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 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
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BEING A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHARLESTON, S. C. 
 
 WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF 
 
 ITS PRESENT CONDITION, 
 
 lA 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 COJIPII.ED BY 
 
 ARTHUR MAZYCK, Esq. 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY 
 
 WALKER, EVANS & COGSWELL, 
 3 Broad and 109 East Bay Streets, 
 CHARLESTON, S. i.C. 
 
 1885, 
 
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 AGENTS FOR 
 
 MOWE'S STHNCSRD SGSLES, 
 
 MARVIN’S SAFES. ' 
 
 CECA-R-LESTOIT, S. O. 
 

 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF 
 
 CHARLESTON. S. C. 
 
 The City of Charleston owes its origin to a party of Englisli 
 Colonists, sent over by the Lords Proprietors, under Col Wil- 
 liam Sayle in the year Kiti!). These Pro]irietors were, Edward, 
 Karl of Clarenilon ; Ceorge, Duke of Albemarle; William, 
 lyord Craven ; John, Lonl Berkley; Anthony, Lord Ashley, 
 afterwards Karl of Shaftesbury; Sir George Carteret; Sir 
 tViiliam Berkley, and Sir John Colleton to whonr an extensive 
 grant of lands in A merica, inrluding the whole of che Caro- 
 iinas, had been made in lfi93, b}' King Charles II. 
 
 Several expeditions were sent out by them, but that umler 
 Coh Sayle was the first to make a iieraranent settlement. 
 
 The colonists on reaching the coast of Carolina, entered the 
 harbor of Port Royal, and it is has generally been believed that, 
 they landed there with the intention of settling, until fears 
 of their neighbors, the Spaniards of Florida, and the Indian 
 tribes allied with the Spaniards, induced them to move to a 
 i-amr distance. But the papers ot the Earl of Shaftesbury, the 
 chief among the Lords Proprietors, to wlrich access has only 
 recently been obtained, show conclusively that their stay at 
 Port Royal e.xtended, at most, over a few weeks and that in- 
 duced by the representations of their Indian friend and guide, 
 the ‘'Cassique of Kiawah,” they very so jn moved Northward, 
 and landing at Albemarle Point, on the west bank of the Ash- 
 ley, opposite the present city, they laid out a town, and in 
 honor of the King named it Charle.3 Town.* 
 
 In a little while it was found that the situation of the town 
 w IS inconvenient for shipping, and by degrees the inhabitants 
 began to establish themselves nearer the sea. 
 
 The point formed by the condueiice of the Ashlej' and 
 
 * The Shaftesbury papers were deposited in the Pubtio Record O.'Bee 
 in London, only a lew j^ears ai^o. Very interesting extracts from 
 them are contained in the Centennial .Address of flon. W. A Courte- 
 nay, Mayor of Cnarleston, published in tlie valuable Year Book for 
 1883 
 
l'oo|)er liivers, and known as Oyster Point, was low and 
 marshy, and cut up by nunierons ereeks, but there was suth- 
 c-ient hifrh ground on the Cooper liiversideto afford room for 
 a settlement, and in the coui’se of a few years (1(177) there 
 were enough liouses built upon it to need some cesignation, 
 and it was called by the rather humble title of Oyster Point 
 Town. 
 
 In JG80, so large a majority of the ])eo]>le had removed to 
 this spot that it was formally made the seat of government, 
 and called jS'ew t’harles Town. Two years later the former 
 settlement was virtually abandoned ami the new one became 
 the only Charles Town. It was at that time declared a port of 
 entry, and in 1685 a Collector was appointed. The city was 
 incorporated under its jtresent name of Charleston by the State 
 I^egislature, in 17S.8. 
 
 Of the first settlement on the Ashley there is now' scarcely 
 a trace remaining ; the creek immediately below it is called 
 Old Town Creek, ami a half-filled ditch is sometimes pointed 
 out as having formed part of the w’orks for the defence of the 
 town ; but there is nothing to show on what plan it was laid 
 out, or w hat was its extent or character. 
 
 On looking at an early plan of our present City we are hardly 
 surprised that it should not have been at lir.st selected as the 
 site upon which to build, and we cannot too greatlj^ admire 
 the energy and patience of the men who triumphed over the 
 difficulties which nature interposed, and laid the foundations 
 of the City destined to play so important a jiart in the historj 
 of America. 
 
 We i-elect as our illus-tration (see frontispiece) the plan from a 
 survey made by Edward Crisp, in 1704, which will show the 
 to])Ography of the town and surrounding countiw, and give 
 some idea of what were the difficulties to wdiich we have re- 
 ferred, In the space now included between Water and Cal- 
 houn .'■treets there were no less than ten large creeks, wdth 
 numerous branches, besides several ponds and low' marshy 
 si>ots. The town at that iieriod was bounded On the south by 
 a creek which occupied tlie site of Water street, and which 
 was then or soon after knowui as Yanderhorst’s Creek ; on the 
 nortli by another large creek, where the market now' is ; on 
 the east by Cooper River, the shore of which w'as much fur- 
 ther in than it now is, covering all the land now occupied b;> 
 the offices and w'arehouses on the east side of East Bay street 
 while the western boinrdary was just a little beyond Meetin,_ 
 street. 
 
 Within the first year thirty houses were built, mostly of 
 wood. We will mention a few of those laid down on the map. 
 so as to show the principal localities first settled ujron. 
 
 The intersection of Broad and Church streets may be taken 
 as the central sfiot of the town ; the corners being occupied, 
 respectively, as fol low's: 
 
3 
 
 ]. Pasquero and Garrett’s house, northeast corner, the site 
 now occupied by Messrs. Klinck, Wickenlierg & Co. 
 
 2. Landsacii’s house, northwest corner, now occupied by 
 the building of the Charleston Library Society. 
 
 3. John Croskey’s house, southwest corner, now occupied 
 by the stDre of Messrs. John Paul & Co. 
 
 4. Chevelier’s house, southeast corner, site now occupied 
 by a building owned by Mr. C. C. Plenge. 
 
 ^Tradd’s house stood on the northwest corner of Tradd and 
 East Bay streets. The site was afterwards owned bv General 
 Pinckney. 
 
 Landgrave Thomas Smith’s house was on the southwest 
 corner of East Bay and Longitude Lane. <Jn the lot in rear of 
 this house the first rice ever raised in Carolina was planted, 
 about the- year 1693. The last traces of the f)ld settlement are 
 now gone, and the e.vtensive buildings of the Commercial 
 Wliarf and Cotton Pre.ss Company are erected on the land. 
 
 Cel. Rhett’s house was on the west side of the Bay, near 
 Ilnity a'ley, on the site now occupied by the First National 
 Bank. 
 
 On the east side of Bay sti-eet, directly opi^osite Broad street, 
 was the Court of Guards or Garrison. 
 
 The Public Market was at the western limit of the town, 
 wliere the City Hall now stands. 
 
 The English Church (St. Philip’s) was built 16S1-2, on the 
 southeast corner of Broad and Meeting streets, the site now 
 occupied by St. Michael’s Church. 
 
 The French Church (Huguenot) was on the lot of land occu- 
 pied by the present French Protestant Church. 
 
 The Independent Church was on the east side of Meeting 
 street, on the spot now marked by the ruins of the Circular 
 Church ; and the Baptist, or Anabajitist, was on the west side 
 of Church street, a little above Water, where the Baptist 
 Church now stands. 
 
 There wa.s also a Quaker meeting house, but that was out- 
 side of the limits of the town, and stood on a lot on the east 
 side of King street, a few doors below Queen. 
 
 ’the site of the present Court House was a large ))ond, but 
 this was probably artificial, being caused by the digging of 
 several deep trenches for defence against a threatened inva- 
 sion of the Indians in 1703. It was not drained until 1756. 
 
 The land was deeply indented at the foot of (^ueen street, 
 tormiug a kind of natural dock, whence its name at that time 
 of Dock street. 
 
 ^Dr. Ramsay in his history mentions that the north end of 
 bunion street (now State street) was planted with rice as late 
 as 1755. 
 
 At the extreme point of the Peninsula outside of the town, 
 on the point called Oy.ster Point, and afterwards White Point, 
 was the old Watch House. 
 
4 
 
 Tlie town consisted in nil of eight streets nnd one alley, -viz: 
 Tradtl, Elliott, liroad, and <hieen, running east and west from 
 I’.ay street toClinirli and Meeting; ard Bay, Union, Chnrch and 
 Meeting streets, and Bedon’s alley, ninning north and south. 
 
 For ]irotection against enemies from abroad as well as the 
 Indians, who frequently thieatened the safety of the inhab- 
 itants, the town wits tortiticd by bastions at the salient jtoints, 
 eonnected by earthworks. 
 
 Ashley’s hastimi stood on the northern margin of Vander- 
 horst’s creek (Water street); to the east of this, across the 
 creek, was Granville’s bastion, while southeast of the latter, 
 on the hardage, orlteach, was a detached battery, or bastion, 
 called Blake’s bastic n. 
 
 Ci-aven’s bastion was on tlie southern margin of the creek 
 which formed the ujiyer boundary of the town, that is about 
 the corner of Iiast Itay and Market sireets. Car'eiet’s wrs on 
 ii line with it and Meeting street, and Colleton’s at the point 
 where N'anderhorst’s creek crossed Meeting street, i. at 
 Brice’s alley. At each end of Broad street was a half-moon, 
 or detached bastion, that at the western extremity being called 
 Ji hns( n’s half-moon 
 
 W’ithin these limits the town was comjuehended rntil the 
 yeiir 1743, by which time it had outgrown its boundaries, and 
 a new survey was made, which added several .S(]uare.''. The 
 northern boundary was extended to a line near Beautain 
 stieet, continued from river to river, and the western to the 
 Ashley. Among the principal .sti’cets, added at this time, were 
 
 I amholl, J.egare, Orange and Friend, below Broad street, and 
 Mazyck, Archdale, Clillbrd, Berestoi-d, and Magazine, above it. 
 By degrees tliese lines e.xtended themselves and new streets 
 and squares w'ere added, w hich were from time to time in- 
 ( hided in tlie municipality. 
 
 t^nch was the early to jiograp hy of the Oty of Cliaricstc n, 
 \ildch we have desciibcd in orderthat it may be seen how the 
 city gradually extended itself to its present area. 
 
 As to (he inhal'itants, we liavc seen that the first settlers 
 w ere Engli.shni' n They were of variou.s clas.ses and ci.ndi- 
 tionsof life; seme f>f (hem ( av.-diers, triends oi’ coiiiie,\ion.s 
 of the J.ords Projirietors, w horn an adventurous sjiirit led i<> 
 visit tlie new world; others, men of lower degree seeking 
 their lortunes under circumstances of greater freedom than 
 the condition ofatlairsin Great Britain at that time iiermitted. 
 
 Uhey weie joined in (lie years liKSfiand BiSbby a number of 
 
 II ugni nets, w hem the revi iation of the edict of Nantz had 
 di iven In-m Fiance, and these soi n formed an important )'art 
 of the J O]', Illation. A lew brought im ney with them and wnre 
 ableatome to enter into commei'ie and to become land- 
 holders. Ail of them w ere trained to baliits of industry, and 
 the strict, almost austei e nature of their religion, and the trials 
 which (hey had gone tliiough, made them earnest, liai'd- 
 
workin r men, well fitted to (;omb:it the mmiv difFi /alties and 
 disa|)i>:.iiiunu‘nts ini'i<lent to the settlement of a wild and un- 
 tried euuntry. 
 
 Immigrant, s from other parts of the world also, for various 
 reasons, found their way t > the new town. These diflerent 
 elements nat’ura ly took some time to settle into a .stale <d‘ 
 harmony. The Cavaliers and the Puritans could not easily 
 foi-iiet their old fends, and the French were for a lomz time 
 rou:arded as aliens and debarreil fr an all p)litical privilea'cs. 
 
 But the co.iim )ii d.inzers and lab ir.s which they hud to 
 iindei'K'o ton-ether, and the ne-.'e.ssity of combined action, in 
 time caused their differen.'e.s to be for,j;otten and all w.jrked 
 together for tlie oener.il "-md. 
 
 So ith Carolina, hovvever, showe-l a revolutionary spirit very 
 early. By its charter tlie provin.-e was under the e.Kclusive 
 control of the Lords Proprietons ; they a,pp')inted the ( toveim- 
 ors, who administered the laws as laid down in c<uistitations, 
 framed by them or under their direction, the most fimo is of 
 wliich was that .said to have been constructed by the philos i- 
 jiher. .Tidm L ickc. It was in this that provision was made for 
 certain tTtTes' of nobilitv, amori'jr them that of Landgrave, 
 which we have seen applied to iMr. Thomas ymith. 
 
 Fr.im a very early period iliffi jultie.s were continually aris- 
 ing' lictween the pe >ple and their i-nlers ; the various <rround.s 
 of ddferen -c were ti.io numerous, and t i ocomplex, tosetdown 
 here. It is snthcient to observe that the Proprietors away in 
 Jcnn-land could neither nuderslan.l nor sympathize with the 
 condition of the colonists here, and while on the one hand 
 they were unahle or unwillin'- ti.) fulfill many of their 
 liledaes to the crown and to the people of the colony, on the 
 other they were frequently disposed, to usurp greater iiuwers 
 than were granted to them. At length, in the year 171'.), the 
 people formed a secret scheme for tliriwinc: off the govern- 
 ment of the Proprietors, and putt'ng themsel ves directly under 
 that of the P>ritish. Crown, and, in December of that year, they 
 formally notified the G-overnor, Robert Johnson, of their in- 
 tention. Governor John.son of course endeavored to maintain 
 his position, but the pe iple standing linn, he perceived that 
 resistance would be usele.ss. 
 
 They cho.se .Tames Moore as tlieir governor, subject to the 
 direct autlim ity of the British Government. 
 
 Having thus lirieflv sket died the first settlement of our 
 City, we turn naturally to tho.se laiulmarks which r.miain 
 either in their original form, or so changed us to illustrate its 
 present condition ; and first ann)ng the.se, in point of time, as 
 well as on account of its many intere.sting associations, comes 
 
 ST. pnrup’s CHURCH. 
 
 In the original plan of Charles Town, a lot was set apart for 
 a church, and upon this lot, at ihe southeast corner of Broad 
 
.and Meeting streets, the site of the present St. Michael’s, the 
 first Episco].)al C'luirch in the province, was built in 1681-82. 
 It was usually called the English Church, but its distinctive 
 name Avas St. Philip’s- AVe learn that it was built of black 
 cypress, on a brick foundation, but not much is known of the 
 particulars of its appearance. In March, 1710-1 1, an Act of 
 A.«sembly was passed for the building of a new church of 
 brick, the one just referred to having begun to decay, and be- 
 ing rather too small for the increased size of the congregation. 
 This second church was built on the site occupied by the 
 ]>resent one on the east side of Church street, a short distance 
 above Queen ; it was lirst opened for divine service in 1728, 
 but was not entirely finished until 1727; in fact the steeple 
 Avas never carried to the height oidginally intended, thus mar- 
 ring the effect of the architecture. It Avas, notwithstanding 
 this, a very elegant and imposing building, and continued for 
 upwards of a liundred years the pride and admiration of all 
 who were connected Avith it. 
 
 On Sunday morning, February 15, 1835, a fire broke out in 
 some buildings to the north of the t hurch, and, the wind 
 blowing strongly from that direction, sparks Avere lodged in 
 the wood Avork of the steeple, Avhich soon caught fire, and in 
 a very short time the whole building was so enveloped in the 
 flames that ad the eflbrts of the citizens who flocked to the 
 scene Avere unavailing, and it Avas completely destroyed, to the 
 great grief of the entire community as Avell as of its own con- 
 gregation. Preparations Avere immediately made to repair the 
 loss, and on the 12th November of the same year the corner 
 stone of the present Church was laid, Avith appropriate cere- 
 monies, on the same site. 
 
 Service was first held iiA it on the 3rd Mayp 1838, and it was 
 consecrated by Bishop BoAven, on the Dth November of the 
 same year. It is a very beautiful edifice, Avith a graceful spire 
 on the Avestern extremity, rising two hundred feet; the inte- 
 rior, with its lofty arched roof, profusely ornamented, and sup- 
 ported by perfect Corinthian columns, is remarkable for the 
 ■elegance and correctness of its architecture. It was furnished 
 Avith an excellent chime of bells, but the.se Avere broken up 
 and cast into cannon during the late Avar, and, as yet, the 
 means of the church have not been sufficient to rejfiace them. 
 The clock in the steeple has long been disused. 
 
 There are tAVO cemeteries attached to the church, one imme- 
 diately around it, and the other across Church street, extend- 
 ing back to the cemetery of the Independent Church. Near 
 the center of this second cemetery, under the shade of a beau- 
 tiful magnolia, stands a square brick tomb, covered Avith a 
 plain marble slab, where rest the remains of the great states- 
 m an , John 0. Callioun.* 
 
 *The .state Legif,lature, at tlie session of 188.1, made an appropriation 
 for tne erection of a liandsome sarcophap:us in St. Philip’s cliurcli- 
 yard lor the remains of Mr. Calhoun, Avhich is now nearly completed. 
 
ST. Michael’s ciiuecii, 
 
 The history of St. Michael’s Church is so iiitimatclj’ asso- 
 ciated with that of St. Philip's that, although it does not fol- 
 low in strict chronological order, we naturally look next for it. 
 
 An Act of Assembly, passed June 14, 1751, divided the town 
 into two Parishes; all north of Broad street to be called 
 St. Philip’s, and all south of it St. Michael’s. The same Act 
 directed the building of a Church on the site lately occupied 
 by St. Philip’s, at the southeast corner of Broad and jMeeting 
 streets. The South Carolina Gazette, of P’ebruary 22, 1752, 
 states that the corner stone of the new Church was laid with 
 much ceremony, on the 17th of that month ; it further men- 
 tions that “this Church will be built on the plan of one of Mr. 
 Gibson’s designs,” but nothing more definite is known of the- 
 architect. It is not unlikely that “ Mr. Gibson ” was a misprint, 
 for “l\lr. Gibbs,” a successor of Sir Christopher Wren, and tlie 
 
arcliitc'ct of some of tile tiiiost clini'ilies i f Loiulon — notably 
 St. Martin’s-in-tlie-Fields, which St. Michael’s in some 
 respects resembles. The entire cost of construction was 
 only S3?, 755. 87 of rmr present currency. It is of brick, 
 rouyh cast, nnd is now colored white. The outside dimen- 
 sions are, leneth, one hundred and thirty feet; width, sixty 
 feet; the steeple is one hundred and eiyhty feet in height, 
 and is scarcely surpassed for its architectural beauty by 
 an.v in America. There is a peculiar rejiose and stability 
 about the entire structure, which never fails to imjiress the 
 beholder. The steejile is a very prominent landmark, ami 
 can he seen at sea for several miles. Duriny the late war the 
 greater part of the shells from the Federal batteries, on Mortis 
 Island, were aimed directlv at it. but stranye to say it was not 
 once struck. The body of the Church was several times sti tick, 
 hut without very serious injury. 
 
 d'he Church was first o])ened for divine worship Fehrutiry 
 1, 1701. I he hells and dock were imported trom England in 
 17('il. and the oryan in 17(i8. The history of these hells is pe- 
 cidiarly interesting'. IVhen the British evacuated Charleston, 
 in December, 1782, Major TraiHe,of the Boyal Artillery, seized 
 the Irells on the pretence that they were a military i>erquisite. 
 d'he citizens ap]died for them on the ground that they had 
 been |iurchased by ]'>rivate subscription, and Sir Guy Carleton 
 issueil an order for their restoration, hut they had already 
 been shipped to England, where they were sold and purchased 
 by a Mr Byhineu, and reshiiqied. They arrived in Clharles- 
 ton in November, 1783, and were immediately taken posses- 
 sion of and replaced in the heUry. 
 
 In 1861 they were removed to Columbia for safety, and 
 when that city was burned by' Sherman, they wei'o so much 
 injureil l)y fire as to he rendered entirely useless ; tw'O of them 
 were stolen and con'd never he recovei'ed. 
 
 In the Spr n^ of 1866, ihey were again sent to England to 
 he recast ; this was done by the successors of the firm that 
 han made them a hundred years before, from the same jtat- 
 terns, and on the 18th February, 1807, the eight hells, as nearly 
 identical as possible with the original ones, were landed in 
 Chai'h'ston ; they were detained in the Custom House stores 
 fo]' some time, until arrangements could he made for the pay- 
 ment of the very heavy duty, amounting to upwards of two 
 thousand dollars, hut on the. 21st lUarch, 1867, they were again 
 jilaced in the steeple, and the familiar cldmes once more rang 
 out. No sound appeals so touchingly to the heart of a Charles- 
 tonian as these old hells, and their return was a source of deep 
 emotion. 
 
 The ('emetery of 8t. Michael’s extends on the south lo St. 
 IMichael’s Alley, and in rear of the Church to the Man.sion 
 House lot; in it are interred the remains of many of Charles- 
 ton’s most honored citizens. 
 
