therefore make provifionof nuts and meat againft the Winter, which they lodge in the earth. The Countreymen finding in the Summer their caves and dens, do wifely forbear to deftroy them, knowing that they will bring into them the beft Nuts and Fil-bir ds can be gotten, and there- fore at one fide they ftick up a certain long rod, by direction whereof in the Winter time they come and dig out the den, juftly taking from them both their life and ftore, becaufe they have un- juftly gathered it together : Some have eaten it , but they were deceived , taking it for the Dormoufe. ' 4H Of the LAS CITT MOUSE. THis Moufe is called by the Germans, Lafcitts , and alfo Harmbal, becaufe of the fimilitude it holdeth with the Ermdine Weefil. The skin of it is very pretious, being ftiorter then the Eimeline two fingers breadth. And forafmuch as elfe , there is no difference between the Laf- citt Moufe,and the Lafcitt Weefi^except in the quantity: My opinion is 3 that they are all one,and dif- fer only in age. And I am rather led to affirm thur much, becaufe there are skins annuallly brought to the Mart of Frttnckjord, out of Folonia (cal'd Lafcei) which are no other then the Weelilsof Nova grodehy whofe white skins are intermixed with griffeld - And thus much lhall fuffice to have faid of this Moufe. Of the SORE x. Of the nnmc and kinde. Ahnnw. FgnatiHf. I Am of opinion, that this kinde of Moufe belongeth to the Hafel Moufe before fpoken of, be- caufe it is wilde , hath a hairy tail, and fleepeth in the Winter j all which things are by P//ny afcribed totheSorex; only this hindereth, that hemakeththe Sorex to have rough hairy ears, and the Sorex of Germany hath bald ears. For anfwer whereof this (hall fuffice, that the other three notes being fo great and pregnant, there is no caufe why the want of one, and that fo little as thehairsonthe ears, fhould deprive it of his naturall due and kinde. The Italians and the French ufe this word Sorex, for a domefhcal vulgar Moufe, and fo peradventure did the Anti- ents before them; but it is greater then the domefhcal Moufe, although Tlinies Sorex be neither greater nor leffer. The Spaniards call a Sorex, Sorace, or Raton Pequenno. The Illyrians, Viemeghp Myfs, by which word alfo they underftand a Shrew- moufe. The fibres of theintrails of the Sorex do en- creafc and decreafe with the Moon, fo that the number of them, do always anfwer the number of the days of her age. Her ears as we have faid are full of hairs, but in the loweft part or tip thereof. The reafon of her name is taken from the skreeching voice fhemaketh in gnawing. Foritisavery harmful biting Beaft, cutting afunder with her teeth like a faw. Some do derive the Greeks word from Huras, which anciently did fignifie a Moufe, and therefore they call this Syrax, and Saurex , but I lift not to ftand any longer upon the name , feeing the Beaft it felf affordeth little worthy matter to en- treat of. It is reported by Varro, that in Arcadia there was a Hog fo fat, that a Sorex did eat into her flefli, and made her neft and brought forth young ones therein, which may very well be ; forfuchis the nature of a fat Swine,that he will hardly rife to eat his meat,or eafe himfelf of his excrements : And befides, fatnefs ftoppeth fenfe , burying both the Nerves and Arteries very deep : fo that in the body of a man, his fatteft p .i t is leaft fenfible. Lycinm the Emperor -going about to reftrain the infolency of the Eunuches and Couriers, called them 7ineas i Soricef(];falaUnos ) that is moths and So- ricesof the Court. There was an ancient garment (as Vliny writeth) called Veftit Soriculata, and this was very preti- ous in my opinion, becaufe it wasgardedorfringed.with the skins of the Sorex. If this Beaft fall inco any Wine or Oyl, ffe corrupteth the fame, and it is to be recovered by the fame means, as we have formerly defcribed in the vulgar Moufe. It ihould feem there was great ftore , > of Of the Indian Moufe. of them m che days of Heliogabalut, for he commanded (as Lampridim wricech) co be brought unco him, not only a thoufand of thefe Beafts, but alfo a thoufand Weefils, and ten thoufand vulgar M ce, as we have (Viewed before in the llory of the vulgar Moufe. When the Sooth-fayers were about their divinations, Vlmy writeth, that if they heard the fqueak- ingof the Sorex, they brake off, and gave over their labour, holding it unprofitable cogoanyfur- thertherein: and it is alfo reported, that the voyceofthis Moufe gave occafion to Fabiut Maxima, to give over his DicVatorlhip, and unto Cairn Elaminius , to give over the Matterfliip of the Horfe- mcn, fuchfear of filly Bealts, was begotten in the mindes of gallant and magnanimous fpirits, by the unprofitable and foolifti behaviour and dodrines of the Magitians. It is faid by N'gitiiut, that thefe Soriccs do fleep all the Winter and hide themfelves like theDor- moufe. They alfo when they eat any corn, do fcrcetch and make a greater noife then other Mice, whereby they bewray themfelves in the dark unto their enemies, and are killed, which was the oc- cafion of that proverbial fpeech of Paimeno in Terence, Egomet meo indicia mifer, quufi Sorex peril. Saint Aufiine, and Saint Origtn, do alfo make ufe of this proverb, the one in his Book of Order, the other in a Homily upon Genefis,which cauled Erafmns to write in this manner, Sed videbor ipfc men in- diriu captttt, that is, I have overthrown my felf with my own tale.Thefe Soriccs do make hollow the trees wherein Emets or Ants breed, and there is perpetual hatred betwixt the Bittors, and thefe, one lying in wait to deftroy the others young. The Medicines of the Sorex. Serenas and J liny fay, that if a woman with childe do eat the finews of a Sorex, if her eyes be black, fo (hall the Infants be likewife ; Si pr£gnans artus captivi Soricis edit, Vkmtur foetus nigranua lumina fingi. The fat of thefe Beafts or of Dormice, is very profitable againft the Palfie. The powder of the heads and tails anointed with Hony upon the eyes, reftoreth the clearnefs of fight, and with Hony At tick, the powder and fat of a Sorex burned, helpeth running eyes ; and the feme powder mingled, with Oyl, cureth bunches in the flefh. There* is another Moufe called by Mathxolus, MusNapeUi, that is, a Wolf-bane-moufe : fo called, Of the Meufc becaufe it feedeth upon the roots of that Herb ; although there be fome of opinion, that it is not a ca,led MUi creature, but another little Herb growing near unto it for a counter- poyfon. Naptft. And ftlarceUus alfo maketh mention of Nap ellut, and Antinapellus, whereuntolfhould eafilycon- defcend, but that the eyefight of Mathtolus leadeth me to the contrary.For he writeth that he took one of them in the top of a high Mountain in Italy. And Sylvaticus calleth this Moufe Mas Suring,or Sucfinus ,. and calleth it aCounter-poyfon to Wolf-bane,and that God might fhew thus much unto men, he caufeth it to live upon the rootsj inteftimony of his natural vertue deftroying poyfon and vcnemous herbs. 4*5 The Indian Moufa and divers other kindes of Mice Recording to their Countries, I Do finde that divers times Mice do take their names from Regions wherein they inhabite, wh'ch happeneth two manner of ways ; one, becaufe the form of their bodies will fomewhat vary: the other, becaufe not only in (hape, but alfo in wit they have fome things in them c6mmdn to Mice, over and above the Mice of our Countries ; therefore we will briefly comprehend all their furnames Mice of the of whatfoever. regions they are in one order or Alphabet. In the Oriental parts of the world, Ealh there are great Mice, (as Alexander writeth) of the quantity of Foxes who do harm both men and Beafts,and although they cannot by their biting kill any man, yet do they much grieve and moleft them. Americus Vefpucius writeth,t:hat he found in an Ifland of the Sea being diftant from VlUbona a thou- fand leagues, very great Mice. The hair of the Eg)pti as if he were a Tumbefiine. When this Beaft goeth furtheft from the Sea, and feedeth, toward the Defert upon Spikenard, then is his Musk iw'eeter, but when they feed neer the Sea, it is not fo fragrant, becaufe they feed upon Myrrh. Avi- cn faith, there is fome kinde of Musk like a Citron, but fuch hath not been feen in this part of the worid, for our Musk is moft commonly like the colour of Iron, and the favour of it like a Cyre- Serap. man Apple, but ft'ronger ; and confifteth of little pieces, but it is better that hangeth together,and hath a favour of the Wildernefs ; but if it be adulterated with Snakes or Birds-dung, then will it be lefTer pleafant in the favour, and alfo pinch and offend the nofe. The Hunters.of lebeth, and Seni, as we have fhewed already, do kill their fweet Rofe, and after- wards take out from them their bladder of Musk, which Musk being excerpted before it be ripe, fmel- leth ftrongly and unpleafantly. And then they hang it up a little while in the open and free air, wherein it npeneth as it were by conco&ion in the Sun, and thereby recetveth an admirable fweet- r.efs. And the like do divers Gardners ufe towards Apples, and fruits of trees which are gathered be- fore they be ripe. For by laying, them up in a dry place, they wear away their lharpnefs and become pleafant. But it is to be remembred, that Musk is the beft which doth ripen in its own cod, before ic be taken out of the Beaft, for before it is ripe, it fmelle th difpleafantly. There is not much per fecVMusk brought into this part of the World, but theftrength of it cometh from the virtue of the cod wherein it is put,and fo it is brought tous; but the beft is brought out oftheEaft, where growah Spikenard and fweet herbs. Roderick Lufitams faith, that our Musk is compounded of divers things, the ground whereof is the bloud of a little Beaft like a Cony,which is brought oucof Pegun a Province of India. But the means whereby to try it may be this, after it rh ettVs i f is waighed, they put it into fome moift or wet powder, and after a little while they weigh it the fe- Musk, cond time, and if it exceed the former waight, then do they take it for found, perfect, and good,but if it do not exceed, then do they judge it adulterate. . Some Merchants when they are to buy Musk ftop it to their nofes. , and holding their breath run SimhnF"-b:. half a ftonescajt, afterwards they pull it from their nofe,and if they 'perceive the lavour of the Musk, Sylvius. then do they buy it, and t;?ke it for good, but if not, they refufe it for corrupted. In fome Churches they make perfumes with Musk, and by mingling Stirax, Aloes, Amber, and juyce of Roles, they make a perfume called B egium Awjf^w^iww^he Kings perfume ; likewife unto fweet waters, drawn out of the furnaces of Chymifts, whereunto they add fimple Rofe Water, and for. the richer fort of people Musk and Camphory.. Andreas Furnerius, in his French Book of adorningmans nature, teacheth a compofition to be made of certain Oyls,Sope, and Musiv^ and alfo Ointments and muskedOyls. He alfo (heweth how to ^i iXm \ m% imke little round Balls of Musk, and other confeftions, and afterwards to draw a thread through the middle of them, and fo wear them about ones neck. Some put it into Silken wool,' through which they firft draw a thread, and fo difiblve it in Rofe The prefer- water, afterward make it up in medicines, and ufe it as aforefaid. It may be preferved in a veffel of ving oi Musk. -jUt/M A- * r"' Lead, 429 The Hittory of Four-footed Heatts. Lead, dote ftopped a long time,for the lead which is cold and moift, agreeth well with the nature of the Musk, and therefore it a leaden veffel be wanting, fo as ye be forced to ufe glafs and filver, then muft you put two or three pieces of lead into it, for the better prefervation, and covering the paffage all over with Wax, and above all things you mult avoid all kinde of Spices, taking heed that no grain thereof come into it. If while it is in the veffel it lofe the favour and be dead, then it is to be recovered by opening the mouth of the Vial, and hanging it over a privy ; for when the ftink and evill favour cometh unto it, Contra \xtorem eluftatur , & quaft luttmdo revivifcit, it ftriveth againit the filthy ftink, and as it were reviveth in that contention, faith Jfidorus, Albertus, and Ttateanuf. BeneJicfur. But concerning the adulterating of Musk, I will fay more in this place. Firftofall, theMounte- The adulters- banks do corrupt it by mingling with it the liver of a Calf. Alfo by a root called M<*\ir, and an herb leans &&&& Many times the dung of Mice is fold for Musk, and fo greac is the deceit herein, that a man t ' may not truft the outward fhape of anintire cod , for there be Importers which can counterfeit them, and make them in all parts for the outward appearance, and fill them with certain ftuffe, interpofing fome little true Musk among it until it have areafonable favour, and therewithal deceive fimple people. It is alfo adulterated by mingling with it a little Goats bloud fryed, or brown Bread fryed, fo that three or four parts of thefe, will receive feafonable taft from one part of the Musk. It is alfo adul- terated in the skin by putting pieces of the skin into it, and it may be known from the true Musk, becaufe it will weigh twice fo heavy. The Sarazens ufe this fhift above all others, and there is one principal way of making counterfeit Musk, which is this; they take Nutmegs, Mace, Cinamon, Cloves, Gilly-flowers, and Spikenard, of every one a handful, all thefe being beat diligently toge- ther ,and dryed and fifted, they are mingled with the warm bloud of a Dove, and afterwards dryed in the Sun, then are they feven times fprinkled over, or moiftened with the water of Musk-rofes,and be- twixt every fprinkling they are dryed; at length they mingle therewithall a third or fourth part of true Musk, and then fprinckle it over again with Musk-rofe-water, fo divide it into three or four lumps, and take the white hairs from under the tail of a Roe or Kid, and fo put it in a veffel of glafs. Benyvine, white Wax taken out of a new Hive of Bees, the rotten part of Eve-tree, and a little Musk, are mingled all together to make a counterfeit Amber, for it will fmell like Civet, or Musk, or elfeStirax, and the powder of Lignum aloes, with Civet, and Rofe-water; but the fraud in one and other is eaiily deprehended, for both the odor and the colour are different from the true Amber, and alfo it will fooner wax foft in water, then that which is natural. Some do corrupt their Musk with the feed of Angelica, or rather with the root of it, becaufe the root fmelleth fweet like Musk, but the cofenage may be eafily difcovered, by putting it into water : for the Angelica will fink, and the Musk will fwim. The true Musk is fold for forty (hillings an ounce at the leaft. It is alfo obferved by Arnold tit ViVanovanw, that in the prefence of Affa fxtida or Cajle- rewn, the belt Musk will have a horrible and intolerable favour, although they touch not one ano- ther, which cannot be afenbed to any known reafon, but to fome fecret in nature. The fweetnefs of the Arabian Musk is defcribed by Alciatus in this verfe ; Et Celebris fuavi eft unguine Mufcus Arabs. Herbs refem- There be divers herbs which fmell fweet like Musk, as Angelica, Dorfis, Musk-gilliflowers, Musk- blingMusk. grapes, the leaves of a Winter Cherry, and an herb growing near Ba/i/ without a name, likewilde Parlley, the Damafine-rofe, and many other. Wilde Cats and Martins do alfo render an excre- ment mnch like Musk ; and there are Hares called Mofcbi£, which leave fuch an intolerabJe fmell in the imprefiion of their foot-fteps, that the Dogs by touching them grow mad, as we have fhewed in the ftory of the Hare : And thus much for the defcription of this Beaft ; now folioweth the medicines. the Medicines of the Musk; cat. A very little part or quantity of a Musk-cat is of great vertue and efficacy ; wherefore it is very fparingly ufedin medicines or potions, neither is there any part thereof beaten or bruifed, as it is of all other Beafts, but it is melted and diffolved in water which proceedeth from the fweeteft Rofes. It is alfo aBeaft which is very hot and dry, but rather 'more dry then hot, yet not- withstanding the fame his heat is affwaged and allayed by no other thing but only the Gum called Gamphire- and his drinefsisonly moiftnedor mollified with Oyls, and very fweet, as Oyl of Vi- olets, and Oyl of Rofes. Amongft fweet fmels and favours, the principalJeft and chiefeft laud and commendation is attributed unto the fmell which proceedethfrom the Musk-cat: For he doth not only with his odoriferous and delightful favour pleafe and content the fcent of men, but alfo doth ftrengthen the fpirits, and all the parts of mans body, yea and that in a moment, for the flendernefs of his parts, which although it doth forthwith penetrate or enter into the fcent of mam, yet doth it endure longer, and is not fofpeedily or quickly diffolved as the fcent or favour of any other fweet fmell whatfoever. A Musk- Of the Mule. A Musk-cat and the herb tailed Mercuries-fingers or Dogs bane, being given in purging medi- . cines to drink, do greatly renew and refrefti the decayed ftrength or force of thofe which have beo before times weakened with divers and continual medicines in their members. The lame is alio very profitable for thofe which are effeminate or defective, and eclipfed in their minde or courage, as alfo for thofe which are weak and leeble in their joynts, not by any hurt, or any other cafua- lity being enfeebled, but being always fo even from their childhood. A Musk-cat is an excel- S)meon. lent remedy for thofe which are troubled with fear in their heart; and alio for thofe which do qui- ver orfhakc either for fear of any other thing throughout all the parts of their body. The fame Jfuteruf. is a very profitable and medicinable cure for thofe which are grieved with any ach or pain in their head, or with any enormity or trouble in their liver, and is alfo being given fimply by it felf, without any thing mixed in it, or compounded in Wine, very good and wholefome for the heal- ing and curing of thofe who have any pain or grief in their ftomach, which cometh by the occafion of any cold. A Musk-cat being put unto the body of any man in the form or manner of a plaifter, doth confirm T)iofiwdei» and make ttrong both his heart and all the reft of his bowels, or interior parts: it doth moreover encreafe both ftrength and power in all his members, yea and in the very bones, the efficacy thereof is of fuch and power and vertue. The fame being laid or anointed upon the head, is very effectual for the expelling or driving away of the rheume which falleth from the head into the noftnls, and by that means procurerb heavinefsin the fame i and for the amending and curing of thefwimmingdir- zinefs or giddinefs in the head through the abundant humors which remain and ftay therein, and alfo tor the bridling and reftraining of luft and venery. The fame being ufed in the aforefaid manner doth temperate and confirm the brains of any man, Avkenna, befidesit eafeth and helpeth thofe which have pain about their heart, by the which they fuppofe their very heart to ake. The fmell of this Beaft is both profitable and hurtful; for unto thofe which are cold of conftitution , the fcent is very pleafant in regard that it is hot of it felf, and is very delightful in their favours : but unto thofe which are hot of nature it is very noiforne, in re- Hafit* gard that the heat and ftrong fcent thereof overcometh their fenfes , and oftentimes caufeth their heads to ake, and be full of pain ; and doth alfo ftir up in them that peftiferous difeafe called the Falling-ficknefs ; but unto women which are of a hot and fiery conftitution it is more hurtful and noifome, for it breedeth in them a very peftiferous difeafe, which choaketh their Matrice or Womb, and caufeth them oftentimes to fwound, it is alfo called by fome the Mother. The fneez.- BrajfavalHt. ings of a Musk-cat is an excellent remedy againft the refolution of the finews or the Palfie. A Musk- cat is very good and wholefome for the helping and curing of thofe which are troubled with any deafnefs or aftonifhment in any part of their bodies ; as alfo for the driving away of melancholick and forrowful pafiions out of mens mindes , and for the incitating delightful mirth and pleafure in them. A Musk-cat being mingled with dry plaifters which are ufed for the healing of the eyes.is an excel- firearm, lent remedy for the expelling and driving away of the white skin which doth ufually cover the fight, and for the drying up of moiftrheumes and humors, which in thenight time do fall from the brains and the head, and by that means doth much hurt and damage the fight of the eyes, as alfo for the clarifying and healing up of any pain or difeafe therein. A Musk-cat is an excellent remedy for thofe which have a defire to vomit and cannot, it doth alfo renew an appetite or ftomach in thofe unto their vittuals which do loath and abftain from all fufte- nance, and doth loofen and dilfolve all thick puffings or windinefs in the interior parts or members of any one. A Musk-cat being mingled with a cauftick medicine, is very profitable and wholefome for the bringing forth of thofe Womens menfes or fluxes which are flopped, and alfo for moving concepti- on in thofe women which are hindered in it by the occafion of fome great cold. A medicine or fuppofitory being made of Ambergreefe, and mingled with a gum comming out of Syria called Styrax 3 and then mixed both together with a Musk-cat and fo beaten, until they come un- to a certain falve, and laid unto the fecret parts of a woman, is very good for the aforefaid difeafe. There is a certain juyee or moiftnefs in a Musk-cat which being preffed forth or difTolved, and mixed Avicenna, with the Oyl called PalmaChnfti, and anointed upon the yard of any man, doth ftir him up to luft and venery. If the leaft part of a Musk-cat be eaten by any one which is troubled with a (linking breath, it will prefently expel and take away the ftink thereof. And frhus much fhall fuffice con- cerning the cures and medicines of the Musk -cat. Of the MVL E* THe Mule is a Bcaft, called by the Hebrews, Pered, from whence comes the feminine Pirdah 3. of The fevstaJ King. 1. and there be fome that fay that the reafonofthe Hebrew word is, from the fepara- names, tion and fterilitvof this Beaft, for it is Pered, quia nan farm. The Chalky wordisCudana , the Ara- tian^Beal ; but Gen. 36. for the Hebrew word Jemin^ many tranflate Mules. The Arabians , Regal-, but the Grecian Septuagints, Hemwious. The Grecians alfo call a Mule Aftwbe, from the ftrength of his body. The Latims call a Mule Mulus, and Semiafinut, that is, half anAfs, becaufe on the one fide he is an Horfc, and on the other fide an Afs , and therefore in his conditions he more refembleth 431 43< The Hiftory of Four- footed 'heafts. an Afs then an Horfe, whereupon lyeth this tale. A certain Lydian Mule feeing his Image in the wa- ter, grew to be afraid of the greacnefs thereof, and thereupon took his heels and ran away as faftas Flutctrcb. he could ; neither could he be ftayed by all the wit of his Keepers : At length the Mule remembring that he was the fon of an Afs,he ftayed his courfe and came back again neighing. The Italians call a Mule M«/o,and the fc male M«/ng ears, a terrible voyce, a crofs upon the fhoulders, fmall feet, a lean body, and in all other things it refembleth a Horfe. The length of their ears ferveth inftead of their fore-top , their color is fome- what brown, but it varieth • for the Roman Cardinals have Mules of an afh-colour, and thofe very great ones with long tails They change their teeth, and have in number fix and thirty,their neck is like the neck of an Affes, long, but not ftanding upright, their bellies fimple and of one quanty, They want a gall like all four-footed Beafts ; and there is a thing in their heart like a bone, as we have fhewed before in the ftory of the Afs. They eat fuch food as Horfes, and Affes do - but they grow fat by drinking, yet they drink not The food of like a Horfe, by thrufting in their nofes into the water, but only touch it with their lips. Affes. They love Cucumbers above all other meats, but the flowers and leaves of Rhododaphne are Mizaldur. poyfon to Mules and Affes, and to many four-footed Beafts. Both a Mule and a Horfe grow from Uiojcotiftej. the hrft coming forth of their teeth, (by which their age is difcerned) and after all their teeth are The length at come forth, it is hard to know their age. The females in this kinde are greater, more lively, and a Muieslifc. live longer then the males. It hath been found that they have lived to fourfcore years of age. Such a one was prefented at Athens, at what time Pericles builded the Temple of Minerva, where by reafon of his age, he was difmilfed from all labour.yet afterwards he would not forfake his companions, but went witii them, exhorting them with neighing to undergo the labour cheerfully ; whereupon there driftotle. was a publick decree, that the faid Mule fhould have an ordinary of provender appointed