Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/lloydsbattlehist01unse I'lihiiil,.- ;.v LLOYD’S BATTLE HISTORY OF THE FKOM TJIE CAPTUKE OK FOHl’ 8UMTE11, AIMUE 14, 18G1, TO TUE CAPTURE OF OEIO'ERSON UAV13, MAY 10, 1805, GENERAL IIOWAIiD’S TRIBUTE TO THE VOLUNTEER, 268 BATTLE DESCIUPTIONS, , 3 9 D 1 0 G 11 A P II I C A L SKETCHES, 4 0 POUT BAITS OF GENERALS, 17 MAPS OF BATTLE-FIELDS, 13 BATTLE PICTURES, AND A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE WAR FOR THE UNION. NEW YORK: n. H. LLOYD & CO., PUBLISHERS, No. 21 JOHN STREET. B. B. Bussell & Co, 55 Cornhili,, Boston; B. B. Landon, act., 58 Michigan AviajUE, Chicago. 186 G. INTRODUCTION The work wliich is herewith presented to the public is designed to keep the hearts of the people warm and grateful toward the Noble Defenders of Union atid Freedom who in so many weary and bloody struggles have upheld the nation’s flag, the nation’s honor, and the nation’s life. To the Women who have toiled and watched, and mourned and prayed, in the homo and in the hospital — to the Men who have planned or have led our armies to victory — .and, above all, to the Private Soldiers and Sailors, whose immortal valor and patience have done the work, and paid the price of liberty and peace, f oUintc is We can not better introduce the record of these Battles for the Union than by giving here the graphic delineation of the Life, Trials, and Triumphs of the Volunteer, portrayed so vividly by one of the bravest and best of American Generals. THE UNION VOLUNTEER; A TRIBUTE TO III3 WORTH. BY MAJOR-GENERAL OLIVER O. HOWARD. In the early part of 18G1 the true citizen heard that traitors at Washington had formed a conspiracy to overthrow the Govern- ment, and soon after that the Stars and Stripes had been fired upon and had been hauled down at the bidding of an armed enemy in South Carolina; that the capital of the nation was threatened, and that our new President had called for help. How quickly the citi- zen answered the call! 'Almost like magic ho sprang forth a soldier. Ilis farm, his benclt, his desk, his counter were left behind, and you find him marching through the then gloomy, flagless, c lyitroduction. defiant streets of Baltimore, fully equipped for service, with uni- form gray, blue, red, or green — it then mattered not; with knap- sack, cartridge-box, musket and bayonet, his outfit was all that was required. lie was a little awkward, his accoutrements much awry, his will unsubdued. He did not keep step to music, nor always lock step with his companions. lie had scarcely ever fired a musket, but he had become a soldier, put on the soldier’s garb, set his face toward the enemy, and, God willing, he purposed never to turn back till the soldier’s wmrk was done. You meet him at Washington (on Meridian Hill, perhaps); discipline and drill seize upon him, restrain his liberty, and mold his body. Colonels, captains, lieutenants, and sergeants, his former equals, order him about, and ho must obey them. 0 what daysl and O wliat nights 1 Where is homo and affection? Where is tho soft bed and tho loaded table? Change of climate, change of food, want of rest, wmnt of all kinds of old things, and an influx of all sorts of new things, make him sick — yes, really sick in body and soul. But in spite of a few doses of quinine and a wholesome hospital bed and diet (as the soldier of ’61 remembers them), his vigorous constitution and indomitable heart prevail, so that he is soon able to cross the Long Bridge and invade the sacred red clay of Virginia with his companions in arms. Yet, perhaps, should you now observe him very closely, yon will perceive his enthusiasm increasing faster even than his strength. He is on tho enemy’s side of the river; now for strict guard duty ; now for the lonely picket amid the thickets where men are killed by ambushed foes. How tho eye and tho ear, and — may I say it? — the heart, are quickened in these new and trying vigils 1 Before long, however, the soldier is inured to these things, lie becomes familiar with every stump, tree, and pathway of approach, and bis trusty gun and stouter heart defy any secret foe. Presently you find him on tho road to battle. The hot weather of July, the usual load, the superadded twenty extra rounds of car- tridges and three days’ rations strung to his neck, and the long, weary march quite exhaust his strength during tho very first day. Introduction. V, He aches to leave the ranks and rest; but no, no. lie did not leave home for the ignominious name of “straggler” and “skulker.” Cost what it may, ho toils on. The Acotink, the Cub Kun, the never-to-be-forgotten Bull Run are passed. Here, of a sudden, strange and terrible sounds strike upon his ear and bear down upon his heart : the booming of shotted cannon ; the screeching of burstcd shell through the heated air, and the zip, zip, zip of smaller balls; everything produces a singular effect upon him. Again, all at once, h« is thrown quite unprepared upon a new and trying experience; for now he meets the groaning ambulance and the bloody stretcher. lie meets limping, armless, legless, dis- figured, wounded men. To the right of him and to the loft of him are the lifeless forms of the slain. Suddenly a largo iron missilo of death strikes close beside him and explodes, sending out twenty or more jagged fragments, which remorselessly maim or kill fivo or six of his mates before they have had the opportunity to strike one blow for their country. His face is now very pale ; and will not the American soldier flinch and turn back? There is a stone wall; there is a building; there is a stack of hay; it is so easy to hide. But no. He will not bo a coward. “ 0 God, support and strengthen me!” ’Tis all his prayer. Soon he is at work. Yonder is the foe. “Load and fire;” “load and fire.” But the cry comes, “ Our flank is turned.” “ Our men retreat.” With tears pouring down his cheek, he slowly yields and joins the re- tiring throng. Without any more nerve and little strength ho struggles back from a lost field. Now ho drinks the dregs of suf- fering. Without blanket for the night, without food, without hope, it is no wonder that a panic seizes him, and ho runs de- moralized away. This disreputable course, however, is only temporary. The soldier before long forgets his defeat and his sufferings, brightens up his armor, and resumes his place on the defensivo line. Ho submits for weary days to discij)line, drill, and hard fare ; ho wades through the snows of winter and the deep mud of a Virginia spring. He sleeps upon the ground, upon the deck of 8 Introduction. a transport steamer, and upon the floor of the platform car. Ho lieli)s load and unload stores; ho makes fascines and gabions; ho corduroys quicksands, and bridges creeks and bogs. Night and day he digs or watches in the trenches. What a world of new experience! What peculiar labor and suffering he passes througli, the soldier alone can tell you. lie now marclies hurriedly to his second battle ; soon after he is in a series of them. Fight and fall back ! Fight and fall back ! 0 those d.ays of hopelessness, sorrow, toil, and emaciation. How vividly the living soldier remembers them, those days when ho cried from the bottom of his heart, “O God, how long! how long!” Would you have patience to follow him through the commin- gling disasters from the battle of Cedar Mountain to the same old Bull Run, you would emerge with liiin from the chaos and behold his glistening bayonet again on the successful field of Antietam, where a glimmer of hope lighted up his heart. Would you go with him to the bloody fields of Fredericksburg, staunch his wounds in the wilderness of Cbancellorsville, and journey on with him after- ward to this hallowed ground of Gettysburg, and could you be enabled to read and record his toils, his sufferings, and all his thoughts, you might be able to appreciate the true American soldier. You might tlien recite the first chapter of the cost of tlio preserva- tion of the American Union. In September, 1803, after tlio batt\o of Gettysburg, the Government sends two army corps to reinforce our brethren in the AVest. Tlie soldier is already far from home and friends, but he is suddenly apprised that he must go two thousand miles farther. He can not visit his fimiily to take leave of them. Ho has scarcely the o[)portunity of writing a lino of fare- well. Tho chances of dcatli are multitudinous as they appear be- fore his imagination, and the hope of returning is very slender. Yet again tho soldier does not falter. AVith forty others ho crowds into tho close, unventilated freight-car and speeds away, night and day, without even tho luxury of a decent seat. With all tho pecu- liar discomforts of this journey, the backings and tho w.aitings at the railroad junctions, tho transfers from car to car and from train Introduction. 9 to train — being confined for days witlioiit the solace and strength derived from liis coffee, there is yet something compensative in tlie exliilarating influence of change. And tlicro is added to it in pass- ing through Ohio and Indiana a renewed inspiration a? tlie people turn out in masses to welcome him and to bid him God-s[)eed ; and little girl.s throw wrcatlisof flowers round liis nock, ki.ss his bronzed check, and strew his car witli other oflerings of love and devotion. Such impressions as were here received were never effaced. They touch the rough heart anew with tenderness, and being a reminder of all the old home affections, only serve to deepen his resolution sooner or later, by the blessing of God, to reach the goal of his ambition — tliat is to say, with his compatriots, to secure to his children and to other children enduring peace with liberty and an undivided country, lie passes on through Kentucky, through the battle-fields of Tennessee, already historical. The names bTasliville, Stone Iviver, Murfreesboro, and Tullahoina remind him of past struggles and portend future contlicts. lie is deposited at Bridge- port, Alabama, a houseless, cheerless, chilly jilace, on the banks of the Tennessee, possessing no interest further than that furnished by the railroad bridge destroyed, and the yet remaining rubbish and fihh of an enemy’s camp. Before many days the soldier threads his w’ay up the valley of the great river which winds and twists amid the rugged mountains, till he finds himself beneath the rock-crowned steeps of Lookout. Flash after flash, volume after volume of light-colored smoke, and jieal on peal of cannon, the crashing sound of .“h’ot and the screaming of shell, are the ominous signs of unfriendly welcome sent forth to meet him from this rocky height. Yet on he marches, in spite of threatening d;i,nger, in spite of the ambush along the route, until ho has joined hands with his Western brother, who bad come from Chattanooga to meet and to greet him. This is where the valley of Lookout joins that of the Ten- nessee. At this place the stories of Eastern and AYestern hardship, suffering, battling, and danger are recapitulated and made to blend into the common history and the common sacrifice of the American soldier. 10 Introduction. Were there time, I wouUl gladly take yon, step by step, with the soldier, as he bridges and crosses the broad and tlie rai)id river; as he ascends and storms the height of Mission Itidgo, or as he plants Ills victorious feet, waves liis banner, atid flashes his gun on the top of Lookout Mountain. I would carry you with him across the deatli-bearing streams of Chickamauga. I would have you follow him in liis weary, barefooted, wintry march to the relief of Knox- ville and back to Chattanooga. From his point of view I would open up the spring campaign, where the great Ceneral initiated his remarkable work of genius and daring. I could point you to tire soldier ])ursuing his enemy into the strongholds of Dalton, behind the stern, imirassahle features of Rocky Face. Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Pickett’s klill. Pine Top^ Lost Mountain, Kenesaw, Culps’ Farm, Smyrna, Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, from so many points of view, and Jonesboro, are names of battle-fields upon each of which a soldier’s memory dwells. For u[)ward of a hundred days he scarcely rested from the conflict. He skirmished over rocks, hills, and mountains ; through mud, streams, and fore.sts. For hundreds of miles lie gave his aid to dig that endless chain of intrenchments which compassed every one of the enemy’s fortified positions. He companied with those who combated the obstinate foe on the front and on the flanks of those mountain fastnesses which the enemy had deemed impregnable, and ho had a right at last to echo tlio sentiment of his indefatigable leader, “ Atlanta is ours, and fairly won !” Could you now have patience to turn back with him and fight these battles over again, hehohl his communic.ations cut, his rail- road destroyed for miles and miles; enter the bloody light of Alla- toona, follow him through the forced marches, via Rome, Ga., away back to Resaca, and through the obstructed gaps of the mountains into Alabama, you would thank God for giving him a stout lieart and an unflinching faith in a just and noble cause. Weary and worn ho reposes at Atlanta on his return but one single night, when he commences the memorable march toward Savan- nah. The soldier has become a veteran ; ho can march all day Introduction. 1 1 ■with his musket, his knapsack, his cartrWge-box, his haversack, and canteen upon his person ; his muscles have become large and rigid, so that wliat was once extremely difficult he now accom- plishes will] graceful ease. This fact must be borne in mind when studying the soldier’s marches through Georgia and the Carolinas. The enemy burned every bridge across stream after stream; the rivers, bordered with swamps — for example, the Ocmulgee, the Oconee, and the Ogeechee — were defended at every crossing. Tfiat they were passed at all by our forces is due to the cheerful, fearless, indomitable private soldier. O that you bad seen him, as I have done, wading creeks a half a mile in width and water waist deep, under fire, pressing on through wide swamps, without one faltering step, charging in line upon the most formidable works, which were well defended. You could then appreciate him and ' what he has accomplished, as I do. You could then feel the poign- ant sorrow that I always did feel when I saw him fall bleeding to the earth. I must now leave the soldier to tell his own talc among the peo- ple ; of his bold, bloody work at McAllister against the torpedoes, abattis, artillery, and musketry ; of his privations at Savannah ; of his struggles through the swamps, quicksands, and over the broad rivers of the Carolinas; of the fights, fires, explosions, doubts and triumphs suggested by Griswoldville, Rivers’ and Binnaker’s bridges, Orangeburg, Congaree Creek, Columbia, Cheraw, Fayette- ville, Averysboro, and Bentonville. I will leave him to tell bow his hopes brightened at the reunion at Goldsboro ; how bis heart throbbed with gratitude and joy as the wires confirmed the rumored news of Lee’s defeat, so soon to bo followed by the cap- ture of the enemy’s capital and of his entire army. I will leave him to tell to yourselves and your children ho-w be felt and acted, liow' proud was bis bearing, bo'w elastic his step as ho inarched in review before the President of the United States at Washington. I would do the soldier injustice not to say that there was one thing wanting to make his satisfaction complete, and tliat was the sight of the tall form of Abraham Lincoln, and the absence of that bitter 1 12 Introduction. recollection -wliich he could not altogether exclude from his heart, that ho had died by the liand of a traitor assassin. I have given you only glimpses of the American soldier as I have seen him. To feel the full force of what he has done and suffered, you should have accompanied him for the last four years. You should have stood upon the battle-fields during and after the strug- gle ; and you should have completed your observation in the army hospitals and upon the countless grounds peopled with the dead. The maimed bodies, the multitude of graves, the historic fields, tho monumental stones, after all, are only meagre memorials of the soldier’s work. God grant that what he planted, nourished, and has now preserved by his blood — I mean American liberty — may be a plant dear to us as the apple of the eye, and that its gi-owth may not be hindered till its roots are firmly set in every State of this Union, and till the full fruition of its blessed fruit is realized by men of every name, color, and description in this broad land. CONTENTS, ALPHABETICALLY ARKANGED. Abingdon, Va Albemarle Sound, N. C Allatoona, Ga — Antietam Creek — Sharpsburg, Md Arkansas Post, Ark Assassination of President Lincoln Atlanta Vicinity, Ga Averysboro and Moor’s Cross Roads, N. C. Ball’s Bluff Baton Rouge, La Bayou Coteau, La Belmont, Mo Bentonsville, N. C Bermuda Hundred, Va Beverly Ford, Va Big Bethel Big Black River, Miss Biographical Sketches — L incoln, Grant, Sherman, Sheridan Booncville, Mo Branchville, Columbia, Charleston, etc., S. C Brashear City, La Brentwood, Tenn Bristow Station, Va Brown’s Ferry, Tenn Brownsville, Texas Bull Run Bull Run, Va Bull’s Gap, Va Burkesville, Deatonsville, etc., Va Camp Alleghany Campbell’s Station, Tenn Camp Cole Cane River, La Cano River, La Cape Girardeau, Mo 54G 394 549 154 200 GG5 498 GIO 60 134 321 54 612 446 2G1 29 253 675 31 689 2G2 204 318 319 322 33 141 651 636 55 326 31 383 393 213 Contents. 16 Contents. Camifex Ferry, Va Garrick's Ford, Va. Carthage, Mo Cedar Creek, Va Cedar Mountain, Va Central Alabama and Georgia Central and Southern Missouri Central Mississippi Central Mississippi and Alabama Central Virginia Central Virginia Central Virginia Champion Hill, or Baker’s Creek, Miss Chancellorsville, etc., Va. Chantilly, Va Chapmansville, Va Charleston Harbor, S. C Chattanooga, Tenn Cheat Mountain Pass, Va Chickamauga, Ga Citronelle, Ala. . . . .■ Cold Harbor, Va Corinth, Miss Corinth, Miss Corinth, Miss Crooked Run, Va Cross Keys, Va Cumberland Gap, Tenn Cyntliiana, Ky Dabney’s Mills and Hatcher’s Hun, Va Dallas Vicinity, Ga Dalton, Ga Darbytown Road, Va Darbytown Road, Va Darbytown, Williamsburg Road, and Hatcher s Run, Va. Deep Bottom, Va Donaldsonville, La Drainesville, Va Dug Spring, Mo Elk Creek, Ark Falling Waters, Va Farmington, Miss Farmington, Tenn Fisher’s Hill, Va •17 OO 32 654 136 C53 652 214 307 215 375 430 252 220 146 49 206 336 47 312 669 453 113 169 172 516 122 311 467 592 451 628 647 560 656 513 2.14 56 42 298 31 106 317 510 Contents. 1 7 PAore Fisher's Hill, Va 549 Fort Anderson, N. C 599 Fort Darling, Va 432 Fort Darling — Drury’s Bluff, Va ]07 Fort De Bussey, etc., La 378 Fort Donelson, Tenn 65 Fort Donelson, Tenn 202 Fort Fisher, N. C 574 Fort Fisher, N. C 681 Fort Henry, Tenn 61 Fort Macon, Beaufort, N. C 92 Fort Pillow 390 Fort Pillow (Wright), Tenn 119 Fort Pulaski, Ga 90 Forts Jackson and St. Philip — New Orleans 95 Fort Sumter 2.3 Fort Sumter, S. C 305 Fort Sumter, S. C 310 Fort Wagner, S. C 300 Franklin, Tenn 209 Franklin, Tenn 560 C Fredericksburg, Va ]78 ^ Fredericksburg, Va 181 Gaines’ Mills, Va 128 %'Gettysburg, Penn 275 Grahainsville, Pocotaligo, etc., S. C 659 Grand Gulf, Miss 215 Greenbrier, Va 49 Groveton, or Manassas, Va 140 Guntown, Miss 463 Hampton Roads, Va 73 Hanover Court House, Va 109 Harper's Ferry, Va 150 Hattcras Inlet 44 Helena, Ark , 295 Honey Springs, Indian Ter 304 Ironton, Mo 546 Irwinsville, Ga 670 Island Ford and Ashby’s Gap, Va ■ 490 Island No. 10 88 luka. Miss 169 Jackson, Miss 251 Jackson, Miss 299 Jonesboro and Atlanta, Ga 529 18 Contents. Jonesboro, Iiovcjoy’s Station, etc., Ga . . Kenesaw Mountain, Ga Kettle Run, or Bristow Station, Va Kinston, etc., N. C Kinston, N. C Knoxville, Tcnn Lawrence, Kansas Lee’s Mills Lexington, Mo Locust Grove ami Mine Run, Va Macon and Western Railroad, Ga Malvern Hill, Va Meclianicsville, Va Memphis, Tenn Jlilliken’s Bend, La Mill Spring, Ky Mobile, Ala Mobile Ikiy, Ala Monocacy Junction, Md Monterey, Va Moorefield, Md Mount Crawford, Va Munfordsville, Ky Murfreesboro, Stone River, Tenn Murfreesboro, Tenn Nacliitoches, La Nashville, Tenn Newbern, N. C Newbern, N. C New Madrid, Mo Newmarket, Va North Anna River, Va Oak Grove, Va Olustee, Fla Opequan Creek, or Winchester Paducah, Ky Peach Orchard, Va Peach Tree Creek, Ga Peach 'Tree Creek, Ga Pea Ridge, Arkansas Perryville, Ky Philippi, Va JPetersburg and Richmond, Va Petersburg and Richmond Railroad, Va rAon r.).> 485 139 189 608 328 305 91 48 359 407 133 126 120 260 66 649 608 489 206 607 461 64 192 134 381 663 78 366 78 441 447 125 371 635 382 129 492 494 70 173 28 628 416 Contents. 19 Petersburg, Quaker Road, Boydtou Road, and Five Forks, Va. ... 019 Petersburg, Va 402 Petersburg, Va 470 Petersburg, Va 481 Petersburg, Va 502 Petersburg, Va C16 Pleasant mil. La 388 Plymouth, N. C 392 Pocotaligo, S. C 177 Port Gibson, Miss 219 Port Hudson, La 203 Port Hudson, La 247 Port Hudson, La 258 Port Hudson, La 29G Port Republic, Va 123 Port Royal 62 Prairie Grove, Ark 178 Progress of the Rebellion 25 Raleigh and Hillsboro, N. C 662 Rappahannock Station and Kelley's Ford, Va 324 Raymond, Miss .' 251 Reams’ Station, Stony Creek, etc., Va 482 Red Mound, Tcnn 197 Rcsaca, Ga 437 Review of the War 685 Richmond and Petersburg Vicinities, Va 541 Richmond, Ky 146 Rich Mountain 32 Ringgold, Ga 358 Roanoke Island, N. C 62 Rocky Face Ridge, Ga 417 Rodgersville, Tenn 326 Romney, Va 62 Sabine Cross Roads, Mansfield, La 385 Santa Rosa Island 49 Salisbury (N. C.), etc 635 Savage’s Station, Va 130 Savannah, Ga 668 Secession ville, James Island, S. C 124 Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, Va 114 Shelby ville and Tullahoma, Tenn 263 Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing 82 Silver Spring, D. C 490 Smith’s Raid 370 20 Contents, rAfia SomcrBct, Ky ^>05 Southeastern Virginia 415 Spottsylvania Court House, Va 421 Spottsylvania Court House, Va 442 Springfield, Mo 52 Springfield, Mo 19.) Springville, Term 202 St. Charles, Ark 125 ^ Strawberry Plains, Va .512 Summit Point, Va 527 Sycamore Church, Belcher's Mill, etc., Va 53-1 Tallahassee, Fla 670 Texas 673 The Wilderness, Va 399 Trevilian Station, etc., Va 4G8 Tunnel Hill, Ga 374 Turner’s Gap, South Mountain, Md 1 19 Valley of Virginia 365 Valverde, New Mexico 70 Vicinity of Cherbourg Harbor, France 475 Vicksburg, Miss 191 Vicksburg, Miss 209 Vicksburg, Miss 234 Vicksburg, Miss 267 Vienna, Va 30 Waynesboro (Va ), .Tames River Canal, and Virginia Central R.R. 603 Weldon Railroad, near Potensburg, Va 478 Weldon Railroad, ue.ar Petersburg, Va 51 6 West Point, Va 101 White House, St. Jlary's Church, etc , Va 484 White Oak Swamp, Glendale, and Turkey Bend, Va 131 Williamsburg, Va 99 Wilmington, N. C 598 Wilson's Creek, Mo 43 Wilson’s Landing, Va 45O Winchester, Va 80 Winchester, Va 108 Winchester, Va 262 Winchester, Va 494 Yazoo City, Miss 297 Yellow Bayou, La 442 LIST or ILLUSTRATIONS STEEL PLATE FRONTISPIECE, INCLUDING PORTR/VIT8 OF LINCOLN, GRANT, SHERMAN, AND SHERIDAN. MAPS. (17.) To face Pago Map of Washington and its Defenses 12 “ Battle-field of Bull Run 34 “ Fortress Monroe and Vicinity 74 “ Richmond and Vicinity 114 “ Battle-field of Groveton (second Bull Run) 142 “ Harper’s Ferry 153 “ Battle-field of Antietam 101 “ Battle-field of Fredericksburg 182 “ Chancellors ville and Vicinity 220 “ Vicksburg and its Forts 207 “ Battle-field of Gettj^sburg 270 “ Charleston and its Defenses 309 “ Chattanooga, and Sherman's Campaign in Georgia 339 “ Atlanta, and Sherman’s Campaign in Georgia 630 “ Wilmington and Cap.e Fear River 698 ‘ ‘ Richmond and Petersburg, with Surroundings 628 “ Mobile and its Defenses 650 BATTLE SCENES. (13.) Capture of Fort Donclson 06 Battle of Shiloh 85 Farragut’s Fleet bombarding Forts Jackson and St. Philip 90 Battle of Antietam 104 Battle of Chancellorsville 226 Siege of Vicksburg 257 Battle of Gettysburg. 290 Capture of Lookout Mountain 345 Morgan on a Ibiid 407 Ikittle of the Wilderness 406 Farragut’s Victory in Mobile Bay 611 Capture of Fort Fisher 582 General Sheridan at the Battle of Five Forks 027 2 List of Illustrations. poimuri’S wiTU sketches. (35. To face Page Major-Gen. B. F. Butler 44 Major-Gen. G. H. Thomas.. . . 60 Rear Admiral Foote 61 Major-Gen. Burnside 62 Rear-Admiral Farragut 05 Alajor-Gen. McClellan 100 Major-Gen. Halleck 113 Major-Gen. Pope 139 Major-General P. Kearny. . . . 149 Major-Gen. Rosecrans 169 Major-Gen. 0. M. Mitchel. . . . 177 Major-Gen. Foster 189 Rear-Admiral D. D. Porter. . . 210 Major-Gen. Hooker 223 Major-Gen. Sedgwick 237 Major-Gen. Stoneman 215 Major-Gcu. McPherson 251 Major-Gen. Meade 275 To face Pago Major-Gen. Howard 283 Major-Gen. Hancock 289 Major-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore. . . 300 Major-Gen. G. Granger 352 Brig. -Gen. Wadsworth 411 Major-Gen. liOgan 50 1 Bvt -Major-Gcn. Kilpatrick . . 622 Major-Gen. Schofield 660 Major-Gen. I). S. Stanley.... 664 Major-Gen. Slocum 570 Major-Gen. Geary 674 Major-Gen. Terry 587 Bvt.-Major-Gen. Custer 607 Major-Gen. J. C. Havis 615 Major-Gen. E. 0. C. Ord 638 Major-Gen. E. R. S Canby. . . 649 Bvt.-Major-Gen. J. 11. Wilson 658 PORTRAITS OF REBEL OFFICERS. ( 10 .) General Robert E Lee Lieut. -General T. .1. .lackson General Joseph E. Johnston Lieut. -General James Longstrect General G. T. Beauregard Lieut. -General R. S. Ewell Lieut.-General J. E. B. Stuart General Braxton Bragg Lieut.-General William J. Hardee IJeut. -General A. P. Hill FORT SUMTER. April 12, 1861. UnionisU^ under Major Robert Anderson^ 80. Killed^ none ; woundedy 5 ; misf- iuQy none. RieunionistSy under General Renuregnrdy 7,000. Killed and wo^indedy unknovm — none reported by rebel authorities ; missing y none. The political contentions whicli, for several years, had agitated the northern and southern sections of the American Republic, at length culminated in war in the very State which had been the source of so much of civil discord. The threats of rebellion and secession which, like a thunder-cloud, had menaced the peace of the Union, now burst into a storm of violence in South Carolina. A small garrison, some eighty men in all, true to the flag of their country, under their heroic commander, M.ajor Robert Anderson, held Fort Moultrie, defending the harbor of Charleston. On the night of December 2Gth, 1800, Major Anderson, anticipating the designs of the enemy, removed, for better security, to Fort Sumter, He commenced to place the fort in a condition for active defense, 24 Fort Sumter. preparatory to tlio attack which tlireateneti. him from all bkIcs of tho harbor. On the 11th of January a formal demand was made for the sur- render of the fort, by Governor Pickens; which was a positive declaration of war by South Carolina against the United States. But, notwithstanding the threatening nature of the summons. Major Anderson, true to his trust, refused to comply with it ; and events remained in abeyance until tho 12th of April, 1801. On this ever- memorable day, at four o’clock in the morning, tho first gun which ushered in civil war was fired from James Island. The bombard- ment thus begun was continued during the day and a great portion of tho night. On the morning of tlie 13th, at early dawn, the attack was renewed with increased violence ; but was replied to with determined spirit and desperate gallantry by the heroic garrison. At length the exposed wood-work within the fort was fired by the enemy’s hot shot, and the advancing flames threatening to explode the magazine. Major Anderson, on the 14th of April, negotiated an honorable surrender. Tho next day, he, with his garrison of eighty men, embarked for New Yoi'k. Such, briefly, is tho history of tho bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter ; an event which, from its consequences, will live forever in the recollection of mankind. It is our purjiose to trace succinctly, but accurately, tho Battles of the Behellion, from the first gun tliat was fired on the devoted garrison of Sumter to the last whose echoes linger in tho cars of our noble army and navy. History will doubtless present diflTercnt versions of this stupendous war, accordingly as it is written from im- perfect glimpses of passing events, amid the smoke and roar of bat- tle, or from the more comprehensive views afforded in the clearer light of coining years; or. on the other hand, as it may be dictated by jiartisan [uejudico and selfish animosity, or by a noble patriot- ism and unswerving devotion to truth. It is for us impartially to record the events as they have occurred — to catch tlie gleam of battle as it bursts from the mouth of the cannon, and to transfer it to the living page; as the faithful artist catches the momentary e.\[)ression which lights the human countenance, and deiacts it on the glowing canvas. In the long vista of canqiaigns extending over valleys, mountains, rivers, and across States, will be brought vividly before us many a heroic action, many a desperately fought field, aikl many a glorious record of triumphant victory. 25 .Progress of the Rebellion. PKOGRESS OF THE REBELLION. Tnn shot which fired the walls of Fort Sumter set a-hlaze the •whole Northern heart. The explosion in the harbor of Charleston reverberated through the length and breadth of the land. The Legislatures of the loyal States voted appropriations of men and money. The President of the United States issued his jiroclama- tion for 75,000 men, aecorapanied with the command to the reb- els to return to their allegiance within twenty days. The immedi- ate rush to arms, of Northern soldiery, was but a mere wave upon the rising tide of hostility to the rebellion, to be increased, as its billows extended, to millions of men. An extra session of Congress was called. The Legislature of Now York voted 30,000 men and $3,000,000 of money. The people rose with the rising emergencies of the Government. Monster meetings were held throughout the North. Banks, corporations, and individuals sent in their contri- butions for the public defense. Previous to, and during these measures of, security in the North, the South was maturing its plans of rebellion. On the 20th of December, 18G0, the convention of South Caro- lina had passed a secession ordinance, followed on the 24th by a “declaration of causes.” Tn the mean time her members of Con- gre.ss resigned. On the 25th she adopted resolutions in favor of a confederate government. These acts of open rebellion were followed by more aggressive deeds of public violence. The custom-houses, post-ofEces, arsenals, and forts -were seized. The rebellion thus inaugurated in South Carolina was carried forward by similar measures in other Southern States. On the loth and 11th of January, 1861, Florida and Alabama, re.spect- ivcly, passed secession ordinances. On the 19th, their example was followed by Georgia; on the 26th, by Louisiana; and, on the 7th of February, by Texas. The States thus seceding assembled in a confederate convention at Montgomery on the 4th of February. The hopes of peace still lingered in the hearts of many patriotic men both in the North and South, and these sought an expression in a peace convention which met at Washington on the same day that witnessed the assera- hling of the rebellious States. The Southern Convention completed its organization as a confed- erate i)ower by electing, on the 9th of February, Jetferson Davis 26 Progress of the llchellion. and Alexander IT. Stephens as provisional President and Vice- President. While these events Avere progressing, the volunteer forces called for hy the President Avere marshaling to arms. With the seiz- ure of public property throughout the South, the authorities at Washington became alarmed for the safety of the national capital; and thither the Union forces directed their march. Already the navy yard at Gosport, Va., Avas set in flames, and several ve.ssels of Avar Averc scuttled and burned to save them from the grasp of the enemy. Virginia, on one side of the Potomac, and ^faryland, on tlie other, held the ca[)ital, like an isthmus between two seas, beaten by the billows of open rebellion on the South and the waves of secret faction on the North. To reach the threatened point, Baltimore must be passed ; and Baltimore Avas the great voloano under Avhich smoldered the fires of revolt. The moment for out- break had arrived. On the 19th of April, the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment was passing through the city. Singularly enough, it Avas the anniver- sary of the battle of Lexington. The men numbered about 1,000, under the command of Colonel E. P. Jones. Accompanying the train which brought the Massachusetts Regiment Avere some 1,200 unarmed men from Philadelphia, commanded by General Small. The Avant of precaution for the safety of the latter shoAvs how slight Avas the anticipation of danger in the neighboring city. The cars reached Baltimore ; but Avere intercepted in their prog- ress from the depOt, and several detachments of men were cut off. It Avas decided to inarch the Massachusetts troops through the city. While consulting upon this point, the angry croAvd Avhich had op- posed the passage of the cars began to groAV more fierce, and to in- crease in numbers. The stormy elements Avhich before had lain dormant, awaiting but an impulse from Avithout to gather in tumult- Aious wrath, iioav began to assemble in dark masses, pouring in through street after street, until collected in the mingled surging throng of an infuriated mob. For a brief interval, a [)ainful still- ness prevailed, broken only by the occasional shout of a boy, or the Avhizzing of a missile flung through the air by some sturdy hand ; but it Avas the stillness which presages the coming tempest. The gallant Sixth at length took up its march. The old stones that had echoed to tlie feet of the brave defenders of Baltimore, in 181L, now resounded with the tread of patriots hastening to the defense of the national capital. Progress of the Rebellion. 27 But tho storm burst upon their devoted heads. The voices of the moh, that for a wliile had heen smothered in silence or mut- tered only sullen threats, suddenly broke forth in a prolonged tumultuous yell. The national flag, previously honored hy the en- thusiastic huzzas of a patriotic multitude, and which, in former years, floating triumphantly in battle over the citadels of tho “ Jfonuiuental City,” had received tho Ijuical bai)ti.sm of the Star- Spangled Banner, w.as now insulted and leveled in tho dust, before the eyes of those who had risen to uphold it. Tho defiant cry of the mob rose to shouts for Jefferson Davis. The missiles that at first came one by one now flew around like the scattered fragments hurled hy a volcano. Mingled with these and with the wild shouts of desperate men and reckless youth, were heard tho quick report of tho revolver and tho frequent discharge of musketry. Amid all this violence and tumult, and above it, in command- ing tones, “ Forward the Sixth !” was distinctly heard. Onward they march regardless of the taunting shouts for Jeff Davis! — Down with the Yankees l—IIurrah for the Southern Confederacy I Through alternate showers of paving-stones, brickbats, and other missiles the soldiery advanced, beleaguered by their assailants, firing hut singly into the mob, until they reached Gay Street, whore they discharged a number of shots. Tho overwhelming force which now i)rcs.scd n[)on them urged them to a run until they reached Commerce Street; where, several of them being knocked down, they fired a volley that told fatally upon tho crowd. 'Wheeling and hastening on, they were again attacked from ware- houses and other points, with more disastrous effect, several of the soldiers being wounded and one killed. But still they pushed on, keeping up a running fire upon the pursuing mob until they reached the dep6t, whence they proceeded to Washington. The Pennsylvanians, who were unarmed, remained in the cars at the Baltimore dep6t. All attempts to pass through tho cit}' being deemed impracticable, preparations were made by General Small for their safe removal. While these were in progress, the cars were attacked by a portion of the exultant mob returning from their pursuit of the ifassachusetts Regiment. Several of the men were injured, but the escape was finally secured without a serious conflict. 28 Philippi, Va. PHILIPPI, VA. Junk 8, 1861. VnionistSy under Colonels Kelly and Ixuider^ 5,000. Killed,, 2 ; toounded^ 2 ; mUs^ in (7, 2. HisunionistSy under Col, Porterjield^ mtmhers not rejiorted. Killed,, 16; ^cound* ed^unkno^on ; 7niswn^, 26. In conformity with our plan we proceed to narrate the progress of battles in the order of their succession, whicli carries us, in rapid transition, from one portion of tlie country to another, and brings eacli action vividly before the eye as it transpires. The most important eng.agement, .after the fighting in the streets of Baltimore, tlie occupation of Anna[)olis and Alexandria, and the attacks of the enemy’s batteries on Aquia Creek, was that at Phil- ippi, in Western Virginia, on the 3d of .June, 1861. The Union forces, under the command of Brigadier- General . Thomas A. Morris, wore in the possession of Grafton. The rebels were at Philij>pi, under Colonel Porterfield. Having determined to send out .an expedition to surprise them, it was organized in two divisions: one, consisting of the First Virginia Regiment, and the Ninth and Sixteenth Ohio, under the command of Colonel Kelly; the other, of the Sixth and Seventh Indiana, the Four- teenth Ohio, and a section of artillery, under the combined com- mand of Colonels Dumont and Lander. They set out on their inarch in a terrific storm, through an unexplored and uneven coun- try, on the night of the 2d of .lune. At four o’clock in the morning. Lander, who w'ns to attack the enemy in front, took up his position acros.s the river on a hill com- manding the town. Kelly was to attaeJi them in rear. The plan matured at headquarters failed in its execution. Kelly was impeded in his march of twenty-two miles by roads rendered almost impassable by the darkness of the night and the violence of the storm. On arriving, he found the town aroused instead of sui’prised, and Lander already engaged with the enemy. To add to the discomfiture caused by the Lateness of his force, it came up in the wrong direction. Recovering from this error, how- ever, it charged upon the enemy’s encampments with improved promptness .and great gallantry. Lander’s batteries hud in the mean time done terrible execution. Suddenly, while Kelly was pressing them closely, he came down the hill like a thunderbolt, and joined in the pursuit of the enemy. In this action Colonel liig Bcthd. 29 Kelly was severely wounded. Sixteen of the rebels were killed ; several wounded and taken prisoners, and a largo quantity of camp equipage, arms, etc., were captured. BIG BETHEL. June 10, IROl. VnionhU^ under Brigadier-Oeneral 3,000. Killed^ wounded^ 34; missing^ 6. DifixenionisU^ under Mn^or- General Magruder^ 2,200. Killed^ xcaunded^ and uncer tain — numbers variously reported at from 8 to 150. This engagement, tlie first in the field, took place on the 10th of June. Big Betliel is about ten miles norlli of Newport News, on the road from Hampton to Yorlctown. A body of rebel troops sta- tioned at Little Bethel, eight miles from Newport News, had caused much annoyance to the Union forces under the command of Gen- eral Butler. On the night of Juno 9th, an expedition of 3,000 men, under Brigadier-General Pierce, was sent out from Fortress Monroe to dislodge them. He had dispatched several regiments to surprise the enemy at Little Bethel. This movement was in part successful, and the expedition proceeded on their march. One of those untoward accidents now occurnal which sometimes turn the chances of victory into a defeat, and arouse instead of alarm an enemy. Colonel Bendix mistaking, in the darkness which sur- rounded tltem, the advance of Colonel Townsend’s command for the enemy’s, opened upon it a heavy fire of artillery and musketry, which was quickly returned. Tliis fatal mistake resulted not only in the killing and wounding of .several Union soldiers, but in arous- ing the wdiole rebel camp. The enemy, retiring from Little Bethel, joined their main force, consisting of over 2,000 men, which was strongly int/enclied at Great Bethel. 'Without a knowledge of the strength of the latter, and without reconnoitring their position, it was decided to attack them in their stronghold. An advance was made in the morning at ten o’clock. M.asked batteries swept the road .all along the line of march. Lieutenant Greble w.as ordered up, with his three j^jeces of artillery, directly in front of the enemy’s works. Unsup])ortcd exce[)t hy his gun- ners, this gallant young oiliccr was exposed to their destruetivo fire. Buthravery alone can not re[)air the errors of incompctency, and he sealed with his devoted life his patiiotism and daring love 2 30 Disaster at Vienna, Va. of liis profession. Liewtcniint Greble’s men falling around liiin, and lie himself struck down by a cannon-ball, bis guns Avero with- drawn from tlieir position. The infantry columns made gallant but futile attempts, by different approaches, to storm the works. These aefenses were jirotected in front by a deep stream and a marsh, and at other points by a ditch. Colonel Blenker’s regi- ment and the Zouaves charged up to them repeatedly, in the face of the batteries. These brave men were gradually flanking the position when, it is said, the order to retreat was given. Among the killed in this battle Avas Major Theodore \Vinthro|), an accomplished volunteer officer, Avho in times of peace adorned the profession of the pen, as, in Avar, he lionored that of the sword. DISASTER AT VIENNA, VA. JUHK IT, 18C1. UnionistSy under General Scliencky 697, Killedy 8 ; woundedy 12 ; missingy 24 On this occasion a regiment of Ohio trcojis, under command of Colonel McCook, met with a disaster at the village of Vienna. This village is situated fifteen miles from Alexandria, on the Lou- don and Hampshire Railroad. General McDoAvell, hearing that the rebels intended to destroy the bridges on that road, ordered Brigadier-General Schenck to protect them. Colonel McCook Avas dispatched Avith a force of G97 men, upon that duty. Pro- ceeding in cars, he left detachments on his Avay to protect the road and bridges, until ho disposed of all but 275 of his men. In round- ing a curve near Vienna a masked battery opened upon him. The fire was destructive, the men being ex[)osed on platform cars. General Schenck reported the details of this disaster to General McDowell, commending the coolness and courage of his men and officers under these defenseless circumstances, and speaking of their subsequent withdrawal, in safety, after the casualties recorded. HooneviUe . — Camp Cole. — Falling Waters. 31 BATTLE OF BOONEVILLE, MO. June 17, 1G61. under {general Lyon^ 1,500. Killed., 2; \counded., 9 ; vxifmin^., 20. DUunii^nifiU., under , Jack'Son^, 400. Killedy 4 ; woundedy 20 ; misHngy 0. On the 18th, the Union Home Guards, under Captain Cooke, stationed at Camp Cole, were surprised by a body of rebels from AVarsaw. FALLING WATERS, VA. July 2, 1861. XTnionistSy under General Pattersony 15,000. Killed, 8; xcounded, 10; muinngy 0. DisxLnionieUy under Gexural dohnetony 6,000. Killedy 81; woundedy 50; rnisH- inQy 10 . The rebel General Johnston evacuated Harper’s Ferrj' on the 19th of June. General Patterson did not occupy it, but pro- ceeded up the Maryland side of the river about twenty -five miles to Williamsport, where he crossed into A^irginia. A portion of General Johnston’s force was in the vicinity of Falling AA'aters, at which point they were attacked by the Union forces, at nine o’clock on the morning of July 2d. After a slight resistance they retired, joining their main force at Bunker Hill. 32 Carthage^ Mo. — Rich Mountain. CARTHAGE, MO. July 5, 1S61. VnionintH.^ iimfer Colonel S'njel, 1,600. Killetlj 18 ; ^oomidedy 81. DiminionUtHy under Price and Jackson., 8,500, Killed and wounded^ about 80 ; prisoners, 45. On tho 2(1 of July Colonel Sigel arrived at Neosho, and learning that the rebel generals Price, Ravage, and Jackson, had united their forces at Dry Fork Creek, eight miles from Carthage, he de- termined to attack them. The fight commenced at about half- past nine, in an open prairie, three miles beyond Dry Fork. The enemy’s cavalry having attempted to outflank the Federal troops, the latter fell back upon their baggage trains, to prevent their cap- ture, Colonel Sigel in the mean time changing his front. Retreat- ing to Dry Fork Creek, they soon encountered a formidable rebel force of cavalry concentrated to cut them off. Rut a cross Are of canister and shrapnel, thrown violently into their ranks, scattered them in wild confusion. The Federal troops continued tlicir retreat toward Carthage. Night was falling as tho retreating army passed through Carthage, its shades covering tho rebel cavalry as it with- drew on the Mount Vernon road. From Carthago a forced march was made to Sarcoxie, a distance of twelve or fourteen miles. After a brief delay, the retreat was continued to Mount Vernon, eighteen miles east. In this gallant action Sigel showed masterly skill as a soldier and commander. RICH MOUNTAIN. July 12, 1861. Unionists, under General McClellan, 7,000. Killed, 11 ; wounded, 85 ; miss~ ing, 0. Disunionists, wider Colonel Pegram, 5,000. Killed, 140; wounded and miss- ing, over 800. The rebels under Colonel Pegram occupied a strongly intrenched camp, on the western slopes of Rich Mountain, .about two miles west of Beverly. Colonel Rosecrans, with 1,600 men, was ordered by General McClellan to advance, by a circuitous route, upon this point. With the main division, he moved on Laurel Hill, the principal camp of the enemy. Colonel Roseciaans’ movement, though intended as a surprise, was discovered by the foe, who made preparations to receive him. The attack, however, was CarracJc's Ford, Fa. — FuU Fun. 33 made with great success, tlio enemy after an action of forty min- utes flying in confusion. Their cannon, supplies, ami equipments fell into the hands of the victorious Unionists, with a loss of 140 killed and 300 wounded and prisoners ; while 600 of those who escaped, subsequently surrendered. CAEEICK’S FOED, VA. July 13, 1861. Unionists., under General McGleUan^ 2,000, Killed,, 2; wounded,, 12; miss- in(7, 0. DisunioiUsts^ 7irid^r General Oarneit^ 3,000, Killed^ 20; wounded^ 10; miss- 50. The battle of Garrick’s Ford was a brilliant sequel to the complete victory achieved at Rich Mountain the day previous. General Garnett had retreated from Laurel Hill, and attempted to reach St. George. General McClellan, however, had so skillfully disposed his forces as to effectually prevent this. A detachment under Cap- tain Benham was sent in rapid pursuit of the retreating enemy. Joining General Morris’ division, they encountered General Gar- nett’s forces at C.arrick’s Ford. Hero a severe action ensued, re- sulting in the death of General Garnett with eight of his com- mand, and in the wounding of ten others, besides the capture of a large number of prisoners. The Union loss was two killed and twelve wounded. The successful operations of the Union army, led by McClellan, Rosecrans, Lander, Benham, and others, sustained by their brave eorarades, effectually dispersed the hosts of rebellion in north- western Virginia. BULL EUU. July 21, 1861. VnionUtK, under General Irwin McDowell, 18,000. Killed, 481 ; wounded, 1,011 ; mU/dng, 1,216. DieunionUU, under General Beauregard, 27,000. Killed, 269 ; wounded, 1,488 ; missing, not reported. The Army of the Potomac, previous to the battle of Bull Run, comprised three grand divisions, as f dlows : the first, in Wash- ington, commanded by General Mansfield, the second by General Hull Hun. 34 ifcDowel], whoso left extended to Alexanclrifi, and Ids rigid on eitlier side of tlio Potomac, toward the left of General Patterson, who commanded a division in the vicinity of Williamsport and Martinsbnrg. On the 20th of Jnly, General Beauregard was at Manassas Junc- tion and its neighborhood with an army of 21,833 men, increased on the day of the battle to 27,000. The order for the advance of the Union army was issued on the 8th of Jnly, bnt it was not until the 15th that the preparations were so far completed as to enable it to move from its camps oppo- site Washington. It took up its line of inarch in five divisions, commanded respectively as follows : first division by Brigadier- General Daniel Tyler; second. Colonel David Hunter ; third. Col- onel S. P. Ileintzolman ; fourth (reserves). Brigadier- General F. ItunyQn; fiftli. Colonel Dixon S. Miles. The army in all numbered 55,000 men, altliongh the force actu- ally engaged is said not to have exceeded 18,000. The Union troops advanced over four different roads : General Tyler’s division over the Georgetown road. Colonel Hunter over the Leesburg and Centrevillo roads, and the remaining columns over the Little River turnpike and the old Braddock road. The enemy occupied Fairfax Court House, twelve miles from the Potomac ; Centrevillo, ten miles beyond ; Bull Run, four miles from the latter; and Manassas Junction, about seven miles distant. The advancing army concentrated in the vicinity of Centreville. Three miles from this village. General Tyler, on the 18th, made a partial reconnoissanco of the Bull Run valley. Ho advanced toward the crossing of the Bull Run at Blackburn’s Ford, where, encoun- tering a body of the enemy, a severe engagement occurred. The discovery of the enemy’s force caused the Union troops to retreat behind the cover of their battery until joined by the third brigade, commanded by Colonel Sherman, and the Sixty-ninth New York Regiment, led by Colonel Corcoran. The contest was re- newed and continued for about an hour, when the purposes of the reconnoissance being accomplished, General McDowell ordered a retreat. The affair at Blackburn’s Ford showed that the enemy was too strong at that point for the Union army to force a passage, in order to confront his strong position at Manassas, without great loss. The stone bridge, over which the Warrenton road crossed Bull Run, to the west of Centreville, was defended by a battery in "II" .( /:„ niCL/.tlW:^('’ .V. JSull liu7l. 37 position, and tlic road on Ids side of tlic stream impeded by a lieavy abattis, Tlie only alternative, tlierefore, was to turn the ex- treme left of Ids position. An undefended ford lay about three miles above the bridge, and another one, which was defended, be- tween it and the bridge. It was determined, after crossing the upper ford, to get into the rear of the forces guarding the bridge and the lower ford. After occupying the Warrcnton road, west of the bridge, it was a part of the plan to destroy tlie railroad at or near Gainesville. Thus the communication between the enemy’s forces at Manassas and those in the valley of Virginia, before Win- chester, which had been held in check by Major-General Patterson, was to be cut off. General Tyler was directed to move, with three of his brigades, on the Warrenton road, and open on the enemy’s batteries; Hunter, to move after him, and to get behind the enemy. Ileintzelman was to follow Hunter. Miles was to be in reserve on the Centerville ridge. The advanced regiment of Painyon’s division, the fourth, was about seven miles in the rear of Centreville. To avoid the excessive heat, the divisions were ordered to inarch at half-past two o’clock a.m. An unfortunate delay in the first division getting out of its camp hindered the marching of the other divisions two or three hours. Tlic passage of the Bull Run, at the stone bridge, was attempted by Tyler’s division at half-past two o’clock on the morning of the 21st. The signal gun indicating the hour of attack was fired at half-past six. While the plans of the Union army were being carried out, the enemy was massing his opposing columns, in splendid array. The crossing of the second division at Sudley’s Springs was the signal for the great opening of the combat. Mus- ketry and heavy shot began to pour from out the clouds of smoko that gathered with the storm of battle. Now the quick lightning, and then the deep peals of thunder, showed how the advancing columns, bearing the bright banner of the Union, met the fierce outbursts of the storm. The enemy’s batteries kept up a rain of fire all along the approaching Union lines. But soon the Federal cannon echo back their defiance. The exposed position of the Union forces now told fearfully against them. General Hunter fell, severely wounded, and several other gallant leaders met a similar fate, or sank forever to rest; while Burnside and Sjiraguo liad their horses shot from under them. Now the Seventy- first, New York Zouaves, and the Alabama First, challenge each 38 Hull Run. other to mortal combat. Tho Alabamians deploy to charge the Zouaves upon tho brow of a hill. Their banners wave aloft, amid defiant shouts and roars of cannon. Tho Alabamians rush to tho charge. With fearful volleys of musketry, grape, and canister the Zouaves break the wave of valor that is rising to the crest of the hill, and drive tho foe as mist before tho storm. The Alabamians fougbt with desperate courage, leaving sixty of their number dead upon the field. The Zouaves, in their successful resistance of this attack, were not without their blood-stained mementoes. Nino- loen of their minibor were killed, and about thirty woundeil. At a later period of the fight their valor was less persistent, liegard- less of discipline, they broke, and, for tho time being, tho field of their recent exploits was turned to a scene of foul disorder. In tho changing panorama of battle, in which prominent figures and moving masses of men were now seen, and now lost to view, there appeared alternately, in grand relief, the Sixty-ninth Irish, tho Scotch, tho New York Thirteenth, and the Wisconsin regiments, marching proudly on. Tho artillery of the enemy was pouring in its deadly fire. Griffin’s battery was within speaking distance. Onward they move to its support. The undulating landsca[)e now hides their receding forms ; while above them is dimly seen amid the storm of battle tho stars of their mingled banners, like tho ra- diant lights which gleam through a cloudy sky. One blast of tho cannon sends forth its heavy volumes, another and another, until tho whole atmosphere is dense with tho smoko of tho conllict. Not only tho land.sca[)e, strewn with lifeless forms, but tho moving fig- ures upon it, wear the grim visage of the battle. Whole ranks, on both sides, advance and are cut down as one man, undistinguished in tho smoke which envelops them like a pall. The picture presents another phase. The cannon is silenced ; the smoke fades away; shouts ring through tho air; the groans of the dying are drowned amid tho cheers of the living. If the day is not won, a battery is taken. Hurrah tho Sixty-ninth 1 If a battalion breaks, another rallies. Hurrah tho Thirteenth! If a charge is desperately made, it is unbrokenly met. Hurrah tho Fourteenth 1 Tho men, emerging from tho battle, gradually recover from their excitement, and assume an air of calmness and compo- sure. Tho banners which floated in airy beauty before the fight, now, crimsoned with blood or riven with tho blast of battle, droo[) in languid folds, — the sacred trophies of surviving valor and hon- ored mementoes of the heroic dead. As the face of the picture changes, so do the surrounding physi- cal features. The liills buried beneath the lingering smoko now rise to view. The glorious sun, obscured by the clouds of war breaks forth in all its splendor. The famous Run, turbid and min- gled with blood, now flows placidly, broken only by the murmur of its waters. The trees, hero and tlicro bereft of a bough or robbed of their leaves, no longer resound with the roar of musketry and artillery, but are vocal with the song of birds. The brush- wood trampled by the weight of armies, bears the marks of many feet ; and the surrounding earth is deeply scarred with the furrows of the cannon-ball. The battle flew, on fiery wings, from one point of the crimsoned field to the other. The contending foes anxiously await the result, while the wavering fortunes of the day hang despondingly in the doubtful scales of war. Onward the Union battalions rush — des- perately the rebel forces press ! Charge after charge is made and repulsed; the Union forces nowin the ascendant, the rebels now flying, behind their batteries, before the storm of musketry and the charging bayonet — then returning with renewed daring; are again repulsed and again renew the assault. Still the battle rages — the Black Horse Cavalry charge 1 Moving columns in the distance are seen rapidly advancing. The clear lens of the field-glass reveals not the starry emblem of the Union among their banners. Nearer they approach and still nearer, until the number swells to thousands of the rebel army. “ Patter- son has not intercepted Johnston!” cry voices in the secret of the plan of battle. “ Patterson has let Johnston loose upon us ! What avails our courage, fighting, sacrifices!” We are overwhelmed! And now the fresh levies of Johnston, arriving from Manassas, suddenly advance to the attack. The broken columns of the Union army, where most severely pressed, begin to feel the fatal effect of this now force. Bravely they withstand the unc(iual contest which is thus hurled upon them until they give way before the overpowering force. Flushed with triumph, the desperate foe rush upon the retreat- ing Unionists. Rank after rank break, save here and there a rally- ing force which makes a desperate stand against the pursuing foe. Downward they rush over wounded, dying, and straggling men, mingled indiscriminately, until Unionist and rebel appear as one disorganized army. Tlie Black lIor.se Cavalry, flushed with pride in their part of the day’s havoc, dash on, with foaming steed and 42 Dattle of Dutain Stanley’s cavalry. The enemy’s infantry was seen approaching from a wood, evidently with the design of cutting off the rear of the Union forces. Ca|)tain Stanley drew up his cavalry to receive them, and threw a deadly tiro into their ranks; but the rebels, who greatly outnumbered him, replied with telling effect. The unequal contest w.as bravely borne by Captain Stanley’s cavalry, when one of his officers, carried away with ardor and regardless of numbers, cheeringly cried to his men to charge! Away some thirty of them fly upon their steeds, and dashing upon the rebel bayonets, turn them away in surjjrise. Soon a body of the enemy’s cavalry swept along and formed into an angle. Ca|)tain Totten, mounting his battery on an overlooking hill, threw shot and shell into their midst, fire after fire, scattering them over the field. General Lyon, having routed the enemy, continued his march to Curran, twenty-six miles from Springfield. Wilson's Creek^ Mo. 43 WILSON’S CREEK, MO. August 10, 1861. VnioniMfiy under General Lyon^ 6,000. Killed, 223 ; fPounde.d.,’l2[ \ minffing, 291. DisunioJiisifty under Price and McCulloch^ 23,000. Killed^ 265; wounded, 800 1 mijising.^ 30. After a sharp skirmish at Athens, on tlio 5th, in wliicli tho Union f<)rce3 lield tho field, wo pass to tho important battle of Wilson’s Creek, in which the bravo General Lyon was killed, and his army, opposed to greatly superior numbers, was defeated. General Lyon at this time held an exceedingly perilous position. He w'as pressed upon all sides by the enemy, and was without reinforcements. Fremont’s troops had been detached to strengthen other points, and were unable to afford the desired relief. Under these trying circumstances. General Lyon was debating whether to give tho enemy battle or to retreat upon Uolla. Fear- ing to risk the chance of his army being cut up in detail, he deter- mined to attack the enemy, intrenched in great force at Wilson’s Creek, nine miles south of Springfield. Accordingly, at daylight, on the morning of the 10th, he advanced to the conflict. Tho ])lan was to move on tho enemy in two columns; one under Colonel Sigel, the other under his own command. The enemy’s tents lay on both sides of tho creek, covering a mile east and south, and crossing two miles west and north of tho road, — the stream presenting a somewhat tortuous course. On each side of the water hills rise to a height of two or three hundred feet, those on the north presenting gentle acclivities, whilo the valley spreads out to the width of half a mile. At eight o’clock in the evening the columns moved to the attack. Colonel Sigel, with his six pieces of artillery, and a part of Colonel Salomon’s forces, took the road to the southward; and marching around to the extreme right of the enemy’s camp, he there awaited tho signal of Lyon’s cannon. Lyon, with the main body, moving on at the same time, halted five miles west of the eity, and thence continued his course in a southwesterly direction. At five o’clock in the morning of Saturday the battle opened, and continued until eleven.. The Unionists, after a most gallant struggle against overwhelming numbers, were forced to retreat. General Lyon fell mortally wounded while heroically leading a body of men who had lost their leader in tho midst of tho fight. Among other brave officer.s, Gen. Sweeney, Col. Sturgis, and Capt. 'Totten greatly distinguished themselves in this desperate contest. 44 Hatteras Inlet. HATTERAS INLET. AuQOSt 28 AND 29, 186L. U7iionistSy under General B. F. Butler^ 1,000. Fleet under Commodore S. 17, Stringham. Killed^ 1 ; icoundedy 2. Dimnionlsts.^ under Commodore BarroHy over 800. Killed, wounded^ prisoners, 715. ^ The first naval expedition of the war resulted in the capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark, .at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina. On the 20tli of August the llect loft IIaini)toti Ro.ads with Coiuinodoro Stringham’s flag-ship Minnesota, accompanied by four United States steamers and three chartered steamers, all commanded by officers of tbe United States navy. In tow of several of the transports were schooners with surf-boats attached. The land forces consisted of 500 of the Twentieth New York Regiment, Colonel Weber ; 230 of the New York Ninth Regiment, Colonel Hawkins;' 100 of the Union Coast Guards, Captain Nixon, and 00 of the United States Second Artillery, Lieutenant Lamed. The expedition left Fortress Monroe on the afternoon of the 20th and arrived at Hatteras Inlet on the afternoon of the 27th. Early the following morning everything was in readiness for the attack. The troops were landed under cover of the fleet. Above three hundred men, led by Colonel Max Weber, formed the storming party. Save a severe drenching from the heavy surf, they reached the beach without accident. Soon the guns of Fort Clark began to answer the IVab.ash, and the general action comtnenced. After three hours of heavy cannoruading, the flags of the fort were suddenly lowered. Again banners waved, but this time not the enemy’s. The Union flag fluttered in the breeze. But tbe fleet could not believe its own good fortune. The work was too speedily done; the fire continued for fear of a ruse. Not so did events appear in the eye of General Butler. Like Nelson at Co- penhagen (though in a difierent branch of the service), ho could not thus interpret the appearance of the flag. The storming party had possession of Fort Clark. But the work was not done. The klonticello was fired upon by tbe lower b.attery. The troops left Fort Clark for greater security. The guns of the fleet ke[)t up their fire, till darkness descending, and the heavens thre.atening a storm, the conflict ceased. But the next morning its thunders again roared. The raging elements of the previous night had somewhat scattered the fleet; i j BENJAMIN FBANKLIN BUTLEB. i ]\tujor-Gen. Vols., born in I )o(;iTil' 1(1, Kockingliani (kj., K. II., Xov. 5, 1818; j oducaled at AValorvilio Oollogo, Me. ; adinitied to llic li.ar in [unwell, in 1840 ; \ ■! acquired a liigh reputal ion aa a criminal lawyer; nienLl.)er of (Jonstitulional ! ,i Convention, j\lass., 1853 ; member National Democratic Clonvenlion, ISGO ; i Democratic candidate for Covernor, 18G0 ; Drig.-Cen. Militia, 18G1; com- { ■; manded Mass. Advance Guards, in April, cn route to W'^a.sliington, and at ;■ ; Baltimore; made .Maj.-Gen. \Mls., ]\lay l(i, 18G1 ; commanded Dept of \"a. ; ) defeated at Big Bethel ; eai)tured Fort llatteras, Aug. 21) ; aided in tlio cap- ( '{ ture of the forts below New Orleans, in April, 18G2 ; enlered New Orleans ;■ 1 April 28 ; commanded there till Dec. 15, 18G2 ; returned to the North; as- ;. ) signed Oct. 29, 18G3, to command the D('partment of Virginia and North i , Carolina, alterwai'ds called Ihe Army of the dames; aihninis(,cr('d thi' alliiirs j' of DcparInu'nt wilh success. In (he beginning of May, I 8G I , occiqiicd Her- ;. muda 1 Inndred ; attacked Fort Darling, Imt was rcpulsi'd ; atlemptcd unsuc- ( ccssfully to ' ca])tur(! I’ctersburg; made a canal acro.ss Dulch Ga]), on the ■: Janies, which was finally succe.ssful; direcled several indecisive aetion.s on !■ the North bank of the Janies ; Dec. 25, 18G4, made an unsuccessful attenqit ; ) to cajiture Fort Fisher, N. C. ; relieved from command, and ordered to report at Lowell has since held no command. 1 Carnifex Ferry . — Qhcat Mountain Pass, Va. 47 but now tho tempest of the ocean ceased, to give way to the tem- pest of battle, 'fho vessels had made their anchorage. The Sus- quehannah, the Minnesota, the Wabash, and the Moiiticello opened a terrific fire, and made old Ilatteras, with its rebellious shore, ring again in a voice which defied the storm. Up flies tho white flag, and Butler, wishing to learn its signif- icance, dispatches Lieutenant Crosby to ascertain. Tho fort has succumbed. Commodore Barron proposes to sur- render, but on condition that he and his officers shall p.ass out with their side-arms — his men without arms. These terms being refused, an unconditional surrender was made. The tars, meantime, from the tops of the rigging, cheer the white flag with shouts of “Victory I” 715 men, with olliccrs, were taken, and 31 pieces of cannon, 1,000 stands of arms, and five stands of colors, besides stores and other booty. CAENIFEX FERRY, VA. Septembru 10, 18CI. ITnionisUy under General JiosecraiUy 4,500. Killedy 16 ; V)oundedy 102. DimnioniHU.^ under General Floyd^ 5,000. Killed and wounded^ not reported. On tho loth of Soi)tcmber, General llosccrans, after a weary search and a long march in pursuit of Floyd, at length discovered him, strongly intrenched, at Carnifex Ferry, lie was posted on the right bank of {he Gauley River, about eight miles southwest of Summerville. A reconnoissance of the enemy’s position was made ' at three o’clock in the afternoon, which led to a conflict lasting until night. It was General Rosecrans’ intention to renew the battle tho next morning, but his wily foe disappeared without giv- ing him the opportunity. CHEAT MOUNTAIN PASS, VA. September 12, 18G1, Zfnionistsi, under Gen. Reynolds^ 10,000. Killed. 9 ; wounded^ 2 ; prisonertiy 60. VU'inionUiSy under General Robert E. Zee, 9,000, Killed^ 80; woundedy 20; 20 . On tho 12th of September, General Reynolds was attacked by General Lee, at Cheat Mountain. This pass lies between the val- ley of the south branch of the Potomac River and the valleys of Elk 48 and Gauley rivers. .General Reynolds first occupied the foot of the mountain, and afterward fortified the two spurs known as Cheat Summit and Elk AVater, seven miles apart. Leo, 9,000 strong, advanced on Reynolds’ j)osition by the Hunt- ersville pike. After some brisk fighting, in which the Seventeenth Indiana, Colonel Pearsel, evinced their courage, the enemy made their way to the right and rear of Cheat Mountain, and cut off the telegraphic communication between the two summits. By rapid combinations Lee’s forces gained other points of advantage, .all tlie while gallantly met by the torrents of fire which were poured down upon them. Five thousand of the enemy became engaged on Cheat Summit, now the principal point of tlie fight, and the roar of the cannon echoed again and again in fearful reverberations. Repulsed at one point, first in the rear, then in front, the mountain gorges offered other avenues of attack, and onward the Southerners rushed, to bo swept back once more by the flood of fire which poured its waves from the mountain summit, thoroughly defeated. LEXINGTON, MO. September 12 - 20 , 1861 . Unionists^ under Colonel Mulligan^ 2 , 780 . Killed^ 42 ; xoounded^ 108 ; prisonerSf 1 , 624 . DisunionistSy under General PricCy 26 , 000 . Killedy 25 ; woundedy 75 . Lexington, the capital of Lafayette County, is on the right bank of the Missouri River, 120 miles west of Jefferson City, and 300 miles from St. Louis. It has a population of 6,000. This point, important in many strategic respects to the Union forces, was ecpially desirable to the rebels. It was attacked on the 12th by Price’s army, and surrendered on the 20th, after a most lieroic defense. The water communication being cut off, the be- sieged were reduced almost to a perishing condition. Neither na- ture nor valor were longer able to withstand the combined foes of want and a besieging army ; and hence the Union troops, exhausted and surrounded, yielded to the enemy. Chapmansville, Va . — Greenbrier, Va. 49 CHAPMANSVILLE, VA. September 25, 1861. VnionUta^ under Colonel Praii^ 500. Killed^ 4; 'ivounded and miftsing, 9. Pisnnionisis^ under ColSnel T, ir. Davis^ 500. Killed^ 29 ; wounded^ 50 ; prison- erSy 47. Tnii next point of battle in the mountain regions of Virginia was Cliapinansville, in Logan County. Tlero a dctaclinient of rebels w'as attacked by the Thirty-fourth Indiana. This regiment of Zouaves quickly drove the enemy from behind their breast- works, and kept up a brisk fight of some hours, in which they gained a general advantage. Among the trophies of the victory was a secession flag. ' GREENBRIER, VA. " October 8, 1861. Unionists^ under General Reynolds,, 5,000. Killed,, wounded^Z2» DimnionisU,^ under Gen. Jackson,, 7,000. Killed,, 100 ; wounded^ 75 ; prisonerSy 18. On the night of October 2d, at twelve o’clock. General Reynolds started from his encampment to attack a fortified camp on Green- brier River. The enemy held Buffalo Ilill, their cannon bristling along its terraced sides. Tlio Federal columns, as they advanced up tbe acclivity, were swept with torrents of blazing fire. Soon, however, their batteries were in position. Gun after gun answered from valley to fortified hillside. Gradually the roar of the terraced cannon cease-s. The Federals deem tbe day their own. A move- ment to storm the hill is rn.ade. But from tbe brow of tbe steep, whizzing rockets ascend, and soon break fortli tbe shouts of the mountain legions: they are reinforced from the neighboring camp. A flank movement is made by the assailing party, under a perilous cross-fire of shell and canister, when tbe rebels rapidly retire. SANTA ROSA ISLAND. October 9, 1861. UnionistSy under Colonel IT. WiUony 400. Killed. 14 ; tcoundedy 29 ; prisonerSy 24. PisunionistSy under General Andersony 1,200. Killedy unknoion ; woundedy 860 ; prisonerSy 86. Eaui.y on the morning of the 9th of October, a detachment, under General Anderson, from the forces of General Bragg, then 50 Santa Rosa Island. — Rail's Rluff. coniinancling at Pensacola, made an attack upon Santa Posa Island, on tlic west coast of Florida. The object of the enterprise was to capture Fort Pickens, situated at the western extremity of the island. Before effecting this, however, the assailants must over- power the Federal force encamped on the island. This force con- sisted of a portion of a New York regiment, known as the Wilson Zouaves, commanded hy Colonel William Wilson. Under the cover of the darkness, the bold adventurers landed, and began to drive in the Federal pickets. But soon the alarm spread to the camps, and all were in readiness to meet tlio foe. The intense darkness added to the confusion of the secret attack, until tlie tiring of the camp hy the enemy lighted up the desolate island. Bapidly the surprised party rallied. A hand-to-hand fight ensued. After a desperate struggle, the assailants were driven to their boats, fol- lowed by the combined fires from the fort and their pursuers. Thus the well-])lanned attack on Santa liosa was hallled, rellccting great credit on tho vigilance and gallantry of Colonel Wilson and his coinmand. BALL’S BLUFF. OCTOUEB 21, 1861. XTnioniniSy under Colonel Baher^ 2,100. Killed., 223 ; wounded, 266 ; misfiing, 455. I>isunionists, wider General Evaiis, 6,000 Killed, 36 ; wounded, 264 ; prisoners, 2. Ball’s Bluff is one of those conspicuous disasters which, asso- ciated with tho most heroic deeds of v.alor, stand out, among the grand features of war, in hold relief, as the high bluff itself stands forth conspicuously among the dark promontories which impede the onward flow of the Potomac. What the gloomy landscape surroundings were to the genius of Salvator Rosa, will this terrible battle and its concomit.ants be to the ambition of some bold de- lineator of warlike scenes — one of the grandest, most picturcscjuc, and sublime of subjects. But that which tho sjjectator finds most tragically heroic in its effects, the military eye discovers to bo most cruelly disastrous and coldly unpardonable in its consequences. Such was the battle of Ball’s Bluff. A handful of men, comparatively speaking, set forth, with very inadequate means of conveyance, and with a double peril in returning, should retreat become necessary, to cross tho Potomac at Edward’s Ferry and occupy Harrison’s Landing. But 51 Ball's Bluff. the contingency of a retreat seemed to be unanticipated, or, if an- ticipated, was at least unprovided for. The landings are divided by a huge bluff which throws its dark shadows gloomily upon the waters, and lifts its towering head ruggedly toward the skies. The unconscious troops took their march along the steep which rises from the shore, until they reached a field surrounded by a forest. The rebel forces, in large numbers, had secluded themselves in the dense cover of the latter. Here tlie battle was fought. Col- onel Devens had reached the bluff by daylight, and began to form his command for battle. Stiddenly he was attacked ; when an irregular fire was kept up, the enemy making no demonstration of great strength, but awaiting the arrival of the Unionist’s main force. The latter were sent forward as rapidly as the means of transportation would enable. They were marched to the fatal spot, surrounded, literally, by a cordon of fire, and there cut down, yielding only to the most unequal odds, and under the most disas- trous circumstances. Colonel llaker, the commander of the field, fell, mortally wounded. Colonel Milton Cogswell, after leading his men desperately to the charge in the midst of the most fatal fire, was overwhelmed by superior numbers and forced to yield, but not until his command had inflicted severe losses upon the enemy. The most terrible period of the battle was about two o’clock r.M., when the concealed foe opened their fire, from the woods, upon the Union ranks. The fatal combat continued with unmitigated fury until darkness closed over the forest that all the day had blazed with the fires of battle. Against the terrible odds of position and numbers, the remnant of this body of brave men were unable to bear up, and accordingly retreated from the field which their devotion has immortalized. But their retreat was pursued by a deadly fire, even to the brink of the river; where, precipitated down the steep bluff, many of them sank to rise no more beneath the gory waters. Along the shores, for days after, bodies floated, and were cast upon the banks. Ball’s Bluff is written in ineffaceable characters upon the darkest page of history; and while the Potomac flows, the bold eminence which formed the scene of conflict will stand as a monument to the glory, if not the triumph, of American heroism. 3 62,. Sprinrjjidd^ Mo. — Romney., Fa. — Port Royal. SPRINGFIELD, MO. OcTODEU 25, 1S61. UnionUtSy under }fa)or Zagonyi^ 800. Killedy 15 ; uoundedy 2T ; misaingy 10. J>isnnwnUt{iy 2,000. Killedy lOG; xoonnded^ unknoxoxi ; 27. TnK rebels liaving been in possession of Springfield since the battle of Wilson’s Creek, an order was given by General Fremont to attack it. 'l''he numbers of the enemy were much greater than was estimated; and the inferior force, commanded by Major Zagonyi, a Hungarian, gave to the enterprise, in the successful manner of its execution, a reputation of rare brilliancy. A dash was made into the town which took the garrison by surprise. After killing and wounding many of the enemy and capturing a number of pris- oners, with a considerable amount of treasure, the daring assail- ants withdrew, leaving the place to be quietly occupied by the advance of General Fremont’s army the day following. ROMNEY, VA OcTOKEK 2fl, 1801. Unionistfiy under General KtlUjy 2,600. Killcdy 2 ; v^oundedy 16. J>Uunio7iistii — numhere and commander not reported. Killedy 20 ; woxindedy 15 ; pHaonerSy 500. General Kelly, with a force of Virginia and Ohio volunteers, left New Creek to attack Romney, supported by a regiment under Colonel Thomas Johns. The plan of attack was to lead his main force against the west part of the town, while his supporting col- umn made a demonstration against the north. Encountering the outposts of the enemy some distance from the town, the action be- gan precipitately. Infantry and cavalry charged at once upon the opposing batteries, which, after a desperate defense, were partly abandoned to the possession of the Unionists. The victors cap- tured, besides, several pieces of cannon, a number of wagons loaded with rifles, etc., and 500 prisoners. CAPTURE OF PORT ROYAL. November 7, 1861. VnionisUy Under General T. W. Shermany 27,000. Fleet under Commodore Samuel F. Ihipont. Killedy 8; woundedy 23. jyimnionieUy under General Druyton. Killed and xcounded not reported; pris* onerSy 2,500. On the 29th of October the great naval expedition designed to operate against the Southern coast sailed from Hampton Roads, . 4* mSi' wMk II 53 (Capture of Port Royal. Va. Preparations for this formidable armada had been made for several weeks previous ; but the objects and points of its desti- nation were kept a profound secret. The sight of the departure of a fleet of over seventy vessels from their various anchorages was one of almost ine.xpressible magnificence. As far as the eye could reach, clouds of sail floated toward the sea, while the shores were crowded with excited spectators, waving their adieus. Strains of martial music and exultant cheers rent the air, until the last si)cck of canvas that fluttered its answering farewell was lost to tlie eye. The third day out a terrific storm arose, developing the utter worthlessness of a number of vessels which a want of vigilance on the j>art of the proper otBcers had suffered to be imposed upon the Government. Several vessels were scattered and wrecked, and others driv'en back to Fortress Monroe. The greater portion of the fleet, however, outriding the storm, arrived off Port Royal, South Carolina, on the morning of the 3d of November. On the 5th a sliglit reconnoissance by the gun-boats was made, and on the 7th the attack of the combined fleet commenced. At ten o’clock a fire was opened from the Hilton Head fortifica- tions on the flag-ship Wabash. This was returned by the batteries of the fleet, in a terrible and destructive broadside. Between the two shores of batteries, the ocean-batteries of the ships rolled their billows of fire, one following tlic other in rapid succession, until the sea of flames became mingled with the clouds of heaven. Shells discharged with the rapidity of the instant, rei)eated their fiery messages as timed by tlie watch, until thousands and thou- sands fell, bursting in fragments upon the fortified shores. Again and again the fleet took up a revolving line, and swept around magnificently, sending its messages of death and receiving fiery answers from the shore. A portion of the gun-boats, divided from the main fleet, took positions of effective range, beyond its circling pathway. Some remained stationary, while others placed themselves to the north of the beleaguered forts and kept up an enfilading fire. At length the fire from the forts grew weaker and gradually died away. As the smoke of the last cannon slowly dissipated, a flag of truce was dimly seen streaming from the fort; and soon in its stead was proudly hailed, floating in the sun, the emblem of vic- tory, the Star Spangled Banner ! Forts Walker and Beauregard had succumbed ; Port Royal Harbor was in secure possession, while many trophies fell into the possession of the Unionists. 54 Helmont^ Mo. — Munfordsville, My. BELMONT, MO. Novkmukb T, 1861. Vnioniets., under General Grant., 2,850. KHUd^ 34 ; wounded-, 238 ; 285. JHftunioniats, under General Polk. Killed, 2G1 ; waunded, 427 ; nilsalng, 278. The forces of Generals Grant and Polk fought a severe battle on the 7th of November, at Belmont, opj)Osite Columbus, Ky., on the Missouri side of the “Father of Waters.” Golurabus was occupied by General Polk witli a large rebel force. The high bluft’s on the Kentucky side of the river afforded strong fortifications and were heavily mounted with guns com- manding it. General Grant’s object was to surprise the enemy at Belmont, and prevent him from reinforcing liis confederates in Kentucky or Missouri. The forces of General Grant were landed in boats some distance above, and thence inarched upon Belmont. A battle of two hours’ duration ensued, resulting to the advantage of the Union forces. But this advantage was jiartly lost by the subsequent conduct of the troops, who became demoralized, and giving themselves up to plunder, were met, before they could recover tlieir boats, by rein- forcements from the enemy on the opposite shore. Cutting their way through these, they were forced to maintain a bloody combat, which continued until they succeeded, after severe loss, in reach- ing their boats. (Tho foIlowJne battle waB, by mlutuUe, InHertea out of chronological order. It tjhouIJ coitiu 111 before page 115.) MUNFORDSVILLE, KY. September 16 and 17. 1862. Unionists, under Colonels Wilder and Dunham, aver 4,000. Killed and wounded, not reported ; prisoners, 4,100. Disunionists, under Ge?ieral Dragg, 26,000. Killed and wounded, many — num^ hers not reported. The advance of General Bragg’s army having appeared before Munl'ordsvillc, ho demanded the surrender of the Union forces under the command of Colonel Wilder. This demand having been refused, the attack was begun at throe o’clock a.m. A fierce attempt was made to carry the fortifications by storm, but was twice repulsed. The battle continued till ten o’clock a.m., when another demand to surrender was made and refused. After a brief suspension of hostilities, the attack was renewed, with intense violence, on Tuesday morning, the 17th. Again the Camp Alleghany. 55 enemy attempted to carry the breast- works by storm, and again he was repulsed. Thereafter, the battle continuing, with varied for- tunes to both combatants, up to five o’clock, a third demand was made to surrender. Exhausted by overwhelming forces, which, despite the indomit&ble courage of the Union troops in beating back their assaults, had already gained several important advan- tages, it was determined, after a mature council of war, to surren- der the garrison upon such honorable terras as would reflect no discredit upon its gallant defenders. Eurty-one hundred men and ten guns wore surrendered. CAMP ALLEGHANY. Deceuber 18 , 1861 . PjiioniAts^ nnd^r General about 4,500. Killed., 21 ; wounded., 107. K is unionists y under Colonel Johnson^ 2,000. Losses {according to Rebtl state* ments) : killedy 20 ; wounded^ 96. Camp Alleoiiant is situated twenty-five miles from Cheat Mountain summit. An expedition set out on the 12th of Decem- ber, from the Federal headquarters on the mountain, to attack the rebels at the former place. After arriving at Camp Bartow, on the Greenbrier River, the forces were divided into two columns, for the purpose of attacking the enemy from two diflerent points. The second division, commanded by Brigadier-General Reynolds, approached the mountain to the right. Reaching the summit at daylight, the battle commenced. At first, events went favorably and cheeringly for the Unionists. The rebels showed great spirit in the attack ; but fell back, leaving their killed and wounded be- liind them. Inspired by success, the Unionists pressed on ; but soon the tide of battle, rolled back by overwhelming forces, turned against them. The sharp rattle of the musketry brought out numbers of the foe from each mountain fastness, as the blast of Roderick Dhu brought forth armed men from the greenwood copse and heather. A yell and a charge, and the Unionists fell back all along the line. The first division, under Colonel Moody, had not arrived. Colonel Jones, commanding the second division, was gallantly withstand- ing the whole force of the enemy with his artillery when, exhaust- ed of ammunition and overborne by numbers, he withdrew his command from the field. The second division had barely withdrawn from the battle, when sc Dmnesville, Fa . — 31111 Spring, JCy. the first arrived to attack the enemy on the left. Colonel I^foody’s command had been delayed by the obstructions of the road ; and now, in turn, became engaged alone with the enemy’s undivided force. After maintaining a spirited contest, in which the Union- ists displayed great courage, ho withdrew his command from the unequal contest. The battle continued from daylight until three o’clock V.M. ^DRANESVILLE, VA. Dkokubicb 20, 1S61. XTnionists^ under General Ord^ about 4,500. Killed^ 7 ; wov/nded^ Cl ; misaingy I)iHunionist8y under General Stuart^ ah&ut 2,500. Killed^ 70; wounded,^ 14C; viUsiiigy 44. A FORAGING expedition having been planned, General Ord’s bri- gade was dispatched upon it in the neighborhood of Dranesville. lieacliing the vicinity of the place, about noon, a numerous rebel force was discovered. Immediately the troops were so disposed as to meet the unexpected foe. Posted a mile distant, in a sheltering wood, the enemy began to shell the Union force. The latter, however, suffered no immediate harm, and Captain Easton opened upon the foe with his twenty- four and twelve pounders. The rebels slackened their fire, and, for a time, kept Ord’s men in doubt of their movements. Sud- derdy a demonstration was made upon his right flank. The ad- vancing columns of tlie enemy, as they moved with audacious front to the attack, were severely chastised. A fierce fire was kept up for some time; when, unable to withstand it, the rebels withdrew behind their batteries. A charge was ordered ; but before it could be executed, they had fled. MILL SPRING, KY. Januakt 19, 1862. UnionistSy under General Thomas^ 8,000. Killedy 89 ; wounded^ 127. Diaunionistijy under General Zollicojfery 8,000. Killedy 115 ; wou.ndedy 116 ; pris- oners, 150. The Union forces obtained a very important victory over the rebels at Mill Springs, or Logan’s Cross Roads, Ky. The enemy, routed in the field, fled to their camp on the Cumberland, only to abandon it during the night. They left everything, and continued { ated at West Point in 1840, 12th in a ckiss of 45. 2d-Lient., 3d jVrt., duly ; I'i 1,1840; stationed at Plorida, 1 840 ; New tlrleans, 1842 ; t'liaricsion liar- { bor, June, 1842. llrevetted Ist-Lieut., Nov. 0, 1841 ; Dec., 1843, stationed ; I at Fort McHenry, Halt. ; Ist-Lieut., May 17,184.3; Fort j\IouItrie, 1844 ; ;■ sent to Te.xas, July, 184.5 ; delended h’ort Drown, I\Iay !), 184(1. Drevelti'd ■; ( Captain, for Monterey, and Major, for Duena Vista ; actiii" Caiit. 3d Art., ; July, 184!) ; in Florida, 1849 ; Doston Harbor, 1850-.51 ; lust. Chiv. and Art., '( AVest Point, IHfil -54 ; full Capt., Dec., 1853; I'ort Vuina, Cal., July, 1 85 1 ; ! Major, 1855; iLssicned to .lelU'ison Itarracks, St. Lonis ; in Te.\a,s, 1 85(!-()0 ; ; j explored lied and Canadian llivers; Cailisle Darracks, Pa., Ajiril, 18(11 ; { I Jacut.-Col., April 25, 1801 ; Col. 5tli II. S. Cav., May 5, 1801 ; Drig.-Cen. t ; A'ols., Aug. 17, 1801 ; assigned to duty at Camp Dick llobinson, Ky., Sept. : ■; 15, 1801 ; Wild-Cat. Ix'banon ; fought battle of Mill Spring, .Jan. 19, 1802 ; j ) Major-Cen. A'ols., April 25, 1802 ; commander right wing Army of the 'Ten- t •; nessee. May 1, 1802 ; tran.sferred to Army of Ohio, .Innc 10, 1802 ; second j ) in command 1 !)th Sept, to 30(h Oct. ; commander center iVrmy of the ( 'umber- •: ) land. Nov. 5, 1802; in battle of Stone lliver, Dec. 31. Ian. 2, 180!! — won i ; the day ; pursued llebels in .Tune, 1803 ; fought and won battle of Chidca- ) ) mauga ; commander Army of the Cumberland, Oct. 19, 1803 ; Hrig.-t len. U. ( ( S. A., Oct. 27, 1803; carried Mission llidge, Nov. 25. 1803. In all battles ( { of Atlanta, campaign ; deOaited and routed Hood, at Nashville, Dec. 15-10, j ) 1804; sent Sdiolield to AVilminglon in .Ian. ; AVilson to Ala. and Ca., in ( ; Mai'ch ; C ranger to Mobile, March ; and Stoneman to A'a. and N. C. Maj.- j ( Jen., 11. S. A., .Tail., 1805 ; commander Alii. i)iv. of the Tennessee (Depts. of ; { 4 1.. f|’ A T 1 0/'?r ) ANDREW HULL FOOTE, Late Rear- All miral U. S. N., born in New ITaven, Gt., Sept. 12, 180G, ilied in N. Y., June 2(!, ISO.'l ; entered ttie navy in 1822 ; made Ids fir.st cruise in \ the Grampus scliooner ; midshipman in 1824 ; Jjieut. in 18.'!0 ; in 1838, First- j Lieut, of sloop John Adams, and attacked pirates of Sumatra; labored to procure the withdrawal of the spirit ration; 1849-52, Lieut.-Comniander of brig Ferry, in the African scpiadron ; was vigilant in suppression of slave : trade ; made Commander in ’52 ; on Naval Retiring Board ; in China squad- ron in 185G ; stormed the Canton barrier forts Nov. 21-24, 185G. In 18G(), I e.xecutive ollicer at Brooklyn Navy Yard ; July, 18G1, made Captain; in j Sejit., 18G1, flag ollicer of Western Flotilla; captured Fort Henry, Feb. G, ! 18G2; attacked Fort Bonelson, Feb. 14; wounded by a shell, but remaini'd ) in command till the reduction of Island No. Ten ; recovering his health, was ’ made Chief of Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, and in July, ’G2, ap- ) pointed Rear-Admiral. In June, I8G3, hewas ordered to relieve Admiral j Dupont, in command of South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, and died while making preparations for his departure for Charleston. i I G1 l^'ort Henry, Tenn. tlicir retreat for nearly eighty miles. The property captured on the field included twenty-one cannon, six hundred muskets, over twelve hundred horses and mules, and one hundred four-horse wagons. In this battle General ZollicolTer and Baillie Peyton, Jr., were killed. FOKT HENRY, TENN. February 6, 1862. Union jl4i€ty under Commodore Foote^ comprising six gxin-hoaU {four of them iron-dads), of sixty-six guns. Land forces, under General Grants numbers not stated. Killed^ 0 ^“, 'icounded, DisunionistSy under General Ttlghm-an. 5; wounded^\0 ] prisoners^lO. Four 1Jexi!Y is situated on the Tennessee River, near the north- ern boundary of the State. It is a formidable work, which was built in the first year of the rebellion to prevent the passage of Union boats. A combined land and naval attack wms made on this stronghold early in February. The bombardment was opened at a distance of seventeen hundred yards, by the flag-ship, followed by the other gun-boats^ and was promptly rc.«ponded to by the fort. As the fleet drew near, the firing on both sides quickened and became more accurata Rut the heavy shots of the gun-boats were irre- sistible ; and after a closely contested action of about one hour and a quarter, the rebel flag was hauled down. About twenty minutes before the surrender, the Essex, command- ed by the gallant Commander 'William D. Porter, received a shot in her boilers, wdiich resulted in the wounding and scalding of twen- ty-nine men, including Commander Porter. Commodore Foote states in his report that Fort Henry was most gallantly defended by General Tilghman — a man worthy of a bet- ter cause. According to the accounts of the latter, he entered upon the action with eleven guns of heavy caliber bearing upon the fleet, and fought until seven of the number were completely dis- abled or otherwise rendered useless. The fort was but partially invested by the land forces. 62' lloanoJce Island, H O. EOANOKE ISLAND, N. C. FullKUAltY 7 AND 8, 1802. Union fleet, Muder Commodore Goldshorough, comprUing thirty-one gundjoate of ninety four gunn. Land forces, under Oenerat JJumside, about 14,000. titl- ed, 60 ; wounded, 222. D-isunionisU, under Ge/ieral Wise, about 2,700. Jfilled, 30 ; wounded, 60; pris- oners, 2,027. The fleet of the Burnside Expedition wliich sailed from Fortress Monroe, after being detained by storms three weeks in sight of Ilatteras Iidet, aneliored on the night of February 5th aliout ten miles below the southern point of Roanoke Island. At ten o’clock on the morning of the 7th, the gun-boats arrived at Roanoke Inlet. The mainland here juts eastward, forming a marshy jioint at the southern extremity of Oroatan Sound, which is the only navigable water leading past Roanoke Island. d’ho gun-boats of the coast division followed Commodore Golds- borough’s squadron, all of which passed through without interrup- tion. The Spaulding, with General Burnside on board, next passed through ; but the remainder of the transports were detained about two hours. At half-past eleven the first gun was fired from the flag-ship, and was answered by the rebels. The regular fire commenced about noon, when the flag-ship displayed the signal for close action. As the vessels became more generally engaged, the rebel gun- boats moved to the northward, desigfiing to draw the Union fleet after them, and bring them in range of their batteries on the shore. The progress of the Union fleet was obstructed by a lino ot jjiles driven into tbe bed of the sound, across the principal channel. Thus thwarted in their juirsuit, they directed their fire u|)on the fort, which replied with much vigor. General Burnside gave orders to land his forces on the Tth, the transports having all arrived safely through Roanoke Inlet; and at night the entire force was put on shore. 'I'lio rcbrl gun boats having retired, idl interest now centered in the movement of tbe land forces. Tbe latter were digivvii up in a central attacking column, led by Brigadier-General Foster; a left flanking column, under Brigadier-General Reno, to assail the right of the enemv’s works; and a right flanking column, commanded by Brigadier-General Parke, to attack the enemy’s position on the left. The fort consisted of an earth-work with three faces, covering the open space in front and the roads on each side of the open TjuIc Majiir-( Jriicrul Volniilcf'rs, horn iii, I,ili('i'(,y, nnion (!o., Ind., ]\Iiiy 2.'!, 1821 ; grnduiitcd at AVcsL I’oint, d line t!0, 1817, 1 rdli in a class of 47 ; Jh'ovet 2d l/icut., 2d Arlillcry, 1847 ; 2d lacut., 3d ^Vrtillcry, 1848 ; on duly at Fort Adams, Newport, It. J., 1848; served in New l\lcxico, ISdU-lSfil ; again at Fort Adams, 1852-3. Invented Eurnside Itifle. llesigned, Oct. 1853. Unsneccssful in business. Fniploycd by III. Gent. It. It, 1858-1801, first at Chicago, afterward at N. Y. Coininandcd 1st Iteg. It. 1. A"ols., from 1 Otli April, 1801. (lommanded JSrigade in battle of JJull Run; made Rrig.-Gen. Vols., Aug. 0, 1801 ; took command of N. C. I'lxpedition dan., 1802; cap- tured Roanoke Island, Feb. 9 ; Newliern, March 14, '02. Made Major-Gen. Yols., March 18, ’02; fought battle of Camden, April 1!); reduced Fort Macon, April 25, '02 ; occuiiicd Fredericksburg, Aug. 5, ’02 ; commanded left wing Army of Fotomac at Houlh Mountain and Anticlam, Nov. 7, ’02 ; appointed Commander Army of I’otomac ; fought battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, ’02; relieved from his command, dan. 2(;, ’03 ; ajipointed to com- mand Deji't of Ohio, Mardi 25, ’03; arrested, fried and sentenced Vallandig- ham in Summer of 1803; Sept. 1, ’03, occupied Kno.vvillc, Tenn.,,and Sept. !)th takes Cumberland Gap ; besieged at Knoxville by Ijongstrcet, Nov. 2l) ; Dec. 4, siege raised. Resigns his command Nov. 13, but continues in com- mand till about Nov. 30. Recruits 9th Army Corps, and takes part in bat- tles of Alay and June, 1804, in A"a. ^Took jiart in severe battle of Petersburg Mine, July 30. Relieved, at his own request, in , Oct., 1804. i Resigned as Major-General, June, 1805. . Fort Donelson^ Tenn. 65 space, but in general having a sweeping range to the front. The guns were mounted in embrasures. Before the work was a ditch filled with water, eight feet in length and three in depth. The earth-work was about thirty. five yards wide, and extended across the road. The ground in front was a deep marsh, and its difficult nature was increased by pits occasioned by the removal of turf and earth for the field-work. Branches were strewn over the face of the ramparts, making it impossible to discover it from the wood in front. The defending force consisted of about three hundred men within the fortifications and about two thousand as a reserve. The rebels relied chiefly for the defense of their flanks on the impenetrable nature of the woods on each side. Their entire force, with the ex- ception of those working the battery, was distributed in front and in the woods on the left as skirmishers. A contest lasting two hours gave to the Federal forces the pos- session of Roanoke Island, with all the batteries, mounting thirty guns, and Fort Forrest, on the mainland, mounting eight guns. The rebel array on the island, numbering 2,500 men, surrendered to the Union flag with all their arms and munitions of war. Captain O. Jennings Wise, son of General (Governor) Wise, was among the rebel killed. Colonel Russell, of the Tenth Connecti- cut, was killed ; also Lieutenant-Colonel Do Montreuil, of the Now York Fifty-third, whose superb heroism on tliis occasion contrib- uted in a great degree to the success of the assault on the fort. FORT DONELSON, TENN. February 12 to 16, 1S62. under General Grant^ about 20,000. Killed^ 446; wounded^ 1,785; ■prisonerey 150. DieunionUUy under General Guckner, about 20,000. Killed^ 231 ; wou'tided^ 1,007 ; prisonersy 18,829. After a siege of four days. Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, in Tennessee, surrendered to the Federal forces, commanded by General Grant. By this important achievement an army of twenty thousand men was defeated and captured, and the possession of the Cumber- land River secured to the Union arms. The insurgents were com- pelled to fall back from Kentucky and Middle and Western Ten- nessee upon Memphis, being thus cut off from important lines of 66 Fort Fonelson, Term, railroad communications and supplies; and the seat of war was removed from the “Western” border to the Cotton States. On the morning of the 12th of ^'ebrnary, General Grant issued an order to move from Fort Henry, fourteen miles distant. The expedition was divided into three columns. One, under lli-igadier- General McClernand, took the road from Fort Henry to Dover, running south of the enemy’s position. A second, commanded hy Brigadier-General W. C. Smith, of the regular army, marched by the direct or telegraph road to the fort. A third, suhse(]\iently placed under the lead of Brigadier-General Wallace, was sent round by Paducah and Smithland, ascending the Guinberland (inder escort of the gun-boats. Each of these divisions consisted of about ten regiments of infantry, batteries, and cavalry. In the afternoon the advanced skirmishers of JlcOlernand’s divi- sion came in sight of the enemy’s tents, stretching between the hill on which the fort is situated and the next, or Dover Ridge. The foremost jiickets were discovered on the hill facing their camp, and were driven off. General Grant ordered up the rear of the column. ‘Dresser’s battery was posted on an eminence over- looking the tents, and a few shell were thrown into the camp. General Smith’s division formed into lino of battle on the ravine back of the main elevation. The place was soon invested. On Thursday morning the enemy made a sortie on the right of the Union line; and about eight o’clock the general battle commenced. Schwartz’s and Taylor’s batteries, favored by their position on the left, played vigorously on the enemy. All attempts to capture them proved unavailing, a rapid discharge of canister driving the enemy back to their de- fenses. A formidable redoubt fronting the center of the Union line prov- ed very annoying. This was stormed by the borty oighth. Seven- teenth, and Forty-ninth Illinois regiments. Between the storm- ing party and the work lay a ravine, and the redoubt was some two Iiundred and fifty feet above. Through this gaping ravine and up this mountain steep the intrepid band undauntedly made their way amid a storm of musketry, grape, and shell. As they approached the works their gallant leader fell. The Seventeenth nnflinchingly pushed on; but they encountered an impenetrable abattis, and, after performing prodigies of valor, were compelled to retire. In unison with this deadly conflic t on the right, the enemy was Fort Donelson^ Tenn. 69 brought to a close engagement on the left. The Twenty- fifth Indi- ana at the head of a brigade, liaving readied a position on the brow of a liill, were mot by the enemy in force. A terrible struggle en- sued, in which the foe, occupying a cliosen position, continued to liold tlie vantage ground, despite the greatest daring on the part of the assailants. The attempt, however, was successful in drawing away a part of the enemy from the right, although insudicient to enable McClcrnaiid’s troops to gain possession of the fort in that quarter. The siege continued. On the afternoon of the 14th, the gun- boats opened upon the enemy’s batteries ; their co-operation, how- ever, was partially ineffectual. After a brief action, three of them became disabled, and Commodore Foote having lost nine killed and forty-five wounded, reluctantly withdrew his boats for repairs. The hours for the chief and final assault had now arrived. Like the grand finale in a drama, it was to be the most striking scene in the siege of Fort Donelson. General Smith was assigned the lead- ing part. The assaulting force comprised ten regiments, which were divided into brigades, commanded by Colonels Cook and Lauman. The right of the attack, led by Colonel Cook, was directed against the center of the enemy’s position ; and opposed to it were six Tennessee regiments. The men marcheil gallantly up the formida- ble steep, encountering barricades of felled timber and brushwood ; and with undaunted front bore the banner of the Union through the storm of missiles which fell mercilessly upon them. On the right lay an open space, up which the brigade of Lauman ascended. The charge was led by the Second Iowa, the other regi- ments following in brilliant succession. Terrible volleys descended upon them, as they made their way chceringly up the acclivity. Uut through the torrent of fire and over fallen timber, and be- tween the rifle-pits, they reached the summit, not without fearful havoc in their ranks. Many a bravo soldier bad fallen forever 1 Many a gallant one lay weltering in his blood ! But the flag struck from one hand is eagerly seized by another, and borne triumphantly up the steep, is planted upon the enemy’s parapet. Hurrah, the day is ours I Fort Uonelson surrenders with thirteen thousand prisoners, sixty -five cannon, and a million and a half of stores. 70 Y'alverde^ New Mexico — Pea Pidge^ A.rJcansas, VALVERDE, NEW MEXICO. Fkuuuauy 21, 1862. Vnionifitu^ under Colonel Cunhy^ 1,500. Killed^ CO j wounded, 140. I>Uunio7iUts, under Cotoiiel Steele, nearly 2,000. Killed and wounded, 120. The battle of Vulverdo was fought on the west side of the Rio Grande, about seven miles north of Fort Craig. Colonel Canby was in command of the fort, and determined to dispute the advance of the rebels to Santa Fe. The Union batteries — ^IcRae’s and Hale’s — were charged upon by an overwhelming force and captured. This resulted in the defeat of the small Union force, which retired to the fort after gallantly contesting the field. PEA RIDGE, ARKANSAS. Marcu 6-8, 1862. Uiiionists^ under General Curtis, about 20,000. Killed, ^12 ; toounuea, 926 ; pris~ oners, 174. T>isunionists, under General McIntosh, about 35,000. Killed, 1,100; wounded, 2,500 ; prisonei's, 1,600. Pea. Rioge, located in the extreme northwest corner of tlie State of Arkansas, was the scene of those brilliant confiicts which resulted in the victorious triumph of the Union arms, on the 8th of lifarch. The plundering and desultory warfare which h.ad been waged for several months in Missouri received a decisive check at tlio meet- ing of the two opposing armies in Arkansas. On the morning of the Gth, General Sigel had advanced several miles up the bed of Sugar Creek. Ilis rear was protected by two battalions of infantry and a squadron of cavalry. Soon after leav- ing Bentonville, about ten in the morning, he was charged upon by two thousand rebel cavalry. Ilis own force was estimated at one thousand. This small band (the cavalry flanking the infantry) with- held their fire until the enemy had come within two hundred yards ; when eight hundred Minio rifles were discharged. In the face of this deadly fire the rebels rushed on the Union troops; but an* other and another volley was poured upon them, in rapid succes- sion. Still tliey rushed on, the Unionists keeping up their fire until the enemy retreated in confusion and dism.ay. But soon their shattered column is re-formed. Sigel, still sepa- rated from his supports, unle.ss sustained by the most heroic reso- lution, is at the mercy of the foe, which, although repulsed, was rca Ridge, Arkansas^ yet strong enough in numbers and desperation to overwhelm him. The rebel leaders, inspired by tliis conviction, prepare for a final charge. Onward they speed with spurred horses and bowie-knives raised in defiance of the gleaming bayonets. Encompassing the Unionists in a formidable circle of arms, steeds, and men, a des- perate hand-to-hand encounter takes place. Bayonet and bowie- knife test their power against each other, while the burning lead pours forth from each blazing riflo. The intrepid German holds his own ; his men rally around him. Again the Mississippians, the Missourians, and the Arkansas men rush on ; and again the bayonet holds them back. The Union reinforcements arrive, after an hour’s terrible suspense, and the enemy baffled in his three-fold attempt retires from tlie contest. The following night the men in the Federal camp lay down in lino of battle an^ slept on their arms. The position the enemy occupied in the morning compelled a change in the Union line of battle. Colonel Carr marched back two miles along the road to Fayetteville, and took a position in front of the enemy posted on the opposite side of Beaver Creek, a stream flowing into Sugar Creek. General Sigel held the camp, his left extending to Sugar Creek ; while Colonel Carr held the table-land, on the top of the ridge. The first vigorous assault of the enemy was now made. The firo opened rapidly, and Colonel Carr was closely pressed. Colonel Davis was ordered to his support. Tlie enemy’s forces are already divided by a skillful attack from Colonel Osterhaus. But rein- forcements arrived, and the cavalry of the Unionists are driven back, and their flying artillery captured. The enemy, however, is now checked by infantry. Colonel Davis is again called upon to support the center. The struggle at this point is inspired with ad- ditional interest, from the rebels being led in person by McCulloch and McIntosh. Uere raged a terrific fight. The right wanted support, but the center demanded it ; the day rested upon its unfailing endurance. The position was held by its gallant defender and his intrepid men with courage and firmness truly heroic. “ This point must be saved, or all is lost,” cries tho resolute Davis. McCulloch, the great leader of tho insurgents in the Southwest, had fallen — his name a host in itself McIntosh also was slain. The loss of these two great chiefs carried dismay into tho hearts of their army, but inspired tho Union men with fresh energy. Among aU tho motley horde hurled against the Union 72 Pea Piclge^ Arkansas. center, the Indian horsemen presented tlie most striking picture. They dashed upon tlio resolute ranks; but recoiled before the steady fire which met them, and turned as if from the blazing of a prairie on fire. Colonel Carr held his ground firmly on the right; while all the spare foree was directed to sustain the center. Only a few cavalry and a body-guard could be sent to his assistance. These parts of the Union lines had been so persistently attacked that the forces of Generals Asboth and Sigel, on Sugar Creek, had not yet been assailed. Hence when the enemy at last fell back from the center, and began to concentrate for an overwhelming at- tack on the right, Asboth was ordered to its su[)port, and Sigel was directed to co-operate if necessary, while he sustained the center. Considerable time elapsed, however, before these forces could be brought up, and seven hours of battle had already passed since the beginning of the engagement. Carr had been driven back half a mile, contesting every sword’s point of the ground ; but still the battle was neither won nor lost. General Curtis, gallojiing up, ordered a bayonet charge. The Fourth and Ninth Iowa rushed madly upon the enemy. General Asboth — the veteran Hungarian hero — now opened a fire from his batteries, at short range. But his ammunition became exhausted, and darkness closed upon the scene. The terrible three days’ battle, however, was not yet enaed. Under the shadow of night. Colonel Davis having moved to the left of Carr’s and Sigel’s gallant divisions, was placed in co-operating position. The wary enemy planted new batteries, and with sun- rise opened fire again upon the Union right. But victory now seemed to hover over the Federal arms. The loyal troops had secured favorable positions, and the fire of many batteries converged upon the enemy. After terrible resistance, the rebels were finally overcome, and their broken columns scattered far and wide. Pursued by artillery and cav.alry, the remnant of their forces sought safety in the gorges of the mountains. Such was the beginning and ending of the terrible, though triumphant, three days’ battle of Pea Ridge. Hampton lioads^ Fa. 73 HAMPTON ROADS, VA. March 8 and 9, 1862, Vnionfltet^ under Flag-Officer Captain Marsion^ comprising four steam-^e^seU^ viz.y'the iron-clad battery Monitor, the frigate Minnesota^ and the gun-boats Whitehall and Dragon^ — also four sail-vessels — to wit^ the sloop-ofwar Cumber- land^ and the frigates Congress^ Roanoke and Lawrence. Killed., wounded.^ and missvig about 370. Rebel fleet., under Flag-Officer Captain Buchanan, comprising the iron-clad steamer Mbruimao O^lias Vii'ginia\ Vie steamers Patrick I/enry^ Yorktown., and Jamestown, and the steam gun-boats Teaser, Beaufort, and Raleigh. Losses (as officially reported), in killed, 7 ; wounded, 17. On the 9th of March there occurred in American waters a con- test which was destined to revolutionize the system of naval war- fare and naval architecture throughout the civilized world. For the first time in history, two iron-clad war- vessels met in destruc- tive combat. The mailed Ericsson battery, familiarly known as the Monitor (the construction of which, with its low hull and re- volving turret, has since become familiar to every observer of great warlike improvements), was pitted against the former Federal war-steamer called the Merrimac — now iron-roofed and iron-sided — its name changed by its rebel captors to the Virginia. The Merrimac, accompanied by the Yorktown, the Jamestown, and three gun-boats, left Craney Island, near the mouth of Eliza- beth River, Va., and proceeded toward Sewell’s Point. Soon after her departure she encountered the Union war-vessels Congress and Cumberland, both large sailing craft. Passing within three hundred yards of the former, slie poured a broadside into her, and then made directly for the Cnmberland. Opening her two how-guns upon the latter, she plunged her iron prow into its side, meanwhile continuing her broadside discharges at the Con- gress. Then falling back to gain the full momentum of her weight, the iron monster again plunged her terrible prow into the disabled Cumberland ; and at the same time the steamers Yorktown and Jamestown hurled their combined fire upon the Congress. The latter, in attempting to run in shore, grounded, and was thus placed at the mercy of the enemy. After the destruction of the Cumberland, the Merrimac turned upon the Congress, thinking to complete the havoc which the Yorktown and Jamestown had already inflicted. Taking a posi- tion within one hundred and fifty yards of her stern, where only two guns of the Congress could be hrougfit to bear on her, the T-l Hampton Hoads, Va. Jilerrimac poured broadside after broadside into the immovable vessel. The Cumberland, however, although it had commenced sinking after the second thrust from the klerrimac, still continued her fire, working every gun above the water-line, as one after another be- came submerged. As she was actually going down prow foremost, one of her after-guns was discharged at her impenetrable fee. Nothing in all history can compare with this incident except the heroism of a French frigate sinking in the harbor of Toulon, which after receiving broadside upon broadside from an enemy’s fleet, re- turned the fire while going down, amid the soul-stirring strains of the Marsellaise. In addition to the disasters of the first day’s fight, the steam- frigate Minnesota grounded in attempting to relieve her unfortunate associates. The rebel vessels, after engaging her ncaily three hours, inflicting serious damage (although the Merrimac was unable to approach nearer than a mile), withdrew toward Norfolk. At nine o’clock p.m. on the evening of the 8th, the ^Ionitok, having just arrived from New York, where it had been built and equipped for service, anchored off Fortress Monroe. It was im- mediately sent to Newport News, to protect the harbor, as well as to defend the Minnesota, which was still aground. On Sunday morning, March 9th, as the haze which covered the waters cleared away, the Merrimac, the Yorktown, and the Patrick Henry were seen stationed off Sewell’s Point. At seven a.m. the Merrimac steamed in the direction of the klinnesota, the Yorktown and Jamestown slowly following, and con- tinued her course until within three miles of her intended prey. The Monitor now made her appearance upon the water, emerging from behind the Minnesota, and approaching the Merrimac. When within a mile of each other, the Merrimac fired a shot at the Mon- itor; the Monitor returning it, hitting the Merrimac near the water-line. The battle now opened in earnest ; the Merrimac firing rapidly, engaged both the Minnesota and the ^Monitor, but chiefly the latter, first throwing a shot from her stern gun. and then a broadside. The contest having been carried on in a desultory manner for an hour or two, the opposing iron-clads came to closer quarters about ten o’clock. The Merrimac poured two broadsides in rapid suc- cession upon her antagonist. The Monitor replied. The fire now became so rapid, that the smoko from the guns enveloped both NORFOLK ‘Xt-w llr. ^ort KH cron I gfaj^i » ifu6-jjj :riUh« _-^Gdi^i* nronuifl roadhead’s cavalry and Sullivan’s brigade were held in reserve, so as to sustain the force in front at any point where it might he attacked. These disposi- tions being made, the Union army rested for the night, knowing that all the approaches to the place were etfectually guarded. The next day a battery on the I'chel right opened on the Union position, and indications of a force of infantry in that quarter were manifest. Convinced of this fact. General Shields pushed forward Sullivan’s brigade to dispute the advance of the enemy’s right wing. A fire of artillery oj)ened on both sides, but at too great a 81 Battle of ^Yinehcster, Fa. distance to be very effective. The rebels commenced the action. Pushing a few more guns to tlieir riglit, supported by a consider- able force of infantry and cav.alry, it was evident they intended fr^nfilading the position of the Union army and turning its left flank. The Eighth Ohio, Colonel Carroll, and a portion of the Si-Kty- seventh Ohio, were immediately thrown forward as skirmishers, on both sides of the valley road, to resist the advancing foe. Admirably supported by four j)ieccs of artillery, under Captain Jenks, and Sullivan’s gallant brigade, this united force repulsed the enemy at all points. Having failed in the attempt against the Union left, the assailants withdrew the greater part of their force to the right, and formed it in reserve to support their left flank in a forward movement. Adding the original reserve and two hatteries to the main body, and .advancing with this combined column, under the shelter of tho bridge on the left, the enemy seemed determined to turn tho Union right flank or overthrow it. Despite the admirable management of the Union batteries on tbe opposite ridge, under Lieutenant-Colonel D.aum, they were found unable to resist the advance of such a formid.ablc body. All the disjiosable infantry, therefore, was immediately thrown forward to enable the Union idght to carry the enemy’s batteries, and to assail and turn his left flank ami hurl it back on tho center. This movement was intrusted to Tyler’s s[)lendid brigade, which under its fearless- leader marched forward with*flacrity to the perilous performance of this duty. Driven before this force the enemy’s skirmishers fell back upon the main body', which was strongly posted behind a high and solid stone wall, situated on elevated ground. It was from theji'^enacity with which this position was held, that the sobriquet of Stonewall was bestowed upon Jackson, the commander of tho insurgent forces. At this point tbe struggle became despenate and doubtful. Ty- ler’s brig.ado, joined on the left by the Fifth Ohio, Thirteenth Indi- ana, Sixty-second Ohio, Fourteenth Indiana, Eighty-fourth Penn- sylvania, and seven companies of the Seventh, and three of tho Eighth Ohio, dashed upon the enemy with prolonged cheers and yells that drowned tho roar of the cannon. Desperately as the enemy fought, they were forced back through the woods by a Are that kept up one continued train of destruction. The invincible Jackson and his Stonewall brigade and the accompanying brig- ades were driven precipitately upon their reserves. 82 Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing. Taking up a new ])osition for a final stand, an attempt was made by tlio enemy to^trieve tlie fortunes of the day. But tlie same destructive lire again rained down upon tliem, and again tb6 can- non’s roar was lost amid the cheers and yells that rang out from the Union army. Resisting this tide of victory only for a few minutes, the enemy tied in disorder, leaving the U.iion forces in Ijosscssion of a brilliantly contested field. For the first time the famous Stonewall Jackson was defeated ; and the gallant General Sliields, the hero of Gerro Gordo, added fresh laurels to his former brilliant wreath. SHILOH, OR PITTSBURG LANDING. April 6 and 7, 18C2. Vni(yi\UtH^ und^r ■GcixeruU Grant and J2nell^ C5,000. Killed., 1,G14; wounded^ 7,721 ; mifiSinijy Disunionist-'i, under GeneralH A.Hijduey JohnUon and Beauregard, Kill- ed, about 1,72S'; 'wounded, 12,U(J0; niineing, yO'J. General Grant having taken command of the Southwestern forces on the 17th of ^larch, subsequently established his liead- quarters at Savannah, Tenn. Thence the divisions of his army were sent gradually to Pittsburg. General Buell arrived at Savannah on the Cth of April, and his division was on the battle- field early on the morning of the 7th. The Confederates had de- signed to attack Grant belbro being j()ineut in motion. The confiict was opened early by shelling a rebel battery which had caused much annoy- ance. Nelson, commanding the left wing, moved his division about the time AVallace opened. After skirmishing over an interval of nearly a mile, it came upon the enemy in force. The U?iion troojis advanced slowly but steadily over the field covered with dead. Nelson, pushing forward his lines under a sharp musketry fire, ])ursued the rebels, until sheltered by heavy timber and by their artillery they made a general rally. Their forces were now hurled heavily and unc.xpcctcdly against the ap- ]iroaching line, and entire ranks were driven back. At this juncture Ten-y’s regular battery dashed up, and instantly threw destructive shell, from twenty four-pound howitzers, into the midst of the foe. The turning point of the battle on the left was now apparent. The enemy rushed on, rending the air with their cries. Horses were killed at the batteries, and the men at the howitzers ])icked off, leaving only the gallant Captain Terry and a single cor[)or.al to work the guns. A dashing charge of a Union regiment repairs this damage. Artillery and musketry now eng.age in a desperate duel at close range. The enemy beginning to waver, the Unionists press on pouring in volley after volley. Buell lides np, and is loudly cheered. He gives his orders in a clear, firm voice: “For- ward by brigades!” The men, obeying, leaiicd forward at double quick, with a yell that echoed above the roar of battle. The enemy fell back until the front camps on the left were reached, and soon cleared. The rebels, swept back over the ground they had won with heavy loss, fell into direful confusion. 88 Capture of Island No. 10. Crittenden’s, ^IcCook’.s, and Slierman’s divisions advanced suc- cessively. 'I'lio left was saved ; tlio center, i>rotecte(l. Tlio Union brigades began to catcli the rays of victory belbre tliey burst forth in the glad sunshine of triumph. Grant orders Sherman to reca[)tnre liis camps. In obedience to this order, Sherman moves forward, and by this movement attracts the fire of a battery. At ten o’clock his right comes up. Sweep- ing across the field, he is intercepted by a storm of musketry and grape, and falls back in good order. Again starting he reaches the woods. Here the Louisiana battei y was turned, and subsetiuently it tied. Other rebel batteries followed, and Wallace’s division pushed forward. Uefore them were broad fallow fields, then a woody little ravine, succeeded by cornfields and woods. I The left brigade was ordered foi-ward, when the Louisiana steel- rifled guns 0 |)ened on them. Their sharp roar was soon silenced, the .artillerists killed, aiid “forward” the brigade moved, lleach- ing the ^^■oods — their every step intercepted by the enemy’s tire — they met the rebels face to face. After a close contest they were ])i-ecipitately driven back. Fight after fight ensued. Sherman at one time driven back to the right, Wallace’s think at another time exposed, a hand-to-hand combat over a battery, then .a rebel force overcome and pursued flying — such were the alternate stages of the fearful conflict. The closing act was the triumphant captui'o of the ground and camps from which the Union arni^had been driven the previous day. The des[)erate foe, savagely holding the field ho had so cxultingly won, was in tni'ii swept from his position. The victory was achieved ; anil the name of PiTTSiiuno Landing, with all its bloody memories and heart-piercing associations, is written in characters of living light upon the banners of the trium- phant host. CAPTURE OF ISLAND NO. 10. Ai-i;ii. t, 1SG2. XJn ionUtR^ nnder General Pope artd Ckanmodore Fooic.^ 12,000. Lorr unimportant, PUunioniHtSy under General Jlakall^ nearlj 7,000. Killed^ IT ; wounded^ many ; priaonerSy 0,800. Island No. 10 is situated in the corner of a bend of the Mis- sissipiii which touches the border of T'ennessee, a few miles fartlier u|) the river than New ^Madrid, although nearly southwest of that jilace. The elevation of the river here is about two hundred feet above the level of its delta or mouth. Capture of Island No. 10. 8CI The Union forces Laving been established in two strong positions below Island No. 10, the next object was to reduce it, as well as the shore batteries on the river. ^ The canal across the peninsula, opposite the island, was com- pleted by Colonel llissell’s engineer regiment, and four steamers were brought through on the night of tlio OLli. Tlio lieavy batteries tlirown up below Ti|)tonvillo completely commanded the lowest point of the high ground on the Tennessee shore, and entirely cut oir the enemy’s retreat by water. Ciiptaiii "Walker with the gun- boat Carondelet ran past the rebel batteries on the night of the 4th. On the night of the Gth the gun-boat Pittsburg also ran the block- ade. The Union transports were brought into the bayou, where they had been kept concealed, at daylight on the 7th, and Paine’s division landed. The canal was a work of prodigious labor. It was twelve miles long, six miles of which led through heavy timber that had to be sawed otf by hand four feet under water. The enemy lined the shore opposite witli batteries, extending from Island No. 10 to Tiptonvillo, Merriwmtliers’ Landing, to pre- vent the Union army passing the i-iver. At daylight on the 7th, Captain "Walker ran down with the two gun-boats to the point selected for crossing, and silenced the enemy’s batteries near it. This service was gallantly performed, and Gene- ral Pope bore ample testimony to the brilliant success of Captain "Walker’s co-operation. The boats containing Paine’s division now moved out from the landing and began crossing the river. The passage of this wide, furious stream by the Union troops was a magnificent spectacle. By twelve o’clock on the night of the 7th, all the forces designed to cross had succeeded in getting over, without delay or accident. "With the crossing of the Union forces, the enemy began to evac- uate Island No. 10 and his batteries along the shore. The Federal divisions, lead by Paine’.s, were pushed forward to Tiptonvillo as fast as they landed. The foe were driven before them; and, although they made several attempts to form in line of battlo and bold their position. General Paine did not once deploy his colutnns. All night the enemy were j)ushed vigorously ; uutil at four o’clock A.M. they were driven back upon the swamps aud forced to sur- render. The siege, which comnuvneed on the Ibth of March, ended on the 7th of April ; and Island No. 10, with its powerful gtirrison, eighty heavy cannon, thirty pieces of light artillery, 5,000 stands 90 Fort Pulaski^ Ga. of arms, and an iininenso quantity of ammunition and supplies, tents, horses, wagons, etc., etc., fell into Union hands. FOET PULASKI, GA. April 11, 1862. ITnionists^ ‘iindc.r General ITunter ; siege operations under Captain {since Gciieral) Gillniore ; numbers not reported. Killed^ 1; ioounded^\. IHsunionistSy urnXer Colonel Olmsteady tii/oa^400. Killedy 0; woundedy^ \ pris- onerSy 860. Fout rui.ASKi, commanding the sea approaches to the city of Savannah, is built on Cockspur Island, at the mouth of the Savan- nah River, fourteen miles below the city. A series of batteries had been erected on Tybee Island, most of them a mile or more distant, under the direction of Captain (now General) Gillmore, for the reduction of this fort. On the morning of April 10th preparations for the attack were completed. Major-General Hunter, having succeeded General Sher- man in tlie command of the Department, dispatched a flag of truce to the fort, demanding its surrender. The commander of the fort, Col. Clias. II. Olmstead, replied to the summons by saying, “I am here to defend the fort, not to surrender it.” The reply being re- ceived, the signal was given to open fire. The report of the first mortar from battery Halleck, fired under the direction of Lieut. Porter, announced tlie beginning of the bombardment. Following this discharge another mortar, from battery Stanton, on the extreme right, opened, succeeded rapidly by others in the order prescribed. Remaining silent for several minutes, tlie fort then fired four guns, in quick succession, at the upper batteries. On the Union side,' the line of fire rolled gradually along the beach, extending to the right and left, until all the batteries but Scott were fairly unmask- ed. Fiom embrasures and barbette the fort replied vigoi'ously, directing its aim chiefly at the batteries on King’s Landing and on Unrnside and Sherman in the center. During tlic first morning, the fire from Fort Pulaski was main- tained with vigor and regularity; but it was soon discovered tliat the guns in the casemates could not reach the batteries below Scott. Occasional shots from the barbette passed over batteries Lincoln and Lyon, but none went beyond them. The thirteen- inch mortars on the Union side, from which much had been ex- pected, were at too great a distance to be effective, most of their 91 ice’s 3Iills. shell exploding in the air or falling outside of tlie fort. Tlie co- lunihiads, fired at great elevation, under the command of Captain rdouze, were doing elfective service. They were meant to breach the magazine in the rear of the fort. The rebel flag, hoisted on a very tall staff, was shot away at eleven o’clock. At its fall, cheers went up from all the batteries. Another flag, on a low stafi', was rai.seil at the north angle of the fort. During the aftci'iioon the lire slackened on both sides, and after sunset not more than seven or eight shells an hour w'ere thrown. At da} light on Friday morning the bombardment reopened with fresh vigor. From the fort, the barbette guns were directed, with precision and rapidity, at the upper batteries. The work of breach- ing was resumed with determination. The effect became imme- diately apparent in the enlargement of the two embrasures on the left of the southeast face. The batteries now concentrated their fire mainly on the rapidly widening breach, and wrought serious damage. About twelve o’clock Commodore Rodgers pointed all his guns at the barbette, which maintained a most vigorous cannonade. In half an hour its wrathful discharges were effectually silenced and the guns of the 'Wabash were turned upon the breach. So exten- sive had this become, that orders had already been given to have scaling-ladilcrs in i-eaditiess to storm the fort in case of its non-sur- render. But Pulaski, with all its stubborn resistance, could not withstand the continued hurricane of shells descending through its massive and blackened walls. Accordingly, on Friday afternoon, it was surrendered with its garrison, unconditionally. LEE’S MILLS April 16, 1862. under General McClellan. Killed., 85; uounded., 120; 9. IH^funionista^ under General Lee, Killed and wounded^ 100. Tins engagement occurred in an attem])t to capture a battery of the enemy’s between Lee’s and Winn’s Mills. The situation was nearly midway between the .James and York rivers. Warwick Creek, which flows in front of the rebel works, had been hero dammed up, and the enemy had constructed rifle-pits and ])laut,cd a battery on the ojiposite side. A field surrounded by dense forests extended in their front. The Unionists advancing, a brisk engage- 92 ]<\)rt Mcicxm^ Beaufort^ JV. C. incnt ensued. Mnslcctry and ai-tillcry poured deadly volleys upon tlie foe, .and were re]'lied to hy liis batteries. In order to test bis sti'Ciigtli General McClellan decided to make a tborougli demonstration. Ayer’s, Wlieeler’.s, klott’s. and Ken- nedy’s batteries were ordered forward to the open field, and a heavy cannon.ade was speedily developed on both sides. Finding that the creek was fordable on the right, the Union batteries ceased their work, and Colonel Hyde, commanding the Third Vermont, then in the advance, w.as ordered to send a portion of his command across the stream and charge the rear of the enemy’s work. The vigi- lant foe, however, h.ad anticipated tho movement; and raising a flood-gate, inundated the creek, so as to immerse the men crossing tho ford, to tho arm-pits, and destroy their ammunition. In this defenseless situation a fire was opened upon them from tho rifle- pits on tho banks. One Iialf their number fell ; the remainder, undaunted, rushed upon the rebels, with their bayonets ; but, cut otr from su|)[)orts, the contest was murderously unequal, and only a remnant of the gallant force returned. Failing in this desperate attempt, tho Fcder.al batteries, whose fire had been suspended, now o|)ened in full force. The Sixth Ver- mont, Colonel Lord, dashed into the water, and within a few yards of the breast-works they encountered a fearful succession of volleys from a thousand rifles. Uut unmoved by tho discharge, they ste.adily j)ushed on, and replied with telling cfl'ce.t. 