THE FRENCH PROTESTANT (JTUGUENOt) CHURCH. 
 
 Tlie French Hniru.enot Clmrch belongs to the ver 3 ' earl}' his- 
 tory of Charleston. 
 
 We have noticed Ihe larue immigration of Huguenots in 
 the years 1685 and 1686; but these were not the first of thcir 
 race and religion who sought a refuge in tlie new colony. 
 Some had come among the first settlers, and in ihe years 
 1679-80 two ships tilted out for the purjiose, under ihe authori- 
 ty and at the cost of i harles 1 1, of England, brought a number 
 ot French Protestants to Carolina, witli a view to the intro- 
 duction of the manulacture of silk and the culture of the vine 
 and the-olive. It is most likely that according to their inva- 
 riable custom, they at once foinied a congregation, and, ])ei- 
 ha] s, built their c'huich. The records were destroyed by fire 
 and precise dates cannot be fixed, but it appears that they 
 had a church on the site of the ])resent one, the southeast 
 corner of Church and Queen streets, as early as 1692. This 
 first building is believed to have been burned in 1740, a 
 second met the same fate in 1706, and was rebuilt in 1797 ; 
 about the year 1845, this was I’emodelled and enlarged to its 
 
10 
 
 present dimensions. It is a small bnildin>r, but a very 
 pretty one, in coi-rect (TOtliic style, carefully ami neatly tin- 
 ished. On the walls of the inteilor aie sevei'al handsome 
 marble taldets, erected in inemory of the principal founders 
 of the church b}' their descendants. 
 
 It is worthy of remark that tins is the only cliureli in the 
 United States which adheres to the exact form of the Hugue- 
 not worship. 
 
 AVe next turn to the 
 
 EXCHANGE, OR POST OFFICE. 
 
 AVe have seen that the old Court of Guards stood on the east 
 side of the Bay, facing Broad street. In 1761, an Act of As.sem- 
 bly was passed for the erection on this site of an Exchange,, 
 the contract for building given to Messrs. Peter and John A. 
 Horlbeck, ancestors of the present family of that name, ami 
 the cost was fixed at £44.016 16s. 8d., gold. Most of the ma- 
 terial used was brought from England. AA^hen completed it 
 became the general business mart of Charleston, and so con- 
 
11 
 
 tinned formally years. 1 hiring tlie occupation of the city by 
 the British, its lower floors were used as a prison, and in one 
 of the rooms Col. Isaac Ilayne was confined and thence taken 
 to execution. 
 
 Afterwards the vaults were used as vendue stores, until the 
 building of the present Yeinlue Bange, and the rest of the 
 budding as Post (Jtlice and Custom House. The situation be- 
 coming unsafe in the late war, it was deserted, and fell almost 
 to ruin ; but it has since been refitted, and the Post Office re- 
 established in it. 
 
 The front was originally on the east side, and wings ex- 
 tended out on East Bay, but as these obstructed tlie street 
 they were taken down and the front changed to the western 
 side, llecently, the roof being much out of repair, the cupola 
 and some oi the ornamental work have been removed, but the 
 building still ]iresents an imposing appearance. 
 
 THE COURT HOUSE. 
 
 The Court House for Charleston County stands at the north- 
 west corner of Broad and Meeting streets, on the site of the 
 ■o'd State House. After that was destroyed by fire in 17SS, 
 
12 
 
 an<l the Legislature had removed its sittings to Columbia, the 
 present building was ereoted on the same foundation, and 
 l)ecame the Charleston Court House, and is one of the best 
 specimens of architecture in the city. It is built of brick, faced 
 so as to resemble stone ; the principal front is on Broad street, 
 and presents a central projection, formed by a screen of col- 
 umns r.dsed on a rustic arcade, the whole rising the entire 
 heiglit of tlie building. The interior has recently been en- 
 tirely remodelled — the entrance is now on Meeting street; and 
 immediately within are stairways on the right and left, leading 
 to the second floor; a corridor extends the whole length of the 
 first floor, and on each side of this are the rooms i,f the otH- 
 cers of the Court. The Court-room occupies the whole of the 
 second floor, excejit the western extremity, which is divided 
 into three convenient rooms, assigned respectively to the 
 Judge, tlie Circuit ciolicitor, and the Stenographer of the Court. 
 It is a very handisome hall, perfectly lighted and ventilated, 
 and in every respect well adapted to its uses. On the third 
 floor are the jury rooms and the library of the Law Society. 
 
 On the northeast corner of Broa<l and Meeting streets is 
 tlie City Mall ; this building was erected for the United States 
 Bank, and was purchased by the City when the Bank was re- 
 moved from Charleston, with the money received fi-om the sale 
 of the Lxcliange to the United States Government. 
 
 Though somewhat defective in architecture, it is a very im- 
 jiosing building; the front is on Broad street, anil a double 
 flight, of marble steps leads to the flr.st floor, which stands 
 upon a higli basement; the whole front of this floor was a 
 large hall, paved with marble, in w’hich the City Court was 
 held; in the rear were the offices of the City Treasurer and 
 Assessor, and the staircase leading to the second floor, which 
 was occupied by the Council Chamber, and offices of the May- 
 or, and some of the other city officers. In 1882 it was deter- 
 mined by the City Council to rearrange the interior so as to 
 provide accommodation for all the city officers, and this was 
 very successfully accomplished The first floor is now divided 
 into handsome and well arranged offices; easy stairways lead 
 to the second floor, the whole front of which is occupied by 
 the Council Chamber, the private office of the Mayor, and the 
 office of the Clerk of Council. These are divided from the 
 Council Chamber by sliding doors, so that the wdiole space can 
 be thrown into one w'hen desired. On the north side are 
 Committee Rooms and the City Court Room. 
 
 The Council Chamber is a very fine hall, thirty feet in wddth 
 by fifty in length, with twenty-four feet height of ceiling ; fur- 
 nished with convenient desks for the aldermen, and having a 
 balcony for the accommodation of visitors. 
 
 It is ornamented with a number of pictures and a few pieces 
 of statuary. Some of these possess considerable merit, and 
 all are so interesting from their history and associations that 
 
13 
 
 THE CITY HALL. 
 
 a brief notice of them condensed from the cataiosnie in (lie 
 ‘‘Year Book of the City” for 1883, will not be inap])ro]iriate here. 
 They sfre : A full length port i-ait of George "Washington, Ipv 
 Col. Triinibull, i>ainted for the City Council shoilly after the 
 visit of President Washington to Cliarleston, in 1731 ■ A full 
 length jwrtrait of President Monroe, b}' iS. P. I>. itlorse, who 
 became famous as one of the inventois of the electric tele- 
 gra]ih. , Gen. Jackson, by "\'anderlyn This was also painted 
 to the order ol the City Council, probably soon after the bat- 
 tle of Yew Orleans. There is also a bust portrait of General 
 Jackson, in the ^Mayor’s otiice. the execution of which is con- 
 sidered superior to the foregoing. John C. Calhoun by 
 llealy. IMr. Calhoun is represented as addres^ing the Senate 
 of the United States, and in the back ground apjiear the faces 
 of several of his conteniporari.es in that body. General Zach- 
 ary Taylor, a full length jiortrait, executed at New Orleans at 
 the close of the Mexican war, in 1848, for iMr. Peter Cionrey, a 
 Banker of New Orleans, who had formerly been a resident of 
 Charleston for several years, and iiresented to the city by' 
 
14 
 
 Ml’- Conrey. Wm. C. Preston, believed to be by Jarvis, an- 
 English poi'trait painter who for some years resided in Colum- 
 bia, 8- C. Tliis picture was in the possession of the family of 
 the late General Wadd}’’ Thompson, of Greenville, and was 
 purchased from them in 1883, by Hon. W. A. Courtenay, who 
 presented it to the city. Senator Wade Hampton, a portrait, 
 painted in 1879, by P. Prescott, of Boston, and presented to the 
 City t-'ouncil, of Charleston, by Dr. Wm. Ilenry White, of 
 Springlield, Mass., through Cajit. F. W. Dawson. Genl. Wm. 
 Moultrie, by Charles Fraser. The date of this portrait is not 
 known. Wm. Enston, by J. H. Stolle, of Dresden. This por- 
 trait was re-produced from a photograph and is considered a 
 fair likeness. Mr. Enston was a native of Canterbury, Eng- 
 land, who settled in Charleston, in 1885, and after twenty-five 
 years of a profsiierous busine.ss career, bequeathed a large por- 
 tion of his property, amounting to some !J4()0,000, to the city 
 in trust to found a home for aged ]ier,sons. Ji. portrait of 
 Hon. W. A. Courtenay, Mayor of the citjq presented to the 
 City Council, by the Aldermen who served with him in 
 the city government 1879-83, at their last meeting, held De- 
 cember 19th, 1883. The Marquis ile Lafayette, a portrait in 
 miniature, by Charles Fraser, executed for the City Council, 
 to commemorate the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to 
 Charleston, in 1825 Mr. Fraser was a fine artist and all of hi.s- 
 pictures possess merit, but probably his special excellence lay 
 in miniature painting, and specimens of his work of this kind 
 are very highly valued in Charleston. Genl. Francis Marion, 
 by J. H. Stolle. This is a remarkable work of art. There is 
 no really authentic likeness of Gen Marion in existence, and 
 tlie ])ainter had for guidance only some imperfect prints, and 
 the written accounts of the General’s personal appearance. 
 His success is striking ; it would be difficult to form a more 
 ]ierfect ideal of the hero of Carolina, than he has produced. 
 Mr. Stolle has presented the picture to the city. It hangs at 
 jiresent in the Mayor’s office. 
 
 The statuary consists of the fbllowing pieces : Bust of Robert 
 Y. Havne, Iw Edward V. Valentine, of Richmond, Va. This 
 beautiful piece of work was executed to the order of the City 
 Council, and was unveiled on the occasion of the celebration of 
 the Centennial of the Incorporation of the City of Charleston, 
 .\ugust 13th, 1883. Jlr Valentine is well known through his 
 great work, the recumbent figure of Gen. Lee on his mon- 
 ument at Lexington, Va. Bust (heroic size) of James Louis 
 Retigru, South Carolina’s great Jurist. This was executed 
 by Mr. A. G. Harnisch, of Rome, for tion. W. A. Courtenay, 
 and by him presented to the city on the occasion of the cen- 
 tennial above referred to. Bust of Robert Fulton, by Bre-. 
 mond, copied from the original by Houdon. Plaster bust of 
 .lohn C. Calhoun, by [the late Clark lAIills, believed to be one 
 of his earliest works- 
 
15 
 
 On tlie north wa'l of tlie coiuu'il chamber is a memorial 
 tablet of white marble, wiih the following inscrii)tion : “City 
 
 of Charleston fonmled 1670; Incorjwrated 178M.” Below are 
 the names of the Intendants and Mayors, from 1783 to 1883, 
 with space for sneceeding officers. 
 
 The open square, once commonly known as the City Square, 
 upon which the City Hall is situated, was formerly jdanted in 
 shade trees ; many of these had decayed and were dying out, 
 and the place had a neglected and sombre appearance, when, in 
 1 880, the trees, except a single young magnolia in the centre, 
 ■were cleared away, and the ground laid out in grass plats, wiih 
 occasional flower beds, whic h, with smoothly paved walks, 
 fountains, and comfortable benches, make it a very attractive 
 spot- By resolution of the City Council, the name of “ Wash- 
 ington Square” was adopted on the centennial of the surren- 
 der at Yorktown, October 19, 1783. 
 
 At the intersection of the principal walks stands the statue 
 of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, w hich has an interesting 
 history. 
 
 When the news of the re])eal of the Stamp Act was received 
 in t harles Town, IMay 3rd, 1766, the Commons liouse of As- 
 sembly, which was then in session, filled with enthusiastic 
 gratitude to Mr. Pitt for his noble defence of their rights, 
 unanimously resolved to procure a statue, to be erected in the 
 jirovince as a memorial of his great services. On the 31st of 
 Alay, 1770, the statue, made in England, by Mr Wilton, at a 
 cost of £1,000 sterling, was landed in Charleston, and fixed 
 upon a pedestal previously prepared for it, in the square at 
 the intersection of Broad and IMeetina; streets, surrounded by 
 an iron railing. During the siege of Charleston, a cannon ball 
 from a British fort on James Island struck off the right arm, 
 which was extended as if in the act of speaking; but it re- 
 mained otherwise unhurt, until after the war it was found to 
 interfere with travel through that thoroughfare, and was 
 taken down and laid in the Orphan House yard. In 1808 the 
 commissioners of the Orphan House obtained iierinifssion to 
 erect it in their grounds, where it stood until 1881, when, at 
 the request of the Carolina Art Association, and by order of 
 the City Council, it was removed to its present position. It 
 rests upon a pedestal of red and buff pi-essed brick, on a plain 
 base of granite. Into the die of the pedestal ai-e fitted two 
 panels of white mai'ble ; that on the front belonged to the origi- 
 nal monument and corrtains an inscription dictated by the grate- 
 ful sentinrents of the peojjle of old Charles Toavu. The other 
 is inscribed with a brief resume of the history of the statue. 
 
 The northwest corner- of this square is occujried by the Fire- 
 proof Building, a massive structure entirely protected agaiuSt 
 damage by fire; its most valuable corrtents are the r-ecords of 
 the Mesne Conveyance office and the office of the Judge of 
 Probate. 
 
We have already de.i 'ribed St. IMichael’s Chnrrli, \vhi(di 
 stands on tlie southeast corner of Broad and Meeting streets ; 
 the southwest corner is occupied by the Main Station House, 
 a plain, substantial building, with a colonade extending over 
 tlie sidewalk on Broad street; the City Police are quartererlin 
 it, and it is also used for the temporary confinement of pris- 
 oners arrested bv them. 
 
 Cn.VMBER OF CO.M.MERCE, 
 
 It will be interesting to notice here some of the societi' s 
 organized for charitable and other purposes. 
 
 As early as 1783, a Chamber of Commerce was established i n 
 Charleston, and the original minute book is preserved, wii h 
 the rules adopted for its government and the autograniis of 
 the founders, but there are no further records of its proceed- 
 ings remaining, and it appears to have fallen into entire dis- 
 use and almost into oblivion. In 1823, combined action of 
 the merchants of the city becoming nece.ssary in (’onsequenc-e 
 of the action of the Legislature in relation to certain taxes, 
 etc-, meetings were hehl, the result of which was the re-estab- 
 
17 
 
 lishinent of the Chamber, and siiiee that time it has continued 
 a well organized body, and, especially in tlie past few year.-i, 
 has exercised a very powerful induence on the commerce of 
 Charleston ; many questions are settled by it, wlrich miglit 
 otherwise lead to tedious litigation ; valuable statistical reports 
 are prepared and published, internal improvements are sug- 
 gested and aided, and numerous other benefits are derived by 
 the cit}^ from this bod}', which comprises among its active 
 members the most prominent business men in the commu- 
 nir.y. The Chamber at present occupies the second and third 
 doors of a handsome buildingatthe northwest corner ofBroad 
 and East Bay streets; it ha< a coniurodious reading room, 
 supplied with the leading American and foreign papers and 
 periodicals, and club rooms, and restaurant, for the use of the 
 members. A court for the arbitration of mercantile disputes 
 arising in the port of Charleston is attached to the Chamber. 
 
 The South Carolina Society deserves mention as one of the 
 earliest benevolent institutions in this countr,-, and one which 
 has to the present day continued its good wmrk. It originated in 
 the year 1737, with a few gentlemen, who used to meet once a 
 week, at a tavern at the northeast corner of Broad and Church 
 streets ; each contributed a small sum ( t\vo bits, or four half- 
 pence) for charitable purposes, and the Society W'as for some 
 time known as the Two-Bit Club. It was incorporated in 
 1751, under the name of The South Carolina Society, and in- 
 creased so rapidly, that in 1770, it had three hundred and 
 sixty members, and a capital of £7,500 sterling. 
 
 The Society continued to prosper, and much good was ef- 
 fected by giving aid to the needy families of deceased mem- 
 bers, and educating their children. For some years a school 
 was kept up under iis auspices, but this was superseded by the 
 public schools of the city. In common with all other institu- 
 tions, it met with heavy losses in the late war, but still con- 
 tinues to aid its pensioners. 
 
 The hall of the society is situated on the east side of Meeting 
 street, a short distance south of St. Michael’s Church. It is a 
 suVjstantial structure of two stories, on a high basement. The 
 second story contains a fine hall, on the walls of which are 
 marble tablets, with the names of persons who have made 
 donations or bequests to the Society. On the front of the 
 colonade, which extends over the sidewalk, the seal of the 
 Society is represented, consisting of a hand holding an olive 
 branch, with the legeml Posteritati.” 
 
 The St. Andrew’s Society, which also expended a considera- 
 ble amount in charity, was founded in 1729, and is the oldest 
 society in Charleston. It had accumulated a fund, and owned 
 a fine hall in Broad street, near the Cathedral. This was de- 
 stroyed in the lire of December, 1861, and the Society has not 
 yet recovered from thesevere losses sustained then and during 
 the war. 
 
18 
 
 The Oerinan Friendly Society, established in 1760, and in- 
 corj)Orated in 1791, also uses its funds for educational and 
 charitable juiritoses. 
 
 The first religious charitable Society in Aineric'a was “The 
 Society for the Kelief of the Widows and Orphans of the 
 Clergy of the Protestant Flinscopal Clmrch in South Carolina,” 
 which was established in Charleston in 17(i2, and which, not- 
 withstanding the two rev'olutions it has passed through, con- 
 tinues still the sipiport of many families of clergymen. 
 
 The Charleston l.ibrary Society was the earliest association 
 of its kind in Charleston, and the third in the United States. 
 It was organized in 1748, by seventeen young gentlemen, m Iio 
 desired to olrtaln some of the current literature from England. 
 They soon associated others with them, and, after some diffi- 
 culties, a charter was obtained in 1764, under the name of 
 Charles Town Jabrary Society. It increased in numbers and 
 wealth, and in spite of the heavy loss sustained by the tire of 
 1778, acquired an extiemely valuable collection of books. 
 
 Cir.UtLESTON laHR.UiY 
 
J9 
 
 These were kept at first at the residence or office of the libra- 
 rian, and afterwards in the third story of the State House, 
 (now the Court House). In 1835 the Society purchased its 
 present buildinp:, at the northwest corner of Broad and Church 
 streets. This building was erected for the South Carolina 
 Bank, and was occupied Ity it for some years. It is massively 
 built of red brick, faced with white marble, and irresents a 
 square front on Broad street, with wings extending from the 
 north-east and north-west corners. The number of volumes in 
 the library was about twenty thousand in 1860, and the Society 
 was in a flourishing condition. During the war the greater part 
 of the books, including the most valuable works, was removed 
 to Columbia for safety, but a considerable number were left in 
 the building, and were entirely destroyed. After the war the 
 Society was re-organized, and, in 1874, the ADj'U’entices’ Li- 
 brary Society was merged in it, bringing a large accession of 
 members and some funds. The condition of the Society now 
 is veiy promising. In the value of its collection it ranks first 
 in the South, and efforts are being made to render it more 
 popular and attractive, by large additions of current literature. 
 
 The buildings and associations which we have described 
 belong to Charleston before the Eevolution,.and wddle it is 
 not proposed to offer these descriptions according to an exact 
 chronological arrangement, yet it is well so to group them as 
 to associate them with the several divisions into which the 
 histoiw of the city naturally falls. 
 
 We come now' to the period of the Eevolution At this 
 time Charleston was in a very prosperous condition — com- 
 merce was flourishing, and the interior of the State was gi'adu- 
 ally filling up and forming, as it w’ere, a background for the 
 metropolis. All fears from the neighboring Spaniards and 
 Indians were removed, and peace reigned at home and 
 abroad. 
 
 The relations with the mother countiy w'ere friendly, and 
 the people were veiy loyal to the Eritish Government; it was, 
 therefore, from no spirit of discontent or restlessness that the 
 inhabitants commenced their resistance to that government, 
 but from a sense of the duty w'hich rested on them to oppose 
 what they considered unjust encroachments of their rights as 
 subjects. 
 
 The first open cause of difficulty occurred, as is well known, 
 on the passage of the stamp act in 176.5; the resistance of all 
 the American Colonies brought about the repeal of this in the 
 following year. In 1767, taxes were laid on glass, paper, tea, 
 and painters’ colors; the colcnists petitioned for their re- 
 moval, and formed associations among themselves, pledged 
 not to import those articles. The taxes were removed, except 
 that of threepence a pound on tea, upon which the colonists 
 promptly bound them.selves to use no more of it. In 1773, the 
 famous tea affair occurred ; the East India Company sent large 
 
20 
 
 cargoes into the various American ports, in hopes tliat, as tJie 
 payment of tlie tax would not he made direct to the British 
 Government, but through them, it might meet with a sale, 
 hut the colonists perceived the evasion, and would have none 
 of it ; in Charles Town it W’as stored in cellars, and the con- 
 signees were prohibited from otieringit for sale. 
 