him in Pry- JElianus. taritum, and that no body fhould drive him away from their Corn when he eat it., although it were in the Market place. We have fhewed already that this Beaft is engendered betwixt an Afs and a Mare, and therefore The generati-i if a man would create unto himfclf a notable breed of Mules, hemuftlook to the choice both of on of Mules, his male and female. Firft of all for the female, that (lie be of a great body, of found bones, and The election of lingular good fhape, wherein hemuft not fo much exped her velocity or aptnefs to run, as of a Marc to her ftrength to endure labour, and efpecially to bear in her womb a difcordant foal, begotten by Mu les. an Afs, and to confer upon it both the properties of his body, and the difpofition. For when Mares do unwillingly receive the genital feed of the Afs , the foal doth not grow to perfection in the Mares belly, until fhe hath born it thirteen months, whereby it refembleth more the piir.y. fluggifhand dull nature of his father, then the vigor of his mother. But for the helping of their copulation, they pull certain hairs out of the tail of the female, and afterwards bindethem toge- ther therewith. There is no leffer regard to be had of the Stallion, left the want of judgement in the choice of The choice of him do fruftrate the experiment; feeing therefore they are engendered betwixt a Mare and an Afs, a Male, or betwixt a Mare and a wilde Afs, and the Muie, begotten betwixt the wilde Afs and the Mare, doth excel all others, both for (wiftnefs of courfe, hardnefs of foot, and generofity of ftomach : yet is the tame Afs better for this breed then the wilde Afs,for he will be more beautiful in outward form, and more tradable in difpofition; and the Mules engendered by wilde Affes may be compared to thefe; yet can they never be fo tamed , but they retain fome qualities of their wilde father; and therefore a Mule begotten betwixt them (T mean betwixt a wilde male Afs and a tame female Afs) are fitter for Nephews then for fons; that is, their foals may beget good Mules, and fuch as are tameable and tradable, becaufe defcent breaketh the corruption of nature, but themfelves do never prove profitable. And therefore it is moft commodious and neceffary to get fuch a Stallion Afs to the procreation of Mules, whofe kinde by experiment is excellent , and outward parts every way acceptable, fuch as thefe are; a longand great body, aftrong neck, ftrong and broad ribs , a wide breaft full of mufcles , loins full of finews, ftrong compaded legs, of colour blackifh or fpotted, for the Moufe colour isjitoo vulgar, and is not fit in a Mule. For it is but folly in a man to allow and approve every colour he looketh upon , and therefore (Columella writeth) when there are fpots upon the tongue and palat of a Ram, fuch alfo are found in the Wooll of the Lamb he begetteth. And fo alfo if an Afs have divers coloured hairs upon his eye-brows, or upon his ears, the foal he bringeth forth hath fuch colours in his skin ; And hereunto agree both Palladia!, and tsibfi, tus i faying ; he that will have a good breed of Mules, muft get an Afs of elegant form, a great ftature, fquare members, a great head not like aHorfes, his face, cheeks, and lips not fmall s hiseyes ftand- ing out of his head, and not little or hollow, broad noftrils , great ears, not hanging down , bun ftanding upright ; a broad and a long neck, abroad breaft, rough with the plaights of his mufcles, P-p and The Hiftory of Four- footed Heafts. and ttrong to endure the kickings of the Mare : great breads, plates,and other parts under his (boul- ders, and to down to his legs, which ought to be ftrong,broad, and corpulent, and (landing far afun- der, fo as he may eafily cover the Mare. A great back, and broad back-bone, neither hollow, nor (landing up with bunches, bearing a di- rect line upon the middle. His fhoulders not low, but (landing up, the hip-bone full and long , not bending too narrowly nor pinde buttockt^nor (landing out (harp, and they are bed which have the fhorted tails. Furthermore let his (lones be great, his knees great and round, (landing both alike, his legs bony and without flefh, nothing appearing in them but nerves and skin 5 not (landing awry, nor yet of divers colours, his patterns not high, nor yet over-low : his feet not low nor bending in- ward; his hoof thick and hollow within; the inward part of it being clear, according to the fay- ing of Juvenal : Namq; hie mund& n'Het ungula MuU. His voyce clear and not hoarfe, for fo the Mare will be terrified from copulation. His colour ought to be likewife clear, as all black, having no white belly ; or fomewhat looking towards purple, and having one black fpot upon his mouth, or rather a black tongue, and fuch as hath been brought up with Horfes. It is the fafhion offometo takewilde Affes to tame them, to make Stallions for generation, for they beget the bed Mules, if they be liberally fed and not inclofed,and never wax wilde again if they Abf)Ttut. be put among tame Affes. And the young one fo gotten by him, will belikethefyre : and if any have a defire to make the Mules of ftrange colours, they mud cover the female with a cloth of that colour, wherewithal they defire the young one to be foaled, as we have (Viewed already in the dif- courfe of Horfes, whereby there are raifed many excellent kindes and races; or elfe they bring in their prefence at the time of their copulation fome great Male Horfe or Afs, by the fight whereof they are made more fruitful, or again, fome bafe and defpifable Bead being offered to their view, doth make them to conceive more noble Mules. If the wilde Affes be at any time heavy, and not willing to cover the Mare, then let there be ano- ther female Afs brought into the prefence, by the fight whereof his lud fo burnetii, that he rageth a lmod to madnefs for copulation: And therefore being denyed, the Afs doth more willingly leap upon the Mare, whom before he loathed. Again, it mull be regarded, that the Stallion be tyed and bound fail, fothac he may not cover the Mare after (he is with foal, nor yet haveaccefs unto her, led by kicking and biting he caufe abortment , for many times they break their bonds afun- der, and greatly trouble the females with young, therefore they are accudomed to fome labour, which taketh down the heat of their lud : yet at the time that they are to cover the Mares,you mud ule all diligence to awaken the droufie nature of the Bead , fo that with greater fpirit the feed of the male and female may meet togecher. The Affes of L)bia will not cover Mares that have manes until they be (horn off,for it feemeth they difdain that their females (hou Id have more ornaments then themfelves, which are their hus- bands. We have (hewed already in the difcourfe of the Afs , that Mares do not willingly admit any Stallion Afs to cover them, except it be fuch a one as did fuck a Mare, which we called a Horfe- fuckling, or Equimulgus. For this caufe men that propound unto themfelves to nourifh races of Mules, take the Colt of an Afs fo foon as it is foaled, and put to it a Mare, giving milk in fome dark place, wherein the Mare not doubting any fraud, is deceived, and willingly yeeldeth her ud- ders to the Affes foal; whereunto being accudomed for ten days together, at lad (he taketh it for her own; and fuch a Stallion Afs loveth Mares exceedingly : and on the other fide, the Mare refufeth not him. And fome fay, that although they fuck their mothers milk, yet if from the time of their weaning they be brought up among Horfe-colts, it is as good as if they had fucked Mares. If the Afs be fmall which is a Stallion, he will quickly wax old, and his iffue be the worfe, there- fore they mull provide the larged and dronged Affes, and nourifh them with the bed Hay and Bar- ly, that fo his (Irength may abound before his copulation. He ought not to beunder three years old, nor yet brought unto a Mare which never knew Male, for fuch a one will beat him away with her heels and mouth, and bring him into perpetual hatred with that kinde ; wherefore they ufe to bring fome vile and vulgar Afs into the prefence of the Mare, as it were to woo her, and provoke her to copulation, that fo if (he beat him away, it may be no hinderance to the Stallion ; but if (he feemtoadmithim,anddefirousof copulation, then they take him away , and bring the appointed Stallion into his room, and fo the Mule is engendered. For the effecting of their copulation, there mud be a place appointed for the purpofe, betwixt two walls, having a narrow paffage, that fo the Mare may not have liberty to fight with the Afs, and the Mares head mull be tyed down to a Manger or Rack, the ground being fo fafhioned , that her fore-feet may dand much lower then her hinder, and fo afcend backward, to the intent that the Afs may more eafily leap upon her back, and (he receive the feed more deeply. When the Mare hath brought forth the Mule, (he givethit fuck half a year, and then driveth it away, which ought to be brought up in fome Mountains, or hard places, that fo the hoofs may grow hard and mdurable. Having 434 Of the Mule. 435 Having cHus difcourfed of the generation of Mules, it now followed), that we fhould en- quire whether Mules thus engendered betwixt an Afs and a Mare, do likewife bring forth in their own 'kinde. Obfervatum eft (faith P/w^) duobus diver fu genaibus term gmcrii fieri, & muinpareu- tum effe fitnilia, eaq; ipfa qu* ita nata funt, non gigmre, inemni animalium geneie , idcitco Mtttif nan tarerf That 'is to' fay s It hath been obferved, that out of two divers kindes , a third hath been engendered, and yet like to neither of the parents, and thofe fo engendered did not procreate others in the univerfal kinde of Beafts, or among all creatures j and therefore Mules conceived be - twixt AfTesand Mares, do not bring forth young. Whereupon Camerarius made this pretty riddle of a Mule : Dijjimilit patri, matri divtrja figura Cenfufi generit, generi nan apta propago, Ex ali'vs nafcor, nec quifquam nafcitur ex me. Democniut is of opinion alfo, that Mules cannot conceive, and that their fecret places are not like other Beafts, and the iffue of confufed kindes can never engender, but efpecially in a Mule, becaufe it is made of divers feeds, (I mean divers in quantity, and almoft contrary) for the feed of the Afs is cold, and the feed of the Mare is hot. Ariftotle difputingof this matter concerning thofe kindes that are procreated of divers parents, writeth in this fort : thofe Beafts joyn in copulation,whofe kindes although they are divers, yet are not their natures very difagreeable. If the quantity and ftature be alike, and the times of going with young be equal, yet they remain barren that are fo begotten, of which caufe Empedocles and Vtmocri- tus yeeld reafon : Empedocles obfcurely, and "Denmrim more plainly, but neither of them both well ; for they alledge the fame demonftration about all Beafts out of their kinde. Vemocritus faith, that thepaffages of the Mules are corrupted in their wombs, becaufe their beginning doth not con- fift of one and the fame kinde ; but this is no reafon, for that it happeneth alfo to other Beafts that do engender. Empedocles he yeelds a reafon out of Plutarch, about the joyning together of the feeds, and therefore compareth it to a commixtion of Tin and Brafs together, but he faith he doth not under- ftand their meaning , and therefore proceeded* to exprefs his own opinion in thefe words. Firft (faith he) every one of the Males do beget one of their own kinde, but the females cannot con- ceive, and this is no great wonder - y becaufe that Horfes are not always fit for generation, nor Mares to bring forth Colts being covered : and therefore when Affes and Mares do couple toge- ther, their iffue may be more barren , becaufe they receive the greater hinderance in the diver- lity of kinde j for befides the coldnefs of the Affes feed which may be one great caufe of his barrennefs , they have another property , if they do not breed and engender before the call- ing of their Colts-teeth, they remain fteril and barren all their life long: forfo doth the ge- nerative power of the Affes body reft upon a tickle and nice point, apt to rife, or eafie to fall away to nothing. And in like fort, is a Horfe prone to barrennefs, for it wanteth nothing but cold fubftance to be mingled with his feed, which cometh then to pafs when the feed of the Als is mixed with it, for there wanteth but very little, but that the Affes feed waxeth barren in his own kinde, and therefore much more when it meeteth with that which is befide his nature and kinde. This alfo hapneth to Mules, that their bodies grow exceeding great, efpecially becaufe they have no menftruous purgation,and therefore where there is an annual breeding or procreation,by the help and refrefhing of thefe flowers, they both conceive and nourifh j now thefe being wanting unto Mules , they are the more unfit to procreation.- ' The excrements of their body in this kinde, they purge with their urine, which appeareth becaufe the male Mules never.fraell to the fecrets of the female, but to their urine, and the refidue which is not voided in the urine, turneth to encreafe the quantity and greatnefs of the body , whereby it cometh to pafs, thatif the female Mule do conceive with foal, yet is fhe not able to bring it forth to perfection, becaufe thofe things are difperfed to the nourifhment of her own body,* which Ihould be imployed about the nounfhment of the foal: and for this caufe, when the Egyptians de- fcribe a barren woman, they picture a Mule. Alexander Aphrodifetts writeth thus alfo of the fterility of Mules. Mules (faith he) feem to be bar- *«. ren, becaufe they confift of Beafts divers in kinde, for the commixtion of feeds, which differ both An Emblem, in habit and nature, do evermore work fomcthing contrary to nature, for the abolifhingof gene- ration; for as the mingling together of black and white colours doth deftroy both the black and white, and produce a fwart and brown, and neic-her of both appear in the brown ; fo is it in the ge- neration of the Mules, whereby the habitual and generative power of nature is utterly deftroyed in the created compound, which before was eminent in both kindes,fimple and feveral. Thefe things faith he. Alcm£on ) as he is related by Flutarcb, faith, that the male Mules are barren by reafon of the thin- nefs and coldnefs of their feed, and the females becaufe their «vombs are fhut up, and the veins that fhould carry in the feed, and expel out the menftruous purgation, are utterly ftopt. And Empedocles and Diodes fay, that the womb is low, narrow, and the paffages kcrooked that lead into it , and that therefore they cannot receive feed, or conceive with young, whereunto I do alfo willingly P p 2 yeeld, 436 The Hiftory of Four- footed 'Beafts. yeeid, becaufe it hath been often found that women have been barren for the fame caufe. To con- clude therefore, Mules bear very feldorn, and that in fome particular Nations if it be natural, or elfe their Colts are prodigious, and accounted monftcrs. Concerning their natural birth, in hot regions where the exterior heat doth temper the coldnefs of the Affes feed, there they may bring forth. And therefore Col umella and Varro fay, that in many parts of Afiicl^, the Colts of Mules are as familiar and common, as the Colts of Mares are in any part of Europe. Mules cn gen- $ tne n by this reafon it is probable unto me, that Mules may ingender in all hot Countries, as & cr - there was a Mule did engender often at Rome ; or elfe there is fome other caufe why they do engen- der in A\ric\, and it may be that the African Mules are like to the Syrian Mules before fpoken of, that is, they are a fpecial kinde by themfelves, and are called Mules for refemblance, and not for nature. It hath been feen that a Mule hath brought forth twins, but it was held a prodigy. He- rodotus in his fourth Book recorded thefe two ftories of a Mules procreation ; When Darius (faith he ) belieged Babylon, the Babylonians fcorned his Army, and getting up to the top of their Towers, did pipe and dance in the prefence of the Perfians, and alfo utter very violent & opprobrious fpeeches againft Darim and the whole Army, amongft whom one of the Babylonians hid thus : Quid iftic de- ftdctts o Perfa ? quinpttw abfceditit, tunc expugnaturi nos cum pepererint MuU. O ye Per/tans, why do you lit here? wifdom would teach you to depart away; for when Mules bring forth young ones, then may you overcome the Babylonians. Thus fpake the Babylonian^ believing that the Perftans (hould never overcome them, becaufe of the common proverb, epean emionoi tek'ftn, when a Mule beareth A Hiftory of young ones. But the poor man fpake truer then he was aware of, for this followed after ayeer and Mules. feven months : While the fiege yet lafted, it hapned that certain Mules belonging to Zopirus,the fon of Megabizus brought forth young ones, whereat their Matter was much moved, while he remerri- bred the aforefaid fongofthe Babylonian^ and that therefore he might be made the Author of that fad, communicated the matter with Darius, who prefently entertained the device ; therefore Zopi- rus cut off his own nofe and ears, and fo ran away to the B^/omanf, telling them that Darius had thus ufed him, becaufe he perfwaded him to depart with his whole Army from Babylon, which (he faid) was in expugnable and invincible. The Babylonians feeing his wounds, and trufting to their own ftrength, did eafily give credence unto him ; for fuch is the nature of men, that the beft way to be- guile them is, to tell them of thofe things they meit defire, for fo are their hopes perfwaded, before they receive any affurances. But to proceed, Zopirus infinuated himfelf further into the favour of the Babylonians, and did many valiant ads againft the Perftans, whereby he got fo much credit, that at laft he was made the General of the whole Army, and fo betrayed the City unto the hands of Va- rius : Thus was Babylon taken when Mules brought forth. Another Mule brought forth a young one,at what time Xerxes patted over Hellefpont, to go againft Grtcij) with his innumerable Troops of Souldiers, and the faid Mule fo brought forth, had the geni- tals both of thejnale and female. Unto this I mayadde another ftory out of Suetonius , in the life of GalbaCeJat. As his father was procuring Augurifms or divinations, an Eagle came and took the bowels out of his hands, and carryed them into a fruit-bearing-oak , he enquiring what the meaning of thatfhould be, re- ceived anfwer, that his pofterity (hould be Emperours, but it would be very long firft : whereun- to he merrily replyed ; Sane cum Mula pepererit ; I fir , when a Mule brings forth young ones : which thing afterwards happened unto Galba\ for by the birth of a Mule, he was confirmed in his enterprifes when he attempted the Empire ; fo that, that thing which was a prodigy and caufe of forrow, and a wonder to all other people, was unto him an ominous confirmation of joy and gladnefs, when he remembred his Grand-fathers Sacrifice and faying. Therefore it was not ill laid of DemocriMi Muh non natur£opus t fed humane machination* , adulur 'mum inventum , & furtum ejfe videntur. Mules are not the proper work of nature, but an adulterous invention of humane The invention policy, robbing nature ; for (faith he) when a certain Median found his Afs covering of his Mare, of Mules. whereupon afterwards Ihe fell to be with foal, and feeing the young one to communicate with JEliams. both natures, thc-y drew it into a cuftom to cover the Mares with their AfTes, for the engendering of fuch a breed. Some are of opinion that Mules firft began among the Papklagoniant, which before the Trojan war were called Eneti, and afterwards Veneti: but in Gen. 36. wefinde that Anab the fon of Zibeon, keeping his fathers Affes, did invent Gemim, that is, Mules, as fome interpret. But rather I be- lieve, that while AfTes and Horfes ran wilde in the Wildernefs among themfelves, the wilde A fTes firft began this race. The male at feven years old may engender,becaufe he is of a hotter nature then the female ; , and alfo doth not in his generation confer any part of his bodily growth to the young one ; and fometimes he engendereth when he hath loft his foremoft teeth, and after the firft copulati- Ariflolle. on> he never engendereth more. The young one fo generated, is called Gmnus and P«w/w,for it is a The quantity very dwarf, according to the obfervation of Martial : of a Mules fos1. His tubi de Mulnmnefl metuendaruim 3 Abavs, iti terrk pene federe jolts. Such as thefe were kept in the Court of the Duke of Fetraria, and although in all things they refemble the mother, yet are named after the father, and fuch alfo are the Burdones before fpoken of Of the Mule. ~ 4?7 of in the ttory of the Horfe. Mules are begotten both by Mares, She-affes, and Bhtls, but thofe are the beft that are begotten betwixt an Afs and a Marc. And thus much for the generate:. .. Mules. They are nourifhed with the fame meat that Horfes and Affes are, annoyed with the lamefiW neffes, and cured with the fame means j generally bloud-letting is good lor them, and for fclieVf tftet Bullimung. In ^^tbia they can abide no cold, and therefore the Horfes are there ufedmitcad of Mules. In fdme Countries the Horfes can abide ho cold, but the Affes and Mules bear out (as Htro ■ dotus writeth,) and as we have fhewed before irt the ftOry of the Afs : when the Grecians were at 2re/, andweredeftroyedbyaconfuming peftilence, the fifftofall their company that dyed were their Dogs and their Mules, and the reafon of it was, becaufe the peftilcnce arifing out of the earth, they by the fenfe of fmelling, which is very quick in both kindes, didfirttof all draw in that poy- fon from the earth. Gellumella faith, that the medicines for the Oxen do alfo cure Mules, yet there are fpecial medi- Skknefles of cinesnottobenegleded, which we will exprefs'in this place. For a Mule that hath a Feavcr, give MuIesand her raw Cabbage ; and for one that is fhort-winded ufe bloud-letting, and for a drink give it a pi nee chaJ cures ' of Wine and Oyl mixed with half an ounce of Frankincenfe, and half a pinte of the juyce of Hore- hound. Forthefcratchesordifeafeinthehoofs, lay to it Barley meal, then make fuppuracion with a knife,and cure it by laying two linnen clothes,or by a pinte of the belt Garum,and a pound of Oyl infufed into the left noftril of the Mule, whereunto you may adde, the whites of three or four Egs feparated from the yolks. The female Mule may biburnedin the feet, or let bloud after the manner of Horfes , and fome Gountreymen give in their food the herb Veretrum, or elfe the feed of Hyofcamus or Hen- bane bea- ten to powder and drunk m Wine. For the languifhjng of the chine or leannefs, they make this drink ; have an ounce of beaten Brimftone, a raw Eg,a penny weight of the powder of Myrrh , ming- led all three together in Wine, and fo poured down the Mules throat,is a prefent remedy to cure it. As alfo for the pain in the belly and all manner of coughs, the herb Medicais fpecial good for the faid languifhing difeafe. So alfo to fat the Mule if it be given green, and not dryed like Hay, a little at a time for fear the Beaft be fuffoeated with overmuch bloud. - When a Mule is tired CoHumeUa. or heated, let the load be taken off, and turn her forth to wallow in fome convenient place. Ifthac Rutitu. fufficenot, take fome fat, and put it into her chaps^ that fo fhe may fuck it down, and pour Wine afte/ it. For to keep the necks of Mules from wringing and loofening their skin, ufe this medicine, Take two pound of Hogs-greafe fod three times,Or unto the third part two pintes of Vinegar 5 and there- withall anoint the Mules neck. As we have fhewed that the pains of a Horfes belly and gucs are beft p e !ami(ts of all cured by the fight of a Mallard, fwimming in the water, whereby they are fpeedily delivered from all manner of torment, fo the fame Ivath as great or greater operation to cure the pains of the Mules belly. It is reported by Avian, that Mules fall into madnefs, and in that madnefs bice their' ma- tter mortally. They are likewife fubjecf to the Gout, and efpecialiy to fwellings about the Crown of their patterns, but they are cured as Horfes and Oxen. They live long, ordinarily to fifty years, and fometimes to fotfrfcore, the reafon thereof is given by C alius : Animalia qu whereupon poor men carry their burdens, and from thence it was tranflated in- to a proverb, to fignifie all that do obey commands. There be fome which give another reafon of this proverb , for they fay, that when Scipio did befiegeN«mu*q', trabimulto maimora funevides. They were alfo ufed in race at the games of Olympus, as we have already (hewed in the ftory of the Horfe, but that cuftom dyed quickly, becaufe that the Arcadians could not endure Mules. The price of Mules was great, for Crifpim (faith fuvenul) gave fix thoufand pieces of mony for a Mule, and yet he faith it was not well worth fix pound j the verfes of Juvenal are thefe : Crifpinus Mulum [ex miHibus emit Mquantem jane paribus Jefiertia librit, Vt perhibent qui de magnk major a loquuntur. The Cappadocians payed to the Perfians every year befides Silver and Gold, fifteen hundred Horfes, two thoufand Mules, and fifty thoufand Sheep } but the Medians payed twice fo much. The dwar- fifh Mules called Ginni were alfo much fet by, not for ufe, but only for delight, as dwarfs are kept in Noblemens houfes. When Pj/ifiram the fon of Hippocrates fir It of all affefted Tyranny at Athens, and laboured to get the government to himfelf, as he eame out of his Countrey, being drawn with a Chariot by Mules, he wounded himfelf and his Mules very grievoufly, and fo drave them into the Market place, (hewing his wounded body and Beafts unto the Athenians, telling them that fo he was wounded by his enemies, and that he efcaped death very narrowly j but if it pleafed them to l in „ The milt of a male Or female Mule, being drunk in-a potion or jiiyee nlade of Hotly, Water, and Vinegar, to Che value or quantity of three cruces ©red ps 'full',' is commended for an excellent cure and medicine, for thofe which are troubled and grieved with that peftiferous and deadly difeafe cal- led the Falling-ficknefs, otherwifc Saint Johns Evil. There is 1 an excellent rerriedy for thofe which Marcellus. are : troubled in the voiding of their water, which is this; To take the Ring-worms or Tetters which do grow upon.both the legsof a Mule above their knees* ahd which do ftick thereupon in the manner of a dry ed thick skin, and to burn or parch them, and afterwards to put or place them upon him which is troubled with the Strangury, or cannot void his water but by drops-meal/o that there be great care had to cover dofe with cloven or clefted cloaths,or garments.the fuffurnigation there- of, left, that thefmell or fume do fade, and void away, and this being fb ufed will be very effectual for the curing and driving away of the aforefaid difdafe. Traliianut. The hairs of a Mule and an Afs being mingled together and dryed, and put into forrie certain per- fume, and fo given to any one to drink which is troubled with the Falling-ficknefs , will prefently expel and drive it quite away. In the place or part of mans body wherein a male or female Mule, fhall bite, Fonzetiiu affirmeth , there will prefently anfe, and grow fmall pufhes , or little bhfters which are always-full of red and pale humors, 4nd filthy corruption, which canalmoft be healed and cured by no falve, potion, or medicine, by any means applyed thereunto. There are fontdalfo which do fuppofe the biting of Mules to be poyfon, for truly there doth not only fol- low >thofe aforefaid. pufhes and biles, but alfo an extream and almoft indurable inflammation and burning, through all the parts of the body, which doth greatly diftemperate and vex the fame.