'Watci- benc.ath and around them, the leaden messengers of death cutting through their ranks, and an angry foe confronting them, the gallant Ver- monters had still no thought of retreat. Ilut tho enemy was reinforced, and now met them with overwhelming numbers. Nothing remained, therefore, but fur the regiment to withdraw, which was accomplished with little disorder, bringing ofl" their wounded. The rebels, ultimately finding their position untenable, abandoned it. FORT MACON, BEAUFORT, N. C. Apr.lL 25, ]S02. ITniomstb, under Oenerals Burnside and Parker^ consisting of one brigade. Killed y 1 ; wounded y 11. BisunionistSy v.nder Colonel Whiidy 470. Killedy 7 ; ivoundedy 18. An expedition, under General Parker, for the capture of Beau- fort, left Newbern on the 20th of March. Arriving at Morehead ) DAVID GLASCOE FARRAGUT, ? { Yicc-Ailniiral U. S. N., born July 5, 1801, at CanipboH’s Station, near ; Knoxville, 'I'enn. ; entered the navy in 1812 ; was in the light in the harbor i '! of A'^alparaiso, IMai'ch 28, 181-1, and wounded; laont., Jan., 1821, on duty i on West India and 15ray.il Stations, and at Norfolk Navy Yard, till 1833 ; ; Lient.-Goniinander, 1833 ; on Brazil and West India Stations till 18-11 ; Com- \ ) niander, 1841, on the Decatur (Brazil Station) ; from 1842 to 1847, on leave ( I of absence, or in Norlblk Navy Yard ; on the Saratoga (Home Squadron), ) i till 1850 ; Ass’t Inspector of Ordnance, 1851-4 ; in 1854, commandant Mare ; ’ Island Navy Yard, California; Ca[)t., 1855 ; in 1858-00, in command of the i i Brooklyn (Home S((uadron) ; left Norfolk', on account of his loyally, in ;■ i April, 1801 ; orgatiized s(|uadron to capture New Orleans, late in 1801 ; sail- \ j ed Feb. 3, 1802 ; bombarded I’erls Jackson and J’hilip six days; ran past ( i them, destroying the Hebei licet; captured New Orleans April 20,1802; ; attacked, but could not caj)ture, Yickslmrg, June 27 ; commanded WYst j. i Cult Blockading Squadron ; Ilear-Admiral, July 11,1802; passed batteries ( of Fort Hudson, 1\I arch 1-1, 1803, with the Hartford and Albatross, losing ? the Mississippi ; Aug. 5, 1804, he attacked the forts at entrance of ]\lobile j ) Bay, ca])turing the Tennessee, Hebei ironclad, and, during the month, the three forts ; Nov., 1 804, resigned command ; Jan. 1 , 1805, the rank of Yicc- ; ; Admiral was created, and he was jiromoted to it. } Forts Jackson and St. Philip — Pfcw Orleans. 96 City, a mile and a half from the fort, on the 23rd, a fla? of truce ■was dispatched to the rebel works demanding its surrender, Com- pliance with tliis demand was refused, and preparations were im- mediately made for its reduction. The fort, situated on a high bluff, completely commands the har- bor channel. The force destined to operate against it was landed on Ihiguo Island. On tlio 11th of j\])ril the ])ickcts of the enemy were driven in. Positions having been selected for tlio erection of the batteries, the work wiis steadily j)rosccutcd night and d.ay in the face of the enemy’s fire. Four ten-inch mortars were mounted within fourteen hundred 3 'ards of the fort; three thirty-two-pound siege Parrott guns, at thirteen hundred yards ; and four eight-inch mortars, at twelve hundred yards. General Burnside arrived on the 24th, bringing with him two barges, each armed with two thirty-two-pound Parrott guns; and anchored three miles below the fort. The surrender of the fort being again formally demanded and refused, the bombardment commenced early on the following morn- ing. The Parrott siege-guns were brought to bear very accurately upon the fort, and the conical balls proved terribly destructive. Having pierced the massive walls in two places, they quickly dis- lodged the gunners from the c.asemates. Fifteen of the enemy’s guns were soon dismounted. The gradual slackening in the fire of the fort evinced the destructive effect of the Union cannon and mortars; and at h.alf-past four p.m. a white flag announced the fall of Fort Mticon. All its contents were surrendered, and the officers and men parolled. FORTS JACKSON AND ST. PHILIP-NEW ORL^IANS. April 14 to 28, 1862. Union land forces, under General B. F. Butler, 4,000 ; naval forces, under Flag. Officer Farragut and Captain Porter. Killed, 30 ; uounded, 198. Disunion land forces, under Generals Mansfield Lovell and BuggUs, 10,000 j naval forces, under Commander Hollins. Killed, 185 ; wounded, 197; prison- ers, 400. , Tiik combined fleets, under Flag-Officer Farragut and Captain Porter, advanced on the 18th of Ajiril, 1862, to att.ack the fortiSca- tioiiB at the approaches of Now Orleans. Their force consisted of forty-six vessels of all kinds — twenty-six composing the celebrated Porter’s mortar-fleet, each carrying a thirteen-inch mortar weighing 96 Forts Jachson and St. Philip — Few Orleans. seventeen tliousaiul i)c>uik 13 arul two tIiirty-two-i)onn(ler cannon. The entire naval armament comprised two hundred and eighty-six guns. i\s tlio advancing fleet came in r.ange of Fort Jackson, at nine o’clock in the morning, the ponderous guns of the latter opened fire ; the naval armament replied in reverberating thunders. The hombardment continued for six days and five nights, with unabat- ing interest. During this time, ‘seven thousand five hundred mor- tar shells were thrown, each mortar averaging about eighty per day. On Sunday, the 20th inst.. General Ihitlcr, commanding four thousand troops, proceeded with the attempt to execute his part of the plan. In case the forts were not reduced, and a portion of the fleet should get by them, it had been arranged between General Butler and Flag-Officer Farragut, that the former should make a landing from the gulf side, in the rear of the forts, at the quaran- tine, and thence storm Fort St. Philip, while the fleet continued the bombardment. (.)n the morning of the 24th Iho Flag-Oniccr decided to pass the fort, and reach the city by the reduction of the other defenses. In this hazardous undertaking, the invincible leader pushed fearlessly on. A tempest of shot and shell from fort, steamers, and floating batteries poured down upon him in unceasing wrath as he advanced, while fire-rafts were set adrift to burn his ships. The whole number of vessels that Farragut could command for running this terrible gauntlet was nineteen, the mortar-boats being too sluggish for such service ; and against these was now arrayed the combined navy of the Confederacy and all the auxiliaries of destruction which long prep- aration had secured for the defense of the Crescent City. The ter- rible contest was maintained for one hour and twenty minutes. But the ships passed the forts, and the enemy committed to the flames all the vessels in the vicinity of the city; the very waters seemed on lire with the conflagration which overspread them. Cotton and all valuables likely to fall into the Union haiuls were destroyed. Having i)assed the forts, the fleet, after great rc.sistance, silenced numerous shore batteries. Anchoring for the night eighteen miles below the city, its wharveS were reached on the following day. Situated lower than the ships and the river, it was at the mercy of the fleet. In the absence of the military commandant of the city, its surrender was left to the municipal authorities. On the night of the 27th, General Butler learning that the fleet had the city under its guns, left General Williams in charge of the I i I 99 WilUamshitrg, Va. landing of tlie troops, and went up the river, to the flag-ship, in order to procure liglit-draught transportation. That night the larger portion of the garrison of Fort Jackson surrendered, declar- ing that as the Union forces had got into their rear, resistance was useless, and tliey would not be sacrificed. The olTiccrs of forts Jackson and St. Philip surrendered to Cap- tain Porter. 'While ho was negotiating with the coininundcrs of the forts, liowever, the rebel naval ofllcers put all their munitions of war on the Louisiana, fired her, and sent her adrift toward the Harriet Lane ; but when opposite Fort St. Philip she exploded, kill- ing one of their own men by the fragments which fell into the fort. General Butler, in taking possession of the forts, found them sub- stantially as strong as before the bombardment. Fort St. Philip was uninjured. The Union losses in men were about 225. Besides these casual- ties, the gun-boat Vanina and one mortar-boat were sunk, and several other vessels much injured. The enemy’s fleet, including three rams, was nearly destroyed, and the great steam iron-clad battery blown up. On the 28th General Butler took possession of the city and declared martial law. • WILLIAMSBURG, VA. Mat 5, 1862. Unionists, under General McClellan. Killed, 280 ; wounded, 833 ; prisoners, 623. DUunionisU,, under GcneralJohnsiou^ 25,000. Killed wounded^ 1,000; priaoners^ 800. The rebel army, having evacuated Yorktown, fell back toward 'Williamsburg, on the morning of Sunday, the 4th of May. A body of cavalry, followed by light artillery, was immediately dis- patched in pursuit, it being determined to harass, and, if possible, to interrupt their retreat. About noon, also, several divisions consisting chiefly of infantry were sent forward. The cavalry followed close upon the rear-guard of the enemy, and engaged it in several skirmishes; but after advancing about six miles, halted to await the coming of the infantry. Tlio condi- tion of the roads, however, satur.atcd with heavy rains and cut up by the previous passage of the rebel army, rendered them nearly impassable. Consequently it was late in the day before the main body came up, exhausted with dragging through the deep mud, 100 Williamshitrg, Va. anil drenched with exposure to the still prevailing storm. The attack in force, therefore, was postponed until the following day; and the toil-worn soldiery, grasping their arms, lay down to rest upon the wet and cheerless earth. The approaches to Williamsburg were strongly fortified. The roads from Hampton and Yorktown — which meet in an open plain about two and a half miles from the village, after passing througli a forest — were commanded by an extensive bastioned work known as Tort Page, or Fort Magrudor, having a sweep of the plain at all points of the compass. On both sides of the fort was a line of redoubts, thirteen in nunibei;, extending across the peninsula and connected by rifle-pits. Early on the morning of the 5th, the Union troops, aroused from their muddy bed, were on their march through the woods. General Hooker’s division was in advance; and as it a])proached the open plain, was greeted with a storm of grape and cannon-balls from Port P.agc. A battery was at once ordei-ed forward to respond to the rebel fire, but became fixed in the mud, and one of the guns was abandoned. Tlie rebel infantry, which were opposing the ad- vance of the Union troops through an abattis of fallen timber tliat skirted the woods, now pushed a column into the thicket on their right, and pouring a deadly Hank-fire into the ranks of their oppo- nents, compelled them to retire. General Hooker’s men struggled nobly against the disadvantages tliey met; but the enemy encour- aged with having foiled their efforts, bronglit up continual rein- forcements, until his numbers amounted to overwhelming odds. The Union forces gradually increasing, the liglit became exceed- ingly obstinate. At an early period of the engagement, it was perceived that the enemy were endeavoring to turn the Union left, and a detachment was ordered forward to prevent tlie movement. A fearful struggle ensued ; but the regiments opposed to the en- emy, being frequently relieved, maintained their ground with great firmness. The Seventieth New York regiment especially distin- guished itself, charging with irresistible ardor u[>on the force which confronted it, and putting it to ilight. Hut at length, sorely press- ed by rebel reinfoi’cements, it was nearly swept from the field. Twenty-two of its thirty-three commissioned officers were killed or wounded; and its commander. Colonel Dwight, with many of his men, were taken prisoners. The battle had now become of grand proportions. The surging columns of the enemy dashed against the Union lines with terrible U. S. A., Iioi’ii ill ri\ila(lrl|)lii:i, I )cc. 182(); f^iiuliialcd iiL \\'ost I’oiiil, Juno JO, IBJG, sccoiul in liis class; JJrcvct 2(l-J/icnl. ]Migincevs, 1840 ; (lislinguislied liiinscH' in Mexican War ; 2d-Lieut. I’ing., April 24, 1847 ; IJrevct Ist-Lieut., Aug. 20, 1847 ; Brevet Capt., Sept. 8, 1847, ami Sept. 12, 1847; commandant Sappers and Miners, &c.. May 22-Jnno 22,1848, con.siructor at Bort Delaware, 1851 ; Inst. Bayonet Exercise, 1852 ; in Red River Expedition, 1852- 3 ; Ist-Lient., July, 1853 ; Capt. 1st Cavalry, March 3,1855; sent to Crimea, April, 1855; made reiiort, 1857; resigned, Jan. 1 (), 1857 ; Vicc-l'res't and CliieC Eng. 111. (Jent. R. R., and Aug., 18G0, Gen. Siip't Ohio ifc Miss. R. R. ; Major-Gen. Ohio ISl ilitia, April, 1801 ; j\Iajor- Gcn., U. S. A., May 10, 1801 ; General-in-Chief, Nov. 1, 1801; July 23, 1802, besieged A'orktown ; directed battles of '\\'’illiamsl)urg and "West Point, IMay 5, 1802 ; Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, May 31 and Juno 1st, 1802 ; battles of Seven Days, June 20 to July 1, 1802; retreated to Harrison's Landing ; ordered (hence to Alexandria, Aug., 180)2 ; pursued Lee into ]\ld. ; fought battles of South ^Mountain, Sept. 14, and Antietam, Sept. 17, 1802 ; followed Lee slowly into A'a. ; relieved of command Nov. 0, 1802 ; ordered to report at 'I'lenton. 1 (eld no subsc(|ueiit command. Candidate of Dcmocratio jiarly for President, 1801 ; defeated at election, Nov. 8, 1804; resigned his Major-Generalship same day ; rvent to Europe Jan. 25, 1805, where he still remains. 103 IVilliamshurg, Va. momentnm, but were met with unyielding firmness. About three o’clock the Unionists were strengthened by the arrival of the veteran Ileintzelman’s corps; and about four o’clock, by that of Kearny's division. The troops of the latter replaced the exhaust- ed lines of Hooker, which were withdrawn from the contest. It was a dispiriting sight ns the wounded of the latter were borno past them in lengthdncil files, and the air was filled witli thoir agonizing cries. Hut as tlio Kcdcral bands broke forth witli familiar national airs, the groans of the disabled were in many cases ex- changed for cheers ; and with these inspiring sounds I'inging in their ears, the new-comers rushed upon the field with the wildest enthusiasm, and the foe was driven headlong before their onset. While the terrible struggle previously mentioned was raging upon the left, a movement of extraordinary hazard, but of the utmost consequence, was ordered upon the Union right. The bold ma- neuver was intrusted to General Hancock. Passing northward with his brigade, for a mile, parallel to the Union front and bidden by a forest, and thence across a heath, he moved upon the extreme left of the enemy’s line of works. Here the rebels had dammed a small tributary of the York River, and across the narrow cause- way which obstructed its current frowned an imposing earth-work fiom a neighboring hill. This singular fortification was fmind dc^ serted. The skirmishers, proceeding across the dam, planted the Federal flag upon the defenseless parapet; and the whole force quiekly moved to the west side of the stream. Turning to the left and following a narrow and dangerous road through a gorge in the hillside, it emerged at length, from the east, on the open battle-field. A grand picture was spread out before it. Two miles distant. Hooker was still fighting the rebels, on the farther side of Fort Page; while its artillery and the opposing infantry were pouring a steady fire upon his lines. Between Hancock and the fort were two redoubts, at intervals of half a mile. Their garrisons, on see- ing him, quickly retreated ; but made a determined stand near the fort. His force was but little more than five thousand, and wholly separated from the main body. If overpowered in front, retreat through the narrow gorge behind them would be impossible. A regiment was s('on in the second redoubt, the old ll.'ig was floating over it, and eight cannon were o[)encd from thence iqion the field beyond. Shortly after, an out-work between this and Fort Pago was carried; and the Union guns, at a distance of six hundred lot West Pointy Fa. yards, were directed against the latter and on the woods at the north through wliich a rebel force was retreating. For nearly an hour after, an artillery contest was maintained chiefly with the fort; and Ilancoch’s infantry remained passive spectators, waiting a favorable moment for assault. In the mean time, the rebel infantry, fully engaged with Hooker, gave little at- tention to this quarter ; and the apparent lull in the storm of battle was construed by many into an unexpected retreat. Suddenly, however, there burst from the woods on the right flank a battalion of rebel cavalry ; then, to the right and left of the cavalry, three regiments of infantry. But Hancock was on the •alert. Forming Ids men to resist the attack, he poured in a terrific fire upon the swiftly advancing foe. The latter, however, disch.arg- ing frequent volleys, and rending the air with cheers, swept gal- lantly on. But when within two hundred yards, word w.as given for the solid Union j)halanx to ch.argo. The whole line swept for- ward as the reaper’s sickle rushes through the opposing grain. Its keen eilge had not yet touched the enemy, when his ranks broke simultaneously, iled in confusion to the rear, and the field of Will- iamsburg was won. The effect of Hancock’s charge, in the panic and rout of the rebels, was already becoming felt in front of Hooker’s division, when Kearny’s reinforcements came to its relief. The struggle, therefore, was brief ; and long before the evening sun declined, the field was swci)t of the retreating foe. The loss of the Unionists in killed and wounded was nearly 1,100; in prisoners, over 600. That of the rebels, except in pris- oners, was much more severe. WEST POINT, VA Mat 7, 1862. Unionists^ 'tinder GeneraU Franklin and Sedgxoick. Killed^ not rc^portut ; wound> aly about 300 ; prisaners^ 600. DiHunioniatSy under General WJiiting. 1,000. AFest Point is the name given to the landing-place .at the head of York Kiver, thirty miles above Yorktown. Simultaneously with the advance of the main body of General McClellan’s army on AYilliamsburg, General Franklin’s division, having embarked on transports, ascended the York River to AVest Point, arriving there at two o’clock p.m. West jPoint, Viz. 105 The shallowness of the water rendering an approach to the land- ing difficult, the troops were disembarked by means of pontoon boats, but owing to the delay thus caused did not reach the shore till midnight. Pickets were immediately posted in tlie woods in front, and trees were thrown across the roads leading to tlio landing-place. The jiickcts were occasionally engaged during the night ; but only threo of the Federal soldiers were killed. The hours till dawn were spent in active labors, and in carefully watching the movementa of the foe. At half-past three o’clock tne entire division was under arms, The enemy’s approach was announced at half-past six, and the troops prepared at once to meet them. The Second United States Artillery was on the right of the advance, wdth Porter’s Massa- chusetts battery. The foe, however, jiresscd heavily upon the left, and the Union forces were cpm[)ellcd to fall back. The enemy were thus brought in range of the Federal gun-boats, the vigorous fire of which threw their ranks into confusion and forced them to retire. The loss of the rebels was jiresumed to be heavy, as they were seen from the transports carrying olf their dead and wounded in great numbers. Most of the Union regiments suffered severely, and many of their men fell into the hands of the enemy. The defeat of the Confederate force was mainly due to the timely serv- ice rendered by the gun-boats. The battle continued till two o’clock r.M. The Thirty -second New York Volunteers displayed marked bravery in an obstinate struggle with the enemy in the woods. While crossing a ravine at the entrance of the forest, the rebel skirmishers fired upon them. They charged at once, delivering a galling lire u|)on the enemy’s position. The foe lied, the Union troops pursuing till they camo upon a second ravine. As the latter attem[)ted to cross it, the rebels again hurled a destructive fire upon them. The enemy were repulsed, however, but not till they had inflicted considerable loss. Jhey again fell back behind a third ravine ; wdiere they had erected breast-works, from which grape and canister were poured upon the gallant Thirty-second, who charged up within a few' feet of tho work. Finding tho force too powerful to bo successfully attack- ed, tho assailants retreated in admirable order. Newton’s brigade, of which the Thirty-second formed a part, lost about two hundred men. 106 Farmington^ Miss. Captain Montgomery, of Newton’s staff, had a most extraordi- nary escape, liaving been entrapped within tlie rebel picket lines. They supposed bo was a rebel ollicer, and asked liiin liow far Gen- eral Hampton was fi'om them. Montgomery told them he had left him about ten rods distant, and said, “ The General expects you to do your duty to-day!” Turning to retire, the “ U. S.” on his cap caught the eye of the enemy, and as he was dashing rapidly forward, a volley of Minie riflo balls whistled around him, his horse fell dead, and ho was taken prisoner. AVhile his captors were conveying him to headquarters, two shells bursting in their midst dispersed them, and enabled the Captain to reach the Union lines. FARMINGTON, MISS May 11. 18(12. Unionists, under Oeneriil Pope, 3 500. Killed, 10 wounded, 103. Visunionists, under General Jieaureijard, 20,000 to 80,000. Losses not reported. For the first time during the war a Union army had advanced by land into a Cotton State. General Pope’s troops forming the left flank of General llalleck’s army, now proceeding to the siege of Corinth, liad invaded the borders of Mississippi. The green forests of oak and hickory, with their rich vernal foliage, were here inter- sected with green cotton-fields, where the black, withered stock of the former year now and then displayed a white tuft remaining. Hesidc the jilanter’s dwelling were skeleton cotton-presses, and occa- sionally in out-houses and sheds a few bales of the great staple itself. General Pope’s little army, composed of the best-drilled and best- officered men in the service, was now within four miles of Corinth. On Thursday he led out a recounoissance in force, wliich drove in the rebel pickets and approached within a mile and a half of Cor- inth, thus enabling his engineers to obtain information for miuuto maps of the intervening country, and make actual sketches ot the enemy’s ftjrtifications. The rebels alarmed by this bold movement, slept on their arms that night, awaiting an attack. In the morning, none having been made, they sallied out, twenty or thirty thousand strong, under Gen. Beauregard; Generals Price, Buggies, and Van Dorn being in sub- ordinate command. A creek, with a swamp halt a mile wide, ex- tended in front of General Pope’s camps. One brigade was on Fort Darling — Drury's Bluff, Va. 107 picket duty beyond tbis swamp, and a second bad been sent out to relieve it, wlien tlie enemy made tiie attack. These two brigades under General Palmer, with one regiment of cavalry, and a section of artillery, held the ground in a contest with overwhelming num- bers, for more than four hours. The troops all behaved admirably. Tlie Second Iowa made a most gallant charge ui)on a rebel battery, in which it lost 108 horses, and a number of meti wounded, but drove off the foe. The position of the Union troops was very strong, and their commander was positive of his ability to hold it. But General llalleck’s orders not to bring on a battle being very emphatic, it was impracticable to send any support; and as the enemy had learned something of the quality of our troops after four hours’ fighting, they were withdrawn across the swamp. The rebels made no attempt to follow. FORT DARLING-DRURY’S BLUFF, VA. Mat 15, 1862. Union naval force^ con^sting of three, iron-^clads and two wooden gun-hoaU^ 'tinder ComrnaTider John Rodgei^s^ Killed, 82 ; loounded, 20. UiJtnnion land force, under Captain Farrand, numbers not reported. Loss, ac- cording to rebel reports, killed, 5; wounded, 7. About the middle of klay a strong naval squadron set sail from Fortress Monroe, for an ex[)edition up the James Iliver, intending to co-operate with General McClellan in his advance on the rebel capital, and, if possible, to reach Richmond and capture the city. A detachment from this squadron, consisting of the gun-boats Monitor, Galena, Naugatuck, Port Royal, and Aroostook, under Commander John Rodgers, proceeded in advance, the Galena lead- ing the way, and silencing the numerous minor batteries that lined the shore. The fleet having reached a point in the James River about eight miles below Richmond, encountered obstacles that checked its farther progress. The river is narrow at this point, with bold shores, from which formidable batteries, mounting guns of the heaviest caliber, frowned down upon the hostile vessels. On approaching Fort Darling, situated on a bluff 200 feet above the water surface, a tremendous fire was opened upon the Union gun-boats. The batteries were so elevated that the Federal guns could not bo ranged etfectively. The contest was thus rendered un- equal, at a distance of only fifey yards. The banks of tlie river were ]08 .Wmche&ter^ Fa. also filled with rifle-pits, from which an incessant fire was poured upon the fleet. The largo gun of the Naugatuck hurst early in the action, and nineteen wore killed by the explosion. The iron-clads Monitor and Galena at short range, and the Aroostook and Port Royal at long range, bombarded tlie fort fiercely for four hours; when, ammunition failing, they were obliged to retire. The kfonitor though repeatedly struck was un- harmed, and no one on board was injured. The Galena received twenty-eight shots, eighteen of wliieh penetrated her armor, it being much thinner tlian that of the Monitor. The number killed on board of her was thirteen; about the same number were wounded. The slaughter among the rebels in their batteries was said to be terrible, notwithstanding the advantage they had over the Union gun-boats in the plunging fire of their cannon. WINCHESTER, VA. May 25, 18G2. UnionMs, under General Banks, about 5,000. Killed, SS", wounded, 155; misa= ing, 711. DUunionUts, under General (^Stonewall) Jackson, about 18,000. Losses not re- ported. On the 23d of March, General Banks having defeated the rebel forces under Jackson and Longstreet at Winchester, pursued the retreating foe through the Shenandoah valley and along the line of the Manassas Gap Railroad, until lie reached Ilarrisonburg^ Re- maining there nearly three weeks, he received an order from the AVar Department, directing him to send two-thirds of his corps to reinforce General McDowell, and to fall back to Strasburg. The order, though completely annihilating his liopes, was prompt- ly obeyed, and Ik* prepared to retire. On the Kith of May, with his small force, he turned and jiushed on by rapid marches to the point of destination. It was necessary to hasten, for General Jackson bad gathered a force of twenty thousand, on the eastern branch of the Shenandoah, intending to intercept his retreat and capture the entire army. After two or three days’ march ho reached Stras- burg, having left small forces at difTerent outposts. On the 23d, learning that the detachment at Front Royal had been mostly cut off, and that an overwhelming body of rebels was Hanover Court House, Fa. 109 advancing against him, he determined on a retreat to Wincliester. Pusliing forward as rapidly as possible, he reached there at mid- night on the following day. The inhabitants of the town evinced intense malignity on his arrival, and 'perpetrated such inhuman outrages on some of his men, that the rebel General Jackson afterward*^rebuked their con- duct in scvCTO terms. General Banks, satisfied that a further re- treat, uidcss the enemy were checked at this point, would bo e(juiv- alent to a surrender, determined to send his ti-ain forward at once, place his troops in good position, give battle to the enemy, and thus delay his advance, till the train could reach a place of safety. Having been reinforced by about twelve hundred men, he opened fire on the advancing foe at four o’clock a.m. of the 25th, and fought five hours, inflicting heavy losses upon his antagonist. Fall- ing back, then, in good order, ho continued his retreat unmolested through Martinsburg and across the Potomac, fording the river about noon of the following day. Of his long train of nearly five hundred wagons — the preservation of which wms of the utmost importance — only fifty-five in all were lost, and these were mostly burned. The disaster to the army amounted to a reduction of its effective force by about 1,000 men. The retreating column marched fifty- three miles, thirty-five of it in one day. Viewing all the circum- stances, a more skillfully conducted retreat has seldom been re- corded in history. HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VA. May 29 18C2. Xfnioniats^under Geney'al j\rorell^ ono division {numbers not reported). Killed^ 53; icoan 'ed and viissing^ 82G. J>isnnionuts^ under General Branchy numbers not stated. Killed and tcounded about 4ll0; prisoners^ over 600. On the 29th of May, Hanover Court House, a village on the Vir- ginia Central Railroad, si.xteen miles north of Rielimoud, which had been occupied by the rebels, W'as cajitured by a bold movement of General Morell’s division, of General Fitz-Jolm Porter’s corps. The division set out from their camp at four o’clock m the morning, in a drizzling rain, which icndered the roads almost impassable. After an e.xcessivcly fatiguing march of about twelve miles, the advance-guard, composed of the Twenty-fifth Now York with ar- 110 Hanover Court Iluuse^ Va. tillery and cavalry supports, discovering the enemy’s pickets in front, opened fire. Tlie rebels fell back slowly, for about a iiiilo, to their main body. The Tweuty-liftb New York, in the ardor of tlieir pursuit, were not oidy some distance from the main body, but had also out-traveled their immediate artillery supports. Here they encountered the enemy in superior force, wbicli partly out-llanke’d them, and captured a few prisoners. The regiment, though suffering much, maintained its j)osition resolutely, till the batteries arrived and comTiienced firing. The rebels believing this to be the entire force, dashed forward to repulse or capture the whole. Before they could execute their purpose, however, another Union brigade came up, cheering as they advanced, and charged upon them. Surprised by the unexpected appearance of these troops, the enemy wavered, and then receiving another well-directed volley, abandoned their cannon and fled in the utmost confusion to Hanover Coui't House, a distance of two miles and a half. A large number of rebel prisoners were captured, and more would have been taken but for the weariness of the trooi)s, who had marched eighteen miles without rest or food. After a lapse of two hours, fighting was again resumed, the scene of the second action being an open field and woods. The Forty-fourth New York regiment. Colonel Stryker, was or- dered to advance as skirmishers upon the woods in front ; they liad not gone far when they saw the woods were filled with rebels. The Union forces being drawn up then in line of battle, tlie fight- ing commenced in earnest. The contest waxed hotter and hotter, the Federal troops pouring in volley after volley into the thick wood, while the batteries fired broadsides from their guns. The enemy returned the fire vigorously, but found every attempt to break tbe Union lines unavailing. Not a man flinebed, and every ofiicer displayed the most heroic valor. As fast as a soldier fell ho was conveyed to an ambulance in the i-ear, and the ranks closed up. The firing on both sides was tremendous. For nearly an hour (irifiln’s battery sent its shell flying over the ambuscaile of the foe, dealing destruction and death. Unable to longer i-esist the explod- ing missiles, the enemy retreated, leaving the field in possession of the Unionists. The losses of the latter were small, considering the length of the engagement. The rebel loss was heavy, as was after- ward ascertained by an examination of the woods. The third and last action was the most brilliant and decisive of the day. ) Senior Major-General in tlio Army of the United States, born in West- j ern, Oneida Co., New York, in 181G. Jfe was educated at Union College j (where he spent one year), and West Point, where he entered in 1835, and I graduated in 1839, ranking third in his class, which consisted of thirty-one / members. lie was ajipointed ‘2d I,ieutenant of Engineers in 1839, Assistant j Prof. Engineering in 1840, Assistant to the Chief Engineer, 1811-1844 ; bc- j came 1st Ijieutenant, 1845 ; took' part in battle of I’alo Alto and other engage- ) ments in Mexican war, and brevetted Captain. In 1847-9, Secretary of I State in California, and superintended collection of pul>lic revenues there ; j Capt. Engineers, 1853; resigned Aug. 1854. Entereil a law linn in San ) Francisco ; was Director-General New Almaden ((uicksilver mines. In Aug., I 18f)l, appointed Major-Gen. regular army. Made Commander of Western ; Department Nov. 1801 ; directed the campaign of the spring of 18C2, com- ) manding in person at the siege of Corinth. yVppointed July 11, 18G2, Gen- ) eral-in-Chief of the Army of U. S., held the oflice till Alarch 7, 18G4, when \ General Grant becoming Lieut.-General, he was appointed Chii.'f of Staff to the President. In May, 18G.5, assigned to the command of the Army in ) Va., but soon relieved, and appointed, June 27, Commander of the “ Military ( Division of the Pacific.” Corinth, Miss. 113 The revival of musketry and artillery brought back the absent brigades. It being ascertained that the enemy, twenty thousand strong, were in the wood and along the line of the road, it was determined to drive them back. The cheering of the Union men, as they advanced on double-quick, and the incessant and undaunt- ed firing of shell and musketry, has seldom been surpassed on any battle-field. It was about five o’clock when the engagement com- menced ; and it was kept up, with unequaled vigor and fearful slaughter to the foC, till night closed upon the scene. The enemy were a third time driven back; and the Unionists were again victorious. The sun went down in a cloudless sky. The hush of the twilight hour invited to repose; and the weary men, refreshed by the cool breath of evening lay down to rest, while a vail of smoke still skirted the forest edges — the scenes of the recent brilliant conflicts. COEINTH, MISS May 28 to 30, 1S02. Unionists, under General Ilalleck, about 100,000. Losses small {numbers not stated). Lisunionists, under General Beauveoard, nhoui 47,000 {according to rebel author* ity). Losses in killed and wounded, considerable {numbers not stated) ; in 2 y)'iHoncrs, about 1,000. After the battle of Shiloh, on the 11th of April, General Beauregard with his army fell back to his intrenched j)osition around Corinth. Proceeding to strengthen its defenses ho collected here all his available forces. Several divisions were brought up from Pensacola, and from various points in Arkansas; and after the capture of New Orleans, the troops driven thence were also gathered here. The rebel conseription act still further increased his force. Supported by this formidable array, a resolute and des- perate stand seemed evident. The enemy’s works of defense were believed to be of great strength, and the Union generals made ex- tensive j)reparations to overcome the vast difficulties which seemed to oppose them. Their operations were directed by Commanding- General llalleck, who concentrated a force at this point, largely exceeding any that had been gathered before on an equal area during the war. Forward movements were again resumed with difficulty, for thick undergrowth impeded the way, and roads had to be cut and clearings made before infantry or artillery could advance. 114 Seven Pines^ or Fair Oaks, Va. On May "Ytli, tlio Union lines were carried forward to witliin a short distance of Two ililo Creek, a point within two miles of Corinth. The crossing of the creek on the following morning, the 28th iust., was opposed by a large rebel force ; and an engagement of some duration ensued, terminating in the retreat of the enemy behind tiieir works, and the bolding of the way on both sides of the creek by General Pope’s corps. During the night a new line of breast-works was thrown up along the banks. At dawn, the enemy failing to open the battle. General Pope commenced sbelling with his battery, near the bridge. After a few moments tbe foe replied, and continued a rapid fire for half an hour, when he ceased and withdrew his battery beyond the range of tbe Union troops. Throughout the day a brisk shelling of the woods in front occurred at intervals along the line. The rebels made but feeble resistance. The front was by this time so near the enemy’s works that tlie next effort must be to carry them by assault. Gen- eral Ilalleck’s orders were given for a general advance on the com- ing morning. The long-delayed battle would thus have been fought that day but for the developments of the forenoon. At daybreak, rumors of evacuation were circulating in the army. An eager desire to know the truth became manifest. General Pope was the first to ascertain ; being nearest to the breast- works, ho moved upon them at six o’clock, and shortly afterward entered without resistance. Fully satisfied by this reconnoissance that the enemy had abandoned Corinth, the whole corps pushed on, end occupied the town a little after seven. SEVEN PINES, OR FAIR OAKS, VA. May 31 to June 2, 18C2. Unioiiifits, under General McClellan^ ahoxtt 11,000. Killed^ 890; woundfd^ 8,C27; jiriHonei'Hy 1,222. Total lonHy 6,739. J)iHuui(niiNtn^ under General Jo. IC. %fohutiton.^ ahout 35,000, Killed^ 2,800 ; xoound- cdy 3,S97. 'Jvtal lonti acLnoulcdyed by rebel aulhoritica^ about 8,000. On the 31st of May, about mid day, the enemy taking advantage of a terril)le storm, which bad flooded the valley of the Chicka- hominy, attacked the Union troo[)3 on the right flank. The ad- vance division of the Army of the Potomac, under General Casey, was assailed by an overwhelming force, and driven back a distance of two miles. This division consisted of six regiments of new troops, who having been subjected to unusual exposure and hard- >rook Hr. m(. >^T«nG«iii ^’Kfx.'k.i'itw fiiclirtvttTiji I'risoTii iiivjroiis , . 2 .\h l<>s <.*iiinsiila ( -'''^ Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, Fa. 117 ships, were unprepared to resist superior numbers. The attacking force comprised tliirty-five tliousand of the best disciplined of the rebel troops, coniTiianded by General J. E. Johnston. About one o’clock of tbo same day the enemy came upon the Union pickets unawares, and driving them in, advanced upon their camp. In the mean time the regiments of the diflerent brig.adcs had fallen into line, and hastened at once to the scene of conflict. The retiring pickets met largo forces coming to their support, and a severe engagement followed; the musketry firing was terrific. The Unionists fought with undaunted courage, mowing down the enemy at every discharge, but the places made vacant by the fallen were instantly filled from their apparently exhaustless re- serves. The most formidable action occurred just as the enemy emerged from the woods, where the Federal reserves were drawn up to meet them. Desperate courage was displayed on both sides ; the Union regiments charged repeatedly upon the enemy, driving them back for a time, when they would again, in turn, gain the advantage, and drive the Unionists before them. The loss at this point was fearful on both sides ; and the ground, being disputed inch by inch in the most determined manner, was gained only by overwhelming numbers. The Federal batteries poured into the rebel ranks a shower of grape and canister, but they steadily advanced till the opposing lines commencing to give way, they charged upon the batteries, capturing sevoti guns and taking possession of the camp. The Unionists fell back hastily, but without panic. At this juncture Kearny’s division from Ileintzelman’s corps arrived, and their bold and reckless leader threw his force upon the enemy so impetuously as to check their farther progress. The flood on the Chickahominy, upon which the rebel comman- der had relied, had not yet reached this part of the river ; and by six o’clock n.M. Sedgwick’s division, having crossed, and carried his artillery by hand through the deep mud, had reached the left flank of the enemy near Fair Oaks Station. He immediately com- menced a fierce attack. The rebel troops still largely outnumber- ed the Union force, and fought desperately, determined not to yield the field they had so nearly won. About sunset, their commander- in-chief was severely w.ounded, and carried oft’ the field. Darkness put an end to the fighting for the night, and both armies lay down on the field, to resume the struggle in the morning. At dawn the following day, Sunday, June 1st, the Union forces 113 Scucn l*incs^ or l<''air Oaks, were disposed in line, nwniting tlic rencwnl of tlio battle. But tlio rebels, disjiiriteil by the loss of their loader, Bcoinod in no baste to make the attack, and the fighting did not coinmenco till nearly seven o’clock. At this time iliey held the Union camps, a strong position covered by a swamp. An assault was made on Richardson’s division, which occupied the right beyond Fair Oaks Station. The action soon became gen- eral, and spread along the Federal lines. The rebel fire was well directed and severe, hut it was returned with equal effect. The Unionists push forward down into the swamp, and now the foe in turn give way; the ground was very difficult, and the Federal troops were often up to their waists in water. No order on either side could he heard above tne continual roar of musketry ; the mounted officers were thus compelled to lead the advance in ])crson, in order to show what was retpiircd. From Richardson’s division the fire extended around the front the rebels had pushed so severely the day before. Here the men stood boldly and pressed closer and closer, the enemy falling hack slowly hut steadily. An order being given to Sickles’ brigade to fix bayonets and charge, they did it with glorious cheering and fearful disaster to the foe. A few faced the charge and held their places, hut the mass ran at once and disappeared in the woods. Thus closed the second day’s battle. On the following day (iMonday) the enemy still occupied the Union camps ; and, though compelled to retire with heavy losses ou the previous day, they held the greater part of the ground taken in the first engagement. The Federal troops were inspired with a determination to go forward and re-occupy their former position ; resolution was stam[)- ed on every face, and all were fixed in their purpose, not only to retrieve their losses, hut to Avin greater victories. It was still dim and misty when the lines were under arms, and a little later the advance skirmishers were thrown forward. The men moved cautiously, making every step completely sure before another was taken ; until a position was gained on the Williamsbui-g road, where a battery could he posted. It was placed so as to command the entire road, and the troops again moved on as tlie enemy fell hack, his pickets in sight. The Union force, advancing step by step, pushed the rebels before them, with a slight exchange of fire, but no serious resistance, until they were once more at home in their camp. They then swept slowly forward, through the camp 119 Fort Pilloio ( WrighC)^ Term, and beyond it, till at nightfall tlieir pickets were posted witliin four miles of the rebel capital. Thus the affair was completed. The Unionists had retaken tlieir camp; and tlie enemy in liis departure made a full acknowledgment that he had failed, and was defeated in the purpose for which he came. The field was strewn with rebel dead, and even on the third day some of their wounded were yet alive and uncared for. — FOET PILLOW (WEIGHT), TENN. April 14 to June 6. 1962. Union naval force^ conniMing of five irorfcladA and one wooden gun^boat^ under Flag-Officer C. If. Davis, Killed,, 1 ; wounded,, 3. Disunion naval force,, comprising eight iron-dads,, under Commodore ITollins, Killed,, 150; wounded,, 400. Foia- Pii.i.ow is situated on the Chickasaw Uluffs, on the Ten- nessee shore of the J[ississip[)i, eighty miles above Memphis. The bluff rises abruptly from the stream about 100 feet. The location of the fort thus rendered it difficult for the Union fleet to assail it successfully. The position taken by the latter was two miles from the rebel work, a wooded point intervening. From this un- favorable situation the bombardment began, April 14th, and was kept up irregularly without decisive results until May 10th. At an early hour on the morning of the 10th the enemy boldly ad- vanced to attack the Union boats. Scarcely had the mortars been moored in their position, when the rebel ram Louisiana appeared, accompanied by four other gun-boats ; the ram immediately opened fire upon the Union gun-boat Cincinnati, to which the latter re- plied vigorously. The Cincinnati alone held the rebel boats in check till the rest of the fleet came to her aid. The contest between the two boats now became most exciting. The crews of each, armed with carbines, cutlasses, and boarding- jiikes, discharged volley after volley in quick succession, -while the ram made every effort to run into her antagonist. At this junc- ture the steam-battery of the Cincinnati commenced throwing heavy volumes of steam and scalding water into the midst of the rebel crew, causing them to withdraw their vessel in all haste. In the mean time three other vessels having been added to the en- emy’s fleet, approached the Cincinnati and immediately engaged her. She resisted the assault nobly, the shot inflicting no damage upon her armor, while her own guns rained shot and shell -with fearful effect upon the foe. . jS^iuxi 120 Memphis, Tenn. Wliilo this work was in progress, tlio oilier Union gun-boats liaJ attacked tlie remainder of tlio rebel lleet, and a desperate battle was raging. The enemy fought courageously and with obstinacy, but they were met by equal bravery and greater skill and metal. Suddenly a deafening report was beard ; and, as the smoke lift- ed, it was discovered that a rebel boat bad been blown to atoms. Scarcely bad the sound died away, when a second was beard, and another rebel boat with its crew bad disappeared. Both casualties resulted from the bursting of shells, from Union guns, in their mag- azines, which caused the instant explosion of the latter. All this time the Federal boats poured their deadly fire into the enemy, disabling such of their craft as were not wholly destroyed, and hurling destruction upon their crews. The battle continued one hour, when the foe retired under cover of their batteries. After the action of the 10th, repairs Avero made upon the rebel fleet, and its force was strengthened. The injuries inflicted upon the Union boats Avero also repaired, and four rams added to the fleet. Thus the investment continued till Juno 4th; when the occupants evacuated the fort, committing to the flames everything they were unable to remove. MEMPHIS, TENN. June C, 18G2. Union naval for ce^ under Flag-Offiiier C. IT. Daitis^ comprising Jive gun-boaU^ besides a fleet of four rams^ under Colonel Ellet. Killed^ 0 ; wounded^ 1. Disunion naval force^ under Commodore Edward Monigomery^compvining eight gun~hoats fitted as rams. Losses according to rebel authorities, in killed and wounded, 80 ; prisoners, 75. The same day on Avhich the occupation of Fort Pillow occurred, the flotilla proceeded cautiously to reconnoiter the river toward ^Memphis. The naval squadron anchored five miles above the city and aAvaited the transports Avith the land forces. At daylight on the morning of the 6th the fleet weighed anchor and steamed slowly down the river till within three miles of Memphis. The rebel fleet Avas now perceived lying on the Arkansas shore, oppo- site the lower part of the town ; and it immediately approached to give battle. The Union men Avere at this time breakfasting, and Flag-Officer Davis determining not to engage tbe enemy till the meal was finished, signaled his fleet to halt, and in a fcAV minutes later gave 121 3Ie7V2^his, Tenn. additional orders to move up the river. The enemy regarded this movement as a retreat, and pursued, firing with effect upon the Union boats, which still fell back. At half-past five p.m. three guns were fired by the rebels, to which the Union gun-boat Cairo replied, the other boats following immediately. The fleets were now about three quarters of a mile apart ; but, us the battle con- tinued, the distance was reduced to half a mile. After a fierce contest of about thirty minutes, two Union rams — the iMoiiarch and the Queen of the AVest— advanced, and tit their approach the enemy were thrown into consternation. The rams pushed on at once. The Queen of the AA^est selected the Beaure- gard for its antagonist; but the captain of the latter skillfully par- ried the blow, and the Queen rushing upon the Price — another of its oiiponcnts — struck and disabled her. Almost at the same in- stant she was herself struck by the Beauregard, iind somewhat injured. The Jlonarch, in the mean time, charged upon the Lovell, which being unable to evade its blow, was hit in the starboard side. She sunk in less than three minutes, her upper works float- ing away, a portion of the crew still clinging to them. Having disposed of the Lovell, the ^Monarch now turned upon the Beaure- gard. Being too near to damage her hull, she came alongside her at her bow and stern. She then opened with her hot-water hose, and for a few minutes drenched the decks of the enemy with a scalding flood. AVhile in this position a rebel boat came up to strike lier ; but she suddenly let go her hold of the Beauregard and backed out, permitting the blow to fall upon the latter. AVhile the enemy were recovering from their amazement, the Monarch approached on the other side, and giving the Beauregard a tremendous thrust in the bow, the latter sunk in a few moments. The Monarch, satisfied with her well-earned laurels, retired to the assistance of the Queen of the A\'’cst. The Price was so crippled by the injury inflicted by the Queen of the AVest that she ran up the white flag, and was left to the tide; the Queen, which was also crippled, drifted down the stream till taken in tow by the Monarch, which drew her to the Arkansas shore. The Union gun-boats having approached within shorter range, re- opened fire Avitli telling effect. The battle raged desperately — it was the dying struggle of the rebels on the river. The roar of the guns was incessant; and the inhabitants of Memphis watched the movements of the contending forces with intense Imt different in- terests, the Unionists looking on confidently, the rebels despairingly. G 122 Cross limeys, Vci. But tlie battle was decisive. The rebel gun-boats wbich were not already disabled left the seene of action. Only four out of the eight which entered the contest were thus able to retire, and one of these was seriously injured. Of the three uninjured, the Van Dorn alone made a final eseape. The discomfiture of the enemy was complete. The action, last- ing over one hour, bad inflicted severe injury upon the foe; while the Union gun-boats were unharmed, and only one ram — the Queen of the West— matei'ially damaged. Colonel Ellet, who was wounded by a splinter, was tbe only one of the Unionists in any way injured. According to the reports of Northern correspondents, not less than one hundred of the insurgents lost their lives. On the same day, the victorious achievement was crowned by the surrender of the city of Memphis to Ca[itain Davis, who im- mediately placed it under the authority of Colonel Fitch, com- manding a brigade of Indiana troops. CROSS KEYS, VA. June 8, 1S62. Unionistf^ under (reneral J^'emont. al^out 20y000. Killed^ 125; 500. Vifinnioniats^ uiidtr General Jacfcaon^ about 17,000. Killed and wounded.^ about 600. After tbe battle of Winchester on the 2Gth of Jlay, and the re- treat of (icneral Banks to the Botomac, (Jeneral Fi'cmont, com- manding a force stationed at Franklin, was ordered to his support, rroceeding northward to I’etcrshurg, ho crossed thence into the Shenandoah valley, and on the 31st came up with the rear-guard of .Tackson’s army then moving southward. Pursuing the enemy and compelling them to several skirmishes, he reached Harrison- burg on the 6th of June ; when a sharp fight occurred. The rebels suftered severely in the engagement, sustaining an irreparable loss in the death of their famous cavalry leader, General Ashby, and being forced to continue their retreat. The following day the main body of Fremont’s force remained at Harrisonburg; but General Milroy made a reconnoissance on the road to Port Eepublic. lie found tbe enemy strongly posted at Cross Keys, in a position completely masked by timber and by tbe uneven surface of the ground. On the morning of tbe 8th, eight miles beyond Harrisonburg, the entire Union force came up with the rebel army in its chosen situation. The Federal artillery com- Port Republic^ Va. 123 menced tho action. After two iiours’ heavy skirmishing, the op- posing forces joined battle, and fought with great strength and de- termination until four o’clock in the afternoon. From this time until dark the struggle was of a mere desultory character. The battle was a drawn one. Tho Unionists had been forced back in tho morning, and, during tho latter part of tho day, only succeeded in recovering their ground. Tho rebels, doubtless in accordance with their previous plan, continued their retreat in good order. POET EEPUBLIC, VA. June 8 and 9, 1862. UnionUtSy under General Shields, 3,500. Killed, 67 ; wounded, 861 ; missing, 5,740. Kiexinionists, under General T, J. Jackson, 16,000. Losses, about 1,000. General Shields with a small force, while en. route to co-operate with General Fremont, was attacked by a Confederate force of greatly superior numbers under General Jackson, and compelled to retreat. In hope of intercepting tho rebels he had sent forward his advance under Colonel Carroll to Port Republic, who reached the place on tho 8th of June, while the battle of Cross Keys was still in progress. He i)assed through the town with a small force, intending to re- capture the spoils which Jackson had taken near that place ; but liaving driven a rebel cavalry force from the bridge and gained possession of the town, he was assailed by a rebel force greatly ex- ceeding his own, and was coinpelled to recross the river and fall back to a position two miles from Port Republic. The enemy thus regained and held tho bridge. In his new position Colonel Carroll was Joined by General Tyler, and their united force num- bered three thousand. The following morning Jackson crossed the bridge over the Shenandoah, burning it behind him ; made an attack upon Tyler, and after a severe engagement compelled tho Unionists to withdraw. Meantime General Fremont, resuming his pursuit of the enemy, reached the Shenandoah just in time to find .them across the river, and tho bridge in flames. A detachment of cavalry was forwarded to General Shields, but it was evident that further pursuit was useless, and that Jackson had attained a safe position. 124 Secessionville, James Island., S. O. SECESSIONVILLE, JAMES ISLAND, S. C. Junk 16, 1862. ViiionistSy nmfer General BenJuim^ al>out 6,000. Killed^ 85; 'wounded^ 4T2; prisoners^ 128, Z>ifiuni(ynist.% under Colonel Lamar^ about 25,000, Killed^ 40 ; wounded^ 100. On tlie 2tl of Juno a land force, under command of Major-Gene- ral Hunter and Brigadier-General Benham, landed on James Island, where they took possession of a deserted fort, and awaited coming reinforcements. The latter arrived three days later, and a series of skirmi.shes ensued for several days. The rebel force in the mean time had been greatly increased b^ additions from the Charleston garrison, and were intrenched in a strong position on an elevation of land between two creeks. The Union troops having been harassed and menaced by fire from this fortification. General Benham, in contravention of orders from his superior officer, determined to attack it. It was his plan to carry the battery by assault, and if possible by the bayonet alone. The attack was made with great bravery and resolution, in the face of a most devastating fire. Four heavy guns on the enemy’s parapet sent their murderous charges through the files of bravo men ; mask- ed batteries poured terrible missiles upon them ; sharp-shooters stationed all along the rebel line selected the Union officers for targets, and thus many a gallant leader fell, while the men dropped in the ranks by scores. Still the storming party pressed on, forcing their way through the abattis and mounted the parapet. A part of tbe supporting force now came up, an’d a destructive fire was discharged from the hedge upon the rebels. Under cover of this fire General Stevens was upon th^ point of moving again to the assault, when the Union gun-boats opened a heavy cannonade, which, instead of telling upon the enemy, threw shot and shell into the Federal ranks. The effect of this unfortunate mistake was an order for the Federal troops to retire, which they did in periect order, taking position in their old picket line. The smoke of battle died away, but the loss of 700 heroic Union- ists proved how fierce, how sanguinary was the conflict. SBZSJM JSi. Charles^ Ark . — Oak Grove., Va. 125 ST. CHARLES, ARK. June 17, 1862. Union naval force^ conaisting of four gun~hoaU^ under Captain Kelly, Land forcCy under Colonel Fitch., about 1,500. Killed and 'loounded^ 125. DUunioniats^ under Colonel Frije^ 450. Killed and wounded^ 150; prisoners^ 30. An expedition consisting of four gun-bo.ats and two ti^^isports, carrying two regiments of infantry, was dispatched from Mem- phis, for the purpose of removing obstructions in the White River. On the 17th the expedition reached St. Charles, eighty miles above the mouth of the river, where the rebels had erected forti- fications. During the cannonade a ball entered the boiler of one the Union boats, causing immediate explosion. Nearly every one on board was scalded. Tlie scene which followed wms ho’.’rible in the extreme, many of the crew frantic with suffering jumped over- board and were drowned. Boats were sent to their relief; but the rebels fired upon the men in the water, with grape and canister from tl^field pieces, murdering those who tried to escape. At this juncture Colonel Fitch, who had moved his land force below the enemy’s work, during the engagement, pushed on with his regiment and carried the redoubts by storm. Colonel Kelty, commander of the naval force, reported but few of his men wound- ed, and but for the cx[)losion on the gun-boat, ho might have car- ried the enemy’s 'works with small loss of life. OAK GROVE, VA. Junk 25, 18G2. Unioniats^ under General McClellan^ 6,000. Killed^ about 80 ; xcounded^ not far from 200 . Diaunionista^ \inder General Lee^ probably from 6,000 to 7,000. Loaaea^ about 500 killedy JLOunded^ and missing. Ax nine o’clock on the morning of June 25tb, General Hooker, commanding a division of the Army of the Potomac, advanced his troops with the view of occu|)ying a more desirable position. He was met by a determined opposition, and an engagement ensued which lasted till four o’clock in the afternoon. The ground fought for was a swamp thick with underbrush, be- yond which lies .an open country. The Unionists were twice vic- torious. The rebels at first were driven b.ack nearly a mile ; but by a strange accident the ground obt.ained was almost immediately abandoned, and was at once re possessed by the enemy. As soon as 126 Mechanicsville, Va. tlio mistake was discovered, tlie Federal troops were again ordered forward, and dashing out with unyielding energy once more swept the foe from his obstinately contested position. lint little artillery was used in tlie engagement, and the casual- ties, considering the duration of the fight, were comparatively light. GeneraUflooker’s division received hut trifling support from other commands. The rebel force was reported to have comprised two divisions. The success .was highly important, as hut little more ground was to he gained in order to ])laco the troops beyond the low marshy tract in which they had been so long encamped. MECHANICSVILLE, VA June 2G, 1S62. under General McClellan^ not far from 14,000. Killed^ wounded^ and 200 . ^ Jf/HnnioiilHU^under General Lee., ahout 20,000. h'UlcdyUKmndcd^ ana 7nl{isingf about 400. On the afternoon of June 26th, the right wing of the Army of the Potomac was the scene of a battle of more than common du- ration and fierceness. For several days a demonstration from the enemy had been anticipated, indeed hoped for ; and accordingly the Union forces were in readiness to repel their attack, and to entail upon them fearful slaughter. About two o’clock the foe was seen advancing in strong force across the Chickahominy, near the railroad, and close by Mechan- icsville, where General ^IcCall was encamped. Planting his bat- teries in good position, he opened fire on the Union rear. McCall’s batteries were promptly wheeled into place and vigorously re- sponded. The noise of the artillery now became deafening, and soon the crack of musketry united in swelling the tumultuous roar of battle. General McCall’s division was drawn up in line, directly facing the enemy; it was a bold venture considering the manifest superi- ority of the rebels in numbers. But the daring Unionists, sup- ported by powerful batteries, eagerly invited a combat in the open field. The enemy readily accepted the challenge, and were soon engaged with fierce ardor. About six o’clock the battle raged with the greatest fury. Ad- vancing in the rear of Mechanicsville, on a low swampy piece of / 127 Mcchanicsvillc, Va. ground, where the Federal troops were drawn up beliind earth- works and rifle-pits, tlie conflict hecatne indescribably terrific. AVith des|)erate courage tlie rebels attemi)ted to .■spring forward over the inar.shy ground, but they were mowed down by merciless volleys as they sunk floundering in the mire. A charge of the enemy’s cavalry was attempted about this time, but the horses like the men became deeply mired. A body of Union cavalry, ])ercciving their condition, charged down the hill, when the rebel horsemen forsook their steeds and fled in dismay. Disappointed in their endeavors to win the day, the enemy at- tempted a flank movement. And now came an interval of the closest contest. During the height of the cannonading. General Morell’s division arrived on the ground, and with bold front march- ed up in face of the flying sheiks. The foremost brigade was dis- patched to relieve Alctlall’s center, while the rest were drawn up to aflbrd supjjort wherever needed. Soon after, a battalion of Ber- dan’s sharp-shooters likewise came upon the field. From the time of the arrival of these reinforcements — a little after six o’clock — the firing continued without intermission till halfpast nine. The volleys of musketry, sharp, quick, and inces- sant, were unsurpassed in any previous battle of the war, and the roar of artillery was a]ipaHing. During most of the firing. General McClellan was on the field ; and his presence did much to inspirit the men, who fought with unsurpassed resolution. The enemy was at length finally repulsed, and after i-epeated and desperate as- saults was compelled to retire. The success of the Unionists was in a great degree owing to their artillery, which was of heavier metal and longer range than that of the rebels. The missiles from these ponderous guns caused prodigious slaughter, the loss of the enemy being about 450, killed, wounded, and prisoners. For some hours there is said to have been considerable panic in Richmond, lest the Union troops should capture the city. McCall’s troops, protected behind intrenchments, received comparatively little harm; only 80 were killed and less than 150 wounded. 12S Gaines' Mills^ Va. GAINES’ MILLS, VA June 27, 18G2. Unionists^ under General Porter^ 85,000, Killed^ wounded^ and miftsingy 7,500. PiaunioninUy undet' General LeCy 70,000. Looses about equal to those on the Union side. During the night of the 2Cth of June, General McClellan, anti- cipating an attack the next day, ordered General McCall to fall hack and take up a position in front of the military bridges on the Cliickahomiuy. At daybreak on the following morning, the divi- sion of the latter was stationed in the rear of Gaines’ Mill. About one o’clock p.m. the enemy commenced the attack by skirmishing with Griffin's brigade. The latter jiushed forward, driving back the foe, and brought on a vigorous action on the right. The rebels made repeated charges, but the murderous volleys of the Union artillery as often re[)ulscd them. The strength of the enemy had been increased by the addition of Jackson’s troops, who had just returned from their daring raid up the Shenandoah valley, and Jackson himself now commanded the entire force. Classing the bulk of his troops, he hurled them first upon one wing of the Union army, then upon the other, and finally upon the center, hop- ing to break one or the other, and, by pressing forward liis victo- rious legions, to annihilate the shattered fragments. This method of attack was often tried during the day, and for some hours prom- ised success. But under the murderous discharge of iron missiles from Porter’s heavy artillery, the rebels recoiled as from certain death arid fled in dismay. At this juncture reserves of North Carolina and Virginia troops advanced, but were met with a similar fate; and, though in the interim the previously broken columns had been re-formed and brought forward, they could make no impression on the Union masses, which seemed to confront them like a wall of adamant. General McClellan, now believing victory within his gi'asp, hur- ried into action all the troops that could be spared from the force necessary to guard the retreat, and [uepared to meet a final attack which Jackson would evidently make before night should close upon him. Tliat able general in the mean time had drawn up all his reserves, and seeing that the left wing of the Union army had become exhausted and their supplies of ammunition reduced by constant firing, he hurled his fresh troops upon it with such terri- ble power that it gave way and dispersed. Disorder spread till it reached the center ; the men were not panic-stricken, but marched 129 Peach Orchard^ Fa. slowly and deliberately off tlie field, and the battle, so near a vic- tory to the Unionists, became a defeat. The enemy soon began to press hard upon the flying forces, and fruitless attempts were made to arrest their progress. Darkness came on, and after a retreat of a mile, the scattered and dispirited troops were met by fresh brigades, who checked the advance of tlio foe, and patting a few of the retreating guns in battery, opened fire and once more drove back the enemy. This sanguinary engagement was fought with very unequal forces. The Unionists with their last reinforcements numbered only 35,000 ; the rebel force comprised not less than 00,000, and probably about 'i’0,000. The Union losses were estimated at 7,600 in killed, wound- ed, and missing ; the rebel loss was nearly equal. PEACH OECHARD, VA. Junk 29, 18G2. JJnionistf^^ under General McClellan^ numbers engaged not reported. Losses ahcnit 150. VisxinionistSy under General Zee, numbers engaged not stated. Losses about 1,500. At daylight on Sunday, June 29th, the Union works in front had been evacuated and the artillery removed to the rear of the main Army of the Potomac. Here it was judiciously disposed, bat- teries masked, and the infantry covered by thickets of woods. The spot was a part of the battle-ground of Fair Oaks, but is designated as Peach Orchard. At an early hour of the morning, the enemy came eastward on the Williamsburg road, and opened from two batteries on the left, but their firing was awkward and ineffective. When they reached a lino of inarch, about tlirco litmdrcd yards from the Federal front, the whole terrible fire of the Union cannon burst upon them. They staggered, but before tliey could compre- hend the full effects of the discharge, the pieces rang again, and the columns were fearfully tliinned. For a half hour the fire was so incessant that it seemed like the continuous echo of a single report. The Confc derates replied feebly, but with some signs of determina- tion. The entire contest, though it lasted four honr.s, was like one incident; it terminated with a lo.ss to the Unionists of 150 men, to the rebels of not less than 1,500. The battle of Peach Orchard was a decisive victory to the Union troops; it was fought with a small force against immense odds, and in the rear of the main ;130 Savage's Station^ Va. nriny Mint w’ns every inoinent receding. Tlie condneting of nn action so inanl'nlly in view of these dispiriting facts argues well for the bravery of the Union leaders. SAVAGE’S STATION, VA. June 29, 1802. VnionisUy under General McClellan ^ numhers engaged not reported. Killed and wounded — excltiHive of thoae in the hands of the enemy — nuni^ her of priso7ie7‘s, not reported. Disunionists^ under General Zee, numhers engaged not reported. Losses very heavy y numbers unknown. Tiiic Union troops having fallen back from Peach Orchard toward Savage’s Station were attacked by a ])owerfnl Confederate force on the allernoon of the 29th. The rebels tiled with large I'einforce- inents and additional batteries, as well as with several squadrons of cavalry, toward a nnmhorof roads leading to the Chickahoininy, where, covei'ed by thick tiinher, they were aide to keep concealed till they reached a wheat-held that sti-etchcs from Savage’s Station to a belt of woods. Suddenly emei-ging from the thick timber, they oiiencd with rifled cannon iqion the Union forces, drawn up in full view to the south of the railroad. They ran out three bat- teries to command ])oints in the wheat-field and o[)encd a i-apid en- filading fire of shell and grape. 'I'he lire at first was so ajipaHing that the Union men could not form, nor tlie artillerymen bring their batteries into service. A single regiment was seized with momentary panic, but soon recovered and rendered elTective ser- vice. kleanwhilo a rebel brigade was observed stealing down to the right as if with the intent of flanking the Federal troops by attaining a. position on the AVilliamsburg road. Two Union guns were at once planted on the railroad and sw’cjjt the enemy’s colunm Avith grape and canister till it werp; back into the woods with all speed. Some sharp infixntry-fighting ensued, in which several divisions of the Unionists engaged with various success. The I'ehels came determinedly across the field till the Union force were ordered up at double-quick to a charge. About four thousand of them set off at once, with a shout that might iiave drowned the musketry. The foe held their jjosition for a moment, and then retired to the rear of their batteries. Night spread its mantle over the battle-field, but the roar of cannon and quick ring of musketry still rent the air. ^Vhite Oak Swmup, Glendale^ and Turkey Bend^ Fa.l31 Fitful Hashes of liglit broke in upon the darkness, and the woods eatehing fire from the bursting shells, the scene presented was like a grand confiagration. The contest continued till late in the even ing, when the enemy were rejuilsed with very severe losses. The Unionists also lost heavily, but their loss was greatly exceeded by that of the rebels. WHITE OAK SWATiP, GLENDALE, AND TTJKKEY BEND, VA. JffNK 30, 1802. Uriioni/sti, under General JfcCleUan, nearly 90,000. Lorxee, ahnut 4,000. Disjtnioninls, under General Lee, nunihers enyaged much exceeding the Union force. Lossex, orer 4,000. The weary but resolute soldiers, in a brief interval after the battle of Savage’s Station, received orders to fall back across the "White Oak Swamp. The enemy followed the Union force closely ; and the latter were obliged to keep in line of battle across the country, along the whole extent of the retreat, for the rebels were continually trying to turn their flanks. Notwithstanding this, the Union march betrayed no symptoms of haste nor fear; the trains moved on duly, but not j'iotously. atid when the last wagon and cannon passed through the creek, their teams whitened all the hills on the southern side, and the weary soldiers having torn up the bridge lay down to rest. White Oak Creek runs through a bolt of swamj) timber; a strip of bottom-land lies on both sides of the swamp, and on the north a steep hill which the Union men had encircled with a line of rifle- pits. An abattis also stretched across the bottom-land. Beyond the stream the country is rising, and to the eastward was the right of the Union line of battle. It extended four miles to the left, bor- dering the whole division on the swamp. Batteries were arrayed on every commanding hill, and a powerful picket posted at Charles City Cross Roads. The position on the right was a strong one ; the fire commenced at this point. The enemy appeared on White Oak Swamp in strong force, and directly opened from twenty masked batteries, blowing up several caissons, dismounting pieces, and jiroducing general confusion among cannoneers and infantry. The light battei ics soon recovered themselves and responded vigor- ou.sly to the enemy. The infantry, too, fell into line, ready to support the batteries, or to meet any attempt of the rebel infantry to cross \Z‘lWhite Oah Swamp, Glendale, and Turicey Hend, Va. tho linos. 'I'lio battle progressed till late in the afternoon, with seri- ous loss to both sides. The enctny made repeated attempts to cross tho creek, hut were met by the most obstinate- resistance. The cannonading continued several hours, and the Union baggage and artillery teams suffered fearfully. The Federal forces, how- ever, had prevented the enemy from crossing tho swamp in front, and were confident of tlieir ability to pr^ent his piercing it at any ])oint. 15ut their confidence was ill founded, as was i)roved by the appearance of the foe in formidable array at Charles City Cross Koads, while a mile and a half from the James River at Turkey Island Bend. Eight brigades, under command of the redoubtable Henry A. Wise, advanced directly from Richmond, and when dis- covered were attempting to work quietly between our trains, our wounded, and the army. The forces of Porter and Keyes were ordered up to repel the invaders, the troops of the former still suf- fering from a recent battle ; many regiments bad no organization, and many brigades scarcely a regimental organization. At five o’clock they engaged the enemy, hidden by woods and hills, and tho firing from musketry and field pieces soon became intense. Tho rebels did fearful execution. « The reports of ordnance had rent the air for so many days, that such chaotic confusion seemed the normal condition of things. There was little enthusiasm ; all the romance of battle was exhaust- ed. The men fought heroically, though agonized with thirst, heat, and weariness. Some, breaking from tho ranks, dashed into the cool water, and, emerging again, returned to the fray and fought with renewed desperation. Fresh troops and superior numbers seemed carrying tbe tide of battle against the Unionists, when a godsend came to their relief. Four gun-boats opened from Turkey Island Bend, with showers of shot and shell from their immense rifled guns. The roar of field-artillery grows faint in comparison with tho thunderings of these monsters of ordnance, that literally shake the water. They dischai'ged their fire every three minutes, fre(|uently a broadside at a time : the serried rebels on tho hill went down by ranks ; deso- lation and dismay i-eigned supreme. Their hope waning, the fire slackened, and every deep tocsin from the gun-boat Galena added its force to their despair, when the famous Ileintzelman charged. The Galena ceased, and soon the grand corps of Ileintzelman was in line. The enemy, anticipating such a dash, directed their fire upon this part of tho army more conceutratedly than ever. Tho Union leader Malver7i Hill, Va. 133 giving his order, his column moved slowly, certainly, vigorously, h«rling dismay and death upon their antagonists. The rebels ad- vanced bold!}', but there was a destruction in the fire,, a veliemence in the tread of the opposing force, they could not withstand, rush- ing resolutely forward, defying every effort of the foe to break the lines, the Union corps at last saw the enemy break and lly in wild confusion to the swamp,' totally dispirited and repulsed, d'he Fed- eral army took in this engagement over two thousand prisoners. The Union loss was variously estimated, some statements being as high as G,000. The rebel loss largely exceeded the Union. The naval force engaged in the latter part of the contest was under command of Commodore John Kodgers. MALVERN HILL, VA. JULT 1S62. Unionists^ under General McClellan^ about 85,000. /.O.S-S55, not far from 1,000. Disunionisis^ under General Lee. Losses^ according to rebel authorities^ 3,000. After' the fight on June 30th, the Union army fell back and took up the most eligible position the country afforded. With the aid of the gun-hoiits the situation was regarded as impregnable. l)ut the enemy, goaded to madness at tlicir failure to destroy its invincible forces during the retreat, decided once more to assail it. Tlie firing at low range commenced about ten o’clock, but without serious effect. Every approach of the enemy was quickly repelled. A few hours later, the rebel force wuas brought up to a closer posi- tion, and made repeated attempts to charge upon the Union batte- ries. They were met gallantly, and the battle raged fiercely. The rebels were mowed down by hundreds witli terrible slaughter. The converging fire of three hundred cannon from the Union batteries, and the hundred-pound shells from the gun-boats, spread such wild dismay and fearful destruction that the most frantic appeal of the rebel leaders could not urge forward their troops. Tlie line of the enemy at last gave way and fled, utterly demoralized, leaving the field strewn with tliousands of their dead. Thus terminated the brief hut sanguinary battle of Malvern Hill, the last of the series of actions in McClellan’s groat retreat. 'fhe total Union loss in the seven days’ battles is estimated at 15,249 — to wit, 1,582 killed, 7,709 wounded, and 5,958 missing; tlio rebel loss, according to their own acknowledgment, was 10,000. 134 Jlurfreeshoro^ Tenn. — Haton llouge, La. MURFREESBORO, TENN. Jui.Y 13, 18C2. Unionists^ under Colonel Leelie., 1,400. Killed^ 33 ; looiindedi 62 ; 7ni8!iing^ over 800. Di.^unionisUi under Colonel Forreet.^ 3.000 to 4,000. Killed^ 60; wounded^ 100. At an early hour of the morning, July 13th, a guerrilla force, or- ganized by Governor Harris of Tennessee, and commanded by Col- onel Forrest, attacked Murfreesboro, Tenn. Severe fighting en- sued ; .at three p.m. an entire Union regiment surrendered. A Penn- sylvania cavalry regiment lost 200 in killed, wounded, and missing. Two Union generals were taken prisoners. Twenty thousand dol- lars’ worth of Federal arms and stores fell into the hands of the rebels. BATON ROUGE, LA. August 5, 1862. Unionists., under General Williams and Colonel 2,500. Killed.,^Q* wound* €c/, 100 ; missing., 2‘J. FUunionists^ tinder General Breckinridge^ 6,000. Killed.^ 400; wounded., 660; prisoners^ 102. TriE rebel leaders, priding themselves on their formidable iron- clad, the Arkansas, determined to employ it to drive aw.ay and destroy the Union fleet which held New Orleans and its vicinity; atid, by the aid of a land force, to expel the Unionists from the Southwest. At Baton Rouge, the capital of Louisiana, a garrison of Federal troops was stationed, ably commanded by General Wil- liams ; this force routed and the gun-boats destroyed, the way was open for tbe re-capture of the Crescent City. The Confederate General Breckinridge started on the expedition on the 2Cth of July, with an army of 6,000 men. The Arkansas was to descend the river and engage the gun-boats, while Breckin- ridge attacked the land force. The ram delayed her departure from Vicksburg, and General Breckinridge was advised that she would not reach Baton Rouge till August 5th. While the rebel forces were approaching. General AVilliams was informed of the impending attack, and unwilling to expose tlio city to destruction, marched his little force to a grove of some extent lying to the east- ward, and there encamped. About two o’clock in the afternoon of the 4th, information was received that the enemy were approach- ing in force. The Union troops were made ready for the menacing assault. At half-past three the following morning, the reveille was Haton Mouge, La. 135 beaten and they marched out to meet the foe. The engagement ■was brought on by tlie rebels driving in the Union picl^ts. Gen- eral Williams immediately forwarded supports ; but on reaching the scene of action, they found the enemy too strong to be attacked successfully, and fell back to the front of the camp, the rebels in close pursuit. The Unionists hero made a stand and assailed the foe. The firing at this point was very severe. The enemy were for a time held in check by a single regiment, which ])crformcd prodi- gies of valor. General Williams at this juncture, finding they were too far advanced to receive supports, ordered them to again fall back. Meanwhile Breckinridge’s forces succeeded in flanking the Fede- ral troops on the right. The Union general in command discover- ing the movement, caused his men to retreat a short distance, and pouring upon the rebels a succession of rapid volleys, dnjve them with heavy loss. The battle now raged intensely, and large num- bers of field officers on both sides were killed and wounded. A Union regiment having lost all its field officers. General Williams volunteered to lead them in person. His generous offer was greeted with enthusiastic cheers, when he fell from Ids horse, mortally wounded. The command then devolved on Colonel Cahill. The contest continued till the foe was completely repulsed at all points. Then commenced a rapid retreat, the movements of the enemy being accelerated by shell dropped in their midst from the Union guns. They fled in confusion to a point beyond the range of the gun-boats, and there encamped. The Federal loss was sixty killed, one hundred and sixty wounded, and twenty-nine missing. The rebel killed exceeded four hundred, six hundred aud fifty were wounded, and one hundred taken prisoners. The Arkansas, having reached a point within fifteen miles of B.aton Rouge, became disabled. She was speedily repaired, .and ad- vanced about ten miles nearer the city ; when again becoming dis- abled, she drifted ashore. Repairs were made a secoud time, but the engineer reported the machinery" unreliable. The rebels at once ordered a trial trip up the river, to test its strength, but before she liad proceeded live hundred yards, another .accident occurred. The- night was spent in putting her in condition for service, and .at eight o’clock she was moored head down stream and cleared for action. The Union gun-boat Essex, coming around this point soon afterward, fired upon her. At this moment her mooring lines were cut, and she started for the Essex, intending to run her down. 136 Cedar Mountain^ "Va. Before rea^iing lier, the larboard engine gave out, and she made for tlie river bank. The Essex pouring a hot fire into lier, made a breach in lier jtlating, into which Oonnnodore Porter at once tlirew incendiary shells. The crew then abandoned their ram, and in half an hour a fearful explosion reduced her to atoms. Thus ended the expedition for the re-capture of New Orleans. CEDAK MOUNTAIN, VA. AuauBT to, 1862. Unionists, under General Banka, 7 , 000 . XiUed, 450 ; wounded, 660 ; missing, 230 . DimnionUts, under General T. J. Jackson, 30 , 000 . Losses, according to rehel authoriUj, killed, 1 , 000 ; wounded, 1 , 600 . On Saturday morning, August 10th, it was discovered that the enemy, under General Stonewall Jackson, had advanced as far as Cedar Mountain, and lield its wooded sides and cleared slopes. Only a small portion of their force, liowever, was visible. They also held a range of hills and ravines extending to the westward. General Banks chose an elevated spot, a mile and a half from the mountain, as the best place to receive their attack. During the morning the fighting was confined to slight skirmishes between the pickets. At three o’clock in the afternoon a battery in front at a long range opened upon the Union forces, and the pickets on the right wing were driven in hy the rebel infantry. Battery after battery was unmasked on the mountain slopes and on every hill. The Federal batteries were exposed to fiank-fires and cross-fires at every point. 'I'licy replied shot for shot till live o’clock, when the enemy opened an enfilading fire of artillery on the Union right. General Banks gave orders to cease firing and charge this battery. Behind it was a thicket of oak ; and before the regiment leading the charge could advance, they were mowed down by a terrific fire from the rebels concealed in the woods ; the rest of the command came up quickly, but found the enemy in force at every point. The battle continued till night, when the Union forces retired from the field. The rebels had the advantage in superiority of position and num- ■ hers, but their losses were much larger than those of the Unionists. The Union artillery did fearful execution in the dense columns of the foe. The Federal infantry suffered severely, and two guns fell into the hands of the rebels. The total loss of the Unionists was 1,400; of the Disunionists, about 2,600. JOHN 1‘01‘K, ]\[ajor-Gen. A''ols. and Brevet ]\lajor-(Jen. U. B. A., born in Kaskaskia, 111., March 12, 1823 ; graduated at West Point in 1842. 2d-riieat. 'I’op. Kngi- neei-s, 1842 ; Aug., 1846, under 'Taylor, in Me.xico ; Brevet Ist-Lieut., for Monterey, Sept. 23, 1846, and Capt. for Buena Vista, Peb. 23, 1847. State of 111. presented him a sword on his return. In 1 84!), e.xjilored Minnesota ; in 1850-52, New Mexico ; in 1853, on the Pacific 11. R. Survey; in 1854 to 1 859, exploring Rocky Mt. Region; .Inly, 1856, (!apt. Attained a high scientific rei)utat ion. Brig.-tJen. Vols., May 17, 1861 ; commanded Brigade in Northern and Ventral Mo., and defeated Rebels near Shawnee Mound, March 4, 1862 ; Major-Gen. Vols., March 13 ; cajitured New Madrid ; aided in capture Island No. 10, April 7, 1862 ; in siege and pursuit from Corinth, ^lay and June, 1862; commanded Army Va., Juno 2(), 1862 ; Brig.-Gcn. U. S. A., July 14, 1862 ; in battle of Cedar Mt., Aug. 9 ; in battles of War- renton, Mana.s.'-’a.s, Gainesville, Ac., Aug.-Sept., 1862 ; resigned Sept. 3, 1862 ; appointed h) Dep’t of Northwest, where he defeated Indians; remained in command till June 27, 1865, when a]>pointed to command Dep't of Missouri Kettle llun^ or JBristo^o Station, Fa, 139 KETTLE Rim, OR BRISTOW STATION, VA. August 2T, 1862. ZTniomstSj under General Poj^ey about 9,000. Killed and wounded^ not fai' from 800. DUnnionist^ under General EwcU^ nearly Killed and icoundedy about 800 ; prisoners^ 1,000. On the 2Gth of June, the corps commanded by Generals Fremont, Banks, and McDo^yell were combined by order of the President, under the title of the “ Army of Virginia,” and General Pope was placed at their head. Ilaving taken the field on the 29th of July, he found the main body of his troops collected between the Eapidan and northern branch of the Rappahannock. Shortly after, the movements of Stonewall Jackson’s force — which received only a tenii)orar3" check at Cedar Mountain — and the subsocpient ad- vance of the main body of Leo’s army, indued him to full back to the north of the Rappahannock, which afibrded a better line of defense, and to establish his headquarters at Warrenton. While General Pope was encamped at Warrenton, the rebels conceived the strategic movement of marching the great mass of their army to Manassas, hoping thus to cut off the Army of Vir- ginia fi’om its base of supplies. As soon as he was informed of their plans, under-estimating the strength of their advance, ho set about capturing the hostile force between him and Washington, and keeping open the route thence. A body of the enemy made their first appearance at Bristow Sta- tion. In order to capture them, two divisions were dispatched to cut off their retreat, should they attempt to escape through Thor- oughfare Gap. A force was also dispatched directly to the latter point, and still another to Gainesville. General Hooker was pre- pared to attack the enemy in front, while General Banks was to follow as a reserve, in the event of Hooker’s being defeated. General McDowell was ordered to prevent the enemy from being reinforced, through Thoroughfare Gap, by the great mass of tho rebel army, but reached the Gap too late to accomplish his pur- pose, The foe, having passed somewhat earlier, arrived in force at Manassas, on Wednesday evening, when Ewell was sent for- ward to Bristow Station, to destroy what Union supplies might stand on the track. The troops of the latter were met by Hooker’s and Kearny’s divisions. The fight at the station resulted in a signal victory to the Unionists. Through a combined infantry and artillery movement, 1,000 rebel prisoners were taken. The enemy 7 140 Groveton, or Manassas, Va. were driven back to Manassas, and as night approached they took possession of the lieiglits across Broad Run. Their losses were very severe, including many officers killed and wounded. GROVETON, OR MANASSAS, VA. Auodst 29, 1862. Unionista^ under General Pope, about 25,000. Killed and 'icounded, about C,000. Dieunioniata, under General Stonexeall Jacfcaon, aboxtt 27,000. Killed, xconnded, and 7nis8ing, about 12,000. At daybreak on Friday, Augnst 29th, three divisions of Ileintz- elrnan’s corps, with a single division of Porter’s corps, came up before Manassas. The enemy had left the immediate vicinity of the Junction, and the buildings were burning behind them. Kearny’s division wJs now ordered to move on Centreville, where the rebels were posted in considerable force. The divisidn ad- vanced, driving in the hostile pickets, and crossed Bull Run with- out resistance. Kearny disposed his troops for battle on a commanding height, sending out skirmishers on the right and left. Pushing on to within a mile of Centreville, they encountered a cavalry regiment of the enemy, which immediately charged on them ; the Federal cavalry skirmishers turned and fled, the enemy pursuing. Arriving near the Union infantry line, the i)ursuers were met by a heavy Are and thrown back in great confusion. Kearny immediately ad- vanced to Centreville, and occupied it without molestation. Hooker and Reno had previously encamped three miles in the rear, and Sigel had come up from Manassas. The skirmishers of the latter, as they advanced, met those of the enemy and drove them in : and Sigel began to shell the woods; when the enemy opened with artillery from beyond. At half-past ten the rebels appeared in great force, and two divi- sions of Ileintzelman’s corps were ordered to the front. A single brigade fought the enemy desperately for about two hours ; but, being overjiowercd by superior numbers, gave way so far as to ex- pose the flank of Hooker’s division ; and now, for the first time in the war. Hooker /ell hack. The rebels gained a position behind the embankment of a new railroad. Kearny, leaving one brigade to hold the right flank of the Union forces, immediately changed front, and attacked the enemy in flank. They were driven across the railroad and through the woods. An artillery fire now being opened, the rebels were forced to a precipitate retreat, and pressed hard by the Unionists to the heights beyond the wood. Night com- ing on, the farther advance of the Federal troops was arrested. BTHi,L KUN, VA. (SROOND BATTLR OP BULL RUN.) August 30, 1862. VnionisU^ under General Pope-^ 40,000. P7'oha'ble losses: in killed^ about 800; tcounded^ nearly 4,000 ; prisoners^ not including •wounded^ about 8,000. Pisunionist^ under General Lee^ numbers not reported^ but greatly exceeding those of the Union army. Killed^ about 700 ; wounded^ according to rebel authority., about 8,000. Satukday morning, August 30th, dawned upon the Union army drawn up upon the old battle-ground of Hull Run, to the right of tlie 'iVarrenton turnpike. Its lines extended in a crescent form, witl» the center considerably advanced ; while those of the rebel army confronted it in a long incurving parallel. General Sigel commanded the Federal right, General Reno the center, and Gen- eral McDowell the left. The battle begun, long before daylight, with a heavy fire of artillery ; and as the sun flashed his beams across the hills, vol- leys of musketry became mingled with the roar of cannon, till the fearful din was re-echoed by the distant mountains. As on the preceding day, the burden of attack was thrown upon the Union army. The enemy, sheltering themselves under cover of woods, ditches, and hillocks, poured tremendous volleys in the faces of the Federal troops as they advanced ; and n)et bayonet charge with bayonet charge, as tempest meets tempest, with unyielding shock. But all day long the Union center and right bore up hero- ically, and maintained an obstinate struggle against greatly superior numbers. Wide chasms were opened in their lines by the terrible death-swarths of the enemy ; yet no sooner did the rebel hosts press forward to avail themselves of the openings, than the ranks closed up, and met the shock with adamantine front. On the left, however, the Union forces were less successful. At five o’clock in the afternoon, the enemy massed heavy columns against them; and from a concealed position in the woods sud- denly opened a tremendous fire of batteries upon their exhausted lines. Direful confusion spread through the ranks, heightened, if not occasioned, by a large body of stragglers that swarmed in the vicinity. 142 Bull liun, Va. and which rushed in a wild stampede toward the rear. Then came a terrible crisis. Had the panic spread from the bewildered running wretches through the main body of the army, the roads and ravines of the old battle-ground might have witnessed another such pitiful scene as in the dark days of 1861. The Union left turned, and beaten back in confusion, no one could tell what wild disorder and ruin might ensue. But the quick eye o^ the Federal General Bu- ford took in tlie position at a glance. Ordering his cavalry brigade to form in regimental line, his bugles sounded the wild notes of the charge, and in another moment the hoofs of 1,200 horses waked the thundering echoes of the glens. Down the slope and out on the level ground the impetuous squadrons swept, and crashed against the enemy’s cavalry that were gathering to charge upon the shat- tered Union lines. It was a desperate chance for the safety of more than five thousand men, and the Federal horsemen never drew rein until they had dashed through and through the enemy’s squadrons. There was a cloud of dust and smoke, out of which came jiistol shots, crack of carbines, and clash of steel upon steel, and shouts and yells, mingled like the wild uproar of Pandemo- nium. Before this impetuous charge, the rebel cavalry fled like leaves before the autumn blast. The moment of danger was passed. For a quarter of an hour, Buford held his ground ; w'hilo the Union left swung around till it found support from the center. But recovering from their disorderly retreat, the enemy gathered for a dash on Buford’s brigade. In a few moments it was attacked by an eq\ial force of cavalry, supported by a powerful body of infan- try and artillery. Unable to withstand such overwhelming numbers, the order was given to fall back, and was reluctantly obeyed. The enemy pursued for nearly a mile. But at length the retreating col- umns stopped ; batteries were quickly placed in position, and from their fiery throats there burst forth upon the venturesome foe, as ho approached within short range, an iron tempest that swept down his heroes by scores. A Union division was at once pushed forward from the center ; the enemy retreated, and the lost ground was regained. Sigel had turned the enemy’s left at about the same time their right had turned the opposing Federal flank ; and now as night spread its broad wings over the bloody field, the wide arched lines embraced nearly the same ground as in the early morning. The slaughter liad been terrible. The dead and dying lay in mangled heaps ; and on the left, w^here McDowell’s men had swept . Plak or THE Battler OF grove ton IJi'i.i. Khn llu- 3 >rx,'//mM'.vA'.i' Bri'i/adr Heno\‘ :"ot‘p.v ri,/h/ (’rn/r<-' !. M‘‘ Lrnits Bn'i^udr , \ 'i_ScUitiHtielfenit!^ j ?. S't^hriT - ' 1^, Milrtn ! S. .V vktW /Iri^'u^/f r^t/: Partf'rr (*(•*■ i(T. lR.cyhotds:l)i- { withdra^^n fdiorlly Si rhnvrhf.y Dt\‘ . 7 . fupltiTX \XJiiJfrxott.< Snd-jth', Iri} \ ■ .\U A^rtrraf Cori*s fetirintf 1 th* mru/i Xfi ark romrurK^t'^ ri n ^ (hr Rrtrrat ,V. Crt^uili' L. — i),-,mi, ,c- ,u,/nn;;l A./ ILJU./.tkmbeii 1, 1662. UnionUtSy 'under OeneraU TtenOy Kearnijy and Sl&venHy about 14,000. Killedy woundedy and miaaingy Twtfarfnnn 1,800. jyiinmionintSy under General^ JacksoUy Ewelly and Uilly numbers not reported, LosstSy not reported. General Reno, holding with his division a position three miles from Centreville, was attacked by part of the rebel forces under JacksOn, Ewell, and Hill about five o’clock in the afternoon. The enemy, attempting a flank movement to put themselves between General Pope and Washington again, had marched rapidly across the fields occupied by the Union army after the reverse of Satur- PHILIP LEAUNY, ) ) ] i ) ) ‘} ) Late Major-Gen. Yols., l)oni in N. Y. (iii.y, June 2, 181.'} ; killed at battle of Chantilly, Sept. 1, 1802. lie was educated for the law, Imt, in 18.37, was appointed 2d-Lient. 1st U. S. Dragoons, and soon afler sent to Europe, to re- port on French Cavalry tactics. 'J'herc he entered the Polytechnic School ; was a volunteer in ranks of Chasseurs (rA/n'([ue in Algeria ; returned in 1830, with Cross of Ijogion of Honor. Ist-Lt., 1839 ; Aide to Gen. IMacoiub, 1840, and to Gen. Scott, 1841— 14 ; Capt. Dragoons, 1840; escort of Gen. Scott, when he enten'd Yera Cruz; Drevid. Major, for Conlri'ras and Churu- bn.sco ; lost his arm at San Antonio Gate of Me.xico ; coimnand('r in Califor- nia and Oregon, 1848-.9] ; resigned, 18;71 ; studied Itlililary .Science in Eu- rope; Aide to French Gen. Morin, in Italian campaign, 1859, and received second Cross of Legion of 1 lonor, from Emperor Napoleon III. In 1801, hastened home; appointed I5rig.-Gen. Yols., July, 1801, commission dating from ]\Iay 17 ; commanded N. J. Brigade, and then a Division in Ilcintzel- man’s Corps; at IVilliamsburg, Fair Oak, s, "White Oak Swamp, Cross Hoads, Malvern Hills, and in all the later battles of Pope's campaign, to Chantilly, where he was kilted. Commissioned Major-Gen. A'’ols., July 4, 1802. 1 I Turner's Gap, South Mou 7 iiain, Md. 149 day. Their artillery, therefore, had not arrived ; but Reno found himself at the outset confronted by a heavy force of infantry. An engagement was maintained an hour, before Reno received reinforce- ments. Meanwhile the aiumunitiGii of the Union troops becoming exhausted, they were obliged to give ground. General Reno now occupied the right, and General Stevens commanded on the left ; the latter moved with determination against the enemy, but while leading the assault, fell mortally wounded. His troops became disheartened at the loss of their leader and retired in disorder. Soon after. General Kearny advanced to Reno’s support, Tho retirement of Stevens’ division bad left an opening through which the rebels were rapidly advancing, unknown to tho Union troops. General Kearny ordered a brigade to move to tho left of the posi- tion held by Stevens; and hearing that the foe was coming upon the center, rode forward himself to make a recon noissance of tho ground and the enemy. Venturing beyond tho Union lines, ho was shot, and his body fell into rebel hands ; but was delivered to the Unionists, under flag of truce, the following day. General Rirney at once assumed command of the division, and repelled the threatened flank movement. It soon became apparent, however, that nearly the whole force of the rebels was massed on the left, and General Birney re-opened the engagement in that posi- tion. A heavy fire was kept up for half an hour, in the midst of a terrific thunder-storm. It was difiicult to keep ammunition dry; but, with the advantage of artillery, severe losses were inflicted upon the enemy. Finding their volleys gi'ow weaker, the Union troops were ordered to make a bayonet charge. Three regiments advanced with gallantry and determination, in tho face of a heavy fire, and almost instantly decided the contest. The rebels broke and ran, abandoned the field, and made no effort to renew the battle. The whole number of killed and wounded in General Birney’s brigade was not over 200. General Reno’s loss did not exceed this. 4 .,>. TURNER’S GAP, SOUTH MOUNTAIN, MD. Septembeh 14, 1862. VTiionisii, under General McClellan, 80,000. Killed, 448 ; wounded, 1,806 ; pris- oners, T6. Disunionisis, under General Zee, 30,000. Killed, 600; wounded, 2,343 ; ^)ri 80 )i- ere, 1,500. Tuk battle of South Mountain occurred Sunday, September 14, and resulted in a complete victory to the Army of the Potomac. 150. Harper's Ferry ^ "Fa. Tlio battle-field was loeated chiefly in Turner’s Gap, in a gorge of the mountain, between Middletown and IJoonesboro. At mid-day the corps under General Heno was ordered to ascend the mountain on the left, and attack the enemy’s flank. At three o’clock his troops were brought into action. The rattle of musketry for about half an hour was terrible, when the enemy gave way, leaving the Unionists in possession of the ridge. The loss on both sides was considerable. Major-General Eeno was killed while reconnoiteriug in the woods at the left of his batteries. General Hooker now ascended the mountain on the right, to assail the rebel left. He brought his troops into position, and moved upon the enemy. Success again crowned the Union arms, and the foe was driven with great slaughter. The rebel losses here were severer than at any other point on the battle-field. General Gibbon’s brigade was next ordered to move up the gorge of the mountain. This brigade did not get into action till after dark, but fought till nearly nine o’clock. The rebels were driven back about a mile, when the brigade was relieved by a por- tion of Sumner’s corps, which held the position during the night. At daylight the following morning, it was ascertained that the rebels, under the fidendly shade of night, had left for the Potomac, abandoning their dead upon the field, and the wounded unable to walk were found in the churches of Hoonesboro. General McClellan was on the field during the entire day and night, commanding all movements in person. Hetween twelve and fifteen hundred prisoners were taken during the day. The entire rebel loss was over 4,000 ; the Union loss, less than 2,400. HARPER’S FERRY, VA. September 14, 1862. UnionistR^ under Colonel Miles^ necu-bj 14,000. 80; wounded., 120; onere^ 11,583. Jjisunioniats, under General A, P. Hill, about 25,000. Killed and wounded, 1,500. Septemheu 14th, the Union cause incurred a serious disaster at Harper’s Ferry. Colonel Miles, of the regular army, was intrusted with this important post. On the 3d of So[)tembcr ho was rein- forced by the troops under General White from Wincliester, and still later by the Martinsburg garrison and four regiments of raw recruits. The village of Harper’s Ferry is not tenable as a mili- tary position, being commanded by three hills — Maryland Heights, BOIJS'.Ut. LOnjON ft .>LAK\'L.\XU: nEiGirrs, J\arc Uouse'^J^^Sv^j i[j[ ij ir--!^! .S.MiisloeUEictT'V S!?rom Island _Dinti7i((’ engraved, fbrKlUlL(TWJtCf. 2>rY. Isbind 153 Harper's Ferry^ Fa. Bolivar Ileiglits, and Loudon Heights. The firsLmentioned is the highest, and commands the other two as well as the village itself. The holding of Maryland Heights was assigned to Colonel Ford, who commanded a force of 1,660 men. On his representation that more troops and implements for intrenchments were required, Col- onel Miles forwarded 2,250 men, but disregarded the reqi^est for intrenching tools. .A slight breast-work was erected, and some ineffectual efforts made for defense. Toward night on the 12th, skirmishing commenced on the brow of the hill. The following morning, the enemy made an attack, and the troops retired to the breast-work. A second assault was made; and after a short contest. Colonel Sherrill, of the One Hun- dred and Twenty-sixth New York, was wounded, and most of his regiment turned and retreated, many of those in command joining in the disgraceful flight. Soon after, the remaining forces aban- doned the redoubt. They subsequently advanced again, under command of Colonel Ford, but failed to regain their former posi- tion. The rebels did not renew the attack after mid-day. Mean- while Colonel Miles conferred with Colonel Ford ; and, although ho had previously admitted to General 'White the necessity of holding Maryland Heights, he gave Colonel Ford, on the night of the 13th, discretionary power to yield the position if ho deemed it advisable, and in the event of abandoning it, to disable the guns and throw them down the bill. Colonel Miles, however, on further reflec- tion, revoked the order, and commanded him to hold the Heights, which he considered perfectly tenable. ‘About two o’clock in tho afternoon of the 14th, Colonel Ford disregarded the order, aban- doned the position, and withdrew his men across the river, only partially spiking the guns, rendering as a reason that his troops refused to fight, whereas only a single regiment fell back. Colonel Miles still held and had strengthened Bolivar Heights, but as Maryland Heights commanded the position, it could not be defend- ed for any length of time. Later in the day, the rebels attacked Miles’ extreme left, but, after some fighting, were repulsed. No engage- ment oceurred during the night, and the Federal cavalry, number- ing about 2,000, escaped from Harper’s Ferry with tho consent of the commanding officer. Monday, the 15th, the enemy opened fire at daybreak, and at seven o’clock Colonel Milos announced that tho ammunition for the batteries bad failed (which afterward proved untrue), and that it would be necessary to surrender. A white flag was accordingly hoisted, and General 'White dis- 154 Antietam CreeTc — -Sharpshiirg^ Md. patched to capitulate with the enemy. Tlio fire continued for one hour after tlie signal for surrender was given, and during that time Colonel Miles was mortally wounded. The rebel commander at first declared no other terms hut uncon- ditional surrender acceptable ; but subsequently the officers were permitlj^d to go out with their side-arms and private eflects, and the men with everything save arms and equipments. The rebels took 11,583 prisoners — who were at once parolled ; about the same number of Enfield rifles — a greater part of which had been rendered worthless ; forty-seven cannon — seventeen of them rifled pieces, and one a fifty-pound Parrott ; also six days’ provision for twelve thousand men, and considerable ammunition. Seven of the guns, however, were disabled. This early disaster to the Union army resulted in great advan- tage to the enemy ; since the attacking force, now well supplied with provision, and valuable additions to tlieir artillery and ummuo nition, were enabled to join Lee’s army in season for the battle of Antietam. ANTIETAM CEEEK-SHAEPSBUEG, MD. Septembeb 16 AND 17, 1662. Unlonif^U^ under General McClellan^ 87,164. Killed^ 2,010; •wounded^ 9.416; missing, 1,013 ; total Ions, 12,469. Vimnionists, under /.ee, 97,000. Numhers placed hors de comhat, ac- cording to rebel acknawledgrnintx^from 14,000 to 15,000 ; according id General McClellands eathnatcH, 8,500 killed and- 16,899 wounded ; prisoners, not includ- ing wounded, about 2,060. Total loss {^slatentcnt bused on McClellands esti- mutes), 22,559. AftiiK the brilliant victory of South ^fountain. General McClel- lan pursued tlie enemy as far as Keedysville, near Antietam Creek. The rebels having taken a strong position on the opposite side of the creek, the two armies remained quietly confronting each other during Monday night and most of the following day, yet busily preparing for the terrible struggle that must shortly ensue. The ground on which Lee’s army was drawn up was a crescent- shaped ridge facing the creek, toward which it presented a gentle and smoothly sweeping slope, but on the farther side extended in a woody and broken table-land, affording ample cover tor troops. The crest and high background of the ridge gave abundaqt room for military movements ; while it could be approaclied only from the vicinity of the creek, at great disadvantage, and with the assail- ants exposed to an unusually long range of fire. 155 > Antietam Creek — Sharpshurg, Md. The situation being tlius greatly in favor of the enemy, it re- quired all of General McClellan’s courage aud ability to meet him in what — it was believed — would j)rove the most decisive battle of the war. The issue wa^ of immeasurable importance. If the Federal army were defeated, it might result in the early capture of Washington, and the dictation of ignominious terms of peace; if victory perched upon its banners, the military strength of the rebellion might be irretrievably broken, and the national authority restored upon a firm foundation. The fate of the nation seemed trembling in the balance. But the North demanded that the ruth- less invader should be met at whatever peril, aud if possible swept from its soil and terribly punished for his temerity. Its trusted leader, therel'ore, accepted the fearful risk, with all its gigantic consequences. The stream which divided the armies was fordable only at points remote from each other, aud the bridges in the vicinity were j)er- fectly commanded by the enemy’s batteries. The Unionists w’cre drawn up facing the creek, behind low disconnected ridges, all or nearly all uuwooded. These ridges rendered the ground unfavor- able for infantry or cavalry movements; but alforded some cover for artillery, aud thus admitted the massing of batteries against the rebel center. Availing himself of the latter advantage, General McClellan posted hero mo.st*bf his ai tillcry, supported by strong reserves under Generals Porter and Sykes. General Burnside’s corps was stationed on the left, forming the southern wing of the army ; and the remaining corps on the right. On Tuesday afternoon. General Hooker was ordered to cross Antietam Creek and feel the -enemy’s left, so as to be ready for an attack early the next mol-ning. At four o’clock he succeeded in fording the stream, without opposition, well to the right. Front- ing southwest, his line advanced diagonally toward the rebel flank, overlapping and threatening it. Cavalry skirmishers were sent forward, who dashed through the woods aud across the fields, driving the enemy’s pickets before them until they suddenly came upon a rebel battery which drove them hack in confusion. The whole corps was now ordered to advance; and, moving forward in a compact body, they came at last to a broad open s[)ace flanked by woods, and commanded on the right by a hill. Detachments pressed into the woods, and w'ere met at once by rebel shots; but being promptly supported, advanced aud cleared the timber. Heavy volleys now opened on the left and 156 Antletam Greek — Sharpsburg^ Md. front, and a battle seemed imminent. The Union lines were skill- fully formed, and batteries were placed on the hill, which replied with deadly clFcct to a rebel battery that had begun a severe enfi- lading fire upon the Federal center. But night was fast settling over forest and glade, and the position of the foe could bo clearly discerned only by the flashes of his guns, llis lines were pushed boldly forward on the right, but made no attempt to regain their hold on the woods. The fight flashed and glimmered, and at length faded ; till finally it went out in darkness. When the firing ceased, the hostile lines lay down close to each other, their pickets so near that six rebels were captured during the night. It was inevitable that the conflict would be renewed at daylight. General McClellan was informed of the condition of affairs, and ordered Mansfield’s and Sumner’s corps to reinforce Hooker early in the morning. From the extent of the rebel lines developed during the evening, it was plain they had gathered their whole army behind the heights and were waiting the shock of the morrow. The battle began with the dawn. The field of conflict during most of the day was an open plain stretching along the crest of the hill, a cornfield beyond, and masses of woods projecting into the jdain like promontories into the sea. The first attack of Hooker’s advance was stubbornly resisted. For a full half hour of desperate combat, the line of fire swayed neither way. The Union troops saw their general everywhere in frotit, never unoxposed to danger; and insj)ircd by his bravo example, fought with irresistible courage. At length the rebels began to yield a little, and at the first indica- tion of their receding, the word “forward!” was given, and on swept the Federal line with an enthusiastic cheer. Bearing the shattered masses of the enemy before it, as a wave bears the frag- ments of a wreck, it rolled across the open field, and smote impet- uously against the woody covert beyond. But suddenly from out that gloomy thicket came heavy and terrible volleys, from fresh ranks of the foe. The woods seemed skirted with flame, and before its consuming flashes, the Union line staggered, bent, and fled panic- stricken over half the distance they had won. Pursued by the enemy in overwhelming numbers, they now fell slowly back to their first position, their cartridge-boxes exhausted of the last round of ammunition. A regiment returned where a brigade had stood ; a brigade, to the place of a whole division. In ten minutes the fortune of the day seemed to have changed. 157 Antietam Creek — Sharpshurg^ Md. The rebels -n-ere now pouring forth in endless lines from the woods, and sweeping across tlie open field. Uooker sent his nearest brigade to meet the shock; but it yielded before the weight of the onset. Another brigade was called for, and at the peril of weakening the right, Doubleday was ordered to send thither his best troops. IlartsufF’s brigade was instantly dispatched, and as they passed the heroic commander of the corps, on the double- quick, his eye lighted as he saw these veterans led by a soldier whom ho know ho could trust. General IlartsufT took his troops steadily, but not hurriedly, up to the brow of the bill beyond which the open field descends to the background of woods. Deploying them upon the crest, they fired at first in volleys, then at will, with wonderful rapidity and effect. The whole line crowned the hill and stood out darkly against the sky, but shrouded ever in flame and smoke. For half an hour they held the ridge, unyielding in purpose, exhaustless in courage. There were gaps in the line, but it nowhere quailed. Their gene- ral was badly wounded early in the fight ; but still they fought on. They were there to win the field, and they won it. Unsupported, they pressed the enemy back across the open space, and a second time drove him to the shelter of the timber. The crisis of Hooker's battle had now arrived. The left, vainly endeavoring to advance, and exh.austed by the effort, had fallen back. Part of General Mansfield’s corps which bad just come up was ordered to its relief; but their heroic commander, while leading them on, fell mortally wounded, and his men retired to their sup- ports in the rear. But the left, although unable to make headway, was too strong to be broken; and its commander. General Ricketts, sent word that he could hold his ground. The right, under Gene- ral Doubleday, was doing excellent service with its artillery, which, posted on the hill before mentioned, commanded the woods in front, and held the rebel hordes that were gathered therein in constant dismay. With the two wings of his corps thus firmly maintaining their ground, with the center a second time victorious, and Avith two additional brigades of Mansfield’s corps coming up, fresh and eager for the fight, General Hooker determined once more to push forward. Accordingly the whole line Avas moved up, the General riding in front. To the right and in the rear of the cornfield which spread before it in the distance, was a point of woods that evidently was the key of the position. While recouuoitering for the best place for a bat- 158 Antietam Creek — Sharpsburg, Md. tory to direct against it, General Hooker was severely wounded in tlie foot. But though suffering acute pain, he kept his saddle till he had finished his purpose and given his orders for the two ap- proaching brigades — Crawford’s and Gdi-don’s — to take the rebel stronghold. “Tell them,” he said, “ to capture those woods, and hold them — and it is our fight.” It was now nine o’clock, and the battle had raged furiously since five. General Sumner came upon the field just as Hooker was leaving. Riding far in advance of his leading brigade, with his hat in hand — his gray hair and bear’d strangely contrasted with the youthful fire in his eye and his erect military bearing. Sedgwick’s division of his corps was in advance, and was at once sent to the support of Crawford and Gordon, who had taken the woods, and were holding them against fearful odds. Rebel reinforcements were at the same time approaching; and as Sedg- wick moved in line across the cornfield, with a wide interval be- tween him and the nearest Union division, he saw there was imme- diate danger of being flanked. To extend his front as far as pos- sible, and thus partially to close up the gap, he ordered the Thirty- fourth New York to move by the left flank. But this dangerous maneuver, attempted under a fire of the greatest intensity, was too severe for endurance, and the regiment broke. The enemy perceiving their advantage poured down upon the whole line, and swept around the left flank. Crawford’s division was driven back on the right, and scattered in confusion through the ranks of Sedgwick’s advance, which partook of the disorder, and retreated on the second and third lines. The enemy still swept on, their volleying fire increasing in intensity till it seemed almost a solid flame, thick with volcanic missiles. General Sedgwick was thrice wounded, and most of his staff disabled or killed ; General Dana, commanding one of his brigades, also was wounded. The carnage was awful. Tlie Thirty-fourth Now York was nearly annihilated, and the Fifteentli Massachusotts was reduced to less than one fourth. General Howard, who succeeded General Sedgwick in cominaiid, vaiidy endeavored to restore order, and even the personal efforts of General Sumner were equally fruitless. The division, therefore, was withdrawn to the rear ; and the cornfield once more abandoned to the enemy. In the mean time, French’s and Richardson’s divisions of Sumner’s corps, which had been sent to the extreme left to reinforce Rick- ett’s, had met with terrible losses. French sent word, however, that Antietam Creek — Sharpsburg, Md. i6l he could hold his ground ; — Richardson had been disabled by a severe wound in the shoulder. General Meagher was also wounded at the head of his brigade. The loss in officers of high rank was becoming frightful. Thus, at one o’clock, affairs in this grand division of the TJniou army wore a gloomy aspect. All that had been gained in front had been lost; and Sumner’s headquarters were now in the narrow field where, the night before. Hooker liad begun the fight. At this crisis Franklin’s corps came up, and his fresh troops were formed on the left. Both divisions of the corps were immediately ordered forward ; and Slocum’s moved upon the enemy’s flank ; while Smith’s charged directly upon the front, swept like an avalanche through the cornfield, fell upon the woods, and cleared them in ten minutes. They were not again retaken. The field and its ghastly harvest which the grim reaper had gathered in those fatal hours remained finally with the Union arms. Four times it had been lost and won. The dead -were strewn so thickly that a careful rider could scarcely guide the steps of his horse between them. Pale and bloody faces were everywhere up- turned, and the imploring looks of sorely wounded men beckoned sadly for help where few could alFord relief. The long strife, the heavy losses, the incessant fighting over the same ground, repeatedly lost and won, had nearly exhausted the strength of both combat- ants; and although the advantage remained with the Unionists, they could hardly venture beyond their present position. A vigorous attack would have again swept them back ; but General Lee dared not reinforce his left ; since Burnside was now thundering on his right and the artillery that lay in front of Porter and Sykes, ranged like a long prostrate colonnade, hurled massive ruin upon his center. From about two o’clock, therefore, till between four and five, there was a lull in the tempest of battle upon this wing. At an early hour in the morning. General Burnside had moved portions of his corps to the vicinity of a stone bridge and neigh- boring ford, a little below tbe enemy’s right. Here, until ten o’clock, he had awaited an order for attack from the commander-in- ’ chief. Immediately on receiving the order he dispatched a brigade to take the bridge, which was exposed to the concentric fire of several of the enemy’s batteries posted on the hills that rose like an amphitheater upon the opposite side of the creek. Two divi- sions were ordered to its support, and a third and part of a fourth were directed to cross the ford below. 162 Antietam Creelc — Sharpshurg, Md. Tho brigade detailed for attack oa the bridge failed in the effort and fell back leaving a gory pathway all along the line of its ad- vance and retreat. A second brigade was sent forward, and after two gallant assaults, was likewise driven back, stumbling in disorder over the heaps of the fallen. The creek now ran with the blood of tho slain. Still a third brigade was brought up, and with a fury stimulated by the sight of the terrible destruction that had befallen its comrades, dashed down upon tho foe with the shock of a thun- derbolt. Tho rebels, transfixed before it, were utterly unable to stay its progress; and tho brigade swept across the bridge, and deploy- ing beyond, made way for the troops that were instantly sent to its support. The bridge was carried about half-past one o’clock, but it was nearly four before the whole corps, of about 16 , 000 , had crossed and taken position on the heights and knolls toward the enemy. Burnside was now ordered to advance up the high ground toward the town of Sbarpsburg, and to carry the batteries in his front, at all hazard and at any cost, ilost gallantly did he obey the com- mand. Sending a portion of his artillery to the van, ho moved it rapidly, and with tho most determined vigor, straight up the hill from the top of which the rebels had maintained their fiercest can- nonade. The movement was in plain view from McClellan’s posi- tion; and as Franklin on tho opposite wing of the army sent his batteries into the field about the .same time, tho battle seemed to open in all directions with gre.atcr activity than ever. A furious combat was in i)rogress in a ravine adjoining Burnside’s position ; and the batteries in front of Porter and Sykes were firing with increased vigor. Every hilltop, ridge, and woods, therefore, along the whole line was crested and vailed with white clouds of smoke. The day had been clear and bright since the early clouds of morn- ing were dissipated, and now this whole magnificent, unequaled scene shone with tho sjdendor of an afternoon September sun. Four miles of battle, its glory all visible, its horrors all vailed, tho fate of the Republic hanging on the hour— could any one be insen- sible of its grandeur ? ' At the left of the road up which Burnside’s artillery is advancing are two hills on which rebel batteries are posted. His guns open on the latter from the commanding position just gained, and they are swept away like chaff before the whirlwind. The infantry now advance up tho slope, moving in long dark lines and broad impen- etrable masses, plainly visible at a distance, as they hold their way over the green hillside. The next moment tho road before them. Antietam Creek — Shar2)sburg, Md. ^03 in wbicii a rebel battery was planted, was canopied with clouds of dust swiftly descending into the valley. Beneath this canopy was a tumult of wagons, horses, and men flying at full speed down the road. Blue flashes of smoko now burst among them, a horse or man or half a dozen horses and men went down, and then the whirlwind swept on. The hill was carried; but could it bo hold? The rebel columns wdiich had been seen moving to the left, increased their pace. The artillery on the hill above sent an angry tempest of shell down among Burnside’s guns and men. lie had formed his columns , apparently in the near angles of two fields bordering the road, with high ground about them everywhere except in the rear. In another moment a rebel battle-line appears on the brow of tbe ridge above, moves swiftly down in perfect order, and though met by incessant discharges of musketry, reserves its fire for the moment of close combat. White spaces show where the enemy are falling, but they close up instantly, and still the line advances. The brigades of Burnside are in heavy column ; they wdll not give way before a bayonet charge in line. The rebels think twice before they dash into those hostile masses. There is a halt — the rebel loft sways back, breaks, and scatters wildly over the field; the right and center stand firm and fire with wonderful rapidity. More of the enemy’s infantry comes up, Burnside is out-numbered, flanked, compelled to yield the hill he took so bravely ; his position is no longer one of attack, but ho defends himself with unfaltering firmness, while ho scuds to Mc- Clellan for help. McClellan’s glass for the last half hour has seldom been turned away from the left. He sees clearly enough that Burnside is sorely pressed. His face grows dark with anxious thought. Looking down into the valley where 15,000 troops are lying, ho turns a half-questioning look on Fitz-John Porter, who stands by his side, gravely scanning the field. They are Porter’s troops below — fresh, and only impatient to share in the fight. But Porter slowly shakes his liead ; and one may believe that the same thought is passing through the minds of both generals. “They are the only reserves of the army — they can not be spared.” McClellan remounts his horse, and with Porter and a dozen officers of his staff rides away to the left, in Burnside’s direction. They meet Sykes; the three generals talk together. It is evident that the moment has come when everything may turn on a single 8 164 Antietam CreeJc — Sharpsburg, Md. order. Buruside’s messenger rides up. The word lie brings is, “ I want troo[)s and guns. If you do not send them, I can not hold my position for half an hour.” J[c01ellan’s only answer for the moment is a glance at the western sky ; then he turns and speaks very slowly: “ Tell General Burnside that this is the battle of the war. lie must hold his ground till dark at any cost. I will send him Miller’s battery. I can do nothing more. I have no infantry.” Then as the messenger was riding away he calls him back. “Tell him, if he can not hold his ground, then the bridge, to the last man 1 always the bridge ! If the bridge is lost, all is lost.” The golden sun has already sunk behind the hills, but its pen-i ciled beams still dance along the crest, and are reflected in mellow light from the western sky. The somber shades of evening are creeping on — not half an hour of daylight is left. Yet till Burn- side’s message came, the closing strife seemed still afar off; the fury of the battle was scarce half-spent; it must be prolonged into the morrow. No one suspected how near was the peril of crushing defeat from sudden attack on exhausted forces, how vital to the safety of the army and the nation were those 15,000 waiting troops of Fitz-John Porter. Yet, strangely inexplicable conduct 1 at the very moment when hope seemed to beckon the rebels on, when the thunders of their artillery had begun to carry terror to the hearts of the valiant corps that withstood them on their right, they paused. While the twilight still lingered, their musketry -firing ceased, their vindictive cannonade died away in distant echoes. The battle was done. Night spread its pall over the bloody scene. Only a solitary gun of Burnside’s still thundered against the enemy’s position... Presently this also ceased, and the solemn field was hushed to rest. But the distant horizon was lighted with the glare of burning buildings set on fire by bursting shells ; the shrieks and moans of the wounded and dying were borne on the evening breeze; and the flickering lights of the grave-diggers, already at their horrid work, told with painful distinctness of the appalling destruction that had reigned supremo. The battle of Antietam was the most sanguinary since Waterloo — 5,500 slain and nearly 26,000 wounded were its heart-rending record. Yet it was a victory for neither side. The advantage was with the Unionists, who held the field during the night and the following day ; but the battle was uurenewed, and the enemy made good his escape. AVILLIAM STARKE ROSECR,ANS, ^fujof-Gcii. A'^ols. 1111(1 llri^'.-Gcn. U. S. A., born in lvinf>'slon 'I'ownsliip, Del- ( iiwiirc Go., Ohio, Doc. (i, 181!) ; (^fiatlnnlcd iil, Wcsl Point, in 1812, fitli in lii.s clns.s ; Urcvet 2(1-Id(iut. Engineers, .Inly 1 , 18d2 ; I'nll 2(1-Licnt., Ajnil 3, I8l.'l ; i i Ass’t Png. at Fortivs.s l\Ionro(‘, 1 H-12-3 ; Act. A.'i.s’l Piol'. Png., and N^at. and i |) P.\j)C!riincnt.al Pliilosopliy, Wc.st I’oint, Sept. 18, 1813 to .I nly I, 18 Hi, and ( Assi.stant Prof. iMigincers, 181() -7 ; Pngincer on Port at Newjiort, 18.|7-.')2 ; ' I surveyed New Ilodford and Prov. 1 farbora, and 'ramiton River, 18.o2-3 ; 1st- i |) T.ient. Pngineere, Marcli, ] 853 ; Gonst. Png., Navy Yard, 1853-4 ; resigned, ! ') 1854; Private and Givil I'lngineer, Gincinnati ; chosen by Gen. McGlellan . ■i Aid and Gh. I'aig., April, 1851 ; Col. 23d Ohio Vols., .Time 10, 1801 ; Rrig.