 On the 6th of Jtdy, 1774, a large meeting was held in fliailes 
 Town, composed of persons from all parts of tlic province, 
 and the action of the Bi'itish Government, in relation espe- 
 cially to Massachusetts, was discussed and resolutions were 
 adojited, looking to a cond)ination of the several colonies to 
 secui-e tliemselves against a continuance of such action. Henry 
 lUiddlcton, John Entledge, Christopher Gadsden, Thomas 
 I.ynch, and Edward Butledge, were appointed deputies to 
 represent ihe province in a convention of the colonies. Tlie 
 action of that convention, and of the subsequent Congress, be- 
 long to the general history of the country ; it is sufficient to 
 observe that the ];eople ot Charleston and Carolina, generally, 
 jiromptly acquiesced in it, and jirejiared themselves for amiecl 
 resistance to the ])Ower of Great Britain. Active hostilities 
 commenced in South Carolina on the 12th Kovember, 1775, 
 when two royal armed vessels, the Tamar and the Cherokee, 
 ojjened fire on the schooner Defence, Clajitain Tufts, which 
 was engaged in protecting the sinking of hulks across- Hog 
 Island Channel. The Defence returnecl the lire, but there was 
 no loss on either side. Col. 'William Moultrie having taken 
 possession, with a small foi-ce, of Haddrell’s Point, mounted a 
 few pieces of heavy artillery there, and, with a well directed 
 lire, induced the British vessels to put to sea. 
 
 The first blood was shed in the memorable battle of Fort 
 Moultrie, on the 28ih of June, 1776. On the first of that 
 month intelligence was received that a large British fleet w'as 
 making its way towards Charleston, and on the morning of 
 the fourth, the main part ol this fleet came to anchor ju.st out- 
 side of the bar. Pi’ei arations were immediately commenced 
 to nreet the exiiccted attack. 
 
 About this time; Maj.-Gen. ('hai'les Lee an-ived in Chai-les- 
 ton, and was invested by Gov. Butledge with full command 
 of all military alfairs. He was disposed to withdi-aw all the 
 troops from Sullivan’s Island, but both Gov. Butledge and Moul- 
 ti'ie, who commanded the Island, dissuaded him from doing 
 so. Fort Johnson, on the opposite side of the harbor, was 
 occtqned by tlie fii’st South Carolina regular regiment, com- 
 mamled by Col. Gadsden ; but it was tlieir opinion that the 
 chief defence of the city rested in Fort Sullivan, as it was then 
 called. This stood <>p the front beadi of Sullivan’s Island, 
 and commanded the main entrance to the harbor; it was a 
 square structure, with a bastion at each angle, and was built 
 of Palmetto logs, piled one on another in two lines, sixteen 
 feet apart, the sjrace between being filled with sand. Thei'e 
 
21 
 
 FORT AtOULTEIE. 
 
 \va,s not sufficient time to carry out tlie plan of the fort, and 
 only the wall on the front, and the southeastern and part of 
 the southwestern sides were completed ; some temporaiy de- 
 fences, huilt of plank, filled up the unfinished portions, hut 
 these were only available against a land attack. The. arma- 
 ment consisted'in all of twenty-six guns ; nine twenty-pound- 
 ers, three eighteen-pounders, and fourteen twelve-pounders; 
 on the southeast bastion was the plain blue flag, with white 
 crescent, which from that day became so famous. 
 
 At the eastern end of the Island breastworks were erected, 
 and Col. William Thompson was in command. Ilis whole 
 force consisted of seven hundred and eighty men, and they 
 were provided with one eighteen-pounder and a field piece. 
 The British land forces, three thousand men, under Maj. -Gen. 
 Clinton, landed on Long Island, ami having fortified them- 
 selves there, began preparations to cross Beach Inlet and 
 attack Fort Sullivan in the rear. 
 
 On the morning of the 2Sth of June, the fleet, under com- 
 
22 
 
 ninnd of Adiiiiial Sir Peter Pai’ker, and consisting of eight 
 vessels, two of them fifty gun sliijis, crossed the bar and ad- 
 vanceil towards the city ; at the same time Sir Henry Clinton’s 
 forces made a demonstration on the eastern end of the Island, 
 but were kejit in check by (.'oh Thomjison’s gallant riflemen. 
 
 Sir Peter Parker, supjiosing that the fort would offer but a 
 slight resistance, opened a sliarp fire ujion it as he passed, 
 from four of his ships. The fire being as Ijriskly returned, 
 the engagement soon became general and lasted from a little 
 before eleven in the forenoon to near nine o’clock at night, 
 when the fleet retired, having suffered terrible losses ; three 
 of the vessels having^ljeen sent round to attack the fort on the 
 western side, went aground on the shoal known as the middle 
 ground, and one of them, the Acta'on, could not be got off and 
 was abandoned; the others escaiied with severe losses ; the 
 Admiral’s ship was almost entirely destroyed. The loss of the 
 Pritish was upwards of two hundred men ; that of the Amer- 
 icans, was ten men killed and twenty two wounded. The 
 material of which the fort was composed favored the defend- 
 ers ; the spongy Palmetto logs did not splinter when struck, 
 and, as later experience has jiroved, sand is far superior to 
 masonry for resisting cannon shot- A morass in the interior 
 of the fort did good service b.y imtting out the fuses of many 
 of the shells which fell into it. 
 
 (Jne «f the incidents of the day was the heroic rescue by 
 Sergeant Jasper of the dag, which was shot away early in the 
 action. He leapt over on the beach and deliberately restored 
 it to its place, under the heaviest fire of the enemy. This 
 gallant act was dtly commemorated a hundred years later. On 
 June 28th, 1876, the centennial of the battle, the Jasper Mon- 
 ument, erected through the effort of the Palmetto Guard, one 
 of the most active military companies of Charle-ton. was un- 
 veiled at White Point Garden. A sulendid military parade, 
 in which companies from Northern as well as Southern States 
 jiarticipated, and imposing ceremonies, celebrated the occa- 
 sion. The monument is placed in the middle walk of White 
 Point Garden, opposite the foot ol Church street. A bronze 
 figure of a Continental soldier, his right hand jiointing across 
 the harbor towards Fort Moultrie, his left holding a dag dxed 
 i n a spionge staff, stands upon a jiedestal of Carolina granite 
 twenty-one feet in height. The bronze die jilates and the 
 base of this coniain approjiriate inscriptions and beautifully 
 executed bas-reliefs of the seal of the State, the seal of the 
 city, and a battle scene, representing Jasper in the act of 
 mounting the raiipiarts with the rescued dag. 
 
 The defense of this fort w’as one of the most gallant actions 
 of the whole war, and gained for Gen. Moultrie the highest 
 reputation The fort was named, in honor of him, Foi t Moul- 
 trie, which nante it still bears. The present fort is built of 
 brick, on the same site. It was occupied by United States 
 
troops, unuer Major Anderson, at the time of the secession of 
 Sontli Carolina, and it was his evacuation of it on the nialit of 
 tlie 2fith of December, 18(i0, after having spiked the guns and 
 destro}'ed tlie carriages, and his taking possession of Fort 
 Sumter, which constituted the tirst act of hostility in the war 
 of secession. 
 
 When the Confederate troops occupied it they strengthened 
 it with a glacis on the tront, and with large bombproofs in 
 the interior. It was garrisoned during the greater part of the 
 war by the First liegular Infantry, Col Butler, and took part 
 in all the actions which occurred in Chaideston harbor. 
 
 Since the war the United States authorities have removed 
 the earthworks, and the fort is now unoccupied. 
 
 The repulse of the British forces left Charleston in a slate of 
 comparative peace, the blockade being removed, commerce 
 flourished, and. notwithstanding the terrible fire of the 15th 
 January, 1778, in which two hundred ami fifty dwellings, be- 
 sides stores and other buildings were destroyed, the city con- 
 tinued to grow and prosper until 1780, when tlie British re- 
 commenced military operations against it. 
 
 On the 11th February, 1780, a British army, under Sir Henry 
 Clinton, landed within thirty miles of the city and commenced 
 to advance upon it. Clinton formed a depot of supplies and 
 built fortifications at Wappoo, on James’ Island; on the tirst 
 of April he crossed the Ashley and invested the city, at the 
 same time his fleet crossed tlie bar, and this time passing Fort 
 Moultrie under a heavy tire, but without engaging it, sailed 
 into the harbor. 
 
 The American forces of le.ss than four thousand men, chiefly 
 militia, under command of General Lincoln, made active 
 preparations for defence ; strong lines of fortifications were 
 thrown up across the Neck, and the works on South Bay, and 
 other exposed parts of the city, strengthened and manneil. 
 
 The British advanced bv regular approaches, keeping up 
 meantime a heavy bombardment; severd skirmishes occurred 
 between portions of the two armies but there was no general 
 engagement, and on the 12th of May, the enem}^ liaving car- 
 ried the outer works, prepared for a general assault by land 
 and sea, when the garrison, perceiving that further resistance 
 was useless, and having already suffered heavily from sickness 
 and want of food, determined to capitulate. 
 
 The British held the city until the 14th of December, 1782, 
 and under their harsh rule the inhabitants had to endure 
 many privations and indignities. 
 
 It was during this time that the execution of Colonel Isaac 
 Hayne took place. Colonel Hayne was a planter of good family 
 and high character. He had commanded a troop of horse 
 during the war, but on the fall of Charleston, this was dis- 
 bandeil, and he retired with his family to his plantation ; a 
 short time afterwards, he was, on some pretence, induced to 
 
24 
 
 RO to Charleston, where he was Feized and imjirisoned, until, 
 in order to return to his dj-inp wile, he consented, under pro- 
 test, to take the oatli of submission to the Brilisli authority; 
 he had scarcely reached his home w'hen a demand was macle 
 upon him to take up arms against his country. Conceiving 
 that the contract had been violated, he made his escajie and 
 joined the American forces in the neighborliood. He was 
 captured, and after a rigorous confinement for several months, 
 in one of the rooms of the Exchange Building, on the 11th of 
 August 1781, he was taken thence to the place of execution, 
 attended by an immense concourse of citizens, who had plead 
 in vain for his release. 
 
 The indignation felt in the American army at this outrage 
 was so great, that tlie cllicers addressed a memorial to General 
 Greene, recommending immediate measures of retaliation, 
 thereby exposing themselves to a similar fate in case of 
 capture- 
 
 The occupaticn of the city by the British lasted, as we have 
 said, until December, 1782. At that time the commander, 
 General Leslie, having levelled the walls of the town and of 
 Fort Johnson, notified General Greene of the intended evacu- 
 ation ; and an arrangement w'as made for the American troops 
 to enter tlie town as the Bi'itish lett it, both parties jiledging 
 themselves to abstain I'rom any hostile demonstrations. 
 
 On the morning of the 14th of December the march com- 
 menced : the Americans following the British at a distance of 
 two hundred yards down the King street road until they were 
 within the lines, when the British filed < ff to the left, to 
 Gad.'-'den’s wharf, w here they embarked in boats whit'h w ere 
 waiting to take tliem to the fleet. The following day the fleet 
 left the harbor. 
 
 As may be sujiposed, great rejoicings followed this event, 
 and a new era of prosjicrity opened for the city. 8o far as 
 Gharleston was com eined, the war was virtually ended, and 
 the general peace which was made soon after removed all 
 further diflicultie.s. 
 
 DE.SCEirTION OF BUILDINGS, ETC. 
 
 AVith the return of peace the citizens of Charle.ston, under 
 w’hich name the citj' was incorporated 1783, were enabled to 
 resume the exercise of that imblic sjtirit which they had pre- 
 viously disiJayed, and we find them soon establishing chari- 
 table institutions and erecting buildings to be pjermanent 
 ornaments and improvements to the city. 
 
 And first and noblest among these institutions stands 
 
 THE CHAELESTON ORPHAN HOUSE. 
 
 The Act of Incorporation just referred toimpo.sed upon the 
 City the care of providing for the poor and maintaining and 
 educating poor orphan children. In accordance with this A^t, 
 
25 
 
 CHARI.ESTON ORriIAN HOUSE. 
 
commissioners of the poor were appointed, and a mindjer of 
 orphan children were supported, by boarding tliem out in 
 private houses, and were educated at the expense of the city. 
 
 In 1790, the Cit)' Council passed an Ordinance for the erec- 
 tion of an Orphan House, and the vacant lands between 
 Boundary (now Calhoun) street and Yanderhorst street were- 
 appro|)riated to the purpose. On the 12tli of November, 1792,. 
 the corner-stone of the building was laid by John Huger, Esq.,. 
 Intendant oi the City ; atid on the 18th of'October, 1794, with 
 approi»riate religious services, one hundred and fifteen orphan 
 childien were introduced into it. 
 
 In 1853, the Commissioners presented a memorial to Coun- 
 cil, recommending the repair and enlargement of the build- 
 ing; and, this being adopted, Messrs. Jones & Lee, Architects, 
 were charged with the work, which they completed shortly 
 before the celebration of the sixty-si.xth anniversary, October 
 18th, 1855. 
 
 The building as it now stands is in the Italian style ; is two 
 hundred and thirty-si.x feet long by seventy-six feet wide, 
 with an extension in the reai- ninety feet long by thirty-one 
 feet wide. The main building is five stories high, divided in 
 the front in three sections, the central portion being sur- 
 mounted by a pediment and having an Italian portico pro- 
 jecting in front. The building is covered by a Mansard 
 roof, and above the central section of the front is the belfry, 
 in which is hung one of the city alarm hells ; on the belfry is* a 
 figure of Charity. The whole height is one hundred and forty- 
 six feet from the ground. It is divided into spacious and airy 
 rooms, adapted to the various 2 'equiremeuts of the inmates, 
 and is surnjunded by extensive grounds, well laid out, and 
 protected by a high brick wall. In the northern part of the 
 gi’ounds is a handsome chapel, in which services are held 
 every Sunday by some one of the city clergymen. 
 
 The institution is complete in every detail, and is Charles- 
 ton’s grandest charitable work. 
 
 The lives of hundreds of citizens, some of whom have risen, 
 to eminence in the nation, as well as in their own State, attest 
 its practical value. 
 
 The College of Charleston was chartered in 1785, but noth- 
 ing Was done towards its establishment except to collect some- 
 funds, until the Eev. Dr. Smith, afterwards first Bishop of the 
 Protestant Ei>iscopal Church in South Carolina, oftered to 
 transfer the scholars of his academy to it. This offer was ac- 
 cepted, and a ]iortion of the old brick barracks was fitted up, 
 and possession taken in 1791 ; three years later the first com- 
 mencement was held, and six young men graduated, among, 
 them the late Bishop Bowen- 
 
 The college declined after this, however, and only a gram- 
 mar school was maintained in the building fu- many years. 
 .At length an effort was made to I’eorganize and improve it. 
 
27 
 
 COLLEGE OF CHAKLESTOX. 
 
 niii'jii;;. iMiiPBgiTii'W.iair 
 
 iind this being liberally su])ported, a full collegiate course was 
 adopted, witli a grammar school attached, and the first com- 
 mencement under the new organization was held in October, 
 1826. In 1837, an arrangement was made, by which the proj)- 
 ■erty of the college was transferred to the city, in trust for the 
 re-establishment and maintenance of the institution on an 
 improved plan. The college occujues the square bounded by 
 George, Green, College, and St. I’hilip streets; it consists of 
 a square, central building, fronting south on the campus, with 
 extensive wings on the east and west ; it is two stories, on a 
 basement; the first story contains in the central building, the 
 chapel, and in the wings, tlie recitation rooms ; the second 
 story is almost entire!}' occupied by the museum of natural 
 history, a large and well arranged collection, gathered from all 
 parts of the world, but specially intere.sting froni the large 
 number of specimens characteristic of South Carolina and the 
 adjoining States. 
 
 The college library is in a small building of ornamental 
 construction, in the western part of the camiuis It has be- 
 tween five and six thousand volumes, of which two thousand 
 were presented, in 18.13, bv T)r. L. A. Frampton, the present 
 
28 
 
 librarian ; abont twenty-five humlred more were bequeathed 
 by the late Jady:e King. 
 
 jnCUrCAL COLLEGE OE THE SPATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Tliis institution is located on the corner of Queen and Frank- 
 lin streets, oci'unying a part of the square with the Roper 
 llos|iital, City Ilos])ital, and County .lad. It is one of the 
 oldest medical schools at the South, and its very numerous 
 alumni are scattered through the Southern States, many of 
 them occupying the highest jiositions; some of them occupy 
 piofessional chairs in the best Northern colleges; and some, 
 like the late Dr ,1. iUarion Sims, and Prof. T. Gaillard Thomas, 
 of New York, have acquired a wide-spread reputation. 
 
 The (-barter of this College was obtained in 1832, but many 
 of tin' original faculty, among whom we may mention Drs. 
 S. 11. Dickson and J. E. Holbrook, as specially distinguished, 
 had been earlier engaged in teaching in another school, or- 
 ganized in 1822, by the IMedical Society of South Carolina. 
 This latter school was short lived, and, since its suspension, 
 the present < ollege has been the only regularly chartereil 
 IMeilical College In the State Its career had been remarkably 
 succe.ssful, until the late war so crip[)led the resources of the 
 South as seriously to affei t all institutions of learning. In 
 common with the grad.iid improvement of the Southern 
 countr\-, the success of the College, under the new regime, is 
 ycai- by year becoming more assured. The present faculty 
 have done all in their power to meet the exigencies of the 
 times, and to maintain the former prestige of the old institu- 
 tion. The fees for tuition have been made almost nominal, 
 tbe idea Iieing sinqily to pay tlie expenses of the school, 
 without regard to the personal benefit to the teachers. This 
 ])lan, which is considered only a temporary one, has been 
 Idghly recommended by the Trustees and most of the old 
 friends and Alumni of the College. 
 
 Connected with the Medical College, or rather more imme- 
 diately with the M' dical Society, is the Rojier Hospital, which 
 stands at the corner of Queen and Mazyck streets. This noble 
 institution was founded through the liberality of Mr. Thomas 
 Roper, whose name it bears. In 1851, he bequeathed real 
 estate to the value of fifty thousand dollars for this purpose, 
 the city of Charleston gave twenty thousand dollars, and the 
 lot on which tlie Hospital stands; and in 1857 the State 
 Legislature gave ten thousand dollars to complete the building, 
 which was finished the following year. After the establish- 
 ment of the Hospital, Mrs. Kohn also made a large bequest 
 to i t. 
 
 The building is very handsome, ami well arranged. The 
 central ])orti(.in has, on the first floor, offices for tbe physicians 
 and others connected with the institution, on the second, the 
 

 29 
 
 EOI'ER HOSPITAL. 
 
 library of the IMediial Society, and on tlie third, a larce ain- 
 I'liitlieatre, i)rovidcil frn- clinical lectines, for the medical stu- 
 dents; the east and west wimis <-rmtain spacious and well ven- 
 tilateil wards, witli hmad [liaz/.as to the south. In front is a 
 tastefully laid out garden, which adds to its attractive aiipear- 
 ance. 
 
 The Hospital was under control of the Medical Society, who 
 at'i)ointe<l all the otlii-ers and superiutcn(U‘<l the conduct of 
 the institution, hut in consequence of the losses sustained in 
 the war, the funds are now ]iut out at interest to accumulate, 
 and the huildin? is underlease to the city as a general hosiiital. 
 
 In our eat lv plan of Charles Town, we liiul in a conspicuors 
 place the “Indeiiendeiit Church.” This was e.stahlished hv 
 Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and a fmv of the Fretn h 
 Protestant Kefugces. It afterwards became the Congregation- 
 alist Church. Tlie origiiral Hiurdi was a small wooden build- 
 ing, which being reuuiilelled and (‘niarged and jiainted w hite, 
 was generally known as the “White IMeetiug House,” ami 
 jirohahly gave its name to Meeting street. On the same site 
 the Circular Church was built in Iklil ; it. was curiously con- 
 structed, consisting of a I'utuiuJa eighty-eight feet in diameter, 
 
30 
 
 siirinoiimeil Ijy a dome. On the western face was a stjuare 
 lii'ojection wliich su]>ported the steejde, and, in front of tins 
 a portico of six columns, surnionnted by a pediment, formed 
 the facade of the bnilding. The cemetery extends back to- 
 that of St. Philip’s Church. The church was destroyed by the- 
 tire of 1861, ami only the picturesque ruins now' occupy 'lie- 
 site. The congregation have erected a small chajvd on the 
 lot, in which services are held. 
 