-. .. . , 1 1 . ' 1 . But it is affirmed by others, that the biting of Mules is to be cured after the fame manner as the biting of a Cat, which is thus: Firft, to wafh and clarifie the wound or bitings where the cor- ruption is with Vinegar mingled with Oyl of Rofes, and then to take Peny-royal, or the herb called Neppe, and boil it, and ftrokeor rub the wound very foftly with it, and it will in time wholly cure it. And thus much (hall fuffice at this time concerning the cures and medicines of Mults^ . . ; 1 . :■ ■ ' : " 4 r, .■■.■■<• Of the Neades> Neides,w Naides. HEtadidft, CxliuftVelaterranus, znAEupkcrion, do all write that once the Ifle of Santos was a Deferc place, and chat there were in it certain Beafts called Neades, whofe voyce was fo terri- ble that they fhook the earth therewith, and from thofe ftrange and great voyces came the vul- gar Greff} proverb, Mi'moonmiatoon Nuiom, maiusmaNeadum. That is, One of theNeadeswas a great..wonder,for it was ufed in oftentation,to fhdw that there was nothing in the whofe world com- parable to their vaft and huge quantity. Of the parts of thefe Beafts there is no memory but only in 6"«j$w a-nci JEliamu, who affirm, that their bones were to be feen in their days. And this title I thought good to infert into this Hiftory, leaving the Reader to confider, whether he will take them for Elephants,or for any other greater Beaft ; for ray opinion if it be defired, I think them rather (if there ever were any fuch) that they were Elephants of greater ftature then ever fince were feen,and" not any generation of Beafts now loft and utterly perifhed. The names of this Beaft. The ckferipti- on of D. Cay, Of the OUNC E, the defcription whereof was taken by Doctor Cay in England. THere is in Italy a Beaft called Alpbec, which many in Italy , France, and Germany^ call Lemza] and (omeVnzia, from whence tAlhrtus, und'Jfidorus make the Latine word Vnilia , and I take it to be the fame Beaft which is called Lozanutn, and for the defcription of it, lean follow no better Author then Doctor Calhomonte y vn- fus Ru^jiam Tranfylvaniamq; referiri feras fimiles omnino rupiapr'u , (xcepto quod 'unicum cornu ex media fronte enajcitur , nigrum, dorfo infaxum ) fmile omnino rupicapmrum Qotnibm , that is to fay ; It is with- out 442 Of the Oryx, out all controveriie , chac there are wilde Beafts in the Mountain Cor pat bus , towards Rujjia and Trarifivania, very like to wilde Goats, except that they have but one horn growing out of the middle of their heads, which is black and bending backward like the horns of wilde Goats. But the true Oryx is defcribed before out of OypianM, and it differeth from that of FHny , both in ita- ture and horns. JElianus faith, that the Oryx hath four horns, but he fpeaketh of the Indian Oryx, whereof there arefome yearly prefented to their King, and it may be both there and elfewhere,di- verfity of regions do breed diverfity of ftature, colour, hair,and horns. Simeon Sethi affirmeth of the Musk-cat, that it hath one horn ; and it is not unlikely that he hath feen Inch an one,and that the Oryx may be of thatkinde. But concerning their horns, it is related by Herodvtut , Pollux , and Laur. Valla, that there were made inftruments of mufickoutof them, fuch as are Citherns or Lutes, upon whofe bellies the Mufitians piayed their Mufick, by ftriking them with their hands; and that thofe Beafts were as great as Oxen; and all this may be true, notwithstanding we have Chewed already, that they are as big as Roes, for P%fpeaking that by relation, or by fight, it is likely that he had feen a young one. There be alfo Sea-beafts called Oryges^ and Ore* ; and there is in Egypt an Oryx.which at the rifing of Canii S)rim, or the little Dog is perpetually forrowful ; and this caufe the Lybians to mock the Egyptians for that they fable , the fame day that the little Dog-ftar rifeth, their Oryx fpeaketh. But on the contrary themfelves acknowledge, that as often as the faid Star arifeth with the Sun, all their Goats turn Co theEaft, and look upon it ; and this obfervation of the Goats, is as certain as any rule of the Aftronomers. The Lybians affirm more,that that they do prefage great ftore of rain, and Plutarch. change of weather. JEltanus. The Egyptians alfo fay, that when the Moon cometh near to the Eaft, they look very intentively upon her,as upon their foveraign Goddefs,and make a great noife,and yet they fay they do it not for her love^ but for her hate, which appeareth by knocking their legs againft the ground,and fattening their eyes upon the earth, like them which are angry at the Moons appearance : And the felf fame thing they do at the rifing of the Sun. For which caufe the ancient Kings had an obferver, or one to tell them the time of the day, fit- ting upon one of thefe Beafts, whereby very accurately they perceived the Sun rifing ; and this they did by turning their tail againft it, and emptying their bellies ; for which caufe by an Oryx the Egyp- tians difcipher an impure or godlefs wretch : for feeing that all creatures are nourifhed by the Sun and Moon, and therefore.ought torejoyce at their appearing, only this filthy wretch difdaineth and fcorneth them. The reafon why they rejoyce at the little Dog-ftar, is, becaufe their bodies do perceive an evident alteration of the time of the year, that cold weather and rain are over-paffed, and that the vapors of the warm Sun are now defcending upon the earth, to clothe it with all manner of green and pleafant herbs and flowers. There is another kinde of Oryx which according to Celumel!a 3 was wont to be impaled among Deer and Harts, the flefh whereof was eaten, and ufed for the commodity of hi s Matter : This was impatient of cold. It grew till it was four years old, and afterwards through age decreafed, and loft all natural vigor. But to return to the Oryx intended , from which we have digreffed ; their horns whereof we late fpake, are not only ftrong and fharp like the horn of the Unicorn, and the Rhinocerot, but alfo fo- iid, and not hollow like the horns of Harts. The courage and inward difpofition of this Beaft, is both fearful, cruel, and valiant; I mean fearful to Men and Beafts, but fearlefs in it felf : For faith my Author; Neq- } enim Can'u lairalum timet, neq; apri ejfirvefcentetn feritatem y neq;taurimugi- turn refugit, neq; Pantherarum trifiem vocem, neq;ipfiuf Leonisvehementemrugitumhorret, neq; itembomi- num rebore movetm, ac feperobujiumvenatoremoccidit: That is to fay; Hefearethnot the barking of the Dog, nor the foaming wratli of the wilde Boar; heflyethnot the terrible voyce of the Bull, nor yet the mournful cry of the Panthers ; no, nor the vehement roaring of the Lion himfelf ; and to conclude, he is not moved for all the ftrength of man, but many times killeth the valianteft hunter that purfueth him. When he feeth a Boar, a Lion, or a Bear, prefently he bendeth his horns down to the earth,where- by he conformeth and eftablifheth his head to receive the brunt, ftanding in that manner until the affault be made : at which time he eafily killeth his adverfary, for by bending down his head , and fetting his horns to receive the Beaft, he behaveth himfelf as ski! fully as the Hunter, that receiveth a Lion upon his fpear. For his horns do eafily run into the breafts of any wilde Beaft,and fo piercing them, caufeth the bloud to iffue, whereat the Beaft being moved, forgetteth hiscombate and fal- leth to licking up his own bloud, and fo he is eafily overthrown. When the fight is once begun, there Ls none of both that may run away, but ftandeth it out until one or both of them be flain to the ground, and fo their dead bodies are found by wilde and favage men. They fight with all , and kill one another, alfo they are annoyed with Linces,I mean the greater Linces : of the cruelty of this Beaft Martiall made this diftichon : Matutinarumnon ultima pi ad a ferarum S&viu Oryx } confiat qui mihi morte canum, 44? The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Oppiams. It- is reported of this Beaft, that it liveth in perpetual thirft, never drinking by reafon that there Vliny. is no water in thofe places where it is bred, and that there is in it a certain bladder of liquor Albettus. whereof whofoever tafteth, (hall never need to drink. ThisBeaft liveth in the Wilderncfs,and not- withstanding his magnanimous and unrefiftible ftrength, wrath , and cruelty, yet is he eafily taken by fnares and devices of men; for God which hath armed them to take Elephants and tame Lions, hath likewife indued them with knowledge from above,to tame and deftroy all other noifome Beafts. Concerning the pidtureof this Beaft, and the lively vifage of his exterior or outward parts, I cannot exprefs it, becaufe neither my own fight, nor the writings of any credible Author, doth give me fufficient direction to deliver the fhape thereof unto the world, and fucceeding Ages upon my credit: and therefore the Reader muft pardon me herein. I do not alfo read of the ufe of theflefh, or any other parts of this Beaft,but only of the horns,as is already exprefled,whereunto I may adde v the relation of Straba, whoaffirmeth the Ethiopian Silli, do ufe the horns of thefe Beafts in wars infteadof fwords and fpears : for incredible is the hardnefs and (harpnefs of them, which caufed Juvenal to write thus : Et Getulm Oryx bebet'i lautifima fern Caditur. For although of the own length they are not able to match a pike, yet arc they fit to be put upon the tops of pikes,as well as any other artificial thing made of fteel or iron ; and thus I will conclude the ftory of this Beaft. The SCHTHIA^WOLF. 444 Of the OTTER. s THere is no doubt but this Beaft is of the kinde of Beavers, becaufe it liveth both on the water and on the land, and the outward form of the parts beareth a fimilitude of that Beaft. The Of the names Italians do vulgarly call this Beaft Lodra, and the Latines befides Lutra, Fluviatili* Canicula, a Dog of and the rcafons the Waters; and fome call them Cats of the Waters ; the Italians befides Lodra, call it alfo Lodria, thereof. an( j £ 0Mtra . the French, VneLoutre, or VngLoutre; the Savoyans, VneLeure-, the Spaniards, Nu- tria ; and the lUyrians , Widra ; the Grecians, Lytra ,becaufe it ftieareth afunder the roots of the trees in the banks of the Rivers. Some of the Gra\n nothing but infex, and other fay, that betwixt the Lions and the Pardals there is fuch a confufed mixed generation as is betwixt Affes and Mares, or Stallions and Aflies : as for example, when the Lion covereth the Pardal,then is the Whelp called Leopardiu ,a Leo- pard or Libbard, but when thePardalcovereth the Lionefs, then is it called Panthera a Panther. In this controverfie the Hebrew and Arabian names which are generally indifferently tranflated Panthers or Libbards, do take up the ftrife and almoftendthe controverfie, for Namer in Hebrew, and AipbiC or Alfhed in Arabic^ are fo tranflated both in holy Scripture, and alfo in Avicen, as may appear by thefe places following, Efa. n. Habitabit Lupus cum agna, & (Namer) Tardus cumhxdoac- cubabit. That is to fay, The Wolf fhall dwell with the L amb, and the Pardal , Libbard , and Panther fhall lie with the Kid. So in the vifion of Po(l Pantberam eft genus, vanum ac velcoffimum , & prtceps ad Ja:guimm , faltutnim ad morttm ruit y ex ad ulterio Pardi & 3Le*nto get up into the rough and thick trees,where they hide themfelves araongft the boughes and leaves, and do not only take birds, but alfo from thence leap down up- on Beafts and Men when they elpy their advantage ; and all thefe things do belong unto the Panthers. Of the Leo- Concerning the Leopard,the word it felf is new and lately invented,for it is never found among any pard. of the ancients, before Julius Capitqlmw. or Spartianus. Sylvatkus maketh no difference betwixt Pat- dalif and Leopardut, and the Italians generally call a Pardal Leopardo, and never Pardo, except fome of the Poets, tor brevity fake in a^verfe. The Leopard is like to a Lion in the head and form of his members, but yet he is leffer and nqthing fo ftrong : by the fight of a Leopards skin Gefner made this defcnption of the Beaft .- u/ The length (faith he) from the head to the tail, wasasmuchasa mansftacure, and half a cubit. The tail or it left three fpans and a half, the breadth in the middle three fpans, the colour a bright yellow diftinguifhed into divers fpots, the hair fhort and moffie. The price of the skin was about five nobles, or forty (hillings , for they differ in price, according to the Regions out of which they are brought, they which come furtheft are fold dcareft, and they which come lefs way are fold cheapeft. It is a wrathful and an angry Beaft, and whensoever it is fick, it chufteth after the bloud of awildeCat, and recovereth by fucking that bloud, or elfe by eating the dung of a man. Above all other things it delighteth in the Camphory tree, and therefore lyeth underneath it,tokeep it from fpoil ; and in like fore the Panther delighteth infweet gums and fpices , and therefore no marvel if they cannot abide Garlick , becaufe it annoyeth their fenfc of fmelling: And it is reported by S. Ambrofe , that if the walls of ones houfe or (heep-coat be anointed with the juyce of Garlick, both Panthers and Leopards will run away from it, but of this matter we fhall fay more afterwards. • Alberius. The Leopard is fometimes tamed, and ufed in ftead of a Dog for huntingboth among the larta- rians, and other Princes, for they carry them behinde them on Horfe-back, and when they fee a Deer or Hart, or convenient prey, they turn them down upon them fodainly , who take tbem \ and deftroy them; yet fuch is the nature of this Btaft, as alfo of the Pardal, that if he doe not take his prey at the fourth or fift jump, he falleth fo angry and fierce, that he deftroy- eih whomfoever hemeeteth, yea many times his Hunter. Therefore the Hunters have always a regard to carry with them a Lamb or a Kid, or fome fuch live thing, wherewithal they pacifie him after he hath miffed his game , for without bloud he will never be appeafed : and thus much (hall fuffice to have fpoken of the difference betwixt Panthers, Pardals, and Leopards, and their feveral names in Greeks and Latins, from whom almoft all Nations do derive their denomU Of the Panther. 449 denomination, for the//./ lans call it Leonardo ; the trench, Leopard, and Lyopaid; and Germans , Lep* The names i pdni, and L-farad, and Pantherthier . the Spaniards, L mantius: Leoperfeftisfimam marit ideam pre fe ferl, Pardalis vero fxmineam formam exprimit, cruribus tantum exceptis, quibusad invadendum fortiter utitur, that is to fay: Among all Beafts the Lion doth moft refemble the male, and the Pardal the female, except in thelegs which fheufeth to take her prey, ' v •' ' ,; '* 1 1 1 It hath a little face, a little mouth, little eys, fomewhat white, ptain, and not much hollow, a lofig fore-head, ears rather round then l'mooth or broad, a neck very long and (lender, the breaft not Well fet out wuh ribs, becaufe they are fmall j the b*»ck long, the buttocks and thighs very flefhy,the parts about the fmall of the belly or loins are more fmooth,iefs hollow and bunchy ; the colour di* vfers, and the whole body inarticulate, and not well compounded for the outward fight : and it is to be rcmembered'(faith Cr*clare fentimt: that is to fay, The Panther or Pardal fmelleth molt fwcetly, Of the Panther. fweetly, which favour he hacfi receiveJ troma divine gift, and doth only leel the beneric of ic himfelf, but alfo bewray it unto other Beafts: for when he feeleth himfelf to be hungry and Aiifiutle. ftand in need of meat, then doth he get up into fome rough tree , and by his favour or fweet Volaterramt> fmell, draweth unto him an innumerable company of wilde Goats, H^rts, Roes, and Hmdes, and fuch other Beafts, and fo upon a fudden leapeth down upon them, when he efpyech his conveni- ent time. And ^'olims faith, that the fweetnefs of his favour worketh the fame effect upon them in the open fields, for they are fo mightily delighted with his fpotted skin and fragrant fmell, that they will alwayes come running unto him from all parts, driving who fhall come neareft him to be fatis- fied with the fight, but when or.ee they look upon his fierce and grim face, they all are terrified and turn away : for which caule thefubtle Beaft, turneth away his head, andkeepeth that from their fight, offering the more beautiful parts of his body, as an alluring bait to a Moufe, and deftroy them : and from hence there are fome which are of opinion, that he receiveth his name Fantbtra, of congregating together all kinde of Beafts to look on him , for Pan figmfieth all, and Tibmjfignifieth Beafts. Albeiius is of opinion, that the report of the Panthers favour or fweet fmell Iftdarut. is but a fable, becaufe (he faith) it is written as a Mjxim among Philofophers, that Ctterd amnvt- liaprtter hominttn net]; Juawier neq; moleftecdonbus affici, that is: That no creatures (man excepted) can be faid to fmell either fweetly or fowrely : and Jbeophratlus writeth, Animal nullum penitus odo- %atum eft nifi quu dixerit Pardalin^eUuarum tenjui bene oA;r<>,chat is : There is no creature that can be faid to be fo odoriferous, except the Pardal feem to fmell well to the fcents of other Beafts *• for it is cer- tain, that there be fome favours and fmels which Beafts do follow and refufe , being led thereunto onely for the choife of their meat: for by their nofes they choofe that which is the convenient and agreeable to their natures, btft that they fhould be drawn by any fmells or favours meerly, and for no other caufe butthepleafuie of the fcents,asit is a reafonable part in man,fo it is unreafonable, to attribute the very fame unto a Beaft. Yet herein by the favour of Albertus I diffent from him, for it being granted.which all men yceld unto, that either thefpotsof his skin, which feem to be as many eyes as colours, orelfe the fweec favour which cometh from him is the occafion of the Beafts affembling about him ; then it follow- eth, that when he is from the earth, and lodged in a tree,and fo not vifiblc to the eyes of the beafts, if then I fay they affemble about the tree wherein he is lodged, there is no caufe to draw the Beafts unto him, but the attractive power of his fweet favour : and what want of reafon can it be jultly deemed, to fay that Beafts love fweet favours, feeing both Albertus^ and all other learned men that I know, do confidently affirm, that many wilde Beafts do forfake their meat to hear mufick; and alfo the Badger doth forfake his own den when he perceiveth the Fox hath emptied his belly therein. Therefore I will conclude this point with admiration of the work of the Creator, to confider how wifely he hath difpofed his goodnefs, and how powerfully he communicateth the affections of his divinity even unto brute Beafts,who doth not diftinguifh them afunder only by their outfides and exterior parts, nor yet by their infides and qualities of their mindes, but alfo by the air they draw in, and the favour they feud forth. Among all kindes of Beafts the male is moft couragious and fierce, except in Bears and Panthers, for the female Panther is more generous then the male. At the time of their luft, they have very pe- Their time of culiar voices, which caufed the Poet to write thus : luft. farther caurit amans, Tardus himdo feliU At the found of thofe voices other Beafts come about them, as both Lions, Lioneffes, Wolves, and Thoes. They never bear above once, becaufe when the young ones begin to ftir in the dams belly, and gather ftrength for birth, they cannnot tarry the juft time of their delivery, but tear out the womb or bag wherein they lie with the fharpnefs of their nails, and therefore their dam is forced for the avoiding of pain to caft them forth of the womb both blindc and deformed, which yet fhe nourifheth tenderly, but afterwards can never conceive again, by reafon that her womb is fo torn with the claws of her firft whelps, that it is not able to retain to perfection the received feed of the male.. Panthers live together in flocks or heards, and greatly delight in their own kinde, but in no other jf, eir f ', that I know, and therefore I wonder from what Author Jftdorut wrote. Panther omnium animalium and hatred amicus tjlexceptoVracone; That the Panther is friendly to all Beafts except the Dragon. It was not enemies and in vain, that the Poets feigned the Nurfes of Bacchus to be turned into Panthers, and that they de- f »*nds. voured Pmtfcf Mi. becaufe he railed upon Bacchus: for as a Lion doth in moft things imitate and re- ferable the very nature of Man, fo after the very felf fame manner doth the Panther of a Woman, for it is a fraudulent, though a beautiful Beaft, or (as Adamamias writeth) panther* ingenium molle e(t>effoemina\umjracundum, infidiofum, &fraudulentum , timidum jimul & audax , h 'umoribus corpork etiam forma refyondit that is; The difpofition of the Panther is wanton, effeminate, outragious, rreache- Tne^efa ip i- rous, deceitful, fearful, and yet bold: and for this occafion, in holy Scriptures it is joyne'd with the on ofPaji- the Lion and the Wolf, to make up the triplicity of ravening Beafts: and therefore alfo weread, that the wifeft among the Egyptian^ when they will fignifie a cunning man covering the fecret corruption and evil difpofi^ipn of his minde, pretending good, and yet intending evil, rhey picture The Hiftory of Four-footed c Beafts. a Panther; for we have (hewed already, how he doth cover both his head and his body to take his prey. The taming cf j[ ns Beaft is never fo tamed but that he falleth into his wilde fits again. Their love to their young Panthers. ones IS exceeding great, for if at any time while they are abroad to forage, they meet with Hunters that would take them away, they fight for them unto death, and to fave them from blows, incerpofe their own bodies, receiving mortal wounds, but if they finde their young ones taken out of their den in their abfence, they bewail their lofs with loud and miferable howling. Vemeiriw the Philofopher, relateth this ftory of a Panther, that lay in the high way to meet with a man to help her young ones out of a ditch or deep pit wherein they were fallen, at length there appeared in her fight the father