- ( j Gen. Vols., .lime 20, dating I'roin May 10, 1801; captured Rich Mt., .Inly j ( 11, 1801 ; coinniander Army of IVest Va., Jnly 24, 1 801 , and of Dep’t oC \P. ; •• \ii., Nov. 0, 1801 ; defeated I(''loyd at Ganley, Nov. 20, I8(il ; Major-Gen. ( ) Vols., -March 21, 1802; fought battles of lidl% under General McCook^ 13,000. Killed^ 820; i/?ozzncfccf, -2,585 ; pri6* onern^ 650. Dviunionif^U^ under General Bragg^ 83,000. Killed^ 1,300 ; wounded^ 3,000 ; pris^ onerSy 200 . OcTOKEU 1st, General Buell left Louisville witli an army of 70,000 men, intending to pursue and destroy General Bragg’s army. Tlie enemy’s force in Kentucky at this time did not exceed 33,000. General Bragg learning at what time the Union troops were to leave Louisville, sent forward his train fully twenty-four hours in advance, and ordered the main body of Lis command to follow rapidly, while the rear guard, by marchings and counter-marchings, were to mislead their antagonists in respect to numbers. The ruse was suc- cessful ; General Buell wasted much time in skirmishing witli the rear-guard, and so delayed his progress that four days were con- sumed in reaching Bardstown, a distance of only forty miles. From this point the three army corps took different routes — all, however, concentrating at Perry ville, at which point a battle was anticipated. The left wing of the Union army, General McCook’s column, was ordered to proceed by a road which runs north of Perry ville ; the center, Geneial Gilbert’s column, took the direct road to the point of destination ; while the right, under General Crittenden, made a considerable detour to the south, and in consequence of turning aside to obtain water, did not arrive till about twenty-four hours after the others. This delay was known to General Bragg, as well as the route taken by the other two ; and he decided to attack McCook’s corps, the weakest of the three, intending to so cripple it as to hinder pursuit, while he moved to the eastward and effected a junction with Kirby Smith. ilcCqok was accordingly assailed three miles from Perry villh; but the engagement was only a skirmish. Then followed a sharp artillery duel between three rebel and two Union batteries. But as none of the enemy’s infantry were in sight, and the suj)ply of ammunition was short, the batteries were ordered to cease firing, and the rebels also soon ceased. General McCook, by command of General Buell, made a reconnoissance to Chaplain River; and as his men were in pressing need of water, he directed the tenth divi- sion, under General Jackson, to move to the high ground near the river. Rousseau’s division was stationed in a position to support the latter. The right of the corps extended near the left of General Gilbert’s column, and was believed to bo well protected. TIio enemy renewed the attack by a fierce assault on 'l’errer.s brigade of Juckson’.s division, 'i'ho latter general, seeing bis men waver, dashed boldly to the front, and waving his sword aloft, cheered them on to battle. At the moment be was so gallantly displaying bis courage, a fragment of a shell struck him, and be fell bleeding and dying. With the fall of Jackson the troops gave way. General Terrel attemi)t.ed to rally them, and a moment later fell mortally wounded. The line now broke and the men fled in disorder. Starkweather’s brigade was next brought into position, and the foe charging furiously upon it, was quickly repelled with heavy loss. They now came up in overwhelming numbers, the First Tennessee Regiment (formerly under Colonel George klaury, now the com- manding officer of the brigade making the charge) having the lead. Two Union regiments, with the batteries, alone repulsed the whole brigade of Maury. The First Tennessee colors were captured, and Brigadier-General Maury was killed. Meanwhile the battle raged fiercely on the right, where Colonel Lytle’s brigade was posted ; three several times did the rebels advance in overpowering force, and were as many times repulsed with terrible slaughter. The stock of ammunition now becoming exhausted. General Lytle ordered the batteries to the rear, and the whole line began to recede in good order. The enemy descrying this movement cheered exult- antly and pushed rapidly up the acclivity. Rousseau finding the lieat of the contest transferred to the right, pressed in that direction with his stafi'. Captain Loomis (whose battery had been stationed on the bill after its withdrawal from the first position), seeing the immense rebel column advancing, brought bis guns to bear upon it and opened the battery with fearful destructiveness. General Rous- seau in the mean time began collecting stragglers in the woods on the right and left, for supports to the artillery, and driven by the sword they fell in on the right of the battery and discharged rifle and musket upon the assailants. ( The rebels quailed before the deadly fire and fled in dismay. The conflict was over- In half an hour the picket fires of the enemy were distinctly seen, five hun- dred yards distant; and the Union men, overpowered with fatigue, lay down on their arms, holding the line originally chosen by Gen- eral Rousseau, but a quarter of a mile in front of which he had been compelled to fight. { L;il(! Jen. born in (Tiiinn (Jo., Ky., ^ViignsL 28,1810; dic'd iit ; llciiiirorl, H. (J., Oct. 30, 18(i2; giiidiiat(.'d at West Foiiit in 1820, fiflecntli in a class of lO ; Ass't Prof, of Matlioinalic.s, 1829-31 ; stndicHl law, and ad- ■: inittcd to Ihe bar in Cincinnati, in 1832 ; oloctod Prof, of ^ratlicinatics, Plii- { losojiliy and Astronomy in Cincinnati Collc'gc, 1834; in 1845, established an ■; Observ'atory at Cincinnati ; was Constructing Engineer on Ohio & Miss, and ■: other railroads; in 1859, was clioscn Director of Dudley Observatory, at i Albany, retaining still his connection with that at Cincinnati ; was a popular \ lecturer and author on scientilic subjocds, and inventor of valuable astronoini- ' cal apparatus. At the opening of the war. Prof. Mitchcl sought a place in i the army, was appointed Brig.-Cen. Vols., Aug., 1801, and assigned to Dep’t ; of the Ohio ; after capture of Na.shville, he made a forced march southward, ' seized several points of the railway between Corinth and Chattanooga — •; among others, Huntsville, Athens, Ac.; made Major-Gen. Vols., April 11, ; 18()2 ; relieved of command July, 18G2, and. Sept. 17, appointed commander ■| Department of the South. AVhile preparing for a vigorous campaign, he was seized with yellow fever, and died in a few days at Beaufort. Pocotaligo, S. G. 177 POCOTALIGO, S. C. October 22, 1S62. Unioni^t.% wider General Brannan^ 4,448. Killed^ 43 ; icounded^ 258 ; missing^ 5, Bisunionists^ under General Beauregardy 5,000. Losses not reported. General MixcnEi., feeling the imperative necessity of liarassing tlie enemy as constantly as possible, dispatched small forces to vari- ous points on the coast to gain possession of places ifeebly garri- soned by the rebels, or points where they had salt works, etc. Several of these expeditions having been crowned with success, he conceived the plan of fitting out a largo expedition, to advance into the interior, to break the railroad line, and destroy the bridges be- tween Charleston and Savannah, and thus cut off communication between the two cities. The troops having been selected, he as- signed the command to General Brannan, who started from Hilton Head the 21st of October, with a force of 4,448 men, and arrived the next morning at the point where Pocotaligo Creek enters Broad River. Here he divided his command, sending a detachment of 400 men, under Colonel Barton, up the river to Coosahatchie to destroy the railroad and bridges in that locality, and with the remainder proceeded toward Pocotaligo. The plan, it was supposed, had been carefully concealed till the time of departure, but General Brannan found to his astonishment that the rebels were fully acquainted with his intended movement, and had arrayed themselves in force sufficiently strong to defeat his design. He pushed forward, however, and fought his way ob- stinately to the Pocotaligo bridge — a distance of ten miles — only to find it destroyed and the crossing guarded by a force too large to be successfully attacked. He was thus compelled to return and fight his way back to his boats at Mackay’s Point. Colonel Barton was more successful, having destroyed a portion of the railroad jnd a railroad train, though ho was unable to destroy the bridge. His force was obliged to retreat in haste, but kept up a steady fire upon their pursuers as they retired. The loss of the Unionists in this undertaking was thirty-two killed, one hundred and eighty wounded, and three missing. The rebel loss, though considerable, was much less than the Union. But the expedition washy no means disheartening in its results; and the zeal and courage of the baffled troops were still unabated. 178 Prairie, Grove, Ark. — Ph'ederickshurg, Fa. PRAIRIE GROVE, ARK. Decemheii 7, 1662. UnioniaU, undtr Genei'oh Blunt and Herron^ 12,000. Killed^ *105 ; icoujidedy 600 ; priaonevsy not reported. Diaunionieta,, under General Uindman., 28,000. Killed and xcounded^ 1,500. Genekal IIekeon’s forces, en route to co-operate witli General Blunt, met tlio enemy at Crawford’s Prairie, ten miles south of Fayetteville, Ark., and won a decisive victory. The rebels were 28,000 strong, commanded by General Hindman, and comprised the flower of the rebel trans-Mississippi army ; they were also well supplied with artillery — liaving eighteen jjieces. Having flanked General Blunt’s position at Cane Hill, they suddenly assailed Gen- eral Herron, to prevent his effecting a junction with the former general. Herron's forces embraced 7,000 men with twenty-four pieces of artillery. The contest raged from ten a.m. till dark, and Avas fought desperately throughout. The Union artillery drove the foe from two strong positions, and kept their overwhelming num- bers at bay. About four o’clock. General Blunt arrived tvith 5,000 men and a strong artillery force ; he immediately attacked the enemy in the rear ; they made fi'antic efforts to capture his batteries, but tvero repulsed with great disaster to their force. The Unionists held the field at dark, and befor-e nine o’clock the entire Confederate army was in full retreat. FREDERICKSBURG, VA. Decembeb 11 AND 12, 18G2. Unionists, under General Burnside, •probably not less than 100,000. Killed and wounded, not reported. BisunionisU, under General Lee, 100,000. Losses, not stated. Ddring the latter days of autumn and the opening of the win- ter of 1802, the Army of the Potomac was tlrawn up on the northern side of the Kappahannock, with the enemy confronting them at Fredericksburg on the south. Their former leader. Gene- ral kfcClellan, having been relieved of his command, they tvero now .acting under the orders of (feneral Burnside. For days the attack on Fredericksburg was looked for with feverish anxiety, and with each successive evening the morrow Avas prophesied as the inaugural of a winter campaign. But days lengthened into weeks, and still the monotony of camp-life Avas 179 Fredericksburg, Va. Tinhroken. Meanwhile all along the ridges of the opposite shore, batteries sprang nightly from the earth, as if touched by the magi' cian’s wand, and the rapidly spreading smoke of the enemy ’s camp- fires wrapped hill and valley in impenetrable gloom. Exciting rumors of hostile movements were greedily devoured, and state- ments as false as they were absurd spread from tent to tent like wildfire. Throughout the week^revious to the opening of the grand as- sault, everything was mninous of the apju-oaching crisis; and each evening the troops retired at tattoo, confident that their reveille would be the call to arms. December 11th, as the sun was sinking to rest, the long- anticipated movement began. 'J'lio heavy rumbling of artillery was heard on every side ; batteries hastened to the front, and the ponderous pontoon trains joined the onward current, llown by the river-side all was hushed in peaceful re])osc. The pickets sat listlessly around their glowing fires, watching the rebel sentries, and partaking of their soldier’s fare. The river glided smoothly on, placid as the jew'eled sky reflected on its bosom. From the thresholds of the city the sharp, angry yelp of curs ever and anon broke discordantly upon the ear, but their outcry ceased when the batteries ■wore in position, and silence again brooded over the city, broken only at intervals by the bell’s deep chiming of the slowly ]>assing hour.s. And so the time wore on, the moon mounted higher, and the falling dew w'hitened into frost and glistened on the cold ground, while the horses restive in the chill night air moved to and fro in their harness. At two o’clock the pickets were withdrawn, and an hour later the pontoon train moved down to the water. Timber wms piled noiselessly upon the ground, and the huge boats slid from their trucks. Then a sudden splash in the river — a dark pathway spreads across the silver surface, shadows flit here and there along its track, and the lusty blows of hammers resound from side to side. And yet no report comes from the enemy. Strange conjectures seize upon the mind; when suddenly a leaden volley from a hundred muskets announces the combat already begun. A wild shriek of agony comes up the bank from the gallant engineers, mules dash off with pontoons thundering after them, the musketry grow's louder, and the whiz of bullets more frequent; teamstci's fly i)anic-stricken, and the artillery horses plunge at the caissons. But above all the fearful din, boom ! boom ! the great guns break forth, until thirty ])ioces of heavy artillery are hurling their deadly missiles u[)on the devoted city. 180 Fi-edericksburg, Va, The lighter Union batteries join in the mighty uproar, and musketry grows faint and is lost in their thundering reverberations. The fire gradually slackens, and the engineers again attempt to complete the bridge, but in vain ; a third time they fall back, bear- ing in their arms, their dead, wounded, and dying. All the avail- able batteries were now moved into position, and at a given signal they simultaneously begin their work of destruction. Tlicir roar was indescribably awful. The city from its walls of brick hurls back a thousand eclioes, which beat up against the bluff, and roll back again, convulsing the earth as though the heavens were rent asunder. Once more the fire ceases, and silence deep and profound succeeds the fearful din of battle. The mist still hangs over the river, the sun mounts up red and fiery like the god of war, and the air is suf- focating with the odor of gunpowder. Slowly the cloud of fog rolls back, the sunbeams gild the distant spires, and the doomed city stands forth in utter desolation. A huge column of dense, black smoko towers above the livid flames that leap and hiss with fiery tongues and stretch forth their giant arms from roof to roof. The guns again renew their roar : shot and shell go crashing through the solid masonry of the buildings ; other buildings are fired ; and before sundown a score of houses are in ashes, while not one seems to have escaped the pitiless storm of iron. As night drew on, it was apparent that the Union artillery could not perma- nently dislodge the enemy with their facilities for sheltering them- selves, and the bridges could not be built unless the rebels on the opposite bank were driven from their rifle-pits by a bold dash. Volunteers were called for to cross in small boats. Two companies of a Michigan regiment gallantly oficred their services. They soon moved on, while the enemy’s artillery rained a perfect storm of deadly misfiles into their midst. Unflinchingly the devyted braves f)ressed forward, and having gained the shore, with fixed bayonets they rushed upon the enemy, killed several, and captured one hundred prisoners. This gallant act secured the Fredericksburg shore until the bridges could be comideted. General Burnside’s troops immediately crossed the river and took possession of the city, and the rebels were soon driven back to their lino of works. Fredericksburg^ Fa. 181 FEEDERICKSBUEG, VA Dkoembeb 13 TO 15, 1362. UhionisU^ under General Burnaideyprobahly not less than 100,000. Killed^ 1,123 ; woundedy 9,105 ; prisoncrSy about 700. DisunionistSy under General Lee^ 100,000. Numbers placed liore de combat {ao cording to rebel achnowledgment') — killed y\y^Q^\ wounded y 2,400; number of prisoners^ about 700, The occupation of Fredericksburg having been successful! j accom- plished, the next move was to drive the enemy from their strong- holds in the rear of the city. The time consumed, however, in crossing the river, owing to the hindrance occasioned by the fog and the unavoidable delay in building the pontoon bridges, had given the enemy ample time to concentrate his forces. The rebel lines extended in the form of a semicircle from PortEoyal to a|ioint six miles beyond Fredericks- burg, and occupied a strong position, well guarded by a range of hills. The plan of attack comprised a simultaneous advance upon the enemy’s stronghold in front of the left and right grand divisions, which were to be carried by sudden assaults with select bodies of troops. The disposition of the Union forces occupied the entire night after their entrance into the city, and the dawn of the eventful day found them ready for the approaching battle. General Sumner commanded the right, confronting the rebel loft under Generals Leo and Stuart ; General Hooker the center, facing Longstreet’s corps ; and General Franklin the left, opposed to the rebel right under Stonewall Jackson. A dense fog covered the landscape and effectually concealed the movements of the enemy. A balloon was sent up just before day- light, but in consequence of the mists could make no useful obser- vation. In spite of these disadvantages, however. General Burn- side determined to proceed with his operations. Franklin moved his column just before sunrise, his right resting on the outskirts of the city, his center advanced a mile or so from the river, and his left extending to the Rappahannock, about three miles below. Skirmishing commenced on the extreme left, a few moments after dawn. A rebel battery opened on the Union troops, and its fire became so annoying that the Ninth New York Militia were ordered to capture it at the point of the bayonet. The order was obeyed with alacrity ; but, after a fierce struggle, the assaulting 182 JEVedericJcsburg^ Fa. party was compelled to fall back. At this critical moment Gene- ral Tyler advanced to its supi)ort with the rest of the brigade; the enemy were severely pushed, faltered a moment, and then fell slowly back ; while bursts of fire from musketry and artillery blazed along the line. The attempt, however, to capture the rebel batteries proved fruitless. The fight had now become general on the extreme left, and the heroic Unionists pressed forward with the most deter- mined valor. But the fire of the enemy was so withering in its effects, that they were unable to gain any important advantage. By noon the whole of Franklin’s corps was engaged, and a des- perate etiort was made to turn the enemy’s position on kfassaponax Creek, and to drive him beyond the stream. The rebels maintained possession of some small hills with much stubbornness, but grad- ually fell back as the Union troops i)ressed resolutely upon them. During the afternoon the rebels came to a stand, and for a time assumed the offensive, but Avere rei)ulsed with heavy loss. Still they contested every foot of the ground, and it was oidy by the most obstinate fighting they could be comj)cllcd to yield the position. It was during this part of engagement that the gallant General Bayard fell mortally wounded. In the morning the fighting had been chiefly with artillery ; but at noon, as tbe fog cleared away and the sunlight shone out, the infantry had been brought into play, and the battle had assumed the most desperate character. It raged furiously during the entire day, and at sundown Franklin had succeeded in driving the enemy nearly a mile. The Union troojjs held their position during the night. Thus far the movement on their left had proved a success. But while tbe contest had been waged at this point with the most heroic determination, a still more furious, though less decisive, struggle had been maintained on the right. The action in that quarter, under the direction of General Sumner, began about ten o’clock. The enemy occupied the woods and the hills in the rear of the city ; and were protected by earth-works, with a deep ditch in front, and l>y a heavy stone wall. During the early part of the day it Avas found impossible to bring the Union artillery to bear against them, for want of proper positions ; and it was not till late in the afternoon that a single battery, employed in sections, was directed against their lines from high points in the streets of the town. On the other hand the rebels, from their commanding posi- tions, were able to use their artillery to the best advantage ; and PkIN<'II>M. ^'^;AT^TKKS of 1 lie W' /• BmTLEofFREDERICKSBURGH _2.°__LL? Dnmii ,(■ rniimvcil Hu ILIU.I.OYD.M".' N Y Fredericksburg, Va. 185 at least sixty pieces played upon tbo right tbrougli the greater por- tion of the day. During the early part of the conflict, it became evident that the first range of hills, on -which the enemy were posted behind their earth-works, could not he carried except at the point of the bayonet. Accordingly General Sumner ordered General French’s division to charge upon the batteries. The troops sprang forward with enthu- siasm to obey the command. By this time the air w.as clear, except from tl]^ smoko of artillery, and a good view could be obtained of the position before them. Steadily they marched across the plain, never faltering, till they were within a dozen yards of the ridge, when suddenly they were met by a terrific fire from the rebel infantry, wdio were posted behind the stone wall. For a few moments the head of the column exhibited some confusion, but quickly forming into line they retired into a ravine within musket- shot. Here they were reinforced by a fresh body of infantry, and the line of assault was again formed. The order “ double-quick, with fixed bayonets 1” w.as given; and once more the column advanced to dislodge the rebel artillery. From the moment the storming party left the ravine up to the time they re.ached the foot of the hills, they were exposed to the most terrible destruction. The concentrated fire of the whole rebel artillery and infantry rained upon tlieir devoted heads in a manner truly appalling. No troops however disciplined could withstand such a tempest of ruin ; and after suflering the most distressing loss, they were thrown into disorder and brought to a sudden halt. At this junc- ture, the center of the column gave -way and fled, but was after- ward rallied and brought back. A second aqd third attempt was made to dislodge the foe, but in vain. And as the ranks of the storming party were fearfully thinned by each successive advance, the hope of assault was at length abandoned ; the firing, however, continued till dark ; but the rebels, who had been driven back a short dist.ance during the day, returned to their original position at night; and thus the heroic courage and bloody sacrifices of the Unionists proved fruitless. The center, under General Hooker, co-oper.ated with Sumner’s column, and shared its fortune. The troops of the former filed out of the city at daybreak, and moved toward the enemy’s earth-works. Skirmishing began soon after, and in a little time the rebel artillery commenced playing upon the approaching column — through the 18G Fredericicsburg, Va. fog. Tlio firing was so inaccurate, however, that the troops were little disturbed liy it, butpi osscd on, regardless of the deadly missiles Hying through the air. Hy-and-by the Uidon batteries re3i)ondod, and for hours a most terrific cannonade was kept up on both sides. The enemy’s position, however, was one of exceeding strength, and appeared to be invulnerable to artillery, notwithstanding the guns were excellently handled. About mid-day, and during tlie afternoon, repeated attempts were made to storm the enemy’s position, but like those'J^n the right, proved unsuccessful. From this time forward the battle raged with unusual fierceness, and when night came, it was hard to say who were the victors. The firing of musketry ceased about half-past five o’clock, but the rebels continued to cannonade the city long after dark. It was evidently their intention to shell the Union forces out of Frede- ricksburg, but the attempt resulted merely in a wasteful expenditure of ammunition. The battle of Saturday was not renewed on the morrow ; and with the exception of some skirmishing in front, the day was one of peace and quiet, well befitting the Sabbath. The Union army remained in order of battle during this and the following day, long enough to decide that the enemy would not come out of bis strong- holds to attack them with his infantry. General Burnside contem- plated a renewal of tljc assault, but was dissuaded by his officers. It was generally conceded, however, that it Avas a military necessity to move on the enemy’s works or to Avithdraw. Accordingly orders Avero reluctantly given for ro-cro.ssing the river; and on Monday night, in the midst of storm and darkness, the movement Avas accomplished Avithout molestation and without loss of either men or property. The sacrifice of the Union army during this eventful struggle was distressing almost beyond parallel. The losses in killed, wounded, and missing — according to the early reports of the gen- erals of divisions — Avere over 12,000. The rebel losses, in compar- ison, Avere trilling — probably not exceeding 3,700. General Leo, in his official report, estiFnates the killed and Avounded at only eighteen hundred. The object, however, at Avhich General Burn- side aimed iu this gigantic game of war — and Avhich was no less than the annihilation of the rebel army — seemed to warrant in some measure the fearful hazard and terrible destruction of life which it involved. IBs strategy was Napoleonic in chai'acter, JOHN G. rOSTEH, M;ijoi-(Jcii. Yols., born in Xcw ITanipsliirc in ]821; gruJnuted at A\'ert I’oint, June, IS-lf) ; Brevet 2(1-Jjicut. ]']nginecrs ; served in Mexico ; Brevet Ist-Licut., for gallantry at Contreras and Chunilnisco, and Jtrevet Captain and wounded at Molino del Key; April, 18G1, Ist-Licut. and Asst. Prof. Engineering at A\''cst I’oint ; Capt. Engineers, 1st July, ISGO ; at Charleston, 18G0-f)l ; removed garrison to Fort Suintor, Bee. 25-(; ; Brevet Alajor for this action ; defended Fort Sumter April 13 and 11, 18G1 ; Brigade Com. in Burnside Expedition ; Brig.-Gen. Yols., Oct. 2.3, 18G1. Fought at Roanoke Island and Newbern ; Mil. Gov. of Newbern; Brevet Lient.-Col., IT. S. A., April 2, 18()2 ; made! Com. 1st Biv. Ninth Army Corps ; reduced Fort Ala- con A[iril 2ri, for which made Brevet Col. IJ. H. A. ; Alajor-Gen. Vols., July 18, 18G2 ; com. Bep't N. C. and 18th Army Corps, Bee. 13, 18G2 ; won bat- tle of Kinston, and attacked Goldsboro ; Alarch 3, Alajor Engineers U. S. A. ; besieged at A\''ashington, N. C., Alareh 30, 18G3; escaped April 11; com- manded Bep’t of A’^a. and N. C., July IG, 1863; Bep’t of Ohio, Nov. 30, 1863 ; transferred to Bep’t of South, Alay 26, 1861 ; Bee. 4, captured Rebel works near Focotaligo, S. C., and about Jan. 15, 1865, broke the Charleston & Savannah R. R. and joined Sherman’s command, and was put in charge of Savannah. On the J Oth of February, 1865, Gen. Gilhnore succeeded him in command of Bep’t of South. On the 27th of June, 1865, he was assigned to command of Bepartment of Florida. Kinston^ etc., jV. G. 189 contemplating tlie piercing of the enemy’s center — weakened by the great prolongation of the rebel line — and tliereby gaining com- mand of a military road in the rear that afforded communication between the two wings ; thus dividing the hostile forces and placing them at the mercy of the Union army. It was a magnificent stake, splendidly fought for ; and the result was a splendid failure. A defeat of this nature, however, is by no means without parallel in the camiiaigns of the finest military geniuses of modern times. It stands side by side with the terrible reverses of Bonaparte at Aspern, at Essling, and at Waterloo. KINSTON, ETC., N. C. December 14, 1862. Unionist^ under General Fof^ter,^ about 10,000. Killed and wounded^ 160. DUunionisUy under General Evans^ about 6,000. Killed and wounded^ 125 ; prU^ oners^ over 400. On the morning of Thursday the 11th of December, an expedi- tion under command of General Foster set out from Newbern for the purpose of creating a diversion in favor of General Burnside’s army — which was about advancing upon the enemy .at Fredericks- burg — and of cutting the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad so as to interrupt the transmission of troops and supplies to Lee’s army. At the same time a fleet of three gun-bo;its, under Commander klurray, .and five steamers, m.anncd by an artillery force, under Colonel M.anchcstcr, proceeded up the Reuse River, in order to co- operate with the land expedition. Owing to the low state of the water, however, the guu-boats were unable to advance more than fifteen or eighteen miles, and accordingly the artillery flotilla pur- sued its way alone. The hand force pushed forward as rapidly as possible ; but in consequence of the obstruction of the roads with fallen trees and the hindrances caused by the enemy’s skirmishers, it was not till Saturday afternoon that they reached Southwest Creek, five miles from Kinston. Here they found the bridge destroyed and the enemy posted behind a breast-work constructed of its ruins. But the foe was soon compelled to retire by a heavy artillery fire, in front and a vigorous infantry attack on each flank. A few' hours were then consumed in re-building the bridge; when the Union forces crossed over, and having m.archcd a short distance toward Kinston, halted in line of battle for the night. 9 190 Kinston^ etc., Nl C, On Sunday morning, at daybreak, the advance waa renewed. Shortly after, the enemy’s pic'kets were met and driven hack upon the main body. Tlio latter were found drawn up in order of hattlo on a ground partially wooded and covered with dense underbrush. Their lines extended in two divisions, forming a re-entrant angle, with artillery posted on each flank and in the center or at the vertex of the angle. The principal fo^ce of the Unionists soon came up; and their batteries being placed in favorable positions on the right, left, and center, a fierce artillery contest commenced about half- past ten o’clock. The infantry soon advanced and took part in the engagement; and from this time until one o’clock the fight raged with uninterrujjtcd fury. At length the rebels were outflanked and compelled to retreat across the bridge over the Neuse River, and likewise to abandon their defenses on the farther side. Their dismay and confusion at this crisis were increased by their uncertainty as to whence they might expect the pi-incipal attack ; as they were not only threat- ened at several points by General Foster’s flanking columns, hut were also alarmed by a heavy cannonade from the artillery flotilla which was now engaged with a guerrilla force some distance below Kinston, the approach to which was interrupted by a strong rebel redoubt that commanded the river. As the enemy fled over the bridge, they set fire to it at several points where it liad been pre- viously' saturated with turpentine. But tlio Union troops, being in close jjursnit, succeeded in extinguishing the flames; and soon after crossed and entered the town. During this alfair General Foster’s command took over 400 prison- ers, besides capturing fourteen i)ioces of artillery, 500 stands of small- arms, a considerable supply of ammunition, and large quantities of commissary and quartermaster’s stores. Their losses in killed and wounded were about 160, or somewhat greater than those of the enemy, who was i)rotected much of the time behind intrenchments. Shortly after reaching Kinston, a detachment under Captain Colo gained possession of the redoubt which commanded the river below, and which the enemy had already evacuated, leaving only a guard behind that fled on the .approach of the Union force. A portion ils armament had been ah.andoned in the haste of retreat; and four pieces were now brought away, while the rest, being too heavy for removal, were spiked and left behind. General Foster’s expedition continued its advance to Whiteh.all, and thence to Goldsboro bridge, at both which points they had Vickshurgy Miss. 191 severe fights with the enemy. They succeeded in destroying the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad bridges with extensive trestle- works, near Mount Olive Station and across the Neuse, and in blowing up culverts and tearing up and otherwise injuring the track for a distance of several miles. Having thus accomplished the purpose of the expedition, they retired gradually to Nowbern. General Foster’s total losses, from the time of his departure to that of his return, wore 577 ; those of the rebels, as oflicially reported, were 835 — chiefly prisoners. VICKSBURG, MISS. December 27 to 29, 1862. VnionisU., tinder General IF. T. Sherman., numbers not reported. Killed, 191; wounded^ 9S2 ; missing, 756. JXsunionisU, under General Johnston, about 50,000. Losses, not reported. December 26th, an expedition under General Sherman ascended tlie Yazoo River about eighteen miles, and there disembarked. The following day they attacked the advanced works of the enemy, extending six miles back from Vicksburg. A terrific conflict ensued, lasting five hours ; the rebels were driven beyond two bayous that girt the rear of Vicksburg and from their redoubt on the hill. It was now night ; and the two armies lay down on their arms, with the bayous intervening. During the succeeding hours of darkness, pontoons were constructed under a heavy fire from the enemy, and at daylight on the 28th a concerted advance was attempted by the whole army. The entire force became engaged at sunrise, and up to ten o’clock the musketry and artillery fight- ing was very severe; at this juncture the Eighth Missouri stormed the first redoubt and gained possession of the hill which commanded the swamps and bottom-lands below. The rebels in overwhelming numbers fought determinedly, and contested the ground inch by inch, retiring only as they were pressed. The outer works that were carried mounted nine heavy guns. Seven hundred prisoners were captured. Whole regiments, and even brigades, fought hand- to-hand over the murderous guns and for possession of the defenses. The loss on both sides was heavy. Monday the 29th witnessed a still severer contest. The Union troops after fighting from early morning till two o’clock, succeeded in capturing the impregnable works within a mile and a half of the city, but held them only forty minutes. At the expiration of 192 Murfreesboro, Stone River, Tcnn. ■ tliis time tlio foo was ro-cnforccd by Price’s entire command, and coming down ni)on tlio gallant assailants with overwhelming numbers, drove them out and repossessed their defenses. The carnage was fearful. The total casualties of the Union army were 1,500 killed and wounded, including 800 prisoners. General Sherman had counted upon the co-operation of General Grant in the assault; but the latter had been compelled to fall back to Holly Springs, which not only prevented bis re-enforcing Sherman, but gave the Confederates opportunity to bring forward additional troops from Grenada. Unaware of the cause of Grant’s non- appearance, however, Sherman determined to make the attempt alone ; and the result was a disastrous failure. January 1st, General McClernand, having arrived at Vicksburg, assumed the chief command of the Union forces, his commission ante-dating that of Sherman by about one month. On the 2d inst. the expedition withdrew. MURFREESBORO, STONE RIVER, TENN December 31, 1862, to January 4, 1863. XJniovUU,^ 'iinder General liosecrans, 45,000. Killed^ 1,4T4; wounded^ 6,813; mimiing^ 2 , 022 . DimnioniaiSy under General JohneUm^ 62,000. Killed and wounded^ 14,560 ; oner ^^ 8,500. Genekai. Roseceans, learning from reliable sources that tne rebel army was in the main deprived of its ca'mlry, by Morgan’s and Forrest’s raids north and west, also ascertaining that Murfrees- boro was unfortified, determined to take the field in person, lioping to possess himself of suflieient country to feed his army, while bis communications were intercepted in the rear. The movement of the Union forces was commenced Christmas day, December 25tb. The army was divided into three corps — General McCook’s, on the right. General Thomas’, in the center, and General Crittenden’s, on the left. During the entire day there was considerable skir- mi.sliing with tlie enemy, but tlio onward movomont was not seriously retarded. On the following day skirmishing was renewed with greater severity, the rebels resisting with increased energy. On reaching Lytle’s Creek, they found the enemy posted in great force, and there the army tarried for the night. General Rosecrans bad thus far gained his purpose, and was in possession of a tract rich in forage. 193 Murfreesboro^ Stone River, Tenn. On Sunday, the 28th, the troops rested from their march. The 29th, Rosecraiis ordered a general advance, and the army moved at dayhglit. On their arrival at Stewart’s Creek a spirited engage- ment was anticipated ; but with the exception of a duel between Parsons’ Sixth United States Artillery and a rebel battery, the day passed quietly. Tlio Union troops crossed the creek without oi)po- sition, and the commander-in-chief announced that his headquarters would bo immediately established at Murfreesboro. Thursday, December 80th, there was some desultory fighting, which resulted in advantage to the Unionists. General Crittenden at this period reported the enemy drawn up in line of battle on the east bide of Stone River. Rosecrans ordered him to fall into posi- tion, two divisions in front and one in reserve, also to eover his flanks. General McCook announced his command seven miles from Mur- freesboro, the enemy confronting him. A great battle was immi- nent; and tbe commanding general spent the entire day in dispos- ing his troops and arranging other matters so as to insure success to the Union arms. On the morning of the 31st the battle was opened. At daybreak the enemy moved upon the right wing under General McCook. The alarm given by the pickets had scarcely reached the camp when the Confederates were upon it. The advance of the rebels afforded a magnificent spectacle. Two columns deep, with a front of nearly three quarters of a mile, the line well preserved and rapidly ap- proaching, on came their left wing, their bayonets gleaming through the fog that still hung over them. The Unionists were amazed, and such was the impetuosity of the charge, that they fell back in dismay, the enemy pouring upon them a deadly fire. Gradually recovering, they now disputed the farther advance of the foe; the battle raged with terrific violence. The Federal troops continued to fall back, until the rebel left had nearly swung around on the Union right, driving them some miles toward their center. Gen- eral McCook made superhuman efforts to withstand the charge, but all in vain. With a broken column it was impossible to rally and re-form as a whole, his artillery captured, and unable to present more than a division line of battle, he could only obey the order to fall back and form on the right of General Thomas’ column. Yet resistance was by no means abandoned. Twice the rebel center was repulsed ; but their right and left continued to press on, until their enfilading lire compelled the Unionists to retire.' They offered the most gallant opposition ; but human power could not resist the 194 Murfreesboro^ Stone liiver, Tenn. cliargo. Tlio rebels swept on like demons of madness — shot, shell, grape, and canister tearing through tlieir ranks, and strewing their route with heaps of dead and dying. Still on they went, over- whelming all before them, and scattering the Unisn troops as the hurricane scatters the leaves in its course. It was now midday ; General Rosecrans, undismayed at the results of the morning, had watched the progress of events with an air of confidence incomprehensible to his subordinates. lie was well aware that ho coidd not send reinforcements from the left or center witliout groat hazard, for tho enemy anxiously watclied in front to see which j)art of his lino would bo weakened. But though unable to send help to McCook, he prepared his line, so as to enable the latter to get safely on the right. Ilis intention was to halt the rebels on tile defeated Union right, without exposing the left and center to imminent danger. For this purpose the artillery \yas massed and brought to hear on the enemy’s left, at tho probable ])oint of assault. Thus made ready, the center was thrown forward a few hundred yards ; and soon after tho foe appeared in force, pur- suing the right wing. Tho hour for terrible revenge had arrived; on came the rebels flushed with recent success, their center and right or left wing merged in overwhelming masses in front of tho masked batteries. The artillery opened upon them from all directions, with terrible slaughter. They wavered, fell back, attempted to rally ; and another volley came tearing through their ranks and swept them hack in wild confusion. An impressive lull followed, and a suspension of hostilities for three hours. Again the enemy rallied and burst with maddened desperation on the Union center. It suddenly broke ; — Rousseau’s division instantly pressed forward and filled up the gap. The con- flict raged with unremitting fury for two hours. For a consider- able time tho rebels constantly gained ground ; hut were finally checked by tho combined' firo oftnu-sketry and artillery. Between five and si.x o’clock tho enemy, ap[)arently exhausted with his rapid and ince.ssant assaults, assumed a ])osition unassailablo without abundant artillery ; the lire on both sides abated and died away as darkness closed on the ill-starred day. At tho conclusion of this terrific battle of eleven hours’ duration, the advantage was with the foe, and the Union troops were greatly dispirited by their misfortunes. The old year departed in gloom, its shadows rested upon thousands of loyal hearts ; but amid all the discouragements, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Tenrt. 195 their gallant commander never .desponded. The disaster of the morning seemed only to nerve him with new vigor and increased determination to retrieve his losses ; ho]>eful and conlident himself, he strove to diffuse among his men a linn, unwavering trust in their ultimate success. The new year smiled cheerfully upon nature; the sun shone brightly, dispelling the fog which daily gathered over the field. The Union army, during the night of the 31st, took up a strongly in- trenched position, and crowned the hills with their strongest batte- ries. January 1st, severe skirmishing occurred, but no prolonged action. The second day of the new year was as glorious as had been the initial morning. Tlie sun broke through the cold gray clouds and looked down upon the battle-field, still strewn with unburied dead. All was quiet if not iieaceful ; but the calm of tlio inorning was suddenly broken by an attack upon llousseau’s artil- lery. The Union pickets were driven in ; and two rebel batteries were planted on cither side. of Murfreesboro, and opened briskly on Rousseau's camp. The cannonading soon became terrific. The entire line of both sides quickly flew to arms; but the infantry were restrained, and the artillery left to accomplish its own work. For a quarter of an hour the ground trembled Avith their thunder- ings, the trees rocked and quivered in the blast, and the air was rent with fearful explosion. Five pieces of a rebel battery Avero dismounted and the battery itself nearly destroyed; the remaining guns limbered up and disappeared. The other battery was now ordered to leave, and quickly fell back to the right. The smoke of battle died aAvay, and fighting Avas not resumed till late in tlie afternoon. The Confederates, under General Breckin- ridge, uoAV assaulted the Union troops massed at a point near the bend of the river. A signal gun announced the opening of the combat ; the report had scarcely died aAA'ay Avhen the rebel brig- ades moved rapidly forAvard. The Unionists oi)cned a sweeping tiro upon them, and a AvhirlAvind of Minie balls from tlieir infantry darkened the air. Still the enemy rush on Avith the impetuosity of a torrent, and hurl forward infantry and artillery Avith overwhelm- ing power. Rousseau’s troops fall back to and across Lytle’s Creek, the rebels pursuing them to its very banks. The enemy’s artillery is at once moved forward to the abandoned point. From either hank of the stream the contending forces hurled upon each other a tonihlc fire of musketry. At this junctiiro Genoral liosccran-s ordered up Negley’s reserves. They advanced with gallant bearing, 196 Murfreesboro, Stone River, Tenn. Kliouling cntliusiastioally as tlicy pressed on the left; and on reae.liing the stream, lired uiion the rebels beyond with terrible ellbct. Ncg- ley, now bringing bis batteries into position, sent a tempest of grape and shrapnel into the rebel lines. They wavered and fell slowly back. The division now crossed the stream, wlien their comman- der suddenly found himself the senior division officer on that part of the field. lie hesitated a moment, aud glancing over his trooi)3, placed his hat on his sword, shouted to them to charge, and led his line to the crest of the hill. The charge was desperate and bril- liant; the enemy, unable to resist it, broke and iled in disorder. General liosecrans, hearing of this success, ordered the entire line to advance ; a moment later it became a sheet of smoke and flame. The resistance of the foe was heroic; but through the cloud of smoke Negley was descried pressing upon their right flank, and from afar came the shouts of triumph. The Confederate right wing being crushed, all their attempts to hold the position were fruitless, and the Federal force pushing forward drove them vigor- ously. 'I'ho outer works were passed with cries of Victory ! sick- ening to the hearts of the flying foe. They never paused, nor made resistance ; but niglit came and saved them. ' General Eosecrans immediately ordered the intrenchment of the Union line. A heavy rain fell during the night, and next morning, January 3d, the ground on the left was impassable to artillery; consequently no pursuit was directed, and the day closed with- out further hostilities, save the driving of the enemy’s sharp- shooters from the front of the Federal army. Before Rousseau’s camp a rebel redoubt was stationed, and on the morning of the 4th they opened with artillery. Rousseau immediately asked permis- sion of the commander-in-chief to ca[)turo the works, expressing full confidence in his ability to accomplish the undertaking. The request being granted, he detailed two regiments for the duty; they approached under a murderous fire and took the redoubt at the point of the bayonet. During the night the enemy evacuated Jilurfreesboro, and at eleven o’clock the following morning, Janu- ary 5th, General Rosccrans occupied the city. Hed 3Iound, Tenn. 197 RED MOUND, TENN. Ja-nuaut 1, 18C3. VnionistSy under G^nerttl KiUedy^d \ ^roumled 100; 77?^^^9^«(7, (50. DUunionUtSy binder General Forresty 7,000. KilUdy 100 ; wounded 200 ; erSy 400. The last of December closed an unparalleled campaign under file Icadcrsliip of General Sullivan, vvlio with a few brigades of infantry and two pieces of artillery, against superior numbers of cavalry and artillery, succeeded in outmaneuvering and ultimately engaging and routing a force of the enemy under oue of Bragg’s most dashing and eflicient officers. Shortly after the assault on Holly Springs, Miss., the destruction of the Union stores there, and the subsequent northern movement of the forces participating in that affair, it was believed tliat a general movement of the enemy’s cavalry was in progress. IVliile Van Dorn was making his way to Bolivar, with some intention of reaching that place, information reached General Sullivan that the rebel General Forrest, with a body of 7,000 men, was crossing the Tennessee, at a village known as Clifton. At tlie time of hearing this report, Sullivan’s command was alarmingly dispersed ; it hav- ing a railroad, 130 miles in length, under its protection. Sul- livan ordered 500 cavalry under Colonel Ingcrsoll to reconnoiter in the direction of Le.xington, thirty miles eastward, with instruc- tions to fall back upon Jackson if he encountered the enemy. Upon reaching Le.xington, Colonel Ingersoll’s command was warmly attacked by a body of eavalry, under the personal command of Forrest. The Colonel was taken prisoner, and his men skirmished back. General Sullivan now gathered his forces for the purpose of marching out to meet the foe, leaving the defenses of Jackson under the direction of Major Smith. The I'cbcls succeeded in forcing the Union cavalry back, until within three miles east of the town; where Sullivan met and rej)ellcd them. Meeting such obstinate resistance. General Forrest, instead of marching upon the town, made a detour northwesterly, struck the railroad seven miles north of this point, and captured a small garrisoti of soldiers at Carroll Station. The Union forces were then withdrawn into Jackson, and the rebels scattered along the railroad. Major Smith at once dis- patched 500 infantry upon a train, with orders to advance to the relief of Colonel Fry, at Trenton. When but a short distance out. 198 Bed 31ound, Tenn. they foniul the road severed. The men immediately disembarked, leaving the train under a strong guard, Ibuglit their way to llum- holdt, dislodged the enemy, and Uiok possession of the tovvu. Tid- ings now reached the Unionists of the capitulation of Colonel Fry and 250 men at Trenton. The Federal forces arrested their march and awaited furtlier orders. General Sullivan arriving at Jackson sent 1,500 men undei*' General Ilaynio to ro^tair the road and if possible drive out tlio enemy ; the instructions were faithfully carried out. The com- mander-in-chief now massed a force — 3,000 infantry, six pieces of artillery, and eighty cavalry — at Trenton, with which he for- ced his way to Huntington. There he met the advance of For- rest’s army, hastening along the road to strike Lexington, thence pursue the route to Clifton, and re-cross. The same evening a spirited skiri|jish occurred between the opposing forces. General Forrest, thus finding his retreat cut off, made a detour during the night to the west of Huntington, expecting thus to elude the pur- suers. On his arrival here another skirmish took place. Believing it to he Forrest’s plan to intersect the Lexington road at Clarks- burg or Red klound. General Sullivan, thinking to thwart them, sent forward a detachment of 1,400 infantry with four cannon to overtake the enemy at one of the above-mentioned points. The enterprise was committed to Colonel Dunham. At Clarksburg tliey overtook the rebel pickets. A skirmish ensued, in which the enemy met with slight loss. The next morning Colonel Dunham came upon the entire rebel force at Red kloiind and engaged it. General Sullivan set out at three o’clock with the other brigade. At daybreak the enemy’s rear was struck. The Union general quickly deployed his troops: part of the brigade on the left, under Major Smith ; while another part, under Colonel Fuller, was thrown to the right road. General Sullivan directed the center in person. Major Smith ordered a charge, and after the proper positions were attained, the entire line advanced simultaneously. The result was as anticipated. Forrest was outgeneraled, and his command dispersed to the tour winds of heaven. The duration of the battle was from seven until three; and for the greater part of the time the fighting was very severe. The enemy had in the engagement 'f.OOO men, all mounted, and eleven pieces of artillery. The Union force embraced only 3,000 infan- try, six cannon, and the diminutive number of eighty cavalry. 199 Spi'inQfietd^ 3Io. General Sullivan’s sueeess resulted in the capture of seven can- non, 800 horses, all tlie ammunition wagons except one, all the caissons, and 400 prisoners. Ilis losses amounted to twentj^ killed, 100 wounded, and sixty prisoners. -♦♦♦ SPEINGFIELD, MO. January 7 and 8, 18G3. Vnionists, under General E. B. Brown, 2,400. Killed, 17 : oilier losnes, not re- ported. Bisunionists, under Genei al 3fiitmadnX-e, 0,000. Killed, loonnd ed, and missing, 800. The enemy under General Marrnaduke made an attack on Spring- field, Missouri, on the morning of January 7th, Tlie ^action con- tinued thirteen hours. The rebel force consisted of 5,000 mounted infantry and two pieces of field artillery drawn by ten horses each. The expedition was fitted out on the Arkansas River, for the capture of Springfield, with its forts and large depots of stores. It moved with great rapidity, skirmishing with Union scouting parties almost the entire distance. On reaching the town, the rebels open- ed a heavy cannonade, without giving a moment’s notice to remove the helpless women and children. The Federal forces under Gen- eral Brown, were of the State militia, hastily gathered, and at tho outset did not exceed GOO. Their artillery consisted of two old, iron, twelve-pound howitzem, one iron six-pounder, rudely mount- ed on old wagon-wheels, and no ordinary equipments for artillery. General Marrnaduke, after some hours’ hard fighting, captured one of the Union guns, but later in the engagement he was thor- oughly repulsed. Fighting was renewed on the 8th and continued throughout the day. At sundown, the Union army was increased by reinforcements to about 2,400. Volleys of musketry were poured into the enemy’s ranks ; till unable to hold out any longer they retired with a loss of 300 killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Union commander was severely wounded^ and lost an arm during the contest. TK, 200 Arkansas Post, Ark. ARKANSAS POST, ARK. January 11, 1863. Union land forces under General McClernand.^ numhere not reported; naval force^under Admiral Porter^ comprising four iron-clad gun-boats. Killed^ 129; u'oHnded., 831 ; missing.^ 17. PisunionisUy under General Churchill., over 6,000. Killed and wounded, prisoners, 4,720. On tlie inoniing of January 9tli, tlie immense Union fleet— in all not far from a luiiRlred vessels — commenced its winding course up the Arkansas lliver. In tlie front and rear lingo iiillars of smoko rose above tlie forest and mingled witli the clouds. On either side, the barren cotton-wood, willow, and cane, still verdant, shut in the banks like a vast stockade. The gun-boats advanced slowly, their ports open and grim with cannon. The sharp-shooters appeared upon the deck, and were on the “ qui vive." But on shore scarcely a vestige of man could be seen ; here and there, however, a char- acteristic log hut and cornfield were visible, and at long intervals the farm of a thrifty planter. Thus the day wore on, the dark forest around, the dull murky sky above. About tive o’clock they neared the shore and cast anchor. The troops debarked, and the neighboring cornfields were soon aglow with camp-fires. Early the next morning, January 10th, all was in motion. Drums rolled, bugles sounded, and regiments liastened to the ranks of war. The gallant Eighth Missouri, with a body of marines, pushed forward US' skirmishers and maintained a random fire. To the right, some Iowa troops were feeling their way into the wet soil and underbrush of the forest. Steele’s division was preparing to lead the advance. The main works were not visible; but here and there a galloping horseman and a gleam of bayonets indicated the presence of a large body of rebels. Thus matters progressed through the day. The enemy, it plainly appeared, were falling back ; the second lino of rifle-pits had been evacuated in evident confusion. At last the fort, gi’im and silent, dawned upon the view. One huge Dahlgren, en Jmrbette on the left, and two twin monsters, looking out of sharply-defined casemates, were threatening vengeance upon any approaching craft. The action did not open till nightfall. The gun boats sent forth peal after peal, rending the air with their fearful thundering. Now ajipcared a lurid flash, and then a stream of lire, and anon all was lost in darkness. Again a volley, echoing and re-echoing down the river and through the forest, died aw.ay in prolonged reverberations. Above, the evening star, cradled in the amber clouds of a dying 201 I Arlcansas Post, Ark. eunset, looked down upon tlio scene of strife. At eight o’clock the firing ceased, and the niglit was spent in disposing the troops. At daylight on the 15th the Unionists had forced their way into the rear of the fort and were drawn up in battle array. They occu- pied an arc of a circle of sixty degrees, the right resting on the creek, the left on the river, extending for nearly two miles and a half, and only a half mile distant from the fort. The enemy, liow- ever, held a position quite near the Union army. A portion of Sul- livan’s troops were peculiarily exposed, owing to their being posted in an open field, only separated from the enemy by a ravine and a thin belt of timber. The position on the river was also much exposed, on account of being in full range of the fort. About one o’clock the gun-boats began to move up the stream ; the De Kalb in front, the Louisville behind, the Cincinnati bringing up the rear. No sound could be heard but the puffing of the engines and the slow revolutions of the paddle-wheels. The gath- ering groups on the river-side were breathless with expectation. The minutes of painful suspense grow longer ; still no sound. The gun-boats push forward, with streaming pennons; while the flag of treason floats in languid folds above the fort. At length a volume of smoke pours forth from the De Kalb. In a moment the earth trembles with a heavy report. Then the Louisville opens, and quickly following, tlie Cincinnati rings out a note of defiance. Now the Monarch and the Admiral’s boat begin at long range. Volley after volley tollows in quick succession, till the boats are enveloped in a cloud of smoke. The embankment is plowed with shells, and volumes of dust and fragments of timber are thrown into the air. The discharges of the immense harhette guns of the fort mingle with the explosion of shells. But still the heavy casemated guns are silent as the grave. Meantime the land forces have been brought into the engagement. The booming of cannon and the sharp crack of musketry are heard in the intervals of firing on the river. It soon becomes apparent that the monster guns in the casemates were silenced in the action of the previous evening. After the battle had progressed an hour, tlie shrill demo- niac scream of the Dahlgren also is silenced. The rebels then directed their attention to the Union right. Sherman pressed on their flank, and they resisted his advance. Thus the battle raged till half-past four, when the white flag w.as descried floating above the earth-works. The firing ceased and the fort surrendered. The Union troops immediately entered and planted their flag upon the 202 Fort Donelson. — Spring Jlill^ Fenn. walls. Colonel Dunnington, commander of the fort, surrendered Ills sword to Admiral Porter in person. General Oliurchilll, com- mander of the enemy’s field-forces, soon a[)peared with his statf, and S-.rrendered himself and his troops to General McClernand. A fortress mounting nine heavy guns, with a garrison of about 6,000 men, with all their arms, ammunition, and equipments of war, fell into the hands of the Unionists. FORT DONELSON, TENN. Februart 4, 1863. XJnionistft^ vnder Colonel Harding^ 800. Killed and wounded^ 126. DisunioniatSy under General Wheeler^ 4,500. Killed^ 140; wounded^ 400; prison^ ers^ 130. General WnEELER’s Confederate cavalry, numbering 4,600, with eight pieces of artillery, attacked Fort Donelson at two o’clock P.M., February 4th. The fort was garrisoned by 800 men, under Colonel Harding. The rebels made fierce and oft-repeated charges upon the fortifications, but were repulsed by the combined artillery and infantry fire of the Unionists. The fighting was most desperate in its character, and of seven hours’ duration. The enemy both before and after the contest demanded a surrender, offering to spare life if the conditions were accepted. The Union commander scorned their overtures and declared himself “ready for all the conse- quences.” The rebel losses considerably exceeded those of the Unionists: 136 of their number were buried by Harding’s troops at Fort Donelson. SPRINGHILL, TENN. March 5, 1863. Unionists^ under General OoiurTi, 2,500. Killed and wounded^ prisoners^ 1,2(J0. Disunioniete^ under General Yan Doniy 20,000. Killed^ 180; wounded^ 450. A sniiiTED engagement occurred at Spring Hill, near Franklin, Tenn., March 6th. General Coburn, with three regiments of infan- try and 500 cavalry, advanced on Spring Hill the 4th inst. Several brisk skirmishes occurred during the day, the Unionists camping four miles distant. On the 6th, a movement was apparent ; and during some temporary confusion on Coburn’s left, the rebels sud- denly opened with three batteries, on dilferent points, at the same 203 Port Hudson^ La. moment They also appeared on each flank, in greatly superior force. The, unequal contest was maintained with great obstinacy and heavy loss on both sides, but finally resulted disastrously to the Union troops. A large number of prisoners was taken by the enemy ; the loss in killed and wounded was also considcr.ablo. The Federal troops exhibited great bravery ; but thoir ammunition failing, they wore overpowered by superior numbers. PORT HUDSON, LA. March 14, 1863. Uhionnavat forcc^ under Admiral Farragut^ fifteen vef^se.U— including eight mor* tar vefifiels under the immediate command of Commander Cakhcell, Killed^ 'teounded., and mining. 65. DLmnioniaU., under Ceneral Gardner., about 6,000. not reported. Makoh 14th, a naval expedition under Admiral Farragut moved upon Fort Hudson in order to cut otT the rebel supplies from above that point. Simultaneously the Army of the Southwest, under Gen- eral Banks, made a feint of a corresponding movement, so as to create a diversion, while the fleet forced its way up the river. The admiral’s own fleet comprised the flag-ship Hartford, tlie Gen- esee, Richmond, Mississippi, Monongahela, Albatross, and Kineo. The mortar fleet, under Coniniander Caldwell, consisted of the iron- clad Essex, the gun-boot Sachem, and six schooners. On the night of the 13th the mortar vessels proceeded to within shelling dis- tance of the rebel batteries, and the Admiral’s fleet advanced for action about ten o’clock r.M. on the 14th. From the shore oppo- site Port Hudson the enemy were apprised by signals of the approach of the fleet, and, as soon as the Hartford came within range of the batteries, they opened a rapid lire upon her. She res])ondcd with n broadside, and kept up a tempest of shot and shell till she was beyond the range of the batteries. The Richmond, following next m order, passed the batteries; when a shot penetrated her steam chest, crippling her for the time, and compelling her to drift down stream. The loss on board the Richmond was three killed and ten wounded. The Genesee, which was lashed alongside the Richmond, found herself unable to stem the current with her consort in tow, and was hence headed down stream. Next in lino of battle were the Monongahela and Kineo. Owing to the smoke that enveloped the flag-ship, it was found almost impossible to follow her leader- 204 JSrentwood^ Tenn. sliip; and the Monongaliela grounded under the hottest fire of the rebel works, but through the aid of the Kineo was ultimately res- cued from her dangerous position. Again becoming slightly dis- abled, she was forced to retire to the position of the mortar fleet. The loss on the Monongaliela was ten killed and twenty wounded. The Mississippi was the last in the conflict. She arrived at a point opposite the town ; but her oflicers were unable to see through the dense smoke, and she grounded opposite the terminus of the Port Hudson and Clinton Railroad. The engines were immediately reversed, hut all efforts to set her afloat were fruitless. Captain Smith, finding she could not be rescued, ordered instant prepara- tion to save the crew and destroy the ship. The sick and wounded were placed on board the Essex, and tlio remainder of the crew landed on the right bank of the river. The engines were demol- ished, and all combustibles upon the deck were fired. After the flames had swept through her for an hour, greatly lightening lier, she gradually slid off into the current; and her port battery becom- ing hcai.ed, the frigate fired the minute guns over her own grave. Seven of the crew were taken by the enemy ; the entire loss is not accurately known, but about thirty are supposed to have been killed or wounded. The action lasted but three hours, and its results were all that was anticipated, save the loss of one vessel. BRENTWOOD, TENN. Makoii 25, 18G3. Unionists, under Generals Bloodgood and O. C. Smith, 800. Killed, 1 J wosind- ed, 4 ; prisoners, 300. Disunionists, under Generals Wheeler, Forrest, and TT/iartow, 6,000. Killed and wounded, 10. A OAVAI. 11 Y force under Generals Wheeler, Forrest, and Wharton crossed the Ilarpeth River, March 25th, and attacked 300 Union troops at Brentwood, Tenn. Meeting with very feeble resistance, they captured the garrison, together with all the United States stores at that point. General Green Clay Smith pursued a force of the rebels and overtook them six miles west of Brentwood, where he met the entire force of the enemy, numbering 5,000, his own force not exceeding one tenth of that number. General Smith succeeded in re-eapturing the wagons and ammunition ; but being attacked by vastly superior forces was compelled to destroy them. When reinforcements arrived, the enemy had decamped. .'205 Somerset, Ky. SOMERSET, KY. March 31, 1863. VnionisU^ wndfr General Gilmore^ 1,300. Killed^ 10 ; wounded^ 25. IHsunionists^ under General Pegramy 2,800. Killed^ woundedy and prisonerSy 290. The rebels liaving made serious raids in the vicinity of Lexing- ton, Ky., General Gillmore obtained permission from Burnside to move to the “ front.” Accordingly ho left headquarters with a portion of his stall’ March 30th, and advanced immediately to the vicinity of Somerset, where it was stated that a rebel force was encamped. Gathering about him a few scattered troops, in all amounting to 1,300, he set out March 31st — his brave little army firmly resolved to conquer or die. After eight miles’ march they came suddenly upon the outposts of the enemy, within two miles of Somerset. Skirmishing imme- diately ensued. The Unionists witliout delay pushed on, and with heroic courage drove them up a hill just skirting the woods. Hero the enemy made a stand, and prepared for action. General Gillmore hurriedly issued his orders. Everything was done promptly. Rush- ing to the combat, the Unionists fought earnestly for an hour; but making no decided impression upon the rebels, with mounted horse- men, tlioy brought forward their artillery. The enemy now fell back, skirmisliing as they retreated ; and ranging themselves on the south side of Pitman’s Hill, again made a stand. It w.as norv apparent from the bustle and confusion in the rebel lines that formidal)le preparations were being made for resistance. Their guns were planted S(' as to sweep the road, two of the pieces being long-ranged Parrotts. Apprehensive of results, the Federal troops marched up and engaged with their two rifled pieces ; but the Union howitzers could not possibly bo made to reach. Soon after the opening of the combat, a heavy mounted force of the enemy was di.scovered, advancing toward Gillmore’s right, with the intention of gaining his rear. Quickly observing this move- ment, he dispatched a cavalry force to hold them in check. The fire on both sides increased with great rapidity, and it became evi- dent that an issue one way or the other was close at hand. The enemy were superior in position and numbers, and quite equal in arms. But the Kentucky and Ohio troops, exasperated by the recent depredations of the foe, fought with the most desperate vigor and determination. The Union general perceiving the situation of affairs, sent word to the colonel of the Forty-fifth Ohio to know if he could take 10 20G Charleston Harbor^ S. C. the heiglita by a charge. He replied that ho would feel them and make the attempt; but the undertaking was so hazardous that tho general directed him to tarry a while longer. At this moment it was found that the rebels were preparing to charge upon tho Fed- eral artillery. The word therefore was instantly given to the glorious Forty-fifth to charge ; and on they rushed, yelling like maniacs, till they reached a rail-fence; here they crouched to tho earth, received the enemy’s fire, and swept on again like a rushing torrent. Tho rebels instanlly recoiled and lied precipitately down the otlier side of tho hill, never jiausing in their retreat till mid- night, when they reached tho banks of tho Cumberland. Before daylight the following morning they had crossed the stream and gained a position of safety. The exhaustion of the Union army was too great to permit of their following the foe. 400 liead of cattle were rescued from the invaders, quite a number of horses were captured, and Pegram and his horde driven from Kentucky Boil. Their loss was about 290. Tho Union loss was ten killed, fifteen wounded, and tw'clve missing. ^ ^ ^ CHARLESTON HARBOR, S. C. April 7, 1S63. Union naval forcCy under Admiral Dupont^ compi'islng nine iron-dads ; la7hi /orc6y under General Hunter^ numhers not given. Killed^ 2 ; wonnded., 13. JUisunionistSy under General Beauregard^ 45,000, {total garrison of Charleston'). For many months the Amci'ican people, both loyal and disloyal, watched with intense interest the progress of active preparations for an attack on Charleston, and gladly hailed the dawn of the day that witnessed the opening of the bombardment. On the 5th of April, the iron-clad fleet, under command of Rear- Admiral Dupont, having previously sailed from Port Royal, joined the blockading vessels outside of Charleston bar and six miles dis- tant from Fort Sumter, the special object of the intended attack. In the afternoon of tho same day the bar was carefully buoyed out, with the intention of crossing immediately; but a high wind arose which induced Admiral Dupont to postpone the crossing till the next day. During the night he issued his order of battle. It was his plan to move tho iron-clad squadron up the main ship channel, ignoring the fire of the Morris Island batteries, advance directly upon Sum- ter and engage its northern face at a distance of 600 or 800 yards, the fire to be aimed at the center embrasures. At nine o’clock the I Charlest07i Harbor^ S, C. 207 following morning tlio iron-clads liad crossed the bar and taken np their position within a mile of Morris Island. A heavy fog shrouded the shore lines, tlie guidance of which the pilots required for safe steering. This rendered it impossible to move, and again the attack was deferred. The sun rose bright and clear on the morning of the 7th ; the sea was undisturbed by a ripple, and mir- rored in its i)lacid bosom the azure of the sk}'. The liquid surface glistened in the golden sunlight, and sea birds dip[)cd their wings in the waters and broke the silence with their shrill cries as they swooped downward for their prey. The attacking ve.ssels still lay at anchor, awaiting the ebb tide, which would enable them to dis- cover the obstructions in the channel. At eleven o’clock the tide turned, and at mid-day the fleet weighed anchor. The Meehawken led the van, followed by the Passaic, the Montank, the Patap.sco, the Oatskill, the Nantucket, the Nahant, and the Keokuk. Hlowly they moved up the ship channel. They passed in easy range of Fort Wagner, but not a shot disputed their advance; they passed the battery at Cumming’s Point, still not a discharge was heard: nor was the ominous silence broken till the vessels were rounding to make their entrance into the harbor. Fort Sumter then opened with her barbette guns ; Fort Moultrie caught up the loud refrain ; various batteries joined in the deafening chorus; and the iron-clads were encircled by a concentr.atcd fire. Sheets of flame and volumes of smoke extending from Morris’ to Sullivan’s Island inaugurated the terrific cannonade. A perfect torrent of shot and shell wms poured upon the Monitors, and at times the striking of projectiles fairly wrapped them in countless spouts of water. , The Monitors continued their way, keeping up a*rapid and vigorous response to the enemy. They passed the northeast face of Sumter; but when they approached the northwest front, re- garded as the vulnerable part of the fort, they encountered new difliculties. From the northeast angle of the fort, across the channel to Fort Moultrie, were suspended heavy nets and contri- vances of roping, so arranged as to entangle the propelling apparatus of the vessels, and also connected with torpedoes. The Weehawken fell into this snare ; and for a long time her machinery was totally crippled, and she drifted with the current. At length, after great exertions, she extricated herself. The other vessels changed their course and avoided the peril. Ihiflled in this attempt to get past Fort Sumter, the Monitors sought another opening ; but even the shoal ground between the fort and Cumming’s Point was barred 208 Charleston Ilarhor^ S. C. witli piles. In fact, tlio object of attack was found to be the apex of a triangle, tbe two sides of which were iinpenetrnblo to the vessels, and at the base of which they were exposed to a conceiitrio fire from various forts. Thus foiled in their efforts, the only alternative remaining was to retire or batter down Fort Sum- ter. The iron-clads went resolutely to their work. The Keokuk steamed up to within 500 yards of the fortress, while the other vessels lay at intermediate distances between that and 800 yards. The Ironsides — the Admiral’s flag-ship — had become entirely un- manageable, on account of the currents and the inefficiency of its rudder; so that, with the exception of a single broadside poured into Fort Moultrie, sbe took no part in the bombardment. The rebel gunners, finding her a fixed mark, plied her freely with shot and shell, but inflicted no serious damage. For a lialf hour the cannonading was fearfully grand in its character. No less than 300 guns, of the heaviest caliber, directed their fire upon the eight assailants that had only sixteen guns with which to respond. 'i'he striking of the heavy missiles hurled by the rebels against the sides, decks, and turrets of the Monitors; the reverberations of their own monstrous guns; the mad plunging of projectiles into the surrounding waters ; the dense smoke, now hiding the forts and batteries, then broken by sheets of flame, all conspired to render the scene one of grandeur and intense interest. Language fails to convey any idea of the terrific fire. The Monitors were struck from twenty to sixty times each ; the Keokuk alone (from Jier more expo.sed position) received ninety shots. Her turrets were repeat- edly penetrated, and her bull showed nineteen perforations. She was only kept afloat by use of the pump until the following morn- ing, when she sunk on the bar in eighteen feet of water, her colors proudly floating above the wreck. All on board were saved. The Passaic and Patapsco were also severely injured ; and night coming on, the Admiral signaled the fleet to retire. The order to cease firing was given at five o’clock. It was promptly obeyed; and the vessels withdrew to the flag-ship, leaving their mark behind. Eleven largo holes, some of them three feet wide, wore made on the cast face of Sumter. The klouitors fired about 150 rounds ; the esti- mate of the rebel fire was twenty shots to one from the assailants. The numerical weakness of the land force rendered their direct co-operation in the attack impracticable ; and the main share of the work, including all the fighting, was done by the navy. f Franklin^ Tenn . — Vicksburg^ Miss. 209 FEANKLIN, TENH. April 10, 1863. Vnionisti, under General Granger, numbers jwi reported. Total loss, tOO. Visunionists, under Generals Van Dorn and Forrest, 15,000. Killed, 300 ; qther losses not reported. Ai'Uir. lOtli, Generals ‘Wliitcfickl’s, Crosby’s, anti Armstrong’s rebel brigades, 0,000 strong, under General Van Dorn, attacked Franklin. They dashed into the town, and held it fifteen minutes, when they were driven out by the Union troops, coinmanded by General Granger. The ground was hotly contested, the fighting continuing two hours. The rebels left behind them fourteen pris- oners, and carried off a large number of wounded. The Union loss was three killed and w’ounded, and eight missing. Later in the day a flanking force of rebels under General Forrest unexpectedly came upon a body of Union cavalry, four miles east of this place, and another engagement of two hours’ duration took place. The losses were much heavier than in the first action. The attack was general and spirited ; the rebels, well punished for their temerity, retired to Spring Hill. VICKSBUEG, MISS. April 16 to 22, 1863. Union land force, under General Grant, from 25,000 to 80,000; nanal force,, under Admiral Porter, comprising seven gun-boats, with nine transports, etc. Killed, 0. wounded, 3; missing 12. Visunionists, under General Pemberton, about 47,000. Losses, not reported. General Grant having assumed the immediate command of the Army of the Mississippi, which was largely reinforced, and being satisfied tb.at the northern defenses of Vicksburg were too strong to be carried without heavy loss, turned his attention to various projects for removing his troops below the city, or to a point more favorable for offensive operations. The completion of the canal across the peninsula opposite Vicksburg, which General Wil- liams had begun the previous year, and the opening of navigable routes by the way of Lake Providence, Yazoo Pass, and Steel’s Bayou, had been attempted one after another without success. Accordingly he determined to move his army, by land, down the west bank of the Mississippi, some seventy miles; while the gun- boat fleet with transports for crossing the river should run past the enemy’s batteries at Vicksburg. 210 YicTcsburffj Miss. The danger of running the batteries being very great, and tlio roads on the west side in horrible condition, this was a difficult and hazardous expedient ; but it seemed to bo the only possible solu- tion of the problem. The execution of the plan, however, was greatly facilitated by Admiral Farragut, who had run two of his vessels past the batteries at Port Hudson and Grand Gulf, and cleared the river of the enemy’s boats below Vicksburg; and finally, through the indomitable energy of the commanding gen- eral and the admirable dispositions of Admiral Porter, the attempt was completely successful. Admiral Porter’s fleet, comprising seven gun-boats and three transports, passed the batteries at Vicksburg, April 16th, with the loss of only one transport, which was burnt and sunk while abreast of the batteries ; no lives were lost, most of the crew being picked up, while others escaped in the yawl. The vessels were all of them fair targets for the enemy, and were exposed to a heavy fire while passing the batteries. Several of them were repeatedly struck, yet none seriously injured. The rebel shot was of the heaviest cali- ber; but no material damage was inflicted by their coming on board, beyond the smashing of the bulwarks. The expedition, though encountering many difficulties, was eminently successful. The fortunate issue of this enterprise induced General Grant to send 12 more transports down the river, the fleet below being ready to receive them. Volunteers were called for to man the transports, and large numbers of men and officers responded to the call with j)atriotic promptness. The night at first seemed inauspicious for the undertaking ; the moon and stars shone with such brdliancy as would reveal the vessels to the wily foe. As the hours of darkness waned, the sky became more propitious, the moon declined, a light mist bordered the river, and the horizon was darkened with heavy gray clouds. 'fhe blockade runners had moved out into the stream at nine o’clock, and awaited a favorable ojjportunity for further progress. The disappearance of the moon and the rising of the fog was the signal for the advance ; and about midnight the first transport moved opposite the uppermost batteries, her engines motionless and her wheels silent until she was discovered. Then the guns bellowed out upon the humid air, and the stillness of night was broken by harsh discords. At the first roar of the lieavy artillery, two large fights were seen on the peninsula opposite Vicksburg, which were at once ,) Rcar-Adiiiinil U. S. N., horn in riiil:iil('l[)lii;i, nlionL 1811 ; inslnicted at ( Naval Scliool, Annapolis ; ontorod navy as inidslii|iinan, ‘1, 1 8211 ; vrnis- \ I) ed in the jMcditleTi'anoaii for several years ; lieeaine passcil-inidsliipinan, July ( ) 3d, 183;'), and for some years en”;a;^ed in llie tJoast Survey; Taent., Feh. 27, ( 18-11, and ordered to IMcditterraiiean and afterward Jlrazil Sipiadron ; { ) assigned (o duly at Ohservafoiy, AVasliington, 1 84;") ; took part in the capture ; of Vera th'io^, jMi'xiean AVar; was ordeicd to Naval llimdezvons. New { Orleans, and thence to Coast Knrvey; eoimnanded mail sieamers I’ana- ina and (leorgia, iS-lD-hd; Lient.-Comnmnder, 1835, on sloreshij) Snp- ( ; I \ ply, and at rortsmouth Navy Yard ; Commander in 18()1 , on the I’owhatan, ; ] IV' est Gulf Blockading Scpiadron ; commanded mortar fleet, in 18G2, below { ; New Orleans ; cruised on Mississippi River till Aug., 18G2; ordered to the ( :■ James River, and on Oct. 22, assignol to command U])per Mississippi fleet, ( as Acting Rear-vVdmirid ; co-opi'i'ated in the siege' of Vicksburg, sending ( poitionsof his llei't up the rivers Iribntary to the M ississippi, atlacking and { running the Vick'sbnrg batteries, bombaiding Grand Gulf, llaines’ lllnll, iV-e. ( Made Rear-Admiral, .Inly 1, 1 8G3 ; jeatrolled the Mississippi; took part in ; Red River I'l.xpedition, May, 18G-1 ; transferri'd to North ^Vtlantic yepiadron, Nov. 1,18G4; took part in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, Dec. 18-27 18G4, and Jan. 1 0-lG, 18G.0. { 213 Cape Girardeau^ Mo. recognized as a conflagration arising from several old buildings on the point, which the Confederates had fired to light up tlie Missis- sippi. This action of the enemy was anticipated by General Sher- man, and he had sent a handful of men, in the morning, to the upper part of the strip of land to destroy the houses in question ; but the rebels had a number of pickets there, wlio fired upon tho Union soldiers on their api)roach, and compelled them, unartned as they were, to retire. They took no guns, because they did not an- ticipate resistance, and were obliged to wade through sloughs, nearly up to their armpits. The transports started fifteen minutes from each other, each one running tho same fearful g.auntlet of sliot and shell. Tho batteries continued sending iron missiles after the blockade runners, till they were two miles below the guns, so determined were the enemy upon their annihilation. Ever and anon there would bo an impres- sive lull ; then the roar wmuld deepen and the shells crash through the air, till the land and water seemed to quiver with tho shock. So the time passed till near three o’clock in the morning. Vicks- burg was quiet once more ; the rebels appeared to have fallen asleep ; and only the fires on the peninsula sent up now and then a lurid flash into the black smoko that spread like a vast cloud over the face of the sky. The whole of the twelve transports arrived safely below tho bat- teries, April 22d. The one lost on tho 16th was the Henry Olay, which w'as hurned and sunk while passing; no lives w'erc lost; most of tho crew were picked up, others got aw.ay in tho yawl. The result was completely satisfactory. No one w'as killed, only two wounded, and there were but twelve casualties in all. CAPE GIRARDEAU, MO. April 2C, 1S68. Unionistfi^ under General McKeU^ 2,000. Killed^ 6; unounded^ C. under Ginerol Marmadiike^ 8,000. Killed and ^ooundedy 275. Apuil 27th, General Marrnadukc, with a force of 8,000 men, ap- proached Cape Girardeau, an inii>ortant military post in Missouri, garrisoned by a force of 2,000 men under General McNeil. The contest opened at ten o’clock a.ine., a mile and a half from the town, between Shelby’s rebel brigade and the First Nebraska regiment of infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel llaumer. The latter held three regiments of rebel infantry in cheek for an hour, when 214 Central Mississippi. he was obliged to retire to the rear of his batteries. The Nebraska troops, under the management of their distinguished leader, dis- played marked bravery and the skill of veterans. About eleven o’clock tlie battle was renewed by the artillery of the respective forces, and raged without intermission till three in the afternoon. The enemy at this time retreated from the field, and the battle ceased. Their artillery was posted on the edge of the woods and in the roads leading to the town, one mile beyond the outermost fort. The Union batteries, on the other hand, were planted on hills about a half mile beyond the fort. Their firing was admirable ; and at almost every discharge, rebel horse- men fell to the ground. The enemy’s repulse was attended with fearful slaughter ; and much credit is due the commander of Cape Girardeau for its successful defense. The rebels expected by the capture of this important post not only to secure abundant su|)plic3 of provisions for their destitute men, but also to raise the sinking hopes of the Confederacy which at tliis time were sadly depressed. CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI. (UlilERSON^S RAID,) April 17 to Mat 2, 13G3. Unionists^ under Colonel Grierson., about 2,000. Losses small — numbers not re- ported. Disunionists, in several bodies, under vaHous leaders. Killed and ucyunded,not reported ; ^)mwiera, 1,000. Befoue General Grant left the north side of Vicksburg, to assume the direction of his army in person, ho resolved to intercept the enemy’s communications with that city, in order to secure his troops against attack in the rear, should investment of the place become nec- essary. Accordingly he detailed Colonel Grierson’s cavalry brigade for this duty. April lYth, they set out from l.a Grange, Tcnn., and reached Baton Kouge, La., on Saturday, May 2d, performing the entire journey in fifteen days. They made a zigzag course through the State, constantly pushing southward ; and as tliey advanced through the heart of Mississippi, burned bridges, raili-oad depots, engines, cars, and stores of alt kinds, in immense quantities. Their route embraced a breadth of more than twenty miles; and everything available to the enemy, that fell in their w.ay, was mer- cilessly destroyed. The telegraph was also repeatedly cut; and so rapid and mysterious were their movements that the rebels were 215 Grand Gulf, Miss. still bewildered with surprise when an advance courier announced to the inhabitants of Baton Rouge that a brigade of cavalry from General Grant’s army had cut their way through the country, and were witliin five miles of the city. Averaging over fifty miles a day, a distance of 800 miles was accomplished in fifteen days. During one part of the march, tlicy traveled eighty miles in twenty-eight hours, three times encountered the enemy, burned two bridges, tore up a considerable length of railroad track, and sw'am two streams. The perilous and excessively fatiguing march of this band of heroes will be remembered as a most remarkable event in human warfare. A number of the enemy were killed and wounded, over four million dollars’ worth of property destroyed, all communica- tions with the rebels at Vicksburg cut off, and 1,000 prisoners and 1,200 horses captured. Besides, all railroad communications with the enemy’s strongholds on the Mississippi were intercepted, and a large amount of stores, highly valuable to the rebels in a military point of view, was destroyed. The total loss to the Con- federacy has been estimated as high as six million dollars. The expedition, important as it was successful, reflects great credit on all engaged in it. ■ GRAND GULF, MISS. . ArRiL 29, 1803. Union naval force., under Admiral Porter., comisting of seven gumhoats. Kill- ed., 2G ; icounded., 54. Pisunionisis, under Colonel Wade; numbers and losses, not reported. Admiual Poi’.TER, with the same fleet that j)assed and shelled Vicksburg a few days earlier, attacked the batteries at Grand Gulf on the 29th of April, for the purpose of m.aking that place a base for the movements of General Grant. On the 28th Inst., at ten o’clock in tlie morning, the flotilla had weighed anchor, and with seven transports and six barges loaded ahnost to the water’s edge and swarming with soldiers, moved slowly down the river. The Forest Queen held its way in front, therig.-Gcn. Yols., ; ■| 17tli Maj', ’Gl. Commanded in Pastern ^Maryland ; commanded a Division ( i atYorklown; fouglit at Williamsburg, i\Iay 5, Fair Oaks, l\Iay 31 , Gaines’ ( ) Mill, June 27, and the subseipient battles of the Heveii Days. Major-') ) JOHN SEDGWICK, Late ^lajor-Gcn. Vols., born in Litchfield Co., Conn., 1815 ; killed near Spottsylvania C. 11., Va., May 9, ’G4. Graduated at IVo-st I’oint, 1897, twenty-fourth in clas.s of fifty members. Sccond-Lient., 1837 ; FirsGl/ient., 1839. In battle.s of Contreras, Churnbusco and Chapultepcc, Mo.vican AVar ; brevetted Capt. and Major. Made fall Capt. in 1849 ; Major, 1855 ; Lient.- Col. 2d Cavalry, March 1C, 18G1 ; Col. 4th Cavalry, April 25, 18G1 ; Bri".- Gen. Vols., Aiig. 31, 18G1. Commanded first a brigade, and then 3d Bivis- ion Second Army Corps. Fought at Pair Oaks, Savage Station, Glendale, at Antietam (twice wounded there), and brevetted Brig.-Gen. U. S. A., for gal- lantry ; advanced to Major-Gen. Vols., Dec. 23, 18G2. February, 18C3, took commajid of Si.xth Army Corps. In battles around Chancellorsville, May, 18G3 ; carried Marye’s Heights, and fought battles at Salem Heights and Baidcs’ Ford. Commanded left wing Army of the Potomac in June, 18G3 ; made forced march to Gettysburg, July 2d ; fought in the battles of July 2d and 3d ; Nov. 7, 18G3, captured a Hebei Bivision on the Rapidan. In battles of the Wilderness, held command of the right wing, and fought desperately on May 5 and 6 ; May 9, killed in front of Spottsylvania C. H., by a bullet from a Rebel sharpshooter. I I 237 Chancellorsville, etc.^ Va. guns were soon silenced by tlie twelfth corps, which had taken a position on the extreme left the night previous, relieving the eleventh corps, which moved to the right. There was no battle on Monday. The enemy continued to feci the Union line from extreme left to right, making vigorous feints, driving in pickets, etc. In one of the.so forays. General Whipple was mortally wounded, while standing against a tree in his own camp, in a place of apparent safety. During the entire day. Gen- eral Hooker continued to strengthen his position with a second line of rifle-pits ; but contrary to expectation, was not attacked. It was generally believed through the army that after resting on Sunday afternoon and evening, a forward movement would be made on ilonday morning. The eleventh corps, which unfortunately broke and ran from tlio field on Saturday night, burned for an op- portunity to wipe away the imputation of cowardice under which they rested. They alleged that they had been led to believe from information brought from tlie headquarters of the army, that the enemy was marching in a southerly direction, and that he was therefore rather endeavoring to escape than to fight. Tliey also stated that their cavalry having been taken from tiiem, tliey were unable to learn the true position of the enemy in tlieir front, and that he came upon tliem suddenly from an unexpected quarter, their first knowledge of his approach being the driving in of their skir- mishers and the capture of their pickets. But ten minutes, there- fore, bad elapsed from their first alarm, before Von Gilsa’s bri- gade, which was in position on the road , along which the enemy advanced, retired in great confusion, his artillerj^ running length- wise through General Schurz’s entire division, breaking his iinos and throwing his command into such disorder that it likewise fled in utter rout. Thus a panic wa.s created which spread through nearly tlie whole corps. It was tlio oiiinion of many oflicers high in command that at some period of the fighting General Hooker would throw an unengaged portion of the army on the right of tiie left flank of the enemy, and completely rout Iiira. This movement, however, was looked for in vain. Tlie enemy failing to turn the right flank of the Federal army and cut off its line of communica- tion via Banks’ Ford, withdrew to the left flank; wlieii Hooker moved his troops out of tlieir reach, beliiiid the intrenched lino. AVhile affairs were tlius progressing with the main oody of the Union army, General Sedgwick’s grand division, consisting of the 238 ' Chmicellorsville, etc., Vh. sixtii corps and a division of tlio second, were engaged in a series of operations far to tliO left in tlie vicinity of rredericksburg. At tlie beginning of the conllict, tlie enemy being threatened by Gen- eral Hooker in bis rear, bad changed bis front and moved tbe great bulk of bis army toward Chancellorsville. Tbe situation was thus reversed, and Sedgwick’s force was now brought in bis rear. But that rear was covered vvitb tbe intrenchments behind Fredericks- burg, in tbe assault on which tbe entire Army of the Potomac bad been repulsed a few months previous ; and now that tliese intrench- inents covered Leo’s rear, they were of even greater value to him tbanwlien they slieltered bis front; consequently bo occupied them with ten thousand of bis best troops. Ifetween four and five o’clock on Saturday afternoon, General Sedgwick moved forward a portion of bis troops toward tbe Bowl- ing Green road, which approaches Fredericksburg from tbe south- east. Altbougli sbar|)ly received by tbe enemy’s pickets, they soon gained j)Ossession of tlio road ; whore they baited till the remainder of tbe grand division, which was mostly on the north side of the Rappahannock, had been brought up. At half-past twelve o’clock on Sunday morning, the general advance toward Frederick.sburg began; and for the greater part of the distance, the march was unmolested. Two or three hours later, tbe bead of the column entered tbe town ; and afterward passed through it, in a direction nearly north, as far as to the railroad, and then moved west and northwest. The exact jiosition of the enemy at this time was un- known. Accordingly a reconnoissanco was ordered, and the rebels Avere discovered in dangerous jiroximity. It Avas now the first Hush of morning. The main body of tho Unionists Avere still occupying tbe town. Their skirmishers held tbe ends of tbe side streets; while the streets that ran down to the river were enfiladed by the enemy’s fire. Just after daybreak, tho rebels opened a, fierce fusi'lade from their nearest rille-pits; but their musketry being silenced by the Federal balberies, they commenced shelling the town with their artillery, klovemcnts were then ordered to feel their lines and ascertain tlio weakest points. But as they occupied tho arc of a smaller circle than that in which the Union forces were obliged to operate, they were able to transfer their troojis quickly from point to point, and thus to meet every attack with a strong force. Considerable fighting, therefore, occurred, in Avhich artillery was freely used, and many Avero killed and wounded, Avith little advantage to either side. Chayicellorsville, etc., Va. 239 MAKTE 8 IIII.L. At length it was determined to make simultaneous assaults, with three columns, against the right, left, and center of the rebel posi- tion. The princi[)al assault, however, was directed against the center, whicli occupied a commanding elevation known as Mai'vc's Hill. This hill W!i3 ill the western outskirts of the town, less lhan a mile from the main street. It was a fortress in itself. Along tho base ran two roads, one a sunken way extending acro.s3 the right and front of tho hill, and jirotected on each side hy solid stone walls, whicli in the open field a little distance off were unexposed to the fire of artillery. The position was admirably available for defensive imrjioses. It was against these same stone walls that Burnside’s troops had charged with such desperation, and from before which they bad been hurled back with such terrible slaughter. The troops moved to the assault at about eleven a.m. As soon as the heads of the columns emerged in the open field, a terrible musketry fire was poured upon them, before which they melted away as before a devouring flame. Several of their leaders were struck down ; and for a moment they wavered and swayed to and fro, as if uncertain whether to advance or retreat. Rallying, how- ever, they again dashed forward ; and although met by the most heroic resistance, swept over all obstacles, nor stojiped till their colors were planted U|)on tho very hilltop. Many of the enemy’s men were slain in tho rifle-pits, where they stood till the last moment, and resisted even as the Federal trooiis clambered over the walls. But as the latter gained tho hill, the rebel lines gave way precipitately, and fled in a disorganized rout. In this achieve- ment eight pieces of artillery were captured, and from eight hun- dred to a thou.sand prisoners. The Union loss tvas probably about a thousand killed and wounded. General Sedgwick’s forces now pressed forward in the direction of Chanccllorsville, with the double purpose of harassing the re- treating foe and ultimately effecting a junction with Hooker. For the first two miles their march was unopposed by the enemy, into whose ranks they oecasionally directed a volley of musketry. A rebel battery then opened upon them, but inflicted little harm, and was ipiickly compelled to ictreat. 6ALEM llEIOUTS. At four o’clock in the afternoon the pursuers had reached a point four miles from the city, on tho turnpike toward Chanccllorsville. 240 CJiancellorsville^ etc., Ya. Hero tliey emerged from a wood into a broad open field furrowed diagonally by a ravine, and terminaliug on the farther side at the foot of a gentle slope eovered for the most part with a grove of timber. In this grove and vicinity were a church and several other buildings, forming the little hamlet known as Salem Heights. As the Union troops entered the open field, a rebel battery opened on them from the heights. Three regiments immediately pressed forward and charged into the grove on the right; while a brigade made a similar movement on the left. A battery of artillery also hurried forward, and began i)laying upon the center, where the enemy were occupying an intrenched position. The rebels were driven through the woods to the summit beyond. But the Union ranks were fearfully thinned by the deadly volleys of musketry, which smote upon them like leaden hail ; and exhausted by their previous fighting, their subsequent march, and their hurried charge, they were obliged to fall back. They found the enemy beyond the woods more strongly intrenched than in his first line, and prepared by the arrival of heavy reinforcements to dispute a farther advance. As they withdrew from the charge, the rebels pursued. Again the Union artillery, which liad been brought still nearer, dealt death and destruction among tlie foe ; and they retreated to tho cover of the trees. But the rebels had regained their first line of intrenchments, and their reinforcements i)ressing forward, held tho edge of the woods des|)ite every effort to dislodge them. Begiment after regiment moved to tho assault, but they wero swept down like mown grass. Tho fire was terrific, and for a time it api)earcd as if certain destruction awaited tho entire Union force. One com- pany of the Sixteenth New York lost more than two thirds of its men, killed and wounded, in a single charge; and not one escaped whose garments were not torn by the whistling bullets. Tho elevated wooded ground west of tho ravino down which tho Unionists had descended into the open field^beforc pressing forward upon the foe, afforded a fine position for artillery. Accordingly' they wero withdrawn hither, where they waited in the vain hope that the enemy would come out of his intrenchments and meet them in a fair field. At dark the battle ended ; it had raged furiously for over three hours. The rattle of, the rebel musketry was continuous, like tho deafening roar of a ponderous railway train rushing through a rocky tunnel. The Union dead lay in winrows across tho field. ( 241 Chancdlorsville, etc., Va. In the etlge of tlio woods on the riglit the rebels had lighted fires in order to guide their musketry, and many of the wounded must have perished in the flames, which communicated to the dry under- growth and burned over a large portion of the timbered land. The Unionists were now disposed in the best position for defense, and the weary troops flung themselves upon the ground and sought rest beueath the open sky. Before ten o’clock the next morning (Monday, May 4th), the enemy pressed forward, and succeeded in forcing back the left flank and cutting off communication with the city of Fredericksburg. During tlie movement, however, the Federal troops captured a battle flag and 400 prisoners. But since they were now threatened on both flanks, as well as in front, and their communication with the city was cut off, tlieir jiosition was one of great peril. Only a single door of retreat was left open to them, and that was at Banks’ Ford. 'J'hither, therefore, they moved, closely followed by the enemy ; and after a hai-assing march, reached the vicinity of the river shortly 'before six o’clock in the evening. BA?JKS’ roKD. They were then drawn up in the foi m of a semicircle, with the right resting on the river bank and the left ojiposed to the enemy’s approach. A little after six the enemy moved against the center, but were repulsed with very heavy losses, by a concentrated artil- lery fire. They next essayed a movement against the left center with great force; but when within close range were slaughtered like a defenseless herd, before the fire of the Union batteries. Fall- ing back in disorder they abandoned the attack. But other move- ments were soon made, which like the two former were evidently intended as feints. Ail these attacks followed each other in quick succession, and for a time the entire lino was encircled by a cordon of fire. Then the real attack commenced on the extreme left. The troops of General Ilowe. who commanded the left, behaved admirably, and held their ground against fearful odds. For more than an hour the unequal contest was maintained. A brigade was disj)atclied from the right to Howe’s assistance. The movement was attended with un- usual peril ; but being sk ilfully Tiianaged, was entirely successful, llowo persistently held his jx-sition, while the other lines were withdrawn and safely concentrated on the hills near the ford. Darkness coming on, the firing ceased, and ho was enabled to fall back unmolested. 242 * CJiancellorsville^ etc., Va. At two o’clock on llio following morning (Tiiesdn} ) tho Union- ists were crossing tlie river, and at six o’clock were safely over. Sunday afternoon and Monday passed with Hooker’s forces without battle. The defensive attitude began to work its effect upon the morale of tho troops, and all thought of making an ag- gressive movement was banished from their minds. Their conver- sation turned upon the safety of their position and the strength of tho army. Tlic advantage thus lost was felt by tho commanding gen- eral; and tills, added to tlio reverse of Sedgwick, and the advice of some of Ids corps commanders, induced him to recross the river, with a view to beginning the campaign anew. Early on Tuesday all the pioneers and men with extra tools were employed on the roads leading from the army back to United States Ford. Old roads were repaired, and new ones cut through tiio woods. Tho trains and artillery commenced moving toward the river early in the even- ing. Haiti was falling rtijiidly and it was quite dark. Tho crossing was commenced at ten o’clock a.m. ; and at three all tho wagon and mule trains and the artillery had passed the bridges, and tho crossing of the inlantry commenced. The heavy rain on Tuesday afternoon and night had caused the river to rise so rapidly that the ends of tho bridges were ovcrflow'ed to such .an extent as to make it impossible to cross. Two hours were consumed in laying addi- tional siians, so as to Icngtlien the bridges and raise the ends above water. It fin.ally became necessary to take up one of tho three bridges, in order to piocui-c materi.al to lengthen the other two. Notwitlislandiiig llieso delays, good oi'der was preserved through- out. So carefully had affairs been managed, that the enemy was not aware of the movements of the Federal forces until it w.as too late to interfere. Tho whole army, therefore, with all tho trains, supplies, hospitals, and jirisoners, crossed in safety and marched away toward tlio Accpiia Kaih-oad. So ended the great campaign. Among the reasons assigiied for the fadurc of General Hooker’s plans were: first, the flight of the eleventh corps, which rendered General Sickles’ movement nugatory, and forced the army out of a carefully selected field of battle, and compelled it to receive the attack of the enemy among densely wooded bilks, where less than three eighths of tho w hole force was engaged, or could be engaged, owing to the ground — comprising an extensive tract known as The MTldernes.s — being covered with forest and tangled thicket, and be- ing without any practicable roaels ; secondly, the rising of tho llapp.a- flKORGE STONEMAN, ) ') Major-Gon. Vols., l)orn at Busti, CliaAitanque Go., N. Y., Aug. 8, 1822 ; grad- i, I uatud at West I’oiiit in 181(!; Bnivet 2d-ljiout. 1st Dragoons, ISK!; 2(1- / j Lieut., 1817 ; Ist-Licuit., July, 18.')!; Aide-de-Gamp to Gen. AYool, 185, 5 ; ) Capt. 2d Gavalry, iSfarch 3d, 1855, and stationed in tlie S. W. ; in 1859-Gl, ) was at Palo Alto, Texas ; May 9, 18G1, Major of 1th Gavalry ; August 13, ) j 18G1, Brig.-Gen. Vol.s. ; conunanded Cavalry under McGlGlan ; juirsued i ) Rebels from Yorktown to Williamsburg ; brevetted, for gallantry, Lieut.-Gol. j U. S. A., and Col. U. S. A. ; fought at Gaines’ Mill, June 27, 18G2 ; under j McClellan in Md. campaign, Sept., 18G2 ; commanded Third Army Corps at i ) Fredericksburg, Dec., 18G2 ; Chief of Cav. Corps, Feb. 5, 18G3 ; Major-Gen. ) ) Yols., Feb. 12. Made a raid April-l^lay, 18G3, toward Richmond ; guarded : ; Hooker’s lines in June, 18G3 ; took part at Gettysburg, and in pursuit of ; j Rebels to the Potomac ; ordered to the Mississippi Division in March, 18G4 ; ) ) took part in Sherman’s Atlanta campaign ; taken ])risoner on expedition S. ( ! E., July 31st, 18G4; exchanged Oct., and resumed cavalry command ; start- ) ed for Knoxville, Tcnn., about Nov. 1 5, and in Dec. defeated Breckinridge, ; &c., in three battles in S. W. Va. ; March 10, 18G5, left Knoxville with cav- j airy force; ca])tured important points in S. W. Ya. and W. North Carolina, ,) taking Salisbury, N. C., April 12, and cutting oil Johnston’s line of retreat; ) ) June 27, 1865, was assigned to command Department of ’I’enncssee. ( 245 1 I Central Virginia, liannock, in coiiscqncnco of tho storm, wliicli was likely to enJanger the line of communications between the army and its supplies, particularly as the railroad communication with Aeejuia Ci eek had been destroyed by tho floods, for twelve hours, at Brooks’ Station; thirdly^ ignorance of the success of tho cavalry expedition which had been sent out to cut the enemy's communicalions, and from ■which General Hooker did not hear till ho had recrossed. The losses inflicted upon tho enemy, however, were much more severe than those of the Union army. The number of tlicir killed and wounded was probably about one half greater than that on tho Federal side, it being estimated by Genei-al Hooker at 18 , 000 . This disparity resulted from tho fi-equent attacks on Hooker’s forces in intrenched positions, whence tho latter were able to (ire with deliberate aim. In tho lighting between the ni.ain armies, ai tillery was less used than in most battles, owing to tho unfavor- ableness of tho ground. Tho losses in killed and wounded on tho Union side were about equally divided between Sedgwick’s forces and those ui'.dcr the immediate orders of tho commanding general. The number of prisoners that fell into the hands of the rebels was about 1 , 700 , or but little more than onosthlrd as many as were taken by tho Fcderals. Tlic loss, however, wliich alHictcd tho South more than any other was undoubtedly tliat of their favorite general. Stonewall .lackson; than wliom no other, with a single exception, held so warm a place in their atfections. CENTRAL VIRGINIA. (stoneman’8 raid.) April 2T to Mat 18G3. Union carialnj forcc^ under General 2,G00. Losses small {yiumbers not stated). Visunionisis^ -under W. IT. F. Lee and other leaders^ in various numbers. Killed and xcounded^ not reported ; prisoners., over 500. Pkior to the battle of Chancellorsville, General Hooker, being informed that the only serviceable routes for tho transpoilation of troops and supplies to tho rebel army at Fredericksburg were tho railroad leading to Richmond and the Gordonsvillo Railroad, determined to break these communications belorc driving back tho enemy. Accordingly he dispatched a cavalry force under General Stoneman, who were to proceed southward, by a circuitous route, and destroy tho bridges on tho roads over tho North Anna and 24Gi Central Virginia. South Anna rivers, and do such other damage as would seriously einharrass the enemy. The bridge over the North Anna River, being a work of considerable magnitude, would, if effectually de- stroyed, require at least a fortnight for rebuilding — a time which might bo employed to great advantage against the enemy. General Stoneman crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly’s Ford, on the 27th of April. His forces, numbering 2,000 men, were divided into three columns and disi)atched in various directions, with orders to break the railroads wherever practicable, burn the water-tanks, depots, and railroad trains, and destroy the telegraphs. General Buford, with one column, marched toward Gordons- ville; General Averill, with another, proceeded directly to Cul- jiepper; and General Stoneman, with the third column, advanced to within two miles of Richmond. At this point, General Stone- man detached Colonel Kilpatrick, with a body of cavalry, which were to proceed down the peninsula to West Point and destroy all the bridges it was practicable to demolish. Anotlier party was flcnt to destroy the bridges across tho South Anna River; a third expedition, to strike the James River at Columbus, break the locks of the canal and burn the bridges as far down as the river extended. The latter detachment was not wholly successful; tho others accomplished all they were directed to perform. Gathering the rest of his command together at Thompson’s Cross Roads, General Stoneman proceeded to return. At this juncture, the rebels started in pursuit of tho audacious party. The Union general, succeeding in dividing their army, started on his return between the two bodies of tho enemy’s trooi)S, returning over the same route by which ho went out. Ilis scouts encountered tho rebel pickets ; but the troops succeeded in recrossing the Rapidan and Rappahannock, swimming the latter, on the 8th of May. The success of tho expedition was mainly duo to their magnify- ing their force by dividing it into different expeditions. Over 500 prisoners were captured, and the railroad communications between Richmond and the Confederate army at Fredericksburg intercepted for a fortnight. The rebels lost very heavily by this destructive raid. Tlie Union soldiers accomplished the daring and damaging exploit with but slight loss. Port Hudson, La. 247 POET HUDSON, LA. Mat 8 and 9, 1863. Union naval force^ under Captain Caldxoell^ comprising several mortar boats and two iron^clads, Losses none. DisunionistSy under General Gardner^ about 10,000. Lostesy not reported. It having been rumored, for several weeks, that tlio rebels had evacuated their stronghold at Port Hudson, and removed their • heavy guns, a reconnoissance was ordered for the purpose of deter- mining the situation. Accordingly, on the 7th of May, a portion of the mortar fleet, which had been lying at Baton Rouge, was quietly towed up the river ; the next day others followed, and all were immediately placed in position opposite the head of Prophet Island. The iron-clad Essex was already within close range of tlio lower rebel batteries ; and the mortar fleet was ranged in lino along the shore, a little way to the rear. About midnight on the 8th inst. a red light appeared astern of the Essex, signaling to the fleet to commence firing. Instantly a broad flash of brilliant flame shot forth into the deep gloom, and thick clouds of smoko rose slowly above the vessel, encircling it in wreaths. A small light marks the path of a huge shell as it mounts upward, courses far onward to the enemy’s works, and then drops down like a bird of prey. But while the light of the burning fuse seems poised in the upper air, the deafening report of the ascend- ing missile reaches the Richmond, which lies to the left of the mortar fleet. • Then tile loud reverberations thunder along the shore, and lastly comes the dull thud of the exploding shell as it strikes, destroying a casemate, dismounting a cannon, tearing up the earth, and hurling destruction among the men at the guns. For an hour the mortar fleet kept up an incessant bombardment, but called forth no response from the enemy. The next day seve- ral trials were made to secure an accurate range ; and at ten o’olock at night the guns again opened upon the rebel batteries. For sixty minutes they rained a tempest of huge shells upon the lower earth-works. On the right and left and far to the rear they constantly scattered destruction ; still the enemy reserved their ammunition. The firing continued till eleven o’clock ; but no dem- onstrations had been made by the foe. As soon as the mortar fleet suspended firing, the rebels commenced dragging their flying artil- lery into position on the lower earth-works. Two guns of heavy caliber were placed on a small elevation near the margin of the river. '248 Port Hudson, La. where they could rake an approaching craft fore and aft. To the riglit of tills hill ten twenty-jiound guns were mounted. At three o’clock on the morning of the 10th the red liglit again gleams in the stern of the Essex. The first shell from the mortar fleet was fired soon after the appearance of the signal ; then the other boats quickly followed, sending forth huge volumes of smoke, as the ponderous missiles were hurled aloft and plunged down amid • the batteries. Soon a flash was descried on the crest of the hill, and anon a huge shell came rushing over the Essex, touched the levee, hurst, and hurled its jagged fragments against her iron sides, and then fell harmless- into the water. In rapid succession three messengers of death came booming on, dropped into the water, whirling up a splendid d'eau, and then sank quietly beneath the surface. The Essex now gave signs of life. Taking sure aim, she opened with her nine-inch guns, and maintained a rapid fire to the close of the engagement. She was struck fairly but once during the action, the only effect being a slight indentation in her plating. After the rebels opened from their lower cailh-works, the firing on both sides was unremitting. The dawn of day now fully revealed the enemy’s position. Suddenly the drum beat to quarters on board the Richmond ; the crew leaped with marvelous alacrity to their guns; orders were i.-^sued to slip the c.able ; the engines began to play, and the formi- dable vessel was headed for the enemy’s batteries. Directly her 100-pound rilled Parrott sent a huge shell whirling madly through the air, with a noise like the iniff of a locomotive. The smaller guns along the starboard side quickly folloyved, tearing up the breast-works and exploding their shells over the heads of the rebels at their cannon. One of their batteries near the river now took the range of the Richmond, and a solid shell came ricochetting close by her port side. Another passed near her maintop, through the rigging. She continued to steam up the stream till within point blank of range of the enemy’s position, and then sent a full broadside into their works. The effect was electrical ; not a man ■was to be seen, not a report heard from the hill afterward. The frightened foe betook themselves to the woods, and the action of three hours’ duration came to its close. Not a life was lost among the Unionists, and only two of the mortar boats were very slightly injured. The purjjose of the reconnoissanco being now fully accom- plished, the vessels returned to Baton Rouge. JAMES BIRDSEYE AmiERSON, Late Maj.-Geii. Vols. and Brig. -Gen. U. S. A., born in Clyde, Oliio, Nov. II, 1828 ; killed near Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 18(J4. Ifcgraduated at West J’oint, June, 1852, at the head of his class. Brevet 2d -Lieut. Engineers and Ass't Iirst. Pract. Engineering, 1 853 ; Ass’t Eng. N. Y. Harbor, Sept. 1854 to Dec. 185G ; full 2d-Licut. Eng., Dec. 1854 ; Jan. to July, 1857, construetor Fort Delaware; Dee. 1857 to Aug. 1861, construelor at Aleatras Id., Cal., and on Pacific Coast Survey ; Dec. 1.3,1858, First-l.ieul. ; Aug., 1 8(il , ordered to Forts in Bo.ston Harbor; Aug. 6, Cajit. Eng.; Nov., 1 8()l , Lieut.-Col. Yols. and Aid to Gen. Halleek ; Engineer in Mo., and Col. Vols. on Stall of Gen. Grant, May 1, 1862, and Brevet Major and Lt.-Col. Eng.; Ch.-Eng. siege of Corinth; Brig.-Gen. A^ols., May 15, 1862; Gen. Supt. U. S. Mil. llailroads in Do])t. 'I'enn., .June, 1862; in battle of luka, Sept. 1!), and iiur- suit at Corinth, Oct. 4 ; Maj.-Gun. Vols., Oct. 8 ; Nov., 18(i2, routed Jlebels at Lagrange and Holly Spring's; commanded right wing Army of 'J'enn., Nov. and Dec., 1862, and 17th Army Corns, Jan., 1863. In Yieksburg' Campaign, fought at Port Gibson, littymonil, Jackson, Champion’s Hill, and Big Black Biver ; assanlts of May TJ and 22, and oxjJoded a mine June 25 ; occupied Vicksburg with his corps, .Inly 4; Hrig.-Gen. IJ. S. A., Aug. 1,1863; in Sherman’s Exjiedition, February, 1 864 ; March, 1864, commander Army of the 'J'ennessee. In Atlanta campaign, fought at Rosaca, King-ston, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Kulp House, battle of July 20, and atlair of 21st, and, in battle of J uly 22(1, was killed by a sharpshooter. 251 Raymond, Miss. — RacJcson, Miss RAYMOND, MISS. Mat 12, 1863. XJnioninU, under General McPherson, 6,000. Killed, 69 ; wounded, 341 ; miss- ing, 32. Disunionists, binder General Gregg, T,000. Killed, wounded, and missing, 969- A CAVAUiT force consisting of two companies left their camp eleven miles distant from D.aymond, Miss., May 12t]i, and proceeded cautiously toward that town. After marcliing about six miles, they came upon the enemy’s mounted pickets, who gradually fell hack, fighting the Union skirmishers. The advance of the Fed- eral army, under Captain Foster, followed them two miles, ex- changing shots at short intervals. Finally the rebels effected a hasty retreat; and Captain Foster returned on the road, and met Generals McPherson and Logan advancing at tho licnd of the infan- try column. Tho former general ordered tho advance of Logan’s division to dci)loy and move forward in lino of battle. Shortly afterward a brig.ado under General Dennis was ordered to move in a similar manner. The cavalry was still kept in front, and fought the enemy as best they could. At ten o’clock tho battle opened in earnest. General Dennis’ brigade held tho advance nobly, througli the day. The enemy’s position was an exceedingly strong one, on Farden Hills, threo miles from Raymond. The battle was fought, on the Union side, by General Logan’s division. General Crocker’s came up just as the action closed. Tho entire Confederate loss was 909 ; Union loss, 442. JACKSON, MISS. May 14, 1S63. Unionists, under General Grant, about 16,0(10, Killed, 40; wounded, 240 ; miss- ing, 6. Pisunionisis, under General Johnston, 10,000-. Killed and wounded, 460. MoPhekson’s command having united with Sherman’s, the com- bined force moved upon Jackson early on the morning of May 14th. They marched fourteen miles during a heavy storm which rendered the roads almost impassable, and engaged the enemy about midday. The rebel press had pronounced Jackson impregnable, and defied assault. "When General Johnston, the commander of the enemy’s forces, discovered the approach of Grant’s troops, he decided to meet them outside the city, and delay their advance ; in order to 252 Champion Jlill, or JlaJcer’s CreeJc, Miss. give opportunity for, tlie removal of rebel government property. As tlie Confederate army was small, their leader ordered a feign- ed resistance to bo made by cavalry sn[)ported by a small infantry force, against the approach of one army corps by the turnpike road, wliile the mass of his troops engaged tlie other army corps on tho Clinton road, two miles from the city. But the resolute advanco of the skirmishers on the turnpike drove tho force confronting them, and the retreating foe sought refuge in their rille-pits. Lleantime General McPherson, at the head of two divisions, fought tho main army, without requiring farther aid. After five hours’ skirmishing, and a brilliant contest of an hour’s duration, Jackson was surrendered to the Unionists. General Grant entered the city the evening of the 14th, held possession three days, and during that time destroyed all the railroads concentrating at that point and all government and military property belonging to the enemy. Guards were established, a provost-marshal appointed, and martial law declared in the city. . .<«,« CHAMPION HILL, OR BAKER’S CREEK, MISS. May 1C, 18C3. Unionists^ under General Grant, 20,000. Killedyiunionists, under General Pemherton, 25,000, Killed and wounded, 2,500; missing, 1,500. Immicdiathly after tho capture of tho State ca|)ital of Mississippi, General Grant ascertained that General Pemberton had been per- emptorily ordered to move out of Vicksburg, and attack tho United States forces in tho rear. Accordingly he ordered the thirteenth army corps and a portion of the fifteenth, to direct their course to- ward Bolton, with a view of marcliing from thence to Edward’s Sta- tion. Tho seventeenth army corps was ordered to retrace its steps to Clinton, and commenced its movement to form a junction with tho thirteenth corps, early on the morning of tho 15th. Genei-al kIcClernand also received orders to move his command, on the morning of the 16th, upon Edwards’ Station, marching so as to feel the enemy, but not to open battle unless confident of success. On tho evening of the 15th, McClernand was advised of the ap- proach of tlie foe from Edwards' Station, and quickly drew up his troops to repel the assailants. Beconnoitering parties were sent out, and it was ascertained that the enemy were only attempting to learn tho strength and position of their antagonists. / J3ig Black liiver. Miss. 253 The morning of the ICtli witnessed the first demonstration of the rebels; an attempt was made to turn the Union left wing, but the attack was gallantly repulsed. At seven o’clock the skirmishers were actively engaged, and soon the battle raged fearfully along the entire line, the enemy making desperate efforts to hurl their forces in mass upon Ilovey on the center. Here the contest was hottest; but the seventeenth corps, under AfcPlierson, came into the field ; and after four hours’ desperate combat, the rebels were forced to retire. Foiled in their movement, they assailed the left of Ilovcy’s division. Gathering their strength at that point, they hurled their forces upon the opposing columns with such overwhelming power that they were obliged to fall back — not, however, till largo num- bers of the brigade had been killed or wounded. Assuming a new position, and being largely reinforced, the Unionists again met the foe ; and bearing down severely upon them, compelled a retreat to the forests in their rear. Following up their advantage, the Federal soldiers charged into the forest with fixed bayonets, and the terror-stricken rebels fled in wild confu- sion. In this desperate charge, men were slaughtered mercilessly, and the ground was literally strewn with the dead and dying. At three o’clock in the afternoon the contest was ended, the victory won. The Confederates retired beyond the Big Black River, leaving 4,000 men killed, wounded, and i)risoners, together with twenty- nine i)icces of artillery. The Union loss was 42G killed, 1,842 wounded, and 289 missing. BIG BLACK BIVER, MISS. Mat it, 18C3. under General McCUrnand ^ about 10,000. Killtdy^^\ ucoundtdyl.\^\ nufi^ing^ 2 . DUunioniidf*. under General Pemberton. Force engaged said to be dfjout 8,70(X Killed and wounded^ about COO ; prisoners^ 2,000. The repulse of the enemy at Champion Hill, ifay 16th, opened an undisputed way to their earth- works on Big Black River. The Union troops, closely pursuing the retreating foe, bivouacked in front of their position to aw.ait daylight the following morning. At sunrise on the 17th, the Unionists advanced and opened an artillery fire from their center. The rebel position was well chosen for defense, and afforded a most decided advantage. Seventeen 12 254 Vicksburg, Miss. light field-pieces quickly responded to the artillery fire, but with little effect on the approaching columns. While the center engaged the enemy, tlio commander on the right defiled his troops through a road, and dei)loying into line, made a direct assault upon the rebel position, carrying it with a trifling loss in wounded. In this attack the enemy lost all their artillery and 2,000 prison- ers. In their retreat they destroyed the bridge and trestle-work across the river, in order to stay the pursuit of their antagonists. VICKSBURG, MISS, May 13 to 22, 1863. Union land force, under General Grants about 30 , 000 ; naval force, under AdmU ral Porter, compt'ising five or six gim-boats. Losses^ about 2 , 500 . Disunionists, under General Pemberton, about 37 , 000 . Losses, not reported. At eight o’clock on the morning of May 18th, the thirteenth and seventeenth corps of General Grant’s army crossed the Big Black River by means of floating bridges. The fifteenth corps, under Gene- ral Sherman, had already crossed, and at this time was ready for the onward march to Vicksburg. It was now ordered in the advance, and commenced moving along tlio Bridgeport and Vicksburg road at a very early hour. Having arrived within three and a half miles of the city, the troops turned to the right, to open communication with the fleet in Yazoo River; which maneuver was successfully accom- plished by evening of the 18th. The seventeenth corps followed on the Jackson road until it connected with the route previously taken by the fifteenth. The former then took up the line of march to the rear of the latter, and about nightfall arrived at the point of the road whore General Sheiinan had turned olT toward the Yazoo River. The thirteenth corps had moved by the Jackson and Vicksburg road to klount Albans, whence it turned to the left, for the pur- pose of striking the Baldwin’s Ferry road. By this disposition of the forces the investment of Vicksburg was made complete by the morning of klay 19th. General Grant immediately began operating upon the enemy’s works — a series of redoubts arranged with great skill, extending a distance of from eight to ten miles, and so placed as to sweep every neighboring cre.st and enfilade every approach. The action opened with a slow fire from the Union artillery, along the whole line, the guns having a long range, but eliciting only a feeble reply from the enemy. About noon, a division on the left advanced to within 257 Vicksburg^ Miss. 600 yards of the rebel lines; and found themselves confronted by fifteen redoubts, with their rifle-pits, which opened fire when- ever the assailants appeared on a crest or through a hollow. At two o’clock the order was issued for a general advance npon the enemy’s works. General A. L. Lee, commanding the assaulting column, addressed a few words of cheer to his men ; and j)lacing himself in front of the center of his brigade, led them forward in lino of battle, and was the first man to gain the crest of the hill which he was attempting. Reaching the summit, ho finind several ridges intervening, the ravines between which were swept by the guns of the enemy’s redoubts. Still he advanced in the face of flying shot and shell, his bravo men following, till ho fell to the ground severely wounded. Ilis brigade tvithdrew a few feet only, behind the summit of the hill they had just gained, and maintained their position. A decided want oftsuccess attended the movement along the entire lino. The Union forces moved very close to the works, and there awaited the artillery. At nightfall they retired a short distance, and went into camp. During the night heavy siege guns- ■were planted for future use, the light artillery came up, and a slight earth-work was constructed for their protection. For the two days following, the army was kept in a state of comparative inactivity, although brisk skirmishing occurred along the whole line. General Gi'ant meantime perfected his communi- cation with his base of supplies north of the invested city. On the evening of the 21st, it was announced tliat the following morning a simultaneous attack would bo made by all the army corps, and everything was done as far as possible to insure success to the grand movement. The order contemplated a fierce cannonade from daylight till ten o’clock, the hour for the opening of the assault; but for some rea- son it was delayed till eight. During the night, the gun-boats and mortars lying in front of Vicksburg kept up a continual fire and dropped their deadly missiles into the devoted city. At seven o’clock on the morning of the 22d, the Mound City made an attack on the hill batteries opposite the canal; an hour later, three more gun-boats joined in the attack, and finally silenced them. The water batteries then opened furiously upon the gun-boats. The latter approached to within 440 yards; and returned the enemy’s fire, for two hours, without cessation. At eight o’clock the cannonading began and continued unremit- tingly till ten. Cannon were placed on every hilltop in front of I 258 Port Hudson, La. the enemy’s works, and the fiery tempest raged fearfully. The enemy could make no response; for the Union line of skirmishers Wfis ])ushed up close to the rebel fortifications and unerringly pieked off the gunners wherever they attempted to work the guns. This lieavy cannonade continued till tea o’clock; when the general charge was made. The preliminary work had been done by the artillery, and the fortifications were breached in several places. Under cover of this fire, the infantry rushed to the charge all along the line. Brigade after brigade pushed forward with fixed bayo- nets, atid carried the slope and ditch. The national flag was planted in front of the fort, and maintained in that position till night. The assault was brilliant: the troops fought gallantly, until their depleted ranks could no longer stand ; when sullenly they with- drew under cover of a hill near at hand. In addition to the heavy musketry fire which repelled the assault, artillery played with fear- ful havoc upon the fading ranks, which, after every effort to win the goal, were obliged to yield to impregnability of position. The Union losses during the day’s engagement were fearful. After the failure of this assault uj)on the works of Vicksburg, General Grant determined to resort to the slow but certain method of a regular siege. Note. — See account of the siege and surrender of Vicksburg on page 187. POET HUDSON, LA. May ar, 1863. Union land force, under General Banka, 25,000 ; naval force, commanded hy Ad- miral Farragut. Killed, wounded, and missing, about 900. Jkisunionists, under General Gardner, 10,000. Killed, wounded, and missing, {according to rebel authorities), 600. On the 22d of May, four days after the investment of Vicksburg, General Banks, with an army of 25,000, arrived at Port Hudson. Ilis forces were formed in lines drawn closely around the rebel position, and proceeded to cut off the water communication by destroying two boats moored just above the town. General Grover commanded the right wing of the army. General Augur the center, and General T. W. Sherman the left — the lino of investment ex- tending several miles. Port Hudson is an exceedingly strong position. Its defenses on tlie land face consist of several lines of intrenchments and rifle- pits, with an abattis of felled trees in every direction. At dawn. 259 Port Hudson, La. May 27th, the guns along the entire lino opened upon the devoted place. The cannonade continued unremittingly till one o’clock; ■when orders were given to cease firing ; as Weitzel was about to make an assault on the rebel left. The sharp crack of musketry and steady roar of artillery soon announced his work begun ; for two hours his troops struggled desperately, facing shot, shell, and grape, as they advanced through the interlaced branches of felled trees. With most determined effort they succeeded in capturing a six-gun battery, and were then withdrawn. General Sherman followed this attack, by assailing the enemy’s right ; his troops pushed steadily forward, undaunted at the mur- derous storm of shot, grape, and canister that was rained upon their devoted heads. With impetuous charge they carried the enemy’s works, at the point of the bayonet : but they were com- pelled to give way ; for the foe, massing his troops at this point, swept them back with overwhelming numbers. The Union attack- ing party included a regiment of negro troo[is; they entered the fight with 900 men, and came out with 300. They fought like tigers, and answered every expectation. Although the Unionists gained much ground, the principal object of the att.ack was not accom- plished — namely, obtaining possession of, and holding, the rebel batteries on the right. The forces of Augur and Grover were now hurled upon the cen- ter. They fought desperately, keeping every foot of ground they gained ; the enemy were driven, incli by inch, out of their rille- pits and intrenchments into their main works. While the land force was waging this sanguinary warfare, the gallant Admiral Farragut was at work Avith his entire squadron above and below ; its fire was delivered with the greatest delibera- tion, inflicting heavy damage, and continuing its well-begun work, until it was signaled to desist, on account of the shells passing over and exploding among the Federal troops. On the following day. May 28th, General Banks sent a flag of truce, asking a cessation of hostilities that he might bury his dead ; the request was readily granted. The Union loss in this fearful assault was very heavy. The rebels acknowledged a loss of 600. 