 Adjoining the Circular Church stood a building wiii-'h was 
 the scene of, perhaps, the most important event in the histovy 
 of South Carolina ; this was the Institute Hall, moi’e hdelj 
 known as Secession Hall. It was the property of tlic South 
 Carolina Institute, an association for the jiromotioit of ihe 
 industrial arts in the State, and was completed in 1854. The- 
 first floor was occupied by stores and olfices, and the seco!,d 
 contained an elegant and S])acious hall, capable of l- jiding 
 twenty-five hundred persons; in it the annual I'airsoftlu- 
 Institute were held, and it was used for any specially large 
 meetings. The National Democratic Convention, whidi met 
 in Chail ston, in April, 1860, held its meetings there , ':ut, the 
 grand event which took place within its walls, was llie raiili- 
 cation of the Ordinance of Secession. The State Co.ivention 
 held its meetings in St. Andrew’s Hall, Broad street, until the- 
 adoption of the Ordinance of Sece.ssion, on the 20tii of De- 
 cember, 1860, when it was resolved to adjourn to Institute 
 Hall for the ])urpose of ratifying. At 6 P. M., on that dav, the 
 Convention moved in pu’oeession from St. Andrew’s to the 
 Institute Hall, where, afhr jirayer by the Kev. John Bach- 
 man, D. D., the Ordinance was most solemnly ratified, receiv- 
 ing tlie signature of every member of the Convention. -\t the- 
 conclusion of the signing, the President of the Convention, 
 Hon. D. F. Jandson, e.xhibited the iiandiment to the meeting, 
 announcing that the Ordinance of Secession had been sigm J 
 and ratified. He therefore proclaimeil the State ot' Sntitii 
 Carolina an Independent Commonwealth. On this announce- 
 ment, the whole audience rose and gave vent to their enthtt- 
 siastn by prolonged cheers accompanied by the waving oi' hats 
 and handkerchiefs. The occasion was celebrated in the eve- 
 ning by a general illumination and bonfires in the principal 
 streets, and the jiarading of citizens with bands of music. 
 This building, also, perished in the great fire, and its loss was 
 deeply felt, as well for the associations connected tvidi if as- 
 for its intrinsic value. 
 
 In the year 1731 , the strict Presbyterians, among the con- 
 gregation of the Independent Church above described, left it 
 and established a Church for themselves on the model of lln 
 Church of Scotland, and erected a building at the sout'iv. est 
 corner of Sleeting and Tradd streets. The pi’esent Fir.si; Pres- 
 byterian or Scotch Church was built on the same site and was- 
 completed in 1814. It exhibits a fine front, compo-ed of a 
 
xciiessed iiortico of four columns, flanked by two towers, sur- 
 mounted by cupolas. The interior is sjiacious and well ■ 
 finished. 
 
 Fi. inn’s nu'Kcii. 
 
 I'lie Second Presbyterian Churcb, commonly known as 
 I'bnn’s Church, from the name of its first pastor, Kev. Dr. 
 Flinn, was built in 1811, the number of Presbyterians in the 
 city having increased so much as to rerpiire more room. It 
 stands at the corner of Charlotte and Elizabeth streets, on the 
 ’lighest spot in the city, and forms a very conspicuous land- 
 mark. It is of the temple form, and with its lofty jjortico, 
 jiroduces a fine effect. Behind this portico rises a tower, in- 
 ten led as the foundation of a steeple. The steeple has never 
 been completed, but the height of the ground, as well as the 
 great size of the Church itself, makes it visible at a great 
 .listance. 
 
 I'he cemetery surrounds the Chunli on three sides, the 
 .'•i-.riem front opening on a fine square, planted with grass and 
 scale trees, and extending to Meeting street. 
 
 The Westminster (Third) Presbyterian Church stands on the 
 western side of Meeting street, a short distance above Society 
 street; it is remarkable for the perfection of its architecture, 
 having an elegant portico of pure Corinthian style, and the 
 
rest of the bnil(lin<>' correspoiKlino- in symmetry and corre t- 
 ness. It is witliout a steeple or other modern emheldshment. 
 
 'We have already referred to the early estahiishment of the 
 I’laptists in Charleston 'I'lie site of their orifiinal bnildin;j: 
 ( n the west side of Church street, a little above Water, is now 
 occupied by the First Baptist Church, a building we 1 worth 
 notice from its simple, but imposing architecture. 
 
 (.JT.VDEL SQUARE BAPTIST CHURCH. 
 
 The Citadel Square Eajitist Cliurch sprung from this. The 
 idea of establishing, it originated, in 18.34, with Messrs. B. C 
 I'res ley and C. L. Burckmeyer, who, after consultitiou with 
 Itev- .1. P. Boyce, formerly of the First Cliurch, but then of 
 Columbia, made knovfn their design, and were promptly 
 joined by a number of friends. A subscription w’as opened 
 and was liberally tilled up, more than one-half of the amount 
 necessary for the building being subscribed by the lieirs of the 
 estate of 3Ir. Ker Boyce- A lot was procured at the corner of 
 Meeting and Henrietta streets, and work commenced on the 
 building, which was rapidly completed, and was dedicated on 
 the 23d of November, 18.5U. 
 
The members of the ’\\'entworth Street Church soon after 
 joined tliemselves to the conaregatiou. 
 
 The style of tlie building is Norman. Its extreme dimensions 
 are eighty feet on Meeiing street, and one hundred and forty- 
 five feet on Henrietta street ; the side walls are forty feet high, 
 and the west or front wall seventy feet to the point ot tiie 
 gable. The interior will accommodate one thousand persons. 
 The tower is located at the north-west corner of the main 
 building. It is square, sujiported by buttresses at the angles, 
 and, with the sjfire. is two liundred and twent\' feet high. The 
 whole building 2 >rescnts an elegant and impressive ai^pear- 
 ance. 
 
 BETHEL CHURCH. 
 
 The Methodist Church was organized in America in 17S4; 
 the denomination tlourished in Charleston, and now has 
 several churches, with large congregations, in the city. Bethel 
 Church, the Second Methodist, is situated on the South side of 
 Calhoun street, near Pitt. It is a large brick building, I'ough- 
 cast, with a fine jiortico in front, and surrounded by an exten- 
 
 9 
 
34 
 
 sive yard. It it one of the largestand best attended Methodist 
 churches in Charleston. The old wooden church that preceded 
 the present building, and was erected about 1800, lias been 
 removed to the rear, and is occupied by a numerous colored 
 congregation. 
 
 St. Mary’s Church, situated on the South side of Hasel street, 
 between King and Meeting streets, was the first Roman Catho- 
 lic church in Charleston, andrsince the burning of St Finbar’s, 
 is the largest; it is an unpretending building, but is neatly 
 finished inside, and the altar is richly decorated. 
 
 ST. FlXB.in’s C.ATHEUR.IL. 
 
 The ruins of this beautiful building stand on a lot which 
 was once the old Vaux-Hall Garden, at the North-east corner 
 of Broad and Friend streets. 'I he cathedral was built on the- 
 site of tlie old St. Finbar’s, a wooden building ; the corner- 
 stone was laid in 1852, and it was dedicated in April, 1854. It 
 was of brown freestone and was the most beautiful church 
 edifice in the city. The height to the top of the cross was two- 
 hundred and eighteen and a half feet ; the exterior dimensions 
 were, from front to rear of vestry, one hundred and ninety- 
 four feet: height to roof ridge of the rear, seventy -seven feet; 
 width, seventy-three feet. The building cost, when completed, 
 $106,000, and was complete in every respect; the interior was- 
 very highly ornamented, the windows all of stained glass, and 
 the decorations of the altar elaborate and tasteful. It was 
 destroyed by the tire of December, 1861. A few years later, 
 when time had somewhat softened the efi'ects of the fire, its 
 ruins presented a most beautiful picture. A considerable part 
 of the gracetul steeple remained, but this was thought to be 
 dangerous, and most of it was taken don n.* 
 
 The Unitarian Church was originally an offshoot of the old 
 Independent Church, and remained connected with it until 
 the year 1817. The congregation adopted the Unitarian doc- 
 trines about the year 1819. The first building on the site of 
 the present one, on the east side of Archdale street, a short 
 way above Queen street, was begun just before the revolution , 
 and was finished shortly after that war. 
 
 The new building was erected on the foundation of the old 
 one, and was dedicated on the 2d of April, 1864. It is the most 
 perfect piece of architecture of its kind, in the city. The style 
 is the “Perpendicular,” the latest and richest of all the styles of 
 Gothic architecture. Every part of the building, exterior and 
 interior, is compdete ; the ceiling of the nave is that peculiar 
 Gothic work, styled “fan tracery,” and is exquisitely rich and 
 beautiful. The great window in the rear of the church is in 
 
 *Mr. Jolui McKeegan. who died in 1S81, left a large sum to be applied 
 to the rebuilding of the Cathedral, but his will has been contested 
 and it is not yet decided whether or not the money will be received; 
 for this purpose. 
 
the richest style of design and linish, and is filled with figures 
 of emblematic character. 
 
 St. John’s Lutheran C’hureh, -which stands immediately 
 north of tills, is in marked contrast, being of perfectly simple 
 design. 
 
 SYNAGOGUE. 
 
 A Hebrew congregation existed in Charleston as early as 
 1750 ; in 1795 they purchased the site of their present Syna- 
 gogue on the North side of Hasel street, between King and 
 Meeting streets. The Synagogue is a brown stone building, in 
 the Athenian style, very handsomely built, but lacking the 
 proper situation to show it ofl' to advantage. 
 
 We turn from the description of the buildings which illus- 
 trate the growth and progress of the city, to notice certain 
 events which exhibited the characteristics of the people and 
 affected their action on subsequent occasions. 
 
 The Mexican war afforded an opportunity for the military 
 spirit of the younger portion of the community of Charleston, 
 and of the re'st of the State, to manifest itself. On its breaking 
 
3B 
 
 out., in 1847, the famous Palmetto Eegiment was organized.. 
 This splendid body of men was composed of the very best, 
 material of the State, and Charleston was largely represented 
 in it. The regiment was in nearly every action of the war, 
 and distinguished itself always ; whether in battle or in severe 
 marches and arduous duties, it was second to none in courage 
 and endurance. It was the flag of the Palmetto Regiment 
 that was lir.st jilanted on the walls of the conquered city of 
 Mexico. But it jiaid the penalty of its gallantry by terrible 
 losses. Colonel Butler, the commander, was killed while- 
 heading a charge; Lieutenant-Colonel Dickinson, who suc- 
 ceeded to the command, perished in like manner; scarcely 
 three hundred men out of near twelve hundred i-eturned to- 
 Carolina. They were received with enthusiasm everywhere,, 
 and the State awarded a medal to each of them. A very^ 
 beautiful monument was erected to tbe dead, consisting of a 
 perfect representation of a Palmetto tree in iron, upon a pe- 
 destal, on which were engraved in letters of brass the names 
 of those M’ho had fallen. This has been placed in the 
 grounds of the new State, Blouse at Columbia. 
 
 Many of the survivors of the Palmetto Regiment were in 
 the field, in the war of secession, and added to the laurels they 
 had already gained ; several rose to distinguished po.sitions. 
 
 For many years after the Revolution, Cliarleston continued 
 in a profoundly peaceful condition; the war with Great Britain 
 of 1812, did not seriously atfect her; naturally there were oc- 
 casional stoppages of trade, and threats of attack, but nothing 
 came of these beyond exciting in the people that prompt spirit 
 of resistance to force, whicli they have alwa}'s exhibited. 
 
 This happy condition of atfairs continued unbroken until 
 the celebiated IShillification excitement, which threatened ihe- 
 country at large, with the contest which actually occurred in 
 1860, and in South Carolina, particularlj^ in Charleston, caused 
 the formation of jmrties which remained in opposition up to- 
 that time. The various questions involved in this matter can- 
 not be treated ifi our space; the main issue was upon the 
 right of a State to nullify, to declare unconstitutional and void,, 
 an Act of Congress. 
 
 South Carolina took the lead in this, as she has done on 
 many occasions, in the history of the country. Mr. Calhoun 
 was the great leader, along with Gen. Robt. Y. Hayne, and 
 other eminent men, while the opposition numbered in its 
 ranks such men as Mr. Legare, Judge Huger, Mr. Petigru, and 
 others. X contest in regard to such grave matters, and with 
 such men arrayed on each side, could not fail to awaken the 
 interest and enthusiasm of every citizen. 
 
 The tariff laws proposed in Congress were, in the opinion of 
 man}’' Southern statesmen, directly inimical to the interests of 
 the Southern States. For several years the question wa.s 
 agitated. In 1827, Mr. Calhoun published his views. On the 
 
37 
 
 fourth of July, 1831, addresses were made by the leaders of 
 -eai'h side, wiiich drew the party lines distinctly, and on the 
 23d of November, 1832, the General Assembly called a Con- 
 vention. I'his Convention, with Governor Hamilton at its 
 head, by a very large majority, passed the ’Nullification Ordi- 
 nance, ignoring certain acts of Congress. 
 
 On the 10th of Decemher, the President of the United 
 States, Andrew Jackson, published a proclamation denouncing 
 the Ordinance. Thus the State and the United States Govern- 
 ment were openly at issue, and, as may rradily be imagined, 
 the feelings of all parties were wrought up to the highest pitch. 
 Mr. Clay’s compromise bill, however, introduced the following 
 February, and the arrival of a commissioner from Virginia to 
 promote an adjustment, tended to allay the excitement, and 
 on the 15th of March, 1833, the Nullification Ordinance was 
 revoked and quiet re.stored. But at no period in the history 
 •of the State have politics assumed such a violent and personal 
 aspect as at this. The community was divided against itself, 
 •and it seemed scarcely possible to avert a violent contest among 
 its members. 
 
 The secession movement involved far more important 
 issues, and the enthusiasm was greater and more general ; but, 
 although at that time there were some eminent men who were 
 ■opposed to secession, the majority in favor of it was so over- 
 whelmingly lai’ge, that their opposition never took shape, and 
 in fact, they generally yielded to tlie manliest spirit of the 
 people and cast in their lot with tliem; hence, the action of 
 the State miglit justly b-? called unanimous. On the question 
 ■of Nullification, views were divided, and it was not uncommon 
 for members of the same household to be directly opposed to 
 each other. 
 
 On the 31st of March, 18-50, South Carolina was called to 
 mourn the loss of her greatest statesman, Hon. John C. Calhoun, 
 wlio died in the very midst of this work, as Senator in Wash- 
 ington. He was hurled, as we have already mentioned, in the 
 cemetery of St. Philip’s Church, and his funeral was the most 
 impressive sight of its kind ever witnessed in Charleston. On 
 the 26th of Apiil, the remains, inclosed in an iron coffin, 
 reached Charleston in charge of committees of the United 
 States Senate and House of Representatives, and of several of 
 the States; they were taken in a magnificent funeral car, with 
 a large escort, to the Citadel, the entire front of which was 
 <lraped in mourning; there tliey were received from the Sen- 
 ate committee by Hon T. Leger Hutchinson. Mayor of the 
 city. A procession was then fmmed, comprising every mili- 
 tary and civic organization in the city, besides the seamen, 
 children of the schools, and hundreds of citizens of this and 
 the adjoining States, on foot and on horseback, and moved 
 through the principal streets to the City Hall, wliei-e tiie re- 
 mains were placed in a splendid catafalque, prepared for their 
 
38 
 
 reception. Here the body lay in state until the next day, 
 under the special charge of an honorary guard of two hundred 
 citizens. During the day thousands of citizens and strangers 
 repaired to the City Hall to pay their tribute of respect to rhe 
 illustrious dead. The most perfect oi'der and decorum pre- 
 vailed ; the stream of visitors entered the main doors, ascended 
 the catafahpie, and after gazing silently on the sarcophagus, 
 retired through the passage in the rear. 
 
 The coffin and sarcophagus enclosing it were covered with 
 flowers, the offerings of the ladies of the city. 
 
 The next da}^ the body was removed, with a civic procession, 
 to St. Philip’s Church, where the burial services were read by 
 the Right Kev. Dr. Gailsden, Bishop of the Diocese, and a 
 funeral discourse preached by the Rev. James W. Miles. It 
 was then borne to the western cemeterj^ and there placed in 
 the vault prepared for its temporary reception. 
 
 The whole of the ceremonies were conducted in the most 
 soletnn and impressive manner, and no effort was spared by 
 the citizens to mark their sense of respect for the deceased and 
 their grief for his loss. 
 
 The action of the people of Charleston and of the State 
 generally on this occasion was significant, It was no mere 
 outburst of sentiment. It arose not only from the great love 
 and reverence which Mr. Calhoun’s jiurity of character and 
 intellect inspired, and the pride which they felt in him as one 
 of the greatest statesmen that America has produced, but it 
 was also occasioned by the intense sympathy with and belief 
 in the political principles wiiich he represented. The States 
 Riglits dochrines which he believed in and taught were thor- 
 oughly impressed upon their minds, and undoubtedly influ- 
 enced the whole future conduct of the State. 
 
 But before proceeding further into the history, we may men- 
 tion a few more of the features which belonged to the palmy 
 days of Charleston. 
 
 The South Carolina Military Academy, generally known as 
 “the < itadel,’’ was an object of great interest to the people of 
 Charleston. In 1842 the Legislature transferred the approjiria- 
 tion for the Citadel and Magazine Guard at Charleston, and the 
 Arsenal Guard, at Columbia, to a board of visitors, who were 
 authorized to organize the State Military Academy. In Feb- 
 ruary, 1843, this organization was effected, and the cadets re- 
 auired to discharge the duties of a State Guard. This building 
 had been the Arsenal, and was occupied, until about 183.2, by 
 United States troops, and then by regular State troops, until 
 the formation of the Academy. It w'as of two stories, without 
 the wings, the third story w'as added, and the wings con- 
 structed to extend the Arsenal. 
 
 The Academy was admirably conducted, the drill and dis- 
 cipline of the cadets were unsurpassed, and the tone of the 
 
39 
 
 THE CITADEL. 
 
 institution very high. To it the State owes many of her best 
 men in all the walks of life. 
 
 On the breaking out of the late war the cadets were early in 
 the field. In fact, the first gun of the conflict was fired by 
 them, on the memorable morning of the 9tb of January, 1861, 
 when the Star of the West attempted to re inforce Fort Sumter ; 
 after that they were kept at their studies in the Academy, and 
 doing guard duty in and around the city, and whenever an 
 emergency arose, they were promptly out and did good service. 
 About December, 1861, they went into active service, and so 
 remained until the close of the war, the Academy being virtu- 
 ally abandoned. On the evacuation of Charleston, the United 
 States troops took possession of the buildings, and the larger 
 part of the garrison were quartered in them for several years. 
 During their occupation the west wing was destroyed by fire. 
 
 Through the untiring efforts of the Board of Visitors, with 
 whom all the surviving graduates of the institution heartily 
 ■co-operated, the Academy was re-opened on October 11 . 1882, 
 under the most favorable auspices, and is now in a flourisbing 
 condition. 
 
 The extensive square formerly known as the “Citadel 
 Green,” now “Marion Square.” overlooked by the castellated 
 buildings of the Academy, affords one of the most pleasing 
 sights in Charleston, and is connected by many associations 
 with her happiest days. It was the rendezvous on all occasions 
 when military or civic parades took place, and many brilliant 
 processions made it their starting point. 
 
40 
 
 It is held by the Field Officers of the Fourth Brigade of 
 South Carolina Volunteer Troops, in trust for the use of the 
 military of the city, and as a public ]deasure ground. In 1882 
 a very favorable arrangement was made with the city govern- 
 ment, and the square has been greatly improved and beauti- 
 lied. The buildings which occuiiie<l a part of the western side 
 have been removed, and the grounds have been levelled and 
 graded. A broad flagstone sidewalk extends along each of 
 the four sides; within this is a grass lawn eighty feet wide, in 
 which a row of trees has been planted, and the central space, 
 three hundred by five hundred feet in area, intended fora 
 parade and drill ground, is now being covered with a pave- 
 ment of concrete. 
 
 The Market Hall fronts on Meeting street. It is a fine build- 
 ing, in temple form, standing on a liigh open basement, hav- 
 ing a lofty portico in front, reached by a double flight of stone 
 steps, the exterior cornices are approj^riately ornamented with 
 bulls’ heads. 
 
 In rear of this building are the markets, consisting of a row 
 of low sheds, supported by brick arches, and extending to 
 East Bay street. They have divisions for large and small 
 meats, vegetables and fish, the stalls being arranged on each 
 side, having a broad, shady walk between them The whole 
 arrangement is a judicious and convenient one, especially for 
 a Southern climate. 
 
 The Hibernian Hall, on the west side of Meeting street, a 
 short distance above Broad, is the property of the Hibernian 
 Society, one of the oldest anil wealthiest associations in the 
 city, and comprising in its ranks all of the best citizens of Irish 
 extraction. 
 
 The building is a handsome and substantial one, conveni- 
 ently arranged, with a large hall, occupying the whole of the 
 second floor, and a smaller hall, and committee rooms below. 
 Since the burning of the Institute and St. Andrew’s Halls, this 
 one has been used for all large assemblies ; it was also arranged 
 for a theatre, and used by ad theatrical ]3erformances until the 
 building of the Academy of Music. The Society have lately 
 put it in thorough repair, and ornamented it quite handsomely. 
 