of Pbilinm a Philosopher, who prefently began to run away affoonashefawthe Beaft, but the poor diftreffed Panther rowled after him in humble manner, as though fhe had fomefute unto him, and took him lightly by the skirt of his garment with one of her claws : the man perceiving that (he gave fuck by thegreatnefs of her Udders hanging under her. beLly, began to take pity upon her, and layed away fear, thinking that indeed which happened, that her young ones were taken from her by one means or other ; therefore he followed her, (he draw- ing him with one of her feet unto the cave whereinto her young ones were fallen, out of which he delivered them to the mother as ranfome for his own life, and then both fhe and the young ones did follow him rejoycing, out of the danger of all Beafts, and out of the Wildernefs, difmiffing him without all manner of harm, which is a rare thing in a man to be fo thankful , and much more in a Beaft : and unto this ftory of their love and kindenefs to their young ones, I may add another, wor- thy to be remembred out, of Mlianm : a notable do- There was ( faith he) a man which brought up a tame Panther from a whelp, and had made it fo ry of a Pan- gentle, that it refilled no fociety of men, and he himfelf loved it as if it had been his wife. There rhers love to was alfo a little Kid in the Houfe brought up tame, of purpofe to be given unto the Panther when his companion. - t was g l0wn t0 fomeftature or quantity, yet in the mean feafon the Panther played with it every day: at laft it being ripe, the Mafter killed it, and laid it before the Panther to be eaten, but he would not touch it,whereupon he fafted« till the next day,and then it was brought unto him again,but he refufed it as before ; at laft he fafted the third day, and making great moan for meat, according to his ulual manner, had the Kid laid before him the third time ; the poor Beaft feeing that nothing would lerve the turn, but that he muft either eat up his chamber-fellow, or elfe his Mafter would make him continually fail, he ran and killed another Kid, difdaining to meddle with that which was his former acquaintance, yea though it were dead 5 herein excelling many wicked men, who do noc fpare thofe that have lived with them in the greateft familiarity and friendfhip, to undo and over- throw them alive for the advancement of. themlelves. The harms of We have faid already, that they moft of all refemble Women, and indeed they are enemies to all Panthers. creatures. The Leopards of Barbary do little harm to men that they meet, except they meet them in Come path way where the man cannot decline the Beaft, nor the Beaft the Man, there they leap moft fiercely into his face, and pull away as much flefh as they can lay hold upon, and many of them with their nails do pierce the brains of a man. Leo- A\tx. They ufe not to invade or force upon flocks of Sheep or Goats, yet wherefoever they fee a Dog, Albsrm. they mftantly kill and devour him. The great Panther is a terror to the Dragon, and fo foon as the Avicenna. Dragon feeth it, he flyeth to his cave. The leffer Panthers or Leopards do overcome Wolves be- ing (ingle, and hand to hand as we fay, but by multitude they over-mafter and deftroy him, for if he endevour to run away, yet they are fwifter and eafily overcome it. P/i»;. There is alfo great hatred and enmity betwixt the Hysena and the Panther, for in the prefence of Otus- the Hyaena, the Pardal dareth not refift ; and that which is more admirable,if there be a piece of an Hyaenas skin, about either man or beaft,the Panther will never touch it,and if their skins after they be dead be hung up in the prefence of one another, the hair will fall off from the Panther; and therefore when the Egyptians would fignifie how a Superiour was overcome by a Inferiour, they The terror of picture thofe two skins. If any thing beanointed with broath wherein a Cock hath been foddea. Panthers. neither Panthers nor Lions will ever touch it , efpecially if there be mixed with it the juyce of Garlick. fliny. Leopards are afraid of a certain tree called Leopardi-arbor , Leopards-tree. Panthers are alfo Rafts. afraid of the skull of a dead man, and run from the fight thereof: yet it is reported, that two JEfculapitiS- year before the death of Francti King of France, two Leopards, a maleand a female were let efcape in France into the Woods, either by the negligence or the malice of their Keepers, that is, a male andalemale, and about Orleance tore in pieces many men and women ; at laft they came and killed a Bride, which was that day to have been marryed, and afterward there were found many carkafes of Women deftroyed by them, of which they had eaten nothing but only their breafts : Such like things I might exprefs many in this place» whereby the vengeance of Almighty God againft man- kinde for many fins, might feem to be executed by the raging miniftery of wilde, favage, and un- gentle Beafts. . Ll m «, taken and killed ; or elfe the veffel is hanged up fo high, that the Beaft by ftraining himfelf to leap ^riMlu into it, and get his defired medicine, (but all in vain ) fpendeth out the time of his recovery till the poyfon ha h throughly corrupted \\\% body, and every part and member,for otherwife fo great is the life, fpint, u.id ftomach of this Beaft, that he will fight and not yeeld to his adverfary, although his guts and incrails hang about his legs out of his behy. Therefore the Panthers of Hircmia do more often perifh by poyfon then by other violence of Swords, Spears, or Dogs : for by this poyfon the Beaft many time; falleth to fuch a loofenefs of his belly, and withall fuch a weaknefs thereby, that he is taken alive. Likewife in Armenia there are cer- tain Fifhes which are poyfon to Lions, Bears, Wolves, Lynces, and Panthers, the powder of this fifh the Inhabitants put into the fides and flefh of their Sheep,Goats and Kyds,without nil harm to thefe • beafts; but if the Panthers or any ravening Beaft come and devoureany of thofe Sheep fo dreffed, prefently they die by poyfon. When they are hunted and forced in the pre fence of the Hunters, then they leap direftly unto their heads, and therefore the Hunter taketh great care both of his ftanding and alio of holding his fpear, for it he receive not the Panther in his leap, and gore him to the heart, or elfe otherwife wound him mortally, he is gone, and his life is at an end. Opprantu alfo fheweth, that he is taken as L.onsare, efpecially by thefe means following ; for when the Hunters perceive the way or path which heufethtohiswater, therein they make a deep ditch (but not fo great as they make for a Lions) wherein theyerefta woodden pillar or great port, unto that they tie certain engins , and withaH 453 4^4 The tliftory of Four-footed Beafts. withall a male little Dog, whofe ftones or tender cods they binde with fome firing or cord, fo as the young beaft may whine and cry for pain, by whioh voyce he inviteth and calleth the Panther to Ins deftructton : For the greedy beaft winding the voice of the Dog, beftirreth himfelf to meet with hisdefired prey or booty j at latl finding the ditch, and feeing the Dog down, he leapeth, where the engms take prefent hold upon him and deftroy him ; and lb he defcribeth the fame means to take great hfh.es by the fight of little fifties fwimming in a Net. In hunting of wilde beafts the wary Wood-man muft make good choice of his Horfe, not only Oftitnus. j. Qr t j je meta i and agility which are very neceflary , but alfo for the colour, as we have already expreffed in the ftoryof the Horfe: for the gray Horfe is fitteft for the Bear, and molt terrible to him ; the yellow or tire colour againft the Bore ; but the brown and reddifh colour againft the Panther. The Moons alfo ufe other devifes to take Panthers and all fuch noifome beafts , they enclofe in a little houfe certain rotten flefh, which by the favour thereof when it itinketh , draweth the wilde beafts unto it : For they make a dore,or a gate of reeds unto the faid houfe, through which the fil- thy fmell breaketh out an j difperfeth it felf into the wide air ; prefently the wilde beafts take it up, and follow it with all fpeed they can,for there is not any Musk or other fweet thing wherewithal men are fo much delighted, as ravening beafts are with the favour of carrion : therefore like an amorous cup it draweth them to the fnare of perdition: for befidcthe rotten flefh a they eredmany engins and unavoidable traps,to fnare in the beaft when he cometh to raven. I The Chriftians of Africk^ did inftitute a general hunting of Leopards, inclofing the ends of the ways through which the beafts were to pafs : The Leopard when he was ftirred ran to and fro di- ftraded, becaufe in all his pafTages he found Horfe-men ready to refift him,neither left they any way for him to efcape : at length wearyed with many windings, turnings, and provocations , the Horie- men might eafily come unto him and pierce him with their fpears : but if it fortuned that the Leo- pard efcaped, and brake away from the Hunters ; then he at whofe corner he brake forth; was bound by ancient cuftome to make the refiduc a dinner or banquet. Among the Cbaonians, there was a certain young Nobleman which loved a Virgin called Antbippe, the which two lovers were walking together a good feafon in a Wood ; It happened while they were there, that Cicfy.** the Kings Son profecuted a Pardal in hunting, which was fled into that Wood, and feeing him, bent his arm againft him and caft his Dart; the which Dart miffed the mark and killed the Virgin tSfnthtppe, the young Prince thought that he hadflainthe beaft, and therefore drew neer on Horle-back to rejoyce over the fall of the game, according to the manner of Hunters ; but at his approach he found it far otherwife,for in ftead of the erfufion of the bloud of a beaft, (that which was more lamentable) his right hand had fhed the bloud of a Virgin .- For when he came to them he faw her dying and drawing her laft breath , and the young man held his hand in the wound to ftanch the bloud : for forrow whireof he prefently fell diftracled in his minde, and ran his Horfe to the top of afharpRock, from whence he caft down himfelf headlong and fo perifhed. The Cbaonians after they underftood this fearful accident, and thereafonof it , compaffed in the place where he fell with a wall, and for the honour of their dea^ Prince builded a City where he loft his life, and called it Cicbym after his own name. Their love of Leopards and Panthers do alfo love Wine above all other drink, and for this caufe both Bacchus Wine, was refembled to them, and they dedicated to him: Bacchwntauro aflimilant& Fardali, quod homines tbrii beVuarum iftarum ingenia referent, & omnia violenter agant, quidam enim iraemdi fiunt Jauiorum infiar 9 & pugnaces feriq;ut Pardales 3 faith Plato 'm his fecond Book of laws, they refemble and compare Bacchus to a Bull, or Pardal, becaufe drunken men in all their a&ions do imitate the difpofition of thefe wilde beafts, both in their folly and violence : For fome of them are wrathful like Bulls, and fome of them wilde apt to fight , likePardals: Bacchus was alfo called Hebrides, becaufe he wore the skin of a Hinde-calf, which is fpotted almoft like a Panther : and therefore a fearful man , or a drunken; variable and inconftant man, is faid to wear a skin of divers colours, but the chief caufe why Panthers were dedicated to Bacchus, was for their love of Wine ; for all Writers do c< nftantly and with one confent affirm, that they drink Wine unto drunkennefs : the manner and end thereof is elegantly defcribed by Oppianm in this fort : When the Inhabitants of Lybia do obferve fome little fountain arifing out of the fand, and falling down again, (as in the manner of fmall Springs which cannot encreafe into great Rivers) whereat the Panthers and Pardals ufe to drink early in a morning, before it be light ; after they have been at their prey in the night time, the Hunters come and pour twenty or thirty pitchers of old fweet Wine into the faid Fountain , then a little way from it they lie down and cover themfelves with clothes, or with ftraw, for there is no ftielter either of tree or bufhes in that Countrey. In the morning the Panthers ardently thirfting, and being almoft dead for want of drink, come unto the fame fountain , and tailing of the Wine drink thereof great aboundance, which prefently falleth to work upon their brains, for they begin firftofallto leap and fport themfelves, until! they be well wearyed , and then they lie down and fleep moft foundly , at which time the Hunters that lye in wait for them, come and take them without all fear or perill ; Thus far 0\ fi- anus. Ufe of their Concerning the ufe of their feveral parts , I finde little among the ancients,except of their skins, parts. for the foot-men and ancient Souldiers of the Moons did not only wear them for garments , but alfo flept Of the Poepbagw. llepc upon rliem in the night time. The Shepheards of Ethiopia, called Jgriofbsgi do eat the flefh of Lions and Panthers, although it be hoc and dry. The Medicines of the Panther, or Lecpard. It the skin or hide of a Leopard being taken and Mead, be covered or laid upon the ground, there Avicenna. is iuch force and vertue in the fame that any venemous or poyfonfome Serpents dare not approach into che fame place where ic is fo laid. The flefh of a Panther being roafted or boiled at the fire.and Alkertus* fmelled by any one which is troubled with the Palfie,or fliaking in the joynts, as alfo by them which are troubled with the beating and continual moving or turning of the heart, is a very profitable and excellent remedy for the fame. The fame fat or fewet of a Leopard being mixed or mingled with the Oyl which proceedeth from the Bay-tree, and then mollified both together, and fo anointed upon any one which is troubled with the fcurfe or mangy, the fcabs whereof doth cut or pierce the skin, doth prefently and with- out any grief or pain cure the fame. The twigs of a Vine- tree being dryed and beaten intofmall R a fi;. dull or powder, and mingled together with the fat or greafe of a Leopard, and fo anointed upon the face of any one who is grieved with akings and fwelling thereon, will not only cure and heal the fame without any pain or forrow, but alio preferve the fame free from blemifhes in che time of healing. The greafe alfo of a Leopard by it felf, being anointed upon the head of any one who doth fhed or cafthis hair, oris troubled with the Foxes evill , doth immediately hehp and cure the fame. The bloud of a Panther being anointed upon the veins or finews of either man Jrtteus. or woman who is grieved with any fwelling or akings therein, is very profitable and curable to Galen. expel the t fame away. The brains of a Leopard being mingled with a little quantity "of the wa- ter whiclus called a Canker, and with a little Jafmine, and fo mixed together and then drunk, doth mitigate the pain or ach of the belly. The brains of the fame beaft being mixed with the juyce of a Canker, and anointed upon the genital of any man, doth incitate and ftir him up to lechery, but the marrow which cometh from this beaft, being drunk in Wine doth eafe the pain or wring- ing of the guts and the belly. The gall of a Panther being received into the body either in meat op drink, doth inftantlyand out of hand kill or poyfon him which doth fo receive ic. The right (tone of a Leopard being taken of a woman of a far fpent age, doth reftore unto her , her menftrual purgation being ceafed, and doth make her to purge, if Ihe doth heartily receive her meat more often. Of the POEP HJGUS. THere is a beaft in India called Toephaguf, becaufe he feedeth upon herbs and grafs like aHorfe, whofe quantity he doth exceed double, for he is twice fo big, hi^tail is molt thick and black, the hairs whereof are thinner then the hairs of a mans head : and therefore Indian women make great account of them, for with them they binde up their own hair, platting it, and folding it in curious manner, every hair is two cubits in length , and upon one root twenty or thirty of them grow together: this great beaft is one of the fearfulleft creatures in the world j for if he perceive himfelf to be but looked at of any body, he taketh him to his heels as faft as he can go , and yet al- though his heart be light, his heels be heavy, for faith my Author , Magit fiudioft qum celeriter fugam peragit. That is, He hath a good will to run apace, but cannot perform it : but if he be fol- lowed upon good fwift Horfes, or with nimble Dogs , fo as he perceiveth they are near to take him, and he by no means can avoid them, then doth he turn himfelf , hiding his tail, andlooketh upon the face of the Hunter with fome confidence , gathering his wits together , yet in fear- ful manner, as it were to face out hispurfuer or hunter, that he had no tail, and chat the re- fidue of his body were not worth looking after: but while he ftandeth ftaring on his Hunter, another comech behinde him and killeth him with a Spear , fo they take off the skin and tail, and throw away the flefh as unprofitable, for the other recompenfe their labour for i their pains. Volatenanus relateth this a littleotherwife, and faith that the beaft biteth off his own tail , and fo delivereth himfelf from the Hunter, knowing that he is not defired for any JEliamts, other caufe. Nicotaut FVwr«r an Earl, writing of the furtheft part or Province of Afta, which he callcthMw- JEne.Sllv'u ij wmw, andl think he meaneth Serica, becaufe he faith it lyeth betwixt the Mountains of India and j Cathay, there are a generation of white and black Oxen which have Horfes tails, but reaching down ! to their heels, and much rougher. The hairs whereof are as thin as the feathers of flying birds, t| thefehe faith arc in great eftimation ; for the Knights and Horfemen of that Countrey do wear H them upon the top of their lances and fpearsfor a badge or cogryzance of honour, the which I i thought fit to be remembred in this place, becaufe I take them to be either the fame with thefe Indian beafts, or very like unto them. _455 The 4 s 6 The Hittory of Four-footed c £eaHs. The Porcuftine or Porcupine. Of the Porcufpine or Porcupine. 457 I Cannot learn any name for this Beaft among the Hebrews, and therefore by probability it was The fevaal unknown to them : The Grtaans call it Acanthocoiros and Hyfirix, that is, jus Jetofa , a hairy, or namfS briftly,or thorny Hog, for their qui Is which they bear upon their back , are called both Pili , /■ u, tybhiHtf viBi,pitm£,aerforet> & farum etiam & jaxa tranfigut , faith OppiAnm and JEIiartUf, that is, whatfoever it is fee to,eitherit calteth it upintothe air, or elfe borech it through though it be iron or ftones. Eucherius faith, that the Rhinoctrot hath two horns in his nofe, but that is utterly falfe, as you may fee in the picture ; Although Martial feem to exprefle fo much in thefe Verles ; Namq; gravem cornu pmino fic extulit ur\um, JaQat ut impofitas T.mrw in sftxa pilas. The Rhinocerot caft up a Eear into the air, even as a Bull would do a baH which were laid upon his two horns: we (hall not need to apply Gemino cornu to the Bull, as Polttianm doth, but rather take it figuratively for a ftrong horn ; and if it muft needs be literal, it is apparent by the Picture jthat there is another little horn, not upon the nofe, but upon the wither of the Beaft, I mean the top of his ihoulder next to his neck, fo that the error of Eucherius lyeth not in the number, but in the place; and that it may appear that this horn is not a faigned thing, Faujaniat above two thou- fand year ago writeth thus. Rhinoceroti in furnmo naf> cornu fmgulare Hf , & aliud fupra ipfum non magnum, in capita nullum. I do marvel how it came to paffe that men which can mock and deride others cunningly lhould be called proverbially Najuti homines, except the proverb were taken from the Rhinec- jes, who by reafonof his crooked horn is faid to have a crooked nofe ; for indeed a deformed nofe is more fubjectto derifion then any other part or member of the body, which caufed Mar- tial to write thus ; Majores nmquam rhonchi : juvenefq; [enefq- 3 * " Et ptteri nafum Rhinocerotit habent. i And thereupon Horace alfo faith thus ; —Najo fufpendit adunco, Oppianus faith, that there was never yet any diftinction of fexes in thefe Rhinocerotes : for alldiat ever were found were males and not females; but from hence let no body gather that there are no females, for it were impoffible that the breed fhould continue without females,and therefore Pliny and Sohnut fay, that they engender or admit copulation like Elephants, Camels, and Lions. When they are to fight they whet their horn upon a ftone, and there is not only a difcord be- twixt thefe beaftsand Elephants for their food, but a naturall defcription and enmity.- for it is confidently affirmed , that when the Rhinocerot which was at Lisborne, was brought into the pre- sence of an Elephant, the Elephant ran away from him. How and in what place he overcom- eththe Elephant, we have fhewed already in his ftory, namely how hefafteneh this horn in the foft part of the Elephants belly. He is taken by the fame means that the Unicorn is taken, for it is faid by Albenws ,lfidorm , and Almnw, that above all other creatures they love Virgins, and that unto them they will come be they never fo wilde,and fall afleep before them, fo being afleep, they are eafily taken and carried away. All the later Phyfitians do attribute the virtue of the Vnicorns horn to the RhinoceroU horn, but they are deceived by imitation of lftdorus and Albertuc : for there is none of the antient Grecians that have ever obferved any medicines in the Rhinocerot. The Indians make bottles of their skins, wherein they put their Lycion, or fuccum medicatum, and therefore I will conclude this ftory, with the riddle of Francifcm Niger made upon the excellency of the horn lhat groweth upon the nofe. Vic mihi qua[uperis ftnt acceptiQIma dona. Whereunto the anfwerismade inthenextVerfe; Principim nafi Rh'moceroiif amant. Of 4 6 4 The Htftory of Four-footed Beafis. Of the SHEEP. '-pHe Hebrews have divers names, whereby they fignifie a Sheep, and all that kind, as Zon, and names A Zwirtfc, for which the SiftMgmu do always render Probata, Sheep or little Cattell. The Wr*i6i- am,Genas. The Chaldeans, Ana. The Perfians, Gojpand, alio KtfcAW in Hebrew; the plural whereof is hechelim, which fignificth Sheep.- Kebefck, and KabJk,ot Kibfa, Ifa. 53. Tafce/, Nebelamab, that is, a dumb Sheep, where the Hebrews have Rachel, there the Chaldes tranflate Rachlak,. "the Ara- bians, dkatek: The Perfiam 3 Comefihanthu. Kebes and Kibfa iigivfte a Sheep, male and female undera year old, and //#//, and Ee7, for a Sheep above a year old, male and female. In Levit. 22. the Ckalde tranllateth for Kebii, lmar. The Arabians, I gel. The Perfians, Bara, and Kefeb in He- brew is the fame that Kebejch. Seh alfo fignifieth a Sheep, although it be fometime taken for a Lamb or Kid. Likewife IhaUb and Iheleh fefai. 