260 MiUi7cen'‘s Hend^ Xia. MILLIKEH’S BEND, LA. j JlTNK 8, 18C3. UnionistHf nnder General Dennis^ 1,500. Killed^ 127 ; u'ounded^2,Vl ; missing-y 13T. DinunionintHy under General McCullO'UQhy 2,500. KiUedy 200; wounded and mUeingy about 5U0. A itEPORT being received, June 8th, that a rebel force, 4,000 strong, was threatening Milliken’s Bend, where a quantity of army stores was guarded by two black regiments and a part of an Iowa regi- ment, the gun-boats Lexington and Choctaw were disi)atched to tliat point to protect tho^arrison. The Union troops bad thrown up some extra intrenchments near the levee ; and prepared to re- ceive the attack, with some doubt as to the issue. Soon after the report was received, the commander. General Dennis, sent out his cavalry, retaining the colored troops as re- serves in case the advance was driven in. Subsequently the cav- alry, finding they were likely to be overpowered, fell back and joined the colored infantry. A battle then ensued, which was waged on both sides with terrihe fury ; the rebels pressed forward on the white and colored troops opposed to them, with all their strength. The negroes broke, after a brief resistance, and fled in confusion ; but finding their captured companions were mercilessly slaughtered, they rallied 'with great desperation and drove the enemy from the field. The Union forces then fell back to their works, and made further prep- arations for defense. The next day, Juno 8Lh, the gun-boats arrived early in the morn- ing, and found the rebels had returned. During the night, they had employed themselves in gathering a largo number of mules: and at daybreak started them forward, using them as a means of protection ; while they followed close in the rear. They were promptly met by the Union troops, under shelter of their breast- works. Gradually the enemy neared tbeir line, sacrificing their mules to the rille shots; and opened upon the works, with musketry and artillery. Their strategy, however, was of little avail. When the conflict was fairly begun, the gun-boat Choctaw approached with her heavy guns charged with shell ; her range was at first too low, and an unfortunate discharge killed several members of the negro regiment. The fight raged fearfully. At length the Choctaw, having elevated lier guns, rained such a tempest of shot and shell into the rebel ranks, that after being once or twice rallied, they 261 Beverly Ford, Vd. retreated in disorder. The Union blacks suffered severely; 100 were killed in the fight, the Confederates I'efusing to lake any of them jmsoners of war. The enemy’s loss was also heavy. BEVERLY FORD, VA. June 9, 1S63. Unionists^ under Generals Buford and Gregg^ three cavalry brigades and 2,000 infantnj ; force engaged^ 9,000. Kilhd, uounded^ and mUsing^ 380. Disunion isU^ binder Generals J. E. B. Stuart and Eitz-ITugh Lee^ 12,000 cavalry and sixteen pieces of artillery. Killed^ wounded^ and missing^ 700. General Pleasonton, having learned that the rebel General Leo had assembled his cavalry, supported by artillery and infantry, between Culpepper Court House and Beverly’s Ford, with tho intention of making a raid, dispatched a cavalry force under Gen- erals Buford and Gregg to defeat his purpose. The troops of General Buford met the enemy’s pickets half a mile south of tho ford, when a severe engagement opened — the rebels being in heavy force, and resisting the advance of tho Unionists with continuous hand-to-hand fighting- Upon the arrival of Gregg, the combined force was burled upon the enemy; and they gradually gave way, disputing desperately every inch of ground as they retired. In this way, the Union troops made more than a dozen charges into the midst of the rebel ranks, relying almost entirely upon tho saber, which they used with terrible effect. Tho enemy, on tho other hand, charged repeatedly, relying for the most j)art upon their revolvers. Both sides were driven back several times during the action ; although the foe was ultimately compelled to retreat to a point about six miles distant from where their pickets wero first encountered. Here Pleasonton found the rebels so heavily re- inforced with infantry and artillery, that he deemed it prudent to recross the Rappahannock. This he accomplished in good order, taking with him 200 prisoners, Tho proportion of horses killed on both sides w'as very large. The field, from the point where Bul'oid av.d Gregg first met tho foe, throughout the entire distance of five miles over which tlie enemy were driven before reaching their reinforcements, was thickly strewn with dead horses and -wounded rebels. This sudden and brilliant dash of the Union cavalry .frustrated tho enemy’s plans, and iirevcntcd the raid of Stuart’s forces. Tlio battle was one of the finest cavalry achievements of tho war ; and 262 Winchester, Va. — lirashcar City, Jm. for a time cffecinally cliecked tlio advance of the Confederates into Maryland and rennsylvania. WINCHESTER, VA. June 14, 18K3. JJr.ionifitSy under General Milroy^ 6,500. Killed^ wounded^ and 1,^00. Dia^iniohi.stH^ under Gen<,ral Excel! ^ IS, 000. Entireforce 25,000. KUUd^ woundedy and minii'iitQy 850. A LAUGK force of tlio enemy, under General Ewell, marched upon Wincliester, June 13th, with the intention of surrounding and besieging General Jlilroy’s forces at tliat point. The position had been strongly fortified, under the direction of the acting comman- der, and the assailants were for some time hehl at bay. But finding that tlie enemy were rapidly reinforcing and manifested a resolute jiurpose to invest the j)laco, General ililroy determined, while it was in his power, to cutliis way out and join the forces atllai'per’s Eerry. Preparing for tlie movement during tlie niglit, the troo[)s moved out at three o’clock in the morning, Juno 1-lth, toward Harper’s Feri-y. The rebels discovered the movement, and immediately followed. A running fight ensued all the way fi'om Winchester to within a few miles of the ferry. The attacks of the enemy were bravely repulsed; though not without heavy losses on both sides. Tho sound of the artillery fire during the rnoining indicated tliatMilroy was falling back, and an intense interest was immediately excited. About noon the liead of tho retreating column reached llalltown, three miles from tho ferry ; and couriers .soon after announced that tho Union troops had reached Harper’s Ferry, and nearly all of their guns and trains were safe. Tho gnns in the work which they •were cmnpelled to abandon were all disabled. Tho rebels, finding themselves. foiled, gave u;) tho imrsuit. BRASHEAR CITY, LA. June 22, 1863. Vnion garrison numhering about 2,000. Killed and wounded^ not reported^ prisoners^ 1,S0U. KicunionUU^ under General Dick. Taylor^ 15,000. Losses^ not reported. WuiLE General Banks was besieging Port Hudson, a considerable portion of Louisiana west of tho Mississippi, which had previously 263 mm Shelbyville and Tullahoma^ Tenn. fallen into Union hands, was retaken by the enemy. The rebel General Diek Taylor, operating with a strong cavalry force, had gained possession of Butte’s Station, on the Opelousas Railroad, by whieh movement Brashear City, held by a small body of Unionists, was cut oli' from friendly communication. Thus circumstanced, the latter was attacked on the 22d of July by about 15,000 of the enemy, under Generals Taylor, Mouton, and Greene. In the outset a body of rebels at Berwick City opened fire with two small pieces of artillery. The attention of the gunners at Fort Buchanan was thus drawn toward them, and after a few shots they were apparently dispersed. This, however, was a mere ruse on the part of the enemy ; for scarcely had the Federal troops been placed in position to resist an advance from that quarter, when they were suddenly surprised by a large force which during the night had crossed Lake I’elouid and came ui)on their rear, 'i'ho latter entered the town, and the Unionists surrendered after a brief resistance. The Federal loss on this occasion was large, including a camp of about COO convalescent soldiers. The whole numbers of prisoners taken by the enemy was 1,800. They also gained j)ossession of many guns of heavy caliber; seven thousand stands of small-arms; and stores, munitions, and equipments, to the value of nearly five million dollars. Tliis disaster c.xtinguishcd, for the tinio, the Union ])ossession of this quarter of Louisiana; but the rebel gain proved of but little permanent advantage. SHELBYVILLE AND TULLAHOMA, TENN. ^ JoRE 26, 1S63. Ujtioni.sU, riniJer General Hosecrans, 88,000. Killed, 65; wounded, 462; mUe- ing, 13. Kieunionisie, under General Bragg, 86,000. Killed and wounded, not reported ; prisoners, 1,634. June 25th, the Army of the Cumberland commenced a forward movement iiixm the enemy well intrenched at Tullahoina. The three corps forming the wings and center of the army advanced by different routes, driving the enemy Irom his strongholds before them. The center moved to Slielby ville, as Bragg was then con- centrating his troops to meet the anticipated march on that place. The enemy were deceived by a threatened advance in force on their left at that point ; while the mass of the Union troops in 264 Donaldsonville, ha. reality seized IToover’s, Liberty, and other gaps, hy Lard fighting, and moved on Mancliester, tlins turning the right of the rebel defenses, and directly threatening IJragg, who was coiniielled to retire to Tullahoina, hotly jnirsned by General Granger. The latter general arrived at Shelbyville at six o’clock at night, Juno 26th. Tlio Confederates after a slight resistance evacuated the place. Three pieces of artillery and 300 prisoners fell into the hands of the Unionists. Dispositions were immediately made to turn Tul- lahoma, and fall upon tlie enemy’s rear ; bat Bragg abandoned his intrenched camp, and fell back rapidly toward Bridgeport. Alabama. The movement was conducted in one of the most extraordinary rains ever known in Tennessee, over a soil that became almost a quicksand. Operations were retarded thirty-six hours at Hoover’s Gap and sixty horn s at Winchester, which alone prevented the Fed- eral troops from getting possession of the rebel communications and bringing on an engagement that would have been moat disastrous to the foe. Success to the Union arms was only obtained by a surprise as to the direction and force of their movements. The killed and wounded of the enemy are not known ; but 1,634 prisoners were captured, 69 of which were commissioned officers. They also lost six pieces of artillery, many small-arms, considerable camp equipage, and large quantities of commissary and quartermaster’s stores. Tlie total loss of the Union army was 660. — DONALDSOI’IVILLE, LA. Ju.VE 2S, 1SC3. Union land force^ under Major ; naval force^under Commander ^yoolsey» I.oHseSy not reported. '' DisunionhiH.^ under General Greeiiy 8,000. Killed^ C4; woundel^ IG \ prison^ ers^ 170, JiiNic 2Yth, Admiral Farragut, learning that General Green, of Texas, had notified the women and children to remove from Donald- sonville, preparatory to an attack upon the town, oidered the Kineo to the assistance of tlie Princess Royal already at that point ; and the commander of the Winona also hastened forward, and arrived in time to engage in the repulse of the assailants. June 8th, at one o’clock in the morning, Genei'al Green led the attack against the fort; the storming parly succeeded in entering; but were hardly within the work, when the gun-boats opened a VicJcshurg, Miss. 267 flanking fire above and below, scattering fearful destruction tlirough the rebel ranks, and driving back tTio assailants, so tliat they broke and fled. The party which entered the fort were taken prisoners. The Confederate loss was sixty-four killed, sixteen wounded, and 170 prisoners. VICKSBURG, MISS. Mat 23 to July 4, 18C3. Vnion land force^ 7tnder General Grant, mtmhera not reported. Naval force^ under Rear-Admirtil Porter. Lof(f}ea,from May 23lace. While the Forty-fifth had been so hotly engaged in the fort, the Twenty-third Indiana had followed its first detachment into the sap, from which they were to hold the enemy at hay during the contest for the fort. The rebels fought desperately at this point as well as the other ; but the character of the engagement was dif- ferent, the troops firing at each other over breast-works of earth. This regiment, like its associate, displayed great gallantry. The action was kept up briskly until dusk. In consequence of the limited space in which to fight, not more than one regiment at a time could act in either place. Accordingly regiments were relieved by regiments as rapidly as the occasion demanded. During the hottest of the engagement. General Leggett was in the fort in the midst of his troops, sharing their dangers and par- taking of their glory. While here a shell from one of the enemy's guns exploded upon a timber lying on the parapet, scattering splin- ters in all directions, one of which struck the General on the breast. Though bruised and stunned, he soon recovered himself and reso- lutely sat in one of the trenches near the fort where he could still be seen by his men. The explosion of the mine had been the signal for the opening of artillery along tho entire line. The sound of the heavy ordnanco fell upon tho ear from afar like tho mutterings of distant thunder. On some parts of the line every shell struck the enemy’s parapet, and bounding over, exploded in their midst. The scene at this time was one of the utmost sublimity. The heavy columns of troops advancing to the assault, the rapid movements of the com- batants, the flashes of light, and the wreaths of pale blue smoke rising over difierent parts of the field, presented an ever- changing •» Vicksburg^ Miss. 2Yl panorama of the most imposing character ; while the roar of artil- lery, the rattle of small-arms, the cheers of the men, the bursting of shell, the fierce whistle of solid shot, the deep boom of the mortars, the broadsides of the ships of war, and, added to all, the vigorous replies of the enemy, commingled in q|^ightful chaos of sound which baffles description. Miraculous ns it may seem, through all this fiery ordeal, the Union loss in the afternoon’s engagement was not more than 100 killed and 200 wounded. The bombardment of the enemy’s forts was kept up, without intermission, by the gun-boat fleet until midnight; when it slackened to desultory shots. The fuses of the shells as they ascended in the air were plainly distinguishable, and flamed along their course like blazing meteors. Some of the shells ex- ploded high in the air, and shed a ghastly glare over the doomed city. After the struggle of the 25th, and the occupation of the captured fort. General Grant resumed the construction of parallels, so as to approach the rebel fortifications near enough to take them by a sudden dash. As the Unionists advanced, the rebels retired, con- structing inner lines of defense as the outer ones were taken. On the 28th inst., the Federal lines were 1,300 yards nearer the city than at the outset. At length it was whispered about among the troops that on the following anniversary of the national inde- pendence a grand assault was to be made for the purpose of taking Vicksburg by storm. The rebels doubtless suspected this; for on the morning of July Sd, a flag of truce left their lines, with a sealed communication for General Grant. This communication proposed an armistice for a certain number of hours, with a view to arranging terms of capit- ulation, and suggested the appointment of three commissioners on each side, to negotiate such terms. General Grant in reply stated, that the effusion of blood which the Confederate general proposed to arrest, through the acceptance of certain terms, could be ended at any time by an unconditional surrender of the city and garri- son, and that he did not favor the appointing of commissioners to arrange terms of capitulation, because he had no other terms to offer than those indicated above. General Bowen, the principal bearer of Pemberton’s communication, expressed a wish to converse on the subject with General Grant; but the latter immediately de- clined to grant a favor inconsistent with his rank. General Bowen then requested that he would meet General Pemberton on neutral 272 Vicksburg, 3Iiss. gronntl ; n9 terms cojild V)e more easily arranged by a personal interview than by disputebes. To tliis request General Grant readily acceded, offering to meet tlie Confederate leader at three o’clock in the afternoon of the same day. With the return of the flag of truce, the artillery reopened, and the siege went on as before. By noon, however, General Grant ordered a temporary cessation of hostilities. At three o'clock pre- cisely, a signal gun was fired, and immediately replied to by the enemy. General Pemberton than made his appearance under a white flag, and General Grant rode forward to meet him. Dis- mounting, he approached and familiarly greeted the Confederate leader. It was beneath the spreading branches of a gigantic oak, overshadowing an undisturbed grass plot, that the conference of the generals took place. It lasted for some time, but at length they separated without positive agreement. It was arranged, however, that the terms which General Grant would allow should be sub- mitted to a council of Confederate officers, and in case of their assent, the surrender of the eity should bo made in the morning. General Grant afterward addressed a note to General Pemberton re-stating his terms, and tendering some additional courtesie.s. Other notes passed between them on the following morning. At ten o’clock a.m., on the fourth of July, the final dispatch was re- ceived from General Pemberton, stating that he was ready to capit- ulate. Shortly after, in token of surrender, the rebel works were surmounted by a large number of white flags extending along the entire lines. Soon tlio enemy marched out by regiments, staeked their arms and returned within the city ; where they were parolled in a body, prior to the separate parole of each man. The whole number of prisoners was 31,277, including nineteen major and brigadier generals and over 4,000 field, line, and staff officers. Upward of 0,000 of the prisoners were in hospitals. Among the captures of arms and munitions were ninety siege guns, 128 field pieces, 35,000 muskets and rifles — principally Enfield, and in good order, — an abundant supply of powder and shells for ordnance of different caliber, besides largo quantities of miscellane- ous matter. Thus fell the city of Vicksburg — the Gibraltar of the Mississippi — after the severest and most protracted struggle that had ever occurred for the possession of any city on the continent. The news of its surrender was sounded throughout the land, together with that of the great victory at Gettysburg; and caused the national A. 'A,. \ "W T ' ^ 5 , 1 '^,, 'V. #vi i .^^.V== = '.'V'^i^A^-J ' .n I . ; ■ "■gT,,'; iV= fii- %■ .W" ■'S mi ’Ki %V.s ‘»s*^''. iftfe - .<«*'* ■' %i;>!. aj*',. ' ^?S\ V •://;■ '-SiC® • 4 -ft ‘‘i'' ■ r^‘ ■'l-^^^^'-'f-.' • V ' 4»*,MI^,;^i(: &■ ‘ ,'j ?S.V',v>'! [;,_,4^'* r-. ;vi^ ifi>T GEORGE GOllDON MEADE. j ]\rajor-Gen. U. S. A., comniander of the “ Military I)ivision of tlie Atlantic, 'j i l)oni at Cadiz, Spain, in ISlfi ; graduated at West Point, 1835.' Prevct 2d- } Lieut. 3(1 Artillery, 1 83() ; full ‘id-T.icut. same year ; re.signed 2()tli Oct., 183() ; ; re-en(ered S(!rvice as 2d-ljieut. 'I’opograpliical Pngincers, Dili May, 1812 ; { served in Mexican IVar; lirevetted, for bravery, Ist-Tiieut., Aug., 1851; : Capt. of Engineere, IMay, 185G ; Colonel of a Micliigaji Volunteer Ib^ginicnt, Jlay, 18G1 ; I>rig.-(len. of Volunteers in Pa. Reserve Corps, Aug. 31, 18G1 ; ; (iMajor Top. Engineers, 18tli June, 18G2, and Brevet Lieut.-Col. soon after ;) { commanded Penn. Reserves from June 30 ; ■wounded tliat day; commanded ) 2d Div. 1st Army Corps at Fredericksburg, and, Pec. 15, promoted to IMajor- j Gen. Vols., and command of 5tli vVrmy Corps; fongbt at Cliancellorsville ; j made commander Army of the Potomac on 27tli June, 18G3, and directed ) battle of Gettysburg ; followed Lee to tlic Rapidan ; ordered advance to ) Mine Run. In May, 18G4, under tlie direction of Lieut.-Gen. Grant, led the I Army of the Potomac in battles of Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Coal Harbor, ) Chickahominy ; crossed the James, and commanded at Petersburg Mine, j Hatcher’s Run (three battles), and the final battles for possession of South- j Side Railroad ; pursued Lee to Hcatonville, Parmville, and Appomattox } Station. Appointed ]Major-Gen. U. S. A., Felj., 18G5 : 27th June, 18G5, ) appointed commander Military Division of Atlantic. ) 275 Gettysburg, Penn. heart to throb with exultation. The fall of Port Hudson, the onlj ^■^’.naining stronghold of the rebels on the river, was at once fore- seen as a military necessity ; the power of the Confederacy west of, the “ Father of Waters” was evidently broken ; and the resump- tion of commerce on the great highway of the West was looked forward to with joyful anticipation. ■ ♦»« GETTYSBURG, PENN. July 1 to 3, 18C3. VhionistSy under General ahmii 9T,000. {including general qffl^ cfr.?), killedy 2,S37 ; wounded,, 13,718 ; mUeing,, 6,6-43. Total 23,198. Dieunioni^U,^ under General Lee,, about 120,000. Killed^ wounded not taken prie^ oners^ and missing {according to careful estimate),, about 23,000; prisoners {below the rank of general,^ including many wounded)^ 13,021. Total loss, not far from 37,000. Duking the early part of June, the rebel army under General Leo moved up the south bank of the Rappdhannock, occupied the gaps of the Blue Ridge, and threatened the valley of the Shenandoah. General Hooker followed on an interior line, by Warrenton Junc- tion, Thoroughfare Gap, and Leesburg. Winchester and Martins- burg were then occupied by the Union forces, simply as outposts, neither place being susceptible of a good defense. Directions wero given therefore, on the 11th of Juno, to withdraw their garrisons to Harper’s Ferry. But com[)lianco with these orders was neglected; and on the 13th, Winchester was attacked, and its armament and a part of the garrisoi! captured. Leo then crossed the Potomac near Williamsport, and directed his march upon Harrisburg. General Hooker immediately followed on his right flank, covering Washing- ton and Baltimore. On reaching Frederick, Maryland, on the 28th of June, he was relieved from the command, at his own request, and Major-General Meade was appointed in his stead. When General Meade, under order of the President, took com- mand of the Army ol the Potomac, on the 28th of Juno, it was mainly concentrated at Frederick. Lee’s army w-as supposed to bo advancing against Harrisburg ; which was garrisoned by raw militia. General Meade therefore directed his left wing, under Reynolds, upon Emmettsburg, and his right upon New Windsor, leaving General French with 11,000 men to protect the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and convey the public property from Harper’s Ferry to Washington. Buford’s cavalry was then at Gettysburg, 13 276 Gettysburg, Penn. anil Kilpatrick’s at ITanover, -wliere the latter encountere*^ *^^(1 ilefeated the rear of Stuart’s rebel cavalry which was roving country in search of the main army of Lee. The greater part of the rebel army was near at hand. Hill had reached Fayetteville on the Cashtown road on the 28th; and was followed on the same road by Longstreet, on the 29th. The eastern side of South Moun- tain as seen from Gettysburg was lighted up at night by the camp- fires of the enemy’s advance, and the country swarmed with his foraging parties. It was now too evident tliat the thunder-cloud long gathering blackness, would soon burst on some part of the devoted city of Gettysburg. The 30tli of June was a day of important preparation. At half- past eleven in the morning, General Buford passed through Gettys- burg, on a reconnoissauce in force with his cavalry upon tlie Chani- bersburg road. The information obtained by him was immediately communicated to General Keynolds, who was in consequence ordered to occupy Gettysburg. In tliis connection, a few* words respecting the principal points of strategic imjxjrtance around Gettysburg may ho aiipropriato. The village itself stands on somewhat elevated ground between Rock Creek on the east and Marsh Creek on the west. About eight or ten miles off to the northwest is the range known as South kfountain. In the intervening space there are several ridges run- ning nearly parallel to it, and giving a pleasing variety to the land- scape. The nearest of these ridges — in the line of which stands the Lutheran Theological Seminary — is called Seminary Ridge; the next — embraced wholly or partly in the farm of Mr. Edward Mc- Pherson— is termed McPherson’s Ridge. Beyond flows the little stream of Willoughby’s Run ; and still /arther on is a third ridge. A tract of considerable area extending from the third ridge, across the run and over kfePherson’s Ridge, was the field of the first day’s engagement or battle of Wednesday, which will soon bo described, and which is sometimes designated, in reference to the central lino of conflict, as the battle of Willoughby’s Run. Seminary Ridge with the high ground extending thence east- ward forms a somewhat semicircular sweep around the north side of Gettysburg, affording admirable positions for the placing of artil- lery so as to command the town and the approaches from the south- ward. These commanding positions were occupied by the rebels during the great struggle of Thursday and Friday, following the first day’s engagement. Gettysburg, Pemu 279 On the opposite or south side of Gettysburg stands an ahr.u(>t eminence called Cemetery Hill, thrust boldly forward as if in deli- ance of the broader sweep at the north. On each side of this emi- nence, receding from it to the southeast and southwest, as from the vertex of a triangle, is an irregular broken line of hills includ- ing the peaks known as Great and Little Round Top, Cul|)’s Hill, and Wolf Hill. Through the soft shales which compose the hulk of these elevations, project masses and seams of trap-rock forming the axes and crests of the hills, and affording loose fragments from which various stone fences liave been built that are readily avail- able for temporary breast-works. The reader will form a tolerable conception of thp heights around Gettysburg, viewed as a whole, by picturing in tlie mind’s eye a semicircular lino of elevations on the north, half embracing the neighboring outskirts, and a sim[>lc triangle on the south, with its vertex — fortned by Cemetery Hill — turned toward the town, and its open base lying in the opposite direction. The Emmetts- burg road approaches the town along the west side of this triangle ; and the Baltimore turni)ike, along the east side. The Fairfield road comes in from the west; and the Caslitown or Cbambersburg road, from the northwest, across Seminary Ridge. General Reynolds, in obedience to his order, marched, with the first corps, from Emmettsburg to within six or seven miles of Get- tysburg, and encamped on the southwest bank of Marsh’s Creek. The right wing of the Union army meantime was moved to Man- chester. On the same daj', the corps of the rebel Generals Jlill and Longstreet were pushed still fartljer forward on the Chambers- burg road, and distributed in the vicinity of Marsh's Creek, some miles to the northward ; while a reconnoissance was made by the Confederate General Pettigrew up to a very short distance from Gettysburg. Thus, at nightfall on the 30th of June, the greater l)art of the rebel force was concentrated in the vicinity of two corps of the Union army, the former refreshed by two days passed in comparative repose and deliberate preparation for the encounter, the latter separated by a march of one or two days from their sup- porting corps, and doubtful at what precise point they were to exjiect an attack. During the forenoon of "Wednesday, July 1st, General Reynolds pushed forward to Gettysbuig, and found Buford with his cavalry warmly engaged with the enemy. Being anxious to hold the rebels in check till the Army of the Potomac might arrive, Rey- 280 Gettysburg^ Penn. Holds Imrried forward tlio first corps to llic support of Buford who was alone occupying the attention of the foe, and ordered General Howard, coniiuauding the eleventh corps, to bring up his men as rapidly as possible. Apprised early in the morning of the advan- tage of holding Cemetery Hill, he determined to prevent the rebels from gaining possession of it, intending to dispute their progress step by step, and to fight from liouse to house, if they should ad- vance upon the town. Aware also of the probable disparity in tlie number of Ids troops and of the enemy's, and providing against the possibility of being pressed by an overwhelming force, he ordered General Howard to occupy Cemetery Hill with one division of the eleventh corps; while the other two should come to the support of the first corps, holding them at bay as long as pos- sible, if they could not succeed in driving them back. This order was complied with, by sending the second division, under Steinwehr, to the liill ; while the others were sent to the right of the first corps. At the beginning of the fight, the rebels had opened upon Bu- ford’s men from the ridge beyond 'Willoughby’s Run, while the latter were stationed on McPlierson’s Ridge, near the house of the proprietor. The fij’st division of the first corps, under General AVadsworth, who led the advance, immediately on its arrival joined in the conllict. The battle was now fairly begun ; and backward and forward over the run and across the neighboring hills it raged with alternate success for a\)out six hours. The opening of the struggle was generally favorable to the Union side. The rebel General Archer tried to drive out of McPherson’s woods the left of the second brigade of the first division which had just won that position ; but as he moved up, the first brigade of the same division swung round so as to bring Archer between the Federal lines and temporarily surround him. Thus hemmed in, he was compelled to surrender, with about 1,500 of his men. Almost at the same moment, General Reynolds had gone into the woods to urge on his troops who were driving back the rebel lines ; and when he saw that the men there were successful, he turned to come out again. Conspicuous by his soldierly bearing as well as by his rich uniform, bo was doubtless recognized by the enemy as an oflicer of high rank, and was fired upon when near the edge of the wood, by a body of sharp-shooters posted in a neighboring thicket. His horse became unmanageable, wheeled and reared ; when a ball struck the General in the back of the neck, severing the spine, and killing him instantly. Thus fell one of the most K'- I Vfi OLIVER OTLS HOWARD, Major-Gen. Vo!s., born in Leeds, Me., Nov. 8, 1830 ; entered Bowdoin Col- lege, 1847, West Point, 1850; graduated June, 1854, fourth in his class. Brevet 2d-Lieut. Ordnance ; served in Texas, Florida, Augusta, Ga., and Me. Ist-Lieut., July 1, 1857, and Acting Assistant Prof, of Mathematics, West Point; M. A., Bowdoin ; May 28, 18G1, Col. 3d lleg't Me. Vols. resigned from Army, June 7,1861 ; in battle of Bull Run ; Brig.-Gen. Vols., Sept. 3, 1861 ; in battle of Williamsburg, May 5, and Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, lost his arm ; in battle of Antietam ; commanded 1st Div. 2d Army Corps at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862; Major-Gen. Vols., Nov. 29, 1862; com- manded 2d Div. 2J Army Corps, Dec., 1862-April, 1863; then Eleventh Army Corps. In battles of Chancellorsville, May 1-4, 1863, his corps were panic-stricken, but rallied by him ; distinguished in battle of Gettysburg, J uly 1-3, 1863 ; temporarily in command of 2d Corps, but, in Sept., left with his corps for the West, to reinforce Rosecrans. In battle of Wauhatchie, Oct. 28 ; Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24,1863. In Atlanta campaign, com- manded 4th Corps ; took part in all battles. July 26, commanded Army of 'i’ennessee in battle of Jonesboro’. In Savannah campaign and in campaign of Carolinas, commanded right wing of Sherman’s army ; in battles of Averys- boro’ and Bentonville, and subsequent campaign. May, 1865, appointed Commissioner of Bureau of Frecdmen and Abandoned Lands. Gettysburg, Penn. 283 gallant officers in tlio Union service, one to whose forethought and intrepid daring the success of the battle of Gettysburg is largely due. Several of his escort tvere wounded at the same time. Major-General Doubled.ay succeeded to the command of the first corps, and vigorously continued the operations commenced by Rey- nolds. For a time he pressed forward successfully ; but soon solid lu.asses of rebel troo[)3 were seen coming up and taking position on the right and left flanks, and it was evident that hot work w'as at h;md. The General .so distributed his forces as to hold a neck of woods on an eminence which was the key to the j)osition. Ho continued with desperate fighting to maintain his ground until the eleventh corps arrived and came to his relief. Majoi’-Gencral Howard then assumed command of the forces. The divisions under Schurz and Barlow were sent up to the imme- diate sup[)ort of the fujst corps. They were led forward with the meinoiy of Chancellorsville before them, and with a determination to retrieve their lost honor. The two divisions moved through the town, took a position on the right of the first cor[)s, and fought desperately .against Ewell’s cor[)s, which outnumbered them three to one. The first and second charges on the right were stoutly re- sisted by the eleventh, but on came a third charge with four regu- lar lines overlai)ifing the force on both flanks. The men, still undaunted, fought till both flanks were turned nearly half a mile. The force now opposed to the first and eleventh comprised the corps of Hill and Ewell, numberiugabout50,000 men; yet against this fearful odds the gallant band fought for hogrs, inflicting great slaughter upon the enemy. The casualties on the Union side how- ever were terrible. Four general officers were lost — Reynolds and Zook were dead ; Paul and Barlow wounded, and Schimmelfennig a prisoner. Many field and lino officers had also been lost, and nearly half the men, before the order was given to retire to the heights held by Steinwehr. The troops fell back in the face of an overwhelming foe with commendable' steadiness ; at times there was a little wavering, but nothing approaching a panic. The eleventh, by their conduct on Wednesday, were entitled to great commendation, and the Chancellorsville disgrace was obliterated by their achievements at Gettysburg. About the time of the witbdraw.al of the trooi)3 to Cemetery Hill, General Hancock arrived, having been sent by General kleade, on learning the death of Reynolds, to assume the command of tlio field till he himself could reach the front. In conjunction with I 284 Gettysburg, Penn. General IlowarJ, General Hancock immediately proceeded to post troops, arid to repel an attack on the right flank. The attack, how- ever, was feebly made and promptly rejinlsed. At nightfall tho little army on the hill, that had so gallantly sustained itself during the toil and peiil of the day, was cheered by the arrival of Gene- ral Slocum with the twelfth corps and General Sickles with a part of the third. Such was the fortune of the first day, commencing with decided success to tho Union arms, followed by a check, but ending in tho occupation of this all-im[)ortant position. Long before the dawn of Thursday, July 2d, -the new coinman- der-in-chief had arrived at the front. Having received intelligence of the events in progres.s, and being informed by the reports of Generals Hancock and Howard of the favorable character of tho position, ho determined to give battle to t|jO enemy at this point. Aceordingly he directed the remaining cori)s of tho army to con- centrate at Gettysburg with all possible expedition ; and breaking up his headcndcd u[)on to decide the fortunes of this hast eventful day — was driven back with f)rodigious slaughter, discom- fited and broken. "While these events were in progre.ss on the left center, the enemy was driven by the I’ennsylvania reserves from a strong position on the extremo left, from which he was annoying the force on Little Round Top; his batteiy was taken, and 300 prisoners were captured. In the terrific assault on the Union cen- ter, Generals Hancock and Gibbon were wounded. In the rebel army, Armistead, Kemper, Pettigrew, and Trimble were wounded — the first-named mortally, the latter .also made prisoner; while Gen- eral Gaiaiett w.as killed and 3,,')00 officers and men were c.aj)turcd. These were the cx[)iring ngonic.s of the three days’ conflict, and with them the b.attle ceased. It had been fought by the Union army with courage and skill, from the first cavalry skirmish on Wednesday morning, to the fearful rout of the enemy on Frid.ay afternoon. Every arm of the service and eveiy rank had distin- guished itself alike— cavalry, artillery, and infantty, officers and men. The two armies after the first day were numerically equal ; if the Union force had the advantage of a strong position, the Con- federates, on the other hand, had that of choosing time and place, besides the prestige of former victories over the Army of the Poto- mac, and of the success of the first day’s battle. All hojie of defeating his op|)onent having now vanished. Gene- ral Lee tb.ought only of rescuing the remainder of his shattered forces from destruction. In killed, wounded, and missing, he had, as far as can bo ascertained, suffered a loss of about 37,000 men, or rather more than a third of the army with which bo is supposed to have entered Pennsylvania. Perceiving that his only safety was in rapid retreat, ho commenced withdrawing his troo[)S at day- break on the 4th, throwing up field-works in front of the Union 294 Gettyshurj, Pc7in. left, wliich, assuming tlic ai)i)earanco of a new position, were in- tended iirobably to protect tlio rear of liis army wliilo retiring. That day was spent in hurrying ofTliis trains. Tlie main army was in full retreat at nightfall, on the Caslitown and Fairfield roads; and moved with such precipitation that, short as the nights were, the rear-guard, notwithstanding a heavy rain, had left its position by daylight the following morning. The struggle of the two last days resembled in many respects the battle of AVaterloo; and if, on the evening of the third day, General ileade had been favored with the assistance of a powerful auxiliai-y ai iny to take u[) the pursuit, the rout of the rebels would have been as complete as that of Napoleon’s forces. Owing to the circumstances above named, however, the intentions of the enemy were not a[)parent on the 4th. lJut the moment his retreat was discovei'ed the following morning, he was pursued by the Federal cavah-y, on the Cashtown road and in the Einmettsburg and Mon- terey passes, and by Sedgwick’s corps, on the Fairfield road. Ilis rear-guard was briskly attacked at Fairfield ; a great number of wagons and ambulances were captured in the passes of the moun- tains; the country swarmed with his stragglers; and his wounded were literally emptied from the vehicles containing them into the farm-houses along the road. Seven thon.^and five hundred wretched sufferers were thus left to the care of the victors. Under the protection of the mountain ridge, whoso narrow passes arc easily h-eld by a retreating army. General Leo reached AVilliamsi)ort in safety; and before the Union army, which was compelled to advance by a flank movement through kliddletown, could overtake and force him to a second engagement, ho had escaped across the Potomac River. Such is the history of the ever-memorable three days and tho events immediately preceding and following. Few of tho great conflicts of modern times have cost victors and vaiKpii-shed so vast a sacrifice. On the Union side there fell in tho whole campaign : of generals killed, Reynolds, AVecd, and Zook ; and wounded. Generals Harlow, Uarnes, Ihitterlleld, Doubleday, Gibbon, Gra- ham, Hancock, Sickles, and AV'arren ; while of men and ofiicers below the rank of general, there were 2,834 killed, 18,709 wound- ed, and 0,(543 missing. On the Confedei-ato side there were killed on the field or mortally wounded, Geuer.als Armistead, Barksdale, Garnett, Finder, Pettigrew, and Semmes ; and wounded, lleth, Uood, Johnson, Kemper, Kimball, and Trinible. Of men and offi- Helena^ Ark. 295 cer3 below the rank of general, there were taken prisoners, includ- ing the wounded, 13,021, an amount ascertained officially. The killed, the W'ounded in a condition to ho removed, and the missing have been estimated, from the best data which the nature of the case admits, at 23,000. It has been pretended, in order to diminish the magnitude of this disaster to the rebel cause, that it was merely the repulse of an attack on a strongly defended posi- tion. But the tremendous losses on both sides are a sufficient answer to this misrepresentation, and attest the.unsurpassed courage and obstinacy with which the three days’ battle was waged, ■■ ■ ■■ - HELENA, ARK. July 4, 18G3. VnionUtHy under General Prenii^fi.^ 4,000 to 5,000. Killed, ucounded, and ing, 250. Diaunionista, under General ITolniea, Pi-ice, and ^[armaduke, 15,000. Killed, wounded, and prisoners, 2,500. July 4th, a rebel force, 15,000 strong, marched upon Helena, Ark., for the two-fold purpose of getting possession of stores of various kinds, and intercepting, for a time at least, all communica- tions between Grant’s army and the north. Their troops were under command of General Holmes, with divisions under Generals Parsons and McCray, a brigade under Shelby, and some artillery. Marmaduke was also there with his cavalry. Generals Parsons and McCray were ordered to advance on the center, where -were rifle-pits and three redoubts near the cemetery in the rear of the town. They seized the rifle-pits and carried two redoubts containing three guns. Several regiments were then directed to march on Helena. As they advanced they had to de- scend a very steep hill into a valley below. On the crest and down the slope they were swept aw.ay by hundreds. With a storm of missiles still falling upon them, they entered the valley, and there were compelled to surrender at mid-day. They expected reinforce- ments to come to their relief; but assistance failing to arrive, human endurance could no longer hold out against the fearful assault. The rebels had marched more than eight miles that morning, over extremely rough ground ; and many of them w'ero overcome with fatigue when they entered the action ; their losses were heavy. 296 Monterey^ Va. — Port Hudson, La. MONTEREY, VA. ilui.Y 6, 18C3. Unionists^ under General Kilpatrick^ one divUion. Lossen none. DisuniimistSy under General JoneSy one brigade. KilUdy not reported; prison^ evSy 000, 200 of which were wounded. July 5tli, a brigade of rebel cavalry advanced upon a reconnois- sance to Mecbanicstown, fifteen miles from Frederick. General Kilpatrick’s cavalry attacked them vigorously ; when they retired, after a feeble resistance. The same day Kilpatrick intercepted a retreating train of rebel wagons, guarded by Jones’ brigade of cavalry, infantry, and artil- lery, near ilontercy, on tlie Hagerstown and Gettysburg road. The enemy were completely taken by surprise; and, unable to make any serious resistance, they almost instantly gave way, and fled in dis- may, leaving behind them 900 prisoners, 200 of which were dis- abled officers. The Union troops also captured 150 wagons and two guns. PORT HUDSON, LA. July 8 , 1863 . Unionists, under General Banks, 42,000. Casualties none. Disunionisls, under General Gardner, 6,500. Killed, 0; wounded, 0; prison- ers, 5,500. 'While the national heart yet throbbed exultantly over the fall of Vicksburg — the rebel Gibraltar of the Mississippi — the news of the surrender of Port Hudson flew on swift wings over the length and breadth of the land. Again loyal hearts were quick- ened in their pulsation, and moved to grateful thanksgivings for the repeated blessing of Providence upon the Union arms.* As the “ Stars and Stripes” were unfurled, and floated proudly over Port Hudson, the effect upon the Union forces was electrical. Joyful salutes were quickly fired on land and water ; the various regimental bands broke forth in soul-stirring airs; while soldiers and sailors caught up the refrain, and glad acclamations resounded on every side. The formal surrender of this rebel stronghold occurred July 8th. The previous day General Gardner, after pondering the dispatch from General Grant announcing the fall of Vicksburg (a copy of which was passed to him over the parapets), dispatched an officer asking on what terms the surrender would be accepted. The 297 Yazoo City, 3Iiss. message was immediately forwarded to General Banks’ headquar- ters ; an answer was returned, declaring that the surrender must be without reserve. The terms were acceded to ; and a short time was allowed for compliance. Twenty-four hours were granted ; hut General Gardner had completed arrangements be- fore the time expired. At twelve o’clock on the 8th of tTuly the Union forces entered Port Hudson. The victors found the enemy, to the number of 4,000, drawn up in line of battle, W'ith arras stacked in front of them. In addition to this number there were 1,500 sick and wounded. The wounds had been inflicted by the Union sharp shooters, and were generally very severe. Dis- ease had made fearful ravages in the garrison ; as they were almost totally destitute of medicines. Their last crust was gone, and for some daj’s they had subsisted on small rations of mule meat. Six thousand rations were at once drawn from the commissariat of the Union army, and the hunger of the famishing soldiers was appeased. The c.ampaign against Port Hudson was an exceedingly laborious one, and inwrought with many events of touching sadness and solemnity. The heroism of the Federal soldiers will embalm the memory of the fallen, and gild the fame of the surviving. Their leader has engraven his name in living characters on a glowing page of his country’s history. General Banks reported to General Hallcck the capture of 6,600 prisoners, twenty pieces of heavy artillery, thirty-one pieces of field artillery, 44,800 pounds of cannon powder, 5,000 stands of arms, and 150,000 rounds of small-arra ammunition, also two steamers. YAZOO CITY, MISS. July 13, 1863. Union land force^ under General TTerroH, 5,000 ; naval force^ under Lieutenant ^Valker^ confuting of four gjin^-hoaie. Loesea^ not reported. Lieunioni^te., under General Johnston^ 800. Killed and icounded, not reported ; prisoners^ 260. It being reported that General Johnston ivas fortifying Yazoo City with heavy guns, and assembling troops there for the purpose of obtaining supplies for his army from the Yazoo country, Major- General Grant and Admii-al Porter conferred together, and deter- mined to send a naval .and military cx])cdition to that point. The De Kalb, New N.ational, Kenwood, and Signal were dis- p.atched, under command of Lieutenant Walker, with a military force nuinbering 5,000, under General ITerron. Tlie De Kalb first advanced to tbe city and engaged the batteries, which were prepared to give her a warm rece[)tion. After ascertaining their strength, she dropped back, to notify the commander of the mili- tary force. lie immediately landed his men; and the army and navy made a combined attack on the enemy’s works. The rebels soon fled, abandoning everything to the Unionists, and set fire to four of their finest transports. The army pursued the retreating foe, and captured their rear- guard of 260 men. Six heavy guns, one vessel — formerly a gun- boat, — and all the munitions of war fell into the hands of the pursuers. The Do Kalb was unfortunately lost ; she was blown up by a tor- pedo, and sunk in shallow water: none of the crew perished. ELK CREEK, ARK. July 1G, 1363. UnionisUy under General 2,400. Killed^ 10 ; woitnded^ 30 ; priaonerSy 0. DisunionisUy under General Coopery 5,000. Killedy 60; woandedy 2i‘y priaon- ei'Sy 100 . July IGth a sharply contested fight occurred between the forces under General Blunt and General Cooper’s rebel troops, which resulted in the complete rout of the latter. Ascertaining that the enemy had fallen back from Fort Gibson, General Blunt, with 2,400 men and twelve guns, started in pursuit. After a march of fifty miles, accomplished in twenty-four hours, he found the rebels, 6,000 strong, in position on Elk Creek, and immediately opened an attack. Ilis artillery dismounted two rebel guns, which were afterward captured. The enemy made strong resistance and evinced much heroism, but were finally put to flight by a desperate charge of the Union cavalry. They lost 100 prisoners, and eighty-four killed and wounded. 299 I I I I Jackson, Miss. JACKSON, MISS. JCLY 16, 1803. VnionUt^y under General Sherman., numbers not reported. Killed^ xoounded^ and missing (duHng the entire expedition)., 1 , 000 . Disunionisis, under General Johnston., numbers not stated. Killed, xcounded, and prisoners, 400, As soon as Vicksburg capitulated, General Sherman was sent in pursuit of Johnston’s forces, who had retired to Jackson, Miss. On the 15th of July, portions of the Union forces, under General Parke, made an attack on Jackson, and met a legion of new recruits from South Carolina, who after an engagement of half an hour, retreated with a loss of 300 men. The Unionists oceupied their position till the next morning ; when they made a second advance, and discovered to their astonishment that the enemy had evacuated the city, setting fire to a number of houses containing commissary and quartermaster’s stores, which were totally consumed, with the addition of forty other buildings, ignited from the buildings fired by the flying foe. The news of the evacuation spread among the camps with tele- gr.aphic speed. Notwithstanding orders were issued by the general officer, for the Union soldiers to remain in their camps, some of the men pushed through the line across the fields, into the rebel works, and thei’co into Jackson. For a short lime, acts of unmitigated plunder followed, and on every hand wild confusion reigned triumphant. But the arrival of General Blair soon restored order. Establishing bis headquarters at the Governor’s mansion, he sent out p.atrol guards to arrest stragglers, and afford protection to the few inhabitants remaining in the place. The rebel fortifications at Jackson were of great strength and extent. For two months the enemy had been employed day and night in strengthening the position. Every convergent road to the city w.as covered by artillery. In the immediate front of their works was a strong and impassable ahattis of fallen trees. The principal line of fortifications was made of bales of cotton, and two thousand bales had been employed in its construction. The cotton was among the most valuable booty that fell into the liands of the Unionists. Some miscellaneous lots of the precious staple in and about the city increased the amount to threo thousand hales. In addition to the cotton, largo quantities of artillery and musketry ammunition were obtained. They also captured some twenty or tliirty railroad cars and other railroad equipments. The enemy 14 300 Fort Wagner, S. C. retreated toward tlio Alabama lino, and General Slierman returned to Vicksburg to recui)erato bis forces. FORT WAGNER, S. C. July 10 to IS, 1S63. Union land force^ under General Gilniore; naval force^ under Admiral DahU 't of .South ; June 27, 1865, appointed to ) command Department of S. C. : I Fort Wagner^ S. C. 303 . response, exploding tlieir shells over the works, but generally too soon or too late to cause serious injury ; other rebel forts also joiued in the cannonade, but owing to want of accurate range did not inflict material damage. At eleven o’clock the iron-clads approached within three fourths of a mile of Fort Wagner, and concentrated their efforts upon it, the guns and mortars continuing their rapid fire. Fort Sumter belched forth angrily, and other forts chimed in ; yet but few cas- ualties occurred among the Unionists. For seven liours the land and naval batteries continued the cannoniHunioniU:i^ under General Cooper., 6,000. Killed., f>0; wounded, 75; ers, 65. Genekal Blunt, with a command of 3,000 men, including infan- try and cavalry in equal numbers, engaged General Cooper with C,000 Confederate troops, at Honey Springs, on the 18th of July. A brilliant action ensued. The enemy resisted obstinately for some time, but were finally compelled to retreat; and the Unionists pursued till the rebels were completely routed. Three pieces of artillery, seventy-five stands of small-arms, and $250,000 worth of stores and other property were captured. The Confederates lost 195 in the contest; the Union loss did not exceed fifty-nine. On the evening of this victory, the flying troops met a brig.ado marching to reinforce them. Deficiency of numbers and lack of ammunition, together with the utter exhaustion of the men, pre- vented General Blunt from renewing the attack. Lawreixce, Kansas. — Fort Sumter., S. C. 305 LAWRENCE, KANSAS. Aooufix 21, 1863. Unionisi/ty ‘ttnder General LctnCy^O. Killed {including citisens)^ 200; waundedy not reported. Di^unionietSy under the guerrilla chief Quantrely nearly 800. Killedy about 100,* woxtndedy not reported^ About four o’clock, on tlie inortiiug of August 21st, tlio notori- ous guerrilla chief Quantrcl, at the head of nearly 800 mounted rangers, surprised and attacked the defenseless city of Lawrence. Having placed a guard around the town to prevent the escape of the citizens, he commenced an indiscriminate pillage, slaughter, and burning. Stores, hotels, private dwellings, etc., were ruthlessly broken open, rilled of their most valuable contents, and set on fire; while their owners or inmates, just aroused from their beds and seeking safety in flight, were barbarously shot down, and left to perish in the flames. Thus nearly $2,000,000 worth of property was stolen or destroyed by conflagration, and about 200 of the inhabitants savagely mur- dered. But this cold-blooded outrage did not pass unavenged. General Joseph II. Lane, who escaped on horseback, succeeded in rallying about twenty men, fully armed and equipped, and pursued the retreating foe. The latter, scattered in small bands and laden with excessive plunder, were overtaken at various points, and nearly 100 slain. The greater i)art of their booty also was recov- ered ; and the remnant of the gang driven beyond the border of the State and effectually broken up. EORT SUMTER, S. C. August 17 to 23, 1SG3. Union land forcey under General GUlmore ; navid forcCy under Rear-Admiral Dahlgren. LoaseSyiiot reported, DUunionhtSy under General Beauregard, LosseSy not reported, Foirr SuMTEU, which had withstood so successfully the powerful attack of the iron-clad fleet under Rear-Admiral Dupont, in April, was again destined to suffer a terrific bombardment; but this time not only from a naval force of incre.ased strength, but also from a powerful land force whose batteries mounted the most terrible ord- nance known in modern warfare. These batteries were located on Morris Island, at a distance of about two miles from Sumter; between which and the former was Fort Wagner, still occupied by rebel forces, and bidding defiance alike to siege and assault. ¥ ■306 Fort Sumter, S. C. General Gilmore, liaving gradually advanced Ids parallels to wiLliin a few hundred yards of Fort Wagner, and being thus far successfully resisted, determined to turn his attention for a time chiefly to Fort Sumter; regarding that as the key to tlie situation, and confident that, with its reduction, the minor works on Morris Island would fall by their own weight. Accordingly, at daybreak, on the morning of August ITth, an attack having been previously concerted with the fleet. General Gilhnore opened all his batteries on the sentinel-fortress, firing over Fort Wagner and the broad intermediate space. At the same time Admiral Dahlgren moved up the whole available naval force — lead- ing, with the flag, in the monitor Weehawken, — and commenced a furious bombardment of batteries Gregg and Wagner. The latter, j)lowed througli and through by a steady and well-directed fire, and in some parts reduced to a mere confused sand-heap, was silenced shortly after nine o’clock. kfeanwhilc, the ponderous .shot and shell of Gillmorc’s batteries had worked eflectually on the gorge^of Sumter. Yet its massive walls of brick, shielded by various outward protections, were to endure a more furious cannonade. At ten o’clock. Admiral Dahl- gren changed his flag to the Passaic — which thus far, with the Patapsco, had been held in reserve — and conducting both theso vessels to within 2,000 yards of the fort, directed the terrible bolts of their rilled cannon, for nearly an hour, against its sea-wall. About fifty return shots were fired, but failed of llieir mark, or fell harmless against the heavy iron-plating of the klonitors ; while the face of Sumter, on the contrary, was fearfully gored. The land batteries continued their fire during the whole day. But Fort Sumter scarcely replied. Toward evening several crater.s, five or six feet in depth, were visible in its southwest side; and the sand traverse or barricade wliich had been thrown up to protect the gorge about the sallyport presented an irregular mass, but still in such a j)osition as to afford considerable cover to the wall. With gray twilight on the morning of the 18th, the bombard- ment was renewed. Additional guns had been placed in position, and opened with marked effect. But in consequence of a severe gale, the fleet was unable to co-operate effectually. Fort Sumter, as on the day previous, was nearly silent, and the Union batteries were replied to chiefly by Wagner and Gregg. As night closed in, the result of the firing was observable in the enlargement of the craters before mentioned, in the formation of several new ones, the Fort Sumter, S. C. 309 destruction of the parapets, the tearing away of the coping, and the demolition of tlie iiortliwest corner — wliich was gashed and cracked down nearly to the w ater’s edge. The third day of the bombardment witnessed the same destruc- tive firing ; less rapid, perhaps, but more accurate, the gunners having obtained the range more perfectly. Fort Sumter discharged but a single gun, and tlie only rebel batteries that seemed really alive were those on James Island. The firing was ke[)t up regularly through the night. Shots were now breaking completely through the fort, and passing out on the farther side ; so that the northerly harbor-channel could be distinctly seen through the grim apertures in the ruined walls. According to a Charleston dispatch, of this date, to the Richmond papers, all the guns on the south face of the fort were disabled. On the fourth day of the siege, the firing was exceedingly heavy ; although the Monitors did not even advance toward the rebel works. About noon Fort IVagner opened a severe cannonade on the land batteries, but was soon silenced by shot and shell from the Ironsides. The fifth day, the land batteries not only maintained their fire on Fort Sumter; but also, in conjunction w'ith the lleet, poured in a fearful shower of missiles on batteries Gregg and Wagner. On the sixth and last day of this continuous bombardment, the Monitors, coming within close range of the fort, hurled an iron tempest u[)on it, from east to w'est; while the land batteries swept its shattered walls, as with a besom of destruction, from south to north. The rebel journals report, on this occasion, G04 shots fired, of which 419 struck outside and inside. As the result of this week’s conflict, it was announced that Fort Sumter w.as “an immense ruin.” The anticipated surrender, however, did not occur. Protected beneath bomb-proofs securely constructed in the depths of the fort, and now overwhelmed with vast piles of rubbish, a strong garri- son still remained, ready on the instant to resist assault ; or as soon as there was a lull in the attack, to heap up new breast-works and remount their scattered cannon. 310 Fort Sumter, S. C. FORT SUMTER, S. C, Septum UEU 8, t8G3. Union force^y under Captain TJiomaa II. Stevena. Killedy 3 ; ^ooundcd and miis» inQy 114. Diannion forces y under General Beauregard. LoaseSy not reported. A 150AT expedition having been organized for an assault on Fort Sumter was placed under the command of Captain Thomas 11. Stevens, of the monitor Patapsco. It consisted of five divisions, oc- cupying twenty boats; and comprised besides officers, 293 sailors and 120 marines. The plan of attack was to approach the fort, under the cover of night, and assail it at two points: one party landing on the gorge wall, with the intention of ascending the ruins and gaining the parapet ; while a second was to attempt an entrance through the lower embrasures. A third party was to hold itself in reserve. The expedition started at eleven o’clock. The night was exceed- ingly dark; and as the boats moved cautiously with mutlled oars, they seemed like gloomy specters gliding over the face of the waters. But as they neared the forts, the slight plashing caused by the rowers aroused the sentinel, who instantly challenged them. Receiving no satisfactory answer, he discharged liis musket to awake the sleei)ing garrison. Immediately the sailors sprang to their oars, and the boats darted forward at fall speed. But when the first line was within only fifteen yards of the fort, it was met by a sudden volley of musketry, envelojiing for a moment the whole parapet in a sheet of flame. At the same instant a signal-rocket was sent up; and simultaneously. Fort Lloultrie and batteries Bee and Beauregard opened a destructive fire of sbrnpiiel and shell, by which two of the boats were swampetl, and the men (such as were not too severely wounded for exertion) left struggling in the water. On the momentary cessation of this fire, two small steamers concealed behind the fort, emerged from their hiding-places, and ])()urcd grape and canister among the bewildered party. The boats pushed on, however, and from 150 to 200 of the assailants, still undaunted, succeeded in landing, amid a terrific explosion of hand- grenades and a shower of missiles, such as bricks, stones, and the like. Lieutenant Preston’s division was among the first to gain the shore. Bidding his men follow, he charged up among the dihris surrounding the gorge wall. But the ascent was so steep, and the mass of rubbish so loose, that many wore obliged to lay aside their Cumberland Gap, Tenn. 31 1 arms and climb with liands and feet to tlie top. From the breach at this point the enemy rolled out ten-inch shells, with fuses light- ed, which, falling among their antagonists, prostrated them like infants, or exploding almost instantly, scattered death and destruc- tion in their midst. The two steamers having withdrawn, Moultrie, Bee, and Beau- regard again opened fire, the shrapnel striking against the fort and falling into the water like hail. A second and third charge was ordered, with results like those of the first; when the word was given to retreat. Of the seven boats which landed, but four escaped ; and very few of the detachment they brought were able to get away. Those remaining who were not killed fell into the hands of the enemy; and for several days, as a check against the bombardment, were held prisoners in the fort. The jiarty who were to land a force through the embrasures found the attempt impracticable ; and the reserve were not even brought into action. Thus owing to an imperfect knowledge, and wholly inadequate conception, of the difncultics to bo overcome, this lieroic under- taking — which must bo classed among the boldest of the war — proved a disastrous failure. CUMBERLAND GAP, TENN. Septemhek 9, 1SG3. UnionUU., under General Bnrne-ide^ about f,000, lyosses,, none. DisunioninUy under General Frazier y 2,000. Zos.?, in pt-isonerfiy the nchole force. CuMnF.ULANi) Gap, dividing the Cumberland ^Mountains at the southea.st corner of Kcntuc.ky, and alVording tlio principal channel of communication between that part of tlie State and East Tennes- see, was regaided from the beginning of tlie war as an important strategic point. The rebel Gener.al Br.agg, therefore, having gained possession of it, was determined to hold it to the last. Accord- ingly, although he was being steadily pushed toward the Geor- gia border by the victorious hosts of Rosecrans, he had stationed General Frazier here, at the head of 2,000 men, with peremptory orders to hold the position. Tlie pass was strongly fortified, and cap.able of defense against a much larger force. 312 CJiicJcamauga., Ga. General Bui-nsule, nieanwliile, advancing from Tventucky into East Tennessee, by a sliglitly circuitous route, ordered Colonel Do Courcy with a brigade of infantry lo march dii-ectly on tbo Gap. Proceeding, at tbo same time, with tbo main body of his army, he succeeded, by rapid moves, in reaching Kno.willc, which afforded him ajoyful reception. Turning his attentiem northward, ho now determined to hem in the rebel force, still occupying the Gap, and to capture it entire. Accordingly, on the Cth of September, ho dispatched General Shackelford and his brigade, with instructions to seize all avenues of cscai)e to the south. On the Yth, Burnside himself followed with a body of infantry and cavalry ; and on the 9ih, after a forced march of sixty miles, arrived within four miles of the Gap. Do Courcy and Shackelford had both made demands for surrender, which bad been rejected. General Burnside renewed these demands; when the rebel leader finding himself surrounded by a superior force. Ids supplies cut ofl', and no hope of relief, reluctantly yielded without conditions. By this bloodless victory, over 2,000 prisoners with fourteen pieces of artillery and other valuable munitions fell into Union liands. CHICKAMAUGA, GA. SiCPTEMBEi: 19 ANI> 20, 18G3. IfnioniKtH^ nndtr General lioHevrana^ nhout 4S,000. Killed^ 1.^44; woundedf 9,2G2 ; 4,945 ; beHitles vavatry Io.sh^ (iboiit 600. 'I'ohd Iohh^ 16,351. under Generrazos Island were examined, and no resistance being ofl'ered, a part of the troops were landed on its inhospitable shores. Tues- day a rcconnoissance was cll’ected at the mouth of the Rio Grande, and by AVedtiesday (November 4th) all the trooits were safely dis- embarked. Toward evening news was received of the burning of the rebel government buildings at Fort Brown, preparatory to its evacuation; also intelligence that, on Tuesday, a bod}^ of rebel cavalry had dashed into Brownsville, and commenced setting fire to the buildings, with the intention of destroying the town. The property holders — including many Union men — however, had re- sisted them ; but the cavalry betTig sn|)ported by rebel citizens, a bloody light occurred which was still in [)rogrcss when the bearer of the tidings left for the Federal camp. A detachment of Union troops was immedi.atcly ordered to Brownsville ; and by ten o’clock on the 5th tlie national flag was floating over the town. Thus, with scarcely a skirmish, this impoi tant commercial port was repos.sessed by the Government, and the immense contraband trade which had so long ministered to the support of the rebellion was maiidy arrested, A new base of oper.ations also w.as gained, wbence exi)cditions cotdd be sent out for the recovery of the State, and witiiin whose sheltering lines many loyal citizens might find refuge. 324 Rappahannock Station and Kelley's Ford, Vd. RAPPAHANTJOCK STATION AND KELLEY’S FORD, VA. Novemueu 7, 1863. under Generals SedywicJc and French. lAisseSy about iQQ. DihunionistSy under Generals Ewell and Hill. Killed and wounded^ unknown; prisoners^ 1,960. On tlie inorning of November 7th, tlie Army of the Potomac, abandoning its encampment at Cedar Run, moved toward the Rap- pahannock. The first, second, and tliird corps, forming tlie left wing of the aimiy, under General French, advanced to Kelley’s Ford; while the fifth and sixtli cor{)s, forming the right wing, under General Sedgwick, proceeded to Rappahannock Station. The rebel army W'ere encamped chiefly on the south .side of the Rapi)ahannock ; hut occupied strong defenses on both sides of the river at the above-mentioned points. As French’s troops neared Kelley’s Ford, strong lines of skir- mishers and sharp-shooters were thrown out ; while several batte- ries, with infantry supports, gained a wooded height commanding the river, and having a swee[)ing range of the elevated fields on tlie south. Tn tlie mean time a division of the enemy crossed over, for the support of its jiickets, and commenced shelling the advanc- ing Union force. The batteries of the latter, however, were soon in position, and rained such a shower of missiles on the foe as scat- tered death and confusion through his ranks — compelling many to surrender, and forcing others to retreat in utter rout. Under cover of this overwhelming fire, working parties advanced to the river and succeeded in laying pontoons. The enemy’s guns were silenced ; and an attacking party, headed by a brigade under Colonel Do Trobriand — a native of France, who on this occasion displayed the chivalrous daring of his race — moved to the opposite shore. The front of the column, formed by the First United States Sharp-shooters, having crossed over, immediately deployed and charged on the enemy’s rifle-pits. After brief musketry firing, the jiartially sheltered foemen, finding themselves surrounded, throw down their arms and surrendered. In this gallant action, over 400 rebels were taken prisoners, be- sides numbers killed and wounded. General French’s loss was about seventy. “While this affair was transpiring at Kelley’s Ford, a more deadly scene was being enacted at Rappahannock Station. The rebel defenses at that point consisted, on the north side of the river, of a llappaliannock Station and Kelley's Kord^ Fa. 325 strong fort, two redoubts, and a number of rifle-pits — altogether, lield by nearly 2,000 men. It was about three o’clock when the head of General Sedgwick’s column neared the station. The ad- vance upon the enemy was conducted in a manner similar to French’si Skirmishers and sharp-shooters were thrown out to cover the forward movement of batteries, and a commanding posi- tion was gained in the rear of the hostile works. Ueavy artillery was planted here, and opened fire on the fort. Just before dark, a storming party consisting of three regiments was formed under the lead of General Russell. Other troops were moved forward to cover their advance, and to intercept the antici- pated retreat of the enemy. Union and rebel batteries now opened on each other desperately. Shot and shell flew like hail across the river, sweeping through the forts on both sides. The Union troops rushed to the onset. A strong detachment took ])osse.ssion of the enemy’s jiontoon, thus cutting off not only his reti'cat but also his chance of succor. The storming party dashed into the rifle-pits and forts on every side, and one of the fiercest hand-to-hand con- flicts of the war begun. Discharging but a single volley, the assailants clo.-^ed with their antagonists, actually grasi)ing the bay- onets pointed at their breasts. As friend and foe were mingled promiscuously, the batteries on both sides ceased, and ringing cheers and shouts and death-groans rose above tlie sound of mus- ketry. Men grapi)led one another in their death-struggles, some fighting with clubbed muskets, others with their fists. This fierce and sav.age struggle continued about twenty minutes. But Union siqiports were pouring in on every side ; and the enemy, finding longer resistance useless, surrendered. One wild cheer, one wild huzza, rent the air, and in a few minutes the Stars and Stripes floated triumphantly above the trampled banners of the Confederacy. The victory was decisive. Four j>ieccs of artillery, 2,000 small-arms, eight battle-flags, one bridge train, and nearly 1,900 prisoners were among its fruits. The Union loss was but little more than 300. The news of these glorious achievements was received with joy- ful enthusiasm throughout the North. It was hailed as the har- binger of future success and of the early destruction of the Virginia foemen, under the guidance of the trusted hero of Gettysburg. Wi '32G Jlodjersvil’c, I'cn/t . — CampbeWs Slutio)i, Tenn. RODGESSYILLE, TEIJIJ NoVEMItKU 7, ISlV^. , Vni()ui}roaching the city by the Clinton road, came in contact with two Kentucky regiments which fell back to a desirable i)Osition, aud held them at bay. These engagements, thus occurring so soon after the battle at Campbell’s Station, plainly indicated the intention of the rebels to push their hostilities in this region to the utmost, and if jtossible to cafiture Knoxville — which w'as the key to East Tennessee. The prize was of almost inestimable value, and vfas therefore worthy of a desperate struggle. On the morning of the following day (the 18i/t inst.). a dense fog covered the earth, obscuring objects distant but a lew yards. The night had been another busy one with the troops. New earth- works and rifle-pits had been constructed, and by daylight the city was environed with a complete chain of defenses. Every hill was surmounted with a battery, and between ran the rifle-jiits, extend- ing in a semicircle from the river bank below to the river bank above the city. The fog lifted soon after ten o’clock ; when the contending forces, for the first time during the day, came in sight of each other. As the mist disappeared, the sun shone forth clear and mellow, while the atmosphere was as balmy as that of a May day. The view from the fortifications was magnificent, and the land.scape, as it lay 330 Knoxville^ Tain. Rtretclied before tlie eye, was enhanced in beauty by the light liazo ■\vliicli inijiarted an ethereal blue to the distant hills and mountains. During the night, General Sanders’ outisost on the London road had been called in to a [joint within about a mile of the city. Here, on the crest of a hill, his forces were discovered by the enemy’s skirmishers. A desultory fire commenced on both sides, which eventuated in a charge by the rebels. The Union soldiers .sprang to meet it, and poured in so deadly a volley that the rebels broke in disorder and retreated to the woods. A few of their shar[)-shooters, however, remained in a brick house about a quarter of a mile nearer the Union line, from the windows and roof of which they picked off their opponents with much ease. But the desirableness of their position was soon disturbed by some well-aimed shells from a twenty-pounder Parrott, which caused them to vacate s[)eedily. The enemy now brought into position two jiiecej of artillery on the right and four pieces on the loft. The Union troops had con- structed a barricade of rails, and behind this frail defense lay down as the guns opened. From both flanks soon whistled a tornado of shell and canister; but each prostrate form remained unflinching as a rock, with musket clutclied atid bayonet glittering .above the barricade, while the deadly missiles fell around them. Suddenly the ctiemy opened, from behind the brick house before mentioned, with two cannon which they run out on either side and drew back after discharging. A fire was now concentrating upon the devoted band from three sides; but still they remained immovable, as if rooted to the s[iot. Again the Parrott guns 0[)en njion the sheltering house and the stealthy foe lurking behind its walls. But at this moment the rebel inlunti-y come forward on a charge, and with a wild yell clear the first cornfield. Again the gallant Union soldiers spring to meet it; !ind in their midst, encouraging them by his bravo example, is their heroic commander. The rehels advance in mass, with I'cgi- mental ii-ont, discharging their v(jlley.s as they approach ; but are slightly checked by the steady, well directed lire which oi)ens fear- ful gaps in their ranks. Their commander rode at their head, cou- Bfucuous in a rich scarlet uniform glittering with gold lace. Brand- isliiiig his sword, and encouraging them to the onset, ho boldly shouted a demand for the surrender of the Uinon colors. A sharp volley io[>aiil his temerity, and the next instant the chivalrous leader lay stretched among the slain. 331 Knoxville^ Tenn. It was in this part of the fray that the heroic General Sanders was mortally wounded. He had taken the musket of a disabled soldier; and while he still directed movements, discharged a few well-aimed shots. In the midst of the firing he fell pierced with a ilinie bullet, and was borne from the field. With the loss of their commander, the gallant Unionists gave way, and retiring about a quarter of a mile, took possession of the next line of hills. This ended the real contest of the day. The enemy afterward threw forward his skirmishers, and irregular firing was maintained until dark. On the Clinton road sharp skirmishing was kept up with the enemy until night, by the two Kentucky regiments. The entire Union loss during the day was about 200. During the six day.s following {Xovemher 10-21), little fighting occurred beyond occasional slight skirmishes. The rebel aiiny was chiefly engaged "in htrengthening its approaches ta the city ; the Union army in constructing additional defenses. Under the able direction of Colonel Doe — General Burnside’s chief of-engineers — two creeks flowing through the city, from the northward, were dammed so that the back water was swollen to a stream in front of the Federal rifle-pits, thus rendering an approach from this quarter by the enemy impossible except with the aid of boats or pontoons. Other exposed points were protected by a cordon of forts, batteries, earth-works, redoubts, and rifle-pits. A large fort at the western end of the city was named Fort Sanders, in honor of the herd who had fallen in defending the neighboring ground, and who died of his wound on the following day. During this interval shells were occasionally thrown into the city, and rebel sharp-shooters watched every opportunity to pick off their antagonists. On the moiming of the 24th, a detachment of 170 men from the Second Michigan Regiment charged, on a rifle-pit within 500 yards of the Union works on the left. They went down a long slope, over fallen trees, and through rugged debris, upon the double-quick, attacking and driving out the rebels and occupying them for about half an hour, fighting hand-to-hand over the impalement. They were met, however, by a whole brigade; and it being deemed un- advisable to reinforce them, lest it might bring on a general engage- ment, they were ordered to retire. Their loss in killed, wounded, and missing was eighty-nine, over two thirds of whom fell into the hands of the enemy. 332 Kiio'x.ville^ Term. On Wednesday afternoon {the 25i/t inst.\ a sharp engagement occurred between a portion of Colonel Cameron’s brigade (includ- ing many East Tennesseeans) and a rebel brigade which had pre- viously crossed to the north side of the Ilolston River, a few miles below Knoxville. It was the evident intention of the enemy to create a diversion in this quarter; under cover of which, a grand assault might be made on the city. The Union position, therefore, was attacked and the pickets driven in ; but a resolute defense was made, and after a stubborn fight of over an hour, the rebels were forced back. The Union troo[)3 jnirsued them more than a mile, capturing a number of jn isoners and gaining for their skirmish line the crest of a hill which was occupied in the morning by the enemy. The latter were thoroughly discomfited, and left a large number of dead nj)on the field. The Union loss in this affair was about 100 ; the rebel, much larger. The following day {Novemler 2Gt/t — the tenth day since the openiny of the siege') passed with remarkable quiet along most parts of the Union lines. It was the Thursday appointed for the national thanksgiving, and was celebrated with an abundance of good cheer ; notwithstanding the enemy seemed to be of the impres- sion that their opponents were reduced to miserable rations. Colonel Cameron, after the engagement of the day before, tena- ciously held his position ; and although attacked with great fury on Thursday afternoon, fouglit for nearly an hour and a half, and again drove back the enemy. His loss in this instance was over sixty killed and wounded ; but that of the enemy was said to be three times as great. The rebel movements during the two succeeding days {the Vllh and 28tA) were calculated to induce one of two impressions: either that they liad raised the siege and were retiring, or that they were massing their columns on the Union left, with a view to an over- whelming assault. But General Burnside was not to bo thrown off his guard by strategy, and accordingly he held his men ready for any emergency. Throughout the 28th the enemy’s skirmishers pressed the Union lines on the north and northwest fronts, with unusual vigor, giving indications that they were preparing for the long-looked-for assault. Between eleven and twelve o’clock at night a general attack was made upon the whole Union line, from its position on the extreme left, south of the river, to the right of the front, north of the rail- road. The moon was shining brightly at the time, and betrayed Knoxville, Tenn. 333 the rebels in strong battle array. Heavy skirmishing ensued wliicb lasted till near daylight, resulting in the falling back of the pickets. The Union batteries opened upon the enemy, and a desultory can- nonade vras kept up throughout the night, the fire of the guns being directed by the flashes of the rebel rifles and the light of their bivouac fires in the rear. This general advance upon the skirmish line, though intended to disconcert the plan of the Union leaders and distract attention, had the effect of putting every man at his post, and creating an eager watch for the point from which the enemy would come in force. The long, anxious vigils, rendered doubly severe by the crisp frosty atmosphere, came to a termination with daylight on the 2dt7i iiist. Through the gray dawn of morning, the foe was seen advanc- ing in three lines of battle, in a direction oblique to the Loudon road and toward Fort S.anders. Every man sprang to his place; and in a moment the Union artillery had opened upon them with shell and canister. But at the same time a rebel battery on a high hiU across the river was suddenly unmasked, and poured a flanking fire upon the Federal rifle-pits and the fort. These defenses, how- ever, were well protected by dense wings of earth and bales of cotton; and the hostile cannonade, therefore, caused little harm. The b.atteries of the enemy in front and on the other flank of tlio fort, also took part in the cauiionado, but with the same want of effect. The battle now became deafening ; the roar of artillery on ail sides, the bursting of shells, and the rattle of musketry were grandly commingled. But despite the storm of missiles which howled around them, the rebel host came on, advancing with brig- ade front, slowly sweeping over the railroad cut, and then quick- ening in motion as the ground presented less obstruction ; until at last, emerging from the nearest timber, they broke into an impetu- ous charge. Across the open space which intervened between the timber and the fort, and which was obstructed with logs and the stumiis of felled trees, they now came at headlong speed. The finst check was given them when the head of the column stumbled over a line of telegraph wire which had been stretched through the low brushwood and coiled from stump to stump, out of ordinary view. As they halted momentarily, one falling over the other till the obstacle was discovered, the batteries in the fort had full play, and poured in their rounds quick and fast, while the infantry, under Gener.al Ferrero, who commanded this i)art of the Union lino, kept up a galling fire. The embrasures of the earth- work and the whole 8G4 ICnoxville, Teiin. lino of tlio parapet blazed at onco M'ith tlicir discliargo ; still tlie rebels j)ressed on, tlieir battle Hags of red with cross of blue float- ing defiantly above their heads, over the serried line of bayonets. The charge was led by Colonel Ruff, of a Georgia regiment, who with the colonel of a Mississippi regiment fell pierced with rifle- balls or torn by deadly gra[)e, before they had led their men half Avay n[) the slope. 'Within ten feet of the foot of the parapet and running entirely around that part of the fort where the charge was made, was a pei'pondicular ditch, ten feet in dc[)th, into which the headlong column rushed pell-mell before they discovered the trap. Here the wounded, the dead, and the living, in one bloody writhing mass, fell or jumped ui)on each other till the ditch was nearly full. Never was there a chai'ge more des[)erate or conducted by braver leaders. Clambering u|) the steep (jlucis of the fort, by digging foot- holds wdth their bayonets, a number gained the parapet. A rebel color-bearer planted his standard upon the fort; but the flag and its su[)porter -were inslantl}^ captured. A soldier, crawling through an embrasure, placed his hand n[)ou a gun and demanded its sur- render ; he was shot beh)re his words were scarcely uttered, and fell back into the ditch. I'ivery one who gained the j>ara[ict was imme- iliately disarmed and made i)risoner. Meantime, those in the ditch, finding they could neither escape nor aid in the assault, raised a wild outcry: it was a cry for quarter, mingled with the wail of the wounded and dying. The One Hundredth Pennsylvania Regiment, marching out of the smith sally-port, came round so as to enfilade the ditch, and demanded a surrender, which was jiromptly made. The prisoners, to about the number of 150, were taken into the fort, where they were disarmed and sent to headquarters. A largo number of the force who made the charge, finding it impossible to escape from under the Union guns, fell behind stumps and fallen trees, where they remained till the fire slackened, ilany of these also were taken prisoners. No single regiment rotii'cd in order; they went back straggling in broken squads, or crawled away under cover of whatever friendly obstacles would afford them shelter. As the main body retired, the carnage among them was fearful. But their disordered line at length disappeared among the timber; while a wild shout went up from the victorious IJnioni.^ts. The grand assault h:id been made and repulsed; the storming party which had so lately advanced in all the pride and confidence of veterans had met an enemy their equal at least, and were now scattered in the woods. i Knoxville, Tenn. 335 Knoxville was still in Union hands. A truce was now agreed on for the burial of the dead and the relief of the wounded. Friend and foe joined in these sad offices, and the work of Christian mercy and humanity was faithful performed. The trenches and the ground around the fort presented a sickening spectacle ; and many of the stoutest hearts shrank back from it with liorror. Heaps of the slain, intermixed with writhing forms and mutilated limbs, lay scattered around ; and the convulsed air was tormented with hid- eous groans and shrieks. But by nightfall the terrible -wreck was mostly removed, and the moonlight shone down only on the blood- stained earth. The loss of the enemy in this terrible assault was about 125 killed, nearly 400 wounded, and 234 prisoners — in all, probably not far from 750 ; while that of the Unionists — strange as it may ap- pear — was only four killed and eighteen wounded. This remark- able disparity finds a parallel nowhere in the history of the national ■wars, save in General Jackson’s famous battle at New Orleans. The rebels also lost three stands of colors and 500 stands of arms. The force of the enemy engaged in the assault on Fort Sanders consisted of three brigades, under the direction of Generals Hum- phrey and Bryant. That they confidently expected to take the city, there is abundant evidence. Their ropuiso, therefore, was all the more disastrous and demoralizing. "While the main battle was in progress at Fort Sanders, a sharp skirmish occurred in front of General Shackelford’s line south of the city. The Union pickets were driven in ; but afterward retook their position, losing about four killed and eighteen -wounded. Subsequently to the events of the 29th, the siege of Knoxville was continued for five days {November to December 4:th inclu- sive). The enemy, however, made no attempt to renew the assault, and beyond occasional slight skirmishes caused little disturbance. On the 3d of December the adv.ance-guard of General Sherman’s army, which had been ordered hither by General Grant, for the pur- pose of raising the siege, reached the city. General Longstreet had already taken alarm, and had begun withdrawing his forces. On the 3d inst.. General Sherman’s troops continued to arrive ; while, through a gap in the timber to the north of the city, long lines of rebel wagons could bo seen passing all day, evidently en route for some safer locality. The Union batteries shelled them as they wont by ; and the rebels fired a few shots in return, but with no effect. 16 336 Chattanooga^ Tenn. Thus ended the siege of Knoxville, the conclusion of which — • followed by the retreat of the insurgent forces from East Tennes- see — was regarded of such importance that the President issued a proclamation on the 7th of December, recommending that “ all loyal people do, on receipt of this information, assemble at their places of worship, and render special homage and gratitude to Almighty God for this great advancement of the national cause.” 1 *-* CHATTANOOGA, TENN. November 23 to 25, 1863. Unionists^ iLiider Oentral Qrani^ numbers not reported. Total loss about 4,000. Ditunioniats^ under General Bragg., about 68,000. Killed and wounded^ estimated at not less than 4,000; prisoners., over 6,000, besides the xoounded left in Union hands. Total loss {including stragglers) believed to be from 15,000 to 16,000. After the battle of Chiekamauga, the military departments of the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee were combined with that of the Mississippi, by order of the national executive, under the stylo of the “ Military Division of the ^Mississippi.” General Grant, having been assigned to the command of the same, assumed the duties of his office on the 18th of October. The attack on Brown’s Ferry and the capture of Lookout Val- ley, October 27 to 29, the circumstances of which have already been detailed, were made under General Grant’s authority. Hav- ing thus secured an easy channel of sui)i)lies for the mam body of his troo])s at Chattanooga, he now turned his attention to raising the siege of the city and gaining full possession of Lookout Mountain. An examination of the rebel lines showed that they were drawn out to a great length ; and in consequence of this prolongation and the sending of Longstreet’s forces into East Tennessee, were atten- uated nearly to a spider’s thread. 'I’iio exterior line upon Mission- ary Ridge (an elevation two or three miles east of Chattanooga, reaching from the vicinity of Tennessee River into Georgia) was not far from seven miles in length ; while the inner lines of rifle- pits and similar defenses, facing Chattanooga and running, across the valley from Missionary Ridge to the northern point of Look- out Mountain at the westward, were not less than five miles long. Two of the localties just mentioned were of especial importance to the enemy : namely. Missionary Ridge— the key to his position — and Lookout Mountain, valuable chiefly as a barrier to Hooker, who still held Lookout Valley, on the west side of the mountain. Chattanooga^ Tenn. 339 It was supposed that the rebels would defend the ridge with tho main strength of their army ; as the position opposed to Hooker could be held probably by a small force. But General Grant was of the opinion that by attacking the enemy's flanks vigorously, and 60 forcing him to keep his lines lengthened and thus weakened as we have described, it would give the Union troops a favorable oji- portunity to test tho strength of the rebel center, and possibly to carry tho ridge. It was therefore decided that General Sherman, with a force consisting mainly of three divisions of his army which had been brought hither from Mississippi, should move under cover of night to a point on the north side of Tennessee River, nearly opposite the end of Missionary Ridge ; and at an early hour on the following morning should throw a pontoon bridge across the river, and protected by artillery, transfer his troo[)s to the opposite shore, and if possible gain possession of tho northern extremity of tho ridge. At the same tune General Hooker was to operate with three divisions of his army against Lookout Mountain, his primary object being to hold tho rebels there, but authorized, if a favorable oppor tunity occurred, to take possession of tho heights. During the progress of these movements. General Thomas was to hold two corps in readiness to strike at the rebel center, whenever, in the opinion of General Grant, the auspicious moment arrived. Finally a corps under command of General Howard was to be retained in Chattanooga, as a reserve, either to aid Sherman or Thomas, as might be necessary. The above plan was to have been put in execution on Saturday, "November 21st ; but owing to unexpected hindrances, Sherman was not ready for crossing the river until Tuesday morning. On Monday, however, a trivial circumstance brought about a develop- ment which, without changing the jilan, rather advanced it, and increased the chances of success. Reports had come in during the iiiorniiig that the rebels were evacuating the ridge in front. It was found on examination that numbers of their troops were being withdrawn thence, and transferred to some other point. About noon, therefore, General Thomas, with the approval of his superior ofii- cer, determined on a reconnoissance to learn the intent of the movement, and also for tho purpose of developing the enemy's right, it being a matter of considerable interest in view^ of Sher- man’s operations to know how strongly Bragg was posted on the northern part of the ridge. Accordingly a division, under command of General Wood, was marched out, formed in order, and advanced ij 340 Chattanooga^ Tenn. in line of bnltlo as if on parado. The rebels watched the formation and inoveinent from their jjicket lines and rifle-pits, and from the summit of Missionary Ridge, five hundred feet above ; and thought it was a review and drill, so openly, so deliberately, and with such exact order was it all done. About half-past one, the troops pushed forward, under cover of the heavy guns of Fort Wood — the principal Union work to the east of Oliattanooga — and soon after, the Federal skirmishers came upon the rebel pickets and drove them into their first line of rifle- pits. The advance was rapidly and brilliantly executed. Indeed, as was afterward acknowledged by many of the prisoners captured, it was a surprise in open daylight. A severe fire was now poured forth from the rifle-pits; but, although quite destructive, it did not for a moment check the onward movement. The rebels were quickly driven thence, and the Union troops, pressing forward, found themselves at the foot of two hills holding a commanding position about half-way between Fort Wood and Missionary Ridge, and situated on the western side of a little tributary of the Tennessee River called Oitico Creek. Along the crest of the principal one of these hills, known as Orch- ard Knob, the enemy had constructed a redoubt of considerable strength. General Wood, perceiving the importance of the position, and the necessity of capturing the work before a strong force could bo massed for its defense, ordered an immediate assault. The Fif- teenth Ohio Regiment charged up the Knob, in admirable order, while the rest of the advance was engaged with the force which had ^ occupied the rifle-pits. The summit was soon cleared of the foe, and a considerable number of prisoners taken. Although now far advanced toward the enemy’s line of works on Missionary Ridge, the flanks of the assailing force were entirely un- molested. General Wood found the position taken even stronger than anticipated. It was in short cannon range of the enemy’s camps along Citico Creek, and within reach of the heavy line established by them on the summit of the ridge. Finding also that the enemy, for some time, remained quiet, ho reported the fact; when ho was ordered to intrench himself, and was assured that his flanks would be protected. To accomplish the latter object. General Howard’s reserve was directed to take a position in line on Citico Creek, closing its right well upon Wood’s left; while a division under command of General Sheridan was ordered to the support of Wood’s right. 341 Chattanooga, Tenn. The rebels finding the Union force on Orchard Knob intrenching themselves, began, about five o’clock, a vigorous shelling of tiiat point; but although it was kept up from three batteries till dark, no damage was done. During the night, the posith^n here and on the neighboring flanks w'as strengthened by various means, botli ofiensiw and defensive, so as to render it easily tenable by the Federal troops. About the same time that General Wood’s column had begun its movement in the direction of Orcliard Knob, General Palmer with a portion of his corps advanced threateningly along the line of a road leading southward from Chattanooga. Having taken a posi- tion well toward the rebel line, he held it, ready at dawn to continue his demonstrations in this direction, or to aid Sheridan’s force co- operating with Wood, in an assault on the ridge. It had become evident from the movements of the enemy, during the latter part of the afternoon, that ho suspected Sherman’s intended crossing of the river and attack on tlio end of the ridge. A long column of rebels was seen moving north and disappearing about the more formidable hills near where the ridge is cut by the tunnel of the railroad leading east from Chattanooga. But whether they were to oppose Sherman’s crossing or merely hold the hill remained a matter of doubt. Tuesday morning, November 24th, was gloomy, threatening rain ; and until quite late, the Union forces remained nearly inactive ; only a few guns from Fort Wood disturbed the rebel center. The day was chosen for operations on the flanks ; and for that purpose Hooker and Sherman began to move quite early. General Howard’s corps, which, on Monday afternoon, had been brought to the support of Wood’s left, was now ordered to open communication with Sherman along the southeast side of the Ten- nessee River. It was noon, however, before this somewhat hazardous undertaking was accomplished. In the mean time General Sherman, meeting with but slight opposition, had been rapidly executing his work. The last boat of liis pontoon bridge was being placed in the middle of the stream when the advance-guard of Howard’s troops arrived. At a very early hour, Sherman had thrown a portion of one of his divisions across the river, under the protection of a battery, and subsequently the other divisions, the greater portion being transported by a small steamer which had been brought up the river for this purpose. Immediately on arrival they had constructed a double line of rifle- 342 Chattanooga., Tenn. p';s covering the approacli to the bridge and adding much to tlio etrengtii of a position naturally well suited to defense. Here they were waiting the arrival of a division of the fourteenth corps, which was to occupy ^le works during their advance. The latter crossed the river and entered the rifle-pits about one o’clock. At the same moment General Sherman gave orders to prepare for an attack on the enemy. By this time a drizzling rain, which had been threatening since morning, began to fall, and the hills to be assaulted were soon hid- den from view. The troops w'ere formed in three columns; and in a few moments were moving forward silently and steadily. But it was not destined that Tuesday should witness a serious contest for the heights. General Sherman had anticipated skirmishing be- fore reaching the foot of the mountain ; it having been reported that the enemy held the position, in strong force. But the base of the acclivity was reached, after a short delay, without much opposition. The enemy made no resistance to the occupation of the extreme end of the ridge, and Sherman was in possession of it about four o’clock. It then appeared that this portion of the heights consisted of three hills separated from the main line of the ridge by a nar- row valley, through which the railroad runs, and which opens into the tunnel. These hills form a semicircular line bending around the north end of the ridge, the high and rugged abutment of which lying beyond is generally called Tunnel Hill. As the latter over- looks and commands the hills of which General Sherman was now in peaceable possession, ho found on exandnation that the real labor assigned him still remained to be done. The enemy were strongly posted both at the top and foot of Tunnel Hill. On the summit, they were engaged in strengthening a large bastion-shaped work known as Fort Buckner, laboring with great vigor and in large force as if the fort had not been completed. At the foot of the mount- ain, and near the west end of the tunnel, a force of about one brigade held the heavy railroad bank. General Sherman ordered the erection of defenses on the hills he had occupied, and here paused for the day. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. "While these important movements were in progress on the right flank of the rebel lines. General Hooker was achieving a glori- ous success on the left flank. The task assigned him, as we have before noticed, was to assault Lookout Mountain ; and in the event 345 ’ Chattanooga, Tenn. \ of finding a weak force holding it, or the failure of the enemy to weaken tlie rest of their line in order to hold it, to take possession of the mountain, llis force consisted of only two divisions and two brigades. The rebels occupied the western side of Lookout in very strong force, and also the north end or spur of the mountain toward the Tennessee River. The sjopo from the summit of the elevation to the foot is irregular, the first twenty-five or thirty feet of tlio descent consisting of perpendicular rooks, or what is generally termed palisades. There are but two routes by which the palisadea can be overcome: one a gap twenty miles south of the river, which was held by the rebels; the other, a road that winds up the cast side of the mountain, ascending the palisades along a steep ami narrow way. General Hooker’s plan was to get pos.session of this road, the gaining of which insured possession of the mountain. He began his operations early on Tuesday morning. By eight o’clock his column was moving up Lookout Valley ; and, to the surprise of the enemy on the point of the mountain, it disappeared in the forest to the southward. Here, filing to the left, the troops began tbe difficult task of ascending the steep acclivity ; but meet- ing with no opposition, were enabled to do this in a short time. Having reached the palisades, they were drawn u[) in order of bat- tle, facing the north, with the right resting against the palisades and extending in three lines down the mountain slope. Thus arranged, the corps was ordered forward. Marching along the slope of the ridge, with a heavy line of skirmishers thrown out, it soon came upon the rear of the enemy, who, unsuspecting a move so opposed to ordinary military rules, were completely sur- prised. Before the rebels at the foot of the hill could comprehend the situation, the Union skirmishers had penetrated far toward the point of the mountain and poured in a heavy fire upon them as they were trying to escape up the acclivity. The Unionists were now assaulting tliem from above— a complete reverse of the late situa- tion of the combatants. At tbe same time, the Federal batteries at Moccasin Point on the north side of the Tennessee River, and the rebel batteries on the point of Lookout Mountain, opened fire upon each other, and soon the whole mountain was hid from view in Chattanooga by the cloud of smoke which rose above and around it. The enemy, now taken in front and rear, made but Httle organ- ized resistance. But his skirmishers for a long time kept up a 346 Chattanooga, Tenn. lioavy fii'o from lieliiiul jutting rocks and trees. They were forced hack, liowcver, h}’ the advaiieo of Hooker; and at length the whole force on the point of the iiioiinlain gradually gave way, and re- treated in some disorder to a line of breast-works at Carlin’s house, not far from the north end of the mountain, on the eastern slope. The Union troops then swung around, till their line was parallel with that of the enemy, and again advanced ; hut met by organ- ized and well-directed resistance, they recoiled and for a time hes- itated. During this pause, the rear-guard were engaged in gather- ing up prisoners from the force which stationed ac the foot of tlie hill and along the river had been cut off by Hooker's rapid advance ; 1,300 were thus secured. The defenses behind which the enemy had now sheltered himself consisted of long and deep rifle-pits extending diagonally across a large open field, of which Cai-lin’s house is the center. General Hooker, after a close examination of this ])osition, made a new dis- position of his force and began a systematic assault. The enemy, if proj)erly reinforced at this point, could have held the mountain against greatly sui)erior numbers; but weakened by previous losses had to contract his line to works immediately across the field, and in so doing left his right flank exposed. Now began the heavy struggle of the day. An advance of the Union forces was ordered, and for an hour and a half a very heavy sharp-shooter’s fire was kept up. It is impossible to give a clear idea of this engagement. It was no place to maneuver columns; each man or comijany fought, as it were, independently. From Chattanooga nothing was visible save the misty smoke which en- veloped and hid the mountain. Hut beneath this canopy the com- batants saw each other and continued their desperate struggle. At four o’clock there came a tide in Hooker’s fortune which he did not fail to take at the flood. His skirmish line was enabled, under the c(jver of trees, which grew along that ])art of the ridge, to advance much nearer the rebel line than the forces in the open field, and to gain a position on the enemy’s flank. Here — the weakness of the foe having compelled him to contract his left — a lodgment was ettected very near Ids rifle-i)its. General Hooker being informed of this, at fouro’clock, ordered a charge; and through a lieavy and rapid fire the men dashed forward upon, over, and into the abandoned intrenchments. The rebels fell back, yielding their works, artillery, and position, yet still holding the all-important road. The Unionists, however, 347 . Chattanooga, Tenn. had scarcely occupied tlie captured position, when tliey were in turn assaulted. Then followed an obstinate struggle ; but the rebels were steadily held in check, until at length the ammunition of their opponents began to fail. The Union line was being thinned by men who had fired their sixty rounds, and were falling back, hoping to replenish their exhausted cartridge-boxes. The emer- gency was of the greatest moment. The enemy were perceiving their advantage and pressing forward with additional vigor. At this critical juncture, a brigade arrived from Chattanooga bringing a fresh sup[)ly of ammunition. Advancing, at double- quick, to the front, they relieved their w'earied comrades and assumed the burden of the day. Ten minutes later the enemy had been rejiulsed. It was now night, and spectators at Chattanooga described this light as tlio most magnilicent view of tlio grand panorama of war they had ever witnessed. It was beginning to be dark enough to see the flash of the muskets, and still light enough to distinguish the general outline of the contending hosts, The mountain was lit up by the flres of men in the second line, and by the flash of musketry and artillery in the first. An un- earthly noise arose from the mountaiu as if tlio old monster was groaning beneath tlie punishment inflicted upon it by the pigmy combatants. During all, the great guns on the summit of Lookout continued, as in rage, to bellow defiance to the smaller guns of Aloccasin Point, which with ligliter tone and more rapid discharges, as if mocking the imbecility of their giant enemy, continued to fire till twilight deepened into darkness. The day had been one of dense mists and rains ; and '■‘■much of General Hooker's battle was fought above the clouds," which con- cealed him from view in Chattanooga, but from which his musketry was plaiiilj' lieard. At nightfall the sky cleared, and tlie full moorr shod its beams in radiant splendor over the broad landscape. The events which had just transpired proved important successes to the Union arms ; and all night the detached hills at the north end of Missionary Ridge, on the extreme left, and the northeast slope of Lookout Mountain, on the extreme right, blazed with the camp-fires of loyal troops. At daylight on the 2uth, the Stars and Stripes were descried on the peak of Lookout. The rebels had evacuated the mountain. They had also abandoned Chattanooga Valley, and were collecting their whole strength on Missionary Ridge, determined, at any sac- rifice, to hold this grand key to their position. 348 Chattanooga^ Tenn. General Hooker pursued the retreating enemy, but did not suc- ceed iu coming up with him. He descended the mountain, how- ever, and taking a southeasterly course, crossed the broad valley which lay before him, and made the ascent of Mission Ridge, at or near the old battle-field of Chickamauga. Here he was at the south of Rossville and in the rear of the rebel line on the cast side of Chattanooga Valley, being thus entirely cut olf from the rest of the Union army ; but ns ho afterward proved, perfectly able to provide for his own emergencies. TUNNliL HILL. During the night General Sherman had strengthened his position at the north end of Mission Ridge with strong rifle-pits, and had jiosted artillery on his right and left, thus getting in an enfilading fire on Fort Buckner upon the opposite brow of Tunnel Hill. The operations of the ensuing day, on his part, began with an attack by his right upon the enemy posted behind the railroad bank west of the tunnel. The attack was made at ten o’clock, and resulted in the retirement of the Union troops after a short fight in Avhich the full strength of the enemy was developed. While this movement was in progress, an advance was made on the left by three regiments of General Lightburn’s brigade, which succeeded in effecting a lodgment on Tunnel Hill. General Corse’s command was ordered to reinforce them, and mounting the hill in gallant style, reached the edge of the crest without opposition, as the troops before them had done. Their unmolested advance thus far was attributable to the position of Fort Buckner, toward whicli they were directing their course; the fort being situated, noton the" immediate crest of the hill, but on a plateau lying just beyond, and therefore unable to command the approach until the crest was passed. General Corse took the lead of the whole force ; and at eleven o’clock pushed over the crest, gained the plateau, and charged on the fort. Ho was met by a tremendous volley. The opening chorus was well worthy to bo the prologue of the day’s drama; for it had all the merit of brevity and briskness. It lasted but ten minutes. The men fell back under the crest of the hill, but left their dead and wounded in the enemy’s rifle-pits. As they retreat- ed, the Union batteries from the hills on the north opened on the pursuing enemy, and speedily checked his progress. This column had hardly fallen back to its position, when from the right appeared another Union brigade pushing steadily and 840 Chattanooga, Tenn. rapidly across some open fields in a persistent and stronger attack on the railroad bank before assailed. The enemy offered a warm reception; but, one of the Union regiments appearing upon their left flank, and a severe cannonade being opened against tlieir right, they failed to stand the assault, and hastily abandoning their posi- tion, fled up the hill to the fort. AVhile this had been going on. General Corse had been reinforced by a portion, if not all, of a brigade. General Lightburn now took command of the entire force, and ordered an immediate advance. The assault was more desperate and bloody than before. It had no salient point to be described. It was simply a steady and slow advance of the whole line to within a few dozen yards of the fort, occupying three quarters of an hour; and then a rapid retreat to the former position behind the crest of the hill; leaving the dead and wounded in the hands of the enemy. Generals Corse and Giles Smith were seriously wounded, but were borne off by their comrades, and carried to the rear. The troops were now re-formed in a new line of battle ; and under the orders of Lightburn, lay down to rest, and await the possible attack of the enemy. From this time — quarter jiast twelve — until half-past one, there was a pause in Sherman’s struggle. It was a solemn interval, pre- saging a terrible concert of movements with the Union center, under the immediate eye of General Grant. General Sherman occupied the time in inditing a message to Grant and in preparing for a more determined assault. The battle at Tunnel Hill, at the north of the ridge, was at length renewed. A brigade on Sherman’s right, disdaining the protection of the railroad bank, rushed forward and strove with the enemy for the possession of an abrupt ledge of rock which, outcropping from the hillside, afforded a secure position, to an at- tacking column, not more than fifty yards from Fort Buckner. The fort, it may be observed, was near the crest of the west side of the hill, up which the brigade was now moving. The assailants at length gained possession of the ledge, and were reinforced by a second brigade. But as the latter was moving up, the enemy not only poured in upon them a continuous musketry-fire (harmless, however), but rolled down huge stones upon the troops behind the lodge, which leaping over the outjutting rocks fell among the men with great force and destructiveness. The latter unable to bear the Titanic avalanche thus hurled ujjon them, at length demanded to be led against the fort, and without waiting for their reinforce- 350 Chattanooga, Tenn. ments, rushed forward with maddened impetuosity. But tho}- were met with such a heavy fire that, in their temporarily disor- dered state, they were unable to breast it ; and breaking their ranks, they turned and fled. Only the color-bearer of one of the regiments remained in position. Here he continued waving his flag ; till the retreating forces, having met the brigade advancing to their support, rallied, marched again in good order to their posi- tion, and rescued their flag from the enemy, who were now making a charge for its po.ssession. The color-bearer remained unhurt. The two brigades now lay down as at first; when the enemy again began their wild work with the huge rolling stones: but this time they failed to break the line, though the troops were much harassed. General Sherman, not content with the strength of the column now resting on the hillside, ordered two other regiments to their, support; the latter dashed forward, and took a strong position half- way up the hill. No sooner did they gain their post, than their companions before them again moved to the assault with loud shouts of encouragement. The enemy sprang to their guns ; and from six pieces of artillery and a long line of musketry, a heavy and destructive fire swept down upon them. The last two regi- ments that had just clambered the hill, although out of breath with their efforts, rushed forward in support of the van. The hill at this time fitfully flashed and flared with flame ; and the columns and flags, the figures of both friend and foe, being plainly visible, there was presented one of the grandest visions of war the eye ever beheld ; it was indescribable. Imagination can not picture a scene equal to the sublime reality. Through a half hour of slow, toilsome ascent did the heroic col- umn move on. The enemy continued without intermission to pour canister and musket-balls upon it. But the stout-hearted braves still toiled on, upward, gained the crest, made one wild dash at the guns ; and were hurled back in confusion, as from the crater of an exploding volcano. Maddened with rage and desperation, however, they still maintained an undaunted front ; and from their lino the fire leaped up, almost meeting in one blazing sheet that of the enemy. Success at length seemed within their very grasp ; when a single brigade staggered, broke apparently in utter confusion, and rushed wildly down the slope. The rest remained steadfast, however, — immovable as basaltic columns upon the defiant hillside. Their retreating companions, moreover, did not fly to the foot of the hill ; Chattanooga^ Term. 351 for at tlie moment they were passing the reinforcements, an offi- cer sprang forward, seized tiie standard of one of the regiments, and thrust its staff firmly in the ground. Ilis sword waved over his head and pointed up the acclivity. His voice, amid the rolling thnuder of cannon and din of musketry, was unheard be- yond the ranks, but it penetrated the hearts of those men, like magic. The routed column turned instantly, and in a single second was marching up the hill, as firmly as the newly arrived troops with which they now seemed coalesced. Not a man went farther than where the reinforcements were met ; and there all turned and re-charged, as if it were a movement they had been practicing for years. And then the whole line swept forward again. Both brigades had broken once, yet now, after half an hour’s fight, they returned anew to the battle by the side of a third leader. It was a quarter after two o’clock when the column made its last grand charge ; the line was perfect now, though the stream of wounded that struggled to the rear made it look ragged. The distance between them and the rebel works was hut fifty yards, hut it was no child’s play to charge over that fifty yards. Double-shotted with canister, the rebel guns thundered upon them. It could be seen that their ranks were fearfully thinned ; but still they pressed on sternly, boldly, grandly. Pulling their caps over their eyes, as if seeking to hide the flame that devoured them, they rushed madly forward. A few more yards, a few more lives, and the rebel battery would be theirs. But what human beings could ho borne through those surging vol- umes of fire, through that wild chaos of lead and iron missiles that made the very air shriek with its cutting wrath. The smell of flame was on their garments, the prize was almost within their grasp ; the enemy was forced to call for help, to draw from liis center. The battle still raged with all its direful fury. The as- saulting column seemed about to scale the parapet and dash into the fort; when the rebel reinforcements swept around the hill from their left, and poured in a hellish flank and cross-fire that no mortal could withstand. The Union line crumbled almost instantaneously. A few hundred faced about, and fought a running fight to the rear; hut the main body turned and retreated; yet there was no panic, no despair. They saw they had failed and were overcome. They were swept from the field, but not tumult- uously ; the powerful aided the weak, and the strong bore off the S52 Chattanooga., Tenn. wounded. The rebels charged around the hillside ; but coming suddenly upon Lightburu’s brigade, were sent back confusedly to their works. General Sherman, standing immovable as a bronze statue, had watched the whole scene. As the rebels were driven back, he turned to one of his aids and said, “Tell Lightburn to intrench and go into position he then sat down to write a dispatch, and the battle of Tunnel Eill was over. ITis troops had been repulsed, bloodily repulsed ; yet they had achieved their main purpose — the enemy had heen forced to commit a fatal error, to draio from his center. But before this terrible scene had closed, tlie brief hTovember afternoon was half gone; yet along the Union center all was still. At that very hour, an assault was made upon the enemy’s left near Rossville, four miles down toward the old field of Cliickamauga. Hooker’s men had carried the southern portion of the hostile ridge ; they had strewn its summit with rebel dead ; they held it, and thus the tips of the Federal army’s wide-spread wings, like those of its emblematic eagle, waved grandly as it circled round its prey. But the guardian of liberty had not yet swooped; the gray quarry yet perched on Mission Ridge, the rebel army was terribly battered at the edges, but there, full in the Union front, it grimly waited, bid- ing its time. If the horns of the rebel crescent could not be doubled crushingly together in a shapeless mass, possibly it might be sundered at its center and tumbled in fragments on the other side of the mountain. MISSION KinOE. Sherman was now halting upon the left ; Hooker was holding hard in Chattanooga Valley ; the fourth corps that rounded out the Union center, under the eye of Grant, grew impatient. The day was waning ; but little time remained to complete the commanding general’s grand design. Gordon Granger's hour had come; his work was full before him. And what a work was that to make a weak man falter, and a bravo man think. One and a half miles to traverse, with narrow fringes of woods, rough valleys, sweeps of open field, rocky acclivities, to the base of the ridge, and no foot in all the breadth withdrawn from rebel sight; no foot that could not be played upon by rebel cannon, like a piano’s keys under Thalberg’s stormy fingers. The base attained, what then? A heavy rebel work, packed with the enemy rimming it like a battle- ment. That work carried, and what then ? A hill struggling up ( CiUl^DON (JMNGEll, 1 I jVfajov-Gen. of Vols., born in iS\iw York, about 1825; ciraduatcJ at West ( Point in 1845, nearly at tlie foot (if liis class. Brevet 2d-Lieut. Inf., July 1, } 1815; Brevet 2d-T,ieut. (Rivalry, July 17, 184G; 2d-Lieut., Yay 2!), 1847; j brevetted Ist-Liout. and Capt., for gallantry at Contreras, Chnrubusco and ( Cliapultepcc ; Ist-Licut., ]\lay 24,1852; stationed in Te.xas; distinguished } himself in pursuit of and attack upon Indians on Xueces iliver, April 13, ( 185G ; in New Me.xico, in 18G1 ; Capt., May 5, 18G1 ; Ass't Adjt.-Gen. to Gen. 1-yon, in Mo. ; Col. 2d Mich. Yol. Cavalry, Nov., 18G1 ; Chief of Cav- ;■ airy to Gen. Pope; New Madrid and Island No. 10 ; Brig.-Gen. Yols., date ;! from March 12, 18G2 ; commander Division of Cavalry, siege of Corinth ; ■; ilajor-Gen. Yols., Sept. 17, 18G2 ; commanded the Army ot Dist. of Ky., } Nov., 18G2 ; Feb., 18G3, joined Army of the Cumberland ; repulsed Van Porn ; June, 18G3, commander of District of the Cumberland, and of the Be- ( serve Corps ; rendered valuable aid to 'I'homas, at close of battle of Chicka- ) mauga; commanded the now 4th Corps, Sept. 28, 18G3 ; made charge on v Mission Bidge, Nov. 25, 18G3, but objected to march to Kno.willc to relieve ( Burnside, though he finally Avent; was relieved of his command by Gen. ) Grant, but subsequently put in command of 13th Corps; participated in at- tack on Forts Morgan, Gaines, &c., in Aug., 18G4 ; was at Huntsville, and ( afterward at Stevenson, Avith his command, in Nov. and Dec., 18G4; moved \ toAvard Mobile, IMarch, 18G5, and assisted in reduction of that city in April, | 355 Chattanooga, Tenn. out of the valley four hundred feet, rained on by bullets, swept by shot and shell ; another line of works, and then up, like a gothic roof, rough with rocks, a wreck with fallen trees, four hundred more ; another ring of fire and iron, and then the crest, and then the enemy. To dream of such a journey would bo madness ; to devise it, a thing incredible; to do it, a thing impossible. But Grant was guilty of them all, and Granger was equal to the work. The story of the battle of Mission Ridge is struck with immortality already ; let the leader of the fourth corps hear it company. At half-past three o'clock, a group of generals, whose names will need no “Old Mortality” to chisel them anew, stood upon Orchard Knob. The hero of Vicksburg was there, calm, clear, jiersistent, far-seeing; Thomas — the steadfast and sterling; ^feigs. Hunter, Granger, Reynolds. Generals Grant, Thomas, and Gran- ger conferred ; an order was given, and in an instant the Knob was cleared like a ship’s deck for action. The signal guns for the advance -were fired, and as the last roar burst forth, the strong Union line that had been lying behind the works in dead inactivity, came to resurrection in the twinkling of an eye, leapt like a blade from its scabbard, and swept toward the ridge; a few momenta and the musketry fire is in full play, and stricken forms fall hero and there like autumn leaves shaken by the blast. The divisions of Wood and Sheridan are wading breast- deep in the valley of death. Onward they moved through the fringe of woods, and out into the open ground at double-quick ; but the tempest that now broke upon their heads was terrible, the enemy’s fire leaped from count- less rifle-pits, rising from base to summit of Mission Ridge. Five rebel batteries opened along the crest; grape and canister, shot and shell, sowed the ground with rugged iron, and garnished it with the wounded and the dead. But steady and strong the heroic columns moved on ; and over their heads, as they went, the Union forts. Wood and Negley, and Palmer and King, and the batteries at Moccasin Point, and nearer by on Orchard Knob, sent forth their lightning messengers which rained iron blows upon the mountain from base to crest. The ar- tillery was doing splendid service; it laid shot and shell wherever the skillful gunners pleased. Had giants carried the missiles by hand they could scarcely have dropped them more accurately. Beneath this stormy cope, the Federal lines seemed to move as 356 Chattanooga, Tenn. fearlessly as if no terrors shrouded them. They burned through the woods, and swept over the rough and rolling ground like a prairie fire. Never halting, never faltering, they charged up to the first rifle-pits, with a cheer, drove out the rebels with their bayonets, and lay there panting for breath. If the thunder of guns had been terrible before, it was now growing sublime ; it was like tlie foot-fall of the Almighty on the bosom of the clouds. The national forts and batteries still thrust out their mighty arms across the valley ; while the rebel guns that lined the arc of the crest in front, opened as from the curve of a wide-spread fan and converged their fire upon Baird and Wood and Sheridan. Mission Ridge was volcanic ; a thousand torrents of flame poured over its brink and rushed together at its base. Yet the glorious soldiery were there, halting for breath. Sound the recall ! Save those devoted martyrs from destruction ! But no! shall such undaunted warriors turn their backs to the blast? Shall they sit down under the eaves of that dripping iron ? Or shall they climb to the cloud of death above, and pluck out its lightnings, as they would straws from a sheaf of wheat? And now tlio arc of fire on the crest grows fiercer and longer ; the dull fringe of the hill kindles with the flash of great guns. The fleeces of white smoke that dot the ridge, tell of thirteen powerful bat- teries that seem to sweep the very ground before them. At this moment General Granger’s aids dash out with an order ; they radi.'ite over the field to the right, left, and front. “Take tlio ridge if you can!’