 The new Custom House presents one of the handsomest 
 objects in Charleston. 
 
 it is situated just south of the Market wharf, on Cooper 
 River; the site, which was formerly known as Fitzsimmons’ 
 wharf, was purchased by the United States Government in 
 1849, and. in 1850, Col. E. B. White received the appointment 
 as superintendent, and the work was commenced and contin- 
 ued until the war arrested its progress. It is on a grand scale ; 
 the foundation consists of seven thousand thirty-feet piles, on 
 which rests a heavy layer of grillage, then follows a thickness 
 of eighteen inches of concrete, on which stand a number of 
 inverted arches, built of brick, and about ten feet in height; 
 
41 
 
 the superstructure rises from these. These details will serve 
 to give some idea of the magnitude of the work proposed. It 
 has already cost some hundreds of thousands of dollars, and it 
 will take many thousands more to complete it. Since the war, 
 appropriations have been made from time to time for the con- 
 tinuation of the work, but no steady progress has been made- 
 The building is of white marble ; the style of architecture the 
 Roman-Corinthian. Considerable changes have been made in 
 the original plans, and the building has been completed for 
 occupation on a very different scale from that first intended. 
 It has been occupied since 1879 by the officers of the Customs ■ 
 and Internal Eevenue Departments, and more recently by the 
 United States Circuit and District Courts. 
 
 We come now to the period in the history of Charleslon 
 which overshadows all the rest in importance, both in the 
 material changes which it produced in the city itself and in 
 the qualities and characteristics of its citizens which it brought 
 into play. 
 
 Charleston, as she had done in the throwing off the govern- 
 ment of the Lords Proprietors in 1719, in the Revolution of 
 1776, and in the Nullification proceedingsof 1831, took the lead 
 among the cities of the South in the Secession movement of 
 1860-61; we have already described the scenes which took 
 place in the Institute Hall, on the evening of the 20th of De- 
 cember, 1860. The people of Charleston were ready to abide 
 by any consequences that might result from their action on 
 that occasion, but they hoped that the United States Govern- 
 ment would recognize their rights and not resort to forcible 
 means of settling the questions between the Southern States 
 and itself. This hope was first shaken when, on the night of 
 the 26th of December, Major Anderson, Commandant of Fort 
 Moultrie, abandoned that fort, having first spiked the guns 
 and destroyed the carriages, and took possession of Fort Sum- 
 ter. By this action war was virtually declared, and the State 
 authorities deemed it advisable to look to their own defences ; 
 accordingly the following day Castle Pinckney and Fort 
 Moultrie were occupied by volunteer TOmmands — Castle Pinck- 
 ney by the Rifle Battalion, Col. .1. Johnston Pettigrew, Fort 
 Moultrie, by four companies of artillery, under Col. AV. G. 
 DeSaussure. 
 
 Other points around the harbor were fortified and manned 
 by companies from the city, and other parts of the State. A 
 detachment of the Citadel ( adets, under Major P. F. Stevens, 
 occupied a battery, hastily thrown up on the point of Morris 
 Island. On the morning of the 9th of January, 1861, the Star 
 of the West, a United States transport steamer, loaded with 
 men and military stores, attempted to enter the harbor for the 
 purpose of reinforcing Fort Sumter. AVhen about two miles 
 from the fort, the cadets opened fire upon her; the first shot 
 was fired across her bow, merely to give warning. The steamer 
 
42 
 
 running up the United States flag, and increasing her speed, 
 the next shots u'ere aimed at her, and one struck, while the 
 rest were so close as to show that the artillerists had got the 
 range and Avere ready to do damage. Perceiving that, the 
 captain deemed it more prudent to retreat, and turned his ves- 
 sel seaward, abandoning the project of aiding the fort. 
 
 Thus the cadets had the honor of firing the first gun of the 
 
 war, and the prestige which they acquired on this occasion 
 never left them. Whenever called into the field they were 
 placed in the position of danger and of honor. 
 
 From this time all doubts were removed from the minds of 
 the people of South Carolina as to the hostile intentions of the 
 United States Government. 
 
 Gen. G. T. Beauregaard having arrived in Charleston, from 
 New Orleans, was invested by Gov. Pickens with command of 
 all military affairs, and proceeded at once to organize his 
 forces. 
 
 It was evident that the garrison of Fort Sumter could not 
 remain there with .safety to the cit}^ but Major Anderson 
 showed no signs of intention to move, and it was ascertained 
 that ships of war were on their way to the South; a sjDecial 
 messenger, also, from President Linco'n, informed Governor 
 Pickens and General Beauregard that the fort was to be pro- 
 visioned by force. Preparations must, therefore, be made on 
 our side to anticipate this. Batteries were thrown up on 
 Morris and Sullivan’s Islands, Fort Moultrie was strengthened, 
 and a floating batteiuq protected with iron sheathing, was 
 built and anchored off Haddrell’s Point. 
 
 Volunteer companies were raised throughout the State, and 
 equiijped and drilled as thoroughly as time and means would 
 allow, and every preparation possible, under the circumstan- 
 ces, was made fora resort to arms if it should prove necessary. 
 By this time several of the other Southern States had followed 
 the lead of South Carolina, and the Confederate Government 
 
 was, to some extent, at least, organized ; Gen. Beauregard, 
 therefore, acted under the orders of the Secretary of War, 
 Hon. L. P. Walker, whose instructions were not to permit 
 troops or provisions to be throtvn into Fort Sumter, and to use 
 such means as he should deem roper to prevent such an 
 .attempt. 
 
 At tw'elve o’clock, on the 11th of April, Gen. Beauregard 
 made a formal demand for the surrender of the Fort. Major 
 Anderson replied : “ I have the honor to acknowledge the re- 
 ceipt of your communication, demanding the evacuation of this 
 fort, and to say in reply thereto, that it is a demand with 
 which I regret that my sense of honor and my obligations to 
 my government prevent my compliance ” He added, “ Proba- 
 bly I will await the first shot, and if you do not batter us to 
 pieces, we will be starved out in a few "days.” 
 
 On the same day Gen. Beauregard received a dispatch from 
 
43 
 
 the Secretary of War, authorizing him to joropose that if Major 
 Anderson would name a time at which he would evacuate the 
 fort, and would not in the mean time use his guns against the 
 Confederate forces, no attack should be made upon the fort, 
 and thus, bloodshed might be avoided. Major Anderson re- 
 fusing to accept these terms, Gen. Beauregard proceeded to 
 action. 
 
 At twenty minutes past four o’clock, on Friday morning, 
 April 12th, Fort Moultrie opened fire. 
 
 The effect of the sound of these guns in the city Avas electri- 
 cal. In a moment, almost, the streets Avere thronged with 
 people hastening to every point which commanded a vieAv of 
 the harbor, Avhere thej' remained hour after hour, Avatching 
 with breathless anxiety the result of the encounter. 
 
 Fort Sumter replied to the guns of Moultrie with three 
 barbette guns, and then the batteries on Cummings Point, 
 Mount Pleasant, Fort Johnson, and the Floating Battery, com- 
 menced a rapid bombardment. 
 
 BetAveen seven and eight o’clock, Major Anderson brought 
 into play the tAvo tiers of guns looking toAvards Fort Moultrie 
 and the SteAmn’s Iron Battery on Cummings Point, and then 
 the firing from Sumter became rapid ; it was directed chiefly 
 against those batteries and the Floating Battery anchored off 
 Haddrell’s Point. Five of the Confederate batteries kept up 
 the Are ; the rest Avere held in reserve in case of an attempt on 
 the part of the fleet to enter the harbor. 
 
 With the exception of an interruption of about three hours, 
 caused by a heavy rain storm, the bombardment continued 
 unceasingly through the Avhole day and night; during the- 
 night Fort Sumter Avas silent, the garrison being employed in 
 repairing damages, and adtling some protections to the barbette 
 guns. At seven next morning, IMajor Anderson opened a 
 heavy and rapid fire, which Avas kept up for two hours steadily. 
 In the mean time the red hot shot which Avas throAvn from 
 Fort Moultrie had ignited the officer’s quarters in Sumter, 
 which Avere of Avood, and a terrible fire was raging Avithin the 
 fort. Every effort Avas made by the garrison to conquer it, but 
 without success, and it soon became evident that the fort could 
 no longer be held. The flag Avas by this time shot aAvay and 
 was replaced by a flag of truce. When the fire Avas perceived 
 to be raging. Colonel Wigfall, of General Beauregard’s staff, 
 went to the fort, under a flag of truce, to offer assistance in put- 
 ting it out; he informed Major Anderson that the firing from 
 our batteries would cease as soon as the United States flag was 
 hauled doAvn, which Avas accordingly done, the only time, be 
 it remembered, that the flag of Sumter AA'as eAmr loAvered in 
 the presence of an enemy. The same flag was, in 186-5, again 
 raised on the ramparts Avith considerable ceremony, but the 
 performance was someAA'hat lacking in glory, for the Confed- 
 
44 
 
 erates had evacuated the fort many Iiours before, and were 
 miles away out of sight and hearing. 
 
 When tiie flag was hauled down, Senator Chesnut and ex- 
 ■Crovernor Manning went to the fort, and stipulated with Major 
 Anderson that his surrender shouhf be unconditional, subject 
 ■to such terms as General Beauregard should dictate. These 
 were very generous. General Beauregard refused to receive 
 Major Anderson’s sword, and complimented him and his offi- 
 cers on their gallant defence. The garrison were permitted to 
 take witlr them all their arms and personal effects. They left 
 on Monday morning, in the steamer Baltic, for New T’ork. 
 
 Thus ended the first battle of the war. The bombardment 
 lasted forty hours, and upwards of three thousand shot and 
 shell were fired, most of them aimed with precision, but the 
 strangest fact in regard to it is, that not a life was lost on 
 ■either side. The first victory of the Confederates was entirely 
 bloodless. 
 
 For several months military preparations had been going on 
 vigorously in the city, and the fall of Sumter only quickened 
 these, for it was evident that the United States Government 
 was determined on war. Those were stirring times in 
 Charleston. Volunteer commands were organized, which in- 
 cluded the citizens of every class, condition and age, and which 
 were diligently drilled and exercised. The streets were alive 
 at all hours of the day, with men in uniform hurrying to the 
 different places of rendezvous, and the public squares were the 
 •constant scenes of military manoenvres of every description. 
 Great liberality was displayed by the citizens at this time; 
 money was freely subscribed for every purpose for which it 
 might be needed, and in many instances wealthy men armed 
 and equipped entire companies at their own expense. 
 
 Although the serious nature of the affairs they were em- 
 barked upon was not forgotten by the Charlestonians, yet the 
 season was one almost of gayety. The call for active prepara- 
 tions stimulated the spirits and energies of all. The ladies 
 were as enthusiastic as the men, and did everything in their 
 power to aid and encourage the defenders of the cause they 
 held dear. Very early in the war the womeir of the South 
 commenced that course of self-denial among themselves, and 
 active assistance, as well as comfort and encouragement, to the 
 men, which characterized their conduct throughout the whole 
 struggle, and more especially in the miseries of the terrible 
 peace which foliowed it. Soon the notes of war sounded from 
 Virginia, and all the troops which could be spared from the 
 ■defences of the State promptly offered themselves; and then 
 commenced those partings which each year brought greater 
 sadness to the homes of the South. 
 
 As we have said, the i>reparations for the defence of Charles- 
 ton were actively carried on ; Fort Sumter and the batteries 
 around the harbor were strengthened and heavily armed; for- 
 
45 
 
 tifications were built at every point where they could be made 
 available against the enemy’s fleet, and equal provision was 
 made against attack by land. Across the J?feck a complete line 
 of entrenchments was thrown up, and even in the city itself 
 batteries were erected on such points as commanded the har- 
 bor or the land approach. But for some time no demonstra- 
 tions were made, sufficiently important to need mention in this 
 brief sketch. The fleet blockaded the harbor, and occasion- 
 ally made a feint of attempting to enter it, but the commanders 
 perceived that the defences were too strong for them, and con- 
 tented themselves with endeavoring to cut off supplies from 
 abroad by the destruction of such of the blockade-runners as 
 they could catch, not a very successful business, however, for 
 numbers of swift vessels, manned by skillful and courageous 
 sailors, passed under the very guns of the largest war vessels, 
 and landed their cargoes at the wharves of the city. 
 
 Meanwhile a peculiar calm brooded over the city. The first 
 hurry and excitement was over and the war had become a 
 reality. Those of the citizens who were not called into active 
 service, pursued, as far as might be, their usual avocations, but 
 it was with the quiet and gravity of men who awaited the 
 issue of great events. 
 
 The city, as she then stood, is described in perfect verse by 
 one of Carolina’s truest poets: 
 
 “ Calm as that second summer which precedes 
 The first fall of the snow. 
 
 In the broad sunlight of heroic deeds. 
 
 The city bides the foe. 
 
 “ As yet behind their ramparts, stern and proud. 
 
 Her bolted thunders sleep — 
 
 Dark Sumter, like a battleraented cloud, 
 
 Dooms o’er the solemn deep. 
 
 “ No Calpe frowns from lofty cliff or scaur 
 To guard the holy strand ; 
 
 But iloultrie liolds in leash her dogs of war 
 Above the level sand. 
 
 “ And down the dunes a thousand guns lie couched, 
 Unseen, beside the flood — 
 
 Like tigers iu some Orient, jungle crouched. 
 
 That wait and watch lor blood. 
 
 “ Meanwhile, through streets still echoing -with trade., 
 Walk grave and thouglilful men. 
 
 Whose hands may one day wield the patriot’s blade- 
 A s lightly as the pen. 
 
 “ And maidens with such eyes as would grow dim 
 Over a bleeding hound. 
 
 Seem each one to liave caught the strength of him. 
 
 Whose sword she sadly bound. 
 
 “ Thus girt without and garrisoned at home. 
 
 Day patient following day. 
 
 Old Charleston looks from roof, and spire, and dome. 
 Across her tranquil bay. 
 
 * * ' * ,s » » 
 
46 
 
 “ Shall the spring dawn. and. she still clad in smiles, 
 
 And with an unscatlied brow, 
 
 Rest in tile strong arms other palm-crowned isles. 
 
 As fair and free as now ? 
 
 “■ We know not ; in the temple of the Fates 
 God has inscribed her doom ; 
 
 And, ail untroubled in her faith, she waits 
 The triumph or the tomb.” 
 
 But as time went on, the engagements which were taking 
 place at points more or less near the city, were warning the 
 inhabitants that their time of trial was approaching, and call- 
 ing more and more of the men to the outworks, while the non- 
 combatants were seeking securer places in the interior of the 
 State. Space only permits the mention of a few of these 
 actions, which were in the immediate neighborhood of the 
 city. 
 
 The battle of Secessionville, James Island, on the 16th June, 
 1862, was one of the most important. Secessionville was occu- 
 pied by a regiment of artillery under Ool. Lamar, and its for- 
 tifications were only in progress, and far from complete, when 
 the attack was made. The Charleston Battalion, Col. P- C. 
 Oaillard, the Eutaw Regiment, Col. C. H. Simonton, and the 
 Louisiana Battalion, Major Hutson, were engaged along with 
 Col. Lamar’s Artillery. The enemy, in large force, charged 
 the works in front three times without success, and then 
 attempted to take them by a flank movement, which was also 
 repulsed. The battle which was closely contested for several 
 hours, and was splendidly fought, resulted in the victory of 
 the Confederates, who lost fifty-three killed, and one hundred 
 and thirty-four wounded ; the loss of the enemy was heavy, 
 amounting to upwards of five hundred. Among the killed on 
 our side were several ifrominent Charlestonians, whose loss 
 was deeply felt. 
 
 On Saturday, the 31st January, 1863, the Confederate iron- 
 clad gunboats. Palmetto State, Capt. John Rutledge, and Chi- 
 cora, Capt. John R. Tucker, made a descent upon the blockad- 
 ing fleet at the mouth of the harbor. The expedition w'as 
 under command of Commodore D. N. Ingraham, who was on 
 board the Palmetto State; they came upon the blockaders 
 under cover of a haze, and the Palmetto State struck the 
 Mercedita, a sloop of war, before she was perceived by those 
 on board, and left her in a sinking condition ; the crew' having 
 surrendered, were parolled. The Chicora opened fire at short 
 range on several large steamers. The fleet was completely 
 taken by surprise, and promptly dispersed and disappeared, 
 though only for a short time. 
 
 On Tuesday, April 8th, of the same year, an attack was made 
 by the enemy’s fleet on Fort Sumter; they advanced in two 
 lines of battle; as they neared the fort. Col Rhett, the corn- 
 mandant, had the long roll beat, and the garrison, regi- 
 
47 
 
 mental, and Palmetto flags rim up and saluted. Fort Moultrie 
 commenced firing, and was followed immediately by Fort 
 Sumter, and the batteries on Sullivan’s and Morris’ Islands. 
 The Passaic, the leading vessel of the first line, took position 
 about fourteen hundred yards from the fort ; after being under 
 fire for about thirty minutes, and having been several times 
 struck, she drew out of range, and her place was taken for 
 about the same length of time, by each of the other vessels of 
 that line. Then came the Ironsides, an immense frigate, with 
 an armament of fourteen eleven-inch guns, and two two-hun- 
 dred pound rifled guos ; but her great size made her too good 
 a target, and she was compelled to retire. 
 
 The second line then advanced, the Keokuk, a double-tur- 
 retted monitor leading ; a terrific fire was poured upon her 
 which she stood for about half an hour, and then withdrew, 
 so badly damaged that she sunk at her moorings the next 
 morning. About niirety shots were fired by the fleet, forty of 
 which struck Fort Sumter; there were no casualties, but the 
 fort sustained considerable injury. 
 
 On Friday, July 10th, at half-past five in the morning, the 
 enemy opened fire from batteries on Folly Island, on the 
 works on the extreme south end of Morris Island, commanded 
 by Capt. J. C. Mitchell. After a severe bombardment, to which 
 Capt. Mitchell could only reply slowly, and without much 
 effect, his guns being small and few in number, a large force 
 was landed, which was at once tittacked by Capt. jMitchell, now 
 reinforced by Col. Graham’s regiment of infantry, but the 
 Confederates were outnumbered, and were compelled to fall 
 back towards Battery Wagner, the principal defence of the 
 island ; the enemy advancing and forming in line of battle 
 was again attacked by the Confederates, further reinforced, 
 but still greatly inferior in numbers ; but after a fierce en- 
 counter, they were compelled to retreat into the fort. Four 
 determined eftbrts were made to take it by storm, but were 
 repulsed. Then commenced the sigge of Battery Wagner, the 
 defence of which stands second only to that of Fort Sumter, 
 in the courage with which it was maintained, and the terrible 
 hardships the defenders had to undergo. 
 
 On the night of the 14th, Col. Eion, with between two and 
 three hundred men, made a successful sortie on the enemy’s 
 lines, but their force was too large to be dislodged by such 
 means. 
 
 A furious bombardment was kept up daily on the fort. On 
 the 18th, this was maintained steadily for eleven hours, from 
 sixty-five heavy guns and eight mortars; the shot and shell 
 fell upon the fort at the rate of twentj- -seven a minute. At 
 eight o’clock, in the evening, the enemy advanced iit two col- 
 umns, of three thousand each, under command of Brigadier- 
 General Strong, and a desperate as.sault was made upon the 
 fort. A hand-to-hand fight ensued, which lasted for three 
 
48 
 
 hours, and resulted in the complete defeat of the attacking 
 party, with six hundred men left on the field, and a total loss 
 of above fifteen hundred. Our loss was about one hundred- 
 
 The siege of Battery Wagner lasted forty-eight days, and, as 
 we have said, was marked with the most splendid courage. 
 A fire was kept up, which never ceased except for the purpose 
 of an assault, and the besieged were subjected to almo.st un- 
 paralleled hardshi])s. The confinement to close hoiubjiroofs, 
 often half filled with dead and dying men, the dillicultv of 
 obtaining water or cooked food, besides the continual labors 
 of the defence, made it almost impossible for any constitution 
 to stand more than two or three day.s at a time, and yet it was 
 frequently nece-^sary to wait many hours for a boat to escape 
 the guns of the enemy and land the relief 
 
 At length it was perceived that Morris’ Island could no 
 longer be held; and, accordingly, on the night of the (>rh of 
 September, Batteries Wagner and Gregg were quietly evacu- 
 ated. They had been mined and the slow-match was lighted 
 at Ratteiw Wagner, by Capt. Huguenin, and at Battery Gregg, 
 by Capt. Lesesne, but, owing to defective fuses, the magazines 
 did not explode. 
 