40. fignifieth a Lambe that fuck- eth. And hyiphanius writeth , that by the fame word the Hebrew Aftronomers fignifie the fign Aries \n the Zodiac^- The Sarazens at this day call a Sheep Ganeme, and Cattle Garten, and the dung of Cattle HaraGarien. The Grecians call a Sheep 0///, and Prebaton ; the Latins Ov 'u, and by ex- cellency Pecstf ; the Italian! , Pecora, the French, Brcbti ; the Spaniards, Oveia ; the Germans,^ chaff ; the I yrians, Oncze, or S^op. Thefe and fuch like Imight add more concerning thenames of this Beaft, and the aboundance of the names thereof in the Hebrew tongue, is a notable teftimony of the lingular account which Godhimfelf made of this beaft. The Lalines have fo honored it that after it they have named many of their children, and ftories make mention of moft noble and gallant men, fo called. Such was Oviniw CamiUus, Severw Ovinim , Fabim Maximu* Ovicnlus, Oileciu-, Oileus Ajax, Oie, the wife of Cbaihippus, and many fuch other, if it were neceflary to this ftoryto relate them, but I will not trouble the Reader with any fuch unneceffary circumftan- Theckfaipti- ces. I will therefore firft of all begin with a relation of the Sheep of other Countries, and fo in on of dives the end make a more particular difcovery of our own at home. For the difference of Regions do kinds of Sheep vcr y muc h enlighten the defcription or hiftory of Sheep. It is reported that about Erytbrea, one SxS> R iur ofthelllandsof the GWw, there is fuch aboundance of good pafture and Hearbs fo gratefull to Strabo° mU * Sheep, that if they be not let bloudoncein thirty dayes, they perifti by fuffocation, and that the milkofthofe Sheep yeeldeth no whay, wherewithall they make abundance of Cheefe, although they powre water into it. The herbage of thatlfland is dry, yet profitable to Cattle and milch Beafts, and from thence came the original of the fat Cattel of Geryan. The Sheep of Grecia are leffer then the Sheep of Egypt, and the Oves Pyrrhic* , were like Boves Pyrrhic^ namely, of exceeding ftature, which name was derived from Pyrrbm their matter and owner. Among the PfiQians in India, their Rams are greater then our Lambs, and Aecbilades in his books of husbandry affirmeth, that the Sheep of the Ifle Chins, are very fmalljand yet their Milk maketh very lauda- ble Cheefe. In Spain their beft Sheep have black fleeces: at Polentia, neer the Alpet, they are gray or hony-woolled : jn Afia and Bcetica, called Erythrea , they are red likeJFoxes, and from thence came the term of Erytkre* Oves. At C'anufium the Sheep are yellow, or Lion-tauny, and fo alfo at Ta- rentum. I(iria and Liburnia yeeld Sheep having wooll which is fo courfe and rough, that it may rather feem to be hair then wooll, and therefore never fit for fine garments, nor for any other ufe, except by the fingular art of fpinningin Portugal. And the like to this is the wool of the Sheep of Pijcena, and in Egjpt, ofwhich latter it is faid, that if it be dyed again after it is thread-bare, ic will endure almoft for ever.For the antients fas Homer wriceth) had the ufe hereof (although the thread were rough) in their works of Tapeftry, and this was dreffed divers wayes, for the French in Europe dreffe it one way, and the Partbians in Afi a another way. The Sheep of Apulia gave the name to Lana Italica, for excellent wool, and yet was it fliort and courfe, good for nothing but for clokes to ride in, and wear in rainy weather : unto thefe I may add the Calabriany Udefian, and Arentiman Sheep, yet in the' dayes of Varro they covered their Sheep with other skins to keep the Wool both from loffe, and other infe&ion, fo that it might be the better wafhed, dyed, and prepared, for thefe were nourished moft of all inhoufes. The French Sheep about Alimas^ and alio thofe that are fcabbed are folded in the plain and barren fields of Parma andMutina. The Sheep of Helvetia feed in the tops of the Mountains,whiles the Goats keep beneath among the trees and gather fruits on the fides of the hils. The Fkmmifb Sheep have a foft and curled hair. There be in general two kinds of Sheep, one called leUum, the other Colonicum, as if you would fay houfe-fheep, and field-fheep, for the Grecian Sheep which before we have called Tarentin*, and were alfo called Tarintina> becaufe of their foft wool, lived in houfes, and they were alfo called PeHiu, but the field fheep having by nature a greater, courier, and rougher hair, are fuffered to lodge a- broadin the fields. Likewife the Sheep of Mile.tum and Atiica, and the region Gadilonea, reaching to Armenia, have very foft and gentle wool, which thing feldom cometh to pafTe inPwf«;,or Ccppadoda. In Scot- land a\Co\n a phce thereof, called by HeSor Beothitu Buthuguhania, are great ftore of Sheep,bearing good wool, from whence almoft all that Countrey fetch their breed. The Sheep of Ethiopia bear no wool at all, but in ftead thereof their hair is rough like Camels hair. Amongft the Abidenes, and the Beudiani, both JElianus and Nicomacbtu the Son of Arifiotle do teftifie, that all their Sheep are black, and that there was never white Sheep bred in thofe Countries. In Gortynit their Sheep are red and have four horns : In the fortunate Iflands of the red-fea all their Sheep are white, and none Of the Sheep. ol them have crooked horns. In B&t04 there are tour Rivers winch work itmngeefiecfs upon Sheep after they drink of them ; namely, MeLis, Cepbifus, Peniut, and Xanttus. The Sheep drinking of Me- laf and P>nius grow black, of Ctphijus white, and yet Pliny faith, that this River cometh forth from the lame fountain that MelM doth. They which drink of Xantbus grow red : Imightadde hereunto another fpeeial observation of difference betwixt the Sheep of Pontus and Naxui, for in Pontus chey have no gaul, and in Naxus they have two gauls. In fome parts of India their Sheep and Goats are as big as Affes, and bring fourth four Lambs at a time, but never lefs then three, both Sheep and Goats. The length of their tails reicheth down to their hinder-legs, and therefore the Shepheards cut them off by the fecret s, to the intent that they may better Puffer copulation, and out of them being fo cut off, they exp&ctscertain Oyl ; alio they cut afunder the tails of Rims , the ends whereof do afterwards clofe fo nearly and naturally to* gether, that there appeareth not any fear or note of thefecfion. In Syria and India ^hz tails of their Sheep are a cubit broad. There are two kinde of (heepin Arabia^ wiiichare diftinguifhed by the length and breadth of their tails : the one fort hare tails three cubits long , by rea'fon whereof they are not fuffered to draw them on the ground for fear of wounding; and therefore the fhepheards devife certain en- gms of wood to fupport them : the other, kinde of fheep have tails like the Syrian fheep. All flieep that live in hot and dry Regions have larger tails, and harfher wool I , but thofe that: live m the mmft Regions and fait places, have fofterwooll and fhorter tails. There were two of the Ara- bian Sheep brought into England, about the year 1 560. whofe pictures were taken by Domftar and therefore! have expreffed them here with their defcription. 465 THis Arabian Sheep (faidhe) is a little bigger then our vulgar Sheep in England, but of the The defcripti- fame wooll, figure of body, and colour, only the fhins, and fore-parts of their face, area on of the Ar& little red : the broad tail in the top was one cubit, but lower it was narrower , and like the W*»fl»«p, end of a vulgar Sheeps cail. They being brought on fhip-board into England, were taught through famine and hunger to eat not only grafs and hay 3 but flefti, fifli, bread, cheefe 3 and butter. Bert' . t The Hittory of F our-footed Heatts. Herodotus faith, chat fuch kinde of Sheep are no where found but in Arabia : the long tailed Sheep he calleth Macrokfrcos, and the broad tailed Sheep Plateuk^ercos : yet Leo Afer faich, that thefe are of the African Sheep, for thus he writeth : His arietibus nullum abaliia difcrimen e(l , praterquam intauda quam lau$mamciTcum{eruni> quecuiq; quoopimior esl,crafjiorobtrgit , adtout nonnullk Brat decern, autvU gintipendat, cum fua Jponte impinguantur. There is no difference betwixt thefe Rams and other, except in their broad tail, which evermore as it grows in fatnefs groweth in breadth, for if they fat of their own accord, it hath been found that the tail of one of thefe Sheep have weighed ten of twenty pound, and not only there, but alfo in Egypt , where they cram and feed their Sheep with Barly, Corn, and Bran : by which means they grow fo fat, that they arc not able to ftir themfelves fo that their Keepers are forced to devife little engins like childrens Carts, whereupon they lay their tails when they remove their Beafts : and the fame Leo Afer affirmeth, that he faw in Egypt in a Town called Aftota, ftanding uponNilu*, a hundred and fifty mile from Alcair, a tail of one of thefe Sheep that weighed fourfcore pound, and whileft he wondred at it , fcarcely believing that which hi9eyes faw, there were fome prefent, that affirmed it to be an ordinary thing, for they faid according as he writeth; Sevidiffequ* femi ducentaf libra* expendiffent : That is, they had feenfomeof them weigh a hundred pounds : and except in the Kingdom of Imis in AfricV^ and Flock? of Egypt, there are none fuch to be found in all the world, and by it , it appeareth, that all the fat of wilde fliccp. t heir bodies goeth into their tails. Among the Garamants their Sheep eat flefti and milk, and it is not to be forgotten which A it is very hurtful unto them. We have Ihewed already 9 th3t in fome parts of Ajm\ and Mxbtyia, their Sheep eat flefh, and drink milk,and it is apparent by PbiloftratHfjhat when ApoUoniut travelled towards Indiana, the Region Fegades, inha- bited by the C?r*fe,they fed their Sheep with fifhes,and fo alfo they do among the Carmanian Indiam, which do inhabit the Sea-coafts : and this is as ordinary with them, as in Caria, to feed their Sheep' with figSjbecaule they want grafs in that Country : and therefore the flefh of the Sheep doth taft of fifh when it is eaten, even as the flefh of Sea-fouls. The people of that Countrey are called Icbthyo- fbagiy that is fifh-eaters : Likewife the Sheep of Lydia and Macedonia , their Sheep grow fat with r Artinm. «»"ng of fifths- SaAm alfo writeth of certain fifties about the bignefs of Frogs which are given un- to Sheep to be eaten. In Arabia in the Province of Aden, their Oxen, Camels, and Sheep, eat fifties after they be dryed, for they care not for them when they be green : the like I might fay of many other places, generally it muft be the care of the fhepheard to avoid all thorny and ftony places for the feeding of his Sheep, according to the precept of Virgil ; Si tili lanicium cnr yet fo as the Ewe and her Lamb may lie both toge- ther, and the breathing place not left open at the top of the houfe or the fides, for that will let in too much air, but at the door or porch of their entrance, and that very low, that fo the frefh air may quickly and eafily come to their low heads and bodies, andalfo their breath the better avoid out of the liable. They alfo had a care to cover all the floor with ftraw or dry boared boards, or fome fuch other matter, whereby they might Hand continually dry and warm, and alfo clean and fweet , to the end they might not be annoyed in their own (landings ; and therefore the floor was made (helving or falling low on the one fide, orelfeof hurdles like baskets to let out their urine, for they often make water : and thefe were often changed, cleanfed, and turned. In this liable there ought to be divifions or partitions wherein in time of necefiity and ficknefs, they may eafily abide alone and be parted from the refidue, and feed without annoyance of one another, and efpecially that one may not ride another, and during the time of the Winter, they did not let their cattel drink above once a day. And thefe were the cures of the Ancients about their flocks of Sheep. For upon them they ™e manner lived, they bought and fold, and herein alfo it is profitable to obferve the ancient manner of their tj^'^e bargains about thefe creatures : for when a man came and bought Sheep, he made this proteftation bought and to the feller: lanti funt mihi empu ? To whom the feller anfwereth, jmt: Then the buyer drawech fold (heep. his mony with thefe words » Sic tUafceovetf quadere agitur^fanas rette ejfe uti pecus ovillum, quod rede fanum eft , extra lufiam minam f, ventre giabro, neq- y de pecore morbofo ejfe t habereq; reQeiicerei htcfi rede fieri refpondes ? &e. Firft, the Buyer faith, (hall I buy thefe Sheep for thus much money ? andfodraweth his money, to whom the Merchant or feller anfwereth, you (hall : Then faith the chapman or buyer again to bim, Do you promife to me. then that thefe Sheep are as found as Sheep mould be, without fault of wmde or limb, without blindenefs, without deafnefs , without pield bellies , not coming out of any infeded flock ; and fo as it (hall be lawful for me to injoy them without all mens contradiction, If thele things be true, th en I will ftrike up the bargain : and yet doth hot the feller change the pro- perty of his (heep, nor lofe his Lordfliip over them until the mony be paid And hereupon it cometh to pafs that the buyer may condemn the feller, if the cattel be not fo good as his bargain, or if he do not deliver them i even as the buyer is fubjed to the fame judgement , if he do not deliver the price. And concerning (hepheards, and cuftody of flocks I may adde a word or two more : Firft of all for the number of the Sheep, how many may fafely be kept iri every flock. There is no need that I (hould give any rules about this bufinefs, for the Ancients were wont to The general fet one (hepheard over a hundred rough or courfe woolled Sheep, and two (hepheards over a hun- dikiplinc of dred fine woolled Sheep : the common flocks were feaventy , or fourfcore , and the (hepheard ftle P h «»ds« that followed them, was charged to be both vigilant and gentle, and therefore his difciphne was: Vueipropior effe quam domino, &incogendir, recipiend/fque ovibus 3 adclamalione , acbaculo minetnr^nec m~ quamtelum emittat 1 neque ab hit longius recedat,nec out recubet, aut concidat , namnifi procedit, dare debet, quoniam grex quidem cuftodit officium fublimem celfiflimamq, oculorum , veluti fpecnlam } defiderat, «f neq* tardiorety & gravidas dum cun&antur, mq\ agile: & foetas dum procurrunt, jeparari a ctteru finat , tie fkr aut beftia ballucinantem pattorem decipiai , fmhCol/umeUa : He muft rather be a guide unto them then a LordorMafter over them, and in driving them forward, or receiving them home after they have ftragled, he muft rather ufe his chiding voice, and (hake his ftaffe at them, then caft either (lone or dart at them ; neither muft he go far from them at any time, nor fit down, but ftand ftill, ex- cept when he driveth them , becaufe the flock defireth chediredion of their Keeper, and his eye like a lofty watch-tower,that fo he fuffer not to be feparated afunder,either the heavy Ews great with young, becaufe of their flow pace, nor yet che light and nimble ones which give fuck, and are delivered of their young, which are apt to run away, left that fome ravening beaft or thief deceive the loitering (hepheard by taking away from him the hindmoft or formoft.There may alfo be more in a flock of Sheep then in a flock of Goats,becaufe the Goats are wanton, and fo difperfe themfel ves* abroad, but the Sheep are meek and gentle, and for the moft part keep round together : Yet it is better to make many flocks then one great one, for fear of the peftilence. In theftoryof the Dogs we have (hewed already, how necelTary a (hepheards Dog is to the flock,to defend them both from Woolfs and Foxes, and therefore every (hepheard muft obferve thofe rules there expreffed,for the provifion.choice,and inftitution of his Dog : and to conclude this difcourfe of the (hepheard, when the Lambs are young he muft not drive their dams far S f 3 to 475 The Hiftory of Four-footed Tleaftf. to palture, buc teed them neer the Town, Village or Houfe, and his fecond care mutt be to pick and cull ouc the aged and fick Sheep every year, and that in Autumn or Winter time, left they die and infeef their tellows, or left that the whole flock do goto decay for want of renewing and lubllitution of others, and therefore he rnuft ftill regard that when one is dead . he fupply the place with one or two at the leaft, and if he chance to kill one at any time for the houfhold, the counfel of Autif banes is profitable to be followed • Mas tantum maiiare debes oves ex quibus nulUs ampliusfruttus, vel cafei vel vtliens, vel lallii , vdagnorum perveniet. That is, to kill thofe Sheep from whom you can never exped any more profit by their Lambs,Milk, Cheefe, or Fleeces. Ofthedifcafes TN the next placeitisneceffary for the wife and difcreet fhepheard to avoid all the means whereby of Sheep. J[ t he health of his flock ftiould be indangered, and thofe are either by reafon of their meat and food that they eat, or elfe by reafon of natural ficknefles arifing through the corruption of bloud, and the third way is by the biting of venemous beafts, as Serpents and Wolves, and fuch like • and a fourth way, fcabs, Gowts, fwellings, and fuch like outward difeafes. T Here is an herb which the Latines call Herba Sanguinaria y VUofeUa^ Numularia, and by the Gamans and Englifh cald Fenugreek, and by the French becaufe of the hurt it doth unto Sheep, they ufe this circumfcription of it : L'berbe qui \m Us brebit, The herb that deftroy- eth Sheep. (It is called alfo Serpentine, becaufe when Snakes and Adders are hurt therewith, they recover their wounds by eating thereof, when a Sheep hath eaten of this herb, the belly thereof fwelleth abundantly, and is alfo drawn together, and the Sheep cafteth out of his mouth a certain filthy fpume or froath, which fmelleth unfavourly, neither is the poor beaft able to efcape death, except prefently he be let bloud in the vein under his tail next to the rump, and alfo in the upper hp ; yet is this herb wholefome to all other cattle except Sheep alone, wherefore the Shepheards muft diligently avoid it. It is a little low hearb, creeping upon the ground with two round leaves, not much unlike to Parfley, it hath no favour with it, o»fmelleth not at all, the flower of it is pale and fmelleth ftrong, and the ftalk not much unlike the flower. It groweth in moift places, and near Hedges and Woods. If in the Spring time Sheep do eat of the dew called the Hony-dew, it is poyfon unto them, and they die thereof : Likewife canes in the Autumn do make their belly fweH unto death, if they drink prefently after they have eaten thereof, for that meat breaketh their guts afunder. The like may be iaid of Savine, Tamarisk, Rhododendron, or Rofe-tree, and all kindes of Henbane. The female Pimpernel doth likewife deftroy Sheep, except afloon as they have eaten of it, they meet with the herb called Ferus-oculus, Wilde-eye ; but herein lyeth a wonder , that whereas there arc two kindes of this herb, a male and a female , they (hould earneftly defire a male, and eagerly avoid a female, feeing that both of them have the fame tafte in the palat of a man, for they tafte iike the raw roots of Beets. There is an herb in Normandy called Dma, not much unlike Rubarb, or great Gentian, but nar- rower leaves, and ftanding upright, the nerve whereof in the middle is red, and it groweth about the waters, and therefore I conjecture it may be Water-forrel, or Water-planton, whereof when Sheep have eaten, they fall into a difeafe called alfo Dma, for there is bred in their liver certain lit- tle black Worms or Leeches, growing in fmall bags or skins, being in length half a finger , and fo much in breadth, wherewithall when the Beaft is infeded,it is uncurable ; and therefore there is no remedy but to take from it the life : and that this is true, the Butchers themfelves affirm.how many times they do finde fuch little worms in the Sheeps liver, and they fay, they come by drinking of Fenny or Marfhy-water. And to conclude, there isakinde of Pannickalfo, whereof when Sheep have eaten it deftroyeth them, and there be other herbs which every common Ihepheard knoweth are hurtful unto Sheep ; and the Beaft it felf,though in nature it be very fimple, yet is wife enough to chufe his own food, except the vehement neceflity of famine and hunger caufeth him to eat poy- foned herbs. In cafes when their bellies fwell, or when they have worms in their belly which they have de- voured with the Herbs they eat,then they pour into their bellies the urine of men,and becaufe their bellies prefently fwell and are puffed out with winde, the (hepheards cut off the tops of their ears, and make them bleed, and likewife beat their fides with their ftaff, and fo moft commonly they are recovered. If Sheep chance to drink in their heat, fo as their greafe be cooled in their belly, which Butchers do finde many times to be true, then the (hepheard muft cut off half the Sheeps ear, and if it bleed the Beaft (hall be well, but if it bleed not, he muft be killed and eaten, or elfe he will ftarve of his own accord. If at any time a Sheep chance to devour a leach , by pouring in Oyl into his throat,he {hall be fafe from danger. of 'venomous meats or herbs unto Sheep. Of Of the Sbeep. 475 Of the Colds of Sheep SHeep arc known to be fubjed to cold, not only by coughing after they have taken it, but alio by their ftrength before they take it ; for the fhepheards do diligently obferve, that when any froftoricefallethupon a Sheep, if heendure it, and not fhake it off, it is a great hazard but the fame Sheep will die of cold, but if he (hake it off, and not endure it, itisafignof a ftrong, found, and healthy conftiiution : Likewifefor to know the health of their Sheep, they open their eyes., and if the veins appear red and fmall, they know they are found, but if they appear white, orelfe red and full; they know they are weak, and will hardly live out Winter or cold Weather : alfo when they are taken in their hands, they prefs their back bone near the hips, and if it bend not they are found and ftrong , but if they feel it bend under their hand, they hold them weak and feeble.- Likewife if a man take them by the head or by the skin of the neck, if he follow him eafily when he draweth him, it is a ffgnof weaknefsandimbecillity, but if it doth ftrive, and follow with great diffi- culty,then it is a token of health and ibundnefs. Of Scdbs, and the cAufes of them, T He true original of Scabs is either as we have faid already, leannefs, or elfe cold, or wet, or The original wounds, in the flefh by clipping, or to conclude, by the heat of the Beaft in Summer not wafhed caufe ol fcabf , off, by thorns md prickings of bufhes,or by fitting upon the dung of Mules, Horfes, or Affes. Now when this firft of all bcginneth, itiseafiefor the fhepheard to obferve by thefefignes and tokens, for the ticklingor itching humor, lying betwixt the skin and the flefh, caufeth the poor Sheep ei- ther to bite the place with his teeth, or to fcratch it with his horn, or to rub it upon a tree or wall, or if he can do none of thefe, ftamp hard upon the ground with his fore-feet, for which it is good prefently to feparate the Sheep fo affeded from the flock. The defcription and cure whereof is thus exprefled by Virgil: Iwpis oves tentat [cabies , uhi frigiius imber Altius ad vivum perfedtt^ & horrida cano Brumagelu: velcumtonfis illotus adbxfit Sudor* &hirfuti (ecuerunt corpora vepxes. Dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magiftri Terfundunt,udijqi aries in gurgite villi f Merfatur^ mijfufqj fecundo defluil arnni. Aut lonfum trifli contingunt corpus amurca : Et [pumas mifcent argenti ,vivaq$ fulpbura, ld£afq;pices^ & pingues unguine ceras , Scillamq; belleborofq; graves nigrumq; bitumen. Non tamenullamagispr&\ent jortma laborume(i 3 §>uam fi quis ferro potuit refcindere jumtnum Vlceris os : alitur vitium, vivitq-, kegendo, T>um medicos adhibere mams ad vulnera paftor Abnegat. which may be JLnglifked in this manner : When the poor Sheep through wet fhowers, cold Winter, Summers fweat, or pricking of thorns, doth incur the filthy difeafe of fcabs , then it concerneth his mafter to wafh him in fweet Rivers over head and ears, yea to caft him in to fwim for his own life, or elfe to anoint his body after it is clipped with the fpume or froth of Oyl, and of Silver with Brim- ftone, and foft Ideon Pitch, with Wax, Hellebore, Black-earth, or the flefh of Shrimps ; or if it be poflible to cut off the top of the wound with a knife. Of the Scabs of Sheepthefrf remedj. THis difeafe the French men call Letac, and of all other it is one of the moft contagious, for our Englifb proverb juftifieth , one fcabbed Sheep infedeth a whole flock, and lextor wnteth thus of it ; Oves ]requemius quam ullum aliud animal infe/iantur fiabie , quam facit macies , ut maciem inopia cibi, buicmorbo nift occunatur mica totum pecus coinquinabit, nam oves contagiwevexamur. That is to fay, Sheep are more oftentimes infeded with fcabs then any other creature, whereinto they fall through leannefs, aa they fall into leannefs through want of food; and therefore if a remedy be not pro- vided for this evil, one of them infeded will defile all the refidue, for Sheep are fubjed to conta- gion : for remedy whereof in France they ufe this medicine : Firft of all they {hear the Sheep, and then they mingle together the pure froath of Oyl and water, wherein Hops have been fod, and the lees of the belt Wine, and fo let it foak in two or three days together : afterwards they wafh then* in Sea water, and for want of Sea water in fait water .