^ “Take the ridge if you can 1” is shouted along the Union line. But the advance had already set forth with- Qjit it ; they were out of the rifle-pits, into the tempest, and strug- gling up the steep. But they did not storm the mountain as one would think — with maddened fury and a headlong rush. They dash out a little way, and then slacken ; they creep up, hand-over- hand, loading and firing, wavering and halting. From the first lino of works, they reach the second ; they burst into a charge, with a cheer, and go over it. Sheets of flame baptize them, plunging shots tear away comrades on left and right ; it is no longer shoulder to shoulder ; it is each for himself, and Omnipotence for all. The hill sways up like a wall before them at an angle of forty-five degrees ; but the brave mountaineers are clambering steadily on — up — up- ward still I And what do those men follow ? That thirteen thousand are not a mere rushing herd of human creatures. Along the gothic Chattanoorja^ Tenn. 357 roof of tlie ridge, a row of inverted V’s is slowly moving up almost in line, a mighty lettering on the hill’s broad side. At the foremost angles of those V’s is something that glitters like awing; it is the regimental flag ; fifteen of those colors are there — colors that were borne at Pea Eidge, waved at Shiloh, glorified at Stone River, riddled at Chickamauga. Nobler than Cmsar’s rent mantle are they all I Three times the flag of one regiment goes down. The reader knows why. Three dead color-sergeants lie there ; but the flag is immortal ; and up it comes again and the V’s move on. Three regiments hurl themselves against a point strong with rebel works ; for a long quarter of an hour their flags are perched and motionless on a plateau under the frown of the hill. But again they move on, they are upward bound. The race of the flags is growing every moment more terrible. The surging columns heave upward like the mighty billows on a rock-bound coast. And all the while the steady roar of the artil- lery continues — the iron sledges beat on. Hearts loyal and bravo are on the anvij, all the way from base to summit of Mission Ridge ; but those dreadful hammers never intermit. Swarms of bullets sweep the hill ; twenty-eight balls may be counted in one little tree. Desperation seizes the enemy ; they tumble rocks upon the rising line ; they roll shells with lighted fuses down the steep ; they load the guns in their haste with handfuls of cartridges. But all would not do: and just as the sun, weary of the scene, was sink- ing out of sight, with magiiiflcent bursts all along the line, the advance surged over the crest ; and in a minut(?thoso flags fluttered along the ragged edge where fifty rebel guns were kenneled. The rebel hordes roll off to the north, roll off to the east, like the clouds of a worn-out storm. But the scene on the narrow plateau can never be painted. As the Union hosts surged over its edge, cheer on cheer rang like bells through the valley of the Chickamauga. Men flung themselves exhausted upon the ground, they laughed and wept, shook hands and embraced. It was as wild as a carnival. Granger was received with a shout. “ Soldiers,” ho said, “ you ought to be court-martialed, every one of you ; I ordered you to take tbe rifle-pifis, and you scaled the mountain !” but it was not with Mars’ horrid front, that he uttered these words ; for his cheeks were wet with tears, honest as the blood that red- dened all the route. ■With the receding flight and swift pursuit, the battle died away in murmurs ; the ardor of the men had been quenchless ; there 17 358 Ringgold^ Ga. had been three days of fitful fever, and after it, alas ! a multitude had slept well. Tlie work on the right, left, and center cost full four thousand killed and wounded. There is a tremble of the lip, but a flash of pride in the eye, as the soldier tells with how many wo went in — how expressive that “ went in!” — with how few wo came out. It is useless to try to swing the burden clear of any heart by throwing into the scale, on the other side, the dead weight of fifty-two pieces of captured artillery, ten thousand stands of arms, and heaps of rebel dead, or by foi’cing upon the attention a herd of seven thousand prisoners. Nothing of all this can lighten that burden a single ounce ; but this thought may : those three days' work brought Tennessee to resurrection ; set the flag— -that fairest blossom in all this flowery world — to blooming in its native soil once more. That splendid march from the Federal lino of battle to the crest was made in one hour and five minutes, but it was a grander marcli toward the end of rebeldom ; a glorious campaign of sixty-five minutes toward the white borders of peace. Reader and writer must walk together down the heights another day ; press that rug- ged earth, with the first backward step a loyal foot has made upon it; and as they linger, recall a few of the incidents that will render it liistoric and holy ground, for coming time. Let the struggle be known as the battle of Mission Ridge; and when in calmer days men make pilgrimage, and women smile again among the mount- ains of the Cumberland, they will need no guide. Rust will have eaten the guns, tho graves of the heroes will have subsided like waves weary of their troubling; tho soldier and his leader will have lain down together ; but there, embossed upon the globe, Mission Ridge will stand its fitting monument forever. RINGGOLD, GA. Novkmukh *27, 1863. V’TiionistSy under General Hooker^ numbers not reported. Losses^ nearly 800. Diaunionists. under General Hardee^ numbers unknown. Killed and wounded^ not reported; prisoners about 800« Aftek the battle of Chattanooga, in which the shattered and panic-stricken forces of Bragg were driven from Missionary Ridge, a strong Union force was ordered in pursuit. Advancing in three columns, under command of Generals Sherman, Palmer, and Locust Grove and Mine Fa. 360 Ilooker, they pressed hard npoa the enemy, and compelled the detachments in his rear to repeated skirmishes. On the morning of the 2'7th, General Hooker’s column reached Ringgold, and came upon a rebel force strongly posted in the town. After an hour’s hard fighting, he succeeded in dislodging them and capturing six pieces of their artillery; when they took up an- other position, still stronger, on the side of one of the ridges which borders Ringgold Gap, in the rear of the town. The new position much resembled that at Missionary Ridge, the slope being steep, wooded, and difficult of ascent. With two cannon, the only artil- lery left to them, the rebels opened fire upon the village. Ilooker determined to drive them from the ridge by assault. Two divisions were selected for the purpose ; a brigade of each was ordered to ascend upon the flanks, and gain a position higher up in the rear of the enemy. The rebels were in superior force ; and the advancing columns w’ere pushed forward wdth great fierceness and twice repulsed. The fighting on both sides was of the most desperate character. The Union forces, rallying for the third time and climbing the steep under a most galling fire, reached the crest and planted their colors upon the very summit. In this last most desperate charge, the gallant Colonel Creighton, commanding the Union brigade on the right, fell mortally wounded. The Seventh Ohio Regiment lost nearly all its officers, and came out of the fight under the command of a lieutenant. The enemy fled, their object having been to hold in check the Unionists until they were ready to burn two railroad bridges near by in their rear. But they were closely pursued, and the destruc- tion of the bridges was prevented. The driving of the enemy from this strong position cost the Unionists dearly, their losses having been estimated at from 600 to 800. LOCUST GEOYE AND MINE KUN, VA, November 27 to 80, 18C3. UnionisUy under General Meade^ numbers not reported. Loss, 1,000 DisunionistSf under General Zee, about 60,000. Loas^ 2,600. On the 25th of November, the Army of the Potomac was encamped a few miles northeast of Culpepper Court House, in a line across the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, at Brandy Station. 360 Locust Grove and Mine JRun^ Va. The rebel army, at the same time, occupied a position south of the Kupiihin, in the vicinity of Mine Run. It was divided into two corps : one under General Ewell, extending from a point on the Rapidan, southward toward Orange Court House; the other under General Hill, lying for the most part beyond Orange Court House, and separated from Ewell's corps hy several miles. The, break thus formed in the enemy’s lines seemed to afford a favorable opening for attack. Accordingly General ileade determined to throw a strong force if jjossible between the two corps and beat them in detail. The execution of this plan was essentially of the nature of a coup de main, based on a precise mathematical calculation of the elements of time and space, of the kind for which Napoleon was so famous ; and depended absolutely for its success on a rigorous execution of all the preconcerted movements in the fore-ordained time and way. General Meade cut himself entirely loose from his base of sup- plies, providing ten days’ rations, and relying on his anticipated success to open new lines of communication for a farther advance. At daylight on the morning of the National Thanksgiving — Novem- ber 26— the army took up its line of march. The last stars were fading from sight — the rising light of day chasing them away — as the bugles sounded the advance. In a twinkling the great city of canvas disappeared ; and its inhabitants wheeled into line, prepared to do battle right valiantly. The roads before them, however, except that by way of Germa- nia Ford — which Vvas partly planked— were a sea of mud ; and therefore nearly impassable. Added to this, much of the way lay through the region west of Chancellorsville, known as the Wilder- ness, a dense and tangled wood filled with underbrush, dead logs, thickets of scrub oak, etc., and traversed only by the rudest tracks which, intersecting at all angles, formed a perfect maze. Regardless of the hindrances and intricacy of the route, however, the troops pressed forward in good spirits ; but a portion of them, misled, at lengtlf, by imperfect maps, marched and countermarched for many miles with scarcely any progress toward their destination. The morning of the 27th, therefore, found the army only across the Rapidan. Twenty-four hours had passed, and but half the distance assigned for thirty hours had been accomplished. The troops weie now pushed forward with greater rapidity. Early in the afternoon the second corps under General Warren 3G1 I JLocnst Grove and 3Iine Hun, Fa. came np with the enemy, near Kobertson’s Tavern, and began developing his strength ; but was ordered not to make a serious attack until the third corps, commanded by General French, arrived. The latter, however, still embarrassed by the labyrinthine per- plexities of the route, had the misfortune a second time to take the wrong road. Its advance, therefore, while still at considerable distance from Warren, was brought unexpectedly face to face with a division of the foe. Skirmishing immediately began ; and Gen- eral French soon learned that Ewell's entire corps and a division of Hill’s were moving down upon his front. He at once ordered the main body of his troops to deploy in lino of battle to the left, so as eventually to connect with Warren ; while he made suitable arrangements to sustain the force already engaged. The enemy now showed a much larger force in front, and the skirmish had begun to assume the character of a battle. The con- flict occurred in a thicket, whence it has derived the name of the Battle of Locust Grove. As the advance division halted and deployed in line for action, and a second division began to form on its left, the enemy at- tempted to frustrate the movement. But the Union troops behaved splendidly, and moved into positions in the dense woods and under a galling fire of musketry with the utmost steadiness. Regiment after regiment was brought up, and at length the engagement be- came general. After feeling hastily .along the whole Union line, as if to ascertain its strength, the enemy massed his -forces and bore down heavily upon the front. The firing, at first, was exclusively with musketry, but grew intensely severe. It was -a continuous, deafening roar, rising louder and fiercer as additional troops took part in the contest, and running along from right to left, until the whole line blazed with the rapid discharges. At length the charging foe fell back, and a glad shout of triumph arose. Yet the triumph was of short duration. It was no victory, but merely a surging of the deadly fray. The rebels rallied, and in heavy masses again advanced to the charge. The rattle of mus- ketry a second time deepened into a roar, and the contest was renewed with increased earnestness. At this juncture a Union battery took up its position on a crest in the woods, and opened a furious fire of shell on the rebel line. The enemy planted a battery at a lower elevation and returned the fire ; but their missiles being directed by guess, over the woods, flew beyond the mark and fell far in the rear. The Federal cannon 362 Locust Grove and Mine Rim^ Va, in tlie mean time worked terrible destruction. 'But the hostile lines stood nobly up to their work, and with a valor that commanded admiration delivered murderous volleys. The action was now fiercely hot. Regiment after regiment ex- hausted its cartridge-boxes and made way for fresh troops standing ready to take their places. The cdiances of battle seemed even. Charges and counter-charges were made; positions were gained and lost; and the exulting harbingers of victory flew to and fro between the contending hosts, as if rejoicing in the combat and doubtful u[)on whose banners to perch. At length a heavy column of the enemy bearing down upon the Union front, rolled from right to left, determined to find a weak spot where it might break through the line. Gradually it ap- proached the extremity, and it was evident that the line must bo extended or it would bo outflanked. At this critical moment rein- forcements were hurried up from the sixth corps (commanded by the veteran General Sedgwick), which had been massed in the rear. Taking position as speedily as possible, they met the eager foe and compelled his retirement. Thus the enemy was completely foiled ; and as the shades of night were falling, he withdrew hastily, leaving his dead and wounded upon the field. Fourteen thousand Unionists had repulsed thirty thousand rebels. The losses of the latter were terrible — j)robably two or three times as great as those of their antagonists. This disparity resulted from the Unionists acting wholly uj)on tho defensive, sheltering themselves in the thick woods, and being littlo harmed except by musketry ; while tho enemy was frequently ex- posed in cleared spots, and suffered severely from the fire of tho Federal battery. This encounter, however, must bo regarded on the whole as a misfortune to the Union cause ; since it disclosed the plan of Gene- ral Meade, and caused Ewell to plant his corps across the route by which Warren intended to advance and possess tho important in- terval or break before mentioned in tho rebel lines. Warren’s troops skirmished with the force opposed to them all day, but in accordance with orders, he made no earnest advance. By nine o’clock on tho following morning, the 28th inst., French’s and Sedgwick’s corps had connected with Warren’s ; and the whole army now advanced in pursuit of tho enemy. The latter had aban- doned his position at Robertson’s Tavern before daylight, and was slowly retiring to the west. 3G3 Locust Grove and Mhie Run^ Va. On coming up -with his line, it was found to be light, and was gradually pushed back by the Union skirmishers across Mine Run, on the high ground west of which a strong force of the enemy was already drawn up. The position assumed by the latter was that which General Meade, at the outset of the campaign, intended to occupy between the two rebel corps. It was one of rare strength, even among the splendid defensive positions of Virginia. The enemy’s line was formed on a series of ridges, with enfilading posi- tions for batteries, while in front stretched the marsh that bordered the sluggish stream. A somewhat formidable line of breast-works crowned the heights. General Meade proceeded to draw up his forces on the opposite side of the run; but such was the condition of the roads that it was late at night before they were in position. On the following morning — tho 29th inst.- — General Warren was dispatched with his own corps and a division of the fifth, forming a column 20,000 strong, in light marching order, to turn the enemy’s right flank. lie expected to be in position to attack by the middle of the afternoon, at which time the corps in front were ordered to be ready for a simultaneous assault. Everything was made contingent on Warren’s movements. Marching his troops to the rear and making a wide detour, ho crossed the run several miles to the southward, but the hindrances of the route and the de- lays caused by the enemy’s skirmishers were such that it was nearly night before he reached his destination. It was therefore too late for a general battle, and another day had unfortunately elapsed without the accomplishment of any decisive result. Opportunity also was given to the enemy during the night to strengthen his position on the right and to mass a powerful force for its defense. But notwithstanding these disappointments. General Meade de- termined to persevere in his design. Warren’s force was accord- ingly strengthened by two additional divisions, and a general attack on the front, as well as right flank, of the enemy was ordered to begin at eight o’clock the next morning. At the precise time indicated on the following day, the 30th inst., the conflict was opened by Sedgwick’s troops on the Union right. The booming of cannon in that direction was answered at other points along the lino until every gun, down to the left of tho Fed- eral position in front of enemy, was sending forth its deadly peals. When the grand attack commenced, the rebels were plainly visible on the opposite heights, working with indefatigable zeal, perfecting. 364 locust Grove aticl Mine Run^ Va. extending, and strengtliening their works. But the missiles dis- charged from two liundred cannon, shrieking over their heads, bursting in their midst, plowing up the ground about them, tear- ing down their breast-works, killing or wounding their comrades, and stampeding their horses, worked a general demoralization in their ranks. Many of them could be seen flying to the woods in tlie rear of their position ; wliile those that remained crouched close to the ground, behind their defenses, and remainad bidden from view as the tornado of death passed over. At length a body of Union skirmishers having dashed along the turnpike which crossed the run, suddenly emerged from the thicket on the farther side of the bottom-land and steadily moved up the opposite slope. Driving the rebels before them, with undaunted courage, they soon gained jjossession of the enemy’s first line of rifle-pits. Thus far all wont well. But as the advance had been made only on the center of the rebel front, and as the enemy were still securely lodged on either- flank, the jjositions gained were of course untenable. No attacks were made on the extremities of the rebel lines ex- cept by artillery. The right and center of the Union line had been engaged for upward of an hour v/ith the most promising results, when it was announced from headquarters that the grand attack on the left or against the enemy’s right would not be attempted. General Warren had made a personal inspection of the works he was ordered to carry, and deemed them impregnable. The first line was of a truly formidablo characdor^ — ^very deep, (loiiHtnicted of logs and earth, and sheltered behind a thick and almost impenetra- ble abattis. The second line, two hundred yards in the rear, ap- peared to be of a similar description. An immediate assault on such works would bo sheer madness; and although the aspiring leader of the second corps contemplated them for an hour and a half with an earnest disposition to attack, he was at length induced to obey the dictates of prudence, and abandon the desperate undertaking. The engagement at Mine Run, therefore, proved fruitless. As the rations of the Union army would' soon be exhausted, and it would be dilfjcult in their present position to open and maintain communications with their base, they were ordered to withdraw again across the Rapidan. The movement was subsequently accomplisfied with little embarrassment. The Union losses in this brief campaign were estimated at about 3G5 Valley of Virginia. 1,000; the rebel losses, at nearly 2,500. These casualties, how- ever, occurred chiefly at the battle of Locust Grove. VALLEY OF VIRGINIA. (AVEKILL’8 ItAID.) Decembbe 8 TO 21, 1SC3. XTnionUti, tinder General A verill, 2,500. Killed, 6 ; wounded, 6 ; lost 94. KisunionUts, under General Early and other rebel generals, numbers not given. Killed and wounded, not reported; prisoners, 200. Decembeu 8tb, an expedition under General Averill was sent out for the purpose of cutting tlie Virginia and Tennessee railroads, in order to intercept Longstreet’s communications with tlie rebel cap- ital. The whole force moved in four columns, Averill’s being the main column, and the others the strategic ones. They advanced simultaneously. Sullivan’s command set out from Harper’s Feri-y, Averill’s from New Creek, Moor’s from Beverly, and Scammou’s from Charleston. The two last-named effected a junction at Lewisburg, while Averill advanced toward the railroad line, — these movements threatening Union from two sides. At Woods- borough, Averill sent olF a detachment under Colonel Thoburn to threaten Staunton, and pressed on with the remaind^ of his troops to execute the main object for which the expedition was organized. On the Kith, he cut the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, inflicting great damage upon the track and the running gear of the road. lie also destroyed three depots at Salem, together with their contents, valued at $200,000, and 100 of the enemy’s wagons. The line of telegraph along the railroad was cut and destroyed by coiling and burning. Two bridges and several culverts also were demolished, seriously damaging the railroad for a distance of fifteen miles. After accomplishing this destructive raid. General Averill at- tempted to retrace his steps ; and found six separate rebel com- mands, under Generals EaVly, Jones, Fitzhugh Lee, Jackson, Echols, and McCanstrin drawn up in hostile array to cut off his retreat. Tl» enemy’s line extended from Staunton to Newport, upon all the roads over whieh it was possible to transport artillery. General Averill determined to cut his way through the rebel hordes at all hazards, and accomplished his purpose by a nigbt ma- neuver that both 8urpri.sed and outwitted the foe. The latter offered the most serious opposition, their commanders working with great 366 JVewbern^ N. C. Kl vigor and ingenuity to Linder the escape of the Union forces ; but they entirely failed in tbe accomplishment of their plans. For several days General Averill’s men were out of subsistence, and were obliged to procure provisions from private houses and the scanty store-supplies they found along the route. The com- mand suffered severely with cold and excessive weariness. The movements of the expedition were executed in a spirited manner. It was attended with many dangers and difliculties ; but the prompt way in which it was conducted reflects great credit upon the com- manding general and his men. NEWBEEN, N. C. Feuruary 3 AND 4, 1864. Unionists, ‘under General Foster, numhers not reported. Killed and miss- ing, 212. Kisunionisls, under General Piekett, 10,000 to 26,000. Killed and wounded, 200 to 300. Fok several days previous to the attack on Newbern, rumors had prevailed that a large rebel force was gathering at Kinston, a few miles oil', and contemplated an attack. A little after midnight, January 31st, the Federal pickets were driven in at Bacheldore Creek and Deep Gully on the west, and at Brier’s Creek on the south. The alarm was communicated to Newbern from the front, and the long roll sounded at five a.m., February 1st. Six companies of cavalry were stationed at Bacheldore Creek, and a regiment of in - fantry at Deep Gully. An iron car, called the Monitor, mounting two guns, also assisted the defense. Lieutenant-Colonel Fellows, of the Seventeenth Massachusetts, with a detachment of 115 men and a portion of the Ninety-ninth New York, accompanied by a sec- tion of Churchill’s battery, went out on the Washington road on the morning of the first. Another section of the same battery went out on the Trent road, and was captured entire. The enemy advanced at all points at the front in overwhelming numhers. The Union troops made strong resistance, and held them in check till the baggage and camp equipage could be removed *or burned. The Federal loss was heavy, a very largo proportion of the men being taken prisoners. The rebels followed the Unionists closely, and kept up a running fire upon them till they came under the guns of the forts. The attack was made, by the rebel General Pickett, with a force Central Misr,issi2)2^i and Alabama. 07 variously estimated at from 10,000 to 25,000. After tlie engage- ment on the 1st, the enemy were supposed to liave retired ; but during the latter part of the day, they were discovered throwing up a work across the railroad west of Newhern and about one mile from Fort Rowan. Near five o’clock, a brisk and effective can- nonade was oi)cned from tho heavy guns in tlie fort. The iron- clad car containing two six-pound steel guns was also sent up tho ro.ad, and the woods were shelled on each side. The rebels then de- sisted from their work. Not long after midnight twelve boat-loads of tho enemy came quietly down the Neuse River, and captured the Union gun-hoat Underwriter. The resistance of the sailors was sharp but brief against such overwlielming numbers. Several w'ere killed, and some of the wounded perished in the flames which subsequently inwrapped the vessel. Tho rebel captors consisted of marines and gun-boat men. As soon as they obtained control of the Underwriter, each man went at once to his post, for tho purpose of working and defending the vessel. The engineers proceeded to the engine-room, the gunners to the guns, and others began to pay out tho cable, when she suddenly grounded. Captain Sanders, of Fort Stephenson, at once began to throw shell into her and she was quickly set on fire. The rebels fled in great haste, leaving seven of their number be- hind them. From their prisoners it w'as ascertained that the night holbro tho capture tho same i)arty came down jiast all three forts to tho navy-y"ard at tho lower end of tho town, and sailed about on the river; but could find no gun-boat, owing to the dense fog prevailing at that time. Their preconcerted plan was to seize the Underwriter, and go down with her and capture the others, and so gain control of the town. The plot was bold in its concep- tion, and had it been successfully carried out would have been extremely disastrous to the Unionists. CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA. (SHERMAN'S RAID.) Fedruart S to March 4, 18&4. Vnionists^ under General If. T. Sherman DifauiionUtJiy under General Polk^f 1 5,000 20,000. Killed and wounded^ prisoners^ 200. Douing the month of .January a powerful expedition, under com- mand of General W. T. Sherman, w'as organized at Vicksburg for 368 Central Mississippi and Alabama. the purpose of the most extensive and daring raid undertaken dur- ing the war. Tliis expedition was i)art of a system of concerted movements intended to derange the plans of the Confederate leaders at the opening of the campaign, to prevent the concentration of their forces for the striking of a vigorous blow at any single point, to interfere with the enforcement of their conscription act, and to inflict all possible damage on the rebel cause. Among the special designs of this raid, however, the most conspicuous were to destroy magazines of supplies and munitions of war, to break up gov- ernment factories, to cripple the great lines of railroad from central Alabama to the Mississippi, and to desolate the country along the routes, thus rendering the organization of an important rebel campaign in this region impossible. General Sherman’s force consisted of the sixteenth and seven- teenth army corps, under Generals Ilnrlbnrt and McPherson. It comprised 21,000 infantry, 1,200 cav.alry, about 40 pieces of artil- lery, and a train of 800 wagons. The troops left their camp at Vicksburg on the 3d of February, and crossed Black River in two columns— the sixteenth corps forming the left wing, at ^Messenger’s Ferry; the seventeenth, the right wing, at the railroad bridge eight miles below. The following day the advance cavalry guard was met at Cham- pion Hill by a superior force of Confederate cavalry, and driven back with a loss of seven prisoners. The rebel cavalry was soon afterward comi)elled to retreat in turn, before an advance of Union troops under Captain Foster. Their entire force was estimated at 7,000 men, commanded by Generals Adams, Ross, and Ferguson, all subject to orders from General S. D. Lee. They fell back to a commanding position on the west side of Baker’s Creek ; but as the Union forces pushed forward they abandoned the position and fled in confusion. From the last-mentioned point to Jackson there was continual skirmishing and occasional artillery dueling; yet the losses were light on both sides. On approaching Jackson the enemy was found to be in full re- treat, and a charge was immediately ordered to jjrevent his taking position on Pearl River. The rebels were thus compelled to make a precipitate retreat across the stream, without stopping to save their stores, or destroy the pontoons which had afforded them a means of crossing; the latter were immediately secured by the Union troops. The next day was occupied in destroying public stores and arms, in tearing up the track of the Mississippi Central Central Mississippi and Alabama. 369 Railroad, and in repairing tbo pontoon bridge. On tbe 7tb, tbo march toward ileridiau was resumed ; and on tbe afternoon of tbe same day, tbe cavalry readied Brandon, skirrnisbing with tbo rebels tbe entire route. Nearly all tbe residents of tbe town bad left with tbe retreating Confederate army. It was found that little property remained, tbeir work of destruction having been thor- oughly done. Up to this point everything of an edible nature bad been levied upon and made an item in tbe Union commissariat. Every mile of railroad track had been torn up, and every bridge and depot reduced to ashes. Tbe enemy’s rear-guard continued to harass the advance troops, till within eight miles of Moreton, tbe next important post. On tbe morning of tbe 9tb they entered this town ; but finding no rebels, they progressed unchecked through tbe day, and encamped for tbe night a few miles west of Hillsboro. Tbo following morn- ing they entered tbe town without oiiposition, tbo enemy having again fallen back to tbe eastward. During this day and tbe next, the onwmrd march was undisturbed by a single shot; but on tbe 13tb, the rebels appeared in force near Decatur, and were prepared to resist tbe advance of tbe Unionists. Some heavy skirmishing occurred here, and the enemy showed a determined front. But they were again compelled to retreat. During tbe day, scores of prisoners were captured, tbo Unionists following in close i)Hrsuit till nine o’clock in tbe evening, when they went into camp about seven miles from Meridian. Tbe expedition resumed their march on tbe 15th, and arrived at ileridian abofit half an hour after General Polk bad abandoned tbe town. Every house bad perished in tbe flames ; nothing but the devastated town plot remained to mark tbe location of tbe recently flourishing place. General Sherman remained at Meridian five days, in tbe hope that General Smith’s cavalry expedition would join him there. During that time detachments were sent out in all directions to carry on tbe work of destruction. On tbe 20th, the army left Meridian, on its return to Vicks- burg, it being deemed inexpedient to advance farther without the co-operation of a strong cavalry force. General Sherman continued with his command till they reached Canton, and then left for Vicksburg. Tbe expedition remained under tbo direc- tion of General Ilurlburt until tbe 2d of l\farcb, wl*en tbe route for Vicksburg was resumed. The rear was harassed until it crossed Rochester Creek, twenty-three miles from Black River. 370 Smith's Raid. Tlioy readied their destination the 4th of Mardi, having sustained a loss of only 170 men. The amount of injury inflicted on the Confederates was enormous: 150 miles of railway were rendered useless; thirty mills and 10,000 bales of cotton burned; and 2,000,000 bushels of corn, twenty locomotives, twenty-eight cars, sixty-seven bridges, and 7,000 feet of trestle were destroyed. The Union troops also captured 200 prisoners, liberated about 8,000 negroes, and brought back several thousand horses and mules. They subsisted wholly upon the country through which they pass- ed ; and during tho entire month, generals and common soldiers bivouacked by camp-fires in the open air. SMITH’S RAID. Febevaet 11 TO 26, 1SC4. Vnionists, under General W. S. Smith. Losses, not given. l>isu7iionists, under Generals Forrest and Chalmers. Killed and wounded, not reported ; prisoners, SOO. A OAVALity expedition under General W. S. Smith left Memphis on the 11th inst., in the direction of Collinsville; and two days later, the entire line of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was abandoned by the Union troops who had held it for several months for the purpose of enabling this General to arrange his plans for the expedition. On the 18th, the expedition reached Okolona, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 130 miles southeast of Memphis. They here learned that the heroic Union army under General Sherman had captured Meridian and was advancing easterly. Somewhat earlier the ex- pedition marched to Egypt, a station on the same road, and there took a vast quantity of Confederate corn. One column went through Aberdeen, and the other pursued a westerly course. The former column, under General Grierson, had considerable skirmish- ing near that place ; and destroyed over 100,000 bushels of Con- federate corn at Prairie Station, also a large lot of cotton. On the 21st, a movement was made upon West Point, where they found several rebel generals combined against them. Strong eflbrts were made to cut the Union column in two, but without success. Ueavy fighting occurred, both in the front and the rear. The Second Iowa fnade a gallant charge and lost a number of its brave men. Two or three hundred rebels hovered on each flank ; while the heavy force in the rear was constantly charging. 371 Olustee, Fla. Smith now fell slowly back, his troops ambushing the enemy as they advanced; the rebel loss was heavy. In his retreat he burnt every trestle of the Memphis and Ohio Railroad, and destroyed miles of the track, also large quantities of corn. February 22d, the Union troops broke camp at one a.m., after resting only two hours. As the roads were ambushed at every available point, vol- ley after volley was poured into the enemy, at short range, as tlicy advanced ; but, having a much greater force, the rebels continued to press the Union rear, their troops moving forward on each flank with the design of reaching the Tallahatchie in advance of their antagonists, forming a junction to prevent their crossing, and cap- turing the whole command. But by forced marches. General Smith passed both flanking columns ; and pressing forward all night, crossed safely at New Albany. On the 23d, the rear-guai'd skirmished all day, and also on the following day. On the 25tb, the expedition marched fifty-two miles, arriving at Memphis a little before mid-day. The expedition destroyed over 1,000,000 bushels of corn, tore up miles of the Memphis and Ohio Railroad track, burned numer- ous bridges and trestles, captured over 1,500 mules and horses, about 2,000 negroes, and over 300 rebel prisoners. They were successful at every point, and in every particular except the im- portant one of making a junction with Sherman; this thfey attrib- uted to the slow movements of certain cavalry regiments, which caused a week’s delay in the starting of tlio expedition. The Union loss is not given, but is believed to be much less than the enemy’s. OLUSTEE, FLA. FKnRUAnY 20, 18C4. VnionitU, under Oeneral Seymour, 4,900. Killed, wounded, and miuing, 1,200. Di sunionisis, under General Gardner, 13,000. Louses, not reported. During the early part of February an expedition under command of General Gillmore had been fitted out at Hilton Head, South Carolina, for the purpose of gaining possession of a portion of Flor- ida. On the 7th inst., the exjiedition entered the mouth of the St. John’s River, and during the afternoon of the same day a de- tachment under General Seymour gained possession of Jackson- ville. From this point bis troops pushed forward a little distance into the interior, making several valuable captures. Soon after 872 Olustee, Fla. General Gillinore returned to Port Royal, leaving General Seymour in chief command. On tlie 1‘JtIi, the latter joined his troops at Barber’s Station, con- sisting of 4,900 infantry and 400 cavalry, with twenty pieces of artillery. The following morning the little army set out to find the enemy. Their route extended through the unvarying pine forests of the country, over immense sandy tracts, or through swamps naturally impenetrable to the foot of man. They reached Sanderson about noon ; and though wearied with a march of six- teen miles, pushed forward, without delay, to Olustee, the point at which they' expected to encounter the enemy. The troops advanced in three columns, keeping near the railroad, the cavalry in front and the artillery distributed along the line of infantry. The right column, consisting of three New York regiments, was led by Col- onel Barton ; the center column was made up of the cavalry, under Major Stephens, and the mounted-infantry, under Colonel Henry; the left, commanded by Colonel Montgomery, also embraced three regiments. The advance cavalry force first came upon the enemy’s pickets five miles east of Olustee. The latter retired as the Union troops advanced, and fell back upon the main body of their army, which was strongly posted between swamps ten miles beyond Sanderson. Their po.sition was admirably chosen. On the right, the rebel lino rested upon a low and rather slight earth-work protected by rifle- ’pits ; their center was defended by an impassable swamp ; while the cavalry drawn up on a small elevation sheltered behind a grove of pines, occupied the left. A battery was mounted on the rail- road track, to hurl its deadly missiles upon the Union left, or capa- ble of being turned against the center. A ritled-gun commanded the road, and sharp-shooters swarmed in the tree-tops. The position selected by the enemy for the Federal troops to oc- cupy (and which they did occupy during the temporary exigences of the occasion) was between two swamps ; the one in front pre- vented a charge upon the rebel line, that in the rear was to impede their reti-eat. The railroad could only be attained by wading to the armpits in water, or by making a wide detour. To fall away from the railroad was to cut themselves ofiT from the supi)orting force, which were advancing on the left of the track, and to en- danger the safety of their train. Nothing could have been better planned or more readily acquiesced in. General Seymour accepted the hazardous issue, pushed his guns into position upon low ground. Olustee^ Fla. 373 eighty yards distant from the nearest rebel battery, and beheld his gunners and their horses sliot down, with stern determination. The Seventh New Hampshire Kegiment was the first to come under fire. Many of its men were inexperienced soldiers ; those on the left flank had been recently deprived of their rifles and pro- vido- jily of provision, having determined that for once they would carry out the celebrated order, to subsist upon the enemy’s country. On Monday they reached the Virginia Railroad and tore up the track in four places, and destroyed whatever pro[)erty would render the road useful. 'I'he expedition under Colonel Dahlgren that marched on the Central Railroad came upon a court-martial peacefully liolding its session at Frederickshall, and there captured several rebel ollicers. Leaving the latter place they pushed on for Richmond — Colonel Dahlgren’s command keeping well to the right, in the direction of Louisa Court House, wliile General Kilpatrick with the main body moved upon Ashland, both parties inflicting all possible damage. As they neared the enemy’s stronghold, the two commands began to concentrate. Colonel Dahlgren was to move down to the right of Richmond, destroying as much of the James River Canal as ho could ; then, taking the river road, to eflect a crossing, enter the city from the south side, and attempt the rescue of the prisoners on Belle Isle. General Kilpatrick was to attack Richmond, by the Brook’s turnpike, simultaneously with the other force. Two of those strange fatalities (which more than once during the struggle with the rebellion have snatched success from the very grasp of those whose valorous achievements have richly merited the victor’s crown) interposed to prevent the consummation of one of the best conceived and most brilliant plans of the war. Colonel Dahlgren relied upon a negro to pilot him to Richmond, who proved treacherous, and led the command to Goochland — miles in the opposite direction. Exasperated at the baseness of their guide, the troops renewed their work of destruction, and annihilated all the rebel property that came within their reach. This detachment did not reach the immediate vicinity of the city till Tuesday afternoon, when everybody was on the ^'qid vi'oe^’’ Kd- patrick having already commenced the attack. A party of Dablgren's command attemjited to cross the river ; a very brisk engagement ensued, and finding the enemy confronting them on every road, in vastly superior numbers, they reluctantly fell back. In attempting to cut their way out, the commander with 150 of his men were separated from the rest ; the others succeeded in rejoining the main column. Meanwhile General Kilpatrick proceeded down the Brook turnpike from Ashland, having torn up the rails at that Central Yirginia. 3 7 7 point, and destroying the telegraph as he advanced. At one of tho stations, however, the operator succeeded in sending a telegram to Richmond, announcing that invaders were approaching. He was taken prisoner in less than fifteen minutes ; but that short time placed the threatened city upon the alert ; a dozen field pieces were l)ut in battery, and a now iutrcnchmcut thrown up while awaiting Kilpatrick’s arrival. The troops reached the outer fortifications early on Tuesday morning ; and as the spires appeared in view, cheer upon cheer went up from the Unionists. They immediately entered the outer line; the rebels therein threw down their arms and quietly surren- dered. A struggle then followed for the second line ; but the bat- teries repelled the Federal troops, and Gener.al Kilpatrick opened upon tho enemy with his battery. The soldiers were fired with enthusiasm, and ready to surmount every opposing obstacle ; but General Kilpatrick acted the wiser part, and as the shrill whistle of the locomotive announced the bringing up of reinforcements from Pickett’s brigade, he reluctantly gave the order to move to- ward Mechanicsville. The difficulty of obeying this order soon became apjiarent. Tho enemy’s pickets confronted them on every road. Night’s shadows falling around them, Kiljiatrick, with his accustomed audacity, halted and made preparations to camp. He chose a place, however, too near a rebel camp, and was shelled out of his position. The Union soldiers were thus comj)elled to grope their way in darkness and gloom, fighting when pressed too hard, and with the tell-tale whistle of the locomotive now warning them that troops were being hurried back to Bottom’s Bridge, in the hope of cutting off their retreat. On Monday, the day after the expedition set out. General Butler received orders to send out a force to meet Kilpatrick and assist him, if necessary. Had tho latter General known of tho force at New Kent Court House or Bottom’s Bridge, he W'ould not have turned away from Richmond, but have given Butler’s men oppor- tunity to fight for the same prize. Two thousand infantry (colored troops), 800 cavalry under Colonel Spear, the Eleventh Pennsyl- vania Cavalry, and the First Rhode Island battery were sent to New Kent Court House, to be governed by circumstances as to further movements. The colored infantry-troops reached their point ot destination Tuesday, at mid-day, having performed an extraordi- nary night-march through mud and tailing rain. The cavalry arrived some hours earlier. About eight o’clock in the evening Fort De Fussy, etc.. La. STa of the same day, Colonel Spear, with a portion of his cavalry force, proceeded to Tunstall Station, and destroyed rebel jjroperty in the vicinity, with ruthless band. Tuesday night a detachment of Kil- patrick’s force was discovered ; but not knowing whether they were friends or foes, a warm reception was prepared for them. The question was solved at daylight; and as the two columns of cavalry came in, on both sides of the colored brigade drawn up to receive them, the mutual cheers were loud and prolonged. The troops went into camp near Fort Magruder, Thursday night, and the following day removed to Williamsburg for tlie purpose of obtaining forage and rations. This raid was one of the most daring of the war ; and were it not for the two fatalities mentioned, would have been wholly suc- cessful. The soldiers made severe depredations upon the farm- yards, and also acquired large sums of Confederate money. Over 500 prisoners were taken, and immediately parolled, as tlio nature of the expedition rendered it impossible to bring them away. FORT DE RDSSY, ETC., LA. Mabcu 14 , 18 & 4 . UnionisiSy under General A. J. Smithy 10 , 000 . Killedy 7 ; woundedy 41 . DimnioniatSy under General l>icJc 11 , 250 .' Killedyb'y wounded y 4i •y prU* onerdy 825 . On Thursday night, the 10th of March, the usual quiet and mo- notony of tlie little city of Vicksburg were disturbed by tlio depar- ture of ten thousand troops, on twenty river transports, under the direction of General A. J. Smith, commander of the Eed River expedition. All day the dusty streets had resounded with the tumult of voices, and the steady tramping of martial feet; while on the air was borne the swelling notes of national melodies, and the Flag of Freedom waved its glittering folds over the bronzed features of tried and trusty m^n. At seven o’clock, Thursday evening, the scene on the Mississippi River opposite Vicksburg was sublime. From the deck of the flag-ship went up the long shrill wliistle, the signal for departure, which was instantly answered by the immense fleet, each steamer’s whistle screaming a reply. Five minutes later, the great flotilla was in motion, the varie- gated lights swinging to and fro from the mast-heads, while the crowded decks glistened with loyal bayonets, and the cabin win- I I 37 ^ J^ort De Hussy, etc., La. (lows reflected a brilliant light upon the rushing waters. Add to this picture the array of simple shelter-tents spread in miniature encampments on the upper decks of the steamers, the sl)owers of golden sparks scattered from tlie monster black chimneys, the thrill- ing music of several hpass bands, and the cheering of the soldiers eager for the approaching conflict, and some idea m^y be formed of the magnificenj; spectacle. At four o’clock on Friday afternoon the vessels came to anchor at the mouth of Ked Kiver, where Admiral Porter’s formidable fleet of twenty gun-boats was in readiness to accompany the land force up the river. On Saturday the fleet steamed up Old River at an early hour, passing by the mouth of Red River into the Atcha- falaya; and late in the afternoon anchored at Semmesport, or rather the ruins of what once was Semmesport. On Sunday, the 13th iust., after waiting twenty-four hours for information from an ex- pedition under General Ranks, with which this expedition was to co-operate. General Smith disembarked a portion of his troops; and sent a brigade under General Mower to reconnoiter in the vicinity of Yellow Bayou, where the enemy had partially erected quite a strong fort at the intersection of Bayou de Glace and Yel- low Bayou. On reaching this point it was found deserted by the enemy, who had burned the bridge leading across the river at that place. The extensive, though incomplete, earth-w'orks they had forsaken indicated their intention to use the Atchafalaya as the principal line of defense, depending upon the shallowness of the stream to protect them against the attack of the Union gun-boats. But the unexpeefed appearance of a formidable fleet had caused them to abandon the strong but unfinished works, and to hasten to the defense of Fort De Russy. General Smith immediately decided to march overland against the fort, leaving the fleet to demolish the obstructions across the river and to follow as soon as it was practicable. They accom- plished the distance of thirty-five miles, in light marching order, within twenty hours. The rebel cavalry kept up a series of har- assing demonstrations during the entire route. But on the other hand General Kirby Smith, commanding the rear division of the enemy, was repeatedly obliged to form in line of battle in order to repel a threatened attack. The head of the column approached Fort De Russy about three o'clock in the afternoon of the 14th ; and after spending some time in cautious advances tow'ard the posi- tion, the Union lines were moved up to the edge of the heavy woods sei3 Fort Fe Mussy, etc.. La. wliich surrounded the fort. The enemy opened immediately with a heavy fire of shell and shrapnel from four guns. Two batteries replied promptly, and kept up a brisk cannonade for two hours. General Smith then directed an advance of skirmishers, which movement was followed by a severe fusiladq. A charge was soon afterward ordered and gallantly led by the Fifty-eighth Illinois and Eighth Wisconsin. With prolonged cheers, in the teeth of a mur- derous fire, the heroic troops rushed bravely on to the almost im- passable ditches defended by an abattis strongly fastened to the ground, and im[)enetrable except to the most determined assail- ants. The sun was just setting, and as his declining beams gilded the parapets of Fort De Russy, the grandeur of the thrilling war- tableaux presented at this moment can hardly be conceived. The fierce onset, the confused struggle that followed, the fiame and smoke of combat, and the victorious columns pouring over the ramparts, formed a scene alike glorious and sublime. AVithln twenty-five minutes after the order for the assault liad been issued, the garrison surrendered, and the national flag floated triumphantly over the captured works. Almost at the same moment, the gun- boat fleet arrived and learned from the enthusiastic cheers of the victors that the fort had been reduced without their aid. Tliough the honor of this brilliant victory belongs chiefly to the land forces, the abandonment of Semmes^iort was probably due to the sudden appearance of the naval force m a quarter where such a demon- stration was as unexpected as it was decisive. Fort Ho Russy was a strong quadrangular work, with bastions and bomb-proofs, covered witli railroad iron. tJonnec.ted with tlio fort was a powerful water battery, the casemates of which appear- ed to be capable of resisting the heaviest shot and shell. The guns were arranged admirably, and commanded the river for a consider- able distance up and down. Ten guns were captured in all, a largo number of small-arms, 2,000 barrels of fine powder, a stock of as- sorted ammunition, and a quantity of commissary stores. The garrison had been reduced recently from 1,000 to 325 men, includ- ing twenty-four commissioned officers; all of whom were taken prisoners. The casualties were trifling on both sides. Soon after this victorious achievement, the expedition was ordered forward to Alexandria, where they arrived, accompanied by the gun-boats, on the 16th. Here they were joined by the ad- vance of General Banks’ expedition, consisting of a cavalry force under General Lee. In the mean time, orders had been given for Natchitoches^ La. 381 the destruction of Fort De Russy by the explosion of the magazines. The explosion was accomplished at ten o’clock on the evening of the 17th, causing the gun boats and transports in the river to rock as though an earthquake had taken place. As there were some 400 pounds of powder in the three magazines, which w'ero fired simultaneously, the report was terrific. A sharp forked flash shot fiercely up into the serene Jieavens, shedding a fearful illumination on every surrounding object; in an instant a deafening roar, louder than the loudest thunder, reverberated through the forests; and the walls and foundations of the fort were scattered in indiscriminate ruin. ♦♦♦ — NATCHITOCHES, LA. March 21, 1864. Unioni^U.^ under General Mower^ one division. Losses none. DisunionUifi.t under General Dick Taylo}\ 1,000. Killed and wounded^ 8 ; prh^ onevs^ 282. General Smith, having learned through citizens and refugees the direction taken by the rebels after evacuating Alexandria, de- termined to give them a tangible reminder of the presence of the Stars and Stripes in that region. Accordingly he ordered General klower, whose division had recently been considerably augmented by additions from General Lee’s mounted forces, to make a reconnois- sance In that direction. The morning of the 21st found the forces in line, and by nine o’clock they were ‘‘ en route." A strong advance-guard was thrown forward, and covered the march of the main body. Twelve miles above Alexandria the skirmishers came upon a body of rebels 200 strong. They were immediately attacked ; and brisk fighting ensued, lasting for a quarter of an hcyir. It resulted in the flight of the foe, but in no serious casualty. Meanwhile the riiain body was pushing forward rapidly, but failed to arrive till after the flight of the rebels. The cavalry advance then started in pursuit; but torrents of rain made the march slow. At night-fall they encoun- tered the enemy at Natchitoches, about eight miles from where they first met a rebel force. They were in position on a considerable eminence on the road, with four pieces of light artillery ; and seem- ed determined to make obstinate resistance. The Union force was at once divided : one part demonstr.ating in front ; while the other, under the cover of darkness, made a detour around the right of their position, for the purpose of cutting them off. 382 Paducah^ JTy. As night camo on, all demonstrations in front were of course useless. Meanwhile the detached force was groping its way through the forest, now doubly dark from the half-grown foliage and the overhanging clouds. About nine o’clock one of Dick Taylor’s “ orderlies” was captured, from whom much information was elicited to facilitate movements. A half hour later the Union soldiers were among the rebel guards, and not more than 200 yards from their cuTiip-fires. Coining from the direction they did, the enemy natui'ally mistook tliem for reinforcements. The guards were jiickcd olf one after another, until nearly the entire lino was nnoccui)ied; w'hen the Federal troops moved up to the cani[). Here of course they were recognized, and for a few minutes the greatest excitement prevailed. Cries of “To arms!” “The Yan- kees are upon us!” resounded through the camp. In ten minutes the entire force was disarmed, not more than twenty escaping ; 282 cavalrymen were captured with their horses. PADUCAH, KY. March 25, 1864. UnionistSf under Colonel JlickSy 800. KiUedy 12 ; wounded^ 40. Disunioniets^ under General Forrest, 7.000, Killed, 800 ; wounded, 1,000. Geneual Fokeest, with a force of 7,000 men, attacked Paducah, Ky., March 25th, on his way from Union City northward across the State. On his arrival he made a demand for a surrender of the place, which being rejected by Colonel Hicks, commander of the fort, the attack was immediately dommenced. It continued during the whole afternoon, the enemy making four assaults, in each of which they were repulsed with considerable loss. After the first repulse, the rebel general again demanded the surrender of the fort, troops, *and public stores, promising that, if they submitted, the troops should bo treated as prisoners of war, but if c()m|)ollcd to storm the position they might expect no quar- ter. tiolonel Hicks again declined, and the battle continued. The steamers Peosta and Pawpaw, light iron-clads, participated in the defense. A large portion of the city was destroyed, partly by the foe, and partly by the Union troops who were compelled to burn a number of the houses to prevent their falling into the hands of rebel sharp-shooters. While the struggle was in progress, par- ties of the enemy entered the town and carried off considerable plunder. Cane Itiver, La. 383 Earlj in the evening, the foe retired from the town, and on the following morning marched in the direction of Columbus. Their loss was stated at 1,000 wounded and 300 slain — the latter left in front of the fort. CANE RIVEE, LA. Mabcu 28, 18C4. Unionists, under General A. J. Smith, 10,000. Killed and wounded, 80. DUunionists, under General Kick Taylor, 12,000. Killed, wounded, and pris- oners, TOO. Cank River, thirty-live miles above Alexandria, is one of the largest tributaries of Red River. As its' name implies, its banks are lined with extensive “ cane-brakes,” which in some places cover many thousand acres, and furnish pasturage for large herds of cattle. The Unionists under General Smith broke camp at an early hour on the morning of the 28th of March ; and at sunrise the whole army was in motion, with Mower’s division aud Dudley’s cavalry ill advance. The roads wmre heavy and almost impassable. The men were oRen compelled to ford streams, and frequent delays were thus incurred. "When the force had been cn route" for an hour, a half-dozen shots, so far distant as to be scarcely distinguish- able, announced the enemy’s presence in the vicinity. The main body of the army was pushed forward with all speed ; but on reaching the spot where it looked for an engagement, the rebel outposts had been withdrawn to the farther side of the river, aud formed into a strong skirmish line in the forest. The advance troops of Mower’s division were deployed as skir- mishers ; and moving forward through mud and wmter to test the strength of the enemy, became engaged in a few minutes. The fir- ing, from the outset, was quite rapid — so rapid, indeed, that Gene- ral Mower saw fit to forward heavy reinforcements to the skirmish- ing line. Upon their arrival the firing was of course redoubled. Affairs remained in this situation about twenty minutes, when it became evident that the enemy were giving way. Prisoners, singly and in squads, emerged from the woods in which the engagement was going on, and were conducted to the rear; while at the same time the firing of sinall-arms from the Union lino increased or diminished at different points, as they contended with rallied squads of rebels, or forced them to retre.at out of range. The foe 384 Cane Hiver, La. yielded ground stubbornly, and fired sometimes in solid volleys, and anon in irregular discharges, all the time availing himself of the protection of standing timber and fallen trees. As the Union troops approached the farther edge of the ■woods, the enemy was discovered a few hundred yards otf in their imme- diate front, and apparently concentrating to make an onset, or to repel an assault. Both wings were partially screened by woods and uneven ground ; while the center was in some measure protected by shallow ravines and sloughs. The rebel line of skirtnishers suddenly withdrew with some precipitancy across the field in front, while the Union troops pushed boldly after them, until within good range of the main line, upon which they at once opened an accurate fire. The fight had now continued two hours, during which time Gen- eral Smith had learned enough of the enemy’s position to enable him to make proper dispositions for a general attack. For this purpose. General Mower’s division was ordered to advance, and en- gage the enemy in front ; while Dudley’s brigade of cavalry should assail the left flank. At the same time, two batteries were pushed forward, so as to cover the movements. The advance was slow, until they came in sight of the foe waiting to receive them. They then pressed for- ward with loud cheers, regardless alike of obstructions and of fly- ing bullets. Simultaneously with this, the two batteries were wheeled into position, and opened a telling fire of grape and heavy shot. The rebels soon wavered, and in ten minutes their entire force was in full retreat. It seemed almost certain that they would get away before Dudley’s cavalry could reach their flank. The in- fantry were unable to make an efiective pursuit, and the further rout of the flying foe depended on the force under that oflicer. lie came in sight of the retreating column just as it was crossing an extensive plantation in rear of the battle field. The greater part of the rebel army had already passed, and there was no time to be lost. Throwing his men forward in line, he ordered them to cliargc ; and they advanced first at a trot, then at a gallop, and finally at full speed. The unexpected appearance of this formidable force completely disconcerted the enemy. At first they halted, and made some movements toward forming a lino of battle ; but these movements turned into wild confusion as the cavalry pushed forward with accelerated speed. In a few min- utes the ground trembled under the tread of a thousand war -horses, the air resounded with the commingled sounds of bugle blasts, the 385 Sabine Cross Hoads, Mansfield, La. shouts oQhe horsemen, and tlie rattling of their sabers. The rebels ^ broke anu fled in all directions, like leaves before the wind — some following up the main body, a few going back toward the Union army, while others crouched behind stumps and whatever promised to save them from the living avalanche. The charge struck the rebel column just in advance of the rear, cutting it in two, leaving 300 prisoners in the hands of the Unionists and scattering thrice as many more. Thus closed the contest. The bad roads, the rough nature of the country, and the waning day made it necessary to defer a general pursuit. The Federal force lost eighty pien. The rebel loss, in killed, wounded and prisoners, was about 700. SABINE CROSS ROADS, MANSFIELD, LA. April 8, 1864. Vnioni/iU. wider General Sanhs, about 14,000. Killed and wounded, about 500; prisoners, 1,500. *■ Disunioniete, under General Kirby Smith, 20,000. Killed, wounded, and mist- ing, 1,500. The Union army under General Banks, having advanced as far as Natchitoches, broke camp at this point on the morning of April 6th, and moved out on the Shreveport road, leading northwesterly along the line of Red River. The cavalry advanced twenty-one miles, as far as Crump’s Ilill, where they rested for the night, the infantry halting three or four miles in the rear. On the following morning the cavalry again set out, and soon came upon a body of mounted rebels. Fighting began at once ; and the enemy were rapidly driven back about fourteen miles, or nearly to Pleasant Hill — a small village situated on a slight rising ground whence it derives its name. A little before reaching the village, a force of 2,500 cavalry was met, drawn up along the edge of a dense strip of woods with an open field in front. They were immediately attacked by a brigade of Union cavalry, and with such vigor and determination that after an engagement of two hours and a half they were completely whipped and driven from the field. The retreating rebels were pursued as far as Bayou de Paul ; where, it being apparent that they had received heavy reinforcements, and night coming on, they were left without further molestation. 33G Sabine Cross lioads^ 3Ia?isJleld, La. During the night a brigade of Union infantry came up, and early in the morning of the following day (Friday the 8th) t^e march was resumed. The rebels were found on the alert, and fighting * commenced almost at once. The skirmishing was fierce, and every foot of ground was resolutely contested; but by two o’clock in the afternoon the foe had been driven back seven miles. The losses during this time were very severe on both sides. The enemy were now met in large force, under command of General Kirby Smith. Tbeir numbers were subsequently reported by prisoners at from 18,000 to 22,000; while the Union force con- fronting them was comparatively a mere handful. The rebels occupied a strong position in the vicinity of Sabine Cross Roads, concealed in the edge of a thick wood, with a broad opening in front. General Ransom, at this juncture, arriving on the field with his command, deployed the Union forces in line as well as circum- stances would admit, after reconnoitering and feeling the rebel position. By the time the disposal of the troops was completed, General Banks and staff rode up and immediately made prepara- tions for the anticipated battle. It was the wish of General Banks to remain quiet till the rest of his army arrived ; but the rebel general, conscious of his present superiority in numbers, began an early conflict. About four o’clock, the firing between the skirmishers became very hot; and in a short time the Union advance was forced back upon the main body, by an overwhelming force. The whole strength of the enemy was then pushed forward, and heavy and repeated volleys were discharged and replied to. The rebels fought desperately for several hours, driving back their opponents with great loss, and flanking both wings of the Federal army ; until a retreat was inevitable, if the assault on the right and front was continued. The Union artillery, consisting of four batteries and two mount- ain-howitzers, poured a terrible fire into the enemy’s ranks ; but, notwithstanding this, they continued to advance boldly, evincing a determination to conquer or perish in the attempt. After they had inflicted the most desperate losses upon the gallant little band which so nobly opposed them, a retreat of the latter was ordered ; and while they were attempting escape, a disaster not less disgrace- ful than unfortunate befell them. A portion of their cavalry force behaved with the utmost cowardice, dashing oflf in all directions and in the wildest manner, breaking through the infantry lines, Sabine Cross Jloads, Mansfield^ La. 387 running over all in their route, and creating a general panic. All attempts to check the frightened fugitives who were the cause of the disorder, or to rally the less demoralized troops, proved futile ; and then began such a scene as is scarcely paralleled during the war, except by the famous stampede at the first battle of Bull Bun. The enemy were not slow to perceive their advantage, and cap- tured three whole batteries and a portion of a fourth (amounting to eighteen guns), together with about 130 wagons — the entire transportation of General Lee’s brigade. The loss of the artillery was mainly duo to the obstruction of the road by the cumbersome train laden with superfluous luxuries which was unwisely permit- ted to follow close on the rear of this small advance force. The Federal troops were driven ten miles back toward Pleasant Hill, where the nineteenth army corps, which had been sent for to render assistance, was drawn up in line of battle. Witnessing the uncon- trollable stampede of the cavalry, the leader of the nineteenth wisely opened his line in the center, and permitted the demoralized cavalrymen to pass through and form in the rear. The rebels, pre- suming they had repulsed the whole Federal army, dashed impetu- ously on, and thought the line but half visible in the woods before them was another feeble but desperate stand of a few men. The national troops were ordered to reserve their fire till the rebels were within short range. At the critical moment, both in- fantry and artillery, the latter posted thickly along the line, opened upon the advancing foe, with a storm of iron and lead that literally mowed them down. The rebels halted in amazement, but still fought bravely. Volley after volley was discharged from each side, but neither gave signs of yielding ; and night at length charitably threw her mantle over the scene and enforced a cessation of of hostilities. The losses of the Unionists, in men, during this ill-ventured and bloody struggle, were about 600 killed and wounded and 1,600 missing, the latter mostly taken prisoners during the disgraceful flight. The rebel losses in killed and wounded were probably greater, but in prisoners much less. Among their slain was Gene- ral Mouton, who fell pierced through the body with four balls. The Federal leader or leaders who were responsible for this bat- tle were severely censured for the folly of placing a cavalry brigade, with its long baggage train, so far in advance of the main army, and with only a small infantry force in supporting distance. The reverse, thus occasioned — as will be seen hereafter — probably 388 Pleasant Hill, La. caused tlie failure of a highly important campaign and the fruitless sacrifice of several thousand lives and millions of treasure. PLEASANT HILL, LA. Apeil 9. 1864. Unionists, under General Banks, ahout 28,000. Killed, wounded, and missing, 1,500. Disunionists, under General Kirliy Smith, about 20,000. Killed, wounded, and 7nissing, 2,000. AiioDT sundown on the day of General Banks’ reverse at Sabine Cross Roads, General Smith’s forces, having been delayed five hours in their march, by a long cavalry wagon train transporting superfluous baggage for the troops that had preceded them, reached Pleasant Hill. It was only througli the greatest personal efforts of their leader that they had been hurried through the thick pine- country, while the narrow road before them was completely blockaded. Late in the afternoon, heavy cannonading had been heard in the distance ; and shortly after, one of General Banks’ staff had report- ed to General Smith the necessity for reinforcements. General Smith had sent back word that, notwithstanding the hindrances he had met, he would have his command at Pleasant Bill by night- fall. True to his word, he was on the ground at the appointed time; and here his troops encamped and sought a much needed repose. Soon after, a horseman dashed up to headquarters, with doleful tidings of the reverse tliat had just occurred. So unexpected was the intelligence that he came near being placed under arrest for misrepresentation. But an hour later, the report was confirmed, and orders were at once issued for the troops to be in marching order before daylight. The necessity for a forward movement, however, was saved. General Banks having determined to with- draw his advance forces to Pleasant Hill, for the sake of the advan- tageous position it afforded — well knowing that the enemy would follow what they supposed to be a demoralized army. The with- drawal was effected during the night; and so well was it conducted that, altliough the first body of troops started at ten o’clock and the remainder were not all under way till nearly day, the rebels had not the slightest suspicion of the movement. Accordingly, at seven o’clock on Saturday morning, the entire 389 Pleasant Jlill, La. Union strength was combined at Pleasant Hill; and the rebels were advancing, cavalry in front, endeavoring to discover the posi- tion of their opponents. Colonel Cfooding commanding a brigade of Uiiion cavalry, was now ordered to move out as far as i)rudent from Pleasant Hill, for the purpose of bringing in stragglers, and at the same time Jiscertainiug somewhat of the whereabout of the enemy. He had advanced not more than a mile and a half when ho came upon a large body of rebel cavalry who were within close support of solid phalanxes of infantry, the bayonets of which gleamed through the dense woods wherever the sunbeams penetrated. Ac- cording to his instructions, he commenced falling back slowly and in good order, at the same time replying to the fire of the enemy. 'While thus retreating, he lost about thirty men killed, wounded, and missing; and himself narrowly escaped death from a Miiiio ball which grazed his scalp. During this interval. General Banks had evidently decided upon a further retreat ; although he still purposed to give the enemy at this point a decisive check. A portion of the troops, however, were at once ordered to fall back to Grand Ecoi'e, thirty-five miles distant, and hundreds of wagons were likewise sent to the rear. The reason assigned for this retrograde movement was the lack of subsistence for both men and horses ; but with many of the army the announcement of an intended retreat was received with strong expressions of disfavor. The weather at this time was most unpropitious for a fair fight. The air was cold and chilling ; the wind howled piteously through the trees, fanning the long pendents of gray funereal-like moss which decked the tops of the tall waving cypress and pines ; and the sky was shrouded with foreboding clouds: while dense volumes of smoke partially concealed the long pontoon trains as they rumbled heavily toward the rear. At half-past four in the afternoon, the rebel cav- alry advanced toward the right and center, yelling in the most fiendish manner, and at the same time brandishing their horrid sabers. On they came at a slow trot, and in good order. As they neared the Union front, they gradually quickened their pace ; while close in their rear came three solid battle lines, shouting an inde- scribable war-cry which caused the nerves of the timid to vibrato with fear, and reminded one of the ferocity of savages. Suddenly from out the woods in their rear, their artillery opened, and then in answer there burst forth from the crouching rauks of 7,000 loyal 19 I 300 Fort Pillow. men, a fearful roll of musketry opening wide gaps in the rebel lines. But these gaps were as speedily closed, and the enraged foe, with a sudden dash, threw his jjowerful force against the opposing front ; and for a moment the whole Union line appeared to waver as if on tlie point of yielding in precipitate rout. The suspense of the mo- ment was terrible ; for it seemed to portend utter defeat. In another instant the Federal artillery opened like a volcanic out- break, scattering grape and canister in overwhelming quantity through the hostile ranks, literally mowing them down as with an enormous scythe. No time was given them to recover their order ; but amid deafening cheers and proudly waving banners the Union forces immediately charged, pressing down upon the rebel rear,'^-f and entering the conflict at the double-quick. It was now five o’clock, and the battle was at its height. Yet it raged with unabated fury, and the long and deadly roll of mus- ketry continued, until night spread her sable mantle over the bloody picture. At sunset, the scene at Pleasant Hill was one of the most impressive grandeur. The sun shone directly in the faces of the Union troops, and the wind blew back the smoke in their midst ; so at times they could scarcely distinguish the foe. Yet suddenly the whole front seemed to gather strength, and dash- ing forward they swept the rebels before them like chaff. As the dusk of evening became more and more intense, and the last glimmerings of day were rapidly fading, the enemy struggled fiercely for the battle-field. A tremendous roar of musketry burst forth from their staggering lines, and was responded to by several terrific volleys from the Union side. Then followed the dead, quiet calm of night, broken only by the plaintive moans of the wounded and dying. The enemy retreated rapidly. General Mower having pushed out about four miles from Pleasant Ilill without overtaking them. The losses in this battle, on the Union side, were about 1,600; on the rebel side, about 2,000. FOET PILLOW. Apeil 12, 1864. Vnioni8ts.t under Majors Booth and Bradford^ 700. Killedy 600 ; wounded, 100. Di^nionists, under General Forrest, 6,000. Losses not reported, Tuesday morning, April 12th, about sunrise. General Forrest with 6,000 rebel cavalry appeared before Fort Pillow and immedi- ately began an assault. The fortress was garrisoned by 700 men. I'hrt Pillow. 391 400 being of a negro artillery regiment, all niulcr command of Major Booth. At eight o’clock a.m. the rebels sent in a flag of truce, demanding an unconditional surrender of the fort. Mgjor Booth being severely wounded, tlio command had devolved upon Major Bradford, who responded that if the colored troops fighting with him would be treated as prisoners of war, he would surrender, and on no other terms. The enemy refused to listen, having sworn to kill every negro and every white man commanding them. The fighting was again renewed ; and between that time and four p.M. the garrison gallantly repelled three desperate charges. They fought valiantly, both white and black; but the heavy woods back of the fort afforded the rebels considerable protection. Gun- boat Number Seven joined in the fight as long as her ammunition lasted, and rendered efficient service. The enemy again sent in a flag of truce ; and while the Unionists suspended fire, in respect to the flag, they surrounded Fort Pillow on all sides ; and as soon as the flag withdrew, made a desperate charge in every direction and succeeded in getting inside the earth- works. Then followed scenes which disgrace the soldier, and are only equaled by the brutal atrocity of the savage. Up to the time of the surrender the garrison had lost only fifty men. The heroic soldiers had contended again.st fearful odds, till seeing that further resistance would be useless, they threw down their arms and sued for quarter. But they plead in vain ! Like infuriated demons, the rebels commenced an indiscriminate slaughter, sparing neither age nor sex, white nor black, soldier nor civilian. The officers and men seemed to vie with each other in fiendish malignity. Men, women, and children were deliberately shot down, or beaten and hacked with the merciless sabers. Some of the children not more than ten years old were made to stand up and face the murderous fire. The sick and wounded were slaughtered without compassion ; the rebels even entered the hos- pital, and dragged out the inmates to be shot, or murdered them as they lay unable to offer resistance. All over the hillside the work of death was going on. Some were shot in the river, who had rushed thither in their frantic efforts to save themselves ; others were killed on the banks and thrown into the water, still living, though unable to save themselves from drowning. All who asked for mercy were answered with the most cruel taunts and jeers. Some were spared for a time, only to devise for them more excru- ciating tortures. One white soldier who was wounded in the leg 392 Plymouth, 2^. G. was compelled to stand up while Ida tormentors shot liim. Others wlio wore wounded and unable to stand were held up to face the murderous fire. The huts and tenta which afforded shelter to the disabled were fired, and those who could not escape, perished in the flames. These deeds of atrocious cruelty closed at night only to be renewed the following morning ; when the savage monsters carefully sought among the dead for any that might yet survive, and those that were found they deliberately murdered. Scores of the dead and wounded were found the day of the massacre by men from the Union gun-boats who were allowed to go on shore to collect the wounded and bury the dead. The enemy themselves had made n pretense of burying nnany of their victims ; but they had merely thrown them into the ditches and trenches about the fort, covering them partially with earth. Heads, hands, and feet protruded from the ground and the earth was red with the blood of the massacred. It was reported that several wounded negroes were buried alive, some esca[)ing to the Union lines with their story. Many other instances of e(|ually brutal cruelty might be cited ; but the heart sickens while dc[)icting such revolting scenes. For savage inhumanity and barbarous atrocity, Fort Pillow surpasses any event of the war; it finds no parallel in civilized warfare, and needed but the tomahawk and scalping-knife to exceed the most fiendish barbarities of the uncivilized. Only forty survived, of the brave 700, to tell the fearful story. The blood of COO murdered men and 100 maimed cried for vengeance. PLYMOUTH, N. C. Apbil 17 TO 20, 1864. Vnimists, under General Weasela, 2,000. Killed, 150 ; wcninded, not reported ; priaonera, 1,700. IHannivniata, under General IToke, 10,000. Killed and wounded, 1,500. On Saturday evening, April 17th, the rebels attacked FortGr.ay, on the Roanoke, two miles above the town, with six pieces of field artillery. They were speedily repulsed, having inflicted but little damage except sinking a gun-boat by firing into her. She dropjied down and sunk opposite Plymouth, severely injured. On Monday they fired occasionally all day at Fort Wessels; and took it by assault on Monday night, with a loss of sixty killed. The Union soldiers fought with the desperation of madmen. This little fort is a 393 r Cane Hiver, La. inile distant from the town, and contained sixty men and four tliirty- tvvo pounders. On Monday, at dusk, they drove in the Union jjickets in front of Fort Williams; and at dark opened, and continued for two hours, a fierce fire upon this fort, in which General AVessels had his head- quarters during the siege. Fort Williams returned the fire with ® great slaughter. Soon after dark a gun-bo.at joined in the fight, and hurled upon the enemy a galling fire. The cannonading now became surpassingly grand and terrific. A single shell from the gun- boat, it was said, killed three and wounded nineteen rebels. At nine o’clock the firing died away ; .and the foe retired to the woods in front of the fort. About four o’clock on Tuesday morning, a rebel ram, with two guns, came down and 8we[)t out all the Union gun-boats on which they had depended so much to jirotect the left and lower pkrt of the town. Throughout the day, the ram lay some two miles below Plymouth and kept up firing, but with little execution save perfo- rating the houses. Early on the following morning, the rebels with five brigades (a part of Stonewall Jackson’s division), commanded by General Ran- som, made assault after assault upon Oornfer redoubt, on the left, in which were about 200 men and four thirty-two pounders. With such an overwhelming force, they succeeded, with the loss of scores of killed, in ca|)turing the little fort. Soon after their en- trance into town, 300 of the garrison wero taken jirisoners and marched nearly two miles below town, leaving the Stars and Stripes still floating over Fort AVilliams, with the brave commander, his stafiT, and some 200 men still holding out, and refusing to surrender, till ten p.M. of Wednesday. The rebel force engaged was estimated at 10,000, with a reserve of 4,000 or 0,000. Their killed and wounded was about 1,500. They captured 1,700, and shot many blacks after the fight was over. CANE RIVER, LA. Aphil 23, 18G4. Uiiionisi/i. under General Franklin. 21,000. Killed and fcounded. from 800 to 400. Dieunioniets. under General Dick Taylor, Killed and wounded, from 800 ■ to 400. On Thursday, the 21st of April, the army of Geuenal Banks, in- cluding the forces of General A. J. Smith, left Grand Ecore, whence 1 994 Albemarle Sound, N. C. they had withdrawn after the battle of Pleasant Hill. At the former jdace, General Hanks had turned over the coinnmnd to General Pranklin, who now conducted the retreat. On arriving at a point near Cano River, where it was intended to cross, the enemy under Dick Taylor were found posted upon a high eminence on the opposite side, in readiness to dispute the pas- sage. An artillery engagement immediately begun, lasting about twenty-four hours, or from Saturday morning till Sunday morning. Meanwhile, General Franklin had sent two brigades of infantry to a ford a few miles up Cane River, where they effected a crossing unmolested. Coming down on |be opposite side, they opened an unexpected fire upon the rebels on the hill ; and a spirited fight at once ensued, lasting two or three hours. The Union brigades, pushing boldly forward, carried tbe hill by a vigorous assault ; and having thus gained command of the river and driven the foe from the vicinity, secured a crossing for the re- mainder of the Federal army. During this sharp engagement the losses on each side were from 300 to 400 killed and wounded. ALBEMARLE SOUND, N. C. Mat 5, 1864. Vnionnaval forcBy comprUing the wooden gun-hoats Mattahesety SassacuSy Wij-> alusingy Mliiteheady Co7nmodar6 llully and Ceres^ Killed^ 8; wounded^ 2C; tiho several hadly mudded. naval force^ coni'prining the iron-clad rain Albemarle and the gun- boats Colion Plant and Bombshell. Killed and wonndedy unknown ; pris- onerSy 34. On the afternoon of May 5th three side-wheel gun-boats, the Mattabeset, Sassacus, and AVyalusing, were lying at anchor in Al- bemarle Sound, twenty miles below the mouth of the Roanoke River. They had been commissioned to encounter, and if possible destroy the Albemarle, a rebel iron-clad ram, whose recent raid in conjunction with the attack on and capture of Plymouth, rendered the continued occupation of the sound somewhat problematical, and invested the approaching contest with unusual importance. An advance guard of picket boats, comprising four or five of the smaller vessels of the Union lleet, with the Miami, had been sent forward to the mouth of the Roanoke, to decoy the rebel ram from under the protecting batteries of Plymouth into the open waters of the sound. Falling back before the Albemarle, they quickly drew her into a favorable position for attack. 395 Albemarle /Sound, If. C. Soon after three o’clock the Mattabeset signaled “ to get under way and forming in line, one after the other, in the order in which their names have been mentioned, the three vessels proceeded at ordinary speed up the sound. At four p.m. the Mattabeset com- municated with the army-transport Massasoit coming down, and immediately signaled that the ram was in open water. Tlie picket boats wore now discovered slowly retiring before the advancing foe. A moment later, a glistening speck was discovered on the water beyond the reuring vessels, with two other dark hulls hover- ing near, which were recognized as the ram and her consorts. The Union gun-boats were immediately cleared for action and every preparation made for a determined and desperate struggle. They then drove along under full steam, and closed rapidly with the enemy. The day was surpassingly beautiful ; not a ripple disturbed the glassy sheet of water from shore to shore, and the dazzling sun- light gleamed upon the inclined sides of the iron-clad as she lay, flaunting defiantly a magnificently large and gaudy ensign of the Confederacy. On their approach, the rebels communicated hur- riedly by boats, and soon the white stern-wheel steamer turned short around and put back hastily toward Plymouth. This steamer was afterward ascertained to be the Cotton Plant, manned by two hundred sharp-shooters and boarders. As she left, the other steamer, the Bombshell, closed up on the ram’s quarters, in position for the impending action. The entire scene was impressive and beautiful. The Union vessels swept gracefully along ; and as the leader ap- proached the enemy, she hauled up for the ram, followed by the others in line; when the Miami, some distance astern, fired over, making a very good but useless shot, to which the Albemarle quickly responded. When abreast of the ram, the Mattabeset delivered her broadside, and passing round the stern, ran by the Bombshell, close aboard, while the latter lay on the post-quarter of the ram. The Sassacus now approached ; and as it came up, the ram having failed to get near the Mattabeset, turned her bow for the former ; but the Sassacus, measuring the distance, sheered slightly and passed about 150 yards ahead of the monster, deliver- ing with precision a whole broadside of solid shot, which bounded from the iron armor of the foe like rubber balls. Sweeping around the stern of the Albemarle, she then poured into the hull of the Bombshell a full broadside which brought its rebel ensign down 39G Albemarle Sound, JV. C. and sent the wliite flag np. Orders were given for the vanquished steatner to drop out of fire and anchor, which was promptly done ; and the Sassacns moved on. Meantime the Mattabeset had again passed tlie ram, delivering a well-directed fire; and the Wyalusing, which had previously passed, serving its guns with a skill equal to that of its consorts, had now come up astern of the Sassacus, diverting the attention of the Albe- marle from the latter, to which her whole side presented a fair mark. The ram appeared to bo steaming slowly, as if awaiting events, hut using her giin.s ra[)i(lly all tho time, throwing shot and shell with s[)irit and determination. Fortuno seemed most propi- tious for a bold dash on its exposed flank ; and the intrepid com- mander of the Sassacus, having determined to close with her, seized the opportunity unhesitatingly. Ordering a given signal — “four bells” again and again repeated — the ship headed straiglit for the weakest part of the ram. With throttle wide open, under heavy ])rcssure of steam, the Sassacus dashed furiously upon lier grim adversary. Having attained the rate of nine to ten knots, she struck tho iron monster a fair blow without glance or slide. Sim- ultaneously the ram drove a hundred-pounder Brooks’ shot through and through the opposing vessel. But tho stem of the latter was forced into lier side: and the Sassacus, keeping np its headway, careened the Alabama down, and pushed her forward like an inert mass ; while, in ominous silence, its gunners trained their heavy ordnance on tho astounded foe. Now, however, a black muzzle protrudes from the ram’s open j)ort, and the loaders of the Sassa- cus’ Parrott rifle stand on tho slide and serve the gim within liftecn feet of the yawning cannon’s mouth. The duel of ponderous ord- nance which followed was a magnificent and imposing spectacle. Still the rebel iron-clad gave way, as her antagonist pressed her prow deeper and deeper into lier side. Tho men on board the Sassacus now threw hasty and anxious glances toward their consorts. Would they fly to their assistanee? Would they seize tho golden chance, and pushing on to tho mon- sters unguarded side, help to crush her out of sight forever ? Their comrades dared not fire, lest their shot might take elfect on the Sas- sacus instead of the foe ; and the interval, alas ! was too brief to allow of their overcoming the distance which intervened. All was hushed throughout the fleet. Not a sound, not an onward move- ment! Meanwhile, between the Sassacus and the Albemarle, it was a grapple for life, a silent but fearful struggle for the mastery, Albemarle iSoujid, iV. C. 8&7 relieved only by the sharp, scattering volleys of musketry, the whizzing of bullets, and the deep muffled explosions of hand-gre- nades, which the brave fellow in the foretop of the Sassacus flung into the enemy’s hatch, hurling back their sharp-shooters in wild dismay. But a moment later, the rifled guns on the hurricane deck of the Union craft threw shot and shell into the ports of the Albemarle, and volley after volley of musketry through every aper- ture in her iron shield ; and again the 100-pounder bow-gun was training for a crushing blow. Presently a crashing of timbers was heard, the ram was swing- ing under the starboard bow of her antagonist; and now the ships quivered with the shock, as their ponderous guns thundered at each other with a simultaneous roar. Then anotlier sound, more ap{)al- ling than bursting shells or belching cannon, salutes the ear — the fearful noise of unloosed ungovernable steam rushing in massive volumes, seething and hissing as it spreads, till both combatants are enveloped in a dense suffocating cloud of vapor. The boiler of the Sassacus is pierced and all is lost ! No, not lost yet! The sharp false stem which had cut deeply into the side of the grim tnonster had given way, and the two vessels swung side by side. Now came the fierce duel for life. The guns were served and fined, muzzle to muzzle. A solid shot from the lOO-pounder Par- rot struck the port-sill of the Albemarle, and crumbling into frag- ments, one piece rebounded to the deck from which it had been fired, while the rest flew madly into the threatening port-hole and silenced the rebel gun. A nine-inch solid shot and a twenty-pounder shell followed through the same opening, in rapid succession, ns the ram drifted clear of its adversary; while the starboard wheel of the lattermrushed and wrenched its iron braces, in grinding over her quarter, smashing the launches she was towing into a shapeless mass, and grating over the iron plates with a dismal sound. Now the Albemarle passed the wheel of the Sassacus, and the crews which manned tlje after-guns of the latter, watching the move- ment, again drove solid shot into her ports. All this cool gunnery and sharp artillery practice transpired while the ship was shrouded in a dense cloud of fiery steam. The situation was appalling: the shrieks of the scalded as they rushed up frantically from below, with their shriveled flesh hanging in shreds upon their tortured limbs ; the engine surging and revolv- ing without check, abandoned by all save one — who, scalded, ■398 Albemarle Sound, JV. O. blackened, sightless, still stood like a glorious hero at bis post. Alone, amid tlie mass of escaping steam and unguided machinery, the heroic engineer of the Sassacus remained, calling loudly to bis men to return with him to the fire-room and quench the fires be- neath the uninjured boiler, which was in imminent danger of ex- ploding. The daring work was done, and t\/o hundred lives were thus rescued from destruction. All this time, the accompanying vessels looked on with fearful anxiety ; they could only discern a thick white cloud lighted up incessantly by the flashes of the rapidly discharged guns, as the gallant Sassacus rose gloriously above the storm of disa.ster that surrounded her, and challenged the admiration of her comrades by the stubborn thundering of her battery. The ship still moved on a vacuum alone. The cloud lifting, revealed the grim monster of the enemy gladly escaping from the embrace of death in which she had been held for nearly a quarter of an hour, and retreating, de- moralized and discomfited, toward the j)urt from which she sailed so defiantly but a few hours before. The broad ensign which waved so exultantly over her casemates now lay draggled and riven, with its shattered flagstalF, on her deck. The Union "vessel turned around and again passed by its antagonist. The divisions still stood at their guns ; and the brave commander, firmly enun- ciating his orders, guided every movement of the gallant ship with a coolness and relentless audacity that have seldom found a parallel since the days of Decatur and llainbridge. Through the whole eventful conflict ho manifested a perfect fearlessness of danger, and kept his guns i)laying upon the retiring foe; till the Sassacus was borne by her disabled engine, slowly, gracefully, and defiantly be- yond the range of the foe. Thus terminated an almost single-hand contest between^ delicate river steamer and one of the most formidable irou-clads. The other Union vessels rendered as effective service as was in their power, pouring in shot or shell whenever a favorable opportunity ofl'ered; but their missiles, almost without exception, glanced harm- lessly from the sloping armored sides of their antagonist. The rebel gunboat Eombshell was captured, with her officers and crew ; the Albemarle was driven back, her guns disabled, her hull shaken, and leaking so badly that she was kept afloat with much difficulty. Her retreat to Plymouth left the Unionists in undisputed occupancy of the sound. The Sassacus was disabled in guns, machinery, and hull. She suffered severely in killed, wounded, and scalded ; but Hie Wilderness, Va. 399 the injuries inflicted upon her were of such a nature as to be speedily repaired, and she was soon ready for service again. THE WILDERNESS, VA. Mat B to 7, 1S64. Unionintu, under GeneraU Grant, Meade, and Surneide, about 17)0,000. Killed, from 1,7)00 3 being a wedge between the enemy’s center and right, and helping to press aimrt the dangerous system of works which the rebels occupied. So complete was the 8uri)riso, that the rebel oilicers were started from breakfast by the rude intrusion of their unwelcome guests ; and so rapid w.as the concpiest, that in an hour after the start the success- ful leader was able to send the following dispatch to headquarters : “ I have cai)tured from thirty to forty guns, I have finished up Johnson, and am now going into Early. W. S. IIanoook.” No sooner w.as the first line of rifle-pits carried, than the second was stormed with great impetuosity, and after a stout resistance wrested from the enemy. The charge of the second corps was followed by a heavy can- nonade all along the line, to which the enemy, now thoroughly awakened and exasperated, replied to his fullest capacity. In the commingled roar the whole Federal line quickly moved up to the second corps. Burnside’s corps jjressed in on the extreme left converging toward the penetrated si)ace, and speedily joined its right to Hancock’s loft, closing the g!ip, and uniting the flash of its musketry in one continuous line with that of the second corp.s. Wright’s corps also threw itself against Ewell’s left; and on the extreme right, AVarren’s corps became hotly engaged ; and an in- cessant rattle and roar of battle arose along the entire line. The rain storm of the preceding day began again with greater violence, but did not cool the ardor of the combatants. The enemy were quickly aroused to the importance of the posi- Spottsylvania Court House, Va. 42 ? tion they had lost, and about nine o’clock began to charge again and again, with des()erate fury, upon the second and ninth corps, in attempts to repossess their works. A most sanguinary conflict raged for three hours, without intermission. The rebel columns dashed with unflinching resolution against the Union lines, retiring each time with their huge columns winrowed by cross and enfilad- ing fires of artillery and musketry, now steadily brought to bear upon them. At length the enemy, surfeited with slaughter, abandoned for a time the attempt to retake the prize which the Federal soldiers had won so fairly and held so tenaciously. But the farther advance of the Unionists was successfully disputed, and the greater part of the captured cannon lay covered by the guns of the sharp-shooters, neither party being able to carry them off the field. Meanwhile, farther to the right, tj^e Union right and center had charged the enemy’s works with great gallantry, emulating and equaling the desperate rushes of the rebel columns. But in front, tl^e enemy’s position wms still impregnable ; every avenue of ap- proach being swept by the withering fire of artillery, and their force strong enough to hold the position against twice the attack- ing numbers. After an heroic, though futile attempt, the design was abandoned. General Meade finding that success lay most clearly in turning the enemy’s right-rafter a temporary lull, began the early after- noon by crowding his troops down toward the left, shortening and massing his line, and again pouring infantry and artillery fire into the foe, and pressing hard upon their right and right center. The fearful conflict raged with varying success along the line, the re- sistance of the rebels being stubborn ; and the whole field, from headquarters to the extreme front, being at times swept by their fire. The enemy, finding that the Union right had been merely holding their forces in front, and thus preventing the strengthening of their right, and that the Federal troops had now abandoned their front, also concentrated their troops at the important point on the Union left. Every inch of muddy and gory soil was fought over with maddened desperation, and yielded when only impossible to hold it. Neither the rain nor the wretched mire of the roads delayed the rapidity or intensity of the fight. Tlio rival bayonets often interlocked, and the bloody struggle over the intreuchments lasted for hours. At times the rebel battle-flags surged up side by side with those of their antagonists ; and anon, torn and riddled. 428 Spottsylvania Court House, Ya. they were borne back and lost to view in the woods. Tlie dead and wounded lay thickly strewn along the ground, and where the fight was deadliest, were literally piled in heaps. On the extreme left, Burnside’s corps had entered the fight at daylight, very soon after Hancock’s troops became engaged. Burnside’s men had been posted across the Fredericksburg turn- pike, facing the dense thickets. It was the intention, if possible, to turn and inclose the enemy’s right flank, held by the corps of A. P, Hill, The fighting in the morning was severe, the enemy being strongly protected by rifle-pits and the dense timbers. But the ninth corps steadily pushed on, driving the rebels gradually into their stronger fortifications. Here, for a time, there was a check to the Union advance. During the afternoon, the heroic ninth, however, again essayed a movement on the enemy’s flank, when the fifth and sixth corps had moved down from the right, and massed near Hancock’s strongTiold. A sanguinary contest ensued. The rebels, anticipating an attempt to flank them, had pre[)ared a strong counter-movement on their extreme right and in spite of desperate opposition bore back the Federal left. Harland’s brigail%,‘ however, carried off 300 prisoners, and placed as many more of the enemy hors dii comhat. The rebels quickly ruslied on in pursuit; but were compelled to retreat, with great loss, by a sweeping artil- lery fire from batteries brought up and advantageously posted since the advance in the morning. The rest of the ninth corps stood firm, and indeed at some points pressed forward with irresistible force, Griffin’s brigade on the right was reported lo have rushed over even the enemy’s intrenchrnents. Hard fighting continued, but it was soon obvious that no more ground could be gained on the extreme left. The fight closed, therefore, with the Union forces resolutely holding the interval which they had traversed. The corps behaved gallantly and suffered severely, the chief bur- den falling on Wilcox’s division on the left. After fourteen hours’ fighting, night fell on a battle unsurpassed in severity in the history of the war ; for the first time in the cam- paign, a decided success was achieved. AVarren and AV right, who moved two hours after Hancock, had not advanced on the enemy’s front; but this was not expected, since the position at that point could not bo carried. On the extreme left, Burnside had hardly been able to wrest away the enemy’s intrenchrnents, but had gal- lantly swept over and gained much ground ; while on the left cen- ter Hancock had stormed and held an important angle of the enemy’s Sjjotts^lvania Court Ilouse^ Va. 429 •works, despite all their frantic efforts to reposess it. Official dis- patches add that the day’s work also gave the Unionists more than 3,000 prisoners (augmenting the preceding captures to 7,500 men), also two general officers, and eighteen pieces of artillery actually brought into the Federal lines. Between forty aud fifty pieces had been at one time ca[)tured ; but the remainder rested on debatable ground, and wore subsequently withdrawn by the enemy. The Unionists suffered a fearful loss — perhaps 10,000 in killed and wounded, but the casualties of the enemy were not less. Above all, the brilliant dash of the morning secured a strong grasp on the enemy’s left center, and an advance of a mile to the Union line. Five determined assaults were made during the day to expel the Federal troops ; but all were fruitless. No more gallant, desperate, or long-continued fighting, on either side, for the possession of in- treuchrnents, had occurred during the war; while tlie severity of wounds gave proof of something mOro than musketry firing. Unsatisfied with the long-continued struggle, here and there, dur- ing the night, detachments of troops again fell on each other. The prize was the possession of the cannon still covered by rifle-pits. The enemy also chose to demonstrate, in order to cover their con- templated change of position and the erection of new works. Friday morning, at early dawn, the Union skirmishers pushed out ready for fresh attack. It was soon obvious, however, that tlie enemy had prudently withdrawn his main force on the Union left, leaving only a lino of skirmishers there; and had fallen back to a new defensive position, a little retired from the one to which the Federal colors were victoriously carried on the previous day. The intervening woody ground was at once possessed by the Union troops, and heaps of lifeless bodies were the ghastly monuments of the field, now indisputably theirs. But the storm, which had not checked the fury of the battle, began to present obstacles to a rapid advance in force. The roads were in a wretched condition, wholly impracticable for artillery and wagons. Nothing remained but to occupy the day in feeling the new location of the enemy, in skir- mishing with his rear, and in preparing for future onsets. The Unionists moved promptly and decisively, and ascertained that the enemy, having withdrawn a short distance, was again hard at work fortifying. 'While the achievement of Hancock forced this retro- gression, it was also necessitated by the decimation in battle of the enemy’s troops, now no longer able to hold so extended a line of de- fense as before. Retreating in good order, he soon halted and 430 Central Virginia. compacted bis troops on a narrower line. Friday, in the main, however, was a day of quiet. Slight skirmishing occurred, as we liave said, hut long- needed rest came to a great part of the army. The latter portion of the day was rainy, and the storm increased at its close. The trooj)s not engaged, however, found enough to do in the sad oflice of burying their dead comrades and relieving the wounded. At noon a congratulatory order was issued from Gen- eral ileade’s headquarters, praising the heroism of the troops, ask- ing equal valor for the future, and stating tlie achievements of the campaign, as follows : “ For eight days and nights, almost without intermission, in rain and sunshine, you have been gallantly lighting a desperate foe, in positions naturally strong and rendered doubly so by intrenchments. “You have compelled him to abandon his fortifications on the Eapidan, to retire and attempt to stop your onward progress; and now he has abandoned the lalt intrenched position so tenaciously held — suirering in all, a loss of eighteen guns, twenty-two colors, and 8,000 prisoners, including two general officers.” Note. — See continuation of the Battles of Spottsylvania Court House on page 33G. CENTRAL VIRGINIA. (siiekidan’s raid.) ^ May 9 to 13, 1864. Union cavah'y forcty under Otnernl Sheridan., three divUitms. Killed mid ■wounded, 250 ; -prisonemy 100. KisunioniatSy under General J. E. B. Stuart and other leaders. Killed and wounded, not reported ; prisoners, 500. During the advance of the Army of the Potomac, it having been determined to make a raid in the enemy’s rear. General Sher- idan’s cavalry set out for this purpose at daylight on Monday, the Dth of May. The march was first toward Fredericksburg ; but, when about three or four miles from the town, the column turned to the right on the Fredericksburg and Childsburg road, and trav- eling southerly on this route, passed round the enemy’s right flank to the south of Spottsylvania Court House, toward Childsburg, at which latter point the advance halted. Starting thence on the same road, they reached and forded the North Anna River at An- derson’s Bridge, two miles below Beaver Dam Station, about dusk. Custer’s brigade of the first division immediately occupied the sta- tion, and there was fortunate enough to overhaul a train of 378 Central Yinjinia. 431 of the Union wounded and jirisonors. The small guard was dis- persed, and a joyful rescue ensued. The command now quickly fired the trains, destroying two loco- motives and three long lines of cars, with a large quantity of bacon, meal, flour, and other supplies for Lee's army. Eight miles of the railroad connecting Richmond witli Gordonsvillo wore demolished. The ties and bridges were burned, and tlie rails twisted so as to make the work etfectual. Meanwhile the rebels, learning what was going on in front, harassed the Union flank and rear, in strong force. Tlie Sixth Ohio, in the extreme rear, was roughly handled, and many of them wounded and captured by a vigorous charge straight through their columns. The First New Jersey supported them, and the rebels were finally driven off. The column bivou- acked on both sides of the North Anna, the enemy keeping up their skirmishing through the night. On Tuesday, May 10th, the rebels began to shell the camp ; and the troops moved directly south, but found the foe confronting the advance force. The column pushed on, however, and at night camped near Goodall’s, the foe continuing their molestations as on the previous night. At three o’clock on the following morning. General Davies’ first brigade wms dispatched to Ashland Station, seven miles to the east, on the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Po- tomac Railroad. The First Massachusetts, reaching the train at daylight, charged through it, driving the rebel cavalry before them. They then fired the depot and destroyed stores in considerable quantity, six miles of railroad, three culverts, two trestle-bridges, several government buildings, a locomotive, and three trains of cars. On their return, they encountered a severe fire, and left about thirty men in the hands of the enemy. Meantime the ad- vance had pushed on with its w'ork of destruction. As it ap- proached Richmond, the column found its march disputed stub- bornly. At length the rebel cavalry concentrated, under General J. E. B. Stuart, and made a furious attack upon General Devens’ brigade, which led the van. A spirited and sharply contested en- gagement ensued, two other brigades coming up in support. Wil- son’s division soon arrived, and the enemy were forced to retire. A detachment, meanwhile, moving down the Brook road, entered the picket defenses of Richmond. This rebel line was taken by a gallant charge' of General Custer, w'ho rode at the liead of his bri- gade. Here a section of artillery and 100 prisoners fell into the Lauds of the Unionists. The enemy also sustained an irreparable 432 Fort Darling^ Fa. loss in the. death of General Stuart, their great cavalry leader, ona of the most esteemed and admired officers in the Confederate service. During the night of the 11th, the third division made some re- conuoissances around the second line of the rebel works; but find- ing them very strong, no further advance was attempted in that direction, and the troops turned next morning toward Meadow Bridge, on the Chickahorainy. They found the bridge cut; but re- built it, under a galling fire. The foe assailed both front and rear. Generals Gregg and Wilson, however, succeeded in repulsing them in the rear; and the bridge being finished the force crossed over. They continued their march during the day, and toward evening encamped at Gaines’ Mills. The following day they reached Bot- tom’s Bridge, and thence the column proceeded to Turkey Bend, where they halted and received supplies from Butler. The rebels lost 600 men who were taken prisoners, and a largo number of killed and wounded. Their loss in officers was very heavy. The Union casualties were 250 killed and wounded, and 100 prisoners. The raid was eminently successful, and reflected great credit upon General Sheridan and the several division and brigade commanders. The amount of Confederate property de- stroyed was valued at $10,000,000. — FOET DAELING, VA. Mat 12 to 16, 1861. TfnionietSy under General Butler ^ about 20,000. Killed^ wounded^ and misfdngty about 6,000. BisunionistSy under General Beauregardy stated at 20,000. Losses reported to exceed those ojthe Unionists. On Thursday, May 12th, a heavy force under Generals Gillmoro and Smith was sent out to cover the movements of General Kautz's cavalry expedition, which was directing its eftbrts against the Kich- mond and Danville Railroad, for the puipose of severing commu- nication between those points. Leaving a sufficient force under General Ames to watch the enemy at Petersburg, General Gillmore advanced with his corps, on the Union left, up the railroad toward Chester and Richmond. General Smith’s command pushed on in the same direction on the right, up the Richmond and Petersburg turnpike, between the railroad and the James River. 435 Fort Darling, Fa. A little above Werbottom Cburcli, General Smith’s skirmishers met the enemy and drove them back a mile or more. Coinin'; to bay at last in a stronger position, the enemy made a determined stand, and a sharp engagement ensued, the foe being finally driven back. Continuing the skirmishing till dark, the troops under Gen- eral Smith advanced that night as far as Proctor’s liun, a small stream three miles from Fort Darling, and within sight of that fortification. In the interim. General Gillmore had taken advantage of the oc- cupation of the enemy’s attention by General Smith, and pressed forward on the left to the neighborhood of the llalf-way Ilouse, where his command halted for the night. On the following morning, the rebels were found to have disap- peared from the front, and a general advance was ordered along the line to uncover their position, which was concealed by the woods and growth of underbrush. They were soon discovered, in strong force, under the protection of their fortifications, subse- quently found to consist of a line of earth- works several miles in extent. These constituted the outer line of defenses of Fort Dar- ling ; and here the enemy retired, after some sharp skirmishing. It was determined to dislodge them from this position by turning the works on the left. Briskly engaging the enemy in heavy skirmish- ing along the whole line, the Union left was ordered to swing around upon the center and right, while a largo body of troops was sent to turn the right flank of the rebel works. Unobserved by the foe, whose attention was directed to the demonstration in front, the flanking column wound through the woods, guided by a negro along a bridle-path which led slightly to the left of the outer edge of the fortifications. At this point, under cover of the woods, they charged up a steep hillside, and across an open space some twenty or thirty rods in width, in the face of a murderous volley of musketry. Before an- other volley could be discharged, the rebels were driven from their position, which the Union soldiers immediately occupied, capturing thirty prisoners. The Union loss in this affair was stated at 130. The next morning, Saturday the 14th, the enemy, under cover of a vigorous demonstration, abandoned the entire lino of fortifica- tion, and withdrew to a second lino of works. The works which they abandoned were described as very strong, the ])arapet being ten feet thick, with innumerable embrasures for field artillery. General Butler immediately brought his artillery to bear upon the 436 Fort Darling^ Fa. rebels in their new position. The batteries, aided hj sharp-slioot- ers, silenced the enein 3 '’s; and nothing hut sharp-shooting was heard from the foe during the remainder of the day. At four i-.m. a shot from one of the Union guns exploded a magazine in the outer works of Fort Darling, causing a great cheering along the lines. About nine o’clock in the evening, the rebels advanced on the Union ranks near the Petersburg turnpike; hut after a brief and spirited con- test, were driven hack within their intrenchments. About noon, on the 15tli, they again came out of their fortifica- tions, and attacked Heckman’s brigade. The fight was entirely with musketry, and lasted till four o’clock. The enemy were again driven hack to their works. Sharp-shooting was continued along the lines, and the rebel artillery remained silent. At daylight on the IGth the sortie was repeated. The enemy, massing his troops against the Union right wing (at that time the vulnerable point), hurst upon Heckman’s brigade; and in the blinding fog and dark- ness, a terrific conflict ensued. Borne down at length by over- whelming numbers, the gallant brigade fell to the rear. At this juncture. Colonel Drake's brigade came to the rescue ; and by desperate figliting,' for a time stayed the tide of the enemy. Two brigades of Weitzel’s division were also attacked with great fury. But, in their front, General Smith liad caused a telegraph wire to be intertwined with the heavy undergrowth ; and the enemy, stumbling over it, were repulsed with heavy slaughter. The same defense was to have been extended to the right, but the order failed to be transmitted in season. On the Union left, there was a simultaneous attack, and two brigades of Terry’s division met with heavy loss. But the fighting was chiefly on the right. Toward eight o’clock there was a cessation of hostilities ; and an attempt was made to shorten thq Federal line, and re-form it by moving up the left to the assistance of the center — troops from the latter having been dispatched to the right. General Gdlmore re- tired from his favorable position on tlie left, though not until the order to do so had been repeated. The turnpike having been seized by tlie enemy, another road had to be cut, to effect the withdrawal. Meanwhile, the flanking advantage of the enemy was so decided, that the line was temporarily retired, and re-formed about a mile in the rear, Gillmore holding the enemy in check, and advancing up toward the old line, the foe falling back. A retreat was again ordered, and the Union forces retired without confusion and with- out molestation, the eighteenth corps in advance and the tenth Itesaca^ Ga. 437 protecting the rear. TVhile tlic firing was going on in front, a vig- orous attempt was made to get into tlie Union rear, over a road guarded by Ames’ third division of the tentli. The efibrt was at length repulsed ; though another road had to be cut in the rear, for the withdrawal of the Federal troops. The total Union loss was nearly 5,000 men, a great portion of them being captured on the right, from Heckman’s brigade. The loss of the enemy was supposed to be much greater. « RESACA, GA. Mat 13 to 16, 1664. Unionists^ under General SJut'many nearly 100,000. KiUedy 700 ; woundedy about 2,S00. DisunianistSy under General Joe Johnetony 55,000. ZosseSy not reported. TiTniLE the engagements previously narrated were in progress at Buzzard’s Boost, General McPherson with his corps had executed a successful flank movement to Snake Creek Gap — which opens upon Eesaca, fifteen miles south of Dalton. As soon as it became evident that his advance toward Eesaca rendered unnecessary any attemj)t to approach Dalton through its almost impregnable de- fenses at Buzzard’s Boost, General Howard, with two divisions, was left to divert the rebels there, while the rest of General Sher- man’s army were put in motion toward Snake Creek Gap. Friday, the 13th inst., was occupied by the army in deploying thi^ough the gap and taking position in Sugar Valley, just beyond. Heavy infantry skirmishing also took place during the day, with some loss, particularly in the fifteenth and sixteenth corps. As the result of this skirmishing, it was ascertained that the enemy was in force in front, having evidently lost no time in falling back from Dalton, upon discerning the movement on his flank. During the afternoon, the Union troops were rapidly put into position, facing the enemy. General Sherman’s lines extended completely around the valley for a distance of seven miles, th.e right — under McPherson — resting on the Oostanaula Eiver, and the left — under Schofield — striking the river north of Tilton, near the junction of Swamp Creek. The center was occupied by the Army, of the Cumberland, under General Thomas. Besides the protection of the river, the Union flanks were covered by heavy bodies of cavalry. By the extension of his left to Tilton, Genenal Sherman was able to open communication with General Howard, who had 438 llesaca, Ga. followed the retreating enemy from Dalton. Active skirmishing commenced at three o’clock p.m. ; when a reconnoissance hy Gene- ral Palmer discovered the enemy’s position in front of Resaca, which is situated in a peninsula formed by the bend of the river. Here the rebels had erected a line of earth-works, behind which they lay, their flanks resting on the river — General Howe being in command of their right wing. General Polk of the left, and Gen- eral Hardee of the Renter. Friday night was spent by the enemy in still further strengthening their earth-works. Saturday morning, klay 14th, opened with skirmishing, which continued throughout the day, with occasional attom])ts to break the enemy’s linos at different points, — General Sherman’s main ob- ject being to turn the rebel flanks, so as to prevent their retreat. Owing to their strong position, this was found impossible. The heaviest fighting occurred on the Union left center, where Palmer made a des[)erate effort to dislodge the enemy from his stronghold. The line of advance was over hills and through ravines thickly wooded and filled with undergrowth of fallen trees, which so ob- structed the progress of the column that it did not get fairly under way till about mid-day. On reaching the crest of the hill, over- looking the valley beyond, the troops came in full sight of the enemy on the opposite hill, and found themselves in point-blan’ii range of their guns at a distance of not over 500 to 600 yards. The hill on which the Union troops were posted overlooked that occupied by the foe, being fifty feet higher than theirs, and fulling away at a very steep angle, for about 150 feet. Tlie rebels immediately opened upon the entire line with mus- ketry and artillery. The order was given to charge, and forward rushed the impetuous troops — -a tempest of grape, canister, and musketry pouring upon them. Several of the oflacers dismounted at the summit of the hill, it being next to impossible to ride down. Many a brave warrior fell while descending the slope. The first and second brigades reached the flat, their ranks considerably thinned. Five rods from the brow of the hill, the lino reached a creek, the edges of which were lined by a thick copse of willow, and the opposite bank interlaced with grape-vine, woodbrier, and other entanglements. Here the line, being interrupted, was tem- porarily broken. Men by the score fell dead or wounded ; many stuck fast in the miry hottoin of the creek, and were unable to ex- tricate themselves ; while others, wounded by the flying missiles, fell and were drowned. The banks were too low to shelter them liesaca, Ga. 439 from the plunging fire. The few who struggled madly through the creek with its obstructions instantly fell under the murderous fire, as they advanced into the open fields. The two brigades remained in and along the line of the creek for an hour, making little use of their arms ; for when they at- tempted to load, the breeches of their guns were submerged, and the charge thus rendered useless. They were at length recalled to the orest of tlie hill, — moving along the creek by the flank, until they reached the point nearest the base of the hill, when they went to the crest and re-formed. Mere fragments of the regiments emer- ged from this pit of destruction. The second brigade w^ent into the contest with 1,300 men; they brought out only 675. The re- port of killed and wounded in the division principally engaged amounts to 755. After re-forming. General Judah again ordered the second brigade to advance. The troops were led forward into the same position from which they had been withdrawn, with orders to remain there until the artillery could bo brought forward. They remained an hour ; when, as the batteries did not arrive, they withdrew to the top of the hill. During this movement, the enemy’s attention was occupied by General Cox, on the immediate left. Crossing the low ground upon the road leading to the loft, his troops advanced under cover of the woods, directly toward the rebel right, which was flanked by a long ravine running back toward Resaca. This entire slope was covered with successive lines of rifle-pits, and there was also an earth- work having tliree faces at the entrance of the ravine, which opposed their march with grape and canister. The Union- ists steadily advanced under a heavy fire, and gallantly carried the outer line of the enemy’s rifle-pits; but being subjected to an en- filading fire, and being destitute of support, they retired under a furious storm of grape, shell, and musketry. They sought shelter in the woods skirting the valley, still maintaining a vigorous fire upon the foe. The losses of this division were reported to be large in both oflTicers and men. At three o’clock p.m. the fourih corps were seen moving from right to left, under cover of the hills, upon the double-quick. They suddenly halted, formed in two lines, and were soon lost to view in the dense woods, advancing to the attack. The twentieth corps also moved in the same direction. About five o’clock p.m. the-eev cral batteries were put in position along the different spurs of hills, and directed their fire upon the enemy, who replied with shell and 440 liesaca, Ga. solid sliot. Tlie fourtli iirmy corps relieved a part of the twenty- third corps during the iifteriiooii. They were actively engaged tliroiigh the remainder of the day, and sustained severe loss. With varying success, the lines of the two armies swayed back and forth till sunset; when the fire of the enemy slackened for a time, only to be renewed soon after, in a fierce assault upon the Union troops. The attack fell upon Stanley’s division, which after a stubborn re- sistance retired in confusion. The enemy’s design fortunately had been anticipated, and General Hooker ordered to the support of the left wing. The situation was for a moment critical ; but the arri- val of the supporting column checked the foe in his triumphant advance, and comi)elled him in turn to retire, after a brief engage- ment which closed with the day. While the rebel troops were making this movement against the Union left, McPlierson assailed their extreme left in front' of Ee- saca. Under the cover of ai tillery and a heavy line of skirmishers, I.ogan’s corps crossed Oam[) Creek ; and making a bold chargo upon the enemy, drove them from their rifle-i)its, and secured a po- sition which enabled him to direct a destructive enfilading fire upon the rebel works. An hour later the foe made a desperate but fruitless effort to regain their works. Saturday night was occupied by both armies in strengthening their positions, and in making fur- ther dispositions of troops — those who had been actively engaged during the day being relieved by fresh men from the rear. Sunday morning dawned with clouds and heavy mist, and the skirmishing was not resumed till eight o’clock; when the opposing lines again renewed their work, under cover of which the Union troops were massed on the left for an attack upon the enemy’s ex- treme right. General Hooker, directing the assault, selected Gen- eral Butterfield’s division as the storming column, to he sup- ported by the divisions of Geary and Williams. Forming under cover of a ravine in the fore.st, the troops advanced without skir- mishers, taking the enemy at first by surprise and sweeping every- thing before them ; until, with the aid of their supports, they had secured a lodgment in front of one of the enemy’s strongest posi- tions. Here they were sheltered, while the right and left flanks of the work were raked by the Union fire and the guns silenced. The first line of rifle-pits was carried and held. At night a successful attenjpt was made to withdraw four guns which formed the arma- ment of an earth work on one of the hills, where a lodgment had been effected. The enemy were aroused and opened fire; the Federal 441 Kcwmarlcct^ Vci. artillery and infantry responded vigorously and with telling effect. Later in the night the enemy made good his escape — leaving, in his precipitate flight, the killed and wounded in the hands of the Unionists. The Federal loss in this series of engagements was estimated at 700 killed, and about 2,800 wounded ; nearly half the number were but slightly injured, and soon reported for duty. Many of tho enemy were captured, and largo numbers killed and wounded. NEWMAEKET, VA. Mat 15, 1804. VnionifitSy 'under General Slgel^ 'numhers not reported, 97 ; wounded 440; missing^ 225, including 150 wounded ; total camaliite^ 7C2. Diauniontde^ under General Breckinridge^ 10,000 to 15,000. Killed^ wounded^ and pHsonersi a5a«n,000. A PORTION of the Army of lYestern Virginia, under General Sigel, broke camp on the morning of May 15th ; advanced to New- market, a distance of eighteen miles ; and there fought the com- bined forces of Echols and Tmboden, under Breckinridge. The previous day a detachment under Colonel Moor had been sent out from "W^oodstock, which attacked Tmboden at Itood's Hill and drove him to Newmarket, where Breckinridge and Echols reinforced him — General Sigel at the same time reinforcing Colonel Moor. The rebels were forming to charge Moor’s battery as tho Union troops arrived. The men, exhausted with tho fatigue of tho march, and drenched with rain, were hurried on to the field. They repelled the first charge vigorously, and rapidly formed a second line in tho rear of the first; when on came the rebels in a renewed charge, and drove the Union line back. Tliey then rushed upon the second line like an avalanche, outnumbering the Unionists two to one. "When within 200 yards, they raised a cheer and advanced at double- quick. They were met with seventeen pieces of artillery loaded with grape and canister, the infantry also pouring in a galling fire. Their first line was almost annihilated. Tlie Unionists charged in turn, and repelled them. The batteries were obliged to cease fir- ing when they made the charge, and then the strength of the foe told upon Sigel's troops. They were driven hack in turn, their guns doing duty till the last moment. Then commenced a well-conducted retreat. A battery at a time was withdrawn, till all were brought off. Tho army quietly re- 442 Yellow Jiayoic, La. — Spottsylvania Court Ilouse. tired two inilca across the Shenandoah, which was flood-height from the ])revailing storm. The rain fairly poured in torrents while the battle raged hottest. The bridge was burned after the army crossed, and the day closed upon the scene, with the men wearied with excessive marching and hard fighting, though still hopeful and eager to resume the contest. This unequal conflict of four hours’ duration resulted in heavy losses to botli sides. Among the rebel killed were many oflicers. The entire number placed hors du comhat was estimated at about ],0(J0. The Union casualties did not exceed 800. YELLOW BAYOU, LA. May 18, 1864. TTnioniats^ under General Mower. Killed^ wounded^ and 150. DUunioniatSy under General Polignae. Killed and woundedy 600 ; priaonerBy 800a On Wednesday, the 18th, the army of General Banks, pursuing their retreat from Alexandria, reached Yellow Bayou. The ad- vance, together with stores, trains, etc., abso a part of the main force, effected a crossing at this point; when the enemy made a sud- den dash upon them, with the evident hope of producing a panic among the Union troops. The rebels, under command of General Polignae, made the assault with desperate determination to sweep all before them. General Mower gallantly met the assailants, and led his men in a brilliant charge. Pressing down heavily and steadily, he continued to hurl upon them the mass of his troops; till unable longer to resist the overwhelming tide, the rebels broke and fled in wild disorder. They lo!3t in the brief engagement 300 prisoners ; the killed and wounded were estimated at 600. The total Union loss was 150. SPOTTSYLVANIA COUET HOUSE, VA. Mat is to 20, 1804. UnioninU, under Generals Grant and MeadSy about 120,000. LosseSy about 2,500. IHsunionistSy under General LeCy sxt'pposed to he about 111,000. LosseSy probablg a little lesH than on the Unio7i side. On Friday, May 13th, the Army of the Potomac, confronting the enemy in their intrenched position at Spottsylvania Court Ilouse, received orders to move by the left flank, with a view to turning the enemy’s right, and overpowering it by a sudden ^pottsylvania Court House, Vci. 443 assault. A Leavy rain storm was prevailing, and the ground was drenched with the falling torrents ; but in spite of mud and rain, it had been determined to try another movement like that of Han- cock’s on Thursday. On the following morning, after a difficult and painful march, the change of position was accomplished. But ow- ing to the wretched condition of the roads, it was not completed in season to warrant an attack. There was no hope of surprise; and before the Union artillery-train and infantry masses were in posi- tion, the enemy was alert and hostile. lie was found to have fallen back a little, and to have turned his lines so as to face rather more to the east, still tenaciously holding the Court House and the forked roads. Some skirmishing occurred during the day ; but was pro- ductive of no important results. Sunday, the twelfth day from breaking camp at Culpepper, or from the opening of the campaign, was the first real day of rest to the Army of the Potomac. Its constant and severe marches by night, and its almost incessant fighting at other times, had disposed it for a period of refreshment. The opportunity for rest therefore was gladly hailed by the w'orn and weary troops. On Monday, Gen- eral Grant sent word to Washington that offensive operations had been necessarily suspended until the roads should become passable, and that the army was in the best of si>irits, and fully confident of success, lliiring the first three days of the week, few maneu- vers of importance took place. The enemy was constantly W'atch- cd, reconnoissances made, and any hostile demonstration checked by instant preparation to meet him. Meanwhile the camp wms cleared of wounded, an abundant supfdy of commissary stores and ammunition was brought forward, and more than 25,000 veteran troops besides less disciplined reinforcements were received to fill up the depleted ranks. On Tue.sday, the I7th, the army had become refreshed, strength- ened, and fully supplied, and the miry roads improved by clear fine weather. It was accordingly determined to again attack the enemy, and strong reconnoi.ssances were made. The constant effort had been at Spottsylvania, as in the Wilderness, either to turn the enemy’s right, or else, by threatening it dangerously, to force him back to Richmond. But so palpable had the endeavor become, it was thought expedient to assail this time the enemy’s left flank, partly trusting that he had been induced to reinforce his right in- stead of his left, and partly with a view to subsequent operations again in the old direction. Tuesday night, therefore, was occupied 22 « 444 Spottsyloania Court House, Va. in moving troops and batteries toward the right ; but hardly a shot or sliell disturbed the unwonted peacefulness of the camps. At daybreak, cannonading broke out on tlie Union right, gradu- ally increasing in severity, and quickly responded to by the enemy. About five o’clock, a general assault was made by the three corps on the right. The position in front of the second corps was a part of that which they had so bravely wrested from the enemy on the preceding Thursday ; and in the first line of rifle-pits to be taken, were those abandoned by the Federal troops on Friday. The first and second divisions of Hancock’s corps, with the Corcoran le- gion, eagerly cleared the open space in front, dashed on the enemy’s skirmish line, and drove it back. On their right, two divisions of the sixth corps moved up no less vigorously. Tlie second line of rifle-pits was carried as briskly as the first, in the midst of a sharp and deadly fire. Hero a formidable barrier interposed. In front stretched a broad, dense, and almost absolutely impenetrable aUat- tis ; behind whicli rilletnen lay in security, and in the rear a heavy force of infantry. It was almost an ambuscade ; and so perfect was the defense us to lead to the belief that the skirmish lines in front had been intentionally surrendered, so as to draw the Unionists farther in. The impossibility of penetrating farther without great slaughter became at once apparent to the division commanders, and it was also equally obvious that the troops could not stand longer under the murderous sweep of artillery. They were there- fore withdrawn in good order, and the assault ceased. Meanwhile the ninth corps had made a vigorous attack farther down the line. The several divisions of the ninth moved forward across the open field, so as form three attacking columns; and at the same time a hot artillery fire broke out, to which the rebels made a brisk response. As on the right, the troops dashed gal- lantly up to the abattis in spite of every obstacle; but there re- coiled, the temporary struggle to surmount it being hopeless. At daylight the batteries on the extreme left opened briskly on the foe and elicited a prom[)t response. The Union intrencliments, how- ever, prevented their fire from being effectual. After an hour, the artillery fire here slackened. At ten o’clock, it again broke out with great severity ; but no advance of infantry was made at either line, except in the employment of a regiment of sharp-shooters to operate against the enemy’s gunners, who were picking off the Federal cannoniers. By eleven o’clock the assault was abandoned, and all the troops 445 Spottsylva7iia Court House, J^a. recalled to tlieir original position. The shifting oi corps had been e.