 On Friday night, August the 21st, 1863, a communication was 
 received at Gen. Beauregard’s headquarters from Gen.tHI- 
 more, the United States Commander on Morris’ Island, de- 
 manding the evacuation of that island and Fort Sumter, and 
 stating that if the demand was not complied with in four hours 
 from the time of the delivery of his note at Fort Wagner, he 
 would open fire on the city. This communication was without 
 signature- Gen. Beauregard being absent on a reconnoisance, 
 it was received by Gen. Jordan, his Chief of Staff, who re- 
 turned it to be signed. It was signed and received again at 
 nine o’clock next morning. In the mean time the threat was 
 carried out; between one and tw'O o’clock, on Saturday morn- 
 ing, the firing commenced, and thirteen shells were thrown 
 into the cit3q at intervals of fifteen minutes; the bur.sting of 
 the gun put a stop to it after that number. No damage was 
 done, but, naturally, it w'as the cause of considerable excite- 
 ment and alarm. Gen. Beauregard wrote aFtter of indignant 
 remonstrance to Gen. Gilmore for having fired on the city 
 without notice, and without oi*portunity having been given 
 for the removal of the women and children. 
 
 The bombardment commenced on this occasion was kept uf', 
 with scarcely an interunssion, until the evacuation of the city, 
 on the 18th of Fel)ruary, 186.5, a period of five hnndred and 
 eighty-six days. Of course, considerable damage w'as done to 
 property in the city; but the casualties were very fe\>', and it 
 was astonishing to observe how' soon the peo]>le Ijecame used 
 to it and w'ent about their daily avocations. It soon became 
 necessary to wdthdraw from the more exi>osed ])Ositions ; and 
 on the 25th of August the Post Office was removed to the 
 
49 
 
 corner of King and Ann streets. By degrees other public 
 offices were removed to the upper part of the city, and most 
 persons took up their residence tliere, but it was all done qui- 
 etly and without any panic, or even excitement. 
 
 From this time on little remains to be told of Charleston in 
 the war. The shellina: continued from day to day, with more 
 or less violence, and by degrees the inhabited space was con- 
 tracted, and more and more of the non-combatants were re- 
 moved to what seemed safer places, but there was no thought 
 of giving up the city, until Sherman had reached the sea, and 
 was marching up from the South ; then it became evident that 
 Charleston must be abandoned- The evacuation commenced 
 on the evening of the 17th of February, 1865, and, by the 
 morning of the 18th, the troops had been quietly withdrawn 
 from the batteries around the harbor and from the city itself, 
 which was left in charge of the Ma3'or, Hon. Charles Macbeth, 
 who remained to preserve order and prevent destrin-tion as far 
 as possible. About ten o’clock, the Mayor communicated with 
 the United States officers, who were seen approaching the city, 
 informing them that the military had left it. The United 
 States authorities then took possession. The city was at this 
 time in considerable danger of total destruction. The Con- 
 federates, before leaving, had collected all the cotton in the 
 various stores and warehouses into piles, and set fire to it ; 
 this was hastily and, in some cases, carelessly done, and the 
 result was that many of the buildings in the neighborhood of 
 these piles of cotton took fire; most of them were, with some 
 difficulty, put out ; but in one instance tbe destruction both of 
 life atid property was terrible. At the Northeastern Kailroad 
 depot a large quantity of provisions was left, around which a 
 crowd of the poor people of the neighborhood had eagerly 
 gathered. Along with the provisions was stored a considerable 
 amount of cannon powcter, made up into cartridges, and some 
 boys were amusing themselves by throwing handfuls of this 
 powder on a fire which was burning in the yard; by some 
 means a spark reached the pile of cartridges, and a terrific ex- 
 plosion occurred, M’hich, in an instant, demolished the whole 
 building, leaving a fierce fire burning among its ruins. This 
 spread rapidly, and resulted in the almost entire destruction 
 of two squai'es. tVhat was the number of lives lost has never 
 been ascertained, but it is estimated at certainly not less than 
 one hundred. 
 
 This, and the other fires, caused in the course of that one 
 morning the loss of thousands of dollars worth of property- 
 
 The city was now left in the hands of the enemy, who had 
 so long been vainly endeavoring to seize it ; and while the oft 
 repeated threats of razing it to the ground were not literally 
 carried out. yet quite sufficient damage was done to satisfy the 
 most revengeful spirit. Private houses, as well as public 
 buildings, were turned over to the military, and, worse still, to 
 
50 
 
 their followers ; and, for some weeks at least, a continual scene 
 of pillage and destruction was going on. Much valuable pri- 
 vate property was stolen or destroyed, and it was scarcely 
 safe for the few inhabitants Avho remained to venture out of 
 their houses. 
 
 At length, in April, the final overthrow of the Confederacy 
 occurred, and the citizens of Charleston commenced by de- 
 grees to return, their hopes blasted and their fortunes gone,, 
 to their once beautiful home, now so sadly changed. 
 
 It is difficult to picture the condition of the city at this time. 
 A considerable portion of it was in ruins, and every resource 
 by which it might be built up again, and its trade and com- 
 merce revived, seemed hopelessly gone. We have had fre- 
 quent occasion to allude to the great fire of 1861, but as yet 
 have not mentioned any of the particulars of it. This fire, 
 the most destructive Charleston has ever known, began in the 
 large sash and blind factory of W. P. Russell <fc Co., near the 
 foot of Hasel street, about half-past eight o’clock, on Wednes- 
 day night, December 11, 1861. The wind was blowing strongly 
 from tlie north-east, and the flames were quickly communi- 
 cated to the adjoining buildings, and in a short time the fire 
 had made such headway that all eflbrts to stay its progress 
 were vain. In a broad line extending from the foot of Hasel 
 street, on the Cooper River, to the endof Tradd street, on the 
 Ashle}q scarcely a building escaped. Among the public build- 
 ings destroyed were the Circular Church, the Institute Hall, 
 St. Andrew’s Hall, Bt. Finbar’s Cathedral, and St. Peter’s 
 Church. The number of persons who sustained loss w'as near 
 four hundred. The burnt district covered an area of five 
 hundred and forty acres, and the loss of property variously 
 estimated at from five to seven millions of dollars. 
 
 As may be supposed, nothing was ever attempted towards 
 repairing the damage during tlie four years of war which fol- 
 lowed, and the various fires which occurred during the sliell- 
 ing of the city, and at its evacuation, laid waste nearly as much 
 more. 
 
 But this was by no means all the loss that the city had sus- 
 tained ; the entire banking capital was gone, the insurance 
 companies were insolvent, and private capital, of course, in 
 very nearly the same condition. The railroads which com- 
 municated with the city were all worn out, and in some cas6.s 
 destroyed, while the steamship lines had long been disused, 
 and the few vessels which were owned in Chai'leston con- 
 verted to other uses. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the task of re-opening the busi- 
 ness of the city seemed absolutely hopeless, but the energy, 
 courage, and endurance, which had characterized the people 
 of Charleston through the dangers of the war, did not desert 
 them in the greater trials of this time, and they boldly faced 
 
51 
 
 the difficulties before them ; with what success, the present 
 condition of the city sliDws. 
 
 The historj' of Charleston for tlie years that have elapsed 
 since the close of the war, is that of a people strugcding against 
 difficulties, and overcoming them one by one, until now we see 
 nearly all the waste places built up, trade and commerce re- 
 established, the old industries resumed, and many new ones 
 introduced, so that it is evident that the city is on the high 
 road, not only to regain, but to surpass her former prosperity. 
 For upwards of ten years the city suffered under all the evils 
 of bad government ; part of this time military rule prevailed, 
 and when that was withdrawn the city was left in the hands 
 of political adventurers, who wasted and plundered the public 
 means. Twice the citizens succeeded in placing men of their 
 choice in office, but these gentlemen were hampered by the 
 condition of affairs around them, and could only partially stem 
 the tide of corruption. But the great political revolution 
 which swept over South Carolina in 1876 had an immediate 
 effect on Charleston, and especially in the past five years, the 
 city has enjoyed a wise, energetic and progressive adminis- 
 tration, the effects of wbich may be seen on all sides in the 
 improvement and beautifying of the public buildings and 
 parks, the paving of streets and sidewalks, more complete 
 arrangements for drainage and water supply, and a hundred 
 other marks of an advancing prosperity. 
 
 Nor does this exist only in appearance, confidence in the 
 honest administration of public affairs has caused not only the 
 city securities, but all others based on the business of the city, 
 to increase largely in demand, and real estate has advanced 
 tw'enty-five to fifty per cent, in value. 
 
 The sanitary management of the city is remarkably good; 
 for years past no epidemic has spread, and the yellow fever so 
 much dreaded in Southern ports, has by means of a strict and 
 efficient quarantine been entirely excluded. As the systems 
 now being matured progress towards completion. Charleston 
 bids fair to be one of the healthiest cities in the United States. 
 
 We can only note very briefly here the principal industries 
 of the city, but we add to this little w'ork a very full account 
 of the commercial and industrial standing of Charleston, and 
 a sketch of the history, origin and development of the South 
 Carolina Phosphates. 
 
 Cotton holds the first place among the business interests of 
 Charleston. The largest and most important houses are en- 
 gaged in the trade in this staple, and its influences are felt in 
 inany directions. The four presses, constructed on the most 
 improved system, represent a very large capital, and for several 
 months in the year cotton composes the principal freight of 
 railways and shipjiing. 
 
 The manufacture of commercial fertilizers from thephos- 
 phatic deposits found in immense beds in the immediate 
 
52 
 
 neighborhood of the city, is the most important of the new 
 industries which have grown up in late years. The practicaL 
 value of these deposits was recognized about the year 1867, 
 and the first company formed for their manipulation. Since- 
 that time the export of phosphate rock and the manufacture 
 of commercial fertilizers have grown to such dimensions that 
 together they rank second only to cotton in the business- 
 interests of Charleston. 
 
 The cultivation of rice in the low country of South Carolina 
 has fallen off greatly, but Charleston still does a profitable 
 business in the sale and export of this staple. Naval stores- 
 and lumber form another important branch of trade at this 
 port. The cultivation of garden produce in the neighborhood 
 of Charleston began in about I860, when some 20,000 pack- 
 ages were shipped to the North; now it forms one of the- 
 largest industries in this section of the State- The farms on 
 what is known as the “Neck,” between the two rivers, and ex- 
 tending some three or four miles beyond the city, are in the 
 highest state of cultivation, and lands, there command enor- 
 mous prices. This business is also carried on extensively in 
 the neighborhood of Mount Pleasant and in St. Andrew’s Par- 
 ish, across the Ashley River, 
 
 The establishment of the Cotton Factory in Charleston mark- 
 ed an era in the industrial history of the city. The manifest 
 advantage ot “bringing the mills to the Cotton” led to the 
 formation of the Charleston Manufacturing Company, and their 
 mill, which opened in January, 1883, is one of the finest in the 
 Southern country. Having an excellent local market for the 
 supply of the raw material and great facilities for shipment 
 of their ju'oduct abroad, this enterprise is certain of success. 
 Other local manufactures have also progressed rapidly. 
 
 The Charleston Bagging Factory, for the manufacturing of 
 cotton bagging, is eminently su(.'cessful. The iron works give 
 employment to many hands and represent large capital. All 
 of these establishments have founderies attached, in which the 
 heaviest castings are made. The South Carolina Railway 
 workshops have successfully attempted the building of loco- 
 motive engines, which have proved quite equal to those made 
 at the best Northern manufactories. 
 
 Many other smaller trades have grown up since the time 
 when agriculture and the business connected with it alone en- 
 gaged the attention of the people of the South, and Charleston 
 now represents the varied interests and pursuits which belong 
 properly to the metropolis of the State. 
 
 Three lines of street railway traverse the city. The City 
 Railway Conqrany runs two, starting from the Battery, the lines 
 run up Meeting street to Wentworth, where they divide, one 
 going through Wentworth to Rutledge, and through Rut- 
 ledge street and Rutledge Avenue to Sheppard street: the 
 other continuing UJ3 Meeting to Calhoun street, thence to King, 
 
through King to the same terminus. The Enterprise Eailway 
 has its lower terminus at the foot of East Bay and follows 
 that street up to Calhoun, thence to Washington, and through 
 Chapel, Elizabeth, and John streets, to Meeting street, and is 
 continued up as far as the entrance to Magnolia Cemetery, 
 three miles from the Court House. This company has estab- 
 lished a freight line from the farms on the neck, and the 
 South Carolina and North-Eastern Railroad depots, to the 
 several wharves along Ea.st Bay. 
 
 The facilities for transportation to and from Charleston are 
 excellent. The South Carolina, North-Eastern and Savannah 
 and Charleston Railroads, connect with all points North and 
 and South, and each year greater progress is being made to- 
 wards full communication with the West and North-West, 
 which cannot fail to add greatly to the commerce of the 
 city. 
 
 The Steamship lines are admirably conducted and do a flour- 
 ishing business; there are two lines to New York, and one 
 ■each to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and the Florida ports, besides 
 the steamers which ply between Charleston, Georgetown, Beau- 
 fort, and other points along the coast of the State- 
 
 It remains for us now to notice some of the public buildings, 
 whose erection marks a returning prosperity and some of the 
 points of interest in and around tlie city. 
 
 The Academy of Music supplies the place of the old Charles- 
 ton Theatre, on Meeting street, destroyed by the great fire. 
 It is a very ornamental and admirably arranged little thea- 
 tre, with a capacity for seating about twelve hundred per- 
 sons ; in proportion to the building, the stage is a very fine 
 one, being forty feet deep, fifty-three feet wide, and fifty-one 
 feet high. The building stands at the corner of King and 
 Market streets, and has a front of sixty feet, is two hundred 
 .and thirty-one feet deep, and seventy-five feet high. It was 
 built for a mammoth dry goods store, the most extensive 
 Charleston ever had, and its original cost was one hundred 
 and sixty thousand dollars. In 1869, it was purchased by Mr. 
 John Chadwick, a Northerner residing in Charleston, and the 
 interior remodelled, making the theatre, two large halls, and 
 a fine score on the first floor opening on King street. 
 
 The property was purchased some years ago by Mr. John E. 
 Owens, himself an actor, and is generally occupied b}' a good 
 company of actors. 
 
 The Masonic Temple, at the southeast corner of King and 
 Wentworth streets, was erected by the Masonic fraternity for 
 their meetings, and is arranged for the purpose. The first 
 floor is occupied by three fine stores fronting on King street; 
 in the rear of these, on Wentworth street, is the main entrance 
 ■to the second floor, which comprises a large hall, and the very 
 handsome Armory of the Washington Light Infantry, one of 
 the oldest and most widely known of the militia companies of 
 
54 
 
 Charleston ; above this, on the third floor, are the smaller 
 lodge rooms. 
 
 The Educational Institutions of Charleston have always- 
 ranked high, and in the last few years great interest has been 
 manifested in the development of the facilities for public in- 
 struction. The organization of the High School of Charleston 
 belongs to the period in Avhich we have noticed the Medical 
 College, the College of Charleston, and the Military Academy, 
 but its complete reorganization and thorough equipment have 
 been accomplished within the last five years, and may be 
 regarded as one of the steps in the new progress of the city. 
 
 In 1880 the school was removed from its former quarters in 
 Society street to the spacious mansion and grounds at the cor- 
 ner of George and Meeting streets, once the residence of the- 
 late Judge King. The interior of the house was remodelled 
 and divided into convenient class rooms, and a fine gymnasium 
 building was erected on the grounds. A full high school course,, 
 including the Greek and Latin classics and modern languages, 
 is taught, and under its efficient corps of teachers the school 
 has increased so rapidly that it has already become necessary 
 to consider the possibility of enlarging its accommodation.s 
 still further. 
 
 The public schools deserve special mention. They grew out 
 of the reorganization, in the year 1854, of the old system of 
 State free schools. By an Act of the Legislature, the Boards 
 of Commissioners of Free Schools in the Parishes of St. Philip’s- 
 and St. Michael’s were authorized and empowered to make- 
 such changes in the schools under their charge as in their- 
 judgment w'ould be most conducive to the advancement of 
 educational interests. These Commissioners were chosen from 
 among the most prominent gentlemen in the community. 
 They addressed themselves heartily to their work, and their 
 efforts were rewarded by immediate success. As years have- 
 passed, the system has developed and improved, until now the- 
 means of obtaining a sound and thorough education are open, 
 to the children of every citizen absolutely free of cost. 
 
 The schools are: the Bennett School, St. Philip street; the- 
 Craft’s School, Friend street; the Memminger High School,. 
 St. Philip street; the Meeting Street School, the Morris Street 
 School, for colored children, and the Shaw Memorial School, 
 also for colored children, founded by contributions from the- 
 iSTorth, but now incorporated in the city public school system. 
 The number of registered pupils is something over four thou- 
 sand, of w'hom about one-half are colored. One hundred: 
 teachers are employed, and a special tax is levied for the 
 nraintenance of the schools. 
 
 “While noticing the subject of education in Charleston, there- 
 are two institutions, owing their establishment to the energy 
 and devotion of private individuals, wdiich cannot be passed 
 over; these are the Holy Communion Church Institute, and 
 
55 
 
 the school attached to the Home for the Mothers, Widows 
 and Daughters of Confederate Soldiers. 
 
 The first was established in 1SG7, by the Rev. A. Toomer 
 Porter, D. D., Rector of the Holy Communion Church, to pro- 
 vide free education to some of the many youths throughout 
 the State, and especially in the low country, who were without 
 the means of prosecuting their studies. Aided by contribu- 
 tions from at home and abroad, the design prospered, and the 
 school has been one of the recognized educational institutions 
 of the city. It is now located in the extensive Arsenal 
 buildings and grounds, leased to the founder by the United 
 States Government. About two thousand youths have re- 
 ceived its benefits since its opening — a part at a nominal cost, 
 but a majority as beneficiaries. 
 
 The noble charity of the “ Confederate Home,” grew out of 
 the patriotic design of a lady of Charleston to provide a home 
 for the female relatives and dependents of the men who had 
 given their lives and their fortunes to the service of the coun- 
 try. Though her ])lans met with hearty and generous sym- 
 pathy, it cost much labor and self sacrifice to make even a 
 beginning. But the difficulties were one by one overcome, 
 .and the Home was opened in a large building on Broad street, 
 formerly occupied as a hotel. Among its inmates were a num- 
 ber of young girls who were destitute of the means of ob- 
 taining an education, a school was organized for them, which 
 proved so successful that it has now become the most promi- 
 nent feature of the institution. A large number of young 
 ladies have received there a thorough education, and the ben- 
 ■efits of the Home are so fully recognized that an “Auxiliary 
 Association ” of gentlemen has existed for some years, with 
 the design of pro.viding a permanent fund. Large contribu- 
 tions have been received from strangers as well as the citizens 
 of Charleston, among the most generous donors having been 
 the philanthropic Mr. Corcoran, of Washington. The house 
 which Avas orginally leased, has been purchased and it is now 
 hoped that this beautiful Avork of patriotism and devotion Avill 
 have a long and prosperous existence. 
 
 The parks and pleasure grounds of Charleston, which 
 through the long years of Avar and misrule had fallen greatly 
 into neglect, have received the special attention of the present 
 city administration. 
 
 The most attractive of them all, and the favorite Avith the 
 Uharlestonians, is White Point Garden, a park of seven acres, 
 covered Avith grass and live oak trees, occupying the extreme 
 -southern point of the city, Avhich, Avith the Battery, a broad 
 -esplanade extending fifteen hundred feet along the east sea 
 face of the city, and commanding a view of the entire harbor, 
 makes a promenade unsurpassed in this country. 
 
 Near the .lasper Monument, Avhich Ave have already described 
 is a bronze bust of Wm. Gilmore Simms', Avhose literary repu- 
 
5(5 
 
 tation has spread far beyond the boundaries of his native State. 
 It was erected thronsjh the efforts of an association of gentle- 
 men, oi’ganized for tlie purpose of procuring a suitable monu- 
 ment to Mr. Simms shortly after his death in 1870. The bust 
 is of heroic size and is a tine representation of the strong 
 countenance of INIr. Simms. It is the work of Mr. J. Q. A. 
 Ward, of New York ; the pedestal of native granite was de- 
 signed by Col. E. B. White. On June H, 1879, the ninth anni- 
 versary of Mr. Simms’ death, the bust was unveiled, with 
 appropriate ceremonies, and turned over to the mayor of the 
 city by a joint committee of the Simms’ Memorial Association 
 and the Carolina Art Association. 
 
 Magnolia Cemetery, situated just beyond the city boundary, 
 three miles from the Court House, endeared to residents by 
 many solemn associations, is of much interest to strangers 
 from the beauty of the grounds and the many striking memo- 
 rials of the distinguished sons of Charleston who rest there. 
 The first monument which arrests the attention of the visitor 
 is that to the Confederate dead. It is a finely executed bronze 
 figure of a soldier in the Confederate uniform, upon a square 
 pedestal of granite 20 feet high. Around it are eight hundred 
 headstones, marking the resting place of soldiers who died in 
 the defence of Charleston and of a number whose remains 
 were brought from the field of Gettysburg through the eflbrts 
 of a lady of the city. The Confederate Monument is the work 
 of the women of Charleston, and is a noble evidence of their 
 patriotism and devotion. 
 
 Among many worthy of attention may be mentioned the 
 monument to Col. AVilliam tVashington, of Revolutionary 
 fame, erected by the Washington Light Infantry, and that of 
 Hugh S. Legare, one of South Carolina’s most gifted sons. 
 