• and this medicine is approved, whereby both fcabs and tikes are removed from the Sheep, and alfo the wooll groweth afterwards better then ever it did before ; but it is better if a man can cure them without {hearing then by {hearing, as Varro writeth ; and furthermore to wafh Sheep oftentimes with this medicine, doth preferve them from fcabs before they be infeded : and others adde unto this medicine little fticks of Cyprefs- wood foked in water , and fo wafh them therewith ; fome again make another medicine of Sulphure or Brimttone,Cy prefs, white Lead and Butter, mingled all together, andfo anoint their Sheep therewith. Some again take earth which is as foft as dirt, being fo foftned with the ftale of an Afs, but evermore they {have the fcabbed place firft of all, and wafh it with cold or ftale urine, and generally in Arabia they were never wont to ufe other medicine then the gum of Cedar, wherewithall they purged away byOintment all fcabs from Sheep, Camels, and Ele- phauts 5 The Hittory of Four-footed Heatis. phants: but to conclude, there is no better medicine for this evill then Urine 3 Brimftone and Oyl } zsVioyhones writeth. Another medicine for the Scabs, TAke the lees of Wine, the froath of Oyl, white Hellebore mingled with the liquor of fod Hops, alfo the juyce of green Hemlock, which is exprefled out of the ftalk before it hath feed , after it is cut down and put into an earthen veflel with any other liquor mingled , with fcorched fait , fo the mouth of thevclfel being made upclofe, fet it in a dunghill a whole year together, that fo it may be concoded with the vapour of che dung, then take it forth, and when you will ufe it, warm it, firft of all fcraping the ulcerous or fcabbed part with an Oyfter (hell,or elfe with a (harp pumice ftone, untill it be ready to bleed, and fo anoint it therewith. Another medicine of the fame. * TAke the froath of Oyl fod away to two'parts, I mean three parts into two, put thereinto the ftale urine of a man, which hath been heated by cafting into it hot burning Oyfter- (hels, and mingle a like quantity of the juyce of Hemlock, then beat an earthen pot to powder , and infufe a pinte of liquid Pitch and a pinte of fryed or fcorched fait, all which being preferved together , do cure the fcabs of Sheep fo often as they are ufed. Another medicine* r A Drink being made of the juyce of Hops , and the herb Chamaclion, and given unto them XJL cureth them. Likewife the fame being fod with the roots of black Chamaelion, and anointed warm upon the place,according to ViojcorideS) have the fame operation. Likewife Fliny writeth,thac the fcabs of Sheep may be cured by fait water a!one,either taken out of the Sea,or made by art and forafmuch as there is great danger in the decodion thereof, left that the water overcome the fait, or the Salt overcome the water, he prefcribeth a mean how to know it, namely the equal and juft temperament thereof, for (faith he) if it will bear up an Egge then it is well tempered, fo that the Egg will fwim and not fink,which you ftiall find by addition of equal and juft quantity of water and Salt, that is, two pintes of water,a pinte of Salt, and fo lefs to lefs, and more to more. But if there be any bunch or great fcab which covereth any part of the skin, then open the fcab and buncb,and pour into it liquid pitch and fcorched fait : and thus much for the difeafe of the fcabs. Of the Holy fire which the Shef beards call the Pox, or the Bliliers y or Saint Anthonies fre, THis evill is uncurable, for it neither admitteth medicine nor refecation by knife, and there- fore whenfoever a Beaft is infected therewith, it ought prefentlyto be feparated from the refidue of the flock, for there is nothing that fpreadeth it felf more fpeedily : whenfoever you adventure to apply any thing unto ir, it prefendy waxeth angry, and perplexeth the whole body except it be the milk of Goats, and yet my Author fpeaketh thus of it ; Quod infufum tantum vekt,utblandiatur jgneamfevitiam, different mag* occifionem gregis, quamprohibens. That is, It feemeth to clofe with raging fire, as it were to flatter it a little, rather deferring the death of the Beaft,then doing away the difeafe. It is therefore prefcribed by the moft memorable Author of all the Egyp- tians, that men do oftentimes look upon the backs of their Sheep to fee the beginning of this fick- nefs, and when they findea Sheep affeded herewith, they dig a ditch or hole fit for him at the entering in of the Sheep- coat or ftable, wherein they put the Sheep alive with his face upward,and back downward, and caufe all the refidue of the flock to come and pifs upon him, by which adion it hath been often found fas Columella writeth) that this evill hath been driven away, and by no other means. of the Warts, And Cratches of Sheep. THis difeafe is called by the vulgar (hepheards the Hedghog, and it doth annoy the Sheep two manner of ways j Firft, when fomegauling or matter arifeth upon the paring of the hoof, or elfe a bunch arife in the fame place having {hair growing in the middle like the hair of a Dog, 'and under that a little worm , the worm is beft drawn out with a knife, by cutting the top of the wound, wherein muft be ufed great warinffs and circumfpedeion, becaufeif the worm be cut afunder in the wound, there ifTueth out of her fuch a venemous puftulate matter, that poyfoneth the wound, and then there is no remedy but the foot muft be cut off. But the wound being opened, and the worm taken out alive, prefendy with a Wax-candle you muft melt into it hot burning fewet,and if there be no bunch but only fcabs, take Allum» liquid Pitch, Brirnftone,and Vinegar, mingled all togecher,and apply it unto the wound, or elfe take a young Pomgranate before the grains grow in it, and bake it with Allum, cafting upon it Vinegar,fharp Wine, and the ruft of Iron fryed all together. Of 476 Of the Sheep. 477 Of the F 'ailing- ficknefs. IT cometh to pafie fometimes that Sheep are infe&ed with the Faliing-ficknefs , but the cure hereof can never be known, nor yet the ficknefs well till the beaft be dead, and then (as Hippocrates writech ) by opening of the brain it will evidently appear , by the over great moiftnefs thereof. of the pains in the Eyes. IT is reported by Tbeopbraftut and Pliny, that for clouds and other pains in the Eye of a Sheep, horned-poppy and Cbamdia are very wholfome. Of Phlegnte in Sheep, FOr the Remedy of this Difeafe, take Penyroyal, Marjoram, or wildeNep made up together m wool, and thruft into the Nofe of the Sheep, there turned round untillthe Beaft begin to neeze, alfo % ftalk of black Hcllebor boared through the ear of the Sheep, and there tyed fart for the fpaceol four and twenty hours, and then taken out at the fame time of the day that it was pucin, by Plin) and Columella is affirmed to be an excellent remedy againft the Phlegm. Of the ftveffirtg in the Jaws, T Here is fometimes an inflammation or dwelling in the Jaws of Sheep, which the Latins call Tonftll*, coming by reafon of a great flux of humors from the head unto that place, which may be cured two manner of wayesf firft, by incifion or opening the skin where the bunch ly- eth, whereby all the watery tumors are evacuated, and the Beaft cured; or elfe if through the coldneffe of the weather or fome other accident you lift not to cut the skin, then annoint it with liquid Pitch, prepared in fuch manner as is before exprefled for the Scabs;, by operation whereof, it will be diffolved and difperfed.When this evill arifeth in the begining of the Spring, many times it is cured without all remedy, becaufe the Beaft for the greedinefs of the i'weet graffe ftoopeth down her head , and ftretcheth her neck,by which the (training and foreneffe of her jawes and throat de- parteth, and this ficknefTe in a (heep is like the Kings-evill in a man. There be fome that cure it by putting fa It among the meat of thefe Beafts, or by Juniper berries, and Harts-tongue leaves beaten to powder. For the Cough, and pain in the Lungs, SHepherds for thefe difeafes do take the powder of the root of Foal-foot, and mingle it with Salt, fo give it unto the Sheep to lick, whereby they are perfwaded,that the Lungs of the Beaft are much comforted and ftrengthned, and furthermore againft the Cough, they take blanched Almonds, and beat them to powder, and fo- tempering in them two or three cups of Wine,do infufeitin at the SheepsNoftrils, and likewife Vervine which is called a kinde of Germander, but falfely, becaufe it hath no good fmell, is given by (hepherds at this day unto their Sheep a- gainft the Cough. Of fighing and Jhortnefs of Breath. FOr Sheep that are affefted with much fighing, they ufe to bore a hole with an Iron through their ears, and remove the Sheep out of the place where they feedtofome other place, and if it come from the ficknefs of the Lungs, then the herb called Lungwort or Crefwort, is the moft prefent remedy in the World : If the root thereof be drunk in water, or a piece thereof tyed under the Sheeps tongue, or (as Celfw faith) give unto it as much Vinegar as the Beaft can endue, of half a point of a Mans ftale urine warmed at the fire, and infufed into the Noftril with a little horn, this alfo is a remedy againft Flegm in the Summer time. Of the loathing of Sheep, and encreaftng of their ftomach. IF at anytime the Sheep forfake his meat, then take his tail and pull off from it all the Wool: afterwards bind it as hard as ever you can, and fo he will fall hard to his meat again : and Pliny affirmeth, that the fame part of his tail which is beneath the knot will die after fueo binding, ami never have any fenfe in it again. Of 478 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. Of the Fluxes of Sbetp, and leefenefs of the belly. FOr this difeafe the Shepherds take no other thing but the herb T ormentilla, or Set-foyl, where- withall they flop all manner of laxes , but if they cannot get the fame herb, then they take fait and give it unto them; and fo having incrcifed their thirit, they give unto them black Wine, whereby they are cured. of the milt of Sheep, IN April andM^, through the aboundance of thick grofle bloud, the Milt of Sheep is flopped and filled, then the Shepherds will take two of their fingers, and thruft them within the Noftrils of the Sheep, there rubbing them untill they make them bleed, and fo draw from them as much bloud as they can. Of the fuknefs of the Spleen. FOrafmuch as a Horfe, a Man and a Sheep, are troubled with the fame difeafes, they are alfo to be cured with the fame remedies, and therefore Spleen-wort given unto Sheep, as to a Man and a Horfe (as we have already expreffed ) is the beft remedy for this Malady. Of the Fevers of Sheep. SOmetimes a fhaking rage through an incenfed and unnatural heat of the bloud in the Sheep begeteth in him a Fever , the beft remedy whereof is to let him bloud , according to thefe Verfes ; I Quinetiam ima dolor babantum lapfus ad ejfa, i Videri4,autfummascarpentemignavius herbas, Cum furit, atq- y artus depajcitur arida febrk : Exttemamq-, fequi, aut medio prccumbere campo Profuit inceufos tia fudur j\nec humo irgere, uc \ovck abfcundcredtfcunt, Membra fequebatur : nee longo deinde moranti ftim w q erat coriit ufus , nicvijcera quifquam Tempore 3 cuntatlos arttu jacer ignif cdebat. Aut und'u adolerepoieji, aut vinceie flamma. Itisreported by John Siovoe, that in the third year of Edward the firft, and in Anno i27<;. thire •was a rich man of France, that broughc a Sheep out of Spain ('that was as great as a Calf of two year old) into Northumberland, and that the fame Sheep fell-rosten, or to be infe&ed with the Peftt- lence, winch afterward infeded almoft all the Sheep of England: and before that time the Peftilence ^r rottennefs W3S not known in England, but then it took liich hold, 3nd wrought fuch effe&s, as it never was clear fince,and that firft Peftilence gave good occafion to be remembredj for it continued for twenty and fix years together. And thus much for this difeafe of the Peftilence caufed in Eng- land for the moll part in rnoift and wet years. Of Lice and Tikes, IF either Lice or Tikes do moleft Sheep, take the root of a Maple tree, beat the fame into powder, and feetheitin water afterwards clip offthewool from the back of the Sheep, and powre the laid water upon the back, untill it hath compafled the whole body • fome ufefor this purpose the root of Mmdragoras, and fome the roots of Cypreffe, and I finde by good Authors, that all of them are equivalent torid the Sheep from thefe annoyances: To conclude therefore the difcourfe of Sheeps difeafes, it is good to plant near the Sheep-coats, and paftures of Sheep^thc herb Alyflon, or wilde Gallow-grafle, for it is very whole fome for Goats, and Sheep ; likewjfe ^be.< flowers of wormwood dryed and beaten to powder given unto Sheep with Salt, dc^^fl^a^ j all inward difeafes and pains, and alfo purge them throughly. The juice of Centory is very profitable for the inward difeafes of Sheep, and likewife the flowers of Ivy, the Hoom tree hath four kindsof fruic, i wo proper, the Nut, and the Grain; two improper, the Line, and Hiphear, this Hiphear is very profitable for Sheep, and it is nothing elfe but a confedion made out of the barks of the Hoom tree: the word it fell is an Arcadian word, fignifying no other thing then vifcus and ftela. Sheep alfo delight in the branches of Maiden- hair, and generally the Wool of Sheep burned to powder and given them to drink, is very profitable for all their inward difeafes. And thus much {hall fuffice to have fpoken of the feveral infirmities and ficknefles of Sheep, which I defire the Englifh Reader to take in good part, wondering very much at the manifold wits, and ftirring pens of thefe dayes, wherein I think our times may be compared to the moft flourifhing times that everwerj fince the worlds beginning; yet none have ad- ventured to apply their times and wits for the explication of the feveral ficknefles of Sheep and Cattle. I know there are many Noblemen, Knights and Gentlemen of the Land, and thofe alfo which are very learned, that are great mafters of Sheep and Cattle, and I may fay of them as the Pro-« phet David faith : Their Oxenarefirongto labour, and their Sheep bringetb forth thoufands and tenthoufandt in their fields: Whereby they are greatly inriched , and yet not one of them have had fo much commiseration , either towards the poor Cattle, in whofe garments they are warmed, or Charity to the World, For the better direction to maintain the health of thefe creatures, as to publifh any thing in writing for the benefit of Adams children , but fuch knowledge muft reft in the breafts of iilly Shepherds; and for the mafters,either they know nothing, or elfe in ftrange vifitation and mortality of their Cattle, they afcribe that to Witchcraft and the Devill , which is peculiar to the work of nature. Horfes Dogs, and almoft every creature, have gotten favour in Gemlemens wits, to have their natures defenbed, but the filly Sheep better every way then they,and more neceflary for life, could never attain fuch kindnefle, as once to get one page written or indited for the fafegard of their natures. I do therefore by thefe prefents from my foul and fpirit, invite all Gentlemen and men of learning, not only to give their mindes to know the defects of thisbeaft, but alfo to invent thebeft remedies that nature can afford, for it is a token of higheft mercy unto brute beafts to feed them when they are hungry, and to recover them when they are fick. Columella andVarro two great Ronuns, and fuch as had attained to fome of the greateft place of the Common-wealth, being men of excellent wits and capacity, yet had their names been for- gottenand th^y never remembred, if they had not written of ruftick and countrcy matters,and it is no little honour unto them to have left that behind them in Print, or writing, which them-" felves had obferved from following thePlough. Therefore ic (hall be no difgracefor any tau of what worth foever to beftow his wits upon the Sheep; for certainly it is no leffe worthy oth'.s wit, then it is of his teeth; and how neceflary it is for the nourifhment ofman, we all know to this day, and befides there is nothing that fo magnifyeth our English Nation as the price of our Woof The Hifiory of Four-footed Beafts. in all the kingdoms ot the World. But what account the antients made of Sheep, I will now tell you; for their grcateft men both Kings and Lords were Shepherds, and therefore you which fucceed in their places fhall beftowmuch lefle labour in writing of Sheep then they did in keeping : with the pidure of a Sheep they fhmped their antient money, and it is reported ofMan- drabulw, that having found a great treafure in the earth, in token of his blind thankfulnefs to God, did dedicate three pidures of Sheep to Juno, one of Gold , another of Silver, and a third of Braffe • and befides the antient Romans made the penalcies of the lawes to be Oxen and Sheep, and no Man might name an Ox untill he had named a Sheep. Among the Troglodytes they had their Wives common, yet their Tyrants had lawes to keep their wives to themfelves, and they thought it a great penalty for the Adultery of their wife, if the Adul- terer payed them a Sheep. The Poets have a pretty fidion, that Endymion the Son of Mercury fell in love with the Moon who defpifedhim, and that therefore he went and kept Sheep ; afterward the Moon fell in love with his white Sheep, and defired fomeof them, promifingto grant his requeft, if he would gratifie her choice : whereupon the wife-man (as Probtu writeth) divided his flock into two parts, the whiter on the one fide which had the courier Wool, and the blacker on the other fide which had the finer Wool, fo the Moon chofe the white ones and granted him her love, whereupon Vir- gil thus writeth j Fan munere niveolun* captumteLunafefellit. f- It may appear alfo in what great regard Sheep were in antient time, for that their Priefts made holy Water and facrifices for their fandification, whereof I finde thefe relations in Gyral- dtH t Virgil^ and others. At the luftration of Sheep there was another manner of fandifying then at other times, for the Shepherd rofe betimes in the morning , and fprinkled his Sheep all over with Water, making a perfume round about the fold, with Sulphur, Savine, Lawrell, Wine and fire, finging holy verfes, and making facrifice to the God Pan, for they did believe that by this luftration the health of their Sheep was procured , and all confuming difeafes driven away. It is reported that when Sheep of ft range colours were fprinkled with this water, it fignified great happinefs to the Princes of the people, and they were gifts for the Emperor, whereupon Virgil made thefe Verfes ; Jp[e fed in prat it ariesjam fuave rubenti Muricejatn creceo mutabitvellera luto. When men went to receive anfwers of the Oracles, they flept all night in the skins of Sheep. There was a Noble facnfice.among the Pagans called tiecatombe, wherein were facrificed at one time a hundred Sheep at a hundred feveral Altars. • It is reported of King f often, that he facrificed at one time twelve hundred Oxen and eight and thirty hundred Sheep; fo great was the dignity of this Beaft, that God himfeif placed in the death thereof one part of his worfhip: and whereas it was lawful among the Heathens to make their facrifices of Sheep,Goats Swine,Oxen,Hens,and Geefe, they made reckoning that the Lamb and the Kid was beft of all, for that God was not pleafed with the quantity, but with the quality of the facrifice. The antient Egyptians for the honor of Sheep, did neither eat nor facrifice them, and therefore we read in holy Scripture, that the Ifraelites were an abomination to the Egyptians, becaufe they both killed, and facrificed Sheep, as all Divines have declared. There is a noble ftory of Clitw who when he facrificed at the Altar, was called awayj)y King Alexander, and therefore he left his facrifices and went to the King, but three of the Sheep thacV were appointed to be offered did follow after him, even into the Kings prefence, whereat Alex, ander did very much wonder fand that not without caufe) for he called together all the Wife-men and Sooth-fayers to know what that prodigy did forefhew, whereunto they generally anfwered that it did forefhew fome fearful events to C//f w, for as much as the Sheep which by appointment were dead, that is, ready to die, did follow him into the prefence of the King, in token that he could never avoid a violent death : and fo afterwards it came to paffe ; for Alexander being dil- pleafed with him, becaufe (as it is faid) he had railed on him in his drunkennefs, after the facrifice commanded him to be flain, and thus we fee how divine things may be collected from the na- tures of Sheep. Thefe things are reported by Plutarch and Paufanias. Another note of the dignity of Sheep, may be colleded from the cuftom of the Lacedcmonims : When rhey went to the wars they drove their Goats and their Sheep before them, to the intent that before they joyned battle they might make facrifice to their Gods : the Goats were appointed to lead the way for the Sheep, for they were drove formoft, and therefore they were called CaUades, and on a time this miraculous event fell out, for the wolves fet upon the flocks, and yet contrary to their ravening nature,they fpared the Sheep, and deftroyed the Goats ; which notable fadiswor- thy to be recorded, becaufe that God by fuch an example among the Heathen Pagans, did demon- ftrate his love unto the good in fparing the Sheep, and his hatred unto the wicked in deftroying the Gjats, and therefore he referved the Sheep to his own Altar : Idibut 480 Of the Sheep. Idibws alba Jovi,grandior agna cadit, So faith Ovid. Ngram hiemi pecudetn, zephyr if \xlkilm albam, So faith Virgil And again; ■ •HuccafltuHibil'a Wgrarum multo pecudumte fanguine ducet . To Jupiter and to the Sun, they were wont to facrifice white Sheep or Lambs, but to fluto and to the Earth, they facrificed black Sheepor Lambs, in token of dcadnefTe : Therefoie 1i- bullus writeth; tnterea nigrat pecudes promittite Did. And Virgil faith * Due mgras pecudet, ea prima piacnla [unto. When the Grecians fent their fpies to the tents of the Trojans^ to difcover what order, ftrength, and difcipline they obferved : Nejior and the antients of Greece vowed unto the Gods for every one of theCaptains afeveral gift that was, Oin melainan^tbeknkypomnon ■ that is, a black Sheep greac with young : the reafon whereof is given by the Scholia/} , they vowed (faith he ) a black Sheep, becaufe the fpies went in the night time> biacknefs being an emblem of darknefs , and a Sheep greac with young becaufe of good fortune, for they fped well in Troy. In Apolbnia there were certain Sheep that were dedicated to the Sun, and in the day time they fed neer the river in the bed pafture, being lodged every night in a goodly fpatious cave neer the City, over whom the greatelt men both for wealth, ftrength, and wit were appointed every night to watch by turns for their better fafegard: and the reafon of this cuftody, and the great account made of thefe Sheep, was for that the Oracle had commanded the Apollonians to do fo unto them, and make much of them: After- wards Ezwiftf a noble man among them keeping watch according to his turn, fellafleep, fo that threefcoreof the faid Sheep were killed by Wolves j which thing came in queftion among the Herodow> common Magiftrates to know the reafon of that fad:, and how it came to pafs, whether by negli- gence or by fome other violent incurfion .< Evenim being no wayes able to defend it, was condemned to have both his eyes put out, that fo he might be judged never more worthy to fee the light with thofe eyes, which would not wake over their charge, but wink and fleep when they fhould have been open. And to conclude, I will but add this one thing more,that whereas the Egyptians worfhip- ped the Sheep for a god, God permitted the fame unto the Jews to be eaten among common and vulgar meats, and alio to be burned at the Altar for facrifice j and whereas the faid Egyptians did not only eat but facrifice fwines fle(h,God himfelf did forbid his people that they fhould never eat ortaft of Swine9 flefh as an abominable thing:by which he fignifieth how contrary the precepts of men are to his own laws, for that which he forbiddeth, they allow; and that which they allow, he foibid- deth • and therefore how far the people of God ought to be from fuperftition, and from the tradi- tions of men, is moft manifeft by this comparifon, for that was never fanftified that came not into the Temple, and that was never lawful which was not approved by God : and thofe things which in his law have greatelt appearance of cruelty, yet are they more juft and equall then the moft indifferent inventions of men, which feem to be fluffed out with mercy, and gilded over with compaflion. And tljefe things moft worthy Readers,I have thought good to exprefs in this place for thedigni- ty and honorable account which the ^reateft men of the world in former times have made of Sheep, and thereby I would incite and ftir you up, if it were but one noble fpirited learned man, which is furnifhed with wit, means, and opportunity , to dive and pierce into the fecrets of Er.ghfb Sheep, and Shepherds, and to manifelt unto the world, the belt and moft approved means and me- dicines, for the propulfing and driving away of all manner of difeafes from thofe innocent profitable beafts, and for their confervation in all manner of health and welfare. I am forry that our times are fo far poyfoned with Covetoufnefs, that there is no regard of God, man, or beaft, but only for profit and commodity: for as for the fervice of God, we fee that the common devotion of men, and praftife of their Religion , is founded upon a meer hope that therefore God will better profper them in worldly affairs, and if it were not for the reward in this world, the pro'fefTors of Religion would not be half foffiany as now they are ; and that is truein them which the Devil flanderoufly objected to Job, namely ^hatthty do not ferve God for no- thinp, and they had rather with Dives have the Devils favour in rich garments and delicate far^then with Lazarm with mifery and contempt, enjoy the favour of God , and to let up their hopes for an other world. As for Men, we fee that the Sonlovethhis Father but for patrimony, and that one man makech much of another, for hope to receive benefit and recompence by them; and there- fore it is no marvell if the filly beafts have obtained fo little mercy as to be loved, not becaufe they are Gods creatures, but for that they are profitable and fcrviceable for the neceffities of men : for thiscaufe you nourifh them, and not like the Apolionians afore faid fortbe Oracles fake but Tt for The Hiftory of Four-footed heaftt. ior their fleeces and their flefh. Therefore if you have any com paflion, learn how to help their jaaiferies, and publifh them to the world for the general benefit; for he cannot be good which is not merciful unto a beaft»and that mercy doth eafily die which groweth but in one heart of one mor~ tall man. There were a company of people in Egypt called Lycopo!it nec frigido adhttc 3 nec )amxjiivo tempore, fed medio vere Oves tondenda I fmt\ That is, Sheep muft neither be (horn in extreme cold weather, nor yet in the extreme heat I of Summer, but in the middle of the Spring. In fome hot Countries they (hear their Sheep in April, in temperate Countries they (hear i them in May* but in the cold Countries in jFwwand July, and generally the beft time is betwixt , the Vernal Equinodium, and the Summers folftice, that is, before thelongeft day, and after the I days and nights be of equall length ; there be fome that (hear their Sheep twice in a year, not for ? | -any necefiity to disburdenthe beaftof the fleece, but for opinion that the often (hearing caufeth I the finer wool to arife, even as the often mowing of the graffe maketh it the fweeter- In the hot Columella. i Countries the fame day that they (hear their Sheep, they alfo anoint th-em over with Oyl , the lees of old wine, and the water wherein Hops are fod, and if they he hear the Sea fide, three days after I they drench them over head and ears in water,but if they be not near the Sea fide, then they wafh \ them with rain water fod with Salt : and hereby there cometh a double profit to the Sheep : Firft, 1 for that it will kill in them all the caufe offcabs for that year, To as they (hall live fafe from that in- Palladius. f'edion .