-cecuted brilliantly, and the attack gallantly conducted under a galling fire. But the foe were perfectly prepared to receive the as- sault, aifd held a strong chain of earth-works, fringed with an almost impenetrable abattis. To pierce it would be hazardous, and involve a loss of life greatly exceeding the value of the position. The Federal loss in the engagement amounted to about 1,200, and the exposure tg artillery fire heightened the proportion of danger- ous wounds. The afternoon and evening of Wednesday were quiet. During this day, as in the two preceding, the enemy refrained from ofien- sive operations, but held his ground tenaciously. General Grant having now assured himself of the rebels’ strength at Spottsylvania, immediately resorted to other measures than those of attack to carry out his design. On Wednesday night, a cavalry force entered Guinney’eStation, destroying the buildings and sup- plies, the telegraph apparatus, etc., which was only the precursor of a general movement in that direction. Accordingly, on Thursday, a portion of the Union right was quietly moved from its position and began. to march across to the left. Meanwhile, the rest of the camp tvas unusually quiet through the day, supply trains busily dying back and forth from Belle Plain, tardy reinforcements pressing up in force, with the other details of peaceful labor already described. There, was little cannonading or musketry, and even the opposing skirmish lines here and there in- dulged in friendly exchange of jest and badinage. Both camps W'ere in range of the silent batteries ; but within the Union lines, at least, was easy nonchalance, with some of the ordinary scenes of bivouac. A little after noon the rebel General Ewell marched a part of his corps over the Ny River, proceeded completely across the Union right, and about five o’clock struck out of the woods in the rear of the Federal right flank. Ills advance brigade roused the camp by its firing, desultory and scattering at first, and such as might liave come from the guerrillas continually in that neighborhood, but gradually swelling into greater volume as his troops arrived and brought up their artillery in support. There was an instant stam- pede of teamsters and ambulance drivers both to front and rear, as the rebel column swept across the road. The small force of Union cavalry was compelled to retire ; but dismounted to fight, and to cover the rapid race for camp. The rebels at once took possession 446 Bermuda Hundred^ "Va, of tlio ambulances and a portion of a train of subsistence within tlieir reacli, and showered bullets on the retreating party. Several liorses were killed, and their drivers hastened to escape on foot. The main body of troops held a position far to the front. ^But for- tunately Tyler’s division of heavy artillery was near at hand. After some delay this division was got into line and desperately re- sisted the enemy’s progress. Although these troops were mostly unused to fire, and least of all to the unprecedented fury of the mode of fighting in Virginia, they fell upon the enemy with the utmost bravery, displaying gallantry equal to that of veterans. The first onset of the rebels upon the Union advance was over- powering ; but other trhops coming up, the enemy were driven into and through tho woods in admirable style. As soon as possi- ble, three divisions were sent forward in support; but the thorough repulse and discomfiture of the enemy had already been effected by Tyler’s division. Tho engagement was very rapid, and of brief duration ; but such were tho ardor and dash of the Unionists that they sustained during its continuance a loss of nearly 1,200 men. Tlie loss of the rebels was about the same. At five o’clock the enemy opened a heavy cannonade against tho Union left, in order to cover their movement on the baggage train ; but after a short fight they were driven back, and the cannonading ceased. Friday morning the three divisions that have been described as relieving Tyler’s division, having held the line all night, silently and swiftly entered the woods, and sweeping through them, at- tacked the rear of the enemy’s column, and cut off about four hun- dred prisoners straggling in tho woods. The enemy recrossed tho Ny and retreated to his camp. BERMUDA HUNDRED, VA. May 19 and 20, 1864. Unioninta^ under General Buttery ahont 25,000. Total loHfty nearly 300. Limnioniklay under General Beauregard y about 20.000. Boaseny not atated. After the withdrawal of the Union trooi)9 from the attack on Fort Darling, there was little activity till Thursday night. The rebels devoted Wednesday and Thursday to feeling the position of their antagonists, during which time considerable picket firing and some skirmisliing occurred. General Beauregard meanwhile moved down his forces in proximity to tho Union troops. North Arma River^ Va. 447 ThnrsJay, about midnight, he made an assault upon a line of rifle-pits dug by the Federal pickets along the center of their in- trenchments. Cannonading accompanied the attack, and the bat- teries responded vigorously. A short but severe contest ensued, resulting ultimately in the repulse of the assailants, and the restora- tion of quiet along the lines. Tlie ne.vt morning, Friday the 20th, the rebels again dashed upon the same point and succeeded in driving back the men, and hold the rifle-pits they had occupied. A contest at once commenced for the recovery of the lost intrenchments, and lasted at intervals through the day. General Terry’s line of rifle-pits was at last repos- sessed, and the enemy at night forced to retire. The Union losses were nearly 300. The rebel losses were not reported. NORTH ANNA RIVER, VA. Mat 23 and 24, 18&4. UnionisU^ under Generals Grant and Meade^ not far from 127»000. Losses^ nearly 2,000. Vifinnionists^ under General Lee^ supjwsed to he ohout 110,000. Losses, nearly 2,000 — the proportion of killed and mounded ^ hoxceocr^ being less than on the Union side. On Friday night, ifay 20th, commenced another grand flank movement of the Army of the I’otomac which was dc.stincd onco more to put a new face on the campaign in Virginia. * About twelve o’clock Friday night. General Torbert’s division of cavalry advanced to Guinney’s Station, and thence to Guinnea’s Bridge, a mile southwest of the station. At Downer’s Bridge, near by, rebel cavalry were found threatening the column. A sharp charge of the Fifth New York Cavalry drove them back, and the Union forces, pushing the enemy from the road, pressed on southerly to Bowling Green, a village fifteen miles southeast of Spottsylvania. A little farther south, the cavalry still continuing tlieir course, and driving the enemy before them, struck upon Milford’s Station, and scattered a body of rebels, capturing seventy men. At midnight of Friday, also, the second corps, followed the road of the cavalry and arrived at Bowling Green, Saturday, at night-falj,. Proceeding from Bowling Green, the second corps next struck the Mattapony, five miles south of the latter j)laco, crossed the river, and formed into line in a commanding position. Here a few hun- dred rebel cavalry dashed against Barlow’s division while forming; 448 JV^orth Amia Jliver, Va. but discovering in season they were about to capture a Tartar, wheeled and escaped in safety. Meanwhile, at ten o'clock on Saturday morning, Warren’s fifth corps broke camp and followed the second, encountering cavalry like its predecessor, near Guinney’s Station, and driving the enemy with ease. The sixth and ninth brought up the rear, and on Sat- urday the entire army had left Spottsylvania. The advance found everywhere that the movement had been anticipated ; stores had been removed and Lee’s main army drawn otf. All the corps had more or less skirmishing — that in the rear being at one time actively engaged ; but no delay or damage was caused. By Sunday, the rapid and at first apparently confused movement had gained con- sistency, and a sort of line was formed, facing westerly. It was now obvious to General Grant that the enemy had entirely aban- doned Spottsylvania, .and was preceding him in the direction of Hanover Court House. There was no longer need to hold the ground in the Union rear; and the whole army, on Monday, i)ush- cd forward ra[)idly, and reached the North Anna liiver, a little above Sexton’s Junction. In this vicinity there arC three fords: Island, Jericho, and Chesterfield or Taylor’s Bridge fords, the for- mer the farthest to the northwest. The two latter were seized by the Union forces. The two advance corps of the Union army, the second and the fifth, reacheil the fords about twor.M. of Monday — the second arriving at Taylor’s Bridge, and the fifth at Jericho Ford. Aljout six o’clock the second corps prepared to assault. Birney’s third division was in the advance, supported by Barlow’s first and Gibbon’s second. Tyler being in reserve. Birney’s divi- sion sprang gallantly to their task ; and in the most brilliant and rapid manner carried the works with the bayonet, pressing on through a galling fire from artillery and rifles on the opposite bank, which swept the flanks of the salient, leaping the ditch and climb- ing up the par.apct. The bridge-head was immediately held, and a part of the secend corps thrown across the river, menacing the re- treating enemy. Thus the bridge was won. But so hostile was the disjjositicn of the enemy, that, contented with the advantage already gained. General Hancock made no attempt to throw his ,pntire corps over the North Anna that night. Meanwhile, General Warren’s (fifth) corps had crossed the river at Jericho Ford, wading it waist deep without opposition. The foe. always cautions now of their right flank, had made few prep- arations so far on their left. The stream, however, was quite North Anna liiver. Fa. 449 defensible at this point. The roads down to the river were tor- tuous and difficult. Pontoon bridges were thrown across, after tbe fording by the infantry : and when the rebel skirmishers had been driven off, preparations were made to intrencb. In the mean time. Cutter’s division crossed on the pontoon and joined Griffin’s and Crawford’s already on the other side. About five o’clock, the enemy attacked Griffin’s division with extraordi- nary fury, pouring in fierce volleys of musketry, and a hot cannon- ade from several batteries. The second brigade, which was still in the advance, behaved with the most becoming gallantry. A flank- ing brigade of the enemy which attacked and nearly turned Grif- fin’s brigade was met by Bartlett’s brigade, and after a severe encounter, thoroughly repulsed. The rebels then withdrew in haste, and though during the night they once more gained pos- session of the battle-field by a spirited attack, they made no fur- ther attemiit to wrest from the Unionists their po.ssession of the river. The battle was unusually fierce, and resulted in heavy losses on both sides. The Union casualties at both points amounted to 1,000. The enemy’s loss in killed and wounded was probably less than that of their opponents; but several hundred rebel prisoners were captured. Later in the evening Burnside and Wright arrived, and occupied the northerly bank of tbe river. Tlie greater part of tlio fifth corps remained all night on the farther bank of the river; and Hancock held Taylor’s Bridge securely, tliough without crossing a greater part of his force. During the night the rebels made an unsuccessful attack on the fifth corps ; but were forced to retire. About eleven o’clock they made an attempt to retake Taylor’s Bridge ; but were quickly driven back. An hour later, they at- tacked more vigorously ; and for a while drove back the Federal forces, and began to fire the bridge. But a speedy rally once more dispersed them, and left the Unionists in undisputed possession. Early on Tuesday, the 24th, General Meade prepared to place the w’hole army on the south side of the North Anna. Warren’s corps being already across, Wright’s sixth corps followed at once; and as soon as the crossing was accomplished, took position in Warren’s rear, supporting him and covering the ford. Meanwhile the second corps essayed a crossing at Taylor’s Bridge. This, however, was attended with difficulty ; as the works comm.anding the farther end of the bridge wore strong and still filled with the enemy. The portion also lying between .Jericho 450 Wilson's Landing^ Fo, Ford and Chesterfield Bridge was still held by the enemy, and any attempt to cross from the other bank exi>o3ed the right Hunk of the crossing ]);irty. The left division of the fifth ’corps was eventually extended along the bank; and while the enemy was engaged with them, soon after noon, Birney’s division of the second corps quickly crossed, swept the rebels from their works, and held the bridge and its approaches. The remainder of the corps followed, and the object was accomplished. An advance of half a mile jmshed back the skirmishers, after considerable firing; but the subsequent progress of the Union army was checked by the enemy’s main force, which was found well posted on f.ittle River. About two o’clock p.m., Tuesday, Crittenden’s (first) division of the ninth corps forded the river at Ox Ford. Ledlie’s first brigade lield the advance, with skirmishers dejiloyed, and steadily pushed forward, driving the enemy through the woods to an open space. Here they met a raking lire from batteries and ritlcmen iiosted in communding jiositions in front; and were at length driven back to the river, with a reiiorted loss of 450 men. With better fortune. Potter’s second division crossed the river, meeting no important opposition. On the left, Hancock extended his line to the railroad bridge spanning the North Anna. But the enemy checked him here, and during the night destroyed the bridge by fire. The Union losses during the day were rather less than 1,000 men ; that of the rebels about the same, as the Unionists had the advantage m the number of prisoners. On Wednesday morning, the 25th, all the troops were in good position on the south side of the North Anna. WILSON’S LANDING, VA. May 24, 1864. VnionifitSy tinder General Wild^ about 1,200. Killed and wounded^ 40. JJiHunionista^ under General I'ilz lUigh J.cCy 2,000. Killed and VH>unded, 270; jtriHvncrUy 11 . Tuksday, ^fay 24th, the rebel General Fitz Hugh Leo, with about 2,000 cavalry, attacked the Union garrison at Wilson’s Land- ing, under command of General Wild. The garrison embraced only two small regiments of colored troops, who with untiring energy had fortified their position. General Lee, on his arrival, sent immediately into the Federal lines, demanding a surrender, and promising, in case the surrender 451 Dallas \'icinUy, Ga. was made, the garrison should be sent to the authorities at Rich- mond as prisoners of war, but if refused, he would not be answer- able for results. The purport of the last remark, in view ol the horrible atrocities which had lately been committed at Fort Pil- low, was well understood. General "Wild replied, however, '‘"We will try that and the fight commenced. In the opening, it raged fiercely on the left. The woods were riddled willi the storm of bullets, and the ground was stained with the blood of the fallen. The enemy lost heavily. Finding the left invincible, the rebel leader hurled his force, dis- mounted, upon the right. Steadily they pushed on through obstruc- tions, through slashing, past abattis, never wavering. The negro troops obeyed orders and bided their time. When the foe were strug- gling through the abattis, the death-warraut, ‘‘Fire!” went forth. Southern chivalry quailed before Rorlhern balls, though fired by negro hands. Volley after volley rained mercilessly upon them; till their line broke, and the men attempted to flee. The fight raged unremittingly till about five o’clock ; when firing ceased. General "Wild directed the operations in person, and made jireparatious to renew the fight ; but the cowering foe stole away during the night. The Union losses were slight; the whole number of killed and wounded did not exceed forty. Tlio enemy lost heavily. DALLAS VICINITY, GA Mat 29, 1864. XJnionisUy under General 40,000 Killed^wcunded^ ami mvifsing^ 300 Disuniomst'i^ U7ider General Hardee^ estimated at 20,000. Killed and wounded^ 1,500 ; 300. Tuesday, klay 24th, the Army of the Tennessee, under General JlcPherson, struck their tents in the gray morning twilight; and ere the bugle notes which sounded the tocsin of preparation died away among the hills that skirt the little village of Kingston, Ga., the glittering columns were in measured motion. The day was intensely hot. and clouds of suffocating dust filled the air, add- ing much discomfort to the unmurmuring soldiers as they marched boldly on with their muskets upon their .stalwart .shoulders. At night they camped a few miles north of the village of Van "Wirt, and resumed their onward march early the following morn- ing. The rumbling of the wagon-trains descending the preciiulous 452 Dallas Vicinity^ Ga. sides of liio AllaLootiii range ; tlio long lino of loyul bayonets glis- tening ill tlie sunlight; the national ilag, waving its hlood-staincd folds between the iiiountuin foliage, and receiving a fresh haptisni of morning dew ; the shrill bugle notes reverberating through the deep ravines, startling the timid birds from their haunts, and awakening the matin song of the less fearful ; all conspired to render the march from Van Wirt to Dallas a thrilling war-picture. On Saturday afternoon. May 28tli, Hardee’s* famous rebel corps suddenly hurled its traitorous horde against the entire front of the Army of the Tennessee. While the Union trains were being shifted to a new position, the enemy’s signal officers gave notice of the movement ; and with demoniac yells the corps was hurled forward, making frantic efforts to turn the right flank, and dashing upon the lines with an impetuosity seemingly resistless. At the same time their masked batteries belched forth murderous volleys in front. Solid shot and shell sped through the ranks ; but the iron-hearted men yielded not an inch. From out the long lines of woods skirt- ing a cultivated field in front, the gray columns of rebel infantry advanced with glittering bayonets, and treason’s emblems floating defiantly upon the breeze. The Union lines extended over a range of wooded hills, covered with a thick undergrowth of tangled briers and giant weeds. As soon as it became apparent that the enemy designed attack- ing, orders were given for the Unionists to withhold fire, until the too confident foe were within sixty yards. On they came like a rushing whirlwind, totally regardless of the presence of the dauntless hosts of Federal soldiers crouching in the rear of their hastily constructed hreast-works ; from behind which, at a given signal, burst forth the report of thousands of muskets and many heavy batteries, mingling their thunders in the horrid din of battle. For thirty minutes the conflict raged tiercel}'. Rebel yells were answered with “ Union cheers and as Generals Logan and McPherson rode along the front, their pres- ence fired the troops with patriotic heroism and inspired new valor. The moment for action, prompt and decisive, had arrived ; and each of these noble chieftains knew where to look for steady hands to do the bidding of the loyal heart. Again and again the exasperated traitors massed ; and regard- less of consequences, sought to crush the Union right, making three ineffectual attempts to penetrate General Morgan Smith’s lines. From the commanding-general down to the true and tried private, 453 Cold JIarbor, Va. tlie most iinflincliing bravery was displayed. At five o’clock there arose a wild deafening shout of ti iuiiiph from those thickly wooded liills which rang far above the clash of arms ; and, lo ! the cha- grined enemy were in full retreat to their strongholds, fleeing in all directions save toward the dauntless victors, who poured deadly volleys into their terror-stricken ranks, mowing them down by scores. To form some idea of the desperateness of the assault, it is only necessary to state that the enemy’s loss reached 2,500 in killed and w'ounded, besides about 300 prisoners, while McPherson’s entire loss did not exceed 300. COLD HARBOE, VA. Junk 1 to 3, 1864. UnionUU^ wither Generals Grant and Meade,, about 125,000 Losses in killed^ wwtnded,, and missing^ estimated at Ji'om 9,000 to 10,000. Visunioniats,, under General Lee,, supposed to be about 100,000. KUled^xcounded. and misidngy probably from- T,000 to 8,000. After tlie Army of the Potomac had effected a crossing of the North Anna Itivcr, on the 24th and 25th of May, preparations were at once made to communicate witli Port Itoyal on the Eap- pahannock, as a new base whence supplies might bo receiVed, and lo whicdi trains of wounded could bo sent. On Wednesday noon, the 25th inst., the Federal lino resting on the south bank of tho North Anna extended from a little west of Jericluj Ford about four miles to a point on the Fredericksburg llailroad, but a short dis tanco south of the river. The enemy were found in strong force opposite its center, with their troops disposed in the form of an obtuse V, the apex directed toward Ox Ford. Their right wing rested on the formidable marsh known as Bull Swamp, and stretched across the Fredericksburg Railroad, protecting it and covering Sexton’s .Junction ; while their left extended along Little River, crossing the Virginia Central Railroad, and likewise pro- tecting it at the Junction. The position was skillfully chosen — being naturally strong, admirably sheltering the rebel flanks by the marsh and stream, and admitting a rapid transfer of troops from one flank to the other; while it threatened the security of tho Unionists, by the superior facility it afforded for a movement against their center. Besides these advantages, it had been fortified with extensive and elaborate intrenchments, to which the enemy were busily adding others. 454 • Cold Jlarhor^ Vd. In view of the great strength of this position, hoth offensive and defensive, General Grant determined not to attempt the dis- lodgment of the enemy by an assault — which would have been murderously destructive — but to accomplish it by a flanking move- ment, snch as already had proved twice successful. The new plan was to recross the North Anna, and again stretch out easterly in the now familiar movement by the left. The recent rains, swell- ing the streams, made it jirudent to commence crossing them as speedily as possible. To conceal the purpose, a strong demonstra- tion was made during Thursday on the enemy’s left — some divi- sions of infantry attacking the rebels in position ; while a division of cavalry moved up the Virginia Central Railroad, and began burning the track. Under cover of these movements, the sixth corps quietly and swiftly withdrew on Thursday evening to the north bank of the river, followed by the other corps in quick succession, and moved out easterly for the Pamunkey. Hancock protected the rear; and meanwhile a strong skirmish line was left in front to engage the enemy’s attention and disarm susi)icion. At nine o’clock on Fri- day morning Torbert’s and Gregg’s cavalry divisions took posses- sion of Hanover Ferry and Hanovertown, finding there only a rebel vidette. The first division of the sixth corps arrived at ten A.M., and the rest of the column closely followed. It was at once evident that the familiar spot known as White House was hence- forth to be the Federal base of supplies ; and as a proof that the present flank movement was no sudden and forced change of posi- tion, but one previously contemplated ; trans[>orts laden with army supplies were found to be already on their way to that point. On Saturday morning, the 28th, the Union troops had obtained complete possession ot the country around Hanovertown. It was discovered that Lee was already extending his lines southerly, and that he had undoubtedly occupied Hanover Court House before their de|)arture from the North Anna Now, however, he had swung about his army to face his opponents. Breckinridge’s troops, lately victorious in the Shenandoah Valley, supported by strong bodies of cavalry, were the forces nearest at hand. It was evident that the enemy could not afford to attenuate his line by continuing to hold the Court House in great force, and at best it would be but a point of support for his extreme left. To ascertain his purpose, however, a reconnoissance was made on Saturday far toward Mechanicsville, by Torbert’s and Gregg’s cavalry. A little 455 rfsa Cold Harbor, Fa. south of Hawes’ Store, a point not far from Tolopotamoy Creek, a severe engafjeiuont with the enemy’s cavalry occurred, which re- sulted in forcing back the latter a considerable distance, so that something could be ascertained of the main rebel line. The battle began about noon, and soon the whole of Gregg’s division were liotly engaged. The rebel cavalrymen were skill- fully disposed, availing' themselves of the neighboring woods. Ar- tillery was actively employed on both sides. About two o’clock, while the fight was hottest, and the Union troops were hardly able, even with great loss, to hold the desired ground, Custer’s brigade of Torbert’s division came up, and pressing gallantly forward, re- pulsed the rebel hordes. Under a concentrated fire, the foe retired — leaving the battle-field in the possession of his opponent, with a part of his killed and wounded in Union hands. The Federal loss was about 400, the enemy’s not less. On Sunday, the 29th, the whole army was successfully across the Pamunkey, and fronted southwest, about three miles from the river. The corps moved cautiously forward, and an .attack from General Lee was expected. But none was made, and the only firing was by reconnoitering parties far in front. On Monday, Lee’s forces were ascertained to be on the Mechau- icsville road south of the Tolopotamoy Creek road, between the stream and Hawes’ Shop, their right wing resting on Shady Grove. About five o’clock in the afternoon, Warren’s corps, which was gradually moving out to the left, along the Mechanicsville road, was suddenly and hotly attacked from both sides by Rhodes’ division of Ewell’s corps, with two brigades of cavalry engaged in reconnoi- tering. Crawford’s division, which was a little detached from the rest of the corps, being well up toward Shady Grove Church, was forced back in spite of a determined resistance The advantage was so rapidly followed up as to endanger the turning of AVarren’s flank. But the timely arrival of reinforcements from the other divisions prevented the disaster. A sharp engagement, however, followed, and the enemy was forced to retire. As soon as the news of ATarren’s situation came to headquarters. General Meade orc^red an attack all along the line, so as to relieve him. General Hancock was the only one who received the order in time to attack before dark ; and he immediately dashed upon the enemy’s skirmish line, captured their rifle-pits, and held them all night The engagement rvas rapid and brilliant, and the losses not large. The rebel dead and wounded were left on the field. Gen- 45G Cold Harbor^ J^a. eral Warren in tlie mean time lield liis ground, being about seven miles from Kicbmond and near Mecbanicsville. The enemy’s right being thus closely pressed, they at once moved down troops to prevent a further dangerous concentration in that quarter. Early Tuesday morning, the second corps moved out; and Bir- ney’s division, on the right, rushed at and carried a breast-work of the enemy on tlie suntlierly side of Tolopotamoy Creek. The con- flict was short, and the Union loss only about thirty men. Nearly forty j)risoners of Breckinridge’s command were ca[itured. It was the outer line of the enemy’s intreuchineuts at this point, and was easily carried. But General Grant’s real purpose on Tuesday was again to try his favorite plan of shifting position by successively subtracting the corps holding the extreme right, and sending them over to the left. Torbert’s division of cavalry was therefore dispatched to reconnoiter thoroughly the condition of the ground in the vicinity of Cold Harbor, and to hold it at all hazards for the occupation of infantry. AVhile there they came against a part of Fitz Hugh Lee’s cavalry supported by Clingman’s brigade of Hoke’s North Caro- lina division. A sharp fight ensued, vvhich resulted in the Federal troops holding the desired ground. Meanwhile, on the other wing of the army, a brigade of Wilson’s cavalry was successfully skir- mishing with a brigade of Wade Hampton’s command. Ledlie’s brigade of Burnside’s corps also came into a brief action with the enemy and advanced its skirmish line. Besides these engagements, there was desultoi'y firing throughout the day along the whole line. On Wednesday, June 1st, cavalry fighting, with artillery firing, was resumed on both flanks. Heavy skirmishing also occurred in front of Hancock and elsewhere. The conflict was most severe at Cold Harbor ; as the enemy were determined to drive out the Union forces, and Sheridan’s orders were to hold this point. Hoke’s division wtis completely repulsed by Sheridan’s dismounted cavalry, fighting with carbines. Somewhat later, this division was heavily reinforced, and the farther advance of the Federal troops checked. Soon after the close of the morning affair, Wright’s long expected sixth corps arrived at Cold Harbor cross-roads, and deployed into line as its subdivisions came up, on the right of Gaines’ Mill road. About three o’clock. Smith’s eighteenth corps, for whose arrival Wright had been waiting, came into the field. Without stopping to rest the newly arrived corps, a charge was ordered at once. A 457 Cold Harbor, Fa. plowed field extended along the front; and beyond was a strip of pine forest in which the enemy lay intrenched. The artillery on the Union left and rear fired very sharply for an hour ; and at length, about six o’clock, the line dashed forward. In the center were two divisions which rushed across the plowed ground, through the strip of green plain, and into the woods, while a deadly storm of musketry and artillery raked their ranks. The charge was made upon the run, and both divisions dashed over the rebel earth-works with great spirit ; taking and holding their first lino of rifle-pits and capturing about 600 prisoners. In this charge, Drake’s flrst brigade, in the advance of one of the divisions, was badly cut up ; and by the time they had reached the abattis and entanglements in the woods, had scarcely enough men left to sur- mount them. Barton’s second brigade at this critical juncture sprang forward, and gallantly crossing the open field, under a mur- derous fire, swept the obstacles, and carried the rifle-pits, capturing 200 prisoners in them. The enemy, however, still held his line on the Union right, and began to enfilade the captured rifle-trench. Accordingly Barton was reinforced ; and, after a sharp contest, ef- fected a lodgment in the line. But it was soon found that a redoubt in the second line of the enemy completely commanded this posi- tion ; and, amid a heavy fire, it was relinquished. During the night, the enemy, recognizing the importance of their loss, made desperate efforts to regain tlie position, and greatly an- noyed the Unionists in the rille-pits with an enfilading fire. But their desperate charges were all repelled. The Union loss was over 2,000 ; that of the enemy probably much less in killed and wounded, as they fought behind breast- works. While the battle was going on at the left, there was hot work in front of the other corps. All day there was cannonading and mus- ketry firing in the region of Belhesda Church. Toward night, after the battle had opened at Cold Uarbor, the skirmishing grew brisker, and the artillery on both sides fired rapidly. In the after- noon there was a forward movement of two divisions on the right — probably with a view to cover an intended withdrawal of the second corps from right to left to follow the footsteps of the sixth, already advanced to extend the Union flank in that direction. The result was a rally of the rebels in force and a determined attack toward evening on the entire Union line, as soon as the two divi- sions had fallen back. The enemy came on closely massed, regardless of the gaps made 458 Cold Harbor, Va. by the artillery. As soon as musketry was of avail, both parties delivered heavy volleys, the Federal men being closely packed be- hind their works. Several distinct and desperate charges were made by tlie enemy ; and it was late at night before they desisted, their retirement being succeeded by the advance of the ’Jnion men to the skirmish line. No authentic estimate of the losses at this part of the line is given ; but 1,000 will probably caver the casual- ties. The enemy must have suffered severely. Taking the day through, it may be said to have resulted favor- ably to the Unionists; as they gained on the left the possession of Cold Harbor, a point of much importance not only in reference to the subsequent crossing of the Chickahoininy, but also as commanding the road to their base of supplies at White House. Wednesday night it was determined to follow up the occupation of Cold Harbor by a serious attempt to push the enemy across the Chickaliominy and establish a place of fording. In accordance with this plan, the second corps was drawn off from the right and Tiiarcheil atu’oss tlio lino to the extreme left — whieli it reae.hed be- fore Thursday noon — so as to form a massive power at that point. The attack was ordered for Thursday evening, but was ultimately postponed till Friday morning. Meanwhile considerable skirmishing occurred along the line, but no general engagement. Gregg, on the extreme left, pushed out his cavalry to cover Hancock’s corps ; and, after brisk artillery fir- ing, effected a connection. General Torbert stretched out still farther to the left, in the region of Bottom’s Bridge. On the right, some changes were also made in position, with a view to massing the Union line on the left, contracting and strength- ening it, and arranging for the approaching attack. These move- ments provoked lively skirmishing ; and in the afternoon, the enemy charged the fifth and ninth corps just after they had left their breast- works. Two brigades of the fifth were particularly exposed, and suffered considerably. The loss in the ninth corps v/as about 250, that of the fifth still greater. The enemy were thoroughly repulsed, the Union artillery and infantry firing having deadly effect on their charging columns. The old positions were then retaken — the ninth corps also remaining substantially on its former ground, instead of moving down to occupy the place of the fifth. The enemy had interfered with the Federal maneuver, but had gained no advantage. Friday morning, at four o’clock, was the time at which the 459 Cold Harbor, Va. momentous assanlt was. to coiunicnee. The Federal line was well massed and compact — comjjosed as follows from riylit to left: Burn- side, Warren, Smitli, AVright, Hancock — reaching from Tolopotamoy Creek to and across the road from Cold Harbor to the Chickahom- iny. The ground along the lino was varied with woodlands, swamps, and open tracts, the Union left being on a position a littlo elevated, and the rebel line Ijing in a strip of woods and covering the series of roads parallel to the river. Promptly, at the appointed hour, the skirmishers advanced; and very quickly the line was wrapped in the fire and smoke of terrific battle. Two divisions dashed gallantly forward, across woodlands and underbrush ; and again emerging into an open space, swept by shot and shell, charged straight up the acclivity on which the rebels had concentrated their men and artillery — as being the stronghold of their lino. They swept the troops of Breckinridge from the summit; and for a brief moment w'ere masters of the position. But the enemy, knowing the importance of holding tliis point, hurled his second line upon the decimated Union columns. The bravery of the two Federal divisions had carried them beyond the front of the Union line, and had already exposed them to a mur- derous enfilading fire of artillery, which the foe hurled upon them, on seeing their intrenchments lost. Swept by this flank fire and now overwhelmed in front, the gallant divisions pushed out of the intrenchments ; but not till they had captured a rebel flag and 300 prisoners — all secured and sent to the rear. Indeed, at one time, they were masters of double the number of prisoners and many guns, could they have been supported for a brief interval or pro- tected by a friendly cannonade. At length they withdrew, under a heavy fire ; but persistently halted and iuti enched themselves when they were under partial cover, remaining all day fifty yards from the enemy’s breast-works. AVith not less gallantry, at the same early hour, the sixth and eighteenth assaulted with their entire force, and met with a simi- lar experience. Charging through the underbrush and across the open tract, they carried the first line of intrenchments ; but it was only to meet the murderous enfilading fire, which was hurled upon all the advanced brigades. For a long time the latter clung ob- stinately to their conquests ; but these were finally wrested from them, and they were forced back with heavy loss. Here, as on the left, the Unionists held and intrenched a jiosition considerably in advance of the starting-point, in close proximity to the enemy’s 23 ■460 Cold Harbor^ Fa. works. Meanwhile, on the right, the fiftli and ninth corps pnshed out their skirniisliing lines to take [)art in the fray. Burnside opened a heavy cannonading, and kept it uj) through the morning. About noon, Warren made a fine charge at the foe, with Griffin’s division, quickly carrying the opposing line of skirmishers. But the brunt of the battle was not here. All day long the fierce can- nonading continued, with the crackling fusilade of skirmishers, it seeming as if the Union generals could not believe that the day was decided, and were waiting to try the issue of conflict once more. The entire Union lino was pushed forward close to the enemy. Retreat and advance were equally impossible for these men; but they fought with invincible courage, receiving and re- pelling repeated charges ; till at last, sucli as were left were safely withdrawn, under a protecting fire, from their perilous position. Both armies kept close to their breast-works, the exposure of a figure, at that narrow distance, being surely fatal. About eight o’clock, a furious assault was made on the extreme left, extending down also to the front of the sixth corps. Mus- ketry and artillery at once raked the assaulting column, with a ter- ribly destructive firb. After a severe struggle, the enemy were finally repulsed ; and though firing was renewed somewhat later, the day was substantially closed. The Union loss in prisoners probably exceeded that of the enemy. As the latter fought under signal advantage, their casualties on the whole were less severe. The entire Federal loss was supposed to he between 5,000 and 7,000. Friday’s battle on the whole had disappointed the hopes of the Federal leaders. The foe had been found too strongly posted for the Union army to carry his works ; and all efforts to cross the Chickahominy at this point had been repelled. But there was no disposition to retire. Intrenching in jjosition was the next step; and accordingly with whatever tools could be procured, the loyal troops busily prosecuted the erection of temporary breast works. Four successive night-engagements followed the contest of Friday; and for a week after its occurrence there was pretty constant skir- mishing by day. The hostile lines were separated by distances varying from only 100 to 200 yards. The proximity made the picket firing eery deadly, and many of the most gallant Unionists escaped the terrible carnage of a dozen pitched battles only to fall by the casual bullet of some rebel sharp-shooter, after the roar of the contest was over. This desultory firing of marksmen varied in . Mount Crawford^ Va. 461 intensity at different parts of the line, and on different days — it being fatal, at times, to show one’s figure for a single instant above the intrenchments. Staff ofEcers, the signal corps, and artillery- men occasionally suffered considerable from the necessity of expo- sure. Cannonading was also kept up for several days, the artillery dueling being often designed to prevent the construction of new works or to hinder changes of position. Meanwhile the quieter scenes ouce described at Spottsylvania were repeated — busy work at White House and on the roads there- from to camp ; the forwarding of ammunition and supplies of all sorts ; the caring for the wounded and their transportation from the field, and the various labors of commissaries, quartermasters, and surgeons. Reinforcements of new troops and of convalescents began to fill up the depleted ranks. New assignments and organ- izations were necessary, in divisions, brigades, and battalions. Regiments cut to fragments by a score of bloody frays were to bo consolidated, and the whole army put in condition for a campaign which might not allow another prostrated pause. MOUNT CRAWFORD, VA. Junk 6, 1864. Vnionistn^ under General ITnnter, not reported. Diaunicnisi^., under General Jones. Killed and wounded^ not stated ; prisoners^ 1,600. On Sunday, the 6th, General Hunter met the enemy under Gen- eral Jones near Mount Crawford, twelve miles north of Staunton, and totally routed them, after a spirited battle of ten hour4’ dura- tion. The enemy were twice repulsed ; when they retired behind their breast-works, and resisted with determination the advance of the Unionists. Several desperate but fruitless attempts were made to dislodge the foe, resulting in considerable loss on both sides. In this emergency General Hunter displayed his strategic ability by ordering Colonel Thoburn’s brigade which was stationed on the left, watching the rebels, to join another brigade and advance on the rear of the enemy’s breast-works. At two o’clock, Thoburn moved across from the position he held on the left — marching his command in regimental column, and hiding the movement as much as possible from the foe — until he came within 400 yards of the woods skirting their works. Forming into line on the double- quick, and firing a volley, he charged into the woods and drove 462 Petersburg^ Va. the enemy at tlie point of the bayonet. To crown the victory, tlio Twentietii Pennsylvania daslied in, and captured 600 prisoners, in- cluding four colonels apd lifty-six officers of minor rank. Colonel McReynolds, with the entire cavalry force, started in pursuit; and continued to harass the retreating foe; hut worn out with fighting and abstinence from food, they were unable to pursue them a great distance. The enemy, in their precipitate flight, abandoned about 1,400 stands of arms, and left the body of their commanding officer on the field. Hungry and tired, hut elated with success, the Union army en- camped at Piedmont for the night, and on the following day marched to Staunton, where they captured and destroyed about $3,000,000 worth of property. The rebel killed and wounded are not report- ed ; the whole number of i)risoner3 taken by the Unionists was 1,600. . PETERSBURG, VA. June 8, IB&l. Vnioni8t ft y under GeneniU Gillmore and Kautz, 4 , 900 . Killed and wmindedy 80 . DinuniimistHy under General lieauregiird. Killed and iotmndtdy not reported i jn'inonerey 40 . DnniNG the night of June 8th, an expedition under General Gill- more set out for the capture of Petersburg. Preparations to ope- rate in that direction had been previously made by preparing a bridge to be thrown across the Appomattox and sending the gun- boats to explore the river. The pontoons having been laid down near Point of Rocks, the movement commenced about midnight. General Kautz commanded the cavalry of the expedition, and General Hinks and Colonel Haw- ley were in charge of the two infantry brigades. Deserters having repeatedly reported Petersburg depleted of troops in order to rein- force Lee in front of Richmond, it was decided that Gillmoi'e should take the turnpike road, and assault the city on that side ; while General Kautz, making the circuit of the place, should assail the southerly side; and thus, the movements being simultaneou-, both forces might enter the city together. Kautafe select cavalry, 1,400 strong, first crossed the pontoon bridge; and were quickly followed by Hawley’s brigade, while the latter, on crossing the Appomattox, were joined by a brigade from Hinks’ (colored) division ; thus making the whole force 4,900. 463 Guntown, Miss. Before eight o’clock on tlie morning of the 8th, Follett’s battery commenced shelling the rebel lines in the vicinity of Fort Clifton. Two gun-boats opened fire on the same position ; and, until noon, the gun-boats and land batteries kept up a brisk demonstration. While General Butler was thus diverting the enemy’s attention, the cavalry and infantry columns jiressed on ; made the detour of the Clifton Battery, to avoid its fire; and continued toward Peters- burg. The infantry encountered no serious opposition till within about two miles of the city; where they met the enemy’s skirmish line, and briskly drove it back in a short contest. Having reached the front of the city, where the fortifications could be critically examined, General Gillmore determined that they were too strong for the force at his command ; and accordingly withdrew about noon, and returned to camp the same evening. Meantime, General Kautz had forced the enemy’s intrenchments, actually reached the city streets, and had briskly engaged in figlit- ing; in momentary expectation that the infantry would arrive to his support. But the rebels, seeing Gillmore’s troops withdrawn, concentrated their force against him, and he was compelled to re- tire — bringing away with him forty prisoners. His loss was about a score of men in killed and wounded, and General Gillmore’s was still less. GUNTOWN, MISS Jgne 10, 18G4. VnionUtSy under General 8,000. Killed and 'icounded^^^Q\ prisoners^ 1 , 000 . DisunionUtSy under General E. Kirhy Smithy 10,000. Lossesy not reported. June 1st, an expedition under General Sturgis, comprising two brigades of infantry, two of cavalry, two regiments of colored in- fantry', and a company of light artillery, left Memphis, with a train of 200 wagons well laden with supplies, and proceeded, via Collins- ville, in a direction east by south, toward the Mobile and Ohio Kailroad. Having advanced as far as Salem, a detachment of 300 men was sent out on a raid through Ripley, Riga, and Danville. The main body remained at Salem three days ; and on the 9th moved through Ripley, in a southwest direction, camping for the night eight mih's from Old Town Greek. The cavalry, imdcr Grierson, which was several miles in advance of the main body, crossed tlue creek on the 4G4 Guntmcn^ 3Iiss. following niorning, and soon after became engaged with a small force of rebel cavalry which fell back, after delivering a volley, closely pursued by the Unionists. The mounted force being thus liurried on, the infantry was soon left five miles in the rear. Continuing the pursuit for about two miles, the leader suddenly found himself confronted by a sti ong line of battle, commanding the road from both sides. The enemy’s men were so disposed as to conceal from sight the advanced situation of his flanks, and at the same time to mislead as to his numerical strength by having only the center in view. The ruse was successful. Grierson, greatly under-estimating the strength of the foe, and deceived as to their jiosition, moved forward with his entire division and made a gene- eral onset. The resistance encountered soon showed that they had attacked a superior force ; and the vigor with which the enemy fought, threw the line into some confusion, though not sufllcient to compel it to retire, had it not become jjalpable that the cavalry must fall back and await the arrival of the infantry. A retreat was therefore ordered. They withdrew rapidly to the west bank of Old Town Creek, to await the appearance of the enemy in front, and the arrival of reinforcements from the rear. They had hardly reached the west aide of the stream, when the foe appeared on the eastern side. Grierson immediately formed his men in line of battle, and the action became general. The firing of the previous engagement near Guntown had been heard by the main army, and the infantry at once pushed forward, and at this stage of the battle, McMillan’s brigade arrived, formed, and went gallantly into the fight. The full artillery strength of both armies was now brought into play, and the roar of battle was continuous for more than an hour, now breaking out in thundering crashes for several minutes, and then dying away into a few scattering shots, to be followed by an- other crash, and another lull. There was no occasion for maneu- vering — the contending armies were fairly confronted. The rebels could not have bettered their admirable position ; while the Union- ists could gain no advantage over the foe by changing theirs. But it soon became apparent that while the fire of.the enemy was rapidly thinning the Union ranks, the answering discharges had no telling effect upon the rebels, concealed as they were by the natu- ral advantage of their position. It was also possible that the rebels might detach a body of troops, and attack the rear. In view of these facts, it was determined to retreat. The train of 200 wagons Cynthiana^ JTy. 407 ■was faced about and put in motion ; and as soon as they were well on their way, the troops were rapidly withdrawn. The enemy quickly started in pursuit, and a continual skirmish was kept up for nearly ten miles; when the retreating column came upon the ponderous wagon train making every exertion to get through the swamp through which the road led. At this point ensued a scene of confusion seldom equaled. The Unionists were brought in line, for the purpose of holding the rebels in check until the teams could be got out of the way. But the formation was hardly completed before a terrible onslaught upon the Union front and both flanks almost swept the defensive ranks away. Amid the clash of arms, the discharge of musketry, the shouts of the combatants, and the loud imprecations of the panic-stricken teamsters, vainly endeavoring to urge their teams through the mire, a fearful rout commenced. All organization, ex- cept with the two negro regiments, was forgotten. The latter held their ground, and fought like madmen; until literally pushed along by the surge of the indiscriminately mingled mass of pursued and pursuers. It now became evident that the tram must fall into the hands of the foe, and orders were given to cut the animals loose and burn the wagons. Notwithstanding that the army was so heavily pressed, the order was jiromptly executed; and the conse- quent accumulation of debris delayed further pursuit fur an hour. Again the remnants of the column were started in retreat; leav- ing behind fourteen cannon — previously spiked — nearly a thousand killed and wounded, and a still larger number of prisoners. Night was approaching, but the weary troops dared not pause a moment until they reached a point twenty-five miles from the field of the opening fight; and there, throwing themselves upon the ground, they sought relief from the hardships of the day in refreshing sleep. CYNTHIANA, KY. Juke 11 and 12, 1864. Unionists^ und^r Generals Burbridge and Hobson. Killed and tcoitncfdcf, 200 ; prisoners from 1,200 to 1,400. Visunionists^ under General Morgan^ 3,000 Killed^ 800 ; tcounded^ 275 ; pria^ oneia, 400. Gknekal Morgan, with about 3,000 rebels, attacked the One? Hundred and Sixty-eighth and One Hundred and Seventy-first Ohio regiments under General Hobson, at Cynthiana, June 12; and 468 Tremlian Station, etc., Va. after a severe engagement, compelled the Union commander to snr- render, on condition tliat lus men should ho immediately exchang- ed. The fighting took place principally in the streets of the town, and some of Hobson’s troops sought refuge in the court-house. In order to dislodge them, a stable near by was set on fire ; and the conflagration spreading, about twenty buildings were consumed. The rebels captured from 1,200 to 1,500 prisoners. The Union loss in killed and wounded was fifty -five. The following morning General Uurbridge attacked Morgan at Cynthiana; and after an hour’s hard lighting, completely routed him, killing 500, wounding nearly as many, and capturing 400, be- sides recapturing about 100 of General Hobson’s command, and over 1,000 horses. Burbridge lost in killed and wounded 150. Morgan’s forces fled in all directions, completely demoralized. TREVILIAN STATION, ETC., VA. June 11 and 12 , 1864 . TJnionistSy under General Sheridan. J\ilUdy^b: \DOunded priHoners,!^^. Viaunionitils, under various lenders. Losses in killed and wounded^ heavy hers not reported') ; prisoners^ 370 . On the 7th of June, General Sheridan, with a strong cavalry force, set out for a raid upon the rebel line of communication between Eichmond and Gordonsville. Proceeding by way of Childsburg and Newmarket, he encamped on the 10th inst. at Buck Childs, about three miles nortlieast of Trevilian Station. It was his inten- tion to break the railroad at this point, inarch thence through Mechanicsville, cut the Gordonsville and Charlotte Railroad near Lyndsay’s house, and thence to march on Charlotteville. On his arrival at Buck Childs, however, ho found a strong force of the enemy’s cavalry in his immediate front. On tlio morning of the 11th, General Torhert, with his division, and Colonel Cregg, of Geiieial Gregg's division, moved out and at- tacked the foe. After an obstinate contest tlioy drove him from successive lines of breast-works, tlirough an almost impassable forest, back on Trevilian Station. In the mean time General Custer had been ordered to proceed with his brigade by a country road, so as to reach the station in the rear of the enemy’s cavalry. On his arrival there, the rebels broke into a complete rout, leaving their dead and many of tlieir l'revUi<(n etc., I'a. 4G'J wounded in the Union hands, also twenty officers, 500 men, and 300 horses. But General Sheridan, approaching a^; this juncture from another direction, and driving a body of rebels before him, forced them upon Custer’s rear, where the prisoners just captured were under guard. The latter were immediatelj' set at liberty by their friends, and succeeded in escaping, taking with them General Custer’s pack train, his headquarters wagon, and the few men which had com- posed their guard. Five caissons of Pennington’s battery were also captured during their movement, three of which were afterward retaken. Night having now obscured the roads, the pursuit of the retreat- ing enemy was abandoned, and the wearied Unionists encamped at Trevili.an Station. On the morning of the 12th, they commenced destroying the railroad thence to Lorraine Court House, burning the ties and bending the rails so as to render them unserviceable. The work was completed about three o’clock p.m. General Tor- bert's division and General Davies’ brigade were dien ordered to proceed in the direction of Gordonsville and attack the enemy, who had concentrated at a point about five miles from there, where they had been reinforced by infantry during the night, and had con- structed rifle-pits. The advance was made; but the rebel position was found too strong for a general assault. On the extreme right of the Union lines, a portion of a brigade carried the enemy’s works twice, and was twice driven therefrom. Night closed the contest. On examination of his command. General Sheridan found that his stock of ammunition was in danger of exhaustion, and that the horses were suffering for want of forage — the surrounding country affording only the poorest grazing, and generally at such points as were inaccessible. Accordingly he drew off his forces, and pro ceeded to join the main army. The losses of his troops during their encounters with the enemy were about eiglity-live killed, 490 wounded, and 160 prisoners. The enemy’s losses were said to bo very heavy, including Brigadier-General Rosser. Three hundred and seventy prisoners were captured, including twenty commis- sioned officers. 470 Petersburg^ Ya. PETERSBURG, VA. June 15 to 18, 1864. Unionists^ under Generals Grant and Meade^ not far from 140,000. Losses^ about 10.000. DUunionists, under General Lee, probably about 100,000, Losses, less than on the Union side ; numbers not reported. On the night of Sunday, June 12tli, the Army of tlie Potomac, abandoning its position on the north side of the Chickahominy, began another grand flank movement, such as had already proved thrice successful during its present campaign. The sistli and nintli corps, crossing the river at Jones’ Bridge, ten or twelve miles be- low Bottom’s Bridge — where the enemy’s right was intrenched — proceeded toward Charles City Court House, a mile from the James River; while the second and fifth corps, crossing at Long Bridge, six or seven miles below Bottom’s Bridge, took the road to Wil- cox’s Wharf on the James River. At the same time, the eighteenth corps marched to White House, and there took transports to the James; and without pausing passed directly u]) the stream, to Bermuda Hundred, a landing on the south side. The place designated for crossing the other corps to the south side of the James was Powhatan Point, near Wilcox’s Wliarf ; and at this locality General Butler had carefully prepared pontoons. On Tuesday, the Union forces were all up; and the passage of the stream was commenced and effected without delay. The entire movement from the Chickahominy was consummated without the loss of a wagon or a single piece of artillery, and at the cost of but a few hundred men. The column which moved from Long’s Bridge to Wilcox's Wharf had indeed a sharp engage- ment with the rebels near White Oak Bridge, on the borders of the swamps, on Monday afternoon; but Wilson’s cavalry, in the advance, with Crawford’s advance division of the fifth corps, suc- ceeded in driving back the foe. The Federal loss in this affair was not more than 150 or 200. Adding to this an equal number, for a skirmish line cut off at Cold Harbor and for stragglers, 400 would probably cover the whole loss since the beginning of the movement. On Wednesday, the 15th, the cavalry made a reconnoissanco toward Malvern Hill on the north side, and found the enemy posted in strong force, and evidently suspicious that the Newmarket road to Richmond might after all be the one actually attempted. One regiment of the cavalry got partially ambushed, and suffered a slight loss. The reconnoitering revealed the fact that A. P. Hill’s (' Petersburg^ Va. 471 corps was holding the region southeast of the city in force. The Federal loss was about 100. Meanwhile more important work was going on along the south side. At oue o’clock Wednesday morning, the eighteenth corps, which had arrived the previous evening at Bermuda Hundred, moved forward to attack the works in front of Petersburg, and if possible to effect the reduction of the city. Kautz's cavalry, in the advance, crossed the Appomattox by means of apj)ntoon bridge thrown across near Point of Bocks. Brooks’ and Martindale’s di^- sions followed next, with Ilinks’ two brigades of colored troops. The rosy beams of early dawn fell faintly upon the armed host as it trailed along, paling the dim firelight that marked its way, and dispelling grim visions of the battle-field that haunted loyal breasts. Still the dark column moved slowly on, the day grew brighter, and, at length, the sunlight flashed from gun-barrels and bayonets, from s.aber scabbards and the polished cannon, lighting even the somber Parrott guns with its morning smiles. Soon after sunrise Kautz encountered the rebel skirmishers, and drove them out of a small earth work on the City Point road, along which he had advanced. Brooks’ division and the negro troops followed rapidly, and soon the dispersion of the rebel picket line uncovered a row of rifle- trenches with two twelve-pounders, from which solid shot flew over the heads of the column. Ilinks deployed skirmishers and scat- tered the enemy through some adjacent woods, and eventually secured a position near Baylor’s farm, from which two colored reg- iments gallantly carried the enemy’s works, capturing one of the guns and turning it promptly on the retreating foe. He lost only about thirty men. Brooks’ division now moved up with Burnham’s brigade in ad- vance, and entered a strip of woods which concealed the outer main line of Petersburg’s defenses. Meanwhile, Ilinks carried his division off to the left, on the Jordan Point road, while Martindalo ■was conducting his division on the river road, which ho had taken at the start. A line was thus formed in front of the strong, well- built intrenchineiits, with Martindalo on the right, Brooks in the center, and Ilinks on the left Brisk skirmishing broke out hero and there while the positions were being taken, and the Unionists suffered severely from the fire of the sharp-shooters. Just as the sun was sinking amid gorgeous clouds and gilding the landscape with his dying glory, the silvery notes of the bugle rang out upon the oveuiiig air, and the order to carry the works by assault was 472 Petersburg^ Va. quickly given. The entire lino instantly sprang forward, and swept the range of ri(le-i)it3 with heroic gallantry, under a scathing artil- lery fire. The enemy recoiled before this overwhelming charge, broke and fled wildly from his intrenchments, leaving in the hands of the Federalists sixteen guns, a battle-flag, and 300 prisoners. The position secured was two miles distant from the devoted city. The out-works were very strongly built, and if completely manned, njight have resisted far more obstinately. The Union losses in the assault were estimated at 500. About night-fall, the second corps began to arrive ; and before morning, all the troops had reached the scene of action. During Wednesday night, Birney’s division held the captured works — the enemy mak- ing fruitless efforts to wrest them from the victors. While the infantry was operating from the northeast on Peters- burg, Kautz, on the extreme left, moved against the works near the Norfolk Railroad. A hot cannonade was first opened on the enemy’s position, which was strongly fortified by artillery, supported by infantry. After the artillery fire, the Union troops made a fierce charge with carbines. The defense was too strong to yield to as- sault, however ; and Kautz reluctantly retired. Thus far Petersburg had been defended chiefly by its local garri- son ; but now the neighboring rebel forces hurried to its assistance. Thursday morning dawned gloriously ; the valley of the Appo- mattox smiled in peaceful beauty ; the golden cornfields stretched along the river bank, and the trees bent low with their wealth of fruit. Beyond rose the glittering spires of Petersburg, between which and the Union position were seen the dim outlines of new works which the rebels bad been industriously employed on during the night. Away to the left was the line of works captured the previous evening. Directly in front was an abrupt descent, and beyond the approach to Petersburg was a tolerably level country. General Butler, having heard of the withdrawal of the rebel forces from his front at Bermuda Hundred, sent out General Terry with a force to reconnoiter. The advance soon encountered and drove in the enemy ; and the reserves coming up, the rebel lino was penetrated and carried, and the railroad subsequently reached, near Port Walthall Junction. A part of the command paused here and commenced a work of destruction upon the railroad track and telegraph line ; but were finally overpowered by a superior rebel force, and compelled to retire. While these operations were in progress at the last-named point, Petersburg^ Va. 473 the Union troops were encircling Petersburg. ’ The city was de- fended by several series of strong earth-works, consisting not only of square redoubts, but also of well-established and commanding rifle-trenches. The outer lines had been carried on Wednesday night, before sufficient troops could be hurried forward by the rebels to make its natural strength fully effective. The want of a supporting force alone prevented the ca[)ture of the second lino of intrenchments. The way-worn troops were approaching, however, as rapidly as possible. Birney’s division arrived first, and threw itself into the captured works. During the night, the remainder of the second corps came up. Early in the morning General Birney sent Colonel Egan’s brigade against a redoubt on his left; and after a brilliant dash, it was car- ried with a loss of 200 men. Skirmishing and cannonading ensued on their attempt to push forward the Federal picket lines, and the Union artillery responded briskly to the foe. Meantime the rebels were so heavily reinforced that it was found necessary to await the arrival of Burnside’s corps. The latter arrived late in the after- noon, after a severe forced march from Charles City Court House, and a line of battle was quickly formed, w’ith the eighteenth corps on the right, the second in the center, and the ninth on the left. Promptly at six o’clock the attack was made, and prosecuted vig- orously for three hours. Birney’s division carried the crest in front, and held it firmly. On the left, the struggle was spirited and energetic. At length Miles’ and Griffin’s brigades made a fierce charge, under destructive artillery fire, and succeeded in gaining a foothold in the rifle-pits outside the stronger works. Here the Union troops were annoyed by the enemy’s fire, and Barlow determ- ined to make an assault on the main intrenchments. Burnside prepared a column to make the attempt in connection with Barlow. But meanwhile the enemy opened so severely on Burnside, as to banish all hope of surprise. The rebels also cut off the skirmish line in front of Barlow, amounting to 300 men, with their officers. The assault was then suspended till morning. The entire Union loss was probably from 1,500 to 2,000. The enemy’s loss was sup- posed to be much less, on account of their advantage of position. * The din of battle had sc|ircely died away on Thursday when ac- tive preparations were made for an attack at daylight the following morning. At four o’clock, Friday morning, Burnside ordered Pot- ter’s division to take the works in his front. Griffin’s brigade, sup- ported by Curtin’s made a gallant dash on the position, carrying it 474 Petersburg^ Va. as it were by a wbirlwind, capturing six guns, sixteen officers, 400 men, and a stand of colors. The Union loss was about 600. After this brilliant achievement, a pause occurred in the assault; but brisk skirmishing was kept up by the picket lines, and the artillery continued a moderate but constant fire. In the afternoon Ledlie’s division relieved the assaulting party of the morning, and advanced upon the enemy. Charging over a broad field under an oblique fire on either side, they reached the rebel intrenchraents. The conflict was sanguinary, but of short duration. The combatants fought with wild desperation across the breast- works, from which the foe were soon driven, and the position carried with the capture of some prisoners. Repeated efforts were made to regain the lost intrenchments ; but all were steadily and promptly repulsed. Led- lie’s loss was roughly estimated at 1,000. The rest of the line had been engaged in skirmishing, without attempt, however, at decisive assault. The chief movements of the day were those of the morning and evening by Uurnsido. About nine o’clock, Friday night, the enemy appeared in force in Birney’s front, but was promptly driven back. A little later a desperate and successful effort was made to retake the works cap- tured during the day. The rebels moved in two columns, one in front, the other in flank. A sharp contest ensued. The rebels suc- ceeded in leaping the works, under cover of darkness, and drove out the Federal troops. In the opening of the attack, 200 rebels were captured ; but in yielding up the works, equal loss was suf- fered by the Unionists. This success of the foe closed the contest for the day. The night, like the previous one, was spent in preparation for a renewal of the attack on the following day. At four o’clock, Sat- urday morning, the assault was to be made. Skirmishers were promptly sent out; but the wily foe had abandoned the works in front for an inner series of defenses. A recon noissance of the rebels’ new line of defense was made ; and, at noon, a general ad- vance of the three left corps was ordered. In the second corps. General Gibbon pushed up an assaulting column of three brigades. The other corps threw out double lines of skirmishers to divert the enemy’s attention. The storming party moved up to the works to be assaulted, and were met by a myrderous fire, which enfiladed their left. They struggled desperately tlirough it ; but incessant volleys tore madly through their ranks, and even veteran troops recoiled. The breast-works were approached, though not reached; 475 'Vicinity of Cherbourg Harbor, France. and the Unionists retired, leaving their fallen comrades on the gory field. But, with a determination that disaster inspires in the hearts of the brave, another struggle was quickly determined upon, and a second assaulting party organized, to commence the attack from General Mott’s position. A little before five o’clock p.m., Mott moved out his force in two columns ; and, in gallant style, the two advance brigades burst upon the enemy. A withering fire from concentrated batteries and musketry swept down upon them, liter- ally strewing the ground with the dead and dying. They struggled fearfully, making almost superhuman effort to breast tbe storm ; but resistance was fruitless, and they fell back with heavy loss. The charge, though unsuccessful, Avas eminently worthy of the proverbial gallantry of the corps. At other points along the line vigorous assaults were also made upon the enemy’s works ; but all attempts at penetration of his main line of iutrenchmeuts were completely foiled. The strife extended into the night, and gradually subsided into occasional picket firing. The operations of the day were in no in- stance crowned with success, and the loss of life was fearful. The casualties of the second corps alone were estimated at 1,500. The four days of carnage probably deprived the Union army of 10,000 men. VICINITY OF CHERBOURG HARBOR, FRANCE. Junk 19, 1864. Union gun-boat Kearsarge, commanded hy Captain Winslow, seven guns and 62 men. Wounded^ 8. Confederate cruiser AUihatnay commanded hy Captain Semmes.^ eight guns and about CO men. Killed^ 16 ; xcoundedy 26 ; drtnvncd^ about 20 ; prisonevs.^ C7. Again the great anniversary of American Independence brought with it the glad tidings of victory, causing the national heart to exult in the pride of its country’s strength, and its deliverance from a pestilent scourge. The 19th of June terminated the infamous career of the corsair Alabama, which bad indicted upon the commerce of the United States a series of piracies depriving it of 100 vessels with their cargoes valued at $20,000,000. The Alabama entered the harbor of Cherbourg, June 11th, from Cape Town, with the crews of two American merchantmen which 476 ViGinity of Cherbourg Harbor^ France. she had captured and destroyed on the passage. The Kearsarge arrived olF this port three days later, liaving been cruising in and about the Channel since the last of March, watching particularly for the Kappahannock. On the 15th, the day after the arrival, her commander received from the consular agent of the United States at the port, a note containing an extract from a letter written by the rebel agent at Cherbourg, and purporting to quote from a com- munication of Captain Semines, of the Alabama, in which he avowed the presence of the Kearsarge in the vicinity of the port an open insult to the Confederate flag ; and further stated that be intended to give her fight, also “ begged that she would remain olF the port, where he hoped not to detain her longer than to-morrow or next day at farthest.” Captain Winslow made no reply to this boasting irony ; but pre- pared his ship for the approaching conflict. Nothing further was heard from the rebel ship till Sunday the 19th, the Kearsarge mean- time continuing her cruise off the port. The Sabbath dawned gloriously, the azure of the heavens seemed reflected upon the waters, and the curled waves danced sportively in the golden sun- light. Early in the ip^rning the Alabama was observed making preparations to cast loose from her moorings, with the evident de- sign of putting out to sea. This immediately induced the Deer- hound (an English yacht desirous of witnessing the engagement) to steam up, and leave Cherbourg at nine o’clock a.m. An hour and a half later, the Alabama followed, also the French iron-clad Couronne, which took up a position within three miles of land, to prevent fighting in neutral waters. Captain Winslow, perceiving these movements, headed his vessel out to sea, and steamed away from the port until ho had reached a distance of about seven miles, the rebel corsair following in her wake, at a distance of a mile and a half, — the rebel flag, so soon to be brought low, flaunting defi- antly in the breeze. After reaching an offing at the distance mentioned, the Kear- sarge slackened her speed and turned her broadside toward the Alabama. Eeserving her fire she permitted her antagonist to ap- proach within twelve hundred yards, when the latter opened the combat with a broadside fired at the Kearsarge. The shots were ineffective, however, one or two passing beyond, the rest falling short. The wild reverberations of the cannon and the wicked whizzing sound of the shot excited the Unionists and made them eager to respond. Their commander deemed it wise, however, to Yicinitij of Cherbourg JTarhor^ loanee. 477 allow the confident foe to approach still nearer. The Alabama, advancing slowly, fired a second and third broadside — but none of the shots were effective — before her antagonist replied. At length the proper distance being attained. Captain Winslow opened upon the rebel ship, and poured broadside after broadside into her with great rapidity. Thousands of spectators, eager to witness the strife of the combatants, gathered upon the hilltops looking out on the ojien sea, and watched with thrilling interest the beautiful maneuvering of the vessels. The fire immediately became rapid and continuous on both sides. Each vessel of course kept up her steam, aud sailed in a circle directly opposite to the other, keeping the starboard battery bearing upon her antagonist. They continued approaching each other; until, toward the end of the fight, a distance of but about five hundred yards intervened. The Alabama fired much more frequently than the Kearsarge, and wasted more powder and balls. Her shots were generally badly aimed ; though some of them struck and cut the rigging of her antagonist, inflicting, however, no serious damage. The fight ’commenced at twenty minutes past ten o’clock, and lasted a little more than an hour. During this lim; four shots lodged in the hull of the Kearsarge. One rifle-shot [)assed through her smoke-stack ; another rifle-shell, through tlie starboard side, below the main rigging, near the shear planks, — bursting, and wounding three men, causing the only casualties to her crew dur- ing the conflict. Another rifle-shell struck under the stern, and lodged in the rudder-post without explosion ; while still another carried away the starboard life-buoy. Three thirty-two-pounders passed the port side opposite the ward-room hatch. Several struck the starboard light ; but their force was broken by chains hung on the sides to cover and protect the boilers, these therefore inflicted no damage. Shots were constantly whizzing through the rigging like hailstones, and it seems almost a miracle that so few casualties occurred. The first shot noticed as producing effect upon the Alabama struck her amidship, making a perceptible gap in her upper works. About the middle of the fight an eleven-inch shell exploded on the rebel cruiser’s deck, killing fifteen men instantly. From the deck of the Kearsarge it could be j)lainly seen that her destructive firo was seriously injuring her opponent ; and as shot after shot struck her side, loud cheers went up from the Union vessel. 24 47a "\Yddon Hailroad, near Petersburg, Vd . . At quarter-past eleven kwas observed that Captain Semmesliad turned round and commenced steaming in the direction of the French coast. 'I'lio Kearsarge followed immediately ; but tbe Alabama con- tinued to fire her stern gun, till, finding that the former vessel was rapidly gaining on her, she slackened her speed. No white flag being seen from the Kearsarge, a final broadside was delivered by her, which did more damage than all the previous ones. The white flag was then rim up from tbe rebel vessel, and the firing ceased. A boat immediately approached the Kearsarge, tbe commander of which reported the Alabama in a sinking condition, and requested boats to save tbe crew. All the available boats were now lowered and manned ; but before a single one could reach her, the rebel ship went down — down to tbe depths of tbe ocean. The men jumped overboard as she was sinking, and many were doubt- less drowned ; seventy were all that were saved by the uninjured boats of the Alabama, or rescued from the waves by those of the Kearsarge. At this juncture the Deerhound came in sight. Cap- tain Winslow hailed her and asked her assistance in rescuing the drowning men of tbe Alabama. She proceeded toward them, low- ered her boats, picked up a few men, and then, without approach- ing the Kearsarge again, steamed away, and spreading her canvas, beaded toward tbe English coast. Captain Sernmes was among tbe number that escaped in the yacht. Captain Winslow, after saving all tbe men be could find, took a pilot and entered tbe port of Cherbourg ; where lie immediately parolled the prisoners — sixty- seven in number, — assigning as a reason that he had no room to keep them in. Thus ended, with the destruction of the “rebel cruiser,” one of the most interesting naval contests of the age. WELDON EAILROAD, NEAR PETERSBURG, VA. June 22 ani> 23, 1864. U7tiortion of Howard’s corps crossed, the Union left meantime swinging around to the Atlanta and Augusta Railroad near Decatur, and tearing up several miles of track. On the evening of the 19th and morning of the 20th, Generals Howard, Hooker, and Palmer cro.saed with the rest of the troops, the corps forming in lino along the south bank of Peach Tree Creek. At three i\m., the enemy made a desperate and sudden assault on General Howard. Kimball’s brig.ado, on the right of Newton’s division, for a moment seemed to falter ; but fresh troops hurried forward to its support, and the entire division stood as firm as a rock. The storm which burst upon Newton’s division so furiously swept over toward the left of Hooker’s corps. General Ward held the left of the corps, Geary the center, and Williams the right. Al- most the whole of the corps was struck simultaneously, although as the wave of battle rolled from left to right. Ward’s division was engaged a minute or two sooner than the others. He had just halted his men at the foot of a hill, for a brief rest, after his skir- mishers had gained the summit. Learning that the rebels were Peach Tree CreeJc^ Ga. 493 charging over the open field in his front, liq instantly ordered bis command to meet the foe with a counter-charge. They advanced gallantly, and on reaching the crest were so close to the rebels that several of the hostile regiments became intermingled. At such points the rebels seemed bewildered, and were easily captured. At other points, fighting at close quarters continued for an hour ; hut each successive line of the enemy was pressed back by the irresist- ible valor of the Unionists. At the expiration of this time, the foe retired into a dense forest in their rear. General Ward’s trophies were seven rebel battle-fiags and 300 prisoners, including many of the wounded left on the field. All the available artillery of this division had been sent to protect Newton’s flank, and this splendid triumph was achieved with musketry alone. The charge swept along to the right, striking Geary’s division immediately after Ward’s. Geary had advanced half a mile from the trenches occupied in the morning, and had just marched his troops to the top of a ridge, when the rebel columns were hurled upon him with terrible violence. The Thirty-third New Jersey, which was thrown out to fortify a hill in advance of the main line, lost over half its number in the first few minutes of the assault. The most of Geary’s lines were through a dense wood, and the right flank was exposed by an interval of two or three hundred yards, which Williams’ division was endeavoring to close. When the enemy came on, the right brigade was speedily enveloped on the right and rear, and fell back after a severe struggle. Portions of a bri- gade in the center were thus enfiladed and driven back. General Geary, however, succeeded in re-forming his shattered line where it stood ; and it gallantly rolled back charge after charge, never yielding another inch of ground. For several hours, the rebels endeavored to force their way through the gap they had opened ; but the valor of the Unionists triumphed. Geary held the hill at the close, as at the beginning of the attack. The tremendous assault of the enemy spent its fury on General Williams’ division, next on Geary’s right. The shock was met unflinchingly ; the troops refused to yield an inch ; and, though three several charges were made upon it before night-fall, it repulsed them, without wavering; though sustaining very heavy losses. About nine p.m., the rebels abandoned the fight, carrying olf their dead and wounded, and retiring to their heavy works, a mile distant. In front of W’ard and Newton, their dead and severely wounded were left upon the field. The rebel loss was 25 494 Peach Tree Creeh^ Ga. estimated at 6,000 killed and wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. The total Union loss was 1,713. Prisoners were captured from every corps in Hood’s army, and it is believed that nearly his entire force was engaged. PEACH TREE CREEK, GA. (BUGOMD battle before ATLANTA.) July 22, Unioniats^under OeneraU Sharman and McPherson^ ft 00,000 {fovea engaged^ three corps). Killed^ wounded^ and prisoners, 8,722. Disunionists, under General Ilood^ 45,000. Killed, about 8,840 ; estimated, wounds td, 8,000 ; prisoners, 8,200. On the night of July 21st, the enemy’s line on Peach Tree Creek was drawn in and shortened, their forces being massed for an as- sault on the left wing of Sherman’s army — the right having stub- bornly defied their assaults on the j)reviou3 day. The full signifi- cance of the movement was not at first apparent. But it was soon obvious that General Hood, Laving determined to renew the attack, was seeking, by the withdrawal of his troops, to lead on the Union- ists, that he might again assail their lines before they had oppor- tunity to re-form in their new position nearer Atlanta. Early on the morning of the 22d, a small body of rebel cavalry was discovered reconnoitering on the extreme left, where was sta- tioned General Blair’s corps, which with two other corps formed the Army of the Tennessee, then under command of General Mc- Pherson. It was soon evident that the enemy were cautiously ad- vancing to feel the Union lines, at that time in an unfavorable position to meet an attack, since their commander was occupied in getting his army into position, the sixteenth corps being on the march to extend the left flank. But the progress of the foe was delayed sufficiently to give the sixteenth an opportunity to form in season to assist the seventeenth corps ; though it was impracticable to dis[)O30 the linos in the most favorable manner for defense. As soon as the rebels were discovered advancing, a brigade, act- ing as a reserve for Blair’s corps, was pushed forward to extend his lines and check the enemy. About eleven o’clock the rebels ap- proached in force, debouching from the woods into an open field, where the seventeenth corps lay in position behind such works as they had hastily constructed along a ridge. The men received the onset unwaveringly, delivering their first fire with the utmost Peach Tree Creek, Ga. 495 rapidity; but the overpowering numbers of the enemy bore down all resistance; and, breaking over the works, they pressed the troops back ; aud hopeless ruin seemed imminent despite their ob- stinate valor. The prospect was gloomy in the extreme, and dis- may was pictured on every countenance save the faces of the brave men who contended in the ranks for the very existence of the Army of the Tennessee. If the force actively engaged was scat- tered and broken, little hope remained for the rest of the gallant command. In the rear, a long train of supply-wagons and ambulances was greatly endangered, and came streaming back behind the fifteenth corps, crowding through the narrow roads in the woods in dire confusion and amazement. It was an evil hour for the seventeenth ; and the men were rapidly approaching the limit of endurance, when succor arrived. A division and a brigade, coming up at the critical juncture, stayed the tide of the rebel onset. The brigade bad arrived a few minutes before the attack commenced, and con- structed slight fortifications, in the rear of the sixteenth ; but as soon as the latter began to be pushed back, they boldly leaped over their works, and together with the approaching division rushed madly into the open field and mot the enemy face to face. They held their ground firmly ; and, when the rebels at last fell back, carried off their wounded behind their breast-works. The seventeenth, thus timely reinforced, hastily threw up a slight work in rear of the old one, and held it throughout the conflict. The fearful and confused nature of the engagement may be con- ceived from the fact that an Iowa brigade fought repeatedly, during the two dreadful hours of the battle, on both sides of the works. This almost incredible statement was confirmed by finding the rebel corpses lying plentifully on both sides of the breast-works mingled with the dead of their antagonists. About noon General ^Icl’iiorson passed along the front Just on the left of the seventeenth corps, and made some inquiries as to the progress of the sixteenth corps. Not obtaining satisfactory information, he rode forward to ascertain for himself, accompanied by only two of his staff and a portion of his escort. A fatal im- pulse carried him into a gap between the sixteenth and seventeenth, of which he and his staff were totally ignorant. Advancing to the top of a ridge, his staff somewhat in the rear, he was suddenly confronted by a party of rebels, who, springing from ambush, deliv- ered a volley at him. The General fell mortally wounded, and I 496 Peach Tree CreeJc, Ga. survived only a few minntes. A party was soon formed, wdiicli charged upon the foe and rescued the body of their glorious leader. It was a sad hour for the Army of the Tennessee, and deeply sad to tlie commanding general who had leaned upon the fallen chief as the right arm of his strength. After the violence of the shock upon the seventeenth had passed by, and a degree of quiet was restored, the enemy massed a second time for an assault upon the left, directing it against the center of the fifteenth corps, and eventually on the left of the twenty-third. About four o’clock in the afternoon, a rebel corps advanced upon the railroad^ith great rapidity, and charged upon the Unionists with wild impetuosity. Where the line crossed the railroad there was a deep cut, which was left open and uncovered by any cross fire. Two of the enemy’s regiments dashed up this gorge, below the range of musketry ; and, passing to the rear, separated — one regiment scaling the left bank, the other the right. They then poured a destructive fire on the flanks of the regiments next the road, which threw them into confusion, and caused them to fall back. Additional rebel troops speedily rushed over the breast- works thus cleared ; and, forming a solid column, charged along inside of the works, literally rooting the Union men from their trenches. The division in the center of the corps had been weak- ened by sending a brigade to the assistance of the left, and was consequently wholly dislodged from its position. Ketiring a short distance, however, it halted, re-formed, and began to deliver volleys upon the rebels, who ruslied forward, apparently regardless of their fate. Hut a heavy artillery fire was soon opened upon them, which scattered their numbers in dire confusion. Other batteries were then hurried forward, which directed a deadly fire of shell upon the rebel line. The fifteenth corps now recovered its ground, and crossed mus- kets with the enemy over their works ; and for a time the contest was most exciting. General Woods, of this corps, took a division and advanced into and across the field in grand style, leading his command in person. The two lines confronted each other; and for a few moments flaunted their respective standards in each other’s faces. Woods finally gave the order to charge; and, under the combined fire of artillery and of Woods’ infantry, the enemy stole away and gave up their desperate undertaking. The day was again saved — the enemy repulsed a second time, with fearful slaughter. Maco7i a)id Western Hailroad, Ga. 497 The battle of the 22d was even more hotly contested than that of the 20th, and the casualties on both sides correspondingly greater. Tlie rebel loss was about 3,240 killed, of whom 2,142 were buried by the Unionists — and about 8,000 estimated to be wound- ed, besides 3,200 prisoners, making the total loss not far from 15,000. The Unionists lost 3,722, about 1,200 of the number being taken prisoners. But the direst calamity befalling the Federal army was the death of General McPherson. He fell almost at the hour when the grand object of the campaign was about to be realized ; one of the noblest and best — certainly the best beloved — of all the gene- rals who had led the army forward in the path of victory. MACON AND WESTERN RAILROAD, GA. (mcCook’s raid.) July 26, 1864. UnionUU^ under General McCook^ 3,200. Killed and wounded^ few — numhera not elated ; prisoners^ 500. JHaunionieU^ under General Itanaoniy 6,000. Lossee^ not reported. July 2Gth, General Stonernaii sent a force of cavalry, consisting of two brigades under command of General McCook, to destroy the ilacou and 'Western Railroad. They succeeded in completely demolishing eighteen miles of the railroad track, and ca[)tiued a ponderous rebel wagon train with about 500 men, including 127 officers. The wagons were laden with valuable stores, which the Unionists removed, and afterward burned the train. General McCook then started to return with his captures, but was overtaken by the enemy under General Ransom. This force was so large as to completely surround the Federal troops. A desperate engagement ensued, in which many of the Unionists escaped, afterward finding their way to Marietta ; but full 800 fell into the hands of the foe. All prisoners previously captured by the Union general were abandoned. The Federal loss in killed and wounded was very slight. 498 Atlanta 'Vicinity^ Ga. ATLANTA VICINITY, GA. (TnilU> IJATI LK 11 BFORi: ATLANTA.) July 28, 1864. VnioniatHy under Generals Sherman and Logan^ about 100,000 {Jorct engaged^ three corps'). Killed^ 60 ; wounded^ 439 ; missing^ 50 DisunionistHy under General lloody about 80,000. Killedy wounded^ and ’mi&singy not less than 5,000. July 2Gth, tlie Army of the Tennessee, nnder General Logan, held the extreme left of the Federal lines commanded by General Sherman ; hut orders were issued at night for the three corps com- posing this array to be shifted to the right — a difficult military operation. This change was not completed till the night of the 27th ; when the troops were placed in position, and a portion of them actively engaged, during the hours of darkness, in throwing up temporary hreast-works. Considerable skirmishing was carried on at this period, and continued in a desultory manner till nine o’clock of the following morning; when the musketry lire along the lines of the fifteenth corps rapidly increased ; and an hour later, a general engagement was in progress. General Morgan Smith with a strong rebel force having attacked the second division. At eleven o’clock precisely, the rebels, who had been shelling the Union lines quite vigorously, fired two heavy guns ; and, ere their report died away among the fortified hills which frowned fiercely on all sides, the air was rent by one of those fiendish yells which invariably preceded a rebel charge. "VVith rash impetuosity, the enemy swept on, charging exultantly up to the crest of a small hill on which two Ohio regiments were posted. Knowing that this position was an excellent one to fortify, they had determined to drive thence the small advance force which held it. The two regi- ments, finding a vastly superior army approaching to overpower them, withheld their fire until the confident foe were within sixty yards ; when they opened upon them vigorously, and held in check the first line. It was then discovered that an infantry column was cautiously emerging from a dense wood, and getting completely in the rear of the Union troops. This movement was scarcely re- vealed, when a large force of Wheeler’s rebel cavalry suddenly appeared, charging at full speed on the right; while a rebel brigade of infantry n]oved up in front of General Morgan Smith’s division, at a rapid rate. To remain in so critical a position another moment was to insure either the total annihilation or capture of these two superior regi- JOHN ALEXANDER LOGAN, Major-Gcn. U. S. A"., boi-ii near Alurpliysboro’, Jackson Co., Ilk, Feb.!), 1826 ; Lieut, and Adjutant in 1st llcg't 111. Vols. in Mexican AVar. In 1848, returned to Illinois ; Clerk of Jackson Co., 1848-50 ; studied law and admitted to the bar, 1851 ; Prosecuting Attorney, 3d Judicial Dist., 1852 ; member State Legislature, 1853 ; Presidential Elector, 1856 ; At. 0., 1858-61 ; volunteered as private at Bull Ilun ; Col. 31st 111. A'ols., Sept. 18, ’61 ; in bat- tle Belmont, Nov. T, ’61 ; pursued Kebcls after capture of Fort Henry ; fought and wounded throe times at Donclson, Feb. 14, ’62 ; Brig.-Gen. Vols., March 5, ’62 ; was in the siege of Corinth ; commanded railroad guard be- tween Jackson and Corinth ; Major-Gcn. A^ols., Nov. 29, ’62. In Vicksburg campaign, fought at Port Gibson, Ilaymond, Champion’s Hill, and at the assault after exploding the mine ; Alilitary Governor of ATcksburg ; Oct. 27, 1863, appointed to command of 15th Army Corps, then at Huntsville. In Atlanta campaign, fought at llc.saca, Ball.as, Kenesaw Mountain, Tjittle Kcn- esaw ; in the battle of 22d July, where, on the death of McPherson, he took command of the Army of the Tennessee, and in the battle of July 28. He joined Sherman again at Savannah, and accompanied him through the Caro- linas. May 23d, ’65, he was appointed commander of the Army of the Ten- nessee ; resigned his commission, and resignation accepted, Aug., 1865. * Atlanta Vicinitj/, Ga. 501 ments; and tbeir commander therefore prudently ordered them to retire to the main line of works as quickly as possible. The move- ment was executed as only veterans can maneuver when exposed to a galling fire of musketry and artillery. The Unionists had barely reached the feeble breast-works, when the enemy rushed in confusion upon their temporary works— tho rebel lino of battlo having been broken by an enfilading fire as soon as it a[)proachcJ within sixty yards of the Federal line. Tho first onset of tho rebels proved a bitter failure, and they staggered back in great disorder. Thus foiled in their assault, they determined to hurl a larger force upon the lines which checked their advance. A few moments of silence ensued ; but it was only the calm that preceded the storm. Another shout rang out upon the air, and on came another solid column. The assault was directed with despe- rate determination on the second and fourth divisions. As these divisions formed the right and center of General Logan’s lines, it argued conclusively that the rebels believed it impossible to turn the Union right, after the disastrous repulse which greeted their first charge, and that their present design was to mass heavily upon the center, and crush it if possible. General Logau perceiving this, instructed the division commanders to be on the qui vive, and ordered the lines to bo preserved intact at all hazards. Two guns of the Fourth Ohio battery, however, narrowly escaj)od capture. They had poured shell and shrapnel into the enemy’s ranks, during the first attack, with terrible effect; and the rebels now bore down in solid masses toward them, expecting to take a full battery. With great difficulty the two cannons were drawn inside the rapidly con- structed works, just as the foe shouted triumphantly over their presumed capture. For nearly an hour the battle raged with unspeakable fury — tho rebels throwing grape aud canister into the Federal lines; while the latter, owing to their peculiar position, were for a time unable to employ their artillery. But at length the fierce tumult began to subside, and finally there were only occasional volleys. The second assault had ended like the first, ingloriously, but with much heavier losses to the enemy ; since they came up directly in front of the breast- works. Chagrined at their continued defeat, and enraged beyond endu- rance, they again dashed forward ; but their assault was once more effectually baflled ; and the thrice vanquished foe retired beyond a small creek, where they endeavored to re-form their .shattered col- 602 Petershurg, Va. nmna. In this attempt tlioy succeeded with much diflicnlty. The Union troojjs were now directed to witliliold tlieir fire till the enemy’s lines were in pretty good order; when, at a given signal, a tremendous roar of musketry* burst from the ranks, completely mowing down the rebel advance. At three o’clock the deadly strife was over ; the smoke of battle cleared away ; the clash of arms no longer resounded ; and the sun smiled upon a quiet, if not a peaceful, scene. The immediate fruits of the victory were five stands of rebel colors, 189 prisoners, and nearly 2,000 stands of small-arras. About 600 of the enemy’s dead were buried by the Unionists. General Logan estimated their entire loss at between five and six thousand. The Union casualties were small, considering the length of the time the greater number of troops were engaged, and the ferocity of the contest. There were fifty killed, 439 wounded, and fifty missing, making an aggregate of 502. The name of General Logan is imperishably connected with the victories of July 22d and 28th, before Atlanta, and history will do him lasting honor for the aid ho rendered his country in the hour of peril. PETERSBUEG, VA. July 2T-S0, 18&4. Vnionists, -under General Grant, mimiera chiefly engaged, about 85,000. Losses, nearly 6,000. DUmiionUis, under General Lee, numbers engaged, not reported. Losses, about 1 , 200 . The interval of inaction at Petersburg was at length broken. On Sunday, the 24th of July, there was brisk shelling and picket firing all d.ay in front of the ninth corps, and the night preceding had been made noisy by the roar of the huge mortars. The next day, J.londay, was quiet, with few excei)tions. Tuesday, at mid day, the enemy o[)ened awhile on the Union line. At dark the cannonad- ing was renewed and lasted till near midnight, the skirmishers also engaging in rapid musketry fire. Meanwhile General Grant inaugurated the grand operations for which a month of preparation had been spent. On Wednesday, the 27th, at daylight, very rapid and heavy artillery firing inter- mingled with musketry, was heard from Foster’s headquarters near City Point, where he was well protected by gun-boats. It con- tinued through the morning, and was renewed at evening, the gun- Petersburg^ Fa. 503 boats opening heavily on the enemy; and all ^(jdnesday night the roar was incessant. During tlie day, Foster’s division lost about fifty men, who were engaged in rapid skirmishing witli the foe. About four p.M. of the same day, the second corps silently took up its march from the extreme left of the line, and soon after was followed by Sheridan’s cavalry. The column marclied very rapidly, and without straggling, to Point of Rocks, on the Apjiomattox, crossing the river early in the evening. At midnight the James was reached at Jones’ Neck, and before the dawn the crossing began on the pontoon bridge, which had been muffled with hay and grass. Sheridan’s cavalry followed jiromptly, and the Union line of battle was established with Kautz and Sheridan on the right ; Hancock’s second corps next, at Strawberry Plains ; the brigade of the nine- teenth corps on his left; and Foster in his old position on the extreme left at Deep Bottom. The work of the day was assigned, however, to the second corps. The enemy under Kersliaw were directly opposite them, occupying strong rifle-pits defended by a battery. A road from the crossing ran up to this point, on which Hancock’s corps began to advance about six o’clock. In the neighboring stream the Mendota opened fire with 100- pounder Parrott guns; and the Union skirmishers spread out at once across the open space in front of the enemy. The rebel bat- tery began a rapid fire. With great celerity, however, a brigade of Barlow’s division advancing under cover, handsomely flanked the enemy’s position, in a brisk charge. The foe retreated, aban- doning four twenty-pounder Parrott guns and their limbers, with two caissons, which, with a few prisoners, were sent ±o the rear as trophies. The Union force having now halted, the rebels also paused, and threw up new' intrenchments on a commanding ridge. The Fede- ral loss was not over fifty in killed and wounded. In the evening a division was pushed forward to skirmish toward the enemy’s new position. Brisk firing occuri-ed, with heavier loss to the Unionists than in the morning, the day’s engagement costing a little more than 100 men. The skirmishing occurred at Newmarket, a mile from Deep Bottom. On Thursday, the 28th, there was a general cavalry advance. After a march of three miles, Sheridan encountered a strong infan- try force of the enemy. The cavalry was quickly dismounted and formed in a belt of woods, with Gregg on the right and Torbertoa the left. The division of the latter was briskly attacked, and fell 504 Petersburg^ Fa. bnck into tlio woods. But rallyiii}', both l^^Cl•ritt’s and Davies’ brigades charged and broke tlio enemy, wliieh left the Unionists possessors of the field, with two stands of colors and 100 [n-isoners. One hundred and fifty of the rebel killed, wounded, and prisoners were reported to have fallen into Torbert's hands. On the right, Gregg was less fortunate ; his advance brigade was steadily forced back with heavy loss. At length Gibbon’s division relieved Gregg, and subsequently skirmished somewhat with the foe. The entire Federal loss was 250. Thursday evening, the third division of the second corps was secretly removed to Petersburg again. On Friday, the 29th, these demonstrations were continued. In order to mislead the rebels, a train of about 400 empty wagons was ostentatiously crossed on one of the pontoon bridges, as if an ad- vance on Malvern Hill was to bo made in great force. Nearly 20,000 men were also sent north of the James. These manifesta- tions had the desired efiect. Leo immediately sent olf from Peters- burg a force of 15,000 men to avert the impending danger. Late in the iifternoon of Fi'iday, Hancock’s corps and all the cavalry retraced their steps, and marching all night arrived before daybreak at Petersburg. But all these events were only preliminaries of a great experi- ment, on which much of the fortune of the Unionists had been stiiked. This was the explosion of a heavy mine, which had been secretly planted under one of the enemy’s formidable works. The idea of this mine originated with Lieutenant-Colonel Pleasants, and the entire work was accomplished by the Forty-eighth Penn- sylvania Regiment under his direction. Intervening between the Union line and that of the rebels, and shielded from the latter, was a ravine, in the western slope of which the construction of a tun- nel was commenced. Five hundred feet beyond the entrance of the ravine was located the doomed rebel fort, and consequently a passage of that length was required, Iiaving a gradual ascent toward the work. Having attained the fort, oblong wdngs extending to right and left were excavated, the mine and passage-way when comj)leted being similar in shape to the letter T, the mine con-e- spondingto the horizontal and the passage-way to the perpendicular portion of the letter. The utmost caution was observed in pursu- ing the labor of excavation beneatli the fort, tiiat the rebels might not discover the plot. Enlargements for the reception of powder were made in the center, and at the extremities of the wimrs. sup- ports placed to prevent the giving way of the earth and tlie mine Petersburg^ Va. 505 ■wa3 then completed. Ten thous.'iiul pounds of powder were jil.-iced in the prepared receptacles, and troops made ready to advance at a moment’s notice. Just a month from its inception, the work was finished. But it was not immediately fired, a delay of several days ensuing. On the evening of Friday the troops were notified lliat the ex- plosion would take i)laco at half-past three the following morning, and orders were given for the movement of the trooi)s at that time. The appointed hour found the men in the trenches, wide awako and expectant. Everything being in readiness, tlie fuse connecting with the main chamber w.as lighted. Ten minutes elai)sed, and yet no report. “ The men awaited the result in breathless suspense. Half an hour passed ; the silence remained unbroken, and it became apparent that the fuse had gone out. But who would venture along the dark passage to examine the fuse, when death in its most horrible form might await his coining? A lieutenant and sergeant of the Forty-eighth Pennsylvania stepped forward and proffered their services. They entered the jiassage. Some delay occurred in the adjustment of the fuses, and meantime a red glow in the east heralded the coming dawn. At half-past four the fuse is relighted, and again the men in the trenches clutch their guns with a tighter grasp and await the fear- ful blast. Five minutes pass, and all remains silent. The rebels, unconscious of their doom, sleep on ; the sun, as if e.agcr to behold the spectacle, mounts the horizon ; and at length the earth heaves and trembles as if convulsed by an earthquake. An instant, and then came the sound of a terrific explosion ; huge masses of earth, men, cannon, caissons, limbers, forges, guns, and timbers are heaved high in the air, and descend with a deafening crash — a hideous, chaotic mass. A yawning crater, 100 feet in depth and twenty-five in width, willr heaiis of i-nins, was left where once stood a six-gun fort, its camp equipage, and 200 men. Instantly upon the ex[ilo- sion a gun broke out from the Union line, then another, and soon a hundred cannon from every eminence along the lino joined in a fire which exceeded in intensity even that of Gettysburg. Far distant, the batteries of Generals Butler and Foster echoed the roar; while now and then were heard along the lino the r.attling Tolleys of musketry. Gr.adnally recovering from their jialsy of surprise and terror, the enemy began to respond with artillery and musketry. Meantime Ledlie’s division was already massed in front of the 506 Petersburg, Va. rcLel intrenclimcnts, with Marshiill’s brigade in advance and Bart- lett’s in the rear. Strange to relate, the fornior brigade were sin- gularly misled, and from the proximity of the mine, believed it was one of their own works exploded by the enemy. Either a half-panic or want of preparation delayed them. But after a few minutes they were ready, and with a wild enthusiastic cheer rushed to their work, and marching across the deadly plain, under a severe fire, stumbled into tlio horrible breach which the mine had made. The supporting brigades spread out, and enveloping the flanking rifle-pits, caj)tured 200 prisoners, and sent them to the roar. The Fourteenth New York heavy artillery were first to enter the gap, and an appalling sight met them — the wreck of the fort and the upheaved earth, with the mangled bodies and dissevered limbs of the garrison protruding here and there from the debris. The black cloud of dust, thickened by the heavy smoke of battle, still hung over the field and shrouded it from view. There was no time for delay. Some commenced digging out the buried cannon ; others throw up hasty breast-works against the wild tempest of shot and shell which already swept the place from the enemy’s second line; while a few exhumed those who were struggling beneath the ruins. So far all was well. The troops had gained the breach, and were re-forming for assault. A hundred guns were thundering at the enemy’s batteries to call them from the storming party. But now began the error which culminated in disaster. Above all things it was necessary to burst at once on the crest of Cemetery Hill. But the advance brigades were suffered to throw up intrenchments and spend time in bringing two guns to be.ar upon the foe. The latter, quite recovered from his consternation, promptly rallied and poured in a destructive enfilading fire upon the captured fort. At length after an anxious and fatal delay, the ninth corps was re-formed, and under cover of the fire of the two guns began the charge. At every step the fire of the rebels from front and either flank concentrated with greater fury upon them, and from the thickly studded defenses of Cemetery Hill, from redoubt and redan, salient and curtain, plowed up their ranks with bloody slaughter. The charge was checked ; on the side of the crest there was a halt; and finally the whole line, wavering under terrible odds, recoiled and fell back to the fort. At nine o’clock, Ferrero’s colored division was brought up to dislodge the enemy from the hill. They advanced gallantly, and for a moment it seemed as if the tide of battle was about to turn. Moorcfidd^ Ff<. C-OY Bat the division only met the fate of its comrades. Subjected to the same fiery ordeal, they wavered, broke in disorder, and fell back, repulsed and demoralized. Finally rallying, they advanced once more, but all in vain ; it was only again to fall back, their purpose still unaccomplished. General Grant then ordered the Federal lines to retire to their first position. In the ruins around the immense crater formed by the explosion of the mine were a considerable number of men and officers. Escape by retreat to the rear with any degree of safety was impos- sible, as the only exit was swept by grape and canister and covered by the muskets of the enemy on either flank. It was therefore deemed advisable to leave this party in the ruins, till darkness should favor their withdrawal. Nearly all, however, were subse- quently captured by the rebels. The gain to the Unionists was the complete erasure of one of the most formidable forts of the enemy ; but their losses were nearly 5,000 men. The casualties of the rebels were estimated at 1,200, of whom about one sixth were prisoners. It was supposed that not far from 200 men were destroyed by the explosion of the mine. MOOREFIELD, VA. August 7, 1804. UnioniaU^ under General Averill. Killed^ 7 ; wounded^ 21. jyisunionietHy under Generals McCausland and Bradley Johneon. Killed and L wounded^ not reported ; prisoners^ 420. Gknkkal Avep.ill attacked the combined forces of Generals McCausland, Johnson, Gilmer, and McNiel on the morning of August 7th. A spirited fight ensued, in which the rebels were completely routed. They lost all of their artillery, a vast quantity of small arms, 400 horses and their equipments, and 420 prisoners, including thirty-six officers. McCausland with his broken and demoralized command fled to the mountains. General Averill pursued the scattered remnant of the rebel force for twenty-four miles, capturing many of the fugitives. The pur- suit was only abandoned when General Averill’s horses became too much exhausted to follow the enemy farther. 508 EtUrance to Mobile Eay^ Ala. ENTRANCE TO MOBILE BAY. ALA. ArouST 6 TO 20, 1864. Union naval forccft. under Hear- Admiral Farragut. 14 sloops of war and four iron-clad monitors. Land forces about 6,000, under General Gordon Granger, Losses, about 120 killed, and S8 wounded. Disunion land forces, under Brigadier General Page, ahout1, V y- '"i/‘ CEN*^ SHERMAN'S CAM^ICW' yrithrrCerrtiiT l,t . Jj J I I <•. I ^ liiiMlcs 5Iurmislir.sA ieut., 1858 ; Capt. 1st Art., May 14, ’Cl ; Adjfc.-Gen. to Gen. Ijj'on, in battle of Wilson’.s Creek, Mo'., Aug. 9, ’Gl. ]?rig.-Gcn. of Vols., Nov^ 21, ’G1 ; commanded Militia iir Mo. and Ark. from that date to May 2G, ’G3 ; commander of Dep't of the West from M.ay 2G, ’G3, to Feb., ’G4 ; Maj.-Gcn. A^ols. and commander Army of the Ohio, Feb., ’G4 ; took part in most of the battles of Atlanta campaign, being generally on the right wing. In Nov., ’G4, returned to Tcnn., and conducted the retreat from Pulaski to Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, in Nov., ’G l. Fought and defeated Flood at Franklin, Nov. 30, ’G4. Took an active part in the battle of Nashville, Dec. 15-lG, ’G4. In .Tan., ’G5, came East with his corps, and fought his way from Fort Caswell to AVilmington ; captured AVilmington Feb. 21, and Kinston in March; entered Goldsboro, March 21,’G5,and subscquentlj', April 10, Smithficld, and April 12, Raleigh, where he was made Alilitary Governor of N. C. On the 27th of June, ’G5, he was appointed to the command -of Dej)’t of N. C. I 1 Ifashville, Tcnn. 563 At this critical juncture, General Stanley, placing himself at the head of a brigade, rushed with great spirit against such of tlio rebels as had gained the works, retook the guns, and cx[)elle(l tire enemy after a close hand-to-hand encounter. Again and again at dif- ferent points the baffled foe surged up with wonderful bravery and tenacity against the work.s, hoping to regain his foothold, but .all in vain. Darkness fell before the conflict ended, and the desultory firing continued till nine o’clock. General Schofield then (juictly resumed the retreat to Nashville, which he had previously resolved upon, and met with little molestation. The total Union loss in the affair was 2,326. The rebel loss in killed and wounded was 5,550, besides 702 prisoners. NASHVILLE, TENN. Deoemdku 1 TO 16, 1864. Vnionisis, under General Thomas, over 60,000. Losses, about 6,500. Disrunionists, under General Hood, 45,000. Losses, over 23,000. After the battle of Franklin, the enemy pushed his troops against Nashville, and besieged the city on the southerly side. This movement exposed many of the small Union garrisons below Nashville; and flood sent out detachments of his troops, and some hard fighting took place at these points. Friday, December 2d, though it rained all d.ay, there was con- stant skirmishing at Nashville between the cavalry forces. The enemy developed a complete line encircling the city, and threw up intrenchments across all the roads south of it, about two and a half miles distant. In this process, cavalry fighting occurred on the Franklin pike, and the Union skirmishers were everywhere driven in with loss. The same day a party of raiders dashed into Gallatin and captured several hundred head of cattle. About noon Forrest’s cavalry made a descent upon the Union garrison at stock- ade No. 2, on Mill Creek. The garrison was but 232 strong, prin- cipally colored troops, under Colonel Johnson. Three batteries were opened upon them, and the firing continued till the following morning. By this time the stockade was badly riddled, and the brave garrison much enfeebled. Colonel Johnson then withdrew, and escaped to N.ashville, having lost 115 men. On Saturday, the 3d, the rebel line at Nashville was plainly visi- ble, and the troops were busily fortifying. All the afternoon and evening heavy skirmishing was going on, the Unionists emi)loying I p 564 JVashville, Tenn. both musketry and artillery. I>y the 4th, the Federal army num- bered 50,000, General Thomas having been rointbreed by Steed- man’s strong command and other garrisons whieh had come in. Their line exteftded a length of five miles. Hood’s army was nearly 60,000, but Thomas had the advantage both of numbers and position. There was much skirmishing and considerable cannonading and sharp-shooting during Sunday, the 4th, and many casualties occurred on both sides. The whole week succeeding was occupied by the same round of cannonading and skirmishing. On the 7th, Milroy attacked the enemy’s position on the Wilkinson pike, and after a sharp engagement routed him and drove him away. Eighteen officers and about 200 mon were cap- tured. The Union loss was 205 killed and wounded. Wednesday, the 14th, Gen. Thomas resolved to assume the offen- sive and break up the siege. Hood, perceiving his intentions, fell back to a stronger position a mile in the rear, and occupied intreneh- ments on the range of Granny White Hills. The next day, the Union troops were ready for this new change of position, and marched out to assault the enemy. Steedman’s corps held the left, the fourth corps the left center, and A. J. Smith’s the right center. The cavalry moved to the right, and the twenty-third corps was held in reserve. Reconnoitering lasted till noon-day ; wlien, at 121 o’clock, the order to advance was given, and the whole column moved onward. The enemy expected Thomas would attempt to turn their left flank, and accordingly prepared to receive him. Steedman skirmished heavily on their left, in order to keep up the delusion. While the latter was maneuvering, the rebels were mass- ing on their right, and General Thomas’ forces were concentrating on the Union right. The result was, that when the bugles sounded the advance, the Federal right wing pushed forward between the rebel left and the Cumberland, completely doubling up a division of the enemy posted to blockade the river. The rebels now perceived that the attack on the right was a feint, and Hood attempted too late to atone for his mistake. The Union right had established a force on the main hank of the river, and were rapidly advancing. In about an hour the enemy presented a strong front, and for a moment checked the advance of the Union- ists. It was now evident that the contest was at hand. Another diversion was made on the left, to enable the right to get into posi- tion for a charge. The fourth corps was confronted by a strong line of rebel works defended by a heavy line of skirmishers. Its DAVID S. STANLEY, iM;ijor-(lc'n. ^'()ls., horn in Cedar Yulley, AV'^nync Co., Oliio, June J,18'28; j coinincnecd the study of medicine in 1847, hut entered We.st I’oint the ne.xt i year, and fri-juluatcd in 1852, 8th in Ins class, llrevct 2d-I,ieut. 2(1 Dragoons ; j 2d-rdeut., 1853; Ist-Lieut. 1st Cav., IMarcli, 1 855 ; was on the hoiaDr in ; New .Me.xico, Te.xas, Missouri (now Dakotali) 'I’erritories, &c., and had several •; i engagcineids with tlie Indians, 1853 to 18G1 ; March IG, 18G1, Capt. 4th Cav., ; and removed U. S. garrisons in Te.xas to liCavenwortli, Kansas. In battles of I Dug Spring and Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug., 18G1; l?rig.-Ccn. Yols., Sept. i 28, 18G1 ; in siege of New Madrid, Island No. 10, and Coriidh, hatth.'S of | •; Iidni, Se[d. ID, 18G2, and Corinth, Oct. 3 and 4, 18G2 ; made llcjsecrans’s ;■ j Chief of Cavalry, Nov. 18G2. Distinguished himself at Slone River, Dec. 31 , ( i 18G2; Maj.