 No visitor to Charleston should leave without seeing Mag- 
 nolia-on-thc-Ashley, about fifteen miles from the city — a won- 
 derfully beautiful spot, whose peculiar features can be found 
 no where else in the country. The naturally forest growth, 
 largely consisting of live oak and magnolia, has been allowed 
 to remain, and under and among these noble trees broad walks 
 wind, bordered by Azaleas, twenty and thirty feet high, which 
 in the early spring are a perfect glory of color. Foreign trees- 
 and rare plants are to be seen on every side, and natui’e and 
 art are so blended in efl'ect that a perfection of beauty is at- 
 tained. This garden is the property of a private gentleman, 
 of whose skill and taste it is the result, but for some years 
 arrangements have existed for its being ojien to the public, 
 and hundreds of visitors are annually carried to it by the 
 steamer or railroad. 
 
 Among the relics of early days in Carolina stands the parish 
 Church of St. Andrew’s. This parish was laid off in 1706, and 
 a plain brick church built. In 1723 this was added to, making 
 it in the form of a cross, forty feet long by fifty-two wide, with 
 
57 
 
 a lianilsome chancel, twelve feet deep and twenty-four feet 
 wide; it was neatly tinished, and had coininodious pews. At 
 the west end was a "allery. originally intended for those who 
 had no pews, but afterwards appro])riated to the colored peo- 
 ])le. xVt the east en<i was a large window, and another on each 
 side of the Communion table. This church was destroyed by 
 fire, and rebuilt in 1764, and now remains one of the few 
 which have escaped the vicissitudes of two revolutions. 
 
 Befiire the war the Parish of St. Andrew’s was quite pros- 
 perous, and there were many fine residences and rich farms in 
 it; but it suffeivd severely, and the destruction of the bridge 
 across the Aside}’’, by rendering communication with the city 
 more ditiicult, has retarded its revival. The country, however, 
 is beautiful, and well repays the trouble of a trip into it. 
 
 But by far the most interesting spot in the neighborhood of 
 Charleston is the old Church of St. James’ Goosecreek, situated 
 in the midst of a beautiful country, surrounded by many ob- 
 jects which excite the interest of the traveller, and connected 
 by many associations with the history of the State in all its 
 stages. 
 
 This has the advantage, too, of being easily accessible from 
 the city. Taking the North-Eastern railroad, the excursionist 
 is landed at Otranto Station, fifteen miles from Charleston, 
 on the grounds of the Otranto Club. This beautiful place, 
 with its delightful residence, was once the property of the well 
 known botanist, Dr. Garden, the correspondent of Linnaeus, 
 and after whom the great naturalist named our beautiful Gar- 
 denia. 
 
 A walk of about a mile takes us across Goosecreek bridge, 
 along a winding road, to the church, a handsome rough cast 
 brick building, a short distance from the creek. It has four 
 arched windows and a door on each side, with a cherub in 
 stucco, on each keystone; over the west door is a pelican feed- 
 ing her young; at the east end is a large window, in front of 
 wdnch is the chancel, in which stand the altar, pulpit, and 
 reading desk ; over this window the Royal Arms of England 
 still stand in high relief. The sides of the altar are orna- 
 mented with four Corinthian pilasters supporting a cornice, 
 and between them are tables of the Decalogue, Apostles’ Creed, 
 and Lord’s Prayer. The roof is supported by four Doric col- 
 umns, and on the walls are several marble tablets, in memory 
 of the early members of the congregation. Among them, one 
 commemorates the virtues of the Hon. Ralph Izard, for many 
 years one of the leading men of the State, and a gentleman 
 of great ability and high culture. 
 
 A short distance from the church, on the other side of the 
 main road, is a farm, known as “ The Oaks,” from the magnifi- 
 cent avenue of those trees by which it is approached. No one 
 should leave the neighboidiood without visiting this avenue. 
 The trees are said to have been p'anted by one of the very 
 
58 
 
 earliest settlers, and are, consequently, near two hundred 
 }'ears old: they have attained great size, and for nearly a 
 quarter of a mile form a continuous arch over the broad road ; 
 the dark foliage of the live oak festooned with grey moss, ren- 
 ders the effect inexpressibly grand. 
 
 Charleston would be inc unplete without her charming places 
 of resort, Moultrieville, Mount Pleasant, and Summerville ; the 
 former occupies the historic groTind of Sullivan’s Island. The 
 island had become quite a fashionable resort before the war, 
 and every summer presented a scene of much gayety A fine 
 hotel, the “Moultrie House,” stood on the front beach, and 
 was constantly filled with visitors; there were many comfort- 
 able residences, besides the large number of houses put up 
 for temporary use, but the military operations demolished 
 them, and at the end of the war there were not more than 
 three houses standing on the whole island. Since that time 
 the growth has been remarkable. The residences are gene- 
 rally substantial and costly, and a much larger portion of the 
 island is covered by them than ever before, and all the neces- 
 saries and conveniences of life are supplied as completely as 
 in the city. AVithin the past year a Northern capitalist has 
 erected an elegant hotel, “ The New Brighton,” on the front 
 l)each, at the eastern extremity of the inhabited part of the 
 island. This is in charge of a gentleman of long experience 
 in the business, and ranks with the best sea-side hotels in the 
 country. 
 
 In rear of Fort Moultrie, near the sally-port, a simple stone 
 slab marks the grave of Oceola, the Seminole chief, whose suf- 
 ferings while a prisoner there excited much sympathy. The 
 killing of Gen. Thompson, the United States Indian agent, by 
 him, brought about the second Seminole war, and in it he 
 played a conspicuous part Fora long time he displayed great 
 ability, as well as daring, in conducting the struggle against 
 superior forces, but at length, on the 28d of October, 1837, 
 while holding a conference under a flag of truce with Gen. 
 Jesup, near St. Augustine, he was treacherously seized and 
 sent lo Fort Moultrie ; there he was not treated with severity, 
 and was, generally, permitted to walk about the Island, but he 
 c juld not stand restraint, and literally pined away, until death 
 released him from his sufferings, on the 3hst of January, 1838. 
 
 Each year more families are taking up their residence at 
 Moultrieville for the summer and thus finding an agreeable 
 retreat from the city without the expense and trouble of going 
 far away from home; and even from the interior of the State 
 persons are coming to enjoy the salubrious climate and the 
 many pleasures which the island aflbrds. 
 
 The beach, nearly a hundred yards wide at low water, firm 
 and shelving very gently, extends a distance of over three 
 miles, and furnishes a delightful drive. 
 
 A splendid surf rolls in with the rising tide, and the tides 
 
59 
 
 and currents arc so much to be depended on tiiat Sullivan's 
 Island is recognized as one of the safest, as well as one of the 
 pleasantest places for sea-bathing along the entire Atlantic 
 coast. 
 
 A street railway has been established, running from the 
 Ferry wharf nearly to the end of the inhabited portion of 
 the island ; and tliis, with the improvements which have 
 been made in the streets, has rendered travel very easy and 
 pleasant. 
 
 The situation of the island, at the entrance of the harbor, is 
 beautiful. One standing on the beach has to the east a view 
 of the limitless extent of the ocean; before him lies Fort 
 Sumter, and beyond it the shores of Morris’ and .James’ 
 Islands; while to the west stands the city, its fine buildings 
 and graceful spires rising from the bay. 
 
 Sullivan’s Is'and is endeared to every Charlestonian by his 
 pride in the noble old fort which is so connected with the 
 glory of the State in its two revolutions, and by the recollec- 
 tion of many happy days spent there ; and to the stranger it 
 is sure to be interesting, not only from its history, hut also 
 from the many pleasures which may be had in the way of 
 fishing, surf-bathing, driving on the beach, etc. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, with its high bluft' of yellow sand, and its 
 background of dark foliage, forms a verj' pretty picture. This 
 village was originally a summer resort for the planters of Christ 
 Church Parish, but its healthy climate and pleasant situation 
 soon induced a number of the business men of the city to 
 adopt it as a retreat. Although not possessing the fine beach 
 and surf of Sullivan’s Island, it gets as much of the cool sea- 
 breeze, and has the advantage of easy access to the sur- 
 rounding country, affording pretty walks 'and drives, and 
 during the winter season, a fine field for the sportsman. 
 
 The resources of this locality are as yet far from being de 
 veloped. Already market gardening has become an importajit 
 branch of industrj' in the neighborhood, the easy water com- 
 munication with the city enabling the farmers to compete 
 successfully with those on Charleston Neck, but the thing 
 which will one day make Mount Pleasant a jilace of import- 
 ance, is its peculiar fitness for the establishment of manufac- 
 tories. Large cotton and other factories, Avhich could not be 
 conveniently located in the city itself, would here have ample 
 room for the accommodation, in a healthy localit3s of hundreds 
 of operatives, and the perfectly easy access to the shijiping of 
 the port would render their being out of the city rather an 
 advantage than otherwise. There can be little doubt that, as 
 Charleston continues to grow, and the necessity of home man- 
 ufacture becomes more evident, this plan, Avliich has several 
 times already been discussed, will be carried into execution. 
 
 Perhaps the most interesting spot at present in this little 
 village is the soldiers’ burying-ground. It contains about an 
 
60 
 
 acre of ground, in an elevated situation, and here lie buried 
 not only the remains of Confederate and Federal soldiers, who 
 died, or were killed, during ihe late war, but also those of 
 several of the State troops, who died during the war of 1812. 
 To the memory of these last a monument was erected many 
 years ago, which still stands, and though in a somewhat dilap- 
 idated condition, is the most conspicuous object in the burial 
 ground. It is built of brick, and the upper part is a pyramid, 
 which rests on a square foundation, on two of the sides of 
 which marble slabs are let in, while the other two have been 
 covered with white plaster, to resemble the marble. One of 
 the slabs bears the following inscription. “On the 18th of 
 June, 1812, the United States of America declared war against 
 Great Britain. At the first sound of the trumpet the patriot 
 soldiers who sleep beneath this monument tlevv to the stand- 
 ard of liberty. Here they fell beneath the scythe of death. 
 The sympathies of the brave, the tear of the stranger, and the 
 slow dirges of the camp, attended them to their tomb : 
 
 “ How sleep the brave who sin« to rest, 
 
 With all their country’s wishes blest. 
 
 The laurel leaf of- shining green 
 Will still around their tomb be seen.” 
 
 The other side is inscribed to the memory of thirteen sol- 
 diers, of the third re.Timent of State troops- 
 
 Scattered around this monument, are the graves of some 
 fifty or sixty Confederate soldiers. 
 
 Mount Pleasant and Sullivan’s Island are easily reached by 
 the boats of the Mount Pleasant and Sullivan’s Island Feri-y 
 Company, which makes frequent daily trips. 
 
 Although spoken of as summer resorts, these two places 
 are worth visiting at any time. The woods around Mount 
 Pleasant are always beautiful, and in the spring are a mass of 
 jes.samines, whose fragrance fill the air. 
 
 The Island is to a great extent deserted in the winter, but 
 the sea breeze is always mild, and on a clear, cold day, nothing 
 is more exhilarating than a brisk walk on the beach. 
 
 Contrasted with these two seaside resorts, is Summerville, 
 about twenty-two miles from Charleston, on the line of the 
 South Carolina Railroad, and in the midst of the pine woods. 
 It is situated on a ridge which extends acro.ss from the Cooper 
 to the Ashley River, and which is remarkahle for its health- 
 fulness. The climate is very agreeable ; in winter being out 
 of the influence of the east winds, which frequently prevail 
 on the coast, the temperature is mild and equable, and in sum- 
 mer, though the days are warm, a delicious coolness pervades 
 the atmosphere at night w'hich ensures refreshing sleep. 
 From these causes it is particular! 3 ’ beneficial to invalids, or 
 persons convalescing from illness. The village has been settled 
 a very long time, but like most places of the kind, has grown 
 
61 
 
 slowly. It has now, however, reached quite a respectable size. 
 The houses are built far apart, so that each one is perfectly 
 private, and like a country residence- 
 
 The many advantages which Summerville possesses are 
 being rapidly realized, and each year the population is in- 
 creasing. There are several excellent boarding houses, which 
 are generally full. Churches of all the religious denominations, 
 good schools and a well supplied market, furnish all the re- 
 quisites for comfortable and pleasant living, and many families, 
 induced by these advantages, and by the cheapness of house 
 rents, are taking up their residence there. As the South Car- 
 olina Eailroad run§ special trains for the_ accommodation of 
 the residents, it is perfectly convenient for business men, who 
 find it a great relief, after the fatigues of a day in the city, to 
 retreat to the quiet of Summerville. 
 
 The country around abounds with game, and the Summer- 
 ville men have always been renowned as hunters, and, al- 
 though situated, as we have said, in a pine-barren, there are 
 many pretty walks and drives about the village, and on the 
 banks of the Ashley, about four miles off, some spots of great 
 beauty. 
 
 We have endeavored to point out the prominent features of 
 interest in and around Charleston, not only for the benefit of 
 strangers, but also for the citizens themselves, a large number 
 of whom are quite unaware of the resources of their own 
 home. Since the war especially, when the struggle for exist- 
 ence has been all engrossing, many valuable public institutions 
 have been neglected, not intentionally, but because they have 
 been overlooked ; and many sources of amusement and in- 
 terest lost sight of, Avbich would help our people to bear their 
 labors more cheerfully, to entertain their friends from abroad 
 more easily and pleasantly, and to avoid the necessity, when 
 a little relaxation from business cares is needed, of taking an 
 expensive and troublesome journey to obtain it. 
 
 Necessarily in such a brief sketch, much has been omitted, 
 both in the history and description of Charleston, which 
 would be interesting and instructive; but our chief object 
 will have been accomplished, if we shall have succeeded in 
 merely indicating the sources from which information and 
 amusement may be obtained. 
 
A SKETCH 
 
 OF THE HISTORY, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF 
 THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHOSPHATES. 
 
 (compiled by a. e. gueraed, a. e. s. m.) 
 
 Among the many objects of interest which are to be seen in 
 the neigliborhood of Charleston, the most interestintr, perhaps, 
 to the scientific observer, as well as the most useful to man- 
 kind, are the remarkable phosphate deposits and the immense 
 fertilizer works which are here engaged in converting the 
 crude rock into artificial manures. And certainly no hand- 
 book or guide to the city of Charleston would be complete 
 without a sketch of the history, origin and development of 
 the phosphates which occur in its vicinity, and form now its 
 largest and most important industry. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY'. 
 
 South Carolina_, sometimes known as Charleston phosphate, 
 was discovered in the latter part of 1867, at a place cp.llcd 
 “Lambs,” about twelve miles above Charleston, on the Ashley 
 River. The marls of Carolina appear to have been known 
 and identified by geologists as far back as 1797. In 1832 atten- 
 tion was drawn by Mr. Ruffin, of Virginia, to the fact that 
 these marls w'ere valuable as a fertilizer ; and in 1848 Tuomey, 
 in his Geological Report of South Carolina, speaks of irregular 
 and water-worn fragments of marl stones, found in the Asliley 
 River marl-beds, and claims for these a value far above the 
 Virginia marls, because they contained from 1 to 10 per cent, of 
 phosphate of lime. In 1850 Prof. Holmes, of Charleston, read 
 a paper before the “ American Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science,” in which he described nodules of marl rock, 
 referring to them as “ siliceous ” masses. So-called “ rocks ” or 
 “stones,” found lying on the surface of the land, or turned up 
 in ploughing, were well knowui to old planters on the coast. But 
 it is evident that, though these rocks or nodules w'ere long 
 an object of scientific investigation and local curiosity, the true 
 nature and chemical composition of the Carolina jiho.sphates 
 Yvere as yet unknown and unsuspected. It was not until 1867 
 that the late Dr. St. Julien Ravenel, of Charleston, upon re- 
 ceiving some specimens of these nodules, recognized their 
 value, and pointed out their agricultural importance. The 
 deposit in situ was discovered by Prof. F. S. Holuies, who, with 
 Dr. Ravenel and Dr. Pratt, of Atlanta, shares the credit of a 
 discovery which has proved and must continue to be a source 
 of wealth to South Carolina, and a benefit to agriculture, both 
 in this country and in Europe, the importance of which (annot 
 be estimated. It may seem strange that the value of this de- 
 ]iosit should not have been recognized before, when it was 
 lying here, seen, but neglected, under the very eyes of geolo- 
 
63 
 
 grists and chemists some time after the agricultural use of 
 phosphate of lime was kirowii to the world. But South Caro- 
 iii'.a. before the war, being in a state of agricultural prosperity, 
 ’I \re was, doubtless, less importance attached to this matter 
 . h.,i ' 'vould otherwise have been the case ; and as usual it was 
 necessity of effort, the demand for a means of livelihood, 
 
 ■ r.ich led to the great discovery. B3" that wonderful provision 
 i nature, which so often awes and impre.^ses us, the aid was 
 given, the supply wus furnished, when the demand was 
 greatest. 
 
 "The first company organized to excavate the phosphates was 
 tlvv h’harleston Mining and Manufacturing Company, which 
 v.'.s formed with Uforthern capital, furnished by Messrs. Geo. 
 I', Lewis and Frederick Klett. The first shipment of this com- 
 V ay was sixteen tierces by steamer Falcon, consigned to Geo. 
 I). Lewis, Philadelphia, Penn. The manufacture of commercial 
 fertilizers, under the chemical superintendence of Dr. St. J. 
 davenel, had begun in Charleston shortly before this, using 
 the iSavassa phosphate as a source of phosphoric acid. Hence- 
 forth native phosphate was substituted for the Navassa phos- 
 I'liate, and, under Dr. Eavenal’s direction, new fertilizer works 
 were put up to utilize the phosphate which was now being 
 'uined at home. 
 
 OCCURRENCE AND CHARACTER OF THE PHOSPHATE DEPOSIT. 
 
 The phosphate deposit occurs in beds or strata of rough 
 ■licsses or nodules, of a size varying from a part of an inch to 
 sc\ eral feet in diameter, and is associated with numerous fossil 
 r ^.aes and teeth. It is found on the bottoms of the shallow 
 creeks and rivers which intersect the coast, and on the low 
 la.ids which form a belt of country running parallel to and 
 from ten to fifty miles from the seaboard. The beds are from 
 i'< iO 20 odd inches in thickness, and the limit of a workable 
 deposit is 8 feet under ground, or 20 feet under water. The 
 'vposphatic nodulesare known as land or river rock, according 
 to the element in which they are found. The average yield 
 of the land deposit is 600 to 800 tons per acre, and though 
 s. ‘inetimes occurring in “ pockets,” that is, irregularly, these 
 •AC-pyOsits are remarkably uniform, mant’ contiguous acres often 
 contiiining a phosphate-bearing stratum at an accessible depth. 
 Ttie river rock, having been washed into the rivers from the 
 jar.d, has occasionally accumulated in thicker beds than the 
 ■jriginal deposit of land rock. The river rock is obtained by 
 dredging, chiefly in the Bull, Stono and Coosaw Rivers ; the 
 laud rock is dug mainly in the section of countrj^ lying be- 
 ti'ceu the Ashley and Stono Rivers, and Rantowle’s Creek. 
 Kxtensive strata of excellent quality are also known on the 
 banks of the Edisto, and between the Edisto and Ashepoo 
 Rivers, but this deposit has not v'et been worked to any extent. 
 About and below Beaufort occur a number of very heavy beds 
 of river rock, but generally of lower grade. 
 
G4 
 
 The land rock is li<ihter in color than that found undei 
 water or marsh mud, the I'ormer liaving a yellowish or latk 
 brown color, the latter a dark gray or bluish black. The viver 
 rock is considerably hai'der.than that occurring in the land 
 deposit, hut either variety may be readily ground to a povvdei’ 
 so fine that it floats in the air (so-called floats). Carolina 
 phosphate gives out, when rubbed, a peculiar fetid odor, the 
 denser it is, the more conspicuous the odor, due to the pres- 
 ence of oi’ganic matter. It is very porous, some of it hcii g 
 capable of absorbing 15 or 20 per cent, of water. The suiface 
 of the nodules is frequently indented with holes and cavities 
 naturally filled with clay and sand, which require to he care- 
 fully washed out ; when the washing is inijjerfectly perlbi mi-d 
 the phosphate is of lower quality. Carolina phosphate is r - 
 markably uniform in composition, containing, on an average, 
 from 55 to (51 ])er cent, tricalcic jihosphate, and from 5 to 1 1 
 per cent of carbonate of lime. Among its other constitueuls 
 are silica, oxide of iron, fluorine, sulphuric, acid, trace,? of 
 alumina and magnesia, water and organic matter. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE PHOSPIIATIC DEPOSIT. 
 