- and fecondly the Sheep do thereby grow to bear the longerand the fofter wool. Some Ctlfiu. do fhear them within doors, and fome in the open fun abroad , and then they chufe the hotteft T c 2 and 4«3 The Hiftory of Four-footed c £eaftr. and the CaUheft days, and chcfe are the things or the necefl~ary obfervations, which I can learn out of the writings of the antients about the (hearing of Sheep, hearing time Now concerning the manner of our Englijb Nation, and the cuftoms obferved by us about this i England. bufineffe, although it be needlefle for me to expreffe, yet I cannot contain my felf from relating the fame, confidering that we differ from other Nations. Firft therefore, the common time whereat wefhear Sheep is in June, and Lambs in July ; and firft of all we wafhour Sheep clean in running fweet waters, afterward letting them dry for a day or two, for by fuch wafhing all the wool is made the better and cleaner : then after two days we (hear them, taking heed to their fle(h, that it be no manner of way clipped with the fheares, but if it be, then doth the fhearer put upon it liquid pitch,commoniy called Tar,whereby it is eafily cured and kept fafely from the flies.The quan- tity of wool upon our Sheep is more then in any other Countrey of the world, for even the leaft among us ( fuch as are in hard grounds) as in Norfolk, the uppermoft part of Kent, Heitfordfhire t and other places, have better and weightier fleeces then the greateft in other Nations: and for this caufe the forain and Latin Authors do never make mention of any quantity of wool they (hear from their Sheep, but of the quality. The quantity in the leaft is a pound, except the Sheep have loft his wool, in the middle fort of •Sheep two pounds or three pounds, as is vulgar in Buckingham, Northampton, and Leioefter (hires : But the greateft of all in iome of thofe places, and alfo in Rumney marfh in Kent, four or five pounds: and it is the manner of the Shepherds and Sheep-mafters to wet their Rams, and fo to keep their wool two or three years together growing upon their backs, and I have credibly heard of a Sheep in Buckjnghamfhire in the flock of the L P. that had (horn from it at one time, one and twenty pound of wool. After the (hearing of our Sheep, we do not ufe either to anoint or wa(h them, as they do in other Nations, but turn them forth without their fleeces, leaving them (like me- dowesnew mowen, with expectation of another fleece the next year. The whole courfe of the handling of our Sheep is thus defcribed by the flower of our EngUft) Gentlemen husbands Matter 1 hop as buffer ' W 'afi? Sheep'' 'for the better where water doth run, And let h im go cleanly and dry in the Sun, Iben (hear htm and fpare not, at two days an end, "fbefboner the bettet hit corps wiU amend, Reward not thy Sheep when ye take off his coat With twitches, and fldfies as broad as a groat : Let not fuch mgentkntfs happen to thine Left flie nitb her gentles do mak$ him to pirn. Let Lambs go undipped till June be halfwoin~e 9 The better the fleeces will grow to be fborne, The ¥ye will difcharge thee for pulling the reft, Ihe lighter the Sheep if, then feedeth it befi. And in another place of the husbandry of Sheep he writeth thus : Good forme and well fiored, goodhoufmg and dry, Good com and good dairy, good market and nigh, Good fhephcrd,gocd till-man, good Jack^andgood Gill, Makes husband and hufwife their coffers to fill'. Let paflure befiored and fenced about, And tillage fet forward as medeth without. Before you do open your purfe to begin, IV i th any thing doing for fancy within, No flaring of pafiurewitb baggagely tit, With ragaed and aged as evill as it ? Let carren and barren be fbifted away, For befi is the befi, whatjoever you pay. The value of Engl'ifb wool and the ufe thereof. And in another place fpeaking of the time of the year for gelding Rams, and felling of wool which he admonifheth (hould be after Michaelmas, he writeth thus :' Now geld with thegelder, the Ram and the Bull, Sew ponds, amend dams, and fell Webfier the wooU But of the milking of Sheep he writeth thns : Put Lamb fro Ewe, to mi\ a few, Be not too bold, to milk,e and fold, Five Ewes allow, to every Cow, Sheep wrigling tail, hath mads without fail. And thus far Tx/er, befides whom Ifinde little difcourfe about the husbandry of Sheep in any Englifo Poet. And for theconclufion or rather farther demonftration of this part, concerning the quality of our Englifh wool, I can ufe no better teftimony then that of worthy Mr. Camden, in his Britannia, for writing of Buchinghamfbire he ufeth thefe words, H.cus ■ vagetur : nutii cnim in Angliahodu lupi reperiuntw. Rore cdi fttimfedanl greges, abomni alio potu arcentur quod aqua ibi ovibus fini exitiahs ; that is to fay, The wool of Englijb Sheep is foft and curled, and therefore it is now commended as highly as ever was the Milefian wool in ancient time : and not without juft caufe, for they are neither annoid with the fear of any vefiemous Beaft,nor yet troubled with Wolves,and therefore the ftrength of their nature and peaceable quiet wherein they live, doth breed in them the better wool ; and befides they never drink, but quench their thirft with the dew of heaven. And thus much for the difcourfe of Englijh wool. I am never able fufficiently to defcribethe infinite commodities that come unto men by wool, The wool of both for gardens, for hangings, for coverings, for hats, and divers fuch other things, and there- orherCoun* fore it (hall not be unpleafant I truft unto the Reader, to be troubled a little with a farther di- tries, fcourfe hereof, hi blot fome paper in defcribing the quality of the beilwool in other Nations. Firft of all therefore we are to remember thefe two things, that the beft wool is foft and curled, and that the wool of the old Sheep is thicker and thinner then the wool of the younger, and the wool of the Ram followeth the fame nature, of whom we will fpeak more in bis ftory. Only in this place our purpofeis to expreffe the examination of wool as we finde it related by Authors, according to their feveral Countries. Therefore as we have faid already out of Mr. Camdens report, the laxeritinian and Apulian muft have the firft place, becaufe the Sheep of thofe Countries live for the moft part within doors, and befides that, are covered with other skins. In Spain they make greateft account of the black wool, and itappeareth by goodHiftory, both in our Englifh Chronicle and others , that the Sheep of Spain were of no reckoning till they were ftored with the breed of England. There is a little Countrey called FoL'entia neer the Alpes, of the wool whereof Martial maketh menti- on's alfo of the Canufine red wool, and therefore Ovk Camftna was an Emblem for precious wool, his Verfes are thefe : Nontantumpullo lugentes vetierelanai, Roma magis fujcif i vejiitur Gallia ruffis, Canufxnatus noflro Syrut ajfere fudet. We have fpoken already of the wool of Iftria and Liburnia, which if it were not for the fpinning in Portugal, and the Webfters art thereupon, it were no better for cloth then hair. Strabo writeth,thac the wool of Mutma, whereby he meaneth all the Countrey that lyeth upon the Scutana, is very foft and gentle, and the beft of Italy > but that of Liguria and MiSain, is good for no other ufe but for the garmcms of fervants. Abouc Padua their wool is of a mean price, yet they make of it moft pretious works of Tapeftry, and Carpets for tables, for that which was rough and thick in antient time was ufed for this purpofe ; and alfo to make garments,havingthe {hags thereof hanging by it like rugs. There is a City called Fe/rr«w,and the wool thereof by the Merchants is called Feltriolana^ek- wool- they were wonc to make garments hereof neither woven nor fewed, but baked together at the fire like hats and caps, whereof Fliny writeth thus, Lane&perfecoaSa veftemfaciunt, &ft addatar aselum etiam feno Tt 3 refrjittnt, 1 8 L The Hiftory of Four-footed Heafts. refiflnnt, imo vtro eiiamignibut novijjimo feti purgamenlo quippe ahenis coquentium extrade indumentit ufu vetiiunt GaUorumut arbitror invento, eerie G^Uicit hodie tnminibut difcernuntur. Wool hath this pro- perty, that if it be forced together it will make a garment of it felf, and if Vinegar be put unto it, it will bear off the blow of a fword, dreffed at the fire and purged to the laft, for it being taken off from the brazen coffer whereon it was drefTed, it ferved for clothing, being as he thought an invention of the Gals, becaufe it was known by French names, and from hence we rauft fee the begin- ning of our felt- hats. The Betican wool is celebrated by Juvenal, when he fpeaketh how Catullus fearing ftiipwrack, was about to caft him out into the water j Infecil natttra pecus, fed & egregiui fins Viribus occulta & Bcciicus adjuvat aer. Of the colours ^or the colour ofWool in that Countrey groweth mixed, not by any art, but naturally through or Wool. their food, or their drink, or the operation of the air. The Lavoditian Wool is alfo celebrated, not only for the foftneffe of it, but for the colour, for that it is as black as any Raven, and yet there are fome there of other colours, and for this caufe the Spanifb Wool is commended, efpecially Turdita- nia, and Coraxi (as Strabo writeth ) for he faith the gloffe of the Wool was not only beautiful for the purity of the black, but alfo it will fpin out into fo thin a thread as was admirable, and therefore in his time they fold a Ram of that Countrey for a talent. I may fpeak alfo of the Wooll of Farma^ad Altinum, whereof Martial made this diftichon ; VeVeribus primit Appulia ; far ma fecund it Nobilit, Altinum tertia laudat ovit. We may alfo read haw for the ornament of wool, there have been divers colours invented by art, and the colours have given names to the Wool, as Sirnatulit lana, wool of Sea-water- colour, fome colour taken from an Amatbyft ftone, fome from brightnefs or clearnefs, fome from> Saffron, fome from Rofes,from Mirtles, from Nuts, from Almonds, from Wax, from the Crow, as Color coraxicui, and from the purple fifh, as from the Colajjine, or the 2)r w«, whereof Virgil writeth thus; H/>/<^ww^, or rather Al- bertus received it from Ofpianus, and furthermore (it is faid) that if the ftrings of a Sheeps and Wolfs guts be fattened to one and the fame Inftrument, they will never make good Harmony; and further- more, if a Drum be made of a Sheeps skin, and another of the Wolfs skin, the Drum of the Sheeps skin will jar , and found unpleafantly in the prefence of the Wolfs skin : but of thefe things I have no certain grounds , only I fay , there may be natural reafon from the fubftance and matter, both of one and other , why this accident may chance without difcord and hatred of each other, but from the difference and folidity of the matter; as for example; the guts of a Wolf are ftrong and hard, and will abide greater ftrain then the guts of a Sheep ; if therefore the Mufitian will ftrain the one like the other, it muft needs fly afunder : likewife the skin will give a deeper and lowder found upon a Drum, by reafon of the fubftance, then a Sheeps : and fo fome may ignorantly afcribe that difference to an antipathy in nature, for as a Candle in the prefence of a great Torch or Fire, giveth lefs light to the eye, fo doth a drum made of a Sheeps skin, lefs found to the fenfe of hearing, in the prefence of another made of a flronger and harder beafts skin : and to conclude, as a twine thread will not hold ftretching in the prefence (I mean in comparifon) of a filk thread, al- though it be of the fame quantity, even fo will not a Lute ftring made of a Sheeps gut, in compa- rifon of another made out of a Wolf. But all the queftion is, how it cometh to pafs, that one of the skins hanged up in the prefence of the other fhould be confumed before other, that is, a Sheeps skin in the prefence of the Wolfs,as a Goofes skin will loofe the feathers before the Eagles. The an- fweriseafie, for the dryer that the body is, the lefs excremental humor it containeth : and fo will laft the longer, and all wilde filveftrial beafts are dryer then the tame, modern, and domeftical, as for example, the Wolf then the Sheep; the Lion then the Dog; the Pheafant then the Cock; the Eagle then the Goofe : and for thefe caufes the skins of the one do wafte before the other, not for fear or fecret oppofition, but for want of better enduring fubftance. The Poets do afcribe unto their Gods Lanets pedes } feet made of Wooll, for that they come foftly and fuddenly without noife to take vengeance upon malefadors; and t therefore when they defcribe Saturn tyed up a whole year with bands of wooll, their meaning is, to fhew how with patience he forbare his wrath and indignation. Bees are enemies to Sheep ; and there are no cattel that do fo much inrich men as Sheep and Bees. There is a ftory in Suidas and Hefych'ws,o£ one Cfryfamis, who was very rich in Sheep in the Ifland of Cous, and there came every year an Eel, and ftole away his beft Sheep among all the flock, at laft he met with it and flew it; afterward the ghoft of the Eel appeared to him in the night, warning him (for fear of other harm) to fee him buryed. Chryfamis neglecied it, and therefore he and all his family perifhed. By which ftory I cannot guefs any other meaning,but that fome man ftole away his Sheep,and for that he took upon him a private revenge,moft inhumanely fuffering him to lie unbu- ryed,and fecting more by a beaft then the life of a man,as a juft punifhment of God he perifhed : and thus I conclude this natural and moral difcourfe of the Sheep with that fiction of Efop, who-wnteth, that on a time as the Shepheards were making merry in a Cottage,and eating a Sheep,the Wolf came and looked in, faying unto them : At qui ego ft tantumfacerem,quantumcitretis tumultum ? If I Hiould eat a Sheep as you do, you would all rife in an uprore: which is fitted againft them that make good laws, and obferve no'ne themfelves. Of Of the Ram. 489 Of the RA M. HAving thus made a general defcription of the Sheep, wherein we have fpent no more time The fevci-aj: then was fit and convenient, we are now forced to the feveral fpeiies andkindes, and firft mmes of of all, order and nature teacheth us to difcourfe of the male, which in our Engltfh language is called R ams « a Tup or Ram, derived I do not doubt from the French, Kan, although alio they call him Belur j the Germans, Hoden-»ider i '\x\'\ Hammell ■ the Italians, Montone, and Arieie • the Spaniards, Camera; the Helvetians, Kamcken ; the Grecians in ancient time Krios, Ariacha t Cerafie.. and now in thefe days Kriare ; the Hebrews, Ail, or Eel; the Chaldees- plurally, Viktrin ; the Arabians, Kabfa ; and the Pe> pans, Ne- ram-.ifch. Now concerning the Greek; and Latme names, there is fome difference among the learned about their notation,ecymology, or derivation ; for although they all agree,that /tries eftdux&ma- ritus pfcorum, yet they cannot confent from what root, ftem, or fountain, to fetch the fame. Jfids- rus brmgeth Aries ab axis, that is. from the Altars, becaufethe facrificingof this beaft was among all other Sheep permitted, and none but this except the Lambs. Others derive in of Antes, which Sg- rnfkch 490 The Hiftoiy of Four-footed Beajh. nitieih vertue, becauie that the ftrength and vigor of Sheep lyeth in this above al I other for tfere is in Ins horns incredible ftrength,in his minde or inwards part incredible courage and magnanimity, but the trueft derivation is from the Greeks-word Arneios. Some Latines call him alfo AV/r^x , and plurally Nefienc/es , for diftinftion from the Weather or gelded Sheep, for the ftones weneq-,mnitur nifipermi[erit Deus. There is Cinamon growing in M^hhpia , and yet it is not reaped by men, except the God thereof gave permiflion or leave, whereby fome underftand jfa/>/f*T, whom they called Sabin, and the Litines, A^abinus. Now Fliny faith, that if p^- they had facrificed forty and four Oxen, Buck-goats and Rams , with their intrails, they purchafed leave to gather that Cinamon. When the Remans obferved their Soli-Taurilia, they facrificed a Bull, a Goat, a Ram, and a Bore, but unto Jupiter they held it not lawful to offer a Ram. Vlyjfes offered to Neptune a Ram, a BuN and a Boar; and to conclude this difcourfe of the Rams facrifices, I findeaftory worthy the noting, recorded by Taulus Venetus, although it be altogether fuperftitious and full of humane blindenefs and error. There is a City of Tartary called Sachion, the Inhabitants whereof are Mahometans and Idolaters, affoon as any of them have a fon born, he prefently commendeth him to one Idols tuition and pro- tection or other : and that year together with his young Son he nourifheth a Ram tamed in his ownhoufe: at the years end , he offereth his Son and the Ram at the next feftival day of that Idoll which he hath chofen ; that is, he prefenteth his childeand killeth his Ram, with great fo- lemnity and ceremony in the prefence of all his kindred, friends, neighbours, and acquaintance, and maketh earneft requeftto that Idol! to protect: his fon, and to guide and govern him all the time of his life, and therefore he hangeth up theflefhof that Ram in his prefence, and afterward they ' take away again the fame flefh, and carry it to another private place, wherewith the faid Father and all the Kindred affembled do make a great and rich feaft, referving the bones for religions fake : And thus we fee how miferable men beguiled with error, do not only make fhew of falfe Religion, but alfo play the hypocrites in that which is erroneous, thinking it an eafie thing to deceive Al- mighty God. Concerning other things of Rams, they concur with that which is faid already of Sheep in ge- neral, except their medicinal parts, which I will referveto the due 'place: And herein adde one thing more of the horns of the Rhtiian Rams, and in fome places of Italy , namely, that after U u they 493 The Hiftory of Four-footed Heafts. they be five, fix, or leaven year old, they bring forth under their great horns two other little horns, and that thele Rams are weak of body, and have but rough and courfewooll. In other places, if at any tune they chance to bear moe horns then two, it is prodigious and unnatural. And thus much of the Ram. Of the WEATHER-SHEEP. ALthough this Beaft have all things in common with the Ram aforefaid, for he is a male-fheep, and in nature differeth not from him, but only by the art of man, I might very well have con- founded and conjoyned his ftory with the precedent : but feeing that all Nations do diftingutfh him from the Ram, becaufe of one property or defedof him, for that he is not fit for generation I will follow the ftream, and not ftriveagainft my Authors, nor fwarve from their method- Therefore in Laurie it is call'd Veivex qua ft verjanatura for that his natural feed is changed and turn'd in him,for his ftones are taken away, and fo he remaineth libbed and gelded, being an Eunuch among Beafts. The Grecians call him Krion Tomian, that is, a gelded Ram,for they have not one word to exprefs him. The Latinei do alfo call him Settarius ; and Feflus rendreth this reafon thereof, ghtia eum fequantur cgni, becaufe the little 1 ambs love his company andfollow him : and indeed by reafon of his unaptnels to generation, the Ewes forfake his company, and the Rams cannot endure him, therefore in ftead of other he affociateth himfelf with the Lambs. In fome parts of Germany they call him Frifcbiirig t and al- io Hammel, which word feemeth to be derived from the Arabian word Lefan Alhamel^ a Rams tongue. The Italians call him Cajtrone, Caftrato, and Montone • the French Mouton ; and the IUyrians, Beram. Concerning the gelding of Rams or making of Weathers, I have not much more tofay,then that which is already expreffed in the general tradate of the Sheep, and for the manner I do refer the Reader,notonly to that part, but alfo to the difcourfe of the Calf and Oxe, wherein Itruft he {hall rinde fatisfadion for this point, whether he will do it by a knife, by reed, by finger , or by hammer, for all thofe ways are in differently proponed. The beft time for the gelding of Rams, ought to be in the wane or decreafe of the Moon, at five months old,fo as he may neither be troubled with extremi- ty of culd or heat. And if it be not libbed at that age, but prolonged till two, three or four year old ; we have (hewed already the Englifh manner for knitting of Rains. Being thus libbed or knit, their horns grow not fo great as the other males ungelded, but their flefh, and lard, or fewet, is more acceptable then of any other Sheep whatfoever,except they be over old,for that it is neither fo moift as a Lambs,nor yet fo ranck as a Rams or E we9,whence Baptifia Fiera made thefe verfes Anniculus placeat , vel fi fine teftibus agnus , Pinguior eft kcedo quincalet ella, vores. Huhc amo ft duri per pafiua mcnt'u anbelat. Maluero } ft ami velere dives erit.' Tlalina alfo writeth thus of the flefh of Weathers, Vervecum caro fatis falukis efl & mdior quam agni- na^ calida emm & bumida babetur, ad temperamentum tendtns } ilia vero plus bumiditatis quam caliditaiis habet. That is to fay ; The flefh of Weathers is wholefome enough, and better then the flefh of Lambs, be- caufe it is hot and moift,but that hath in it more motfture then heat,and therefore this tendeth to a better temperament. Munfler writeth, that the Inhabitants and people of Valuis take this flefh of Weathers,and fait it, afterward dry it in the air where no fmoke may come unto it ; afterward they lay it up in ftraw, and fo hold it much more delicate then that which is raifed in the fmoke. As the flefh of thefe Beafts groweth the better for their gelding, becaufe they live more quietly and peaceably, for that their fore-heads grow weak and tender, and their horns fmall, fo alfo it is reported that their tails grow exceeding large and fat. In fome Regions, as in Arabia Fxlix, and other places, and becaufe the report fhould not feem feigned by me, I will defcribe it in the Authors own words, Paulus Vemtus writeth thus of the Weathers of Scythia^ and in the Region Camandu, fub- jed to the great Tartar. In Tartarie Regions Camanduarietesnon minor e s aftnis funt, caude tarn longa & late,ut triginta librarum pondus equent. In Camandua Territory of Tartaria there are Rams like Affes in ftature and quantity, whofe tails are fo long and broad, that they baliance in weight thirty pound. Varloman writeth ; In Arniou^and Ama^ud Amnos, and at this day Ami ; the Italians, Agna, Apno, Agnello; the Spaniards- Cordero ; the Fnnch, Agneau, and Agnelet ; the Germans ,Lamb,znd Lambkin, and as the firft year we call it in Englifl) a Lamb, fo the fecond year a Hog, Lam-hog, or Teg if it be a female, the third year Hoggnls and Theives: the Latines calls it t^gnw, of the Greeks word Ahjiqs> cafsus quia eft huftia pur a & immuAtioni apt*, TuaC is chafte, for that a Lamb is pure and clean, and fit for facrifiemg. And the common Epithets exprefling the nature of this Beaft are