-Gcn. Yols., dating from Nov. 29, 18G2; participated in pursuit ( ; of llragg. Summer of 1863 ; in battle of Chickamauga, ,Sept. 1 9 and 20, 18G3 ; ; ') Mi.ssion Ridge, Nov. 25, 18G3 ; Kno.xville, Dec. 4, 18G3. lie continued to I ) command a Div. in the 4th Corps till Aug., 18G4, when he was made com- } mander of that Corps, tv'ce Howard, jiromoted. lie took part in all the hat- ’■ ) ties of the Atlanta campaign, and in Nov. returned to Tennessee, and, in the j battle of Franklin, Nov. 30, leading a charge in person, was severely wounded. ; { lie resumed the command of his corps in the AVinter, but Avas unable to engage ; ) in active service. { Nashville, Tenn. 5G7 cointnaiuler ordered a cliarge, and witli promptncaa and decision the men leaped over tlie breast-works and advanced. In less than twenty minutes, the Union force liad possession of the rebel works, and the flag of freedom floated proudly over the conquest. The victors, flushed with their success, without orders, pushed forward and reached the second line of works by most strenuous ezertion, capturing some prisoners, which with those previously taken amounted to 1,000. The second line of intrenchments, now in sight, was located on ' the verge of a hill, a mile beyond the skirmish line. Some time elapsed before the Union troops got into position to advance. At five o’clock, the charge began. Under a heavy fire of musketry, grape, and canister, they moved steadily forward. After approach- ing within 150 yards of the intrenchments, the enemy’s fire doubled its fury. Still there was no faltering ; but, with cheers along the line, the Unionists advanced to within 100 yards of the works. Re- inforcements were in sight, yet the rebels evinced no signs of retreating, and discharged volley after volley into the Federal ranks at a distance of only twenty-five yards. A fragment of the assault- ing party had now reached the works and were using the bayonet; when a few of the enemy fled, others followed, and soon all broke and fled in the wildest confusion. In this charge 900 prisoners were captured, three guns, two c.aissons, and many sinall-arms. Smith’s and Schofield’s corps in the mean time had advanced half a mile to the south of Hillsboro’ pike, capturing a battery of six guns. On the extreme left, five guns were taken, making the total of artillery captured for the day, fifteen guns. The entire rebel loss in killed and wounded during the engagement was esti- mated at 700 ; the Union loss was not far from the same. During the desperate and heroic charge of the infantry, the gun- boat fleet were engaged down the river, about fourteen miles from the city, shelling the enemy’s left; the cavalry dismounted, swept the foe from the river, and the artillery was also effectually em- ployed. During the night of the 15th, dispositions on both sides were made for a renewal of the battle ; and at eight o’clock in the morning of the 16th it opened with a tremendous roar of artillery from all the Union batteries. The line was essentially the same as on the previous day. IVilson’s cavalry covered the right, Scho- field’s corps came next ; then A. J. Smith’s corps ; on the left of the latter, Wood’s corps; and finally, Steedinan’s command held 5G8 Savannah, Oa. the extreme left. The entire line moved forward ; but, as before, Schofield and Smith inarched out on the enemy’s left. Wood’s corps at once became liotly engaged with the enemy’s advance, and for a time was exposed to sucli a withering fire, that his men fell back in disorder. But relief soon came from the right, which, under Schofield and Smith, once more rushed over tlie rebel left, and swept the foe from their vforks, completely turning their left flank. Again Wood and Steedman made a desperate attack on the enemy’s right, which for two days had resisted all assaults, tena- ciously holding its position while the rest of the lino had yielded. Post’s brigade, supported by two colored brigades, moved forward under a tremendous fire from the enemy’s guns ; steadily advanc- ing, they ascended the hill, a perfect tempest of missiles tearing through their ranks. The colored troops vied with the white in the persistency with which they forced their way up the acclivity. Thousands of the men, in endeavoring to pass round to the left, met a terrible flank fire which confused their ranks. The men on the right paused an instant; and at this juncture. Colonel I’ost was mortally wounded. In a moment all was lost, and his command rushed back confused and bleeding to the lino from which they started. General Wood soon re-formed his broken battalions, and issued orders for the renewal of tlie assault. Post’s veterans again essayed the hill, and the colored troops moved on the rebel right. The enemy blazed forth anew ; but it was their expiring effort. The Federal soldiers jiressed forward unflinchingly, carried the entire works with all their guns, and drove the foe in dismay from their position. Night fell on a field strewn with the dead and dying, and all the wreck of a furious battle. The fruits of the conflict were 13,189 prisoners, 2,207 deserters, 30 guns, and 7,000 small-arms. The entire Union loss was esti- mated at about 6,500, while that of the enemy was believed to be over 23,000. SAVANNAH, GA. December 15 to 21, 1864. XJiuonisUf under General Sheinnan^ ahooe 60,000. Total loss during the siege^ 400. Disunionists^ under General Hardee^ 15,000. Loss^ during the 6iege^ in killed and wounded^ 600 to COO ; in prison-era^ over 1,000. Between the 10th and 13th of November, General Sherman moved out his troops from Atlanta, Borne, and Kingston, breaking Savannah, Go. 5G9 up his headquarters at tlie latter point. Tliese places were effec- tually swept of all the property and buildings that could aid the enemy. • Many car-loads of stores and material were sent hack to Chattanooga, others loaded for the expedition, and the surplus de- stroyed by fire. The railroad as far as Dalton was torn up, and the rolling stock burnt or removed. All factories, railroad stations, and public buildings in the adjoining region were also burned. General Sherman was su[)plied with all the artillery, infantry, and cavalry that ho desired, the outfit of the soldiery was particu- larly adapted to a severe and rapid winter campaign, and the morale of the troops unequaled. The entire army was between 50,000 and 60,000 strong, composed of men accustomed to terminate long marches and great battles in decisive victories. It consisted, first, of the fifteenth, seventeenth, fourteenth, and twentieth in- fantry corps, respectively commanded by Generals Osterhaus, Blair, Davis, and 'Williams. The two latter corps were of the Army of the Cumberland, under General Slocum, the two former of the Army of the Tennessee, under General Howard. Tlext came Kilpatrick’s large body of cavalry, and finally came a brigade of artillery. The army marched in two wings, the right under Howard, the left under Slocum, with a cavalry advance for each. On tlie 14th, the columns were well in motion. Howard marched tlii-ougli East- port, driving off with his cav.alry advance the enemy's mounted troops under Iverson, and ultimately arrived at Jonesboro’ on the 16th. Thence he advanced to McDonough and to Griffin, repuls- ing a body of rebel cavalry under Wheeler at Bear's Hill. The enemy retreated to Griffin, ten miles distant. Howard’s cavalry next went down to Forsyth, and there cut the railroad to Macon. Meanwhile the infantry column marched easterly, arriving atMon- ticello and Hillsboro’ on the 20th, having crossed the Ocmulgco at Planter’s Factory the previous day. On the same day Howard entered Milledgeville, the capital of Georgia, and burned its capitol, penitentiary, and other public buildings. Meanwhile the cavalry had moved to Griswoldville, and thence to Gordon where they again encountered Wheeler, and a sharp en- gagement followed, in which the latter was repulsed. While the right wing was thus advancing, the left under Slocum moved out from Atlanta to Decatur and proceeded to Covington. Its march was comparatively unobstructed. On Thursday, the I7th, it reached Social Circle, and there destroyed the depot. Still 29 570 Savannah^ Ga. keeping on the Georgia Railroad, Slocum directed his course toward Augusta. On the 19th he reached Madison, and there resumed his work of destruction ; thence a detachment of cavalry crossed the Oconee, and the following day arrived at Greensboro’. From the latter point they pushed on to Union Point. Slocum’s main force, however, did not cross the Oconee near the Georgia Railroad ; but, liaving paused at Madison, marched along the west bank of the stream to Eatonton, and from this point ad- vanced to klilledgeville, where he effected a junction with Howard. The army remained at Milledgevillo from the 20th to the 2-lth, and then struck off toward Sandersville, arriving there on the 2Gth. The Oconee had now been crossed by both wings, but the Ogeechee was before them. This stream was passed at Fen's Bridge, in the march from Sandersville ; and the next halt was made at Louisville. A de- tachment of cavalry was sent out from this point, and there was heavy skirmishing between this advance and Wheeler’s cavalry on the 28th and the 29th. The main army remained near Louisville until December 1st. Still unchecked, the Union forces marched on to Millen, their advance reaching the latter point December 2d. A severe fight occurred on the following day between Kilpatrick and 'Wheeler, the latter being the attacking party. As in former in- stances, AVheeler was repulsed. The next morning, the Union cav- alry and the fourteenth corps attacked him in his breast-works and drove him out, capturing the works, and forcing the rebels to retreat. From Millen, Sherman prosecuted his march with great vigor, down the swampy country between the Ogeechee and Savannah rivers, aiming directly at Savannah. On Saturday, the 10th, Sherman reached Blooraingdale, only fifteen miles from his destina- tion. Another day passed, and he was drawn up in line of battle only five miles from Savannah. The siege of the city opened with the brilliant storming of Fort McAllister on the evening of December 18th. This strong point was gained, with all its garrison, gnus, and stores, with the loss of only ninety men. The rebel loss in killed and wounded was slill loss. The next work presenting itself was the removal of the ob- structions in the Ogeechee. Tliis was also speedily accomplished, and the fleet p.as.scd u[) the tortuous stream. Mean while the troops were everywhere pressing their lines toward the city. Elated with success, and inspired with confidence in their leader, there in- stantly sprung up a generous rivalry which corps or division should HENRY WAllNER SLOCUM, Major-Gen. Vols., born in Delphi, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1827 ; graduated at West Point, June, 18.72, seventh in his class. Itrevet 2d-I;ieut. 1st iN.rtillery, July, 1852 ; Ist-Lieut., Marcli 3d, 1855 ; resigned Oct. 31, 185G. May 21, 18G1, Col. 27th N. Y. Yols. ; fought at Bull Run. Brig.-Gcn. Yols., Aug. 3, 18G1 ; in Army of Potomac, McDowell’s Corps, to April, 18G2 ; commanded 1st Div. Cth Army Corps, April and May. In battle of West Point, May 7, 18G2 ; in battle of Gaines’ Mill, .Iuiki 27 ; in liattles under Gen. I’o|ie, Aug., 18G2. Major-Gen. Vols., dating from .July, 18G2 ; coinnianded 12th Corps. In battle of Chancellorsville, May 1-4, 18G3, distinguished himself. Com- manded on the right wing at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 18G3 ; ordered West in Sept., 1863; in command of A'icksburg till Aug., 18G4; coin'd 20th Army Corps at evacuation of Atlanta ; in campaign of Savannah and the Carolinas, held command of left wing of Sherman's army, ae.d participated in all the battles. On the 27th of June, 1865, ordered to the command of Department of Mississippi, headquarters at Y^icksburg. 573 Savannah, Ga. first reach the doomed capital. Torpedoes, planted by the enemy, were removed by Sherman’s device of putting the prisoners in the front, who, knowing best where the machines were buried, could be all the more useful in disinterring them. Meanwhile, Kilpat- rick’s cavalry and an infantry support moved down the Savannah, Albany, and Gulf road. The north, west., and south sides were speedily seized by the Union general, and the city so far invested. But the east side was difficult of approach. The enemy commanded the river with his batteries, and had so filled the main ship channel and the south channel with piles and sunken vessels, that the fleet could not ad- vance. Three forts also swept the east side with their guns. But, above all, a wide stretch of swamps and rice-fields, artificially and skillfully flooded, made the approach extremely arduous. So vig- orously, however, had Sherman begun his work, that the comman- der of the city took the alarm, and evacuated it with hardly a show of defense. On the IGth, General Sherman made a formal demand for the surrender of Savannah. The next day General Uardee replied that as his communications were yet open, and he was fully sup- plied with subsistence stores, he was able to withstand a long siege, and was determined to hold the city to the last. The com- mander of the Union forces now pushed forward hi.s work with renewed energy. By the 19th, his base at Kingsbridge was estab- lished, and supplies came up freely from the fleet, over a corduroy road built rapidly through the almost impassable swamp that inter- vened. Heavy siege guns were transported by the same route and fixed on the lines, and soon the whole city was in imminent danger. On the afternoon of the 20th, the enemy’s iron-dads moved up the river and, supported by many of their batteries, opened a furious fire on the Union left. Under cover of this fire, Uardee crossed his troops by means of steamboats, small boats, and rafts to Union Causeway. The navy yard had been previously burned in part, and such stores as he could not carry with him destroyed. Two formidable rams were blown up at night. Early next morning, December 21st, Sherman entered Savannah, and received its sur- render from the Mayor. It was uninjured, the Union cannon never having opened upon it. The city was at once put in charge of provost-guards, and all the rights of property held sacred. It was crowded to excess with people who had fled hither from the inte- rior, and many Union prisoners were found and released. More 574 Fort Fialier^ N. O. than a thousand prisoners were taken from the foe, manj having been left on tlie linos till too late. The captures included 150 guns, 13 locomotives, 190 cars, a large supply of ammunition and mate- rials of war, three steamers, and 33,000 bales of cotton safely stored in warehouses. These valuable fruits of an almost blood- less victory were fairly won. The release of 20,000 slaves also may be added to the gains of the expedition. The Union loss during the entire siege did not exceed 400. The rebels lost in this time over 1,000 prisoners, and from 500 to COO killed and wounded. FOKT FISHER, N. C. Decbmbeb 23 TO 26, 1864. Unionists : naval force, under Rear-Admiral Porter, comprising 73 'oesfteU (zn- eluding six iron-cladn) o/655 guns; military force, under General Butler, 6,600. Losses on the fleet, 46; in the army, 150. JJisaniimisis, under General Whiting. Killed and wounded, 100 ; prisoners, 280. Since the early part of August, the great fleet of Rear-Admiral Porter had been lying at anchor in Ilampton Roads, ready for an intended expedition. The plan of operations being at length de- termined, orders were issued to set sail. But there was a delay of several days, owing to the severity of the wind. On Monday even- ing, the 12th of December, however, the transports and smaller fleet — about 75 vessels in all — moved to sea. Next morning all the line- of-battle ships, the Ironsides, and the monitors followed. Tho com- bined flotilla was unquestionably tho most powerful ever commanded by a single officer. It included not less than seventy-three armed vessels, comprised in five divisions, under the commands respec- tively of Commodores Thatcher, Lanman, Schenck, Gordon, and Bradford. The division of the latter embraced the iron-clads. New Ironsides (of eighteen guns) and five monitors : (three, of two guns each, and one — tho Atlanta — of four guns). The entire armament of the fleet was not less than 655 guns ; and considering the improved character of the ordnance, and the superiority of many of the ves- sels, presented a warlike array in comparison with which the strength of the great flotillas of earlier times dwindles into insig- nificance. The land forces that accompanied the expedition, under General Butler, were of the tenth and eighteenth corps, comprising about 6,500 effective men. Near Cape Hatteras, the fleet encountered bad weather ; but on I JOHN W. GEARY, ( ) Brig.-Gen. born iu ^VcstmorelalKl Co., Pa., al)out 1818 ; scliool-tcaclior, ( j clerk, member of Jefiersoii College, Pa., Civil Eng. ; Lieiit.-Col. Vols., Mex- ) j lean War ; wounded at Chapnltepec ; commander of City of Mexico ; Col. ) 1 of his Reg’t ; Postmaster San Francisco, 1849 ; Alcalde and Afayor of that ( ) city. Returned to Penn., 1852, as a farmer ; Gov. of Kansa.s, 185G; resign- ) i ed, 1857, and rctorned to Penn. Col. 28th Reg’t Penn. Yols. ; occupied | ) Tjeesburg, March, 1862 ; Brig.-Gen. Yols., April, 1862 ; severely wounded at I ; (.Vdar Mt. ; stationed at Harper’s Ferry, Dec., 1862. In battle of Chaticel- j' j lersville, iu Slocum’s Corps, May 1st and 2d, 1863 ; in battle of Gettysburg, j ] on the right wing, where he fought Ewell’s Corps gmllantly for si.x hours_ i ; Transferred to Army of Cumberland, Sept., 1863 ; took part in battles of { j IVauhatchie and Lookout Mt., Oct. 28 and Nov. 24, 1863, in most of the | ■ battles of the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns, and distinguished himself for i j bravery and ability in the first, in several battles. Made Mil. Gov. of Savan- f nah, after its capture, in December, 1864, and at the clo.se of the war com- j J mandcr of a District in Georgia. t i 577 Fort Fisher^ F. C. the 14th, arrived off Beaufort, N. 0., where some of the transports put in for the purpose of coaling. The following day, the expedition arrived near "Wilmington, and prepared for its work. It was several days, however, before wind and weather would allow the vessels to get into position, or the troops to be landed. On the 20th, the enemy had reported the flotilla off New Inlet; but it moved to sea again, reappearing on the 23d. The weather being now favor- able, the vessels entered the mouth of Cape Fear River; and Com- mander Rhind, in charge of a torpedo vessel containing a great quantity of powder, was ordered to advance during the night, and explode it as near as possible under the walls of Fort Fisher. Con- sidering the terrible effects of a gunpowder explosion that had lately occurred in England, great results were anticipated from this novel mode of attack. But the explosion occurred at a quarter of two o’clock on the morning of the 24th, without causing perceptible injury to the rebel works. For some time previous, the glare of the bonfire to conmiunicate ■with the powder-train was visible to the fleet anchored at a safe distance; on a sudden, how- ever, the heavens were electrified into one vast sheet of flame; a heavy rumbling sound followed, like the noise of an earthquake, accompanied with a tremulous motion of the waters ; and the ter- rific but unsuccessful experiment was over. On the morning of tho 24th, at half-past six o’clock, a signal was made from the flagship for the vessels to prepare for an advance. In a short time tho entire flotilla was steaming toward the shore, distant five miles from the anchorage. The day dawned auspi- ciously upon the contemplated bombardment. The wind was blow- ing lightly from the southwest, and the rough sea which had pre- vailed for several days now subsided into comparatively smooth water. The vessels moved cautiously in two columns ; and when within five miles of the coast, came to a temporary halt. In a short time the New Ironsides, followed by the monitors Canonicus, Monadnock, and Mahopac, left the main column and advanced toward the rebel works. Tho first-named vessel crept slowly along the shore, until within three-fourths of a mile of Fort Fisher ; when she came to a halt, and gave the rebels the first shot, at one o’clock p.M. Other shots and two broadsides quickly followed ; but failed to elicit a response from the enemy’s works. At three o’clock, all the vessels having been brought into line of battle, -were pouring their destructive missiles into tho enemy’s 578 Fort Fisher, FT. C. works with marvelous rapidity. In fact, celerity, rather than accu- racy, seemed to characterize the firing. For about an hour the enemy replied with a spirited lire from a few guns in Fort Fisher. But after that time the discharges grew feehle, and at length died away. When the vessels moved up, however, to take the position assigned them on the line farthest south from Fort Fisher, the Mound battery opened with a 100-pounder. But this gun was used only at long intervals, apparently when the gunners felt confident of hitting the mark. In course of the afternoon, the barracks in the fort, and some buildings outside, repeatedly took lii’C. At one time throe rebel steamers were noticed coming down Capo Fear River. But they proceeded only as far as the point, and then halted, as if to give individuals on hoard an opportunity to watch the progress of the fight. The Keystone State, discovering these steamei’s, directed a few rounds of shell into them, and they immediately sailed up the river with great speed. Although during the early part of the engage- ment the firing was very inaccurate, it imjiroved toward the close. Far too many missiles, however, fell short; and the air was filled with bursting shells, which were intended to explode inside the enemy’s works. But the rebels were equally deficient in the accu- racy of their range, as may be inferred from the fact that only ten of the Unionists were injured during the entire action. The flag- staff on Fort Fisher was shot away several times. The flag on Mound battery was also struck down three times before sunset. The giant strength of the fleet engaged in action, the number of guns brought to bear on the rebel works, and the persistent deter- mination of every man to perform the duty assigned him, rendered the battle one of the most grand and thrillingly interesting that ever took place on the sea. From the moment the first shot was fired, till dark, the roar of cannon was incessant. Unfortunately the Ticonderoga, Yantic, Juniata, Mackinaw, Quaker City, and Susquehannah each had one of their 100-pounder guns exi)lodcd. The accident on board the Ticonderoga left eight men killed and eleven wounded. Tlie casualties on the fleet summed up between forty and fifty, all of which, with the exception of eight or ten, were caused by the bursting of the Union guns. Several of the vessels were struck repeatedly, yet not in the least crippled. The Colo- rado, at one time, was inade the mark for all the guns of Fort Fisher. She was struck twenty times in the hull ; but not a man was injured, and the ship continued firing as though nothing had 579 Fort Fisher^ F. C. happened. At half-past five the firing on both sides ceased. The sliips retired to an anchorage a short distance from the line held in battle, and quietly awaited the events of the morrow. The morning of the 25th opened with a light breeze from the northwest. The sea was calm ; but a heavy mist hanging over the shore prevented for a time the resumption of hostilities. Early in the day, the monitor Saugus, which was not with the fleet the pre- ceding day, advanced and assumed a position preparatory to action. At nine o’clock the other vessels moved up, taking a position some yards nearer the fort. Twelve of them moved, near the beach, to a point three miles above Fort Fisher; and commenced shelling the woods, in order to secure a landing for the troops who were preparing to disembark. At eleven a.m., the iron-clads were ac- tively engaged; but the rebels made no response until the wooden vessels had formed in line abreast of Fort Fisher. The fire was aimed, principally at the fort. It \vas more deliberate than on the previous day, and fewer sheila burst over the water. The enemy replied lazily, and apparently did not use more than four or five guns during the action. At two o’clock the transports had steamed up near the position held by the gun-boats. Arrangements were quickly made by which forty-one boats were sent from the various naval vessels to the former to take the troops on shore. Immediately on landing, the men gathered and cheered enthusiastically. They then formed in line, and marched inland on a reconuoissance. Charging a small earth-work, they carried it in handsome style, capturing sixty-five prisoners, one G8-poundcr gun, and a quantity of small-arms and • ammunition. AVliile this was going on, the One Hundred and Forty-second Now York Regiment, having formed on the beach, was marched up in the direction of Fort Fisher. Captain Winslow’s command was deployed as skirmishers. . These gallant fellows not only marched three miles up a beach that was swept by the guns on that side of the fort, but actually took shelter under the guns, charged a redoubt, and cai)tured a flag. One of their number was reported to have crept up to an angle of the fort, shot a mounted orderly who had just passed within the sally-port, and to have captured his mule, and taken from the body of the fallen rider an important disjjatch which he was conveying to the commandant, from the rebel authorities at Wilmington. The statement, how- ever, in regard to the nearness to the fort at which this bold exploit 580 Fort Msher, N. C. was performed, was subsequently contradicted. Another company of the regiment, deploying to the right, soon after the arrival near the fort, surprised and captured over 200 of the enemy. In the mean time the remainder of Colonel Curtis’ brigade landed and formed in line. This brigade was soon followed by the third bri- gade. The entire number of troops tliat landed did not exceed 8,000; they carried no provisions with them; and in less than three hours after they disembarked, orders were issued for their return to the boats. The reasons General lJutler subsequently assigned for these orders were as follows; “I learned that Kirk- land’s and Ilapgood’s brigades of Hoke’s division had left the front of the Army of the James, near Richmond, and were within two miles of the rear of my forces, and their skirmishers were then actually engaged, and that the remainder of Hoke’s division had come the night before to Wilmington, and were then on the march. I also learned that these tro()[)3 lel't Richmond on Tuesday, the 20th. Knowing the strength of Hoke’s division, T found a force o|)poscd to me outside the works larger than my own. In the mean time the weather assumed a threatening aspect. 'I’he surf began to roll in so that the landing became dillicult. At this time General Weitzel reported to mo that to assault the works, in his judgment, and in that of experienced oilicers of his command who had a skirmish line, with any prospect of success, was impossible. This oi)iuiou coincided with my own; and much as I regretted the necessity of abandoning the attempt, yet the duty was plain. Not .so strong a ■work as Fort Fisher had been taken by assault during this war, and I had to guide my experience the disaster of Port Hudson, with its slaughtered thousands in the repulsed assault, and the double assault of Fort Wagner, where thousands were sacrificed in attempting to take a work less strong than Fort Fisher, after it bad sustained a continued and fully as severe a fire; and iu neither of the instances I have mentioned had the assaulting force in the rear — as I liad — an army of the enemy larger than itself.” While preparations were in progress for the return of the troops to the fleet, the firing of the navy ceased. Instantly the guns of the fort were fully manned, and a sharp fire of musketry, grape, and canister sw'ei)t the piace over which the attacking column must have advanced, and the skirmish line was now returning. Work- ing with all diligence, it was impossible to get the troops aboard, before the sea ran so high as to render further re-embarkation, or even the sending of supplies ashore, impossible. General Butler, 581 « Fort Fisher, N. C. therefore, lay by the shore till eleven o’clock the next day (Mon- day, tlie 26th) ; when, having made all proper dispositions for get- ting the rest of the troops on hoard, orders were given to the trans- port fleet, as soon as ready, to sail for Fortress Monroe. FORT FISHER, N. C Januaky 13, 1865. UnioniaU, naval force, under Jlear-Admiral Porter, comprising 73 vessels (in- cluding six iron-clads), of Si>5 guns; land force, under General Terry, 9,200. Losses, over 1,100. Pisunionists, under General Whiting, 2,200. Killed and wounded, 400 ; pris- oners, 1,800. Notwithstanding the abandonment by General Butler, on the 25th of December, of the attempt to capture Fort Fisher, it was determined by the higher military authorities to renew the under- takiug, however desperate it might appear. Accordingly on the night of the 5th and morning of the 6th of January a fleet of transports, destined to co-operate with Admiral Porter’s flotilla off Beaufort, left Fortress Monroe. It contained the troops engaged in the former expedition, together with an additional brigade, making about 9,200 in all, under command of General Terry. On the 8th, the fleet arrived at Beaufort, N. 0., joining the iron- clads. That day and the 9tli and lOtli, the joint fleet was detained at Beaufort by contrary winds and other causes ; and another severe gale was encountered by it on the 11th. On the morning of Thursday, the 12th, the entire flotilla got away in calm weather, and anchored above Fort Fisher about eleven o’clock at night. The following day, at dawn, the vessels started again, and moved down toward Fort Fi.shcr. Just before seven o’clock, Rear-Admi- ral Porter signaled to form lino of battle, which was done — the Brooklyn leading off a column, and taking position close to the beach, with two other columns ranged outside, nearly parallel to each other and to the shore. Meanwhile, Admiral Porter commenced the attack by sending the iron-clad column, with the Now Ironsides at its head, directly upon Fort Fisher. At half past seven a.m., the forts oiiened on them as they approached ; but they quietly took up their old posi- tions within 1,000 yards of Fort Fisher, and began to fire about half-past eight. The inner division of the mam fleet lris(mer8^ GO. Afteu the capture of Fort Fisher, the operations against Wil- mington were for some days confined to the eastern shores of Capo Fear River, tlie advance of tlie land force being along the penin- sula above Federal Point, while the gun-boat fleet co-operated in the river. The first element to he eliminated in solving the prob- lem of the capture of the city was Fort Anderson, a rebel strong- hold on the right bank of the river. It was a work of great extent and immense strength, its rear front being a series of large mounds, or traverses, rising from twenty -five to thirty feet above the level of Cape Fear River, on which it fronts to the northeast, extending in alternating traverses, angles, embrasures, and ditches, inclosing an area of about four square miles. The system of river obstruc- tions, chevanx de frise, torpedoes, etc., had prevented the navy from approaching sufficiently near to silence the guns of the fort. Accordingly it was decided to advance upon it with a land force; and a portion of General Schofield’s command was disembarked at Smithville. The brigade of General Casement was thrown across the river on the IGth of February, and was immediately followed by two brigades of General Cox’s division and Colonel Moore’s brigade of General Conch’s division. On the morning of the 17th the col- umn took up its line of march from Smithville, ten miles distant from the fort. The enemy’s pickets were encountered a few miles from town, and driven back to their main body, which offered but feeble resistance, and retired in the direction of the fort. At nightfall the column halted about a mile and a half from Fort Anderson, lines being formed with the brigades of General Case- ment and Colonel Sierl on the left and in the vicinity of the road leading to Wilmington, while Colonel Henderson with his force took an eligible position near the river, and opened communication with the gun-boat fleet and the troops on the opposite side. The command of all the troops immediately operating against the fort was assigned to General Cox, while the command of his division devolved upon General Casement. 597 Fort Anderson^ N. C. At seven o’clock the following morning the troops struck tents and moved again, Colonel Moore’s brigade leading the advance. The Sixty-fifth Indiana was sent forward as skirmishers, and fought its way gallantly to the vicinity of the fortress, where rifle-pits were thrown up preparatory to its investment. The country traversed by General Cox’s force is covered by in- numerable ponds of water, many of them of considerable sixe. One of the largest extends seven or eight miles in a line parallel with the river, and is connected with it by a line of field-works, em- bracing the fort. lu front of these works the timber had been cleared for the space of half a mile, over which the enemy’s artil- lery had full play. The skirmishing party advanced boldly across this open field to within a few hundred yards of the rebel line, while the main body constructed earth-works on the edge of the field. The enemy opened a vigorous artillery fire, and shelled the working parties for several hours. But despite the storm that fell mercilessly upon them, they struggled on, completed the intrench- ments, and at night occupied them in force. The naval fleet under Admiral Porter maintained a steady fire upon the fort throughout the day. Some fifteen of the wooden vessels, including most of the double-enders, participated in the bombardment. The rebel batteries wore silenced by three o’clock, but the fleet continued its firing till dark, and at intervals through the night. The monitor Montauk’s fire was active and destruc- tive ; great masses of sand were thrown up at each discharge, and the tremendous shells made fearful havoc. By mid-day Schofield had three divisions well connected, and moving on the works. It was now evident that the Union troops were closing around the fort. About four o’clock on the morning of the 19th, Colonel Moore ordered a charge by the skirmish line to ascertain if the enemy yet remained, certain sounds during the night having led him to sup- pose that they had evacuated. The rebel pickets were captured in the impetuosity of the onset. No response was elicited from the fort, and a farther advance revealed the fact that they had indeed abandoned it under the cover of darkness. The brigades support- ing the advance entered and took possession. Colonel Moore, seizing the flag of the Twenty-sixth Kentucky, galloped to the river angle, and planted it on the para[)ct. Admiral Porter landed soon afterward, and i)rocceded to inspect the fort. This almost bloodless victory gave the Unionists possession of 598 Wilmington^ JV. C. twelve ])iece3 of Iteavy ordnance, sixty prisoners, several Lattice flags, and a largo amount of ammunition. All the light artillery was carried away by the rebels. The garrison was said to bo about 3,000 strong. The casualties among the Unionists in both army and navy were very slight, being less than one hundred in the entire movement. The carrying of Fort Anderson exposed the works at Sugar Loaf to an enfilading fire. The latter, therefore, were simul- taneously abandoned, and Terry’s troops pushed on toward Wil- mington. WILMINGTON, N. C. Febuuaby 20 TO 22 , 1865 . Union Zand force^ under General ScJwJield^ ahoxU 25 , 000 ; naval force^ und&r Ittar^Adiniral Fortei\ 1 monitor and 14 (jun-hoata. Total losa^ abont 200 . IHsuxiioniatSy under General Bragg^ estimated at about 12 , 000 . Killed and wounded^not reported; prieonera^ 1 , 072 . Tine fall of Fort Anderson was followed by an immediate ad- vance of the Federal lines. The navy pushed up the river; Terry advanced on the peninsula; and the flanking column of Oox (which had arrived too late to cut off the enemy’s retreat), being joined by Moore, marched directly toward Wilmington. A line of yawls, connected by drag-ropes, preceded the fleet, and effectually re- moved the torpedoes from the channel of the river. Admiral Porter followed, and soon came in view of a long line of piles planted across the stream, which was apparently commanded by a high shore battery on the east side. The Montauk grounded in moving up to attack this fort, and could not cross the shoals with- out lightening, which was a work of considerable labor, and caused some delay. After .sounding and buoying out the middle ground at Big Island, the gun-boats succeeded in getting over, and opened fire on Fort Strong, the work commanding the princi|)al obstruc- tions. The enemy were soon driven from their stronghold. On the night of the 20th they sent down two hundred floating torpe- does, but Porter had a strong force of picket boats out, and the torpedoes were sunk with the musketry. While the navy passed up the river, the troops advanced on either bank. Cox moved up on the west side to Town Creek, where the last rebel line was eonnected with Fort Strong (or St. Philip). Terry, on the east side, pressed forward simultaneously three miles beyond Hoke’s old line, and the same night effected a Wilmington, N. C. GOl junction witli Ames’ division, the latter having crossed on boats and pontoons to the east bank of the stream. Tlie next line of the enemy was strongly intrenched with rifle-pits, four miles below ■\Vilmington, nearly parallel to the other, and at right angles with the river. Their works on tho west side were behind Town Creek, a dcej) but narrow stream running from tho adjoining swamp, and well protected by a morass in front Fort Strong, on tho right, was the terminus of similar rifle-pits. On the 20th, General Terry moved Paine’s colored division out in advance, Abbott’s brigade supporting its right, and Ames’ its left. A sharp skirmish occurred, in which the Federal loss was ten killed and forty-seven wounded. The rebel force was driven into its intrenchments, and the Union troops pushed up to them. Meantime Cox, on the right bank, performed a brilliant maneuver, resulting in the rout of the enemy at Town Creek. This stream, seven miles below Wilmington, is thirty feet deep, and skirted with swamps which were deemed impassable by the foe. The only bridge crossing it was approached by a long causeway completely covered by artillery. The works opposite were carefully built, strongly manned, and constituted tho princip.al lino of defense for the city on that bank. Leaving a single brigade to occupy tho attention of the enemy in front, Cox cros.scd the creek with three brigades, below tho rebel lines, on a single old scow which accident had thrown in his way. They then waded waist-deep through tho morass for half a mile, and finding a circuitous route through a rice-field, after a four hours’ march, emerged into the telegraph road from Wilmington to Smith ville, upon which the rebel works' were situated. Two of the brigades moved rapidly down this road, while the third, under Colonel Moore, was sent to a road farther west, which afforded the only line of retreat to the foe. i At this juncture the rebels discovered that a crossing had been effected, and hastily constructed rifle-pits to protect their rear; but the Federal troops, the moment they came in sight of the works, rushed impetuously and with wild enthusiasm to the assault. The enemy opened rapidly with grape and canister; but firing hur- riedly and with ill-directed aim, they inflicted but little loss upon tbe assaulting party. The works were carried at the jioint of tho bayonet, the foe routed, and two heavy guns with caissons com- plete were captured, together with 32 officers and 350 men. Tho rest escaped in confusion. Colonel Moore being unable to reach tho C02 Wihninffton, iV! G. public road in time to intercept the fugitives. This movement re- flected great credit upon General Cox, and proved the key to Wil- mington. On the 21st, little was done on Terry’s side. General 4.me3 re- connoitered the forts m his front, but found them too strong to attack. The fleet continued to bombard the works briskly through the day, the enemy replying vigorously with long-range guns. General Cox moved from Town Creek at ten o’clock a.m., and reached Brunswick River, opposite Wilmington, an hour later. The foe made no resistance, but burned the railroad bridge crossing to Eagle Islatid and fired and cut adrift the pontoon bridge. The Sixteenth Kentucky secured a few pontoons partially burned, and passing over, skirmished across the island, establishing outposts on the causeway over a swamp, and within musket range of the wharves. The rebels opened from the city upon this narrow way with two Whitworth guns, but before night the Federal skirmish line was established in the swamp, the artillery ferried over, and a few shells thrown into the city. General Cox soon held Eagle Island, and secured, of course, the evacuation of the doomed city. | About mid-day, just as General Schofield was preparing to fol- low Cox, Terry sent back for reinforcements, having found the enemy in heavy force in his front. Tie was also led to believe that General Hoke had greatly strengthened his army, and that the Union force would bo unable to resist so formidable an attack as then seemed imminent. This intelligence was at once forwarded to Cox, with orders to return immediately to the mouth of Town Creek, where boats would be in readiness to cross his command to Terry’s assistance. Fortunately the order did not reach General Cox till dark, as ho had advanced with great rapidity to the city itself. Feeling confident that the information upon which the order was given was erroneous, he determined to remain and report the fact, and begin the crossing if still deemed advisable. General Schofield approved his action, and ordered him to remain. The result attested the wisdom of his conclusion. That night the rebels began burning their material and stores, and destroyed, it is said, 1,000 bales of cotton, 15,000 barrels of resin, extensive cotton sheds, and an unfinished iron-clad, three steam mills, three largo turpentine works, the railroad and pontoon bridges, and other property. At daylight, the following morning, Terry and Cox pressed for- ward, found the place evacuated, and soon entered it. The aban- ’Waynesboro ( James River Canal^ etc. 003 donment of Hoke's strong line gave the Unionists possession of Fort Strong, which covered it on the river side. Their next line, two miles from the town, was abandoned without a shot. "With its oc- cupation there fell into the hands of the Unionists a number of pieces of heavy artillery, which with those previously captured, and with the armament of the forts on the river, swelled the list of prize-guns to several hundred. Seven hundred prisoners were captured, and some cotton, tobacco, and other stores. Admiral Porter moved his fleet opposite the town at mid-day, fired a salute in honor of Washington’s birthday — a feu dejoie at the same time in token of the victory. The entire Union losses in these operations did not exceed 200. The city, with its strong lines of defense, was carried by maneuver and skillful operations. It is said, too, that from 400 to 500 Union prisoners were released by General Schofield, which had been sent hither from Florence, S. C. Thus fell the last rebel seaport on the Atlantic coast, with its giant fortifications and formidable obstructions — a city capable of stronger defense than any other already taken during the war. WAYNESBORO (VA.), JAMES RIVER CANAL, AND VIRGINIA CENTRAL R.R. (SnEEIDAN’S RAID). Febeuabt 11 TO Maecu 10, 1805. XTnionisU, under General Sluridan ; number, about 8,000 cavalry. Total loss, 69. Disunionists, under Gen. Early, 1,800. EiUed and wounded, 5 ; prisoners, 1,352. Febkuary 27th, in the gray twilight of the morning, Sheridan left his cavalry camp at Winchester with Merritt’s first division, Custer’s third, one brigade of the second under Caphart, and two sections of artillery. A raging storm having prevailed for several days previous, the roads were in wretched condition, and the streams in the valley much swollen by constant rains and melting snow. General Grant giving the order in the face of these seemT ingly unsurmountable obstacles. General Sheridan promptly acqui- esced. As the troops marched through the town, the columns were well closed, the men looked fresh and vigorous, and all seemed eager to meet General Early and his army, whom they had repeatedly vanquished. The command pushed up the turnpike, which was in good con- C04 ’Waynesboro ( Fa.), James River Canal, etc. dition, being macadamized, and passed successively through Kerns- town, Middletown, Strasburg, and Woodstock, crossing the inter- vening streams without opposition. The column bivouacked at the last-named place, having accomplished thirty miles on the first day. The second day’s march was also pursued without encountering the foe. From Woodstock they advanced through Edinburg to llawkinsbnrg, and crossed the north fork of the Shenandoah on a pontoon bridge, between Mount .Tackson and Now Market. Nino men of Custer’s division were drowned in crossing. The troops encamped at Lincoln’s Mills, between New Market and Harrison- burg, having performed a march of twenty-seven miles during the day. On the third day, March Ist, the column reached and left successively Harrisonburg, Mount Sydney, and Mount Crawford, crossed kliddle River, and pushing forward to a point within four miles of Staunton, they tarried for the night, having advanced twenty-six miles. General Sheridan had now learned pretty accurately of tho enemy’s position. Up to this time. Early had bad his headquar- ters at Staunton ; his command was small, and there was a possi- bility of capturing the entire force. The rebel general was ap- prised of tho advance of Sheridan; for the day preceding tho entrance of the Federal troops into the town, he notified the citizens to remove their property, as the Unionists were approach- ing, and the Confederate army would not be able to hold tho place. The inhabitants, in response to his suggestion, removed much of their personal property to a place of safety. Two or three hours after coming into camp on the third day, orders were issued for General Devins to break camp and move forward. The night was fearfully dark and stormy; but, led by faithful guides and scouts, they moved on to Staunton, drove tho rebel pickets in confusion, passing through tho town almost with- out resistance. Thence the brigade advanced through the Rockfish Gap road, and proceeded to Christian’s Creek, seven miles distant, and there destroyed a trestle bridge on the Virginia Central Rail- road. This was accomplished without opposition from the foe, when’ General Devins returned to Staunton, where he rejoined the main column. On the fourth day, March 2d, the rain was falling in torrents; yet no time could be lost. Sheridan saw his goal near at band, and ho possessed tho requisite means to accomplish his designs. (iEORCE A. CUSTER, IJrevc't Majoi-(Jcii. Vols., Ijoin in Ohio, about 1840; t;railuateil at IVcst Point in 1801 ; 2(1-Ia('ut., htli Cavaliy, July, 1801 ; Ist-Lk'ut., July 17, 1802, and Aide, with rank of Capt., panic dale ; Ih ig.-Ocn. Yolp., June 20, 1802 ; in iStoneinan’s and afterwards Pleiuson ton’s coniniand, wliere he lield a Staff ap]iointincnt for a lime, but in June, 1802, commanded a Brigade under Kil- jiatrick, and was cflicient at Gettysburg; commanded a Bivision under Sher- idan. in May, 1804 ; toolc jiart in the two raids of May and June, and went with Slieridan to tin; Shenandoali A'alley ; in tlic action of Opeipian Creek, Sept. 10, and Fisher's Hill, Sept. 22, 1804 ; pursued Early up the A alley ; repulsed the Hebei Gen. llos.per, Oct. 8. and Early, Oct. 12. and jinrsued Early I'or twenty-si.\ miles, after battle of Middletown, Oct. 10, for which In* was brevetted Major-Gen. of \'ols. ; aided in desolating Shenandoah and adjacent valleys, in the Autumn and AVintcr of 1801- h, to break' up the haunts of the guerillas; particijiated in Sheridan's gnat raid in Alarch, 180;"), capturing AFaynesboro’, destroying the railroad, and routing Early ; was active in the actions of Binwiddie O. If., J'^ivo Forks, Bcatonville, and Appomattox Sta- tion, March 29 to April 8, 1805; accompanied Sheridan to Texas, in Alay, 1805. ^ '■ yTayncshoro ( Fa.), James Hiver Canal, etc 607 Ue therefore ordered the column to move in quick time to 'Waynesboro, thirteen miles distant, where he supposed General Early was in force. At Fishervillc, five miles from tlie objective point, Custer’s division in advance encountered the rebel videttes, and drove them back to their camps. Pressing on to Waync.s- boro, the column halted, and in a rccoiinoissancc discovered tlio enemy posted on a range of hills skirting South liiver, with five pieces of artillery in position commanding the front on which Cus- ter was apiiroaching. Two regiments were immediately deployed as skirmishers, and advanced, firing briskly ; and then the whole line moved on the enemy’s position. To the astonishment of all, the entire rebel line broke after delivering a single volley. Their attempt to escape was fruitless, as Custer closed bis lines on them, aud surrounded nearly the entire force, capturing 87 officers, 1,105 enlisted men, 13 flags, live caniion, over 100 horses, and 100 wag- ons, ambulances, aud other vehicles. General Early escaped to Charlottesville. On the breaking of the enemy, Custer’s three brigades briskly pursued, and Caphart’s brigade, crossing South River, moved on to Greenwood Station. At this point the depot was destroyed, also a train containing si.v pieces of artillery, some commissary and ord- nance supplies, which Early intended to carry away in his I'ctreat. The artillery Avas spiked, and the gnu-carriages burned. All other captured wagons and materials were also committed to the (lames. Custer noAV tarried till Merritt arrived, and the joint command then advanced to Charlottesville. Here General Sheridan remained two days, awaiting ammunition and pontoon trains from Waynes- boro. The two divisions, meantime, destroyed two large iron bridges near Charlottesville, and the railroad for a distance of eight miles toward Lynchburg. On the 6th of March, General Devin, accompanied by General Merritt, advanced to Scottsville, on the James River; making the work of destruction thorough, they i)roceeded to Duguidsville, following the canal, every lock of wliich was demolished, and in many places the banks of the canal. At the same time Custer’s division, proceeding down the Lynchburg Railroad to Amherst Court House, laid waste every bridge and many miles of the roatl. At the Rockfish River the bank of the canal was blown away, and at New Cantdb the guard-lock destroyed and the James River let into the canal, carrying away the banks and washing it out fifteen feet below the level. Having completed their work of ruin G08. Kinston^ N. C. at tills point, they next advanced to Columbia, inflicting further damage upon the canal, and partially destroying the acpieduct at the latter place. The James liiver Canal being destroyed as far as Goochland, the raiding party next marched up the Virginia Central Railroad to Beaver Dam Station, totally breaking up fifteen miles of the road. The enemy attempted to prevent the burning of the Central Railroad Bridge over the South Anna, but the Fifth United States Cavalry charged up to the bridge, and thirty men dashed across on foot, dispersing the foe and capturing three pieces of artillery. At noon, of the 10th, Sheridan’s advance arrived at the north bank of the Pamunkey, a few miles from White House, and soon crossed the river. The expedition was highly successful, and was accomplished with a small loss. The value of property destroyed by Custer’s division alone is estimated at $2,000,000. Nearly 800 negroes came in with the army, women having traveled on foot, carrying children, and kejit up with the cavalry all the way from Columbia. Sheridan advanced to within fifteen miles of Lynchburg and twelve of Richmond. Not a bridge was left on the James between the two cities, and not a railroad bridge between Staunton and Charlottesville. KINSTON, N. C. March 9 to 13, 1865. XJnioniais^ under QeneraU Schojield^ Cox^ and Couc\from 10,000 to 15,000 {forcA chiejly engaged estimated ai less than 10,000). Killed and wounded, 600 ; tners, 1,500. VisunionisUi, under Generate Bragg, Hill, and Hoke, 10,000 to 15,000. 2'otal U)ss, 2,080. While Sherman was marching across South Carolina, the co- operative column of Schofield, in compliance with the former gene- ral’s orders, abandoned the line of the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad in its advance against Raleigh and Goldsboro’, and adopted the lino of tho Atlantic and North Carolina road. To accomidish this purpose, tho twenty-third corps was withdrawn from Wilming- ton, and sent around by transports to Newbern. Palmer’s perma- nent garrison at that point, tho provisional division sent from Ten- nessee, and the above-mentioned corps were formed into a strong army, under the direct command of Cox. March fith, the column commenced its forward movement ; tho advance was occupied all that day and night and the following day Kinston^ If. C. 609‘ in removing tlie numerous obstructions placed bj tbe enemy in the roads. They moved out on the Trent road and protected the pio- neers and construction detail, who removed the felled trees and rebuilt the bridges. On the morning of the 7th, there was some inferior skirmishing between a small body of Colonel Classen’s command and the enemy’s skirmishers, which resulted in the latter being driven to their works at Jackson Mills, four and a half miles east of Kinston. There was subsequently more or less artillery firing till night came on, but the results were insignificant. Wednesday, the 8th, dawned quietly, but intelligence was soon received that a movement was in progress to turn the left flank of the Union army. The Twenty-seventh Massachusetts was imme- diately ordered into the woods south of the road and formed in line of battle. Carter’s division held the left of the line, and Palm- er’s division the right. About mid-day, Hoke’s division having gained a position upon the left and rear fell upon Carter with great force. The Twenty-seventh Massachusetts resisted the shock with admirable gallantry ; the Fifteenth Connecticut displayed equal valor. But the rebels, pressing in on all sides with great force, completely surrounded and swept off the greater part of both regiments, the former numbering 200 men, and the latter about 1,300. A simul- taneous demonstration on the front of both the first and second divisions completed the repulse of the Federal troops. Their total loss in the contest was 1,500 men and three guns. The enemy swept the field and forced the Unionists back a few miles, when a halt was made and the line re-established. About two hours after this affair. Colonel Savage, of the New York Twelfth, made a cavalry reconnoissance toward the rebel rear and captured sixty-five men, five ambulances, and a surgeon. The rebels soon attacked Palmer on the right, but were quickly repulsed. Tlio loss in killed and wounded was small on both sides, the casual- ties in the Federal army being less than 100 for the day. A littlo skirtnish took place on the left during the afternoon. The new line extended still in front of Jackson’s Creek, where the enemy was posted at Jackson’s Mills, but drawn farther back for consolidation. About three o’clock, the third division, which had taken no part in the battle, marched up from the rear and occupied a gap between the first and second divisions. The first brigade of the latter skirmished a littlo in advance, and with that the day closed. Correspondents reported that many of the Union troops vrere fragmentary portions of a large number of 610 Averyshoro' and Moor's Cross Hoads, JV. 0. regiments from different States, many of them without officers of tlieir own, some of them being convaJescents, others new recruits, and all of them but slightly disciplined under the new organization. The following morning, the 9th, tlioro was active skirmishing on both sides throughout the day and evening, without, however, any decisive results. About 200 prisoners were captured by the Union- ists. The early morning of the 10th opened in the same manner, but the enemy soon began to attack with fierce determination. Having ascertained that Couch was advancing to join Cox, they resolved to make a furious and speedy onset upon the latter, and if possible annihilate him before reinforcements should arrive. Again and again they charged, amid a roar of cannon and musketry that was deafening and terrible as it swept through the air. Driving the Federal skirmishers from their rifle-pits back to their breast- works, the rebel hordes came pouring over into them. But the rushing wave met a tempest of deadly missiles and suddenly re- coiled. In an attempted flank movement on the Union left an entire regiment of Alabamians was captured. The Federal troops, elated with their success, rushed madly upon the foe and soon gave them a decisive repulse. The rebel dead and wounded were left upon the field, and several hundred prisoners captured. Their entire loss was conjectured to bo about 1,500. The Union loss was not over 600. The repulse of Bragg on the 10th, and the arrival of Couch’s division on the 11th, forced the former to retreat across the Neuse to Kinston. The bridge was fired as soon as the crossing had been accomplished. The joint forces of Cox and Couch pursued them vigorously, reconstructed the bridge, and on the 13th occupied Kinston, General Bragg’s army having fallen back toward Goldsboro’. AVEKYSBORO’ AND MOOR’S CROSS ROADS, N. C March 15 and 10, 1865. Unionists^ under General Sherman^ about 30,000. Total loes^ 747. DimnionUtSy under General Johnatony e-'ithnated at 20,000. Total losSy COO. Makoii 14th, General Sherman left Fayetteville for Goldsboro’, having given orders for Schofield and Terry to join him at the lat- ter point with their several columns. There his immediate cam- paign was to end, and then his position would be established with Newbern for a base. The rebel General Johnston was lying along Avery shor o’ and Moor's Cross Roads, AT. C. 611 the Raleigli roads, and Sherman was not long in solving tlic plans and possibilities of his opponent. Having decided that Johnston would make a bold elfort to turn the left flank of the Federal army in its march upon Goldsboro’, the Union general threw out Slocum’s left wing, in light marching order, and without trains, to withstand the expected attack and cover the advance of the wagons and tlie main army upon the objective point. A strong column was also sent up the Raleigh road against Johnston, in a direct demonstra- tion upon Raleigh. This column embraced Kilpatrick’s cavalry, in heavy force, Jackson’s and Ward’s divisions of the twentieth corps, and Carlin’s and Morgan’s divisions of the fourteenth corps. Be- tween this light column and the right wing was the remainder of Slocum’s wing. The right wing, most southerly of all, moved on the direct Goldsboro’ road. It soon became obvious that the enemy were disposed to dispute the progress of the advancing force. On the evening of the 16th, the Union cavalry advance encountered the enemy’s cavalry five miles from Fayetteville and forced him back to Kyle’s Landing, a point half-way between Fayetteville and Averysboro’. It was found that the rebel reserves were within supporting distance. Ac- cordingly Kilpatrick sent back for an infantry brigade, and Hawley hurried forward to join him. Soon after they engaged the foe with great spirit and compelled his pickets to retire to an advanced line of intrcncbinent. The following day Williatiis brought up the rest of the twentieth corps, and the combined forces rushed fiercely ujiou the opposing line. Ere the sun reached the meridian, two brigades of Ward’s division dashed over the rebel works, and the whole ad- vance line fell into the hands of the Unionists with over 200 pris- oners and three pieces of artillery. The enemy retreated to bis main line, still covering the roads on which Sherman’s command was advancing, and extending from the Capo Fear River to the Black. A long and desperate series of efforts was made to drive the enemy from his position and to open the Goldsboro’ road. The fighting continued all day, but not an inch of ground was gained. Hardee confronted Slocum with heavy force. But the results of the fighting were soon evident ; for during the night the rebels abandoned their line and fell back on Averysboro’, leaving their dead and wounded on the road. Ward followed in pursuit, and occupied the town without resistance. But it now being apparent that the Union left flank had been sufficiently covered, to secure I M 612 JBentoJisville^ JV. O. tlie safe passage of the army to the point of its destination, the rest of Slocum’s column struck off and moved toward Goldsboro’. The rebel loss in this severely contested struggle was 327 killed and wounded, and 273 prisoners. The Federal loss was 747. The rebel position was one of great strength, and they defended it with a valor worthy of a better cause. The well-contested and successful battle of the 16th occurred at a junction called Moor’s Cross Roads, which has furnished it with a second name. BENTONSVILLE, N. C. MABon 19 AND 20, 1865. UnionieU^ under General Sherman^ about 65,000 {force engaged in first day^a battle^ less than 80,000). Total loss, from 1,500 to 2,000. Disunionists, under General Johnston, from 40,000 to 45,000. Total loss, 8,000, From Averysboro’, Sherman turned his column toward Bentons- ville, a small village lying due east of the former point, and distant therefrom eighteen miles. Johnston seeing on one hand that Raleigh was safe, and on the other that his chance of breaking up the Union army was rapidly diminishing, came down from Smith- field and took position at Bentonsville, extending his line across the front of that village. On the morning of the 19th, at a point three miles below the latter place and twelve from Cox’s bridge on the Neuse, Carlin’s division of the fourteenth corps, skirmishing in advance, encoun- tered and drove in the enemy’s cavalry videttes. They fell back till they reached a lino of works, from which a few guns opened briskly. Carlin quickly brought the brigades of Buell and Hobart into line, and moved out on the left of the road, to attempt to tnrn the rebel fiank. But the foe was found strongly posted, and return- ed a heavy fire. Morgan’s division now came up, took position on the right of the road, and both divisions of the fourteenth corps being deployed, the enemy was discovered in full and strong force, well intrenched in hasty defenses on the farms of Morris and Cole, fully prepared to resist all olfensive operations made by their oppo- nents. Carlin and Morgan fought the enemy, hut without success. Slocum therefore hurried the twentieth corps forward as fast as pos- sible and soon led Jackson’s division into the line on the left of the road. Ward advanced briskly; and Dunstan’s and Case’s brigades were added to the left, while Coggswell was sent over to support the fourteenth corps. '■ '■ ‘"I’ ;/ , " :- ■'!/■'■■ V. JEFFERSON C. DAVIS, ( ( Brijr.-Cen. born in 1830, cntoreO IIk; volnnl.cur anny as a private, in j the Mexiean A\''ar (1st Indiana Vols.), at tlie age of 1 (!. Ajipointed 2d-Lient. 1st Art., U. S. A., June 17, 1SJ8 ; Ist-Licnt., h'eb. 2!), 1852 ; took part in { defence of Fort Sninter, April, ISOI ; Q. 1\1. and ( hnn. of Sujijdic's at Indian- | ' apolis, April to Jnly, 18G1 ; Fnpt. Art., U. S. A., May 14, 1841 ; Col. 22d ( Ind. Vols., Ang.,; 1861 ; comniandant at Jell'erson City, Oct., 1861; Brig-.- ( Gen. Yols., Dec., 1861; served under Dope in AV'inler of 1861-2; undi'r / Curtis, at Tx'banon, Springfield and I’ea llidgc ; in the last batlle, IMareli 7-8, | 1 862, connnanded 3d Div. Atevaenatiou of (loiinlh, j\Iay 30,1862, with { Gen. Bnell's Army of the Ohio. Si']it. 28, 1862, had a (piarrel with Major- J Gen. N'elson, and shot him ; arrested, bill released, for this. Oct. 21, t8()2, | commanded center Division of McCook’s Corps at Stone River. Dec. 31-Jan. ( 2, 1863, pursued and routed Bebids at Fort Donolson ; Fell., 1863, coniinand- j ed at 'rriune, 'I’enn., IMarch, 1863, and again took command of his Divi.sion in 1 jiursuit of Bragg, June, 1863 ; in battle of Chickamanga, Sept. 19 and 20, { 1863, and in attack at Mission Ridge, Xov. 2:1, 1863 ; served in Atlanta ( campaign, with distinction; Ang. 1, 1864, was ajipointed to command 14th J, Army Corps, and in tlie subseijiient camjiaigns of Savannali and the Caroli- i lias, his corps formed onedialf of (ten. Sloeimi’s left wing of the Army.' i BentonsvUle, N'. C. 615 About noon, Carlin led Buell out to the left to turn the enemy’s flank ; but the latter, detecting the movement in its inception, sal- lied from his intrenchments and fell witli overwhelming force upon the attacking party, driving it more than a mile through the swamps, and capturing three guns and 400 prisoners. At length the entire lino was broken and driven Imck. But Slocum handsomely rallied his troops from the confusion into which this sudden assault had thrown them, and made a new disposition of his forces. The lino when re-formed at two p.m. w'as about two miles long. A hasty defense of rails and earth was thrown up, and they awaited the coming foe. Encouraged by this stroke of fortune, the enemy again swept upon the Federal line and engaged in intrepid and desperate fight- ing. During the day, five grand charges were made by the rebels, hut the ranks of steel never wavered. The prestige of victory that went with the banner of freedom paralyzed the arm of the foe, and they struggled in vain. At dawn, the “ fate of the day trembled in the balance;” but at night, after a hotly contested engagement, the Unionists held the battle-field. In the morning’s repulse they lost 400 prisoners; they captured, however, nearly 700. The Federal loss was estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000 ; that of the enemy at 3,000. At daybreak of the 20th, Slocum’s other two divisions, Geary’s and Bard’s, and Ilazen’s division of the fifteenth corps (the heroes of Fort McAllister), marched upon the field, having been all night upon the road. General Howard, with Logan’s and Blair’s corps, camp up on the right, and at twelve o’clock Sherman’s lino con- fronted the rebel general. The latter at once made new disposi- tions, still clinging to the cross-roads, which allowed Slocum to go to the Goldsboro’ road. Both wings of the Union army rushed forward to the strife. Davis i)ressed proini)IIy up to the new rebel lino ; Logan and Blair bore down ujion the right. Johnston re- sisted stubbornly ; though the day’s contest did not equal in inten- sity the battle of the 19th. But, borne down by overwhelming numbers, the rebels abandoned line after line, and at nightfall evacuated their position, retreated on Smithfield, and gave up the contest for Goldsboro’. The next day, Sherman’s army marched to the latter point, which Schofield had already occupied. 31 616 Petersburg, Va. PETERSBURG, VA. (FOIIT 8TEDMAN, ETC.) Maecu 25 TO 27, 1865. XJnionintt, under Generals Grant and Meade ; force employed^ not far from 40,000. Killed, 180 ; wounded, 1,240 ; missing, 990. Total loss, 2,410. Disunionists, under General Let, total force, about 67,000 — of fighting men, estimated at 50,000. Killed and wounded, about 2,200; jjrison ers, 2,800. Total lose, nearly 6,000. The ominous silence which had brooded over Petersburg for several weeks, was at length suddenly broken by a vigorous assault of the foe. March 25th, in the dim twilight of morning, three divisions under the rebel General Gordon silently and promptly formed for a charge. The proper dispositions of the several divisions and brigades hav- ing been carefully made, the order “Forward!” rang along the line, and like a single man the living mass moved on to the strife. Without sounding the note of alarm, the rebel troops reached the line of works thrown up for the protection of their skirmish- ers. At a given signal they rushed over the intrenchnients and rapidly cutting gaps in their own chenaux de /rise, pressed on with a frantic shout toward the Federal line. The attack fell upon the ninth corps ; and the skirmish lino, completely surprised by an almost overwhelming force, gave way before support could reach it. The rebels pressed on with renewed vigor, and succeeded in severing the Union lino at a point to the right of Fort Stedman. Peaching the opposing abattis they poured in a terrific volley ; while their pioneers, under a heavy return fire, cut a sufficient open- ing for the passage of their troops. In a few minutes the Federal main lino was forced, a breach being made to thef left of Fort Stedman. Breaking through at the latter point, the enemy passed round a traveled road and captured the fort by charging from tho rear, through tho regular entrance. So rapidly was this accom- plished, that tho officer in command of tho fort. Major Randall, to- gether with General McLaughlin and 600 of his men were taken prisoners. The enemy now turned the guns of the captured fort against tho rest of the line, and compelled tho abandonment of Mortar Bat- tery 10, Battery 9 on its right, and Battery 11 on its left. The foo dashed into these and opened fire upon the fleeing Unionists. Fort Hascall, however, soon checked tho onward rush of the rebels. But tho Federal force was now so attenuated that it was in groat Petersburg^ Va. 617 danger of a very serious calamity. At this juncture General Ilart- ranft’s division came to the rescue, and promptly forming for action moved on to recapture the lost ground. At the same time all the Union batteries were massed upon Fort Stedman. A tremendous cannonade burst forth, to whieh the enemy quickly responded, hurling fearful volleys upon the assaulting party as they charged up to the fort. The resistance of the foe was obstinate, and at first checked Ilartranft’s progress, inflicting upon him a loss of 200 kill- ed and wounded. But soon the huge batteries thundering on the rebel line, and the determined advance of the Federal infantry on every side, rolled back the tide of battle, and the enemy’s ranks melted away like men of mist. They fell back into the fort, and then beyond the fort, down the hill, abandoning all the guns they had captured, in their desperate efibrts to regain their own lines. The Federal guns opening with renewed vigor upon the fugitives, prevented a large part of the retreating force from escaping from the fort; 1,758 of their number were made prisoners. The total rebel loss at this point was 2,500. At half-past eight the engagement was ended. Two hours later General Gordon sent over a flag of truce, proposing to bury the dead. It was promptly acceded to. No more firing occurred at this point during the day ; hut at night heavy musketry again rang out upon the air, occasioned by the Unionists going out to repair the abattis in front of Fort Stedman. The troops on the left of the Union line had meanwhile been put in motion to repel the attack on the ninth corps. But, before tea o’clock, it was known that the conflict was over and the line re-es- tablished. In order to prepare for a possible assault on the left, and to reap some advantage from the signal repulse of the rebels on the right, the entire army was ordered forward. By eleven o’clock the thunder of artillery and the sharp crack of musketry again reverberated through the air. Wright’s sixth corps, and Humphrey’s second, moved out on the left against the enemy’s intrenched picket line, which was far advanced from the main line of works. Rushing forward with exultant cheering, the sixth corps, which formed the assaulting column, charged the rebel position with great gallantry and success, entering and occupying the line. But the foe becoming aware of the weakness of the at- tacking party, massed a large and overwhelming force, and the Unionists were compelled to fall back to their original position. The artillery in the different forts had by this time become hotly 618 Petersburg^ Fa. engaged witli the rebel batteries. Shells were screaming through the air ; and away to the left, volleys of musketry told that the second corps had entered the conflict. A stronger attacking line was required, and reinforcements were hurried rapidly forward. These having arrived, and the lino being fully formed, the bugles rang forth the charge. From the parapet of Fort Fisher the blue crossed flag waved in the breeze, and from tlio thousands of valorous men came back a joyful cheer as they swept onward. The batteries on both sides were vigorously plied, and not many minutes elapsed ere the sharper ring of small-arms mingled in the din of battle. The line was fast closing on the rebel position — a few minutes must decide the contest. Another cheer from the Union troops, and a simultaneous discharge of musketry from both sides, and the works were reached. Colo- nel B. F. Smith, of the One Hundred and Twenty-second Ohio Volunteers, and Major Clifton K. Prentiss, of the Sixth Maryland Volunteers, were the first to dash within the rebel lines. Scores of the enemy, upon seeing the Federal troops enter, threw down their arms and gave themselves up as prisoners of war. TJie whole number captured was reported at 420. The Union loss was from 300 to 400. About half-past two p.m., the enemy attempting to retake his in- trenehments came down upon the sixth corps in a fierce attack, which was continued in desultory fighting till night. Two hours later a similar attack fell upon the second corps, and hero the Union troops were equally successful in repelling the assaults. Darkness closed over the scene with the Federal lines still advanced ; and though the ground had been fiercely contested, the day was theirs. Firing at intervals continued through the night; but at dawn all was quiet. The result of the day was the thorough defeat of the enemy’s plans, the taking of the strongly intrenched picket-line under the artillery fire of his main works, aud the capture of ten battle-flags and 2,800 prisoners. On the 2Gth, at daybreak, there was a sharp skirmish between the pickets of the first division of the ninth corps and their oppo- nents, but it soon died away. At night it was resumed, and con- tinued for several hours The following morning. General Getty’s division of the sixth corps was suddenly attacked by 400 rebel sharp-shooters. About four o’clock A.M. his pickets were surprised by a volley from the Petershirg, QuaJcer Hoad, etc., Va. G19 enemj, when the latter instantly rushed forward, forcing the pickets back a short distance. For some time the firing was rapid and intense. Preparations having been previously made to repel any attack, reinforcements were speeding their way to the threatened point. Soon after their arrival, a short but severe cng.agcment en- sued, the rebels being forced hack with considerable los.s, and the line re-c.stablishcd. A truce afterward prevailed. The spring campaign at Petersburg was thus inaugurated. The attack by the enemy, dangerous in its intent and successful in its inception, happily for the Union cause, resulted in disastrous failure. Many conjectures were made as to the inducements tliat incited the bold experiment of attacking the Federal lines, but further developments justified the opinion tliat tlie attack of Leo on Fort Stedman was made to cover his designed retreat from the Con- federate capital. PETERSBURG, QUAKER ROAD, BOYDTON ROAD, AlfD FIVE FORKS, VA. March 2(> to April 1, 1865. XTnionifitfs^ under General Grant; force employed^ not far from 100,000 — number chiefly engaged^ about 50,000. Total lofifiee^ about 7,000. DisunionuUy under Oenetutl Lee; number of fighting meHy over 50,000. 7’otal losses, estimated at from 12,000 to 15,000. Soon after the failure of I.ec’s attack on Fort Stedman, evi- dences of his intended retrograde multiplied. Sheridan accord- ingly hurried through to the left of the Union lines, and Grant prepared to strike the enemy before he should abandon his capital. March 26th, Sheridan’s cavalry reached City Point, and the fol- lowing day took position in Gregg’s old cavalry camp on the left and rear of Grant’s army. A few hours later, orders were received at the hospitals for the removal of the sick and wounded to City Point; and at midnight the entire Army of the Potomac was put under marching orders. The next day, March 28th, was devoted to preparations for the grand movement; and, the 29th, the army got in motion. The movement was a simple repetition of what had been many times previously attempted, and as often failed in its execution, namely, an elFort to turn the enem)'’s right by overlap- ping it, and to seize the Southside Railroad. Sheridan’s command took the extreme left, and made a wide detour to Diuwiddie Court House. AVarren’s fifth corps came next, followed by Ilumpbrey’s second. The sixth and ninth corps still held the lines around 620, Petersburg^ Quaker Poad, etc., Va, Petersburg, On tlie 27th, troops were selected from the Twenty- fourth and Twenty-fiftli corps — ^Ord’s Army of the Janies — and tho same niglit marched across the river, leaving the remainder of the two corps to garrison tho Federal position north of the James. Old’s troops reached Meade’s headquarters at noon of the 28tli, and early on the following morning moved into the lines vaeated simul- taneously by the detachment of the Army of the Potomac. Thus the Union lines were preserved intact around Petersburg, wliiletho cavahy and the fifth and sixth corps were ready for active marching. At six o’clock in tho morning of tho 29th, the cavalry took up its line of march on the Jerusalem jdank-road to Reams’ Station on the Weldon Railroad. General Crook led the advance; General Custer lironght up tho rear and guarded tho trains. At half-past nine they reached Rowanty Creek at Malone’s Rridgo and found the latter conqdetely destroyed. Tho creek was so difficult of ap- jiroach, from tho swampy nature of the country, as not to be ford- able. Accordingly the column was delayed four houi's for. tho reconstruction of the bridge. Then tho advance division crossed, and pushed on rapidly for Dinwiddle, leaving the rest of the com- mand to follow. Tho march was again retarded by tho bad condi- tion of the roads, and the trains were deeply mired. On arriving within a short distance of tho point of destination, they encountered the Sixteenth North Carolina Independent Bat- talion, numbering about eighty. This lawless band attempted to check farther advance by skirmishing freely and felling trees across tho road ; but they were quickly dispersed by a charge of the Twen- ty-first Pennsylvania, of Gregg’s division. A few rebels were taken prisoners. Tho town was now occupied and communication opened with the infantry on the right. Rain commenced falling at night and continued through the following day. The roads were rendered imi)assahlc, and tho trains could not proceed ; consequently a largo part of Sheridan’s command was employed in guarding them. Tho rest moved up tho Boydton road, according to a previously con- certed plan of action. Meanwhile the infantry advance of Meade, comprising the fifth and second corps of the Army of tho Potomac, was progressing favorably. The positions occupied by tho different corps before the advance was as follows : the left of tlie sixth extended to Hatcher’s Run. The second extended down the run, from tho left of the latter, at nearly a right angle, nntil reaching the Vaughan Petersburg^ Quaker Poad^ etc., Va. ■C21 road. Tho ;Sft^ corps was subst.antially in reserve, and extended back at a right angie rr^'in the left of the second, in rear of the sixth. Botli corps were thrown across Hatcher’s Run, the second on tlie Vauglian road, and the fifth or 2 _ the Halifax road. Very soon the former corps were thrown into posuion along the route from Hatcher’s Run to Gravelly Run. Intrenchments (vere speed- ily thrown uj) to guard against an attack from the foe; hut they cv- jieared little dispo.sed to oiler resistance, and the few jiickcts aban- doned the [lositions where they had previously delayed the rcdcral troops by skirmishing. BATTLE OF QUAKER ROAD. The fifth corps crossed Hatcher’s Run without encountering re- sistance. The old battle ground was passed in perfect quiet. Grif- fin now led the advance, with Crawford next, and Ayer’s next. Their route was along the old stage-road in the direction of Din- widdie, until reaching the Quaker road, when the column turned ahruptl}' to the right. About nine o’clock a connection was formed between the left of the second corps and the right of the fifth corps. At Gravelly Run tli^ latter encountered opposition for the first time. A rebel cavalry vidette resisted their crossing, hut were re- pulsed after a short skirmish. The Federal trooiis were soon drawn lip in position, awaiting the attack of the enemy. The prepara- tions were completed; and, about three r.M., Hushrod Johnson’s division came down and attacked the Union skirmishers, quickly driving them in, and hurst with heavy force upon Grifiin’s division. Several powerful batteries were at once brought to hear iqion the foe. Crawford and Ayers were quickly moved into position. A brief, but sharp and terrific conflict ensued, resulting in the defeat of the enemy and his withdrawal to his original position. The total loss in the 5th corps was about 600. The rebel loss was about the same. The above engagement terminated the operations on the 29th. But during the night a tremendous cannonade broke out on the right of the Federal line around Petersburg, lasting three hours. Shells were hurled across from the ojqiosing batteries in rapid suc- cession. The rebels attempting a recounoitering movement, showed a Column in front of their works, which they were forced to cover, and the cannonading was carried on with the utmost fierceness. On both side.s, it was accepted as a vail for the great movements going on within the respective lines. Few troops charged, and 022 Petersburg^ Boydton Planic-Poad, etc., Vd. tlio casualties were not lieavj on eitlicr side. On Thursday, the 20tli, the Union force was again moved toward the left; though the storm greatly im[)edcd operations. Turner’s division of Gib- bon’s twenty-fourth corps advancing down the Vaughan road crossed riatcher’s Ytun, and diverging to the right, made a connec- tion with I'ne right wing of the second corps. This junction was (dSected with very little firing and no fighting whatever. A bri- gade of Foster’s division then moved out, and connected with Tur- ner’s right, making the lino of the twenty-fourth again ('ompleto. Field- w'orks were thrown up, and with some skirmishing, this dis- position was thoroughly accomi)lishcd. lilarly in the morning Sheridan connected bis right with Warren’s left near the Uoydton plank-road. West of the latter is a road running to Five Forks, on which General Merritt pushed forward a portion of Lis corps. The advance — General Devins’ brigade — soon encountered the rebel cavalry, which was promptly driven back in great confusion. The enemy’s infantry in turn drove back the Federal cavalry, and the latter pushed out once more to find the rebel left. They wore soon con fronted* by a heavy infantry force under command of General Fickett, which extended from White Oak road to Hatcher’s Run. The Federal cavalry was thus checked at all points and retired to Dinwiddic to await co-operating movements. The main body of the Union army in the mean time prepared for the great contest of the 31st. Ayi'es’ division w'as moved across the Boydton road as far as the White Oak road ; Griffin and Crawford followed. The second corps also advanced to a i)osition where it could plainly see the enemy’s main works. Birney’s and Foster’s divisions also pushed forward and occupied the rebel picket lines after a very sharp skirmish. Artillery was used at several points by the enemy. The Federal loss for the day was less than 200. I'he close of operations on the 30th left the Union troops in possession of the Boydton road, with the right of the fifth and left of second corps meeting in the vicinity of the Quaker road. Sheri- dan continued to cover the left fiank, and remained at Dinwiddic. UOYDTON i'la.nk:-i;o.\d, etc. The 31st opened cold and lowering; nature seemed in sympathy with the scenes of blood and misery the day was to inaugurate, but the Federal forces all moved forward steadily and cheei-fully. Tlieir object was to possess the strategic position known as Five Forks, the carrying of which would turn the right flank of the foe. Early 623 Petersburg, Boydlon Planlc-Road, etc., Va. Friday morning, "Warren began to move bia command, and sent Griffin’s division a short distance above tlie Quaker road, to pro- ceed by the left flank down the Boydton road to a point where it was to mass behind the divisions of Crawford and Ayres, for an advance on the "White Oak road. About eight o’clock the latter division was sent toward Dabney House, with Crawford support- ing, and Griffin in the rear. Ayres had proceeded half a mile be- yond the plank-road, and crossed a branch of Gravelly Eun, when the rebel skirmishers fired upon the troops, and then fell back upon their main works. A rapid and destructive fire was then opened upon Ayres’ advance, which broke and fell to the rear. The enemy rushing from his w'orks charged desperately upon Ayres’ division ; the troops resisted stubbornly ; but flesh and blood could not with- stand the impetuous onset of the foe. Their columns, handled with masterly skill, swept the field, and two divisions of the fifth corps were driven back to the Boydton road. A cloud of ill-fortuuo and uncertainty thus rested over the grand movement. Meantime the enemy, having so successfully repelled the infantry advance, attempted to cut off the cavalry. The movement of the fifth cori)S, terminating so disasti'ously, greatly exposed Sheridan’s troops, and checked the proposed advance on Five Forks. Soon after noon, the rebels attacked Smith’s brigade, which with Davies’ and Briggs’ brigades were supporting and holding the left of Sheridan’s lines. A few prisoners were taken on both sides, but the Union troops held their ground. The enemy next directed an attack upon Davies’ brigade, which held a bridge across Stony Creek. It stubbornly resisted, but the rebels forded the creek, flanked the brigade, and forced it back with heavy loss. Having crossed the ford, they attacked Sheridan’s left center in heavy force, and drove it back. The commands were forced into jiew positions as rapidly as |)03sible and reinforcements hurried for- ward. By five o’clock, the greater part of both divisions had been repulsed and driven back several miles to the Boydton road. The enemy, being heavily reinforced, again swept forward with a furi- ous charge, cheering and gallantly advancing, but they now en- countered the entire Feder.al cavalry. Desperate fighting took place here. Again and again the enemy rushed upon the troops in im- petuous charge, but they quickly closed up every rent made in their l anks and stood as compact as iron. Finding that the line could not be penetrated, the I'ebcls retired to the woods. The fifth corps did not pause long on the Boydton road, but 21 * G24 Petersburg^ Five Forks^ etc.^ Vet. rallied when the foe desisted from the pursuit, and advanced upon the ground it had abandoned. The enemy being chiefly engaged witli the cavalry, fell back before the Unionists, and the entire lost ground was regained. Simultaneously with the successful advance of this corps, two divisions of tho second moved forward. They were quickly met by a heavy fire, and dashed into one of tho hottest engagements of tho day. The blood-red tide of battle surged to and fro : tho Unionists assaulted fiercely; tho enemy resisted. stubbornly, but at length withdrew, and tho corps advanced three fourths of a mile. About 150 prisoners wore captured; the cavalry and tho fifth corps together took 200. On the right of tho second corps, a detachment of the twenty-fourth corps was thrown forward to co-operate with the general advance of tho morning. They carried the enemy’s thin picket in their front and captured 189 prisoners. The results of the day were, upon tho whole, a success to tho foe. The Union army was driven back from its advanced position, and its plans completely foiled. But its numerical force and tho admi- rable handling of the many batteries in the field-works checked tho foe in turn, and compelled his withdrawal. The Federal losses on the whole lino were from 2,500 to 3,000. The Oonfoderato losses were not so severe. FIVE FOIiKS. The groat events of tho ever-memorable Saturday, April 1st, 18(15, were initiated at an early hour of tho day by an attack of the enemy upon h lino of tho twenty-fourth corps. Tho night of 31st was rife with activity; tho National troops applied themselves vigorously to tho construction of works, and made every prepara- tion for the approaching attack. Tho first gray of tho dawn was appearing in tho east, when General Foster ordered Danby to put his brigade under arms. Just as tho troops were forming in line, tho enemy made an unexpected dash upon tho works; such was the celerity and silence of the advance, that tho rebel battle-flag Avas already floating on tho Federal parapets as Danby 's troops lined them. A short hand-^to-hand encounter ensued, eventuating in tho repulse of tho foe. Soon after the grand dispositions for the day began. Grant as- signed the command of all tho cavalry and tho fifth corps of infan- try to Sheridan, believing that this was tho surest means of pre- venting the recurrenee of tho recent disaster. TIio latter now con- trolled nearly four divisions of cavalry, and three of infantry — a GEN SHERIDAN AT THE BATTLEOFFIVE FORKS « Petersburg y Five ForJes^ etc., Fa. G27 force not far from 30,000, and of double the strength which the jebels could concentrate against him at Five Forks; while the en- tire Union army threatened the whole length of the protracted line from Dinwiddio to Petersburg. The cavalry started for their appointed positions at daybreak of Saturday, Custer and Devins slowly driving the enemy toward the left of their works on the White Oak road. These divisions now dismounted and fought with carbines. The brigades of Gregg and Mackenzie were kept in the saddle in order to move with greater rapidity on the flank of the rebels. With masterly skill, Slieridan pressed his men steadily up to the enemy’s intrenchments on every side. The foe retreated with slow pace through the broken coun- try to liis main position, delivering a withering fire upon the Union- ists — making fearful havoc in their ranks. But the stern battalions never wavered. Like a pillar of fire the great military leader guided on his legions to victory, his presence a tower of strength to his command, a consuming fire to his adversary. Gradually the forces were all brought into position, with a division or more well round upon the enemy’s flank and rear, the rest pressing slowly and with heavy loss upon the front of their works. After the repulse of the previous day, the fifth corps had moved to the Butler House, and thence on the road toward Foi'd’s Station. About three o’clock, Saturday, r.M., this corps was ordered forward to sup[)ort the cav- alry, and marched till it halted facing obliquely the White Oak road, with Ayres on the left, Crawford in the center, Griffin on the right. The corps was now maneuvered so as to execute what cus- tom has allowed to be a “left wheel” of the battle line, Ayres’ division being a kind of pivot, with Griffin on the outer flank. Very little regularity, however, was observed in this movement. 'I’ho I'obcls fell back stubboi'iily ; but at five o’clock, fully compre- hending tlieir dangerous situation, made a sudden and decisive stand. AVith huzzas that rent the skies they rushed to battle. For two hours the terrific conflict raged with unabated fury. Clouds of Federal cavalry pressed on one flank, while the mass of infantry boro down on the other. The enemy w'ero numerically weak, but fought with a gallantry worthy of a nobler cause. Strongly intrenched and with battery in position, they pourod a deadly fire upon the valorous columns. The slaughter was fearful, wide gaps were made in the shivering lines at every discharge, but as the lightning-riven cloud closes swiftly again, so did the heroic men close over every rent made by the destructive battery. Still 628 Petersburg and Piehmond, Fa. the storm of battle grew wilder, wave after .wave of destruction swept over the devoted band, till they staggered back from the iii- treiichmcnts appalled ; and now it seemed that the contest would again culminate in disaster to the Federal army. But the gallant Sheridan, scorning a failure, resolutely determined to avert impend- ing danger. Lending his personal presence to all parts of the field, ho cheered, urged, and impelled his forces. Infusing his own lion- hearted courage into the troops, tliey struggled forward, and at lengtii surrounded the ballled foe on every side, completely exhaust- ing him. Cheering exultantly they swarmed over his parapets and planted the Stars and Stripes that again proclaimed the National arms triumphant. The enemy, weary and decimated, and well convinced of the utter hopelessness of further resistance, broke to the rear through the only outlet remaining to liim. Sheridan’s overwhelming forces immediately rushed upon the foe, and another 'fierce struggle en- sued. At half-[)ast seven the roar of battle died away, and peace- ful quiet succeeded. Four tliousand prisoners, six cannon, an am- bulance and baggage train, several thousand muskets, and twenty or thirty flags were the fruits of the blood-bought victory. The Federal losses were roughly estimated at from 2,600 to 4,000. The enemy’s loss exclusive of prisoners was reported at 3,000, which would make his total loss 7,000. PETEESBURG AND RICHMOND, VA. April 2 and 3, 1865. Uninnints^ under General Grant; force employed^ not far from 100 , 00 ^; troope^ chiefly engaged^ about 70 , 000 ; losaee reported at nearly 8 , 000 . DieunionhU^ under General Lee ; entire ejfective force^ estimated at 52 , 000 ; num^ her of fighting men^ about 42 , 000 . Killed and wounded^ not > eported ; mis^ftiig^ about 9 , 000 . AnouT nine o’clock the joyful tidings of Sheridan’s success reached Grant’s headquarters. In order to co-operate with Sheri- dan, a general cannonade was ordered along the front. It opened at ten o’clock, and resulted in a terrific artillery action unsurpassed during the siege. While the cannonade was raging, dispositions were made for the grand assault on Petersburg, which was to begin at four o’clock on the morning of April 2d. The ninth corps was posted in the old' works of the Army of the Potomac, and held a line Petersburg and Richmond, Fa. 631 extending from the Appomattox to tlie Weldon Eailroad, a dis- tance of five miles, confronted at all points by the strongest -works tf the rebels, mounted with the heaviest artillery. These consti- tuted the opposing lines, the strengthening and perfecting of which had occupied the contending armies for many months, and be- tween these linos all the battles had been fought occurring in front of Petersburg. The sixth corps was massed in front of the Union forts Welch and Fisher, Wheaton’s division holding the right, Getty’s the center, and Seymour’s the left. The second corps was in advance of the other two, and was to aim the first blow at the enemy. Its divisions were arranged with the bri- gades running from right to left, a battery being assigned to each division. Two divisions of the twenty -fourth corps were brought up in support of the sixth corps, and charged with it. At half- past three the troops were formed and in position, the three divi- sions of the sixth, under Getty, Wheaton, and Seymour, constituting the assaulting column. Suddenly a bright flash leaped out into the darkness, and a loud report rolled through the air. A minute elapsed and a similar sound came from the right, telling that the signal was understood, and the ninth corps ready. Again there was silence for a brief in- terval, and the sound of artillery firing was heard. But now, instead of the discharge of a single gun, it was the mingled report of scores. The shrill scream and sharp report of shells alternated with the savage, whirring sound of i-ifled pieces. The sharp crack of musketry soon announced that Getty’s magnificent division was pressing the rebels. The sounds increased in volume ; and, blend- ed with them, were the cheers of his valiant men. The dashing Wheaton had already pushed his division forward ; when, from the enemy’s line opposite Fort Welch, hostile batteries commenced liurling solid shot and shell at random in the darkness. Seymour, ■with heroic courage, urged forward the veterans of the third divi- sion against the thundering batteries, and then all was chaotic confusion : smoke and darkness, pierced by innumerable tongues of liquid fire ; the heavy roar of artillery ; the crack of musketry ; and, mingled with all, the cheers of the combatants. Daylight dawned slowly to the anxious spectators, whose hearts, how- ever, had already been relieved by noticing that one by one of tho rebel guns ceased firing, and the musketry receded, while tho cheering, often swelling into long, loud shouts of triumph, grad- ually died away in the distance. General Wright, the leading 602 Petersburg and Pichmond, Va. corps commander, liad boldly asserted that he would go through the foe like a knife, and liis prediction was verified; for the main line of the enemy’s was seized, together with huudreds of prison- ers, numerous pieces of artillery, many battle-flags, and other l)roperty. The achievement was complete and triumphant, and the first rays of the morning sun fell upon the flags of the divi- sions, as they floated buoyantly over the ramparts of the captured forts. To retain what they laid already gained necessitated farther conquest. For this j)Ur|)ose, the third division was deployed to the left. From foi ts and other parts of tlio line the infuriated foe were rapidly firiitg ; these forts must be captured, and the guns si- lenced. Two brigades were then pushed forward, and General Wright, after assuring himself of the safety of other parts of the line, directed his attention to active operations going on toward the left. Seymour continued advancing, and after a spirited encounter, broke through to the Southside Railroad, and com- menced tearing it up. Here ho found the twenty-fourth corps, which, between the sixth and second, had been equally fortunate. The right division of the second corps and the two divisions of the twenty-fourth had captured about 1,000 prisoncr.s and many guns. Tlie entire line was now pressing in toward Petersburg — • the twenty-fourth marching in to the support of the sixth, and Wheaton pressing on to the aid of the ninth. The l ebels, from a strong position, opened a hot and de.struc- tive fire ui)on the Unionists; but, after a hard struggle, suc- cumbed,— their leader. General A. P. Kill, having fallen with many of his most valued officers. At eleven o’clock the hardest fighting was done, and, with brief pause, the lines were once more gathered, and the twenty-fourth, second, and sixth again formed for a final attack on the city. Artillery was put in motion, and soon the b.attle raged with even greater intensity than in the morning. The enemy seemed determined to defend their forts to the last, but nothing could resist the tried valor of Wright’s troops. The long lines were gradually closed on the forts, and the garrisons compelled to yield to inevitable circumstances. The contest continued till nearly nightfall, and the Union troops added largely to their captures of men and artillery. At dark, the sixth corps rested its left close to the Appomattox, south of the city, having captured 2,000 prisoners and 20 guns. But the ninth corps was engaged in the severest fighting, and Petershitrg and liicJunondy Fa. C.33 suffered the heaviest losses of the day. Wilcox’s division, on the right, extended from the Appomattox to Fort Emory, a distance of two miles. The divisions of Porter and Uartranft filled the intervening space to the Weldon Railroad, a distance of three miles more. On the previous night, during the heavy cannonade, Wilcox made a demonstration on his extreme right, in order to draw as many of the rebels as possible in that direction, and thus assist the attacks phanned for the next morning. All the artillery on that part of the line was ordered into play, and the skirmish line advanced. They moved steadily forward, and soon the sharp volleys of musketry indicated their approach to the rebel lines ; the artillery on the heights behind them fired more briskly, the shells shrieking through the air over their heads. Then the en- emy’s batteries awoke, and the din of battle was fearful. Amid the wild confusion skirmishers still advanced, meeting with so little opposition that they were enabled to cross the enemy’s lines, enter their works, capture a number of prisoners, and finally ad- vance into the outskirts of the town, where they met a body of rebel troops hastily concentrating to defend the east of the city. A brisk engagement was fought, but the overwhelming numbers of the foe compelled the skirmishers to fall back to their own lines. The following morning, at four o’clock, the ninth corps ad- vanced simultaneously with the sixth. The men itioved quietly and in perfect order. A painful interval of suspense followed. Presently a report is heard — another, and then a volley breaks upon the .air. Hearty cheers mingle with the roar of musketry. The flash of the latter discloses the positions. Instantly the artil- lery of both sides is at work, and two hundred guns belch forth their thunder tones of anger. All other sounds arc lost in the deep reverberation of the cannon. But the work is done. The gall.ant leader orders a charge, and his troops dash over breast- works, rifle-pits, abattis, chevaux de fvue^ and the parapet of the fort into the main work, and capture 250 ])risonera. Fine guns were also taken, and immediately turned upon the rebel batteries. Scarcely was this g.allant achievement accomplished, when the enemy, having reorganized and secured some reinforcements, came up with determined effort to retake the fort. They assaulted desperately, standing up manfully against terrific discharges of grape and canister and withering volleys of musketry ; but their heroic efforts were fruitless. The brave little garrison .stood their g'ound obstinately, while the artillery of all the Union forts sent GH i Petersburg and Richmond^ Va. forf.h tlioir murderous fire. At length the rebel line wavered, hrolce, and fell hack in confusion. Fonrtitnes subsequently during the day did they attempt to retake the position, but were each time repelled in disorder. Meantime the sixth and twenty-fourth corps, having broken through the rebel lines in their front, were coming down upon their rear and flank in rapid march. The fall of Petersburg was now a certainty. The enemy, however, had lost far less in killed and wounded than their antagonists; since the latter, facing a galling fire, had charged elaborate breast-works — breast-works so strong that, had not their garrisons been fatally weakened by sending troops against Sheridan, they might never have been car- ried by storm. But the enemy had lost fearfully in prisoners, probably from 7,000 to 10,000. On Sunday afternoon, Lee, finding his army, after a gallant and thorough battle, no longer able to maintain its positions, gavo orders for the evacuation of both Kiciiniond and Petersburg, 'fliis was accomplished the same night; and early the following morning the Federal forces pushed into the doomed cities. At four o’clock on the morning of the 3d, Colonel Ely, of Wilcox’s division, reported his brigade in Petersburg. The First Michi- gan Sharpshooters, leading the skirmishers, and pressing hard upon the rear of the rebel forces, were the first to enter the long- fought-for city. Several thousand prisoners, one hundred pieces of artillery, including siege-guns of all calibers, immense ware- houses filled with army supplies, battle-flags, army wagons, camp and garrison e(|uipage, horses, mules, etc., beyond estimate, were the fruits of the gloriously achieved victory. The Confederate capital surrendered to General Weitzel at seven o’clock on the morning of the 3d. The captures there were even more important. Six thousand prisoners, 5,000 stands of arms, and 500 cannon fell into the hands of the Unionists. The rebels fired the city in their precipitate flight, and nearly one third of it was destroyed before the flames were arrested. Thus ended the terrible series of struggles for the possession of the chief fortress of tlie Confederacy. 'With its capture fell the last of the enemy’s strongholds in the Atlantic States. The hy- dra-headed monster of the rebellion lay writhing in the dust: tlie fatal blow had been dealt ; and it was plain that, after a few more desperate throes, the hideous offspring of treason must expire. The glorious event was heralded throughout the Korth as the 635 Salisbury [HT. ( 7 .), etc. triumpliant signal of an early peace; and the rejoicings which fol- lowed were unequaled by any that had occurred before for nearly half a century. SALISBURY (U. C.), ETC. (Stoneman’a Raid.) March 14 to April 14, 18C5. VnionUU^ under General Stonemnn., nhoui 4,000 Loftfiee not reported. DieunioniRt!^., under General TF. M. Gardine!\ et id. Largest force engaged^ about 3,000 ; killed and icoundedy not reported ; pr'-isont-rs., about 1,800. The great cavalry column which left Knoxville, Tenn., on the 10th of March, struck the East Tennessee Road on the 14th at "Wytheville, Christianhurg, and Salem, Va. Between these places thirty-three bridges were burned and twenty-five miles of railroad track destroyed. Many prisoners were taken and large quantities of corn and other stores burned. April Gth, Stoncman moved ria Jacksonville, Danbury, and ifacksville; arriving at six o’clock a m. on the 12tli at Grant’s Creek, the rebel line of defense three miles in front of Salisbury, K. C. At this point he found 3,000 rebel troops, under General Gardiner, and fourteen jiieces of artillery commanded by Colonel Pemberton. As soon as proper dispositions could bo made, a gen- eral charge was ordered along tlie lino. The enemy resisted feebly, and soon falling back, the Federal troops entered Salisbury. Hero they captured 1,3G4 prisoners, 14 pieces of artillery, 1,000 stands of small-arms and accoutrements, 1,000,000 rounds of small ammu- nition, 1,000 rounds fixed ammunition (shells), GO, 000 pounds of powder, 75,000 complete suits of clothing, 350,000 army blankets, 70,000 pounds of bacon, 100,000 pounds of salt, 20,000 pounds of sugar, 27,000 pounds of rice, 10,000 pounds of saltpeter, 60,000 bushels wheat, $100,000 worth of medical stores, and 7,000 bales of cotton. Thirteen pieces of artillery were brought away, and all other stores not immediately needed by the command were de- stroyed. The Federal force tarried at Salisbury two days, burning bridges and tearing up railroad tracks in the vicinity, and then moved into camp at Slatersville. The dep6ts along the route traversed by the heroic column furnished an abundance of food, and the captures of horses and mules were very large. The rapidity of their movements in almost every instance caused their advance guard to herald their approach and make the surprise complete. 32 636 Jiurkesville, Deatonsville^ etc.^ Va. BURKESVILLE, DEATONSVILLE, ETC., VA. Ai'rii. 3 TO 9, 1865. Unionists, under General Grant, nearly 100,000 ; losses not stated. Disunionists, under General Lee, from 40,000 to 50,000. Losses in hattle and hy desertion, not authentically reported ; prisoners hy surrender, about 26,000. On tlie morning of the Sd, while the riglit of the Union line was pressing across the works at Petersburg to find the city evacuated, the fifth corps and the cavalry on tlio left started out to intercept the retreat of T.ce. Custer’s third division was in the caviijry ad- vance, with Wells’ second brigade leading. Camp was broken about three miles east of Narnozine Creek, and the route lay toward tlie stream along the Nainozine road. On arriving at the creek, the enemy’s rear-gnard was discovered strongly intrenched beliind earth-works covering the crossing, the bridge being destroyed and trees felled across the road leading down to it. Four guns, two am- munition wagons, and two ambulances, hidden in the woods, were found abandoned on the north side of the creek. A section of ar- tillery was instantly opened against the works, while the cavalry easily forded the stream above and flanked the enemy’s position. A short skirmish ensued, in which the foe was driven ofif and the obstructions removed. The road beyond was filled with felled trees and piled-up rails, and with emptied caissons surrounded by fire — the latter designed to explode and thus delay the pursuit. The enemy were evidently routed, for the path over which they fled was strewn with wagons, dead and wounded horses, caissons, boxes of ammunition thrown out to lighten the load, arms, accou- trements, blankets, clothing, loose cartridges, and similar wrecks. Several miles of rapid riding brought the column to FTamozino church, at the intersection of the two roads AVells passed the church to the left, and soon encountered a part of Parringer’s cavalry brigade. The latter were pretty well ex- hausted with their hopeless task, but turned and fired on the Fed- eral advance, the Eighth New York. The latter, however, charged without hesitancy, and dispersed the rear-guard and other troops coming up; prisoners, horses, and arms were captured in abun- dance, and the enemy scattered through the woods. Wells pressed upon the fugitive enemy along the same road for some distance, and then rejoined the column on the other road. Caphart’s third brigade, meanwhile, took the road to the right of Natnozine church, pushed on rapidly toward Donnisville, crossing Deep JhirJcesville^ Dcatonsville^ etc., Va. G37 Creek at tlie lower ford, tlie bridge having been destroyed. The brigade chargc'd the enemy, and a running fight was kept up for miles, tlie foe now halting, now flying, and delivering many a fatal rarthian shot in his flight. Pennington’s first brigade was hurried up, as the enemy, driven into more compact form by the pressure of Capbart’s troops, began to resist with determination. The skirmishing and pursuit now continued with great zeal, the Union troops being in high spirits and driving the enemy with all ease, killing and wounding many, and capturing small squads hero and there continually. On reaching Devil’s Ford, the bridge being destroyed, the enemy struck off to the left, on a road leading to a cro.ssing, seven miles farther up the river. Pennington halted hero while Caphart pur- sued the enemy. "Wells now came across from the left, and was prompt in support of Caphart's pursuit. The enemy at length turned once more to the right, to cross the Appomattox and rejoin Lee’s main army on the other bank. At this turning the Confederate cavalry rallied, and a body of infantry appeared to their support. Caphart’s brigade charged as before, but received a volley w'hich imposed a sudden check, and imme- diately after the rebel infantry, with great spirit, deployed into an open field on the left of his line, crossed the Federal right flank, and turned and enfiladed it. The men retreated before the fire, for half a mile, to where McKenzie’s division was drawn up in line. A heavy battery then opened upon the advancing foe with terrible destruction. Their progress was soon checked, and the Union troops eagerly resumed the pursuit. But darkness was falling, and the entire column encamped for the night. The rebels had been followed fully twenty miles, and had sustained a loss of 350 prison- ers, two flags, four cannon, and several ammunition wagons. The loss of the pursuing i)arty did not exceed eighty. Early on Tuesday, the 4th, the march was resumed, McKenzie’s division in advance, the first division next, and Custer’s in the rear. Late in the afternoon, McKenzie encountered the enemy near Bethany, where he appeared to be posted wnth both infantry and artillery. Heavy skirmishing began at once and continued till dark, when the Federal troops went into camp and awaited the rest of the column. Soon after eleven the same night the cavalry were again aroused, and started off with Custer in advance, march- ing all night. The latter reached Jettersville at six o’clock the next morning, and there found the entire fifth corps well in- 638 UurTcesville, Deatonsville, etc., Va. trenclied across tlio Panvillo Railroad. It was here ascertained tliat Lee, in liis lliglit from the fallen capital, had advanced as far as Amelia Court House, while the Union force had seized Uurkes- ville, and was gathering at Jettersville. The latter place is about half way between Burkesville and Amelia Court House, and fifty- four miles southwest of Richmond. In the attempt to seize Burkesville, Davis’ brigade came upon the enemy’s cavalry at Fane’s Cross Roads, and attacking him, captured from 200 to 300 prisoners, 200 wagons, and a number of guns and battle-flags. The rebel infantry then advanced in support, and, rapidly forming, drove off Davis’ gallant brigade. The fifth corps, which marched in the rear of the cavalry, ar- rived at Jettersville a few hours later, where it was massed in an open field, and lay across the railroad. Strong earth-works were at once thrown up, and, as the rebels were only from five to ten miles distant, great caution was observed. No fires were lighted, and the corps lay ready for battle. In the rear of the fifth corps marched the second, whose progress, however, was less hurried. The sixth followed next. The two latter were directed by General Meade, and pursued the same route as the fifth corps, but did not start till a day later. The first day of the march the second corps advanced only about six miles, the protection of the slow-moving trains requiring tardy progress ; and the troops were kept hard at work repairing the roads for their passage. Many prisoners were captured or surrendered along the route. A continuous, toilsome march until two o’clock of the 6th brought the corps to Jettersville. Sheridan immediately had the second and third divisions posted on the left of the fifth corps, from which he bad withdrawn the first and third divisions of cavalry. Ord’s column of the Army of the James, comprising two divi- sions of the twenty-fourth corps and one of tlio twenty-fifth, marched down the Cox road — the direct road to Burkesville— -on the 4th, from Sutherland’s Station, where it separated from the main column. Generals Grant and Ord were botli with this col- umn of the Army of the James. It encamped at night at AVilson’s Station, having advanced fifteen miles. The following day it pressed on to Nottoway Court House, about eleven miles distant from Jettersville. Here it was proposed to halt, the column hav- ing marched twenty miles; but a dispatch being received from Sheridan, stating that he saw no escape for the rebel general. EDWARD OTIIO CRESAP ORD, A'ols., born in ^rarylaud in 1818; appoiiiLod to A Vest Point from ( ■ lb 0. ; graduated in 1839 ; 2d-Lieut. 3d Artillery, July 39 ; served in I'dori- j : da, 1839— l(i; California, 1810-91 ; Capt. 3d Art., 1691 , stationed on Allan- I i tic coast; returned to the Pacific coast in 1859, and served in California, Or- ; egon and Washington Territories till 1801. Major 1th ..Vrt., Nov. 21, 1801 ; } Hrig.-Ccn. Vols., Sept. 11, 1801 ; commanded Brigade of Peima. Ileservcs at I , I)rane.sville, Va., Dec. 2d, 1801; Major-Gen. Vols., May 2, 1802; ordered IVest, May 2, 1802, in command of Corinth, and participated in battle of (torinth, Oct. 3 and 1, 1802, and snbse<|iumt ])ursiiit of enemy ; remained in I Gen. Grant's Army, in command of a Division of 17th Cor[)s, and, dime 19, ; 1803, was placed in command of the cor[)s. On the 28lli of Oct., 1803, he, was relieved of his command on account of sicknc-ss, but returned to tlie army, J i before the first of Jan., 1801, and was put in command of the 13th Corps, ( which was stationed in Southern Tennes.soc and Northern Alabama. From j ; this ho was transferred to the 8th Corps, then serving in jMaryland, in the ; Spring, and in July put in command of the 18th Corps, Army of the James; while in command of this corps, he fought the battles of Charles City Road and Challin’s Farm, and assisted in other movements. The lOlli and 18th Aiiny Corps being consolidated into the 211h, ho was made commander of t the new corps. On the 8th of Jan., 18G9, he succeeded Gen. Butler as com- • mander of the Army of the James, and took ])art in storming of Petei’sburg, } Ajjril 2, 18G5. Since June 27, 18G9, he has been in command of the Depart- ; ment of the Ohio. 641 Jjurkesville, Deatonsville, etc.^ Vu. Grant pushed forward the two divisions of the twenty-fourth corps. At eleven o’clock they reached Burkesville Junction and encamped, having performed this supplementary march of nine miles with great enthusiasm on hearing the good, tidings. Grant himself had immediately ridden over to Jcttersvillc, which ho rc.achcd about cloven o’clock. On the 4th, two divisions of the ninth corps marched from Pe- tersburg to Ford’s Station, about twenty miles distant. On the 5th it resumed its march, still moving on tlie Cox road toward Burkes- ville, and at night camped at "Wellsville, twenty miles distant from the latter point. The, following day it advanced to within ten miles of Burkesville, with one brigade thrown forward to the junction. At daylight, on the morning of the Gth, the second, fifth, and sixth army corps, by order of General Meade, moved along the railroad in the direction of Amelia Court House. Soon after moving, trustworthy intelligence was received that the enemy were advancing toward Farmville. The direction of the second and fifth army corps was immediately changed from a northerly to a northwesterly direction, and the leading corps, the second, ad- vanced on Deatonsvillc, the fifth moving on its right; while tbo si.xth facing about and moving by the left fiaidc, took [losition on the left. The changes were promptly made, the leading corps soon becoming engaged with the enemy near Deatonsvillc, and drawing him across Sailor's Creek to the Appomattox. The fifth corps made a long march, but its position prevented its striking the rebel column before it passed. The sixth army corps came up with the enemy about four p.m., and in conjunction with the second on its right and the cavalry on its left, made a desperate attack upon the foe. The result was a complete success, the combined forces rout- ing the enemy and capturing five general officers, among theta Generals Ewell and Custis Lee — also a large number of prisoners. On the night of the Cth, General Lee, still adhering to his orig- inal plan of falling back to Danville, marched as rapidly toward Farmville as the jaded condition of his troops would allow. But the gallant army of General Grant never rested until it reached the vicinity of the latter place also, and by destroying bridges and confronting the rebel general with a superior force, compelled him to adopt a more westward course by way of Maysville and parallel roads leading to Lynchburg. The head of the column under Gen- eral Ord had severe fighting on the Tth, at one or two places, be- 642 liurlccsville^ Deatoyisvilh, etc., Ya. fore tlie enemy conld be convinced tliat his' retreat to Danville was cut olF. The Second corps also fell uj)on his rear several times, and engaged in an obstinate and sanguinary contest. Tlie Federal army reached Farrnville on the 7th, and passed through the town during the night with banners flying and bauds playing patriotic airs. Soon after daybreak, on the morning of the 8th, the note of as- sembly sounded throughout the army, and the troops falling into line rcsjimed the pursuit of the demoralized remnant of the rebel army still clinging to the fortunes of their lender. A division of the twenty-fifth corps led the advance, followed by another divi- sion of the same corps. The fifth corps moved in the rear of this command. The cavalry were some distance in advance, and mo- mentarily expecting to encounter the foe. The object was now to cut off Lee from the Lynchburg Road, while Grant with the sixth and second corps fell upon his rear. At Prospect Station, about thirteen miles from Farrnville, the column was halted to allow the cavalry to take the road, as nearly all of them were found encamped at this point. In about an hour the fields that had been covered with their horses were vacated, and the way left open to the infantry. After a march of about fifteen miles, the troops heard heavy firing in the direction taken by the cavalry. Sheridan had met the enemy, and the hope of a speedy halt, and a chance, perhaps, to inflict a final blow upon the rebellion, lent new strength to the toil-worn soldiers, and they pressed on with as light a tread as at the start. After a short time the firing was discontinued, but still no tidings came from Sheridan, and General Ord directed the different division com- manders to encamp for the night. The order was hailed with delight ; for after a continuous march of thirty miles the.men were ♦ completely exhausted, and demanded rest. The chosen camping- grounds had not been reached when a second order came from General Ord directing the march to bo continued. Sheridan had captured four locomotives, fifty cars loaded with supplies, and forty-five pieces of artillery, and had sent back an earnest request for support. The news rapidly spread through the column, and the troops pushed on five miles farther. The rebels had by this time ceased making any demonstrations on the cavalry, and immediate support being no longer required, the men gladly bivouacked in the heavy brush that lined both sides of the road. 64a Surkesvillc, Deatonsville, etc., Va. On tlie niglit of tho 8th, Lee’s army was 'concenr.rated about Appomattox Court House, with a strong lino thrown out to face the cavalry. Grant, with the sixth and second coi-ps, was pressing him on one side, wliile Sheridan, by his masterly movement, had succeeded in entirely cutting otr the retreat by occu[)ying tho Lynchburg road, and in order to assist him in retaining this ad- vantage, Ord’s command was compelled to make th* forced march in the evening. After two and a half hours’ sleep, the Army of tho James was again called to arms. They immediately moved on up the Lynchburg road, and an hour afterward closed in mass in a largo open field, where they stacked their arms and remained for two hours await- ing orders. During all this time a constant fire was kept up in front by ISheridan’s and the enemy’s jiickets, but at length this exchange of shots was suddenly broken by a wild yell, a continu- ous rattle of carbines and musketry, and unusually .rapid artillery firing. The foe were charging with mad desperation. The twenty- fourth corps and the colored troops were quickly ordered to ad- vance. They moved down the Lynchburg road for a considerable distance,*the firing constantly increasing in intensity, and it was evident that the cavalry were struggling de.sperately to keep the enemy from breaking through. Their success was becoming doubt- ful, compelled to fight on foot, in a dense woods, against a greatly superior force of infantry, and they were being slowly but surely driven back. At this juncture General Foster, who led the in- fantry column, receiving information from Sheridan that the cavalry could no longer maintain their ground without support, hurried forward with increased energy his tried and trusty troops. At a road leading to tho right, about three or four miles from Appo- mattox Court House, tlie column was met by General Gibbon, who ordered Foster to move to the right and take up his position in an open field of a few acres, surrounded by woods on every side. Im- mediately in front of this position tho cavalry were hotly engaged with the enemy, and before the first brigade of infantry in line could bo deployed, they were swept back by tho rebels. The men holding the led horses became demoralized, and rode in many in- stances through tho infantry line. For a moment, affairs wore a disastrous aspect. General Foster was ubiquitous, calling, urging, impelling the men to re-form. Less valiant troops wmild have been irretrievably broken; but the heroes of many a fierce con- flict, rallying around their standard, instantly presented a bristling 644 Burlcesville^ Beatonsville, etc., Va. wall of bayonets that any foe might liavo hesitated before as- sailing. Tlieir arrival was most opportime. A cloud of shouting rebels poured out of the woods after the fleeing cavalry, only to receive a volley so deadly and so rapidly followed up, that they staggered back appalled and fled precipitately. Foster pushing forward and driving the enemy before him, soon discovered that he was out- flanked on both right and left. A galling musketry fire swept his flanks and his front, and lastly a rebel battery obtaining the range, enfiladed his line with a succession of shells. The Federal line was temporarily driven in, but being almost immediately reinforced by fresh troops, a charge was made and the lost ground repossessed. A brigade of colored troops, under command of Colonel Wood- ward, was ordered to take the ground on Foster’s left, and protect him on that flank. They advanced gallantly, deployed into lino under fire, and took their position with the coolness of veterans. The division marching immediately in Foster’s rear was about following that general when he formed in line. Before, however, he conld turn from the road, the woods on his right were plive with whistling bullets, and the cavalry came in with the rebels in close pursuit. General Gibbon instantly ordered this division into the woods; and, facing by tho rear rank, they advanced, driving the foe before them, until a junction was effected with i’ester. Everything now betokened prosperity to the Federal cause. Foster, by his cool generalship and the splendid fighting qualities of his command, had regained his first position, and moved still farther forward. Tho supporting division had charged triumph- antly through the woods and made a connection with the attack- ing column, while the fifth corps advanced and swung around so as make an angle with the main line. The rebels, surprised and dis- comfited at finding a strong infantry force where they had only ex- pected to meet and repel dismounted cavalry, were completely at a lo.ss. They began to feel that the days of tho Confederacy wore numbered, and that tho fatal coil was tightening rapidly around their doomed army. Still the hostile battery continued its fire along tho Union line; but Captain Elder, chief of artillery, opening with three-inch guns upon the foe, soon silenced him. Everything being in readiness, and the rebels wavering, the final charge was ordered. The troops advanced splendidly, and bringing tho artillery into position, a storm of deadly missiles was C45 HurJcesville, Deatonsville, ctc.^ Va. hurled upon the retreating enemy. Gibbs and Reynolds, with two sections of a batterj-, followed up the flying mass. Fast on their rear the skirmish line pushed forward, sliouting clamorously, and dealing death to the fugitives. The Union troops forgot their long and weary marches, forgot tlieir almost total loss of sleep. They only remembered that the boastful foe was before them, and the day of reckoning at hand. Now was the time to obliterate the stain left on the Union arms by the twice repeated disaster at Bull Run ; now the time to crush the rebels once and forever. "Without giving the flying enemy a chance to halt for breath, the skirmish- ers pressed onward, reached the Court House, and were in the midst of the rebels. Numbers of prisoners were taken, and the place actually captured, when a white flag was observed flying in front of one of the houses. Firing instantly ccasclayed, an agreement was made that no troops should be moved on either side until Ord and Longstrect could meet. The latter had command of the opposing troops in front, while Lee jtersonally commanded the force in op- position to Grant. Turner’s division lined the top of a range of high ground that overlooked Appomattox Court House and the temporary bivouac of the foe. The latter were in plain view, and within easy musket range. They were drawn up in several lines, with their guns stacked; artillery and numerous wagons were either jiarked in their center, or had halted in various positions on the roads where they were moving at the time of the temporary suspension of hostilities. The Union troops were eagerly cheering and making every possible demonstration of their most enthusiastic satisfaction. Meantime General Ord, accompanied by his staff and body-guard, advanced toward the Court House, and held an interview with General Longstreet. These officers, however, were unable to make any terms, as the whole power of adjusting matters rested with the respective commanders-iu-chief. C46 Hurlcesville, Deatonsvillc^ etc., Vh. At nine o’clock o dispatch was forwarded from General Grant to General Lee, and soon alter a coniinunication was returned. Leo was then informed that Grant was in his front, and would connnu- nicate with him tliere. At this juncture General Meade received orders for a cessation of hostilities till two o’clock. Prior to tho reception of this order the divisions had been massed, the artillery moved to tho front, and every preparation made for an attack. The armistice created the profoundest sensation among the war- worn veterans of a hundred campaigns. Officers who knew and respected tho prowess of tho army now conversed in low tones, with no manifestation of exhilaration. The emotion of every one seemed too deej) and heartfelt for outward expression. MTiile con- fident that but one result could follow tho negotiations pending, anxious expectation thrilled every breast. The unholy altar upon which had been sacrificed tho best blood of tho contending sec- tions was now to be thrown down and forever numbered among the things of the past. Tho minutes passed slowly. Eager eyes watched the approach of every horseman. Peace, long-coveted peace, might follow this interview. The hour for tho i-esumption of hostilities finally arrived. Tho order was given for the skirmish line to advance. Wei’e negotia- tions a failure? The Federal ti'oops moved slowly down a little slope. Tho rebel pickets were in plain sight, and stationary. A moment more, and the sharp click of musketry would indicate that tho deadly carnage was again resumed. Hark 1 tho clatter of hoofs echoes along the front. The flag of truce again appears, and Gen- eral Grant directs that hostilities shall cease till further orders. The question was now regarded as settled, and tho army began to make demonstrations of joy. At four o’clock it was announced that the surrender had been consummated and the articles signed. And now the wild, ex- ultant enthusiasm which uncertainty had restrained burst forth like a torrent. Officers and men indulged in the wildest antics. Tho various brigade commanders announced the joyful nows to their commands, and cheer followed cheer along the lino, swelling into a shout of triumph. A hundred bands caught up tho wild refrain, and the heavy cannons’ roar mingled in the general re- joicing. The terms of surrender stipulated that both officers and men should be parolled, and that all public property, artillery, and arms belonging to the vanquished should be given up, save only tho side- ) j EDWARD RICH SPRIGC CANDY, Vols., 1)1)111 ill Ivy., about 1817 ; giailiialeil at W^est Point, 1839. ) 2(1-1 Iciit. 2(1 Inf., 1839; Aas’t Com. Kiib., Oct., 1839 ; Ist-l/iciil., .fiiiio, 1830 ; ) Ass’t A(lj.-( U‘ii., Marcli, 1817 ; distiiiniiislicd liiiiiHcir at ( Jorro ( lordo ; llrovid, Maj. and Lt.-Col. for Contrcraa, Ciiiiriil^nsco and Helen Cate, Aii;^. and S^ejit., 1847 ; Capt., 2(1 Ini’., Juno, 1831 ; Maj. lOtli Inl'., March, 183.3; in Utah M.v- ) poditioii, under A. S. Johnston ; couiinanded Pt. Hridger, 1839-GO ; Col. 1 9th i Inf., May 14, 18G1 ; fought battle Malverde, Feb. 21, 18G2 ; I’rig.-Cen. A'ols., ) March 21 , 18G2 ; ordered East in Nov., 1 8G2 ; took charge of camp of drafted men at Pittsburg' in Doc., 18G2 ; in July, 18G3, ordered to coniinand of forts in N. A^. Harbor ; in July, 18G4, made Major-Gen. Vols., and ordered to ) command of J'rans-Mississippi l)e])artnient ; took part in reduction of forts in / Mobile Harbor, Aug., 18G4, and in siege of IMoliile, April, 18G5 ; Juno 27, 1865, appointed to command Uepartnieiit of Louisiana and Te.xas. i Mobile^ Ala, G4f arms of the officers with their private liorses and baggage. So re- duced, iiowever, was the onee powerful army under General Leo by losses in repeated battles, and of late by constant de.sertions, that the number of prisoners subject to the above arrangement was re- ported at from oidy about 2G,000 men, including all arms of the service. The total lighting force com[)rised in the .above could hardly have exceeded 18,000 or 20,000, since only 10,000 muskets and 30 pieces of artillery were transferred to the victors.. The glad tidings of this memorable success flew on swift wings, and were everywhere hailed with tumultuous demonstrations of joy. The most jubilant patriotism prevailed. In every city, town, and village the streets were hung with flags, salvos of artillery re- sounded, merry bells chimed forth their liveliest peals, people with smiling faces and joyous greetings thronged the streets, im|)rornptu meetings of exultation were held, and overflowing thanks were re- turned to the Supreme Euler for his great blessing upon the na- tional cause. MOBILE, ALA. March IS to Apkii, 12, 1865. Union land force, under General Cmil/y, about .85,000 ; naval force, under Hear- Admiral Thatcher, compriHinjj 14 war ve-ieeh heeidee tuge, traneporte, etc. Lassen in the army, about 2,.')00 ; in, the navy, less than 50. Visunionists, under General Taytor,fronuVo,WL) to 16,000. with five war vessels. Killed and wounded, nearly 2,000; jyrUoners, about 4,000. loNoitANT of the momentous events on the Atlantic coast that had struck the rebellion a decisive blow, the contending forces still waged a brisk warfare in Alabama, involving a large portion of the State in the contest. The main points of attack were Mobile and Selma — the former the second commercial city in the Confederacy, possessing a line of elaborate defenses worthy of mention with those of Vicksburg, Savannah, or Charleston. For months the rebel Generals Beauregard and Taylor w'cro actively employed upon the works, while thousands of negroes were engaged in intrenching. The main defense of Mobile was ‘Spanish Fort, an irregular bastioned work, with fortifications five miles in length, commencing at D'Olive’s Greek and running to Minetta Bay. From the land side, on the right of the fort, were two bastions, encircled with riflo-i)its, chevaux do f rue, trenches, and torpedoes. Beyond Spanish Fort, to the left, was a smaller fort, mounting heavy guns. There were also water batteries on G50 Mobile, Ala. each side of Minetta Bay. Forts Huger, Bradley, Tracy, Battery (iladden, Spanisli River Battery, Blakely, and other rebel strong- holds, likewise protected the city. Feb. 16th, General Maury, in anticipation of the impending at- tack, summoned all the able-bodied male citizens to arms, and ordered the removal of non-conjbatants. Somewhat later the gar- risons of the harbor forts were increased. Other preparations were also made which indicated an obstinate defense. Taylor commanded the enemy’s troops, with Mauj-y superintending the defenses, and General T. II. Gardiner directing in the field. Federal preparations for the movement, meantime, were in progress. Granger’s thirteenth corps had long been concentrated on Mobile Point. A. J. Smith’s sixteenth corps was sent by transports frtm New Orleans to Daupliin Island, opposite Mo- bile Point, the greater part arriving at Fort Gaines on the 12th. The cavalry under Grierson, recently largely reinforced from the Army of the Cumberland, had cro.ssed Pontcliartrain, directing its march to ilobile Point. A negro division under General Steele was near Pensacola. Everything at last being in readiness, after months of preparation and weeks of unlooked-for delay, the move- ment on Mobile began. March 18th, an advance brigade, about 2,000 strong, left Dau- phin Island in three transports, protected by the light iron-clads Np. 44 and No. 47, to effect a landing on Cedar Point, above Fort Powell, and to clear the way for the rest of the sixteenth corps. The iron-clads shelled the woods lieavily, effected a landing at a wharf, and discovered and unearthed five torpedoes. The enemy’s cavalry scouts were driven off, one being killed. The neighboring breast-works were also cleared of the foe. On the previous day, March 17th, a brigade, of the thirteenth corps, which had been transported from Dauphin Island to Mobile Point, advanced on the city along that side of the bay. In order to make the movement of the three columns simultaneous. General Steele’s command started from Pensacola and Barrancas on the 18th, marching toward Blakely Landing, at which point they were to unite with Granger’s troops starting from Fort Morgan, and marching up the east side of the bay. The cavalry moved in ad- vance, but the condition of the roads greatly impeded their prog- ress. On the 20th, Smith’s corps arrived at the place appointed, and were all disembarked by the 21st. The following day Gran- ger’s corps arrived. The roads were wretched, and the troops 053 Mohilcy Ala. m compelled to great exertion in extricating tlio artillery and trains from the mire. The advance brigade easily repelled the rebel cavalry videttes. The march, however, was one of great difficulty. Slight skirmishing occurred among scouts while the army was at Fish River. The troops were in light marching order, without tents or baggage, and with few rations, and expected to have reached the object-point at an earlier date ; but, unfortunately, tho condition of tho road delayed everything. Steele’s column skirmished along tho route till the advance reached Pine Barren Creek, where tho pickets of tho Sixth Alaba- ma Cavalry were encountered. From the latter point the Federal cavalry skirmished slightly with the enemy till they reached Mitchell’s Creek on tho 25th, where tho foe made a stand. IJis force numbered about 800, consisting of tho Sixth and Eighth Alabama Cavalry, under General Clanton. Tho First Louisiana and Second New York instantly charged, and a sharp fight ensued, eventuating in tho rout of the enemy. The pursuit was kept up to tho Little Escambia, almost the entire force being killed, wounded, captured, or dispersed. General Clanton was taken prisoner with 275 of his command. Steele, advancing from Pensacola, had seized two railway trains at Evergreen, ten miles above Pollard, on tho Montgomery Rail- road, and had torn up and destroyed tho railroad track at both of these points. Thence on the 2Gth ho continued his march to Blakely, four miles above Spanish Fort. Having reached that point, ho sent to Canby for supplies; and, on the 29th, a wagon- train was dispatched to him. On the 24thi 25th, 26th, and 27th, skirmishing occurred between the enemy’s cavalry and the Federal advance. Several men and horses were killed by torpedoes, which were thickly planted on tho routo to Spanish Fort, wdiither tho Union forces tended. On tho 25th the advance through tho pine forests commenced from Fish River toward Blakely. The following day tho troops still pushed forward, the sixteenth moving on the right toward Blakely, and the thirteenth on the left toward Spanish Fort. The latter drove tho rebel cavalry back to the fort. The sixteenth compelled the force confronting it to fall back until Sibley’s Mills were reached ; when tho enemy attempted to firo tho bridge over Bayou Jilinetta, but were prevented by a slight skirmish. On the 27th, tlio rebels in front of the fort tried to surprise the pickets of the tliirtoenth corps, but met with a prompt repulse. 