thefe, rough, yeanling, weak, unripe, fucking, tender, butting, fat, milk-eater, merry, fporting, bleating, affable or gentle, field- wanderer, horn-bearer, horn-fighter,unarmed ; vulgar, wooll-skinned,wooll-bearer, wanton, meek, delicat* and fearful : and all thefe are the Epithets of a male Lamb, but of the female I finde thefe following; dumb, fnow-white, neat, young, fearful, black, tame, humble, and tender, and theGrc- ciaus, Red\pnm, becaufe of thefweetfmellthatis found in them when they are young and fuck, their dams. We read that the Lambs of Africk^ , both males and and females,are yeaned with horns, the reafon Arifr-xlt. whereof is (hewed in another place, and it is a common and natural thing to them all affoon as they JEliarm. are fallen out of their dams belly, they prefently leap and run about their dams,,and alfo learn to ^ th ^.? ne€k know them by whom they are nourished, according to the faying of Lucretius • Lambs? " ° U u 2 Vreterea The Hittory of Four-footed c Eeatts. Yrrterea tenm tremttlif in vocibut hotdi^ CornijeTM norunt matres, agniq; petulci. S. Atvbrofe writeth thus of the inclination of a Lamb to his mother, and the love of her milk. Ag- nus ftmpltciffimtts ovium reccgnofcit vocemparemit, cuma matte quaridvq; abend, jjnquenttx cam balatu exci- tat, multiiq; licet vLTfetur in mllibiu ovium , feftinat ad earn : nam quamvu abi & pew defidam u- netux uanjcurrit tamenaltena ubera, licet humore lafiif gravida exunJent, foliufq- materni Iqtfij funtes re. quirit. The Lamb isamoft fimpIeBeaft, anderreth many times from his, mothers fides, having no other means to provoke his mother tofeek him out but by bleating; for in the mrdft of a thoufand Sheep it difcerneth the voyce of his parent, and fo hafteneth to her when it heareth her - for fuch is the nature of this poor Beaft, that although there be many other Ewes which give fuck' yet *hey pafsby all their udders to tafte of their mothers fountains, and the Eweknoweth her young one by fmelling to the backer part : the Lamb all the while it fucketh waggeth and playcth with the tail. When the Lamb is newly fain, in fome Countries they put chem up clofe into a ftable for a day, or two, or three, till they grow ftrong, and are well filled with Milk, and know their Dams, and fo long as the Rams feed with the females they keep in the Lambes, that fo they may be clear day and night from all violence of the Rams, for at night they ViJymus. Iod fi e fi n g leanc * alone by their dams fides. The like regard is to be had if they do not luck their mothers, they muft anoint their lips with butter or Hogs-greafe and milk, andfor two months af- ter their yeaning it is not good to rob them of any milk, but fuffer them to fuck all that their Varro. Dams can breed, for fo their Lambs will grow more ftrong, and alio their wooll more fine. And when they are to be weaned , they mult firft of all be brought out of love of their mothers milk, left after their reparation they languiih, and lofe all natural joy, whereby they are never likely to come to good: afterward let them be herded or drove to field, but after their yeaning it is profitable when they are a week old to give them Salt, and fothe fecond time after they be fifteen days old. It is never good to nounfti the firftlmg or firft Lamb of an Ewe, for that commonly they arc Weaker and more tender then any other, but the beft to be nourlfhed . re twins. They are alfo the beft and ftrofigeft which are bred in the Spring time, and much fatter, and more Flirty. able then thofe which are yeaned rn the Autumn. And yet there are fome that affirm, that they wbieh»are bred in the Winter are fatter then thofe which are bred in the Summer, for if ftrength ©fnature be able to live out the Winter at the firft yeaning, much more will they be able to en- dure when they are elder,: in the firft fucking of a Lamb, the beeftmgs muft be milked out, fur they are apt to fall into many difeafes, fuch as are already mentioned in the difcourie of the Sheep : generally to preferve them in health , they give them Ivy when they are vexed with an Dem°critur. Ague,and feparate diem from the Ewes, left by fucking they int'ed their mochers,then muft they be milked alone, and their milk mixed with rain watef, and fo given to the fick l.amb.andif they will not take it willingly, then infufe it into her throat with a horn, and if they be troubled with Scabs, take Hylop and Salt,, of eachanequall quantity; and if the mouth be broken out and bliftered, then rub the aftiidfed place therewith, afterward wafh them with Vinegar, and then anoint them with liquid Pitch and Hogs greafe ; there muft be alfo a care had to keep them from Lice; " • i Concerning the ufe of their feveral parts, we' have already (hewed in the ftory of Sheep, and therefore we need not profecute it in this place. Their skins are fitter to clothe men, then theskirs of their dams, and therefore the Hebnws fay th« they are fitteft for the garments of young men for they encreafe their ftrength and natural vigor. The Skinners make great account of thefe Lamb- . skins, and ufe them for the linings of many garments, fuch as arckil led they call the skins of flaugh- ter-lambs. The beft are brought out of Italy and Afulia ) and all thofe pares which are beyond Kome • flgrbon, and Spain, yeeld plentiful ftore of black Lambs, and their skins are fold by Merchants : and white skins are plentiful in England. Their flefti is nouriftiable and convenient for food, but yet inferiour to Weather Mutton, for that it containeth more moifture then heat. To conclude this difcourfc of the Lamb, the gt eatclt ho- nour thereof is, for that it pleafed God to call his bleffed Son our Saviour by the name 01 a L;,mb iiitheQldTeftament, a Lamb for Sacrifice, and in the New Teftament, ftiled bv John I : a;>t;ft, He Lambuf God that takftb away the fins of the world. There is a proverb in Gtnl^, Arncu Joi ItUlekm iifiWi tibilocutw efty A Lamb hath fpoken this unto you, and it was a proverbial fpeech to exprefs a divine Revelation of fome bufihefs, that men cannot attain unto by ordinary and common means, becauie either it isconccaled,or elfe it concerneth things to come. For it is reported by Suid^ y chat oncem Eg)ff there was a Lamb that fpake with a mans voice, upon the Crown of his head was a regal Serpent having Wings, which was four cubits long, and this Lamb fpake of divers future events. The likeisfaidof another Lamb that fpake with a mans voice, at what time Komulw and Renins were born, and from thefe miraculous event$,came that common proverb: and fo for this ftory I wfll conclude with the verfe of Valeria : Afpna mncfavidos antra ruit agna levnei. There is in Mofavta neer Volga , a certain Bealt of the quantity and form of a little Lamb, the people call it Boranz, and it is reported by Sigifmmndm, in his defcription of Mofmvia , thut it is generated out of the earth OftbeMufmon. earch like a reptile creature, without feed, with dam without copulation, thus liveth a little while and never ftirreth far from the place itis bred in, I meanitis not able to move it felf, but eateth up allthegraffe and green things that it can reach, and whenic can findc no more,' then it dyeth. Of the MU S MO N. I Have thought good torefervethisBeaftto this place, for that it is a Kinde of Sheep, and there- fore of natural right and linage to this ftory, for it is not unlike a Sheep, except in the wool which may rather feemto.be the hair of a Goat; and this is the fame which the antients did call Vmbric* over, Vmbrian Sheef, for that howfoever it differeth from Sheep,yet in fimplicity and other inward gifts it cometh nearer to the Sheep. Strabo calleth it Mujmo, yet the Latins call it Mujimoa. This beaft by Cato is called an Affe, and fometimes a Ram, and fometimes a Mufmon. The pi&ure which here we have ex preffed, is taken from the fight of the Beaft at Caen in Normandy, and was afterwards figured by IbeodormBeza. Munfter in his defcription of Sardinia reraembrcth this beaft but he faith that it is fpeckled, whereat I do not much wonder, feeing that he confeffeth that he hath all that he wrote thereof, by the Narration of others. Some fay it is a Horfe or a Mule, of which race there are two kinds in Spain, called by the Lat!ns t jifiurcoues , for they are very fmall ■, but I do not wonder thereat, feeing that thofe little Horfes or Mules are called Muftmones, becaufe they are brought out of thofe Countries where the true Mnfme~ net (which we may interpret wilde Sheep, or wilde Goats) are bred and nourifhed. There are of thefe Mufmons in SW/wa Spam, and Corjica, and they are faid to be gotten betwixt a Ram and a Goat, as the Qnim betwixt a Buck-goat and an Ewe. The form of this Beaft is much like a Ram, faving that his breft is more rough and hairy : his horns do grow from his head like vulgar Rams, but bend backward only to his ears: they are exceeding fwifc of foot, fo as in their celerity they are comparable to the fwifteft Eeaft. The people of thofe Countries wherein they are bred, do ufe their skins for breaftplates. Pliny maketh mention of a Beaft which he called Ophion, and he faith he found the remembrance of it in the Grecian books, but he thinketh that in his time there was none of them to be found in the world : herein he fpeaketh like a man that did not know GOD, for it is not to be thought, that he which created fo many kinds of beafts at the beginning, and con- ferred of every kinde two, male and female at the generall deluge, would not afterward per- mit them to be deftroyed till the worlds end , nor then neither : for feeing it is apparent by holy Scriptures, that after the world ended, all creatures and beafts fhall remain upon thee3rth,as the monuments of the firft fix days works of* Almighty God, for the farther manifeftation of his glory, wildom,and goodnefs,it is an unreafonablc thing to imagine that any of them (hall perifhin Uu 3 general 497 The Hiftory of Four-footed Beafts. General in this world. The la,and Erim Mufflo, which may cafily be derived from ffyboiq therefore I cannot but confent unto chem, that the antient Option is the Muf- hion, being in quantity betwixt a Hart and a Sheep, or Goat, in hair refembling a Hart, and this Beaft at this day is not found but in Sardinia. It frequenteth the fteepeft mountains, and therefore hveth on green graffe and fuch other hearbs. The flefh thereof is very good for meat, and for that caui'e the inhabitants feek after it to take it. Bettor Boetbim in his defcription of the Hebridun Iflands faith, that there is a Beaft not much unlike to Sheep \ but his hair betwixt a Goats and a Sheeps, being very wilde and never found or taken but by hunting, and diligent inquifition. The name of thelllandis Uieihx, and the reafon of that name is from his breed of Sheep called Hierth in the Vulgar tongue, yet thofe Sheep agree with the Mufmon in all things hnt their tai!s,for he faith,that they have long tails reaching down to the ground, and this name a>m^cli from the German word Herd a flock, and thereof fr/rrcometh for all Sheep in general. I^bW-foHoweth the conclufion of their ftory with their medicinal virtues. 'the medicines of the Sheep in general. The todies of fuch as are beaten, and have upon them the appearance of the ftripes, being put into the warm skins of Sheep when they are newly puld off from thtfir backs, eateth away the outward pain and appearance, if it continue on a day and a night. If you feethe toge- ther a good feafon the skin of the feet, and of the fnowt of an Ox or a Sheep till they be made like glew, and then taken forth of the pot and dryed in the windy air, is by Silvim commended a. gainft the burftnefs of the belly. The bloud of Sheep drunk, is profitable againft the falling ficknefs: Alfo Hippocrates pre- fcribeth this medicine following, for a remedy or purgation to the belly, firft make a perfume of Barly fteepedin oyluponfome coles, and then feethe fome Mutton or Sheeps flefh very much, Pliny, and with deco&ion of Barley fet it abroad ail day and night, and afterward feethe it again and eat or fup it up warm, and then thje next day with Hony, Frankincenfe, and Parfely, all beaten and mingled together, make a Suppofitory, and with wool put it up under the party, and it fhall eafe thedtftrefs. The fame flefh burned and mixed in water by wafhing, cureth all the maladies or difeafes arifing in the fecrets, and the broth of Mutton, Goofe, or Veal, will help againft the poifon by biting if it be not drawn out by cupping glafle nor by horfe-leach. The fewet of a Sheep melted at the fire, and with a linnen cloth anointed upon a burned place, doth greatly eafe the pain thereof. The Liver with the fewet and .Mrrecaufeth the fears of the flefh to become of the fame colour that it was berore the wound, it being mixed with toafted Salt, fcattereth the bunches in the flefh, and with the duft of womens hair, cureth fellons in fingers, or any part of the bodies. The fewet of Sheep or Goats, being mingled with the juyce of Rhenifh wine grape, and fhining horfe flies, doth without all fcruple or doubt, eafe the pain of the milt, if it be anointed thereupon. The fat of Sheep doth very eafily expell the roughnet's of the nails. The fewet of Sheep or any other Imall beaft, being mixed with the herb called Melander, and pounded with Alum, afterward baked together,and wrought into the manner of a Sear-cloth, dotli very much eafe thofe which are burned by fire in any parts of their body, being well applyed there- Mareellut. to. The fewet of a Sheep being alfo applyed to thole which have kibes in the heels, or chilblanes in their feet, will prcfently heal them. The fewet of a Sheep mixed with womens hair which is burnt to powder, doth very effc&ually cure thofe which have their joynts or articles loofe, being anointed thereupon. pliny. - The fat of Goats or Sheep moiftned with warm water, and boiled together, being anointed upon the eyes, doth fpcedily cure all pains, fpots, or bJemifhes in the fame whatfoever. The fat of a Sheep boykd and drunk with fharp wine, is an excellent remedy againft the cough. The fame medicine is ado effectually ufed for the expelling of horfes coughes. The fewet of a Sheep being boy led with (harp wine, doth very fpeedily cure the obftrudion of the fmall guts, bloudy flux, and any cough of what continuance foever. Myelins. . The fame being in like manner drunk while it is hot, is accounted for an excellent remedy againft the Colick pafiion. The fewet of a Sheep, or of a Male goat, being mingled with the fime or'dung of a Female- goat, and Saffron, doth very effectually cure thofe which are troubled with the Gowt or fwelling of the joynts, being anointed upon the place fo grieved. It is alfo reported that the out- ward fewet of Sheep (between the flefh and the skin) between the hinder legs, is very wholefom for the curing of fundry pains and difeafes. Vio\corides. Sheeps fewet or the fat of any other fmall beaft being gathered from the reins, mixed with fait, andtheduftofa pumice ftone, being applyed unto the yard of any man, doth fpeedily cure all pains, aches, or fwellings therein. The fat of Sheep which is gathered from the caul or cell, being ■mingled with the aforefaid medicines do heal all other pains in the privy members of man or woman whatfoever. The fame fewet doth ftay the great excels of bleeding in the nofe, being anointed thereupon Sheeps fewet being mixed with Goofe greafc and certain other medicines, being taken in drink, doth help abortments in women. The liver of a Sheep is accounted an excellent remedy againft the Ihedding of the hair on the eye lids, being rubbed thereupon. The fame being alfo baked or boyled, 498 Of the Sheep. is accounted very profitable for Slieeps eyes, if it be well rubbed thereon. The marrow ofSheep is very good to anoint all aches and fwellings whatfoever. The horns of Sheep or of Goats pounded" to powder, mingled with parched Barley which hath Hippccratet. been well (haled, and altogether mixed with Oyl, being taken in a certain perfume, doth help Women of their feconds, and reltorcth to them their menftruall fluxes. Sheeps homes burned and beaten in wine untill they be tempered like a pill, the right foot being anointed with the right horn, and the left foot with the left, will mitigate theforrow of thofe which are very fore pained and troubled with the gowt. Rheumatick, or watry eyes, being anointed with the brains of Sheep are very fpeedily and Rafis. effectually cured. The brains of the fame beaft is exceeding profitable for the breeding of young childrens teeth, being anointed upon the gums. The lungs or lights of fmall beafts, but efpccially of a Ram, do reftorethe true skin and colour of the flefli, in thofe whofe bodies are fuU of chops and fears. The lungs or lights of the fame beaft conco&ed upon the uppermoft skin of any man, and Flit)* applyed very hot thereunto, do diminifh the black or blew places therein, which have been re- ceived by the occafion of any ftripes or blows. The lungs of Sheep being new taken out of their belliej,and applied while they are hot unto bea- Mycelial. ten or bruited places, doth quite abolifh the fignes thereof, and in (hort fpace procure remedy. The lungs of Sheep or fmall Cattle being roaftedand taken by any man before hedrinketh, will refill all kind of drunkennefs. The lungs of Sheep taken out of their bellies, and bound about the heads of thofe which are phrenfie while they are hot, will very fpeedily eafe them of their trouble. The lungs of Sheep be- ing hot and bound to ttje head, is accounted very profitable for thofe which are troubled with the peitiferous difeafe called the Drowfie evill- The lungs of Sheep being boiled with Hemp-feed, fo that the flefh be eaten, and the water wherein it isfod be drunk, doth very effectually cure thofe which are grieved with excoriations in their bellies, and the bloody flux. The lungs of Sheep being applyed while they are hot, doth heal the Gowt. The liver of white Sheep well boiled, made moid with water, throughly beaten and applyed Hippocrates. unto the eye-lids, doth purge Rheumatick eyes, and caufe them to be of a more clear and ample fight. If a woman bearing young, (hall be puffed, up withwinde, give her the liver of a Sheep or Goat beaten into fmall powder while it isti'ot, being pure and without mixture for four dayes to- gether to eat, and let her drink only wine, arid this will very fpeedily cure her. The gallofa Sheep mingled with hony, healeth theUicers df the ears, and procureth eafie Pliny. hearing. The gall of a Sheep mingled with fweet wine, if it be tempered in the manner of a glyfter, and afterwards rubbed upon the ear-laps, theulcers being quite purged, will procure a fpeedycure and remedy. The gall of the fame beaft diftilled with a womans'milk, doth alfo moft certainly heal their eares which are broken within, and full of mattery corruption The gall of a Sheep being mixed with common oyl, or eyl made of Almonds, doth alfo heal the pains of the ears, being powred therein to. Cankers, or the corrofion of the flefh,being anointed with the gall of . f a Sheep , is very fpeedily and manifeftly cured. The Dandraffe ^ ertHS 1 or fcurfes of the head being anointed with the gall of a Sheep mixed with fullers-earth which is hardned together while the head burneth, are very effectually abolifhed, and driven quite j away. The gall of little cattle, but efpecially of a Lamb, being mixed with hony is verily commended or the curing of the Falling evill. The milt of a Sheep new taken out by rnagicall precepts is ac- counted very good for the curing of the pain in the milt, he faying which may be healed that he I maketh a remedy for the milt. After thefe things theiMagicians command that the grieved Pliny. || party be included in his Dortor or Bed-chamber, and that the doors be fealcd up, and that a verfe • i be fpoken thrice nine times. The milt of a Sheep being parched and beaten in wine, and afterward |1 taken in drink, doth refift all the obftructions or flopping pf the fmall guts. The fame being ufed in the like manner is very medicinable for the wringing of the guts. Theduft of the uppermoft of a Sheeps thigh, doth very commonly heal the loofenefs of the Marcellus* joints; but more effectually if it be mixed with wax. The fame medicine is made by the duft of j Sheeps jawes, a Harts horn,and wax mollified or aflwaged by oil ofRofes. The upper parts of the thighs of Sheep decoded with Hemp-feed, do refrefh thofe which are troubled with the bloudy flux, the water whereof being taken to drink For the curing of a Horfe waxing hot with wearinefs 1 and longitude of the way; mingle Goats or Sheeps fewet with Coriander, and old dill, the Cori- ! ander being new gathered, and diligently pounded in the juice of Barley, andfo give it throughly • ftrained for three dayes together. The huckle-bone of a Sheep being burned and beaten into fmall duft, is very much ufed for the j making of the teeth white, and healing all other pains or aches therein. ', The bladder of a Goat or Sheep being burned and given in a potion to drink, made of Vine- gar and mingled with water, doth very much avail and help thofe which cannot hold their wa- ter in their deep. The skins which cometh from the Sheep at the time of their young,doth very Galen. I much help very many enormities in women, as we have before rehearfed in the medicines arifing from Goats. The 499 500 The Hiftory of Four-footed c Beafts. Tliny. Turneriut. Crefcentien. The milk or Sheep being hot, is of force againft allpoyfons, except in thofe which flwlTdrink a venemous fly called a Wag-leg, and Libbards bane. Oatmeal alfo doth cure a long lingring difeafe , a pinte of it being fodden in three cups of water, until all the water be boyled away ; buc afterwards you muft put thereunto a pinte of Sheeps milk or Goats, and alfo Hony every day to- gether. Some men do command to take one dram of Swallows dung in three cups full of Goats milk or Sheeps milk before the coming of the quartern Ague. Goats milk, or Sheeps milk being taken when it is newly milked from them, and gargarized in the mouth , is very effectual againft the pains and fwellings of the Almonds. Take a pinte of Sheeps milk, and a handful of lifted Anifeeds, and let them feethe together, and when it is fomewhat cold let it be drunk, and it is very good to loofen the belly. Medicines being made of Goats milk and Sheeps milk, and fo being drunk, is very good for thefhortnefsof breath. A hot burning gravel ftone being decoded in Sheeps milk, and fo given to one that hath the Bloudy flix, is very profitable to him. Goats milk or Sheeps milk given alone luke-warm, or fod- den with Butter, is very profitable to thofe that are brought very we»k with the paffions of the {tone, and fretting of the guts. To wafh ones face with Sheeps milk, and Goats milk, is very good to make itfairand fmooth. Evenings milk of Sheep, that is, the laft milk that they give that day, is very good to loofen the belly, and to purge choler. The hairs of the head of a Dog burned into afhes ; or the gut of the privy place fodden in Oyl, is a very good and foveraign remedy for the loofenefs of the flefh about the nails, and for fwelling of flefh over them, being anointed with But- ter made of Sheeps milk and Hony. An Oyl fodden in Hony, and Butter made of Sheeps milk, and Hony melted therein, is very profitable to cure ulcers. Old Cheefe made of Sheeps milk, is very good to ftrengthen thofe which have been troubled and made weak with the Bloudy flix. Again.old Cheefe made of Sheeps milk, taken in meat, or fcraped upon it, and being drunk with Wine, doth eafe the paffion of the Stone. There was a certain Phyfitian being skilful in making medicines, dwelling in Afia by Helkfponl, which did ufe the dung of a Sheep wafhed and made clean in Vinegar, for to take away Warts and knots rifing on the flefh like Warts, and kernels, and hard fwellings in the flefh. Alfo h e did bring Ulcers to cicatriling with that medicine which were blafted or fcalded round about, buc he did mingle it with an emplaifter made of Wax, Rofin, and Pitch. The dung of Sheep alfo doth cure pufhes rifing in the night, and burnings or fcaldings with fire, being fmeared over with Vinegar without the commixture of any other things. The dung of Sheep being mixed with Hony 5 doth take away fmall bumps rifing in the flefti, and alfo dotb di- minifti proud flefh : and alfo it doth cure a difeafe called an emmot, as Rafts and Albertus fay. The dung that is new come from the Sheep being firft worked in thy hands, and^pplyed after the manner of an emplaifter, doth eat away any great warts growing in any part of thy body. The dung of a Sheep being applyed to thy fee^ doth confurae or wafte away the hard flefh that growetff thereon. Sheeps dung doth alfo cure all kinde of fwellings that are ready to go into Carbuncles. It is alfo good being fodden in Oyl and appjyed after the manner of an emplaifter, for all new wounds made with a fword, as Galen faith : Tliny. MarceRuf. Viofcorides. Tliny. Vegetim. Tliny. Aut ft conclufum fervivlt tibia vulnus, Stercus cvk placid* jungef, adipsfq> vetuftosj Tandere quM "