654 Arohile^ Ala. At this juncture both cofps marched into position to invest the fort, the foe falling back to Blakely. The sixteenth formed the right, and the thirteenth tlio left, the divisions being posted from riglit to left as follows: Carr, McArthur, Veach, Benton, and lastly, Bertram’s brigade, while Garrard guarded the trains in the rear. The artillery approached to within five hundred yards of the fort, and opened a heavy fire. The skirmishers were then thrown forward, and in spite of the heavy rain, artillery and musketry firing continued all day. The co-operating fleet soon got under way, and proceeded up the bay as far as Newport and Howard’s Landing. The Metacomet, Stockdale, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Al- batross, Winnebago, and Genesee were ordered in toward the shore and opened fire, sending nearly two hundred shells into those places, inflicting serious damage. After four hoars’ firin.g they returned to Great Point Clear to anchor for the night. The enemy made no response to the fleet; and at night on the 27th the land forces were well intrenched, investing the fort. The Union loss for the day was about 200, and the total loss in the expedition thus far did not exceed 400. On the morning of the 28th, all the batteries and the skirmishers opened again. Rifle-pits had been tlirown up during the night, and the Federal batteries moved up, till a few of them were within 400 yards of the fort, while the attacking party were within 300 yards. The navy proceeded in the investment of the fort, and on the 28th opened a rapid and destructive fire upon it. The Milwaukee, however, having moved near the fort, on returning, struck a tor- pedo, which exploded, causing it instantly to fill and sink. There was also a continuance of the heavy artillery and musketry firing on the 29th, and the entire field assumed the aspect of a regular siege. The skirmishers and working parties were now within 80 yards of the fort, and heavy siege-guns were brought up to tlio lines. The enemy’s shells were quite destructive, owing to the proximity of the troops. During the day the Osage, while at- tempting to anchor near the east shore, was sunk by a torpedo. About two o’clock on the morning of the 30th, Veatch’s division came into conflict with the enemy, having lost their way while re- lieving guard. The rebels, apprehending an assault, advanced hastily, driving in the Union skirmishers and working parties to the very rifle-pits, and making some captures. But here their progress was suddenly arrested, and they w'ere driven back. A Mobile^ Ala. 655 sharp artillery duel then sprang up and continued till daylight. On the extreme right the enemy’s gun-boats and transports were within musket range of the Union troops which had built an earth- work, mounting siege-guns, within 200 yards of the fort. The same morning the guns of Spanish Fort opened on the two vessels that had been sunk the previous day by the ex[)losion of tor[) 0 - does, but did not succeed in striking either. The iron-clads in lino resi)onded, and several shells burst over the fort. Water com- munication between Mobile and its principal defenses being sev- ered, all intercourse with the former was suspended, and the siege progressed favorably. From the completion of the investment, April 3d till the 8th, there was a constant interchange between the batteries and gun-boats of the opposing forces. Heavy shells were hurled at the Unionists from batteries invisible to the naked eye, and great losses resulted. The fleet, unable to advance as far up the bay as was hoped, crossed the bar, and engaging the ram Nashville and Spanish Fort, drove the rebel fleet toward the city. Just before night-fall of the 8th, the final preparations were made, .and the entire artillery, siege- guns, and field-j)ieces opened a terrific fire on the fort, which was completely licmmod in by the Federal lines; while the gun-boats that had accomplished the same result by water, cutting off com- 7iiunication with Mobile, mingled their volleys in the general can- nonade. Simultaneously the skinnishers crept forward from trench to trench and ridge to ridge, until they were snfllciently near to prevent, by the accuracy of their fire, the rebel artillerists from managing their unsheltered gnns. At first the enemy responded heavily ; but as the battle waxed hotter, he was gradually driven from his gnns and replied more and more feebly, until at midnight he was silenced. An hour afterward the fort surrendered, the Union troops pressing upon the intrenchinents and entering them at two o’clock on the morning of the 9th. Bertram’s brigade im- mediately occupied Spanish Fort. Two brass howitzers, two heavy Parrott guns, six Napoleons, two six-pounders, one eight- inch mortar, several columbiads, and a barge quantity of ammuni- tion fell into the hands of the Unionists. The whole number of prisoners taken was 652. The major part of the garrison escaped by water. The guns of the captured fort were immediately turned upon forts Tracy and bliiger, which were abandoned by the rebels after spiking eight pieces of heavy ordnance. The Federal fleet, now 11 056 MohiU^ Ala. assisted by some prisoners, succeeded in removing thirty-five tor- pedoes, and i-an up almost within shelling distance of Mobile. It only remained to seize Blakely, which had for four days been in- vested by land, but whose water communication with the city liad but just been severed by the fall of the fort. The monitors and gun-boats reached the mouth of Blakely Kiver on the ftth, and the same day the troops formed to assault the defenses of the town. The I'ebel works at this point consisted of one huge fortification, nearly throe miles in length, its right resting near Bayou Minctta, and the left on Blakely River. The rebel artillery swept all the main roads, and their gun-boats enfiladed the Federal lino from right to left. Along the front were lines of abattis, palisades, and chevaiix ile frise., and a wide, deep ditch at the base of the fort. Inside was a garrison of 3,000 men. General Thomas’ divi- sion was on the right and General Oockerill’s on the loft. The works glistened with cannon. General Steele ordered his men to bo ready to assault the works at five o’clock. At precisely 5.30 the contest opened on the left. General Garrard commanding this wing of the army, sent forward one third of his strong lino to within fifty yards of the main works, when a withering discharge of shell and shrapnel was liurled upon them. The Seventeenth Ohio Battery responded fiercely, and Gar- rard, meantime, xmshed forward the advance cautiously to select the safest avenue for moving up the line preparatory to a grand charge. Finding there was no choice of ground, after a brief inter- view between the division and brigadier generals, the thrilling command. Forward! rang along the line. "With a terrible yell, which alone drew the enemy's artillery, the whole division moved forward on a doublc-(piick, as though they would annihilate all before them. They had proceeded4»nly a short distance when they were assailed by a tempest of grape and canis- ter, and for an instant they wavered; but their brave commander, seeing it, and knowing that his presence would encourago them, rode rapidly to the right of the lino and urged his men forward. They quickly rallied, and for half an hour struggled through the most intricate obstructions ; while, in addition to the bursting of shells and the shower of bullets and cani.ster, the very earth trem- bled with the explosion of torpedoes. Notwithstanding the fearful storm of bullets, in one hour the obstructions were passed, and the Union troops leaped into the ditches and scrambled over the works. Riunekin’s and Gilbert’s brigades turned the right of the fort, and 657 Mobile^ Ala. gained its entrance at the same time, capturing the rebel Brigadier- General Thomas and a tliousand men. No sooner -was this point gained tlian the Stars and Stripes waved along the parapets, while wild, exultant shouts rent the air. During the engagement the entire lino was actively partici- pating. The troops in the center were composed of one brigade of Veatch’s division, under command of General Dennis, and two brigades of Andrews’ division, respectively commanded by Col- onels Spicely and Moore. No sooner had Garrard’s division en- tered the conflict than the other troops were ordered to join in the charge. The scene in the center was less sanguinary, and the advance upon the fort less dangerous; but the rebels maintained a tremendous artillery fire, causing many a brave soldier to fall while hei'oically performing liis dut}’. When Andrews’ division was witliiii forty yards of tlio fort, the rebels poured into it a withering fire from eight guns. The advance skirmishers pushed forward and were niioii the point of icaching the ditch, when a dozen torpedoes exploded under them, causing great confusion. Meantime the rebels rained a perfect torrent of grape and canister into their midst ; still the advance pressed on, and were soon joined by the regular line. The column on the right, consisting of colored troops under General Uawkins, charged with characteristic impetuosity. They were pitted .against Mississipi)i troops, and but once did they falter. At this juncture their commander gave orders for them to move up and take the right of the work. Tliey (juickly obeyed, carrying everything befoi'e them. At seven o’clock the national flag was flung to the breeze from the ramparts, and Blakely, with all it con- tained, came into possession of the Unionists. The fruits of the ' rictory were 3,000 prisoners, 32 pieces of artillery, 4,000 stands of small-arms, IG battle-flags, and a largo quantity of .ammunition. Tlie rebel loss in killed and wounded was 500. The Federal casual- ties in front of Blakely were estimated at 1,000. The two follow'ing days were spent in reconnoitering on land and in the bay. All the forts on the eastern shore were occupied, and about 4,000 prisoners sent to Fort Gaines. Everytbiug in the b.ay w.as captured except four rebel gun-boats, wbich escaped up the Alabama River. The fall of Jlobile was now assured. The enemy commenced evacuating it on the 10th and continued on the 11th, .at which time the work was complete. At ten o’clock on the morning of 33 G58 Central Alabama and Georgia. the 12th, tlie Federal troops planted their colors on batteries Porter and Mackintosh, and four hours later the national flag floated over Mobile, the second seaport of the Confederacy. Tlie total loss of the Union fleet was two heavy iron-clads, two so- called tin-clads, and one transport, all destroyed by torpedoes. The loss of men in the fleet did not exceed fifty; that of the army was about 2,000. The captures in the city were large and of great value. The number of prisoners, including sick, stragglers, and deserters, was reckoned at 1,200, Maury escaped up the Ala- bama Uiver with about 9,000 men. CENTRAL ALABAMA AND GEORGIA. (Wilson’s Raid.) March 17 to April 20, 1865. Unionists, under General R’iVson, 15,000. Losaee dv,ring entire ea>pediiio7i, 850. Znatinioniatii, under General Forrest and other leaders, in various numbers. Losses in killed and wounded, severe — numbers not stated; in prisoners, nearly 7,000. Maucii 17th, the last troops designated for Wilson’s great Ala- bama cavalry expedition left General Thomas’ headquarters at Nasliville. Months had been spent in preparation, and men, horses, ammunition, supplies, pontoons, and wagons were abun- dantly provided. The troops, numbering 15,000, were mostly veterans, and marched with great gallantry. The final rendezvous was Eastport; thence the command advanced in two columns, and struck at Marion and Plantersville simultaneously. Two brigades of Roddy’s division of Forrest’s cavalry, under General Patterson, were stationed at the former place, and Adams’ division at the latter. On the morning of the 21st a severe fight occurred at Marion, lasting several hours. Ten Federal regiments were armed with Spencer’s rifles, which hurled death and destruction upon the serried ranks of the foe. Unable to withstand the fearful volleys, they fled in wild confusion with a heavy loss in killed and wounded, also a total loss of their artillery. The engagement at Planters- ville was brief; the enemy resisted obstinately, but were com- pelled to succumb to superior numbers. In their precipitate flight they abandoned all their artillery ; they also sustained heavy losses in killed and wounded. On the afternoon of April 2d, the Federal troops advanced en- thusiastically upon Selma, still marching in two columns the first JAMKS n. WILSON, IJi'Cvet ]\lajoi’-(jeii. A"o!s., Ijuni in Illinois, about 1840; gradnatod at AVcst I’oint in July, 1800, first in bis class. I’rcvot ‘2d-Lient. linginccrs, .Inly, 1800 ; Ist-Licut. Engineers, Sept. 0, 1801 ; Assistant Inspector-General in AVestern Department, witli nominal rank of Colonel, in 1802 ; Capt. Engineers, U. S. A., May 7,1803; Col. Cavalry, 1803; Brig.-Gcn. A^ol. Cavalry, Ang. 30, 1803, in .Army (bnnberland ; c.onnnandi'r Division of Cavalry in yVrmy of I’oloiniic, Alay, 1804 ; made raid on AVddon Railroad, and destroyed fifty miles, July 1 and 2, 1804; Brevet Alajor-Gen., Oct. .0, 1804, and ordered to report to Gen. Thomas ; that General made him at once Chief of Cavalry Corps in his army, and he was ordered to mount his force as speedily as possi- ble. (It had been dismounted, in part, to furnisli Sherman’s Cavalry Corps.) Early in Dec., 1804, lie had his command in good condition, and took an act- ive part in the battles of Nashville, Dec. 15 and 10, and subscejuent pursuit of Hood ; in Marcli, 1805, in command of a Cavalry force of 15,000 men, he captured Selma, Alontgomery, AVest Point, Ga., Gritlin, Columbus, Ga., Alacon, and Augusta, and a detachment of his force look JetTei'Son Davis prisoner at Irwinsville, Ga., May 25. Central Alabama and Georgia. CGI division taking a road leading to the center of the works, the fourth division advancing upon tlie left. Ari-iving at the brow of a liiU, the rebels were found drawn up in lino of battle in front of the fortifications covering the town. The skirmish line imme- diately pushed forward and kept up a brisk fire witli the enemy's skirmish lino, until at a given signal the second division, led by the gallant General Long, charged fiercely upon the works, and the contest opened in earnest. As the troops advanced, they maintained a sharp fire with their Spencer carbines, which was vigorously returned with artillery and musketry. In fifteen min- utes frosn the time the charge was made, two regiments of the In- diana brigade, led by the bravo Colonel Minty, scaled the works, and soon after the entire division entered the first line of defenses, diiving the foe like chaff before the wind. In less than an hour Selma surrendered. The fortifications surrounding the city, nearly .as formidable as those of Atlanta, were stormed by the gallant troo[icrs, dismounted, and over 2,000 prisoners and 100 guns were secured. Tlie arsenals, naval iron- works, magazines, and government build- ings at this e.xtensive rebel entrepot were quickly destroyed. The capture of Selma gave the Unionists control of the termini of the Alabama and Mississippi and the Alabama and Tennessee railro.ads, thereby depriving the enemy of their last main thoroughfare of com- munication. General AVinslow was left in command of the place with a brig.ade of troops, while AVilson, with the remainder of his force, pushed on to fresh conquests. The Alabama Iliver was bridged — although eight hundred and fifty feet wide — the operation occupying five days, from the 6th to the 10th. After a inarch of fifty miles they attacked Montgom- ery April 11th. The city surrendered without assault, the rebels h.aving burned 8.6,000 bales of cotton before evacuating. 2,Y00 prisoners, 112 guns in position, aiid 76 in arsenal were taken with the city. The Unionists destroyed largo amounts of property in the captured city as well as along the route. After tarrying two days, they resumed their march, and reached Columbus, Ga., eighty- five miles distant, on the ICth. General Upton carried the place by assault on the evening of the same day : 1,200 prisoners were cajitured, also 63 guns, seven largo cotton factories, and 100,000 bales of cotton; immense quantities of ordnance, quartermaster and commissary stores, a largo arsenal, and several manufacturing establishments were taken and destroyed. , 662 Maleigh and Hillsboro, IT, G. La Grange’s brigade now made a detour to West Point, at- tacked tlio works, and carried tliem by storm, capturing the gar- rison, 350 in number, and killing the rebel General Tyler in com- mand. Fifteen locomotives, 200 cars, two bridges, and two largo factories in tbo vicinity were reduced to ashes. Large qu.antities of quartermaster and commissary stores were destroyed at Griffin, also the railway bridges on the Selma and kfontgomery Eailroad. April 20th, Wilson’s victorious command reached Macon, which Avas taken without opposition. Generals Howell Cobb, Giistaviis W. Smith, Robertson, iNfcrcer, and McCall were made jirisoners. The cajitures were 132 guns in position, 200 guns in arsenals, with im- mense amounts of ordnance, quartermaster and commissary stores. Here General Wilson established for a time his headquarters, keep- ing a vigilant watch over the surrounding country, and sending out scouting parties hero and there as occasion seemed to require. — <•■0 HALEIGII AND HILLSBORO, N. C. April 13 to 2G, 1305. Unionists^ nrider O&neral Sherman^from 80,000 to 90,000. Zosses irijling. VimtnionistHy under General Johnston^ over 40,000. Losses in killed and wounds edy sinalL ; in prisoners^ hij final surrender^ about 80,000. On the 21st of kfarch, the day following the struggle at Benton- villo, which we have previously described, General Schofield en- tered Goldsboro with little opposition. The junction of the three arndes under Sherman, Tei’ry, and Schofield was now ofi’ected, and the ultimate object of the campaign obtained. The march from Savannah to Goldsboro had involved great Labor and severe exposure, but during the long and tedious route perfect cheerfulness and concert of action had prevailed. Sherman and his victorious legions remained at Goldsboro till April 10th ; then, leaving Schofield in command at the latter point, the General- in-chief, with the main body of his troops, advanced upon Raleigh, arriving there on the 13th, and occupying the town after a slight skirmish. Johnston fell back to Hillsboro. At this jmictnro tho latter received intelligence of tho surrender of Lee’s army, and perceiving the hopelessness of further hostilities, immediately ad- dressed a note to tho commander of the Union forces, desiring to know what conditions would bo granted in the event of his sur- render. General Sherman responded that negotiations could bo arranged best by a personal interview, and accordingly proposed a C63 Raleigh and Ilillshoro^ Nl C. conference the next day between the lines of the two armies. The meeting occurred, as desired, on the 17tli of April, at a house on tho roadside, five miles beyond Durliam’.s Station, a place now invested with peculiar historic interest. The Generals were accompanied by their staffs and escorts, and the interview was attended with marked courtesy. After a brief interchange of casual remarks, tho commanders retired to the house, and there alone first conferred together. Johnston desired to surrender not only his immediate command, but as the representative of tho rebel authorities, the entire armed force of the rebellion. It was also his wish to know what condi- tions would be granted the members of the Confederate executive. General Sherman ignored the authority of such a government, but decl.ared himself ready to treat with General Johnston as an officer of tlio insurgent forces. A second colloipiy took place April 18th. On this occasion tho rebel General was accompanied by .John C. Breckinridge, whose status, however, during the conference, was recognized only as that of major-general of the rebel troops, and not as secretary of war. Tho meeting basted till four a.m., when the commanding officers separated . '.larf. :jMno”t for a cessation of hostilities ^Y a? fixed upon, avid tl pfirllo (Ag ,1 agreement for a permanent peace was negotiatc( / avbj-w tc /,■ ^ pproval of the National Ad- ministration. ‘'‘■First. Tho contending armies nou in tl.A .f (If io maintain tlieir statu quo until notice is given by tho commanding general of either one to its opponent, and reasonable time, say forty-eight hours, al- lowed. “ Second. The Confederate armies now in existence to fie dis- banded and conducted to tho several State capitals, there to dejxisit their arms and ]niblic property in tho State arsenal, and eacli officer and man to execute and file an agreement to cease from acts of war and abide the action of both State and Federal author- ities. The number of arms and munitions of war to bo re[)ortcd to the Chief of Ordnance at Washington city, subject to future action of the Congress of the United States, and in tho mean time to be used solely to maintain peace and order within tho borders of the States respectively. “ Third. The recognition by the Executive of tho United States of the several Slate governments, on their officers and Legishaturcs taking the oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States ; 6G4 Italei'jh and Hillsboro, N". C. and where conflicting State governments have resulted from tho war, the legitimacy of all shall he submitted to the Supreme Court of tho United States. “ Fourth. The re-establishment of all Federal courts in tho sev- eral States, with powers as defined by the Constitution and laws of Congress. '■'•Fifth. Tho people and inhabitants of all States to be guar- anteed, so far as the Exeoitivo can, their political rights and franchise, as well as their rights of [loi-son and property, as defined by the Constitution of tho United States and of States rcsj)ectively, "Sixth. The executive authority of the Government of the United States not to disturb any of the people by reason of tho late war, so long as they live in peace and quiet, abstain from acts of armed hostility, and obey laws in existence at any place of their residence. “ Seventh. In general terms, war to cease, a general .amnesty, so far as tho executive power of tho United States can coinmand, or on condition of disbandment of tho Confederate armies, and tho distribution of arms and resumption of peaceful pursuits by officers and men, as hitherto composing the said armies. Not being fully empowered by our respective principabtc j '‘'ulfill these terms, individually and officii”; pi ^ ' cirselvc to pi’omptly obtain necessary authority and U j'aria autthoabc» e programme. W. .. Sn'f:uiiXN, iMajor-General, “ Commanding tb o Ami, of the U. States in North Carolina. “,1. U. .Johnston, Geueiail, “ Commanding Confederate States Army in North Carolina.’’ The same evening Major Hitchcock, of General Sherman’s staff, starteS for AVashington with dispatches to tho Ih-esident, submit- ting the above teians to his con.sideration. These terms, for rea- sons publicly announced by the Secretary of AVar, were at once repudiated. General Grant was ordered to Raleigh, bearing the dispatches communicating their rejection. His noble suborfiinato — by whose dictation or with whose assent they had heen fi'amed, in accordance with a presumed purpose of the lately murdered Presi- dent — received tho order of disapproval with commendable good grace. There was no hesitancy, no murmuring, nor any expression of dissatisfaction. AVitliout any attempt at extenuation of his coarse, General Sher- man, with true soldierly spirit, commenced with alacrity to carry out tho views of the Government. AVithin five minutes a disp.atch District of Columhia. CG5 ■was forwartlcd to Johnston informing him of the result of the mission to Washington, and terminating the armistice upon the re- ceipt of notilication. lie was also iiilurmed that liustilitics would he promptly resumed. The rebel General, seeing the utter hope- lessness of his situation, sent back a flag of truce asking an inter- ■view with General Sherman for the juirpose of arranging other conditions. His request was granted i)roinptly, and terms were made upon the basis of those allowed to Gejieral Lee, the main point of difference being that parolied prisoners were permitted to retain their horses (except those of the artillery), their wagons, and five per cent, of their small-arms to i)rotect themselves on their homeward route. The final surrender occurred April SOth, the ])lac6 of conference being that used on the occasion of the foi tner colloquies — llennctt’s liouso, five miles boyonil Durham’s Station. The number of men achially parolied was reported at near fl0,000, many liaviug deserted during the temporary armistice. ASSASSINATION OF PEESIDENT LINCOLN. ITS EFFECT ON THE NATION. Ai'nii. 14 TO JuLT 7, 1805. President Lincoln, who had been at City Point during the campaign which resulted in the evacuation of Richmond and Pe- tersburg and the surrender of Lee’s army, and who had entered Richmond and spent one day there, had i-eturned to Washington, satisfied that the last days of the rebellion had come, and that peace and quietness of which during the past four years neither he nor the nation had had much experience, was about to return. Cheered with this prosjiect, and rejoicing that on the 14th of April, the anniversary of its downfall four years before, tlio na- tional flag was again to wave over Sumter, Mr. Lincoln, on the evening of that day (Good Friday), at the earnest solicitation of friends, went to Ford’s theater with his wife and the daughter and step-son (Major Rathbone) of Senator Harris of New York, to witness the play of the “ American Cousin.” During the second scene of the third act of the j>lay, about ten o’clock p.m., an assas- sin suddenly entered the box and fired a pistol at Mr. Lincoln, the ball taking effect in the back part of the head, and passing iqiward and forward through the posterior portion of the brain. Major 606 District of Columbia. Ratlibone attempted instantly to seize the desperado, and thongh severely wounded in the arm, clung to him, but as the assassin leaped from the box upon the stage, his hold gave way. In this leap the spur upon the boot of the murderer caught in the flag, and he fell, but springing up, he flourished a bowie-knife, and shouting “ Sic semj>er tyrannis'' (the motto of Virginia), nashed across the stage and out by a rear passage, where he had a horse in waiting, which he mounted and on which ho fled. The moment it was as- certained that the i*resimfi*Sy under General S. B. Buckner^ about 20,000. Ko killed or uutund-^ ed ; about 20,000 prisoners. On the 11th, ol’ May, Colonel Barrett conducted a body of troops, about 400 strong, from Brazos to seize a rebel camp, with its horses and cattle, fifreen miles above on the Brownsville Road, at Palmetto Ranch. The next morning the camp was reached, captured, and burned, and some horses and guns carried off with- out trouble. But del.ays had made the expedition so late, that before the number of horses expected had been secured, a rebel cavalry force, about 500 strong, under command of General J. E. Slaughter, supported by three field-pieces, overtook Colonel Bar- rett’s command, and a slow, running fight ensued, in which about 15 were killed and wounded and 57 made prisoners, including Captain Temple and Lieutenant Sedwick of the Thirty-fourth In- diana. The fight was continued to within one mile of Brazos. This fight was of some importance, as being the last action of the war. On the 10th of Ma}', Captain M.ayberry, commanding all the irregular bands of rebels in Arkansas and Monroe counties. Ark., came into Pine Bluff, Ark., and surrendered. On tbe 24th, Cap- tain Rayburn, who commanded a similar force in -Jackson, Prairie, and White counties, Ark., also surrendered at Duvall’s Bluff. The forces under the command of these two were .all the rebel troops under arms in Arkansas. After the full of Richmond and the surrender of General Lee, the rebel commander of the Trans- Mississippi Dep.artment, General E. Kirby Smith, issued a procla- mation under date of April 21, 18G5, breathing defiance to the United States, and insisting on the ability of his army to m.aintain the rebellion. Be had at this time a force of prob.ably not far from 60,000 men under his command, though pretty widely scat- tci ed (the rebels stated tbeir force at 80,000). "When intelligem^ came of the surrender of Johnston and Dick Taylor, and of the urgent and relentless pursuit of Davis, General Smith’s vie^vs 674 Texas. began to undergo a cliangc, and lie discnssod the propriety of a sur- render witli liis officers. A portion of liis army, consisting mostly of ^lissonrians, most of wliorn had joined the rebels early in the war, determined not to be included in the surrender. Their ma- rauding raids upon the Union men in their own State were too well known to leave them any hope of life or property if they re- turned to Missouri, and they accordingly desei-ted in a body. On General Smith’s return to Houston from western Texas about the 20th of lilay, ho found that a largo number of his Texan troops had deserted and gone to tlieir homos ; that lie was as ho himself said, “a general without an army.” He therefore made all possible haste to surrender what was left, and as Afajor-General Canby had no considerable force at that time in Texas, he sent Lieut.-General Buckner, Brig.-General Brent, and Capt. Carter of the rebel navy, to New Orleans to arrange terms for surrender of all the rebel army and navy forces in the Trans-Mississippi Depart- ment. The terms, which were substantially the same as in the case of Lee, Johnston, and Taylor, were agreed upon and signed on the 2Gth of May, at New Orleans, by Buckner, Brent, and Carter, and subsequently, at Galveston, by Generals E. Kirby Smith and J. B. Magruder. No official statement of the men or material in- cluded in this surrender has yet been published, but it is known that the prisoners parolled by it did not exceed twenty thousand, but that con.siderable quantities of cannon, small-arms, munitions of war, and quartermaster’s and commissary stores were given up. The rebel soldiers who had deserted plundered extensively in Houston, and other towns in Texas. On the 25th of May, Rear- Admiral Thatcher took possession of the two strong forts Manna- hasset and Griffin, the defenses of Sabine Pass. There was left by the surrender of Kirby Smith’s array no organized rebel military force in existence in the country, and Captain Carter’s surrender of the rebel navy in Texas left only the rebel ram “Missouri’’ on the Red River, which was surrendered a day or two later; tho “Stonewall,” a French built iron clad, given up to tho Spanish authorities early in Juno, and by them lutnded over to tho United States in July ; and the English built and manned privateer Shen- andoah, which continued her piracies on the northwest coast for some time longer. BIOGRAPHICAL’ SKETCHES. AnRAHAM Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States, and at the time of his death filling that office for the second term, was born in Hardin County, Ky., Feb. 12, 1809. His ancestors were Quakers. In 1816 liis father removed to Spencer County, Ind., and Abraham was thus early put to work with an axe to clear away the forest. In the next ten years he received about one year’s schooling in such schools as were taught in that now country. At the age of nineteen years he made a trip to New Or- leans as a hired hand on a flat-boat. In March, 1830, he removed with his father to Decatur, 111., and aided in building a cabin, settling the family in their new home, and providing for them the ensuing winter. In 1831 he again made a trip to New Orleans, and on his return became a clerk in a store at Sangamon, 111. In 1832 he volunteered in the Black Hawk War, and was made cap- tain of a company, but saw no fighting. On his return from the campaign he was a candidate for the Legislature, but was nnsuc- cessfitl. A store which he purchased did not prosper ; and after a short term of service as postmaster at New Salem, 111., studying at every leisure moment, ho became a surveyor, and won a good rep- utation for the accuracy of his surveys. In 1834 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1836 and 1838. Having de- voted alt his leisure time to the study of law, he was admitted to the bar in 1836, and in 1837 removed to Springfield, 111., and opened an office in partnership with Hon. John F. Stuart. He soon rose to eminence in his profession, but did not withdraw from politics. In 1844 he was nominated as a Whig Presidential elec- tor, and canvassed the State for Mr. Clay. In 1846 he was elected to Congress from the central district of Illinois, and in Congress maintained the reputation of qn honest and able representative, acting generally with the more advanced wing of the Whig party. In 1849 he was a candid.ate for U. S. senator, but the Legislature was Democratic, and elected General Shields. In 1854 the passage of the Nebraska Bill and the repe.al of the Missouri Compromise called him again into the field, and by his disinterested Labors Judge Trumbull was elected to the U. S. Senate. In 1856, at the 34 C76 Hiographical Sketches, Republican National Convention, he was urged for the Vice-Pres- idency, and received 110 votes. In 1858 ho was nominated for U. S. senator by the Republicans, and in company with Judge Douglas, the Democratic candidate, canvassed the State, discuss- ing with his antagonist the great principles which distinguished the two parties. Lincoln had a majority of the popular vote, but Douglas was elected by the Legislature by eight majority. On the 18th of May, 1800, Mr. Lincoln was nominated by the Repub- lican National Convention at Chicago for the Presidency, and on the 6th of February following was elected, receiving 180 out of 303 electoral votes. It was the policy of those who were conspiring against the Union to divide the opponents of Mr. Lincoln as far as possible, in order that he might succeed by the votes of Northern States alone, and thus afford a pretext for secession, and therefore three other distinct Presidential tickets were run, headed respec- tively by Messrs. Breckinridge, Douglas, and Bell. As soon as his election was known, measures were taken by political leaders in several of the Southern States to drag their States into secession, and when Mr. Lincoln left Springfield, Ilk, on the 11th of February to go to Washington for his inauguration, six States had already seceded, and others were preparing to follow. A Southern con- federacy had been formed, with Davis and Stephens for President and Vice-President. Notwithstanding three or more attempts to assassinate him, he reached Washington in safety, and though still threatened, was inaugurated March 4, 1861. The condition of the Government, through the imbecility, fraud, and treason of the preceding administration and cabinet, was deplorable — its credit nearly ruined ; its army deprived of arms and parollcd ; its navy sent to distant seas ; its arms removed to the arsenals of the States in insurrection, or sold and broken up ; its forts, vessels, custom- houses, and mints seized by the conspirators. Mr. Lincoln set himself to remedy this, when on the 14th of April, 1861, Fort Sumter was captured, and the war commenced. He then called for 76,000 men for three months, proclaimed a blockade of the Southern ports, and summoned an extra session of Congress for July 4, 1861. Large armies were soon required, and in the ex- ecutive responsibilities of his position in a time of war — with a great army to be maintained, disciplined, and kept at work, finances to be managed, the disloyal government officers, civil and military, to be weeded out, the schemes of secessionists to be thwarted, and later in the year, the difficult case of the seizure of Mason and Sli- Abraham Lincoln, 6V7 'Jell to bo Ji(1justed-“-lio liad liis full share of the burdens of his offi- cial position. During 1862 these were rather intyeased than diminished. Compelled by his convictions of duty to assume in fact his titular position of cotnmander-in-chief of the army and navy, ho ordered an advance in February, 1862, which was made in Jfarch. The indecisive or disastrous battles of the Peninsula and Pope’s campaign caused him great anxiety, and the conviction having been forced upon him by the course of events that the slaves in the rebel States must bo emancipated as a military neces- sity, be issued on the 22d of September, soon after the more favor- able battles of South Mountain and Antietam, his preliminary proclamation, announcing his intention of declaring free all slaves in rebel States on the 1st of January, 1863. Several successes in the AYest had cheered him, and in 1863, with some disasters, there were many and important victories East and TYest. Mr. Lincoln had been very desirous that the border States should adopt eomo plan of more or less gradual emancipation, and during the year West Virginia, Maryland, and Missouri did so. In 1864, having called General Grant to the lieutenant-generalship, Mr. Lincoln divided with him a part of his burdens, which had become too op- pressive to bo borne. A great outcry had been made against him for the arrest of Vallandigbarn and other promoters of rebellion, but in two very able letters addressed to the New York and Ohio committees, he fully justified his course. The victories of Sher- man, Thomas, Farragut, Terry, and Sheridan, and the persistency and resolution of Grant had at length, in the spring of 1865, pre- pared the way for the downfall of the rebellion, and after a brief but desperate struggle, Petersburg and Richmond fell, and Lee surrendered his army. In the progress of these events, Mr. Lin- coln, whose anxiety had been most insupportable, was at the front, and the day after the occupation of Richmond by the Union troop? he entered that city, not with the pomp of a conqueror, but quietly and without display, and after spending one day there returned to City Point and thence to AYashington. The war was to all intents and purposes closed, and with his mind intent on the great prob- lem of pacification, his brow cleared, and ho appeared in better spirits than usual. This was the time seized upon by the conspira- tors for his assassination, and on the 15th of April, just four years from the date of his proclamation calling the people to arms, ho died by the hand of a wretched murderer. The circumstances of his assassination, and the distress and sorrow of the nation at his 678 Hiographical Sketches. loss, are elsewhere (p. 619) described. He was a man of thorough integrity and uprightness — conscientious, candid, amiable, and for- giving; slow in arriving at conclusions, but firm in maintaining them; of sound judgment and good executive abilities, and pos- sessing a rare power of natural logic, whicli was the more con- vincing from its singularity. Though sprung from the common people, and never ashamed of the class, he possessed a native po- liteness and grace of manner which caused Edward Everett, him- self one of the most refined and elegant gentlemen of our time, to say that in his personal bearing and manner Mr. Lincoln was the peer of any gentleman of America or Europe. ^ ULVesES Simpson Grant, Lieutenant-General U. S. A., was bom at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, April 27th, 1822. After a fair preliminary education, ho entered West Point in 1839, and graduated in 1843, ranking twenty-first in a class of thirty. Bre- vetted second lieutenant Fourth Infantry, he served first at Jeffer- son Barracks, near St. Louis ; next on the Red River, in La. ; in 1845 made full second lieutenant in his regiment, and in 184G, under General Taylor, moved forward to the border, took part in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, in the storming of Mon- terey, and the capture of Vera Cruz ; appointed quartermaster of his regiment ; took part in the assault of Molino del Rey and the storming of Chapultepec, and was made first lieutenant on the spot, and subsequently brevetted captain. In August, 1848, mar- ried Miss Dent, of St. Louis, and ordered successively to Detroit, Sackett’s Harbor, and Fort Dallas, Oregon. Promoted to full cap- taincy in August, 1853; resigned his commission July 31, 1854. lie engaged in various occupations, but with no great success, as farmer, collector, auctioneer, and leather-dealer. On the opening of the war he raised a company and marched with it to Spring- field, 111., from Galena, his then residence. Other men of more imposing appearance obtained commissions, but Captain Grant re- ceived none. Soon after, however. Governor Yates made him adjutant-general, and in Juno commissioned liirn as colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers. His regiment was employed in guarding the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. Here ho was soon made acting brigadier- general, and on the 9th of August com- missioned as brigadier-general, and ordered to southern Missouri to oppose Jeff. Thompson. He next took command of the district of Cairo, occupied Paducah and Smithland, Ky., and sent an expedi- Ulysses Simpson Grant. 679 tion in pursuit of Jeff. Thompson. On Korember 7th fought the battle of Belmont. Earlj in January made a reconnoissance in force into Kentucky to learn the position of the enemy, and in the beginning of February moved on Fort Ilenry, Tenn., which, how- ever, Flag-Officer Foote captured before ho reached it. He then besieged Fort Douelson, on the Cumberland, and after four days re- ceived, Feb. IG, 1862, its unconditional surrender. Promoted to a major-generalship Feb. IG, 18G2. Movingfc'outhward through Nash- ville, Franklin, Columbia, etc., he reached Pittsburg Landing and Savannah, on the Tennessee River, the latter part of March ; fought the severe battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing April G and 7 ; un- der command of General Ilalleck, took part in the siege of Corinth. After its evacuation, put in command of the Department of West . Tennessee; broke up the illicit traffic at Memphis; commanded in the battles of luka and Corinth, September and October, 18G2; moved southward to attack Vicksburg in rear, in December, 1862, but w'as recalled by the capture of Holly Springs, his depot of supplies. ^ Returned northward, and bringing his army to Young’s Point, sought the reduction of Vicksburg by various measures. Finally marching his force down the west side of the river, crossed at Bruinsburg; fought in the first seventeen days of May the bat- tles of Port Gibson, Fourteen Mile Run, Raymond, Jackson, Cham- pion’s Hill, and Black River Bridge ; besieged Vicksburg for seven weeks, when it surrendered — by far the richest prize of the war thus far; defeating and routing Johnston at .Jackson with Sher- man’s troop.s, he next visited New Orleans, where he was seriously injured by being thrown from his horse. Appointed in October, 1863, to the command of the Western Grand Military Division, ho liastened to Chattanooga, where, by the magnificent battles of Chattanooga, ho surpassed his previous reputation. He also raised the siege of Knoxville. Appointed lieutenant-general in March, 1864, ho reorganized the Eastern armies, and in May, 1864, com- menced his great campaign, and fought within the next six weeks the terrible battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, the North Anna, Cold Harbor, Mechanicsville, Chickahoininy, and Petersburg. Later in the season, the disastrous battle of the Peters- burg Mine, the battles of Deep Bottom and Chaffin’s Farm, several attempts to gain possession of the South Side Railroad, occasioning battles southwest of Petersburg, the battles of Hatcher’s Run, in October, 1864, and February, 1865. The repulse of the attack on Fort Stedman, and the final movement by which Five Forks was C80 HiograpJiical Sketches, taken, and the strong works before Petersburg carried, Eiclimond and Petersburg captured, tlie retreating rebel army pursued, fought at Deatonville, Fannville, and Appomattox Station, and finally compelled to surrender, demonstrated liis ability and persistence. At the same time, ho had directed in general the movements of Sherman, Sheridan, and Thomas, and in particular the expeditions for the capture of Fort Fisher and the reduction of Wilmington. IIo also dictated the ter^s of the subsetjuent surrender, and the reorganization of the greatly reduced army, William Tecumsku Siieumak, Major-General U. S. A., ■^as born in Lancaster, Ohio, February 8, 1820. After a good preliminary education ho entered West Point in 1836, and graduated in 1840, sixth in his class. Appointed immediately second lieutenant Third Artillery, and served successively in Florida (whore, in 1841, ho was promoted to bo first lieutenant). Fort Moultrie (1841-6), in California (1846-50), where ho was made assistant adjutant-gen- eral, brovotted captain, and in I860 promoted to a captaincy, and in 1850 ordered to St. Louis. In 1851 ho was stationed at New Orleans. In 1853 he resigned his commission, removed to San Francisco, and was for four years manager of Lucas, Turner & Co.’s banking-house. In 1857 ho was ofifered the presidency of a State military academy in Louisiana, and accepted, but resigned in Jan- uary, 1801, because the academy was used to train rebel officers, and removed to St. Louis, and at the opening of the war olfered his services to the Government. lie was appointed. May 14, 1861, colonel of the Thirteenth Infantry U. S. A., and commanded the third brigade in the first (Tyler’s) division at Pull Run, where neither ho nor his men ran, but rendered efficient service. He was made briga- dier-general of volunteers Aug. 3, 1801 — reported at first to Gen- eral Anderson, and on General A.’s resigning (Oct. 8), was made commander of the Department of the Ohio. Here he was greatly embarrassed by the utter insufficiency of the force allowed him to meet the rebels, who greatly outnumbered his forces. Finding remonstrances useless, ho asked to be relieved, and was shelved by being put in command of Benton Barracks, near St. Louis. Gen. Ilalleck found him here, and presently put him in command of the fifth division of Grant’s army. At Shiloh, General Grant testifies that ho saved the army and the day. lie was in the advance in the pursuit and siege of Corinth, and was made major-general of volunteers from May 1, 1862. Juno 20, he captured Holly Springs, 'William Tecumseh Sherman. 681 Miss. In June he was put in command of the district of Memphis, and suppressed the contraband trade and the guerrillas there. In December he was appointed to the command of the fifteenth array corps, and sent to Chickasaw Bluffs, Vicksburg, where, owing to Grant’s inability to co-operate, in consequence of the capture of Holly Springs by the rebels, he was repulsed with con- siderable loss. lie then proceeded with his command and General McClernand, who ranked him, to Arkansas Post, which was cap- tured early in January, 1863. In Grant’s subsequent campaign against Vicksburg, Sherman was his ablest lieutenant. He saved the gun-boats from destruc- tion on the Sunflower Elver; made so formidable a demonstration against Haines’ Bluff, when Grant was at Bruinsburg, as to com- pletely deceive the rebels and draw' them away from his route; fought bravely at Fourteen Mile Creek and Jackson, destroyed rebel property there, and thence moved rapidly toward Vicksburg; captured the rebel batteries on Haines, Walnut, Snyder, and Chick- asaw Bluffs, and then opened communication with the Union fleet above Vicksburg. He assaulted the city on the 19th and 22d of May, and gained some ground, though he did not enter the city. Immediately after the surrender in July, he was sent in pursuit of Johnston, whom he drove back through and out of Jackson with heavy loss. After a short period of rest, he was called to rein- force the Army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga, and while on his way was put in command of the Army of the Tennessee, General Grant, who had formerly commanded it, being promoted to the command of the Military Division of the Mississippi. Ar- riving at Chattanooga, he was at once ordered to move to the attack of the rebels at the northern extremity of Mission Ridge. He crossed the Tennessee, and by his persistent demonstrations on Fort Buckner, compelled the rebels to withdraw their troops from Fort Bragg to oppose him, and then that fort fell a prey to the assault of the fourth corps. This battle over, he was immediately sent by General Grant to raise the siege of Knoxville, which he accomplished by an extraordinary forced march. After a brief pe- riod of rest,, early in February General Sherman was at Vicksburg, at the head of 20,000 troops, marching into the heart of Mississippi and Alabama. On his return. Grant was lieutenant-general, and Sherman again succeeded him in the command of the Militaiy Division of the Mississippi. Gathering his troops, he moved from Chattanooga May 7, 1864, for Atlanta, capturing in the campaign 682 H iograph ical Sketches, Dalton, itesaca, Kingston, Rome, Dallas, Allatoona Pass, Marietta, Sandtown, and Decatur, besides many places of less note, and figliting the severe battles of Rocky-Faced. Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Little Ketiesaw, the three battles before Atlanta, and the battles at Jonesboro. lie entered Atlanta September 1, removed the civilians from it, gath- ered stores there ; and Hood, the rebel general, attempting to cut his communications, he followed him northward, fought him at Allatoona Pass, drove him westward to Gaylesville, Ala., and in- trusted the task of taking care of him to General Thomas wliilo he returned to Atlanta ; voluntarily severed all communication with Chattanooga, destroyed the public buildings of Atlanta, and with a force of 00,000 men commenced his march toward Savan- nah; sweeping through a broad tract, ho arrived at Savannah with very slight loss, capturing Fort McAllister by assault, and com- pelling Hardee to evacuate tlio city. He remained there a month, recruiting and setting matters in order, and with a force of nearly 80,000 men' moved nortliward toward Goldsboro, N. G. On his route ho captured Orangeburg, Columbia, and Winnsboro, S. 0. ; compelled the rebels to evacuate Charleston ; took Cheraw and Fayetteville, and entered Goldsboro on the 24th of March, having fought two battles, at Averysboro and Bentonville, the latter, one of considerable severity. Remaining seventeen days at Goldsboro to reclothe and refit his array, ho moved, April 10th, on Smithfield, and thence to Raleigh, and westward. Receiving overtures for surrender from Johnston, ho made a memorandum of an agree- ment with him, which being unsatisfactory to the Government was annulled, and on the 26th of April, Johnston surrendered on the same terms on which Lee had done. The war ended, General Sherman was put at the head of one of the five great military di- visions, that of the Mississip[)i, embracing the northwestern States and Territories, Missouri, and Arkansas. PniLip Henry Sheridan, Major-General H. S. A., was born in Perry Co., Oliio, in 1831. He had tlie advantage of a good com- mon school education, and was appointed to a cadetship in West Point in 1848, and graduated in 1853, very low in his class, his belligerent disposition reducing his standing in his studies, which was otherwise above mediocrity. Ho was attached to the First U. S. Infantry, as brevet second lieutenant, and ordered to Fort Duncan, Tezas. In the spring of 1855 ho was exchanged into the Philip Henry Sheridan. .683 Fourth Infantry as full second lieutenant, and ordered to San Francisco, via New York. In the latter city, he was for two months in commdud of Fort Wood. For six years ho remained on the Pacific coast, and among the Indian tribes, whose confi- dence he had won, and whom ho could manage better than any other army oflBcer. Ho was promoted to a first lieutenancy in the winter of 1801, and when the war broke out, to a ca[)taincy in the Thirteenth Infantry U. S. A., and ordered to join his regiment at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis. Ho was first made acting chief quartermaster under General Curtis, but succeeded indiffer- ently. During the Pea Ridge campaign, he was ordered by Gen- eral Blunt to impress a large amount of provender from the citizens of Arkansas, and refusing, was put under arrest, and ordered to report to General Ilalleck, wI\o relieved him from arrest, made him his own chief quartermaster, and presently allowed him to accept a commission of colonel of a Michigan cavalry regiment. On the 14lh of July, 1862, with his regiment, ho fouglit and de- feated a rebel brigade of cavalry, and for this was made brigadier- general of volunteers, his commission dating from July 1, 1862; but his command was infantry, not cavalry, to which he was best adapted. Not to speak of some minor engagements, in which Sheridan acquitted himself well, ho held the key of tlio-Union po- sition at Perry ville, Oct. 8th, and saved the Union army from de- feat. In the battle of Stone River, his division fought with the utmost desperation, losing all the brigade commanders, seventy officers, and half the men, and finally fell back in good order, but with empty cartridge-boxes, and re-forming, fought through the remaining days of the battle. At Chickamauga, on the first dayj he prevented a serious disaster to Wood’s corps; and on tlie second day, though borne off the field by the sudden assault of the en- emy upon the gap in the Union lines, ho fought his way out, and re-forming his men, brought his division into line before midnight. At Chattanooga, his bravery and daring were conspicuous in the attack upon Fort Bragg. His horse was shot under him, and his men under his leadership were almost frantic witli excitement. He followed Sherman to Knoxville, to raise the siege of that city ; and when General Grant became lieutenant-general, he was ordered to the Army of the Potomac, and to the command of the cavalry corps. In this congenial position ho led several expedi- tions into the enemy’s country, whore lie manifested the utmost daring and skill. In August, at General Grant’s request, ho was C84 Hiographical Sketches. appointed to the command of the Middle Military Division. Here he had for his task the keeping of the rebel General Early in or- der. After several minot' skirmishes, ho defeated him severely on the 19th of September, near Winchester; again, on the 22d, at Fisher’s Ilill; routed and drove him back on the 8th and 12th of October; and on the 19th of October, at Middletown, turned what had been, in his absence, a sad and disastrous defeat of his troops into a magnificent victory. In the next tliree or four months ho desolated the Shenandoah Valley and the smaller val- leys adjacent, that they might no longer serve as liarboring-places for guerrillas ; and in March, 1805, descended the valley, captured Staunton and Waynesboro, routed Early once more, and destroyed the railroads and canals and other property to the value of over fifty millions of dollars. Marching by way of White House, ho joined General Grant’s army, and after two days’ rest was ordered to the field in the last campaign, where to his bravery and strategic skill was mainly due the capture of Five Forks and the pursuit and eventual surrender of Lee. After the war on the Atlantic coast was over, he was sent in command of a force of over 80,000 men to Texas; and Kirby Smith having surrendered, after a few weeks’ guarding of the border, he was allowed to reduce his army. On the 27th of Juno he was appointed commander of the klilitary Division of the Gulf, comprising the departments of Mississippi. Louisiana, Texas, and Florida. a REVIEW OF THE WAR The war wliicli commenced in tlio spring of 18G1, and was maintained for four years with a violence and intensity hardly equaled in modern history, was not, on the part of the South, a sudden uprising — the resilience of a hrave and generous people goaded at last to resistance after years of oppression and wrong, and without previous preparation seizing on such weapons as were available to throw off the hated yoke. On the contrary, it was but the fulfillment of a long-cherished i)urpose. Thirty years before. South Carolina had revolted; and though partly coaxed and partly awed into submission at that time, the political leaders of that and other Southern States had never ceased to threaten secession when- ever their demands had been refused in the National Legislature; and from the Presidential campaign of 185G they had made active preparations to consummate their purpose at the next Presidential election. In the cabinet of Mr. Buchanan they Imd their pliant tools to furnish from the nation’s resources the means of destroying the nation’s life; and while one had quietly sent to the States which were to rise in rebellion the arms and ammunition intended for the nation’s defense — till 707,000 stand of arms had been placed in the Southern arsenals — another had sent all the ships of the navy, except a mere liandful, to distant seas for long cruises ; and another had so depreciated the credit of the Eepublic that its bonds, which, in 1857, stood at a premium of 17 per cent., had, in a time of profound peace, fallen to 85 per cent. ; and even at this price no large sums could bo placed. The ludian agencies had been given over to plunderers, until the natives were exasperated and ready to rise and massacre the whites. Abroad, several of the more important missions and consulships were filled by men hostile to the nation’s existence. And in the army and navy all the offi- cers from the South, and many of those from the North, had been tampered with, and urged by the strongest inducements to abandon the cause of their country. AVliat, then, were the causes which led to the rebellion? They were mainly ; 1. An entire difference of opinion in regard to the fundamental 683 Review of the War. principles of government, arising from the different social and economical conditions of society, Nortli and Soutli. The men of tlie Nortli were tlio descendants, for the most jiart, of the middle class of English yeomen. Sturdy, self-reliant, not averse to labor, but enterprising and intelligent, they had maintained commerce, established manufactories, fostered the mechanic arts, and devel- oped, by high and scientific culture, the agricultural wealth of their region. They had organized free schools over their entire territory, reared academies, colleges, and universities of the highest character, and planted their churches over the entire region. With them labor was honorable, and the hard hand of the son of toil more welcome than the lily fingers of the children of indolence. The men of the South were descended in almost equal numbers from the profligate and vicious younger sons of the English aris- tocracy of two centuries ago, and the convicts who were sent over to the number of more than a hundred thousand, while Virginia and Maryland were penal colonies, with a small infusion of Huguenots in South Carolina, and a considerable number of French creoles in Louisiana. Naturally averse to labor, they had, early in their history, commenced the importation of African slaves, and under the stimulus of the profit to be derived from the culture of cotton, had laid out the Southern States in large plantations often of many thousands of acres, which were cultivated by slave labor, while the proprietors of the plantations and slaves led an easy and luxurious life. There was little commerce, and of that little, nineteen-twentieths was conducted by Northern men. The manu- factures were very few, and for the most part only of the rudest kind — coarse burlaps, negro cloth, the simpler agricultural imple- ments, etc., while the great bulk of needful articles, either for war or peace, were brought from the North. The mechanic arts did not flourish, for it was not respectable to be a mechanic. Agricul- ture on an extended scale, though prosecuted with the rudest im- plements and in the most slovenly manner, was the only avocation which was popular; and at this tlie slaves were, except in the mountainous districts, the only toilers. All the whites were not planters ; and as most of those who possessed neither plantations nor slaves were in abject poverty, and the system of large planta- tions rendered good free schools impossible, there grew up a class of poor and degraded whites, ignorant, depraved, and vicious, hating the negro intensely, and often inferior to him in iiitelligeoco. The slave system of agriculture was proverbially wasteful and destruc- Review of the 'War. 687 live ; and the rich and fertile lands of the South, after a few years of the reckless and superficial cultivation bestowed upon them, be- came barren, and the slaveholder emigrated to newer lands to ruin them in the same way. There was thus a constant demand for new territory, to be sacrificed to the slaveholders; and as the large planters were often men of intelligence, and resolute in their defense of the principles of their caste, and could readily obtain seats in Congress, they were determined to secure for themselves and their fellow-planters the right of taking their slaves to any portion of the new Territories, and bringing them under the influ- ence of slavery. 2. The State Rights doctrine, first broached by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798, amplified and enlarged by John C. Calhoun in 1832 and 1833, and finally fully adopted by the prin- pal Southern leaders between 1850 and 18G0, was another cause of the rebellion. The advocates of this doctrine insisted upon the supremacy of the State in all matters. The Union was, they said, only a confederation of States, with but feeble powers, and when the sovereign States saw fit to secede from it, they had a perfect right to do so. This right was to ho exercised whenever the majority in Congress or the States should adopt any measure by which a sovereign State should feel or fancy itself aggrieved. 3. But slavery, directly or indirectly, was the proximate, cause of the war. The Morth, with its regard for free and honorable labor, felt an abhorrence for slavery ; and the poor bondman flying from its torments, its indignities, and its vicious indulgence, was reluctantly sent back into its vortex, and often succeeded in effect- ing his escape. To sacrifice to such a system the virgin soil of the ifew Territories seemed a crime against nature, and claiming an equal right to the fair lands as yet unsettled, with the South, the citizens of the North refused to sanction slavery in any region be- yond that already yielded by past compromises. On the other hand, the Southern leaders, accustomed to control Congress by their demands or threats, sought the permission to make slave ter- ritory of all the region west of Missouri, the recovery of their slaves everywhere in the United States, and the right to take them where they pleased without incurring risk of loss. They claimed also the right of re opening the slave-trade, and of maintaining the inter- state slave-trade. They saw, however, with serious apprehension, that in each suc- cessive Congress their power, hitherto enforced by haughty threats, 688 Iteview of the War. and the crack of tbo slave-driver’s whip, was waning, as new Western States were admitted, and the opposition to slavery and slaveholding aggression became stronger and more effectually organized. In 1850 this opposition first excited their alarm. John C. Fremont, the candidate of the Republican party for President, and the representative of the men who were hostile to any farther aggressions of the slave power, polled a very heavy vote; and though defeated, his party evidently possessed strength enough to succeed next time. The slavcholding leaders at once took measures, quietly, to thwart such a result if it should happen. Many of them were not averse to a disruption of the Union, if only they might make suita- ble preparation for it beforehand ; and while, as we have said, the cabinet of Mr. Buchanan lent themselves willingly to the plans of the conspirators, measures were taken in other quarters to provide for the coming emergency. Military schools for the training of officers were established in many of the Southern States, and super- intended by eminent graduates of West Point; South Carolina imported largo quantities of arms and munitions of war from Eng- land. The railroads and telegraph lines through the South, built mostly with Northern capital, were pushed forward with great rapidity ; and at length, so confident were the arch-conspirators of success, and that with but moderate resistance, that they purposely incited divisions in the Democratic party and other opponents of the Republican party, which, by the nomination of three other candi- dates for the Presidency, should insure the success of the Republican nominee. This accomplished, their orators, by the most vehement denunciation of Mr. Lincoln and the North, sought to “fire the Southern heart” and prepare the excitable masses for the tragedy of secession. The people of the North, meantime, except those who were in the secret of the conspirators, sturdily refused to be- lieve that the South intended to secede or fight. They had so often heard threats of secession from Southern leaders, that the cry of “ Wolf! wolf!” had lost its terrors. The day of election came, and Mr. Lincoln was elected by a large majority of the electoral college and a plurality of the popular vote. Within four days after the election. South Carolina had called a secession convention, and on the I7th of December passed an ordinance of secession ; Mississippi imitated her ekample on the 9th of January ; Florida, on the 10th ; Alabama, on the 11th; Georgia, on the 19th; and Louisiana on the 25th; while Texas followed on the 7th of February. The Review of the War. G89 election of Mr. Lincoln was the occasion, but in no sense the cause, of secession. Seven of the seceding States had passed the ordi- nance before he l)ad left his home in Illinois to come to Washington to take the oath of office. The Senate and the Supreme Court of the United States were both opposed to him politically, and the House had but a small majority in his favor. There were not wanting those who hoped that by yielding to the demands of the Southern leaders, making concessions and compromises, as in the past, war might yet be averted, and the “ erring sisters come back in peace.” A peace conference was accordingly assembled in Wash- ington on the 4th of February, 1861. Delegates were present from twenty States, and various measures were discussed. A majority finally united in a series of propositions which gave no satisfaction to any party, and were rejected by both. Mr. Crittenden offered in Congress a series of compromise resolutions, which after long discussion and numerous modifications were finally rejected. At this juncture one of the leading conspirators, afterward President of the rebel Confederacy, avowed that no propositions could be made which would be satisfactory to them ; that if offered carte 'blanche to write their demands, they would refuse it, as they were determined upon separation. Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated; and before he and his cabinet had fairly learned the condition of the nation, the conspirators precip- itated the war upon the Government. There was now no possi- bility of compromise or settlement. The war must be fought out, till one or the other party should be ready to yield. IIow stood at this time the two opposing parties, the United States and the insur- gents, as to their preparation for the conflict? The conspirators had thirty thousand men already under arms, and a hundred thou- sand more already called out and fast organizing for service. They had a moiety of the living graduates of West Point ready to take command of their armies, and the graduates of their half-dozen military schools for subordinate officers ; they had an ample supply of muskets, and rifles, and pistols from the United States armories, furnished by the fraud and treason of John B. Floyd ; and a large supply of cannon, of all calibres, in the arsenals, forts, and navy yards they had seized. The people, wrought up to frenzy by the ha- rangues of the conspirators, enlisted with great promptness; and there was reason to fear that they would seize upon the capital and wreck the Government before the slower North could put on its harness for the fight. 690 lieview of the War. But besides these advantages tliey had others of no mean im- portance. From tlie first it was evident tliat their fighting would, for the most part, be defensive, tliough with offensive returns. Adopting this mode of warfare, they reserved to themselves the great advantage of interior lines — that is, supposing the two armies to occupy in their positions segments of two parallel circles, the outer segment and what was leyond it would represent the posi- tion of the Union army, while the inner segment and what was within it would exhibit the position of the rebel army. Of course troops, supplies, arms, and ammunition could be moved much more readily across the area included within the inner segment than around the outer one. Kepudiating, either by State or individual action, the payment of the debts due the North, and having on hand the greater part of the cotton crop of 18G0, which as rapidly as possible was shipped to Europe as the basis of exchange, they were supplied at the beginning with considerable resources for carrying on the war. Furthermore, the war would bo fought on their own territory, and every white inhabitant, whether combatant or non-combatant, would b6 of service to their cause. Women as well as men could be spies and scouts ; the weak, by wrong information to the enemy, by constant correspondence with their own leaders, and in a thou- sand other ways, could serve their cause as well as the strong. They had, moreover, able officers, whom they could at once put at the head of affairs. Davis, whom they had already made Pres- ident of their so-called confederacy, was a graduate of West Point, bad served with credit in the Mexican war, had been Secretary of A7ar under President Pierce, and possessed a high reputation for executive ability. Albert Sydney Johnston, an officer of high rank and superior talent; Joseph E. Johnston, hardly inferior to him in ability ; Robert E. Lee, the friend and confidant of General Scott ; G. T. Beauregard, an engineering officer of brilliant abilities; and.' Thomas J. Jackson, a stern Cromwellian sort of fighter, were all pledged to their service, together with numbers of others who were hardly inferior to these in military skill and knowledge. What had the North to oppose to such a state of preparation for the impending conflict? She had men — brave, noble-hearted, pa- triotic men, but they were all unskilled in the arts of war. She had some officers, but the Lieutenant-General was old and feeble, suffering from wounds received fifty years before in his country’s cause, and wholly unprepared for the emergencies of a war far Review of the War. 691 vaster than ho bad ever dreamed of. Ilis plans became, through the traitors among the officers of his military family, known to the enemy as soon as he bad formed them, and the burden of respon- sibility became so great that bo was fain to lay it down. Of the other generals of the regular army, 'Wool was nearly as infirm as his chief; Harney was hardly more than semi-loyal ; Twiggs, with a depth of treason and meanness which should make him forever infamous, had not only gone over to the rebels, but had betrayed the common soldiers of his command to them, and made them prisoners, while A. S. Johnston had also joined the South. But two colonels, ilansfield and Sumner, were found loyal and capable of liigher commands; and while the number of officers of lower grade, whose loyalty would bear the test, was much larger, few of them had had much actual experience of war, and tliey needed long training to enable them to comprehend fully the vast struggle on which they were about to enter. Many of the array officers who remained loyal were so affiliated with the South by mar- riage or friendship, or their obligations to some of the Southern leaders, that they had hardly the heart to fight them, and desired to conduct the war on such principles that no one should be se- riously hurt. The departments of Government, the halls of Con- gress, the military offices, the President’s house even, swarmed with spies who communicated without delay to their Southern friends every incident or movement of importance. That the North, with its vast resources of patriotic men, its skilled labor,- and its immense wealth, must eventually win the day, was the confident belief of every loyal man ; but with the im- mediate advantages so greatly on the side of the South, it seemed to be evident that the struggle must be long and severe. Yet the President and his cabinet, hopeful in the midst of the surrounding gloom, thought the war would not eontinue “ beyond ninety days.” The President by proclamation, on the 15th of April, 1861, called out 75,000 militia to servo three months, and called for soldiers for the regular army which should recruit its numbers to 42,000. He also summoned Congress to an extra session on the 4th of July, and by another proclamation of the 19th of April, declared the ports of the insurgent States under blockade. There were abundant volunteers to make up the 75,000 men ■ called for — 350,000, it is said, having olfered their services, and 80,000 having been accepted ; but very few, probably not 20,000 in all, belonged to any militia organization at the time when the 35 692 Review of the 'War. call was made. Tlie skeleton militia regiments, where any such existed, filled up their ranks to the full required quota by re- cruiting, but in most of the States there was no efl’ective military organization. In the cities, volunteer companies and regiments kept up the uniform, though with but little of the discipline, of the army ; but in the rural districts, and in many entire States, there was no militia organization. Fifty years of peace had caused the nation to forget the needed preparation for war. So strongly wedded was the Secretary of War to the belief that the war was to be a brief one, that ho very reluctantly accepted a few addi- tional regiments from the hundreds otfered him, and suffered the remainder, after long waiting, to disband, disgusted with the neg- lect of the Government to respond to their patriotic offers. Let us now glance at the conduct of the war thus inaugurated. The troops assembled around Washington — brave fellows enough, but utterly without discipline, except in the case of a very few reg- iments. The men in many instances never having handled a mus- ket before their enlistment, were hardly arrived in their camps before a cry was set up by the newspapers of “ On to Richmond !” and the fiercest denunciations were heaped upon the Administration and the veteran Lieutenant-General because he did not order an immediate advance. Meantime, though all possible expedition had been used, the regiments had hardly been formed into brigades or the brigades into divisions. There was much to be learned in five or six weeks, but the clamor arose so fiercely, “ On to Richmond I on to Richmond!” that General Scott suffered himself to be over- persuaded, and ordered an advance when the troops were as yet wholly unprepared for it, though some of them were approaching the close of their very short term of enlistment. Then followed the battle of Bull Run. It is much to the credit of this undis- ciplined mass of militia that they should have fought so well as they did. The far better trained force of Beauregard was beaten back, and but for the arrival of Johnston’s reinforcements just at the last moment, would have given way, routed and utterly dis- comfited. But the evil effects of want of discipline showed them- selves in the panic which smote the Union troops when their rein- forced foe began to rally and press them back. But not all mingled in this terrible panic; a few regiments maintained their ground, and found that the rebels were too much exhausted and had suf- fered too heavy losses to assume the offensive. The day seemed one of sad disaster, but it was a blessing in dis- 693 Review of the War. gnise. Rallying promptly from its deep humiliation, the nation saw the need of thorough discipline, of able leadership, of skillfnl strategy. Had tlie North been snccessful at Bull Run, tlie war would not yet be ended. After this battle. General McClellan, who had already won some distinction in West Virginia, became the actual, and in November following the titular, general-in- chief of the armies of the Union. At the West there were some movements wortliy of notice. Captain Lyon, U. S. A., soon after brigadier-general of volunteers, held command in Missouri, where the Governor, Claiborne F. Jackson, and Sterling Price, a former Governor, and then major-general of the Missouri State Guard and president of the State Convention, were endeavoring to compel the secession of the State. Removing the United States arms from St. Louis, and arresting a brigade of the State Gn.ard under General Frost, who sought to seize St. Louis, in the interests of the seces- sionists, General I>yon soon compelled dackson. Price, and their adherents to fly westward, driving them from the capital, skir- mishing with them at Booneville, and finally pushing them to a point where the rebel General McCulloch brought up his forces to aid them. He fought and defeated them at Dug Spring on the 2d of August, 1861, and on the 9th of the same month, in the des- perate and hard-fought battle of Wilson’s Creek, he fell while lead- ing his troops in a charge upon the enemy. His death temporarily disheartened his troops, who retreated to Rolla. A few weeks later, the rebels in largo numbers besieged and finally captured Lexington, notwithstanding its gallant defense by Colonel Mulli- gan. Brigadier-General Grant, a name just beginning to come into notice, had been appointed commander of the district of Cairo, had thwarted the plans of the rebel general, Jelf. Thompson, in south- eastern Missouri, occupied Paducah and Smithland, Ky., and early in November, after a careful reconnoissance, ha(f attacked and cap- tured the rebel camp at Belmont, and fought the bloody but inde- cisive battle at that point. The Army of the Potomac, now rapidly filling up its numbers under the requisitions of the President, equipped, organized, and disciplined, till it was one of the finest armies ever led into the field, whitened all the hills around Washington with its tents. These were the days of “ anaconda” strategy. The rebellion was to be surrounded on all sides by our troops, and then its bounda- ries being gradually diminished by our contracting lines, at the last the monster was to be crushed into one shapeless mass by the 694 Review of the War. tightening folds of our armies. The plan is said to have been de- vised by General Scott, and to have been sanctioned and developed by General McClellan. It was very pretty, and lacked hut one element of success — practicability. To liave accomplished it would have required at least six millions of men and six billions of money, and even then some weak point would have been found by the enemy. In accordance with this theory, however, expeditions were fitted out for the capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark on the North Carolina coast, and of Forts Beauregard and Walker at Hilton Head, the keys to the fine harbor of Port Iloyal ; and other enter- prises commenced, looking to the redaction of Roanoke Island and Newbern, and the capture of New Orleans and its defenses. The Hatteras and Hilton Head expeditions both came wRliin the year 1801, and both were successful — the latter, owing to the admirable arrangement of Flag-Officer (afterward Rear-Admiral) S. F. Du- pont, proving one of the finest naval victories of the war. The war on the 1st of January, 1802, had raged for nearly nine months, and as yet had made but little impression upon the South- ern Confederacy. The Union flag floated indeed over a small por- tion of North and South Carolina. Fort Pickens and Key West were ours ; Kentucky was driven from her position of neutrality, though still at several points occupied by the rebels, and Missouri was under Union rule, but sorely harassed by bands of rebel ruf- fians and guerrillas. The second year of the war was destined to see wider conquests, though not unmingled with serious reverses and disasters. One fold of the anaconda W'as sweeping southward from St. Louis to the Alleghanies, where an army with its right and left wings three hundred miles asunder, pressed the rebel forces before it. The Army of the Western Department, now under the command of General Halleck, had its left wing in eastern Kentucky, where the sturdy Thomas swept steadily and grandly onward, defeated Zolli- coffer at Camp Wildcat, killed him, and routed most completely his army at Somerset or Mill Spring ; and then, his foe having dis- appeared, hastened to join the center under Buell. Slow in move- ment, but an excellent disciplinarian, Buell with the center had occupied a threatening position toward the rebel stronghold at Bowling Green, where Albert Sydney Johnston, the ablest of the rebel generals, had fortified himself with a largo army. Westward still. Grant was moving along the Tennessee and Cumberland riv- Review of the War. 695> ers, and preparing under General Ilalleck’s direction one of those flanking movements which have since rendered him so famous, and by which he hoped, ere long, to render Columbus, Ky. — now strongly fortified and held by a large force under the Bishop-Gen- eral, Polk — untenable, and to compel Johnston to evacuate Bowl- ing Green without a battle. The feat is soon accomplished. Fort Henry yields ou the Cth of February to Flag-Officer Foote’s well- directed assault, and on the 16th of the same month Fort Donelson, after a bloody and desperate siege of four days, is “ unconditionally surrendered” by General Buckner to General Grant, and 14,000 prisoners grace the conqueror’s triumph. Clarksville and Nash- ville were now at the mercy of the Union army, and Johnston marching rapidly from Bowling Green, passed through Niishvillo without stopping, and pushed on to the Mississippi line, while his colleague, the Bishop-General, made the best of his way down tho river to Island Number Ten, where, in a strong position, ho could for the time defy his pursuers. Grant did not rest upon his laurels. Following his antagonist by w'ay of the Tennessee River, he landed his troops at Pittsburg Landing, near Shiloh Church, about twenty miles from Corinth, a place of great strategic importance, where Johnston was concen- trating his forces. General Halleck had ordered Buell and Thomas, the former in the advance, to join Grant at this point. The roads were heavy, and the progress of the troops slow. Johnston, a brilliant and skillful soldier, at once saw his opportunity and im- proved it. His force, though perhaps not equal to Grant’s and Buell’s combined, was nearly double that of Grant, and by hurling them upon Grant before his reinforcements came up, he might be able to destroy his army and then to defeat Buell. But the deep mud delayed by a day or more his advance, and Buell was nearer than he supposed. Still, on tho first day’s attack (Sunday, April C), the Union troops were in part surprised and, till near the close of tho day, defeated. The greater part of Prentiss’ division with its commander were taken prisoners, and the entire army driven out of their camps and toward the river bank; Johnston, the rebel commander, was killed, and Beauregard took his place. Late in the afternoon the tide of battle began to change. The gun- boats coming within range of tho enemy, opened u[)on them with their heavy shells, and Grant’s chief of ordnance gathering the scattered cannon, parked them on a commanding position, and commenced so deadly a bombardment at short range, that tho 696 Iteview of the IVctr. rebels began to fall back. The gun-boats continued their bom- bardment through the niglit, and the uiondiig bringing a part of Buell’s force, the Union army assumed the otl'ensivo, and by a lit- tle after noon had driven back the rebels and regained the lost ground. The rebels retreated leisurely to Corinth, whither they were pursued and besieged till the 30th of May, when Beauregard evacuated it and moved southward. The battle of Shiloh had been the bloodiest of the war thus far. The Bishop- General did not find his stronghold of Island Num- ber Ten impregnable. A canal was cut through a bayou on the west side of the river, by which the gun-boats were able to attack it from below, and New Madrid having been captured by General Pope, the position of the rebels became precarious and they flitted soutliward again, leaving, however, their heavy gnns and a con- siderable number of prisoners. Fort Wright was their next halting- place, and ere long they were dispossessed of this, and Memphis was surrendered, the rebel fleet having first been destroyed in a short but sharp naval action. In Arkansas there had been some severe fighting; tlie Missouri troops, pushing southward to keep up with the sweep of the “ anaconda,” had encountered the enemy in large force at Pea Kidge, and after a two days’ fight, by the gallant conduct of Gen- eral Sigel the Union troops were victorious and the rebels driven over the mountains. The expedition intended for the capture of New Orleans and its defenses had wisely been placed under the command of that able and skillful officer Captain (now Vice-Admiral) Farragut, and the co-op- erating land force under General Butler. Leaving Fortress Monroo in February, 1862, the expedition was delayed at Ship Island and other points for two months, and it was not until the IStli of April that it approached Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the Mississippi, seventy miles below New Orleans. These forts were works of great strength, and had a large and effective armament and full garrisons. To make assurance doubly sure, however, the rebels, to whom the possession of New Orleans was of the greatest im- portance, had provided against the possibility of a squadron passing the forts, by stretching a boom and chains across the river, by a large fleet of gun-boats, iron-clads, and rams, and by fire-ships and floating torpedoes, which it was believed would destroy any vessels which might attempt the hazardous passage. For six days Flag- OfiBcer Farragut bombarded the forts, and though he succeeded in Meview of the War. 697 doing some damage, there were as yet no indications of their re- duction. He had resolved before, if the bombardment proved un- successful, to attempt to force a passage past the forts and through the obstructions, and thus to reach New Orleans. The enterprise ■was one of great hazard. For a distance of nearly a mile his ves- sels would be exposed to the secret and terrible fire of the siege- guns of the forts ; then the chain was to be forced, the fire-ships, the torpedoes, and the enemy’s fleet, nearly equal in numbers to Lis own, and several of the vessels iron clad, to he encountered. On the 24th of April, aided, though some of the time embarrassed, by a fog, the effort was made ; the fire of the forts was encountered without serious injury, the chain was broken, the fire-rafts and torpedoes destroyed with but slight damage, and the rebel fleet, after a fierce and desperate engagement, almost unparalleled in tho history of naval warfare, completely annihilated, thirteen of their gun-hoats and the iron^clad Manassas being either burned, sunk, or destroyed. Of his own squadron, one vessel had been sunk and three dis.abled. Mith the remainder he kept on his way up tho river, and on the 2Gth summoned New Orleans to surrender. Tho rebel trooi« left the city in haste, and on the 28th it was occupied by Union troops. On the 29th of April the forts surrendered to Captain (now Rear-Admiral) Porter. Flag-Officer Farragut as- cended the river, captured the forts on its bank near New Orleans after a brief bombardment, passed tho batteries of Vicksburg, and communicated with Flag-Officer Davis, who had succeeded tho gallant Foote in the command of the upper Mississippi squadron. On the Atlantic the “ anaconda policy” had not worked so well. Burnside had, indeed, in a brilliant campaign, captured Roanoke Island, Plymouth, Newbern, Beaufort, and Fort Macon, N. C., and Gillmore had demonstrated the power of his long-range guns to re- duce strong masonry fortifications by tho capture of Fort PulaskL But in Virginia matters were not promising. The grand Army of the Potomac lay idly in its camps for four months after its or- ganization was completed. Five and twenty or thirty miles away, around tho heights of Manassas, the rebel army, far inferior in numbers, in equipments, in ordnance, and supplies, had lain through the long winter undisturbed. The new General had ever some excuse ready for declining to move. At length, tired of this con- stant procrastination, the President took the matter in hand, and issued orders for an advance on the enemy on the 22d of February. "When at length the vast army moved forward, the enemy, weary 098 Review of the War. of waiting, had abandoned their camps and moved southward. Marching buck to the Potomac, McClellan embarked his main army on transports and sailed for Fortress Monroe. A consider- able garrison was left for Washington, a small force in the Shenan- doah Valley under General Banks, and one corps under General McDowell, stationed near Fredericksburg. Meanwhile, the most remarkable naval conflict of our times had taken jdace in Hampton Roads. The Merrimac, one of our own frigates, partially burned at the abandonment of the Gosport Navy Yard, had been raised by the rebels, repaired, and clad with railroad iron. On the 7th of March she came out of Norfolk, destroyed by her ram the Con- gress and Cumberland, two Union frigates, and attempted to attack the Minnesota, one of the Union ships of the line, but could not get at her in consequence of the low st 4 te of the tide, and during the night lay at anchor ready to renew the destruction of the previous day. But during the night a singular-looking craft, appropriately enough described as resembling a cheese-box on a raft, entered the harbor, and the next morning advanced to give the iron-clad ship battle. In vain the latter exerted all her powers to destroy or escape her little antagonist; impenetrable to her shots, she is yet nimble enough to sail round her, to throw her huge shells into her port-holes whenever they are opened, and to cripple her steering apparatus; and at last the monster armored ship, seriously dam- aged, and her commander dangerously wounded, withdrew from the conflict, and a few weeks later was blown up by the rebels to pre- vent her falling into the hands of the United States authorities. We left the Grand Army on its way to Fortress Monroe, iauid- ing on the peninsula they soon made their way toward Yorktown, where the rebels, with less than tw'enty thousand men, occupied some hastily reared works. General McClellan had over one hun- dred thousand men, and could easily have carried these works by assault, but be preferred to institute a siege ; and General Lee, who was in command, having been largely ro-in forced, awaited an at- tack till the 3d of May, when he withdrew to Williamsburg. Uither McClellan followed, fouglit a battle in which for hours our men were slaughtered without definite object, and the next morn- ing found that Lee had left Williamsburg and was moving leisurGy toward Richmond. Thither McClellan pursued as leisurely, digging through the swamps, and losing more men from the deadly malaria of the Chickahominy marshes than he would have done in half a dozen battles. Slowly, bridges were thrown across the Chicka- Review of the War 699 hominy, and a single division sent across to occupy the ground. The rebels, fully informed of these movements, sent out a force from Richmond to overwhelm these few troops, while a rising flood in the Chickahominy would, they reasoned, prevent their reinforcement. On the first day the Union troops were defeated and driven back, but receiving reinforcements they took the offensive, and the next day drove the rebels back to within two miles of Richmond, and could have entered and captured that city had not McClellan recalled them. For the next twenty-five days General McClellan continued to for- tify the banks of the Chickahominy, his men meantime falling vic- tims to the malarial fever, till at one time he had nearly 30,000 on his sick list — diversifying his labors, meanwhile, by calling for more men. At this time he had 158,000 men on his rolls, and 120,000 effectives. He repre.‘^nted the rebels ns having 200,000 men, and the addition of Jackson’s corps, which could not, ho said, now be prevented, would increase their force to 250,000. In fact, the rebels had 50,000 men, and when Jackson’s corps was added, less than 90,000 ; and until they had learned the character of their foe, were trembling with fear lest we should assault Rich- mond, which could not have been held against a resolute attack. After attempting in vain to throw all the blame of a defeat upon the President or Secretary Stanton, General McClellan fought two battles, in neither of which did ho employ half his force, and re- solved to change his base — or, in plain English, to raise the siege of Richmond and retreat. This retreat was conducted under the direct supervision of his subordinate generals, many of whom by their bravery under such adverse circumstances added to their reputation, lie reached Harrison’s Landing, fifteen miles from Richmond, with a loss in killed, wounded, sick, and stragglers of nearly thirty thousand men. It would still have been possible to have captured Richmond had (ho Union commander attempted it in earnest, though the difficulty of doing .so was immensely in- creased from his present position, but McClellan frittered away the summer in clamoring for more men, and refused to move with- out them. Tlie new general-in-cbief. General Ilalleck, at length recalled the troops to Alexandria and Acquia Creek, where they were greatly needed. McClellan protested, prayed, and urged fur- ther trial, and finding all of no avail, finally, after a fortnight’s delay, embarked. Matters were not progressing much more favorably in northern Virginia. General Banks, who had ventured up the Shenandoali 700 Jteview of the War. Valley in April, driving tlio rebels before him, was suddenly con- fronted early in May by “Stonewall” Jackson’s force, more than quadi’uple bis own, and compelled to retreat, wliicli be did with considerable skill, north of the Potomac. Fremont, now in cqm- mand of the Mountain Department, and McDowell at Fredericks- burg, were summoned to repel bis invasion; and bis object (of drawing troops away which threatened Eichmond from the north) having been accomplished, Jackson in return made a masterly re- treat up the Shenandoah Valley ; and after fighting two battles, at Cross Keys and Port Republic, made his escape to Gordonsville, and thence with largely recruited forces to Eichmond, where he arrived in season to harass McClellan’s army in its retreat across the peninsula. It was now resolved to put Frempnt’s, Banks’, and McDowell’s commands together under General Pope, as the Army of Virginia, and threatening Richmond from the north, so distract Lee’s at- tention that it might fall an easy prey to McClellan’s attack from the south. General Pope’s plans were well arranged, and had ho received the co-operation of the Army of the Potomac, they could hardly have failed of success. General Pope had advanced toward Eichmond and had crossed the Rappahannock, when he found that Lee, disdaining to notice McClellan’s presence at Harrison’s Land- ing, or convinced that he had nothing to fear from him, was mov- ing with his whole army, numbering from 90,000 to 100,000 men, upon him. Pope had but 40,000 men, and his only tactics wore to fight and fall back, till reinforcements could reach him which should make his force equal to that of his adversary. Retreating campaigns are, however, very generally fatal to the morale of an army, unless it is in tlie highest state of discipline; and it is greatly to General Pope’s credit, that fighting at such odds, and constantly falling back, unsupported to anything like the extent he should have been by the Army of the Potomac, his bravo but half starved army should have retained to the last its courage, its organization, and its splendid fighting powers. The battles of this campaign e.xtended from Cedar Mountain by way of Manassas and Center- ville almost to the outer defenses of Washington itself ; and when at last the Army of Virginia joined their brethren of the Army of the Potomac witliin the fortifications around Washington, Lee pressed on into Maryland with the intention of carrying the war into the Northern States, and drawing thence ample supplies for his army. The command of the combined armies which wore to '701 Review of the "War. thwart his plans and check his progress was again given to McClel- lan; and although Lee captured Harper’s Ferry with but slight resistance, a part of his army and a jiart of McClellan’s came into collision at Sooth Mountain, and the rebels were i-epulsed and driven over the mountain. Three days later (on the ITtli of Sep- tember, 1802) the two armies met on the banks of Antietam Creek, and after a terrible and bloody battle, in whicli neither j)arty gained a decisive victory, though the advantage was on the Union side, both rested through the night on their arms. On the iiiorrow Lee could not and McClellan would not renew the battle, and the day following Lee moved leisurely toward the Potomac, crossed with- out any vigorous pursuit, and made his way toward the Rapidan. McClellan remained for some weeks in the neighborhood of the Potomac. "iFearied at length with his indisposition to prosecute the war vigorously, the President relieved him of his command on the 7th of November, and appointed General Burnside his suc- cessor. He accepted the charge with reluctance, and moved for- ward, though embarrassed from the first by the hesitating obedience of his subordinates, toward Fredericksburg, where he proposed to seek and attack the rebels. He had not far to seek. The hills which overlook the city bristled with batteries, and after crossing the Rappahannock and hurling his forces hour after hour against the massive walls which formed the rebel defenses, with no other effect than to produce a terrible slaughter of his troops, ho was compelled to withdraw to the north bank of the Rappahannock. In the West, the rebel General Bragg, who had succeeded Beau- regard in the command of tlio Western army, after a strenuous effort to regain luka and Corinth, which met Avith an overwhelm- ing and bloody repulse, moved northward again, with the inten- tion of regaining Nashville, plundering Kentucky, and perhaps capturing Louisville, whicli was Buell’s base of supplies. Buell followed him, perhaps as rapidly as ho was able, but never suc- ceeded in overtaking him or in preventing him from taking pos- session of important towns or j)lundering at will. He did not, however, regain possession of Nashville nor capture Louisville, but after approaching that city turned back with a vast train of plun- der and attempted to regain his former position in Tennessee. Buell again turned and pursued him, and at Perryvillo pressed him so closely as to compel him to fight, to give time for his trains to move on in safety. The battle was indecisive, and Bragg made his escape without further let or hindrance. Dissatisfied with General 702 Review of the War. Buell’s inefficiency, the Government removed him from command, and appointed General Rosecrans, who had distinguished himself in the late battle of Corinth, liis successor. That General, making Nash- ville his headquarters, was prepared, in the last days of the year, to seek Bragg, who had made his headquarters at Murfreesboro, and give him battle. The conflict which followed, known as the battle of Stone River, was at first a defeat for the Union troops, Bragg massing his troops against Rosecrans’ right wing, crumpling and crushing it, and finally crowding back his center. But the disaster wont no farther ; for the center, though pushed back, stemmed the rebel tide and held their ground, while the Union commander rallied and re-forrned his troops in a position against which the rebel waves dashed in vain. ■ The succeeding day wit- nessed no very severe fighting; but on the third day, when Bragg’s right wing, commanded by Breckinridge, attempted to repeat the operation of two days before and roll up Rosecrans’ left wing, they were met by a destruction so sudden and overwhelming, that those who were left fled in tlio wildest terror, and ere dawn of the next day Bragg and his army had abandoned Murfreesboro. General Sherman, in command of two corps of Grant’s Army of the Tennessee, had also, just at the close of the year, descended the Mississippi to Vicksburg to attack that stronghold from the northwest, while Grant himself approached it from the east. The capture of Holly Springs — Grant’s depAt of supplies — by the rebels on the 20th of December, prevented his co-operation, though too late to notify Sherman, who proceeded with his attack, but met with a severe and mortifying repulse. The condition of the slaves who had escaped from their rebel masters had already excited much attention. The policy of Gov- ernment had been uniformly to receive them, to employ those who were able to labor, and to provide food for those who could not. But another question was now agitating the minds of the Presi- dent, his cabinet, and his leading generals. The slaves were an element of great strength to the rebels. They could conduct the simple agriculture and rude manufactures of the South, and give their masters the opportunity to go to the war; and though but few of them became soldiers, they were employed in the con- struction of fortifications, in the drudgery of the camp, and in many departments of labor for which in the Northern armies en- listed soldiers were detailed. It was well known that the sympa- thies of the negroes were wholly with the North, and it was urged licvievo of the ItVar. 703 * ■with great force that, apart from the humanity of the act, the proc- lamation of emancipation of all the slaves in the insurgent States was an act of military necessity, and one which would effectually cripple the resources of the rebels and hasten the termination of the war. Slowly, perhaps, hut with great positiveness, had the President arrived at these conclusions ; and while he hesitated for some time on account of the border slave States, whom ho strongly urged to adopt a system of gradual emancipation, ho had fully made up his mind to adopt the measure, and had prepared a proc- lamation indicating his intention early in the summer of 1862, but postponed its publication until it could follow upon the heels of a victory. On the 22d of September, 1862, ho issued his proclama- tion, announcing that on the first day of January, 1863, ho should proclaim all the slaves in States and parts of States which were then insurgent, free, and that ho pledged the power of the Govern- ment to effect and maintain their freedom. The new year (1863) dawned upon the consummation of this act of emancipation. It was hailed by the colored race with ex- travagant joy, while the rebels, who saw in it the presage of their downfall, were greatly exasperated, and made abundant threats and passed acts of retaliation. The year was, however, one of gen- eral prosperity to the Union cause. The disasters were few and the Successes many. Numerous regiments of colored troops were enlisted in the service of the Union, and on many battle-fields proved their courage and ability. In the East, after a brief period. Hooker succeeded Burnside in command of the Army of the Potomac, and attempted to turn Lee’s left flank at Chancellorsville, sending, meantime, a cavalry force to cut his communications. Lee, fully master of the situa- tion, met Hooker’s movement by a counter flank, sending “ Stone- wall” Jackson to strike and roll up Hooker’s right, which ho accomplished, partly from a want of watchfulness on the part of the Union troops, and partly from the panic with which his sud- den attack struck a part of the eleventh corps. The battle raged fiercely that night and the next morning, and Hooker’s troops were not only farced back, but crowded northward toward the fords of the Rappahannock. Sedgwick’s corps, which had been ordered to take Fredericksburg, and had accomplished its work after a severe battle, pressing westward to join the rest of the army, encountered the whole of Lee’s army instead, which had passed Hooker, and while his forces lay still in their camps, were >704 Revieio of the 'War. fighting all day long with Sedgwick’s single corps of brave men. Hooker finally recrossed the Rappahannock without having ac- complished his object, but with heavy losses in men and artillery. Lee, emboldened by the supposed demoralization of Hooker’s army, and not deterred by the ill success of his former inroad into the Northern States, started early in June for a now and more ex- tensive expedition. Hooker followed and occupied interior lines, crowding Lee’s army westward by means of his cavalry beyond the Bull Run Mountains, and compelling him to cross the Potomac higher up than he liked. The last days of June indicated by the approaching columns of the two armies that the great conflict would take place at or near Gettysburg, Penn., and hither the Army of the Potomac, under its new commander. General Meade (General Hooker having been relieved), hastened, and for three days battle raged as never before on this continent. The Union army, partially defeated the first day, gained and held the strong positions of Cemetery Hill, Round Top, and Little Round Top, and repulsed all the assaults of the enemy with a most fearful slaugh- ter, till at last, his best troops slain, some of his ablest generals killed and wounded, one third of his army put hors de combat, and his ammunition nearly expended, he began to move for the Poto- mac. Meade’s pursuit was not so active and vigilant as it should Lave been, or ho might have compelled the surrender of Lee’s array ; but he had undoubtedly achieved a great victory. Lee escaped to the Rapidan, and thither Meade followed, and except an unsuccess- ful attempt of the latter to penetrate between the wings of Leo’s army in the autumn, there was no further movement of the two armies during the year. Charleston must be captured, and while an attack on its outer defenses in the summer of 1862 had proved abortive, and a naval assault under Rear-Admiral Dupont in April had been unavailing, the Government and the nation were not satisfied. General Gill- more, the hero of Fort Pulaski, was put in command of the land forces, and Rear-Admiral Dahlgren of the naval force. General Gillmore chose Morris Island as the base of his operations. The lower portion of the island was occupied, the strong earth-work — Fort "Wagner — twice assaulted with fearful loss, and finally cap- tured by siege operations; Fort Sumter bombarded till it was a shapeless mass of ruins, and Charleston shelled till its entire lower portion became uninhabitable. In the Gulf, Galveston had been captured by a portion of Rear-Admiral Farragut’s squadron, only 705 Iteview of the "War. to be held, however, for a few weeks, when, by a treacherous at- tack, the rebels regained possession, captured the Harriet Lane, and caused the destruction of the Westfield. In this unfortunate affair the gallant Renshaw, AYainwright, Lee, and Zimmerman, officers of the United States navy, sacrificed their lives. On the Missi.s- sippi. General Grant, after trying in vain to capture Vicksburg from the north and northwest, sent several of the gun-boats and a number of transports past the batteries in safety, and marching his troops down the west side of the Mississippi, crossed at Bruins- burg, thirty miles below Vicksburg, and moving northeastward, fought six battles in seventeen days, captured Jackson, the capital of the State, and sat down before Vicksburg, which he now com- pletely invested on the 18th of May. After two assaults, neither of them productive of much advantage, ho proceeded with n regu- lar system of approaches, till the rebels surrendered on the 4th of July. The trophies of this victory were 31,000 prisoners and over 400 guns. Port Hudson, below, was surrendered four days later, and the Mississippi flowed untrammeled to the sea. Rosecrans, early in June, had commenced moving forward to press Bragg farther south, making Chattanooga his objective. Driving him from Tul- lahoraa, the advance on Chattanooga was necessarily slow, as the railroads and bridges were to bo reconstructed with a view to per- manence, that his supplies from his primary and secondary bases — Louisville and Nashville — might be safely and rapidly transmitted. It was, as we have said, his intention to occupy Chattanooga, but to carry that important point by direct attack would have re- quired the sacrifice of more men than he could spare, and ho accordingly prepared to accomplish it by a movement by the right flank, sending his corjis d'amiee to cross Lookout Mountain at different passes, miles below Chattanooga, and thus threatening his communications with lower Georgia. The expected result followed. Chattanooga was evacuated, and occupied by a small Union force ; but Bragg having at this time received large rein- forcements, resolved to regain that city, and striking Rosecrans before his three corps could unite, to defeat him in detail. By great exertion Rosecrans was able to effect a junction of his army corps, and in the great battle of Chickamauga, his first day’s fight- ing, though severe, was without result. The second day, by an unfortunate misunderstanding of an order, a gap was left in the Union lines, and about one third of the army, including General 706 Hevieio of the 'War. Rosecrans himself and two of the corps commanders, McCook and Crittenden, were swept back and were unable to force tbeir way through to the remainder of the army. Hragg now supposed he had an easy victory before him, but the sturdy Thomas won for himself new honors. Setting his back to the mountains, the “Rock of Chickamauga 1” as ho lias been approjiriately named, fought it out with a foe five times his numbers; and when the enemy rolled up toward his little army for the last time, hurled ujion them Stcedman’s fresh division, and drove them back, defeated and sullen at the loss of their expected prey. Almost simultaneously with this movement, Burnside had occu- pied Knoxville and captured Cumberland Gap, and Tennessee was again in the possession of the United States. But the possession of Chattanooga was not to be maintained without a further strug- gle. Bragg was still further reinforced, and Hooker, Sherman, Blair, and Howard were sent to reinforce the Army of the Cum- berland ; Rosecrans was relieved and Thomas put in his place, and Grant made the commander of the whole Western Division. Embarrassed at first by the want of supplies, as the rebels held a part of the railroad and commanded a portion of the river, they were soon relieved by the maneuvers of Grant and the battle of Wauhatebio, which secured the command of the river. When Bragg finally announced his determination to bombard the city, having sent off at the same time 20,000 of his men to besiege ICnoxvillo, Grant re|)liod by sending Hooker to drive him from Lookout Mountain, and fight that buttle “above the clouds,” which will bo famous in history, detaching a cavalry force to cut the rail- road lines and prevent the return of the men who had gone to Knoxville, directing Sherman to demonstrate persistently and heavily upon Fort Buckner, while he hurled Gordon Granger’s corps upon Fort Bragg, and Hooker’s upon Fort Breckinridge. Bragg was routed with terrible loss of men and guns, and his de- moralized army driven beyond Mission Ridge and Pigeon Mount- ain to the Chattoogata or Rocky-Faced Ridge. In 18G4 new and grander combinations were made for the over- throw of the rebellion. Inefficient officers were weeded out from all positions, high or low, and the Administration exhibited more decidedly than before its determination to press the war to a speedy conclusion. Sherman’s raid into central Mississippi and Alabama, with 20,000 men, was of more value for the terror it carried into the hearts of the rebel population than for any other result. The Iteviexo of the War. ro7 Red River expedition, a miserable and disastrous failure, and the battle of Olustee, only less miserable and disastrous because fewer troops were engaged, were the last vestiges of the “ anaconda” sys- tem. Henceforth there were but two grand centers of military authority, the Lieutenant-General, Ulysses S. Grant, general-in- chief, butpersonally coinmandingthe Division of the East, and Major- General Sherman, commanding the Division of tlie Mississippi ; and these two worked together with a perfect unity of purpose. Rich- mond, or rather Lee's army, Atlanta, or Johnston’s army, were the objectives of each. Early in ^[ay the grand movements commenced. Grant, with nearly 200,000 men under his control in tlie three armies of the Potomac, the James, and West Virginia, moved for- ward in concert toward Richmond; and in a series of battles, un- equaled in modern history for their terrible destruction of human life — battles which will make the names of Wilderness, Spottsyl- vania, Hanover Court House, Cold Harbor, Mechanicsville, and Chickahominy memorable in all the future — drove Lee back to Richmond; then swinging his troops across the James, laid siege to Petersburg, and by ra[)id and heavy blows — now upori the de- fenses of Richmond, anon upon the Weldon Railroad, mining the rebel fortifications of Petersburg, throwing his troops across Hatch- er’s Run to break the Southside Railroad, sending his cavalry to cut the communications of the rebel capital — kept the rebel corn- inandor constantly on the alert, and held his forces as in a vice at this point. In sheer desperation, Lee attemi)ted another expedi- tion with his irregular and a few regular troops into Maryland and Pennsylvania; but Early, its commander, though lie plundered several towns and burned one, soon found his master in the fighting cavalry general Phil. Sheridan, whom Grant sent to take care of him; defeated at Opequan Creek and “sent whirling” through Winchester; routed from Fisher’s Hill and driven in hot haste and thorough disorder up the valley, till his men were faio to hide in the mountains; and when, reinforced, ho again ventured to seek his foe, driven back in disgrace; and when, on a third effort, which promised to bo successful, he had, in Sheridan’s absence, flanked his position and driven his army several miles, how completely were the tables turned at Sheridan’s sudden appearance 1 Driven back at full speed twenty-six miles in a single night, his cannon left behind, and the line of his flight marked at almost every step by the muskets, knapsacks, blankets, and coats his men had thrown away, poor Early was glad, henceforth, to keep well out of Sheridan’s reach. 36 70S Review of the War. Fierce and bloody battles were not uncommon between the two resolute and well matched antagonists, ^.co and Grant; but while the latter often lost the most men, he gained something with each battle, and at length drew his lines so closely that the pressure began to be intolerable. In January, 18C5, Lee apprised Jefferson Davis that without some great changes ho could not hold out six months longer. After two severe battles, on the Cth of February and the 25th of March, 1865, the final struggle came ; and after a five days’ contest, in which a great cavalry battle was fought at Dinwiddle Court House, and sharp and severe actions near Hatcher’s Run, at Five Forks, and around the fortifications of Petersburg, the South- side Railroad was brt)ken, the outer works at Petersburg captured, and Petersburg and Richmond evacuated. Six days later, and after battles at Deatonsville, Farmville, and Appomattox Station, Lee and his army surrendered. Sherman’s career was more brilliant, though perhaps not more certain of eventual success. Leaving Chattanooga on the 7th of May, 1864, and moving mostly by the right flank, ho drove John- ston successively from Dalton, Resaca, Kingston, Dallas, Great and Little Kenesaw Mountains (an assault on the rebel position on the former mountain proving the greatest disaster of the campaign), Allatoona Pass, Marietta, and Decatur; and Johnston having been superseded by Hood, fought three sharp battles before Atlanta, in all of which Hood lost very heavily. After besieging Atlanta in vain for some time, he boldly raised the siege, and moving twenty miles below broke up Hood’s communications, fought and defeated two of his army corps at Jonesboro, and compelled the evacuation of Atlanta. Taking possession of that city, he sent off the inhabit- ants and accumulated stores there for further movements. Hood attempted to cut his communications between Atlanta and Chatta- nooga and boasted of his intention to regain possession of Tennessee. Sherman followed him along the Chattanooga and Atlanta railroad, fought and repulsed him at Allatoona Pass, drove him through Pigeon Mountain and westward to Gaylesville, Alabama; and then, having assigned two corps of his own army to General Thomas, and directed other outlying divisions to move toward Nashville, he gave him general instructions to take care of Hood, and with the four remaining infantry corps and a well-appointed cavalry force turned his face southward, destroyed the railroad from Dalton to Atlanta, burned the public storehouses at Atlanta, and on the 14th of November, with an army of sixty thousand men, abandoned his 709 Review of the War. base and strnck ont boldly for Savannah, nearly 300 miles distant. By a skillful handling of his troops — now threatening one point and now anotlier — lie managed to prevent any considerable gather- ing of the enemy in his track; and with nothing more than a few Bkirmishes captured Milledgeville, reached the vicinity of Savannah, and carried Fort ^McAllister by assault on the 14tli of December. On the 20tli, Hardee evacuated Savannah, and Sherman entered it the nest day. Meantime, Hood finding that Sherman had moved toward Savannali, left his camp in Alabama and marched north- ward, intent upon again occupying Tennessee. General Schofield, who was at Pulaski, had orders to fight him moderately and lure him on northward, but to delay his progress till General Thomas’ reinforcements could come up ; ho iierfonned this difficult task with c.xtraordinary skill, falling back, lighting all the way from Pulaski to Columbia, from Columbia to the north bank of Duck River, and thence by a forced mai'ch to Franklin. At Franklin a severe battle was fought on the 3d of November, Schofield’s army, though greatly inferior in numbers, being behind breastworks and inflict- ing terrible i)unishment on the rebels. In this battle Hood lost thirteen generals. Falling back again to Nashville, the rebel Gen- eral followed, and attempted to reduce Nashville by besieging it on the soutli side; but after a fortnight, General Thomas sallying forth with his army, crushed one wing of Hood’s army and drove him back two or three miles the first day', and renewing the attack on the following day routed him completely, and pursuing him re- lentlessly for two weeks, only ceased when his entire army, except a rear-guard of about four thousand men, was a demoralized and unarmed mob. Having thus so completely broken up Hood’s fine army that it was no longer to be regarded as an organized force. General Thomas increased his cavalry force and sent one large di- vision, under General Stoneman, eastward into southwestern Vir- ginia and North Carolina, three divisions or about 15,000 mounted men southward, under General "Wilson, into Alabama and Gecngia, one corps of infantry to Mobile, and another eastward to Wilming- ton. General Sherman remained about a month in Savannah and its vicinity, and then moved forward on the third stage of the “great march.’’ His objective this time was Goldsboro, North Carolina, more than four hundred miles distant. His army march- ing into two columns, and vailed on either wing by Kilpatrick’s cavalry, cut a swarth of forty miles in width through the heart of South and North Carolina, taking possession of Orangeburg, 710 Heview of the War. Columbia, TVinnsboro, Cberaw, Fayetteville, and Goldsboro, and coinifelling tlio rebels to evacuate Cbarlesion (wliicb General Gill- more entered on the 18tb of Febrnai'v) and other important points on the seaboard. In all this route he fought but two battles, one at Averysboro, the other at Bentonville, North Carolina, in both of wbich he defeated Johnston. Arrived at Goldsboro, he remained there for a little more than two weeks, refitting his army. On the 19th of June, 18G1, off Cherbourg, France, occurred a naval battle, between the United States sloop of war Kearsarge, Captain Winslow, and the Anglo-rebel privateer, the Alabaniii, which for two years had committed terrible ravages among the merchant vessels of the United States. The commander of the Alabama was the challenger; but after a severe fight of about an hour, the Alabama was compelled to surrender, and sunk soon after; about thirty of her crow w'ere drowned, about seventy were I)icked n[) by the boats of the KearSarge, ami the remainder, includ- ing the rebel commander, were rescued by the Deerhound, tin English yacht which seemed to act us tender for the Alabama, and most dishonorably carried them to the English shore and set them at liberty. , General Grant, desirous of checking the blockade-running, and of crippling Lee's resources, had sent in December a joint land and naval force to reduce Foi’t Fisher, a strong earth-work commanding the entrance to Wilmington harbor. The first expedition had proved a failure, but a second hud been promptly fitted ont — the latid forces under Gotieral Terry, the naval, as before, tinder Rear- Admiral Porter — and tifter a most desperate and persistetit tissault of six hours the fort was capttired atid the works adjacetit surren- dered. After a brief period of rest, Generid Terry moved forward to carry the other forts and batteries defenditig the harbor, and General Schofield and his corps were brought from Nashville to assist iti the Avork. On the 21st of Febrtiary, Wilmington was evactiafed after some hard fighting, atid on the 22d it was ocempied by Schofield’s and Terry’s troops. These two corps now moveil forward through Kinston, where they had a severe battle, to Goldsboro, to join Sherman. On the 10th of April, Sherman again moved on with his army in pursuit of Johnston, driviiig him from Southfield on the 11th and from Raleigh on the 13th. Here the news of Lee’s surrender reached them, and the Union troops pushed forward with new ardor to conquer Johnston’s army also. General Johnston seeing 711 Review of the 'War. escape to be liopeless now made overtures for surrender, but desired somewhat different terms from those accorded to Lee, and proposed to surrender the entire rebel armies in the field. A memorandum was drawn up by Johnston and Sherman and sent to Washington for sanction, but was unanimously disapproved by the President and cabinet. General Grant concurring. The Lieutenant-General carried the intelligence of its rejection to General Sherman, and within twenty-four hours General Johnston desired another inter- view, and surrendered on the same terms accorded to General Lee. The assassination of the President, which occurred on the 14th of April, did not, as it was feared it might, delay the approach of peace; for the hopelessness of the struggle being apparent, the rebel commanders were everywhere ready to lay down their arms. On the 6th of August, 18G4, the forts Morgan, Powell, and Gaines, at the entrance to Mobile harbor, had been attacked by a combined force under General Canby and Rear-Admiral Farragut, and after a desperate naval battle, in which the iron-clad ram Tennessee, the chef-d'auvre of the rebel armored ships, was captured, and two others of their gun-boats destioyed, the forts were one after an- other reduced, till on the 23d of August the last surrendered. Other operations, and the necessity for the employment of troops elsewhere, delayed the siege of the city of Mobile until ilarch, 1805, when a formidable force having ^leen assembled on the coast, a combined naval and land attack was made, and the formidable de- fenses of the city were carried one after another, and the city sur- rendered on the 11th of April. The hundreds of tori)edoe3 with which the bay was planted caused the destruction of two iron-ctads and four other vessels of the United States navy. The surrender of Mobile was soon fidlowed by the surrender of General Dick Taylor and his army, on the same terms which had been accorded to Lee and Johnston, and the giving up of the rebel navy on the waters of Alabama. General Wilson, with his magnificent cavalry corps, had swept through central Alabama and Georgia, capturing Selma, Mont- gomery, West Point, Columbus, and Macon ; and Stoneman mov- ing eastvrard from Knoxville had reached Salisbury — intamous as one of the prison-pens of our brave soldiers ; and the two cav- alry generals were now moving toward each other in search of the fugitive rebel President Jefferson Davis. A detachment of lYilson’s corps arrested him on the 10th of Jlay, 1865, at Irwins- villo, Georgia, in the act of attempting to escape in feminine garb. 712 Review of the War. Tlie arch-traitor in custody, there remained no more rebels in arms except Kirby Smith’s force in Texas, which also surrendered on the 2Gtli of Itlay. Thus ended the rebellion and the war for the restoration of the Union. It had cost more than half a million of lives, and in the debts of the two sections and the destruction of property and values, not less than eight thousand millions of money ; hut fearful as its expense had been, it is worth all that it has cost. Slavery lias been destroyed, the State Eights heresy effectually over- thrown, and the power of the nation to maintain its integrity in spite of domestic treason or foreign interferenco fully demon- strated. Henceforth wo are one people — one in purpose and aim — one in our hopes for the present and our aspirations for the future. There may and will be jealousies and prejudices to bo overcome; bitterness will rankle in some hearts, perhaps, during the lifetime of tlio present generation ; but henceforth the banner of the free shall float over an undivided, free, ha])py, and prosperous land ; and the vast resources, still but half developed, which will draw to our shores, in rapidly increasing numbers, the oppressed of all nations, will soon lighten our burdens, and cause the war to bo remembered only for the patriotism it developed and the blessings it has secured to us. W e can even now realize the truth of the pio* ture seen in vision by the poet a dozen years agone : “Bo wheresoe’er our destiny sends forth Its widening circles to thn South or North ; ■Where’er our hunner flaunts bi-neiith tlic stars Its mimic splendors and its cloudllke bars— There sliall Free Lalror’s hardy chddrcn stand, Tim equal sovereigns of a slavt less land. And wtion at lust llie bunted bison tires. And dies o’ertaken by the rquatl) r’s Arcs; And westward, wave rm wave, tim living flood Breaks on the snow-line of m Jcsilc Hood ; And lonely 8b isla, list' ning. bears the tread Of Europe’s f.i' -haired children, Hesper led, And gazing downward through hi* boar-locks, sees The tawny Aslan climb hi- giant knees. The Eastern sen shill brush h