 The question of the origin of the phosphate of lime in thi.-. 
 deposit has, as yet, received too little study to afford a 
 factory theory. But it awakens such general, as well as sc 'u- 
 tific interest, in the mind-< of all who have seen or heard of ‘ he 
 deposit, that it may not be amiss to state, briefly, the sev.-ra,, 
 hypotheses which have been advanced. One of these as- 
 sumes that the fragments of marl were charged with the 
 sweepings from guano beds formed above them by tlie co ■ 
 gregation there, at some past period, of vast flocks of b'"d' 
 in this case bones of the birds should be among the fc .oi- 
 preserved in the deposit, but no such remains have been feuna. 
 Another theory supposes that as the remains of numerc.'ic- e.’ - 
 tinct animals, such as the mastodon, elephant, megathei .•■i, 
 tapir, deer, hor.se, etc., occur assoilated with the beds, imii • ::.se 
 herds of these animals must have collected at one time ; nu 
 shallow salt licks or lagoons, formed during a partial .sub- 
 mergence of the coast, in which the nodules of marl wc ■ h-f! 
 upon the recession of the sea, and that the phosphori ■ cu-l,! 
 derived from their bones and excrements brougld about In ■ 
 change in the marl. It is objected to this theory that the pla -.'s 
 where the most bones, etc., are found are not the riche.st in pi.os- 
 phate, and while it is by no means probable that the no-i ' 
 were in all, or even in most instances formed where the;, 
 at jiresent found, it is difficult to suppose that agencies of s'cci, 
 local and restricted character as salt licks could accour ’ ’■ u. 
 the conversion of so great a mass of material, over an. a)'.-, -o 
 extensive as that presented by the phosphate formation' r:'; 
 a similar deposit found at a depth of seventy feet in the 'c- 
 sion well borings in Charleston could not be explained i ; li'- 
 way. The most plausible theory advanced as an explai. 
 
of the formation of these nodales is that certain marine or- 
 franisms, or mollusks, ]iossess the power of secreting phos- 
 phoric acid from sea-water, and tliat throngh them the marl, 
 and especially the uijper sti-ata, became cliarged with a certain 
 amount of phosphate of lime. That the jiroportion of the 
 ])liOsphate of lime thus obtained to the whole body of thesu- 
 perflcial layers of the marl was afterwards increased ; first, by 
 the removal of a considerable amount of carbonate of lime, 
 rendered soluble by the percolation through it of rain water 
 containing carbonic acid, derived from the decomjtosition of 
 vegetable matter in the soil overlaying the marl ; second, by a 
 well known proneness of phosphoric acid, when diffusely dis- 
 tributed, to concentrate and to give rise to concretionary pro- 
 cesses similar to those observed in the flint nodules and" peb- 
 bles of the English chalk, and in other formations. This 
 theory agrees with the dillhsed occurrence of phosphate of 
 lime in the superficial layers of the marl, as well as with the 
 fact that the upper layers of the dei)Osits and the outside of 
 the nodules are the richest in phosphate. It substitutes for a 
 local cause a general one, commensurate at once with the wide 
 area occupied by the phosphate rock, and by the phosphatic 
 marls of the South Atlantic sea board. Such a cause also 
 might have been in operation ages ago, when the layers of 
 phosphate rock found in the artesian Avell borings were form- 
 ing; and it may l)e in operation now, as the dj’edging work of 
 the United States Coast Survey shows that the marls accumu- 
 lating at the depth of 200 fathoms on the floor of the Gulf 
 Stream, between Florida and Cuba, contain a considerable 
 percentage of phosphate of lime, (see Hand Book of State of 
 South Carolina, and Emmons’ report to Pacific Guano Com- 
 pany, fS7(i). 
 
 THE WOEKINCt of THE LAND DEPOSIT. 
 
 Having carefully examined the land for phosphate, its depth, 
 thickness of statum, etc., a field is selected and drained by 
 means of trenches, technically known as “line pits,” dug around 
 the tract and reaching below the level of the rock bed. This field 
 is about 600 yards wide, and made as long as possible for trans- 
 portation of the rock dug A tram-road for horse, or steam, 
 is constructed through the midst of the field in its length, and 
 then, commencing at the “ line pits ” and working in towards 
 the tram, pits measuring 6 by 12 feet, are sunk in long par- 
 alled lines. The superincumbent earth is thrown up with 
 shovels behind the men, and the phosphate rock dug out 
 with picks and cast on the untouched ground in front. When 
 trees are in the field they are undermined and thrown over 
 on the ' le which has already been excavated. The rock is 
 rolled from the pits in barrows and dumped on platforms on 
 the roadside, whence it is loaded into cars for transportation 
 to the washers. The labor on the phosphate fields is iierformed 
 
61 ) 
 
 almost ultogetlier by negroes, sometimes convict labor being- 
 employed. Italians have occasionally been imported as laboi'- 
 ers, but they have not been found to do the work required as 
 well as the blacks, who alone can stand the hot suns and 
 malaria of the phosphate swam]>s 'in summer. The hands are 
 not generally paid by the day, but by the foot dug, the price 
 being in most mines twenty-live cents a foot for a pit of G by 
 12 feet, the rolling of the rock inclusive. At this wages they 
 make about a dollar a day on the average, sometimes more 
 and sometimes less, according to the character of the land, and 
 depth of rock from the surface. I.and miners have not con- 
 sidered it prolitable to work deposits at a greater depth than 
 eight feet beneath the surface. 
 
 The clay, sand, &c adhering to the rock, which amounts to 
 one-half or two-thirds of the whole mass, are removed by 
 washing. The crude rock as it comes from the pit is carried 
 to the washers, large heavy pieces of machinery worked by 
 steam, and situated near some creek or river where there is 
 an ample sujrply of water. The i-or-k is here passed first 
 through roller crushers armed with steel teeth, which break 
 u]) the larger nodules to a uniform size of not more than four 
 inches in diameter. These then fall into long wooden troughs 
 (jr tubs resting on a slight incline through which resolve Avooden 
 shafts furnished with iron teeth fixed in the form of a spiral 
 screw. The nodules being forced by the screw up the incline 
 against a strong stream of water arc rubbed one on the other 
 until, cleansed of all clay etc., they are throAvn out at the open 
 end of the tub After being screened they are then transport- 
 ed to the dry-sheds, or dumped outside the washer building. 
 
 The land deposits are owned by companies or individuals, 
 or are leased upon a ro 3 Uilty for a term of j'ears. 
 
 THE woRicrxc. or the river deposit. 
 
 'L'he river dejiosit is now Avorked principally by dredging; 
 but some years ago before the shalloAver creeks Avere ex- 
 hausted of rock, large quantities of phosphate Avere raised bj’ 
 “ Handpicking,” “ Tongsing” and ‘‘ Diving.” “ Handpicking” 
 Avas resorted to in sucli deposits as run (Iry at Ioav water, and 
 consisted in loosening the nodules by means of the pick and 
 croAV-bar, and tbroAving them into flat boats to be carried to 
 tbe shore. ‘‘ Tongsing- ” Avas the term applied to raising such 
 deposits as Avere too deep to be handpicked, but Avhich were 
 Avithin reach of the oyster tongs. Diving was occasionall.y 
 practiced by the negroes in summer in Avater from 6 to 10 feet 
 deep, to bring up large loose nodules, which Avere too heavy to 
 lift with the tongs. These apparently primitive methods of 
 Avorking ansAvered admirably as long as the deposits Avere 
 shalloAV and labor cheap; but it Avas not long before the more 
 poAverful appliances of steam and machineiy came into use. 
 
 very large portion of the Carolina phosphate, and by far 
 the largest portion of the river deposits, are noAV raised by 
 
67 
 
 ■dredging from deeji waters, where the nodules lie on the bot- 
 tom sometimes covered by a layer of sand and mud several 
 feet in thickness. The dredges heretofore employed have 
 been found to work best in not more than twelve feet water, 
 twenty feet being the limit. At this depth they are able to 
 tear up the thickest and hardest phosiihate beds ; and under 
 favorable circumstances as much as 100 tons of rock a day have 
 been raised to the dredge. The dredge, which is the ordinary 
 single machine, emi)ties the mass of nodules, marl, sand, mud, 
 shells, etc., on a lioating washer of simpler though similar con- 
 struction to that employed for wasliing land rock. The clean 
 rock is loaded into "lighters” or barges, and transjiorted to 
 ■dry-sheds on shore. 
 
 Several elforts have recently Ireen made with specially 
 adapted machines to raise the deposit lying at greater depths, 
 and in larger cpiantity than the ordinary dredge can do, but so 
 far none of these attempts have been successful. At the present 
 time there are two immense dredging machines in progress of 
 construction which are calculated to do more and better work 
 than has yet been done, but these machines are not at work, 
 and no opinion, therefore, can be formed of them. There is no 
 doubt, however, that the more inaccessible deposits will be 
 excavated whenever the demand for phosphate is sufficient to 
 necessitate the supply, and though that day may not yet have 
 arrived, it is not so far distant. 
 
 One ot the most important operations in the preparation of 
 phosphate -rock for market is tlie drying of it, though it is one 
 which has been much neglected by t)hosr>hate miners. The 
 river rock has long been dried for foreign shipment in order to 
 lessen the cost of freight, and to raise the per centage of phos- 
 phate of lime in the rock. But land rock, which has been chief- 
 ly consumed at home, is seldom dried even now to less than six 
 ■or seven per cent, of water, and contains often as much as ten 
 I^er cent., the local Fertilizer works purchasing the rock wet 
 and drying it as needed 
 
 The most satisfactory method of drying employed so far is 
 the hot-air process, sun diying being too slow and uncertain to 
 be efficacious, and other methods tried having proved too 
 ■expensive on the large scale. A hot blast of air is forced by a 
 fan through perfoiated iron pipes into a brick kiln or dry-shed ; 
 into these sheds which hold 500 tons and over, the wet rock is 
 dumped upon the }>ipes, over which are sometimes laid logs ot 
 wood to aid in distributing the heat through the mass. In 
 this way 500 tons can be dried in thirty-six hours to from one 
 to three per cent, of moisture. This process would seem to 
 ■entail a great waste of heat and fuel, but it answers suff.ciently 
 well in practice, and as long as wood is cheap is more eco- 
 nomical than any other. 
 
 The river miners work under charters from the State, which 
 grant them a general right to work a specified territory with 
 ■any other comers, or under an exclusive right to such territo- 
 
68 
 
 ry. In eitlier case they pay a royalty to the State of $1.00 for 
 every ton of rock raised. 
 
 Number and Names of Companies Mining Phosphate Kock. 
 
 The followino; list gives the 
 
 jiresent engaged in mining lam 
 Land Mining Companies. 
 
 (l.j Charleston Mining and 
 Manufactn ring Co. ( W orks 
 on ,\shley liiver, near 
 Charleston ) 
 
 (2.) Gregg’s hhosjihate IMines. 
 (Works on Ashley River, 
 near Charleston.) 
 
 (3.) Pinckney’s Phosphate 
 Mines- (Works on Ashley 
 River, near Cliarleston.) 
 
 (4.) Rose Phosphate Mining 
 ami Manufacturing Co, 
 (Works on Ashley River, 
 near Charleston.) 
 
 (5.) Pacific Guano Co. (Works 
 on Bull River.) 
 
 (G.) St. Andrew’s Phosi>hate 
 Mining Co. (Works on 
 Stono River.) 
 
 (7.) Wando Phosphate Mines. 
 
 ( Works on Ashley River, 
 near Charleston. ) 
 
 (8.) Bradley’s Phosphate 
 Mines. { Works on Ran- 
 towles’ Creek, near Char- 
 leston.) 
 
 (9.) Drayton & Co.’s Phosphate 
 Mines. (Works on Ashley 
 River, near Charleston.) 
 
 (lO.)Bolton Phosphate Mines, 
 (Works on Stono River, 
 near Charleston.) 
 
 (ll.)Chisolm Phosphate Mines. 
 (Works on Ashley River, 
 near Charleston.) 
 
 (12.)Fi sh b u r n e Phos23hate 
 Mines. (Works on Ashley 
 River, near Charleston.) 
 
 (13.)Pon-pon Phosphate Mines 
 (Works on Edisto River.) 
 
 (14.)D o tt e r e r ’ s Phosphate 
 Mines. (Works on Church 
 Creek, near Charleston.) 
 
 names of the Companies at- 
 
 1 and river rock ; 
 
 River Mining Companies. 
 
 (1.) Coosa w Mining Co.. 
 ( "Works on Coosaw River, 
 near Beaufort.) 
 
 (2.) Oak Point .Mines Co. 
 (AVorks on Wimbee Creek,, 
 near Beaufort.) 
 
 (3.) Sea Island Chemical Co. 
 (Works on Beaufort 
 River.) 
 
 (4,) Farmer’s Phosphate Co- 
 (IVorks on Coosaw River.) 
 
 (5.) Hume Bros. & Co. (Works- 
 on Beaufort River.) 
 
 In addition to these the 
 following individuals are- 
 mining on a smaller scale- 
 on general rights : 
 
 (6.) David Roberts. (On W’im- 
 bee Creek.) 
 
 (7.) .1. W. Seabrook- (On Mor- 
 gan Biver.) 
 
 (8.) •). M. Crofut. (On Beau- 
 fort River.) 
 
 (0.) J. DeB. & J. Seabrook. 
 (On Parrot Creek.) 
 
 (lO.)Willis Wilkinson. (On 
 Stono River.) 
 
 (11)J. G. Taylor. (On Parrot 
 Creek.) 
 
The Land ^Mining Companies ensjaged employ a capital of 
 $1,980,000; 1,286 hands, with |363,560 wages, 'iheir products 
 ;amount to $1,283,830. 
 
 The River Mining Companies engaged employ a capital of 
 .$525,000; 649 hands, with $259,300 wages. Their products 
 .amount to $907,170. 
 
 The total capital employed is $2,505 000; number of hands, 
 4,935; wages, $622 860; products, $2,190,000. 
 
 (See Hand Book of State.) , 
 
 Mined and Shipped. 
 
 The following table gives the total amount of phosphate 
 Tock mined and shi])ped since the discovery of the South 
 ■Carolina deposits : 
 
 1868-70 
 
 Tons. 
 ... 20,000 
 
 1878 
 
 'I’ONS. 
 
 210 000 
 
 1871 
 
 .. .50,000 
 
 1879 
 
 200,000 
 
 1872 
 
 .. 60,000 
 
 1880 
 
 1 90,000 
 
 1873 
 
 ... 90,000 
 
 188! 
 
 265,000 
 
 1874 
 
 ...100,000 
 
 1882 
 
 330,000 
 
 1875 
 
 ...115,000 
 
 1883 
 
 355,000 
 
 1876 
 
 ...135,000 
 
 1884 
 
 409,000 
 
 1877 
 
 Total 
 
 ..165,000 
 
 
 2,699,000 
 
 'Of this amount : 
 River Rock 
 
 
 
 Tons. 
 1,229,170 
 
 I>and Rock 
 
 
 
 1,469,830 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 2,699,000 
 
 This amount at the very moderate average of six dollars per 
 iton has given to the State $10,149,000, of which the State has 
 been benefited by a royalty of $1,229,170. 
 
 The cost of production per ton varies. It is estimated at 
 $4.50, including the payment of ro3mltj’' and other expenses. 
 Upwards of one hundred thousand tons of crude rock are an- 
 nually consumed bv the fertilizer manufactories of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 The value of the phosphate now annually mined is $2,500,- 
 ‘000. The royalty paid to the State in 1884 was $153,797,02, 
 being one dollar per ton paid as moved by the marine com- 
 panies. The taxes levied on the product of the land com- 
 panies, and, the heavy tax on the fertidzer manufacturers are 
 ■exclusive of this large amount of revenue. 
 
 See Annual Report of News and Courier, and View of the 
 .(Industrial Life of the State.) 
 
70 
 
 THE EXTENT OF THE rilOSPHATE DErOSJT. 
 
 No systematic survey, determining tlie extent of these. 
 <lejiosits, has yet been attempted. The only information on 
 tliis head comes from prospectors, seeking easily accessible 
 rock in localities convenient for shipment. Widely varying 
 estimates as to the quantity of tiie rock liave been ventured. 
 Some have placed it as higli as live hundred millions of tons, 
 and others as lo'w as live millions. The latter is the estimate 
 of Dr. C. LI. Shepard, Jr., who has prepared a map of the region, 
 lie traced the deposit over 240,000 acres, and estimates the 
 accessible rock as covering only about 10,000 acres. Even tliis 
 e.stimated area at 800 tons per acre, whicli he gives as an aver- 
 age, should yield 8,000,000 tons. But if we examine a single 
 mining region, as that for instance occupied by the Coosaw 
 Company, we must conclude that he has very greatly underes- 
 timated the amount. This Company has the exclusive right to 
 a territory of about 0,000 acres in Coosaw Rivei’, besides the 
 adjacent marshes yet une.xplored Everywliere the river bot- 
 tom is covered with rock, which for the most part forms a solid 
 sheet, varying from eight inches to one and one-half feet in 
 thickness. Taking the lesser thickness, we have, with a spe- 
 cific gravity of 2.5, after subtracting twenty-five per cent, 
 for loss in washing or drying, something more than 1,700 
 tons to the acre, which would give for the river territory alone 
 belonging to this one Company something more than ten mil- 
 lions of tons. And in effect this Company (which is the only 
 thoroughly equipped river mining company now at work, 
 1881,) consider in spite of their large plant * * * * * 
 
 that their supply of material is practically unlimited. (Hand 
 Book of the State.) 
 
 COMPETITION FRO-M OTHER QI'ARTERS. 
 
 But it may be asked, is our little State the sole possessoi' of 
 these phosphate beds; or have we to fear competition from other 
 quarters? Tiie deiiosits of iihosphate rock have been found at 
 various points along the South Atlantic Coast, reaching from 
 North Carolina to Florida, and also in Alabama. But these 
 deposits have not yet been sufficiently developed to compete 
 with the South Carolina phosphate, and will probably not come 
 into the market until our deposits are nearly exhausted. There 
 are numerous j)hosphate deposits in Europe, among 'whicli 
 may be mentioned the Si);mish Phosphorite.'the Canadian 
 Apatite, the Bordeaux and Nassau piiosj)hates, the English 
 and French Coprolites, the Belgian phosi)hates, the Navassa 
 phosphate, and the Guanoes of the Islands of the Pacific Ocean; 
 but none of these phosphates, though some are much richer 
 than ours, .can at present compete with us in accessibility, 
 cheapness and unifoi’in cpiality. Occasionally there are ru- 
 mors of vast deposits being discovered in Russia, in the Pacific 
 
71 
 
 Islands, etc.; but so far the South Carolina phosphate forms 
 the back boiie, so to speak, of the phosphate industry not only 
 of America, but of Ens-land. And it should be remembered, 
 moreover, that even should we meet with competition abroad 
 .and thus lose the foreign trade in phosphate, which is now 
 very large, our home trade is ever on the increase, and that it 
 as to the Western and Southwestern States of the Union that 
 we should look for our future field of consumption. In this 
 field, at any rate, we need hardlv fear competition as long as 
 these deposits can supply the demand. 
 
 THE M.VXUF.VCITRE OF COJIMEI'CI.^L FERTILIZERS. 
 
 The gigantic manufacture of artificial manures is based on 
 the treatment of phosphate of lime with sulphuric acid, by 
 which the phosphate of calcium is decomposed, sulphate of 
 calcium formed, and the phosphoric acid converted into a 
 soluble acid calcium salt (a superphosphate), or else reduced to 
 the free state. The suggestion to act on bones with sulphuric 
 acid was made by Liebig (1840) ; the utilization of Crystalline 
 and Fossil phosphates by a similar treatment was the work of 
 Lawes (1843). 
 
 The process of manufacturing superphosphate of lime ordi- 
 narily employed, which is the one carried out at the Fertilizer 
 Works near Charle.ston. is briefly as follows; The kiln dried 
 phosphate rock is ground to powder in mills such are used for 
 grinding flour, and then treated with sulphuric acid in the 
 proportion of 900 pounds of Chamber acid of 49 degrees Beaume 
 to 1,000 pounds of phosphate. This is performed by machinery 
 in so-called “ mixing tubs ” or “ manure mixers,” the product 
 being a superphosphate containing ten to twelve per cent, 
 soluble phosphoric acid. From the mixerthe manure, which is 
 still liquid, is run into store-houses where it is allowed to set. 
 It becomes so hard after a time that it has to be cut down with 
 a pick, and the lumps passed through a disintegrator to reduce 
 them to powder, which is then tilled into bags and is ready for 
 shipment. Ce. tain gases are given off during the mixing; these 
 are carbonic acid, fluoride of silicon, hydrochloric acid and 
 Avater. Most of these are extremely irritating to the lungs, 
 and injurious to health and vegetation, their perfect removal 
 is a vital necessity, and flues for this purpose are placed above 
 the mixer. 
 
 In making most phosphate manures a mixture of ingredi- 
 ents is employed. Either it is desired to jiroduce a manure 
 containing a certain definite percentage of soluble phospihate, 
 or to introduce nitrogen and potash into the manure. To at- 
 tain the first object, a higher and lower quality of phosphate 
 are mixed together before treating it with acid : for the second 
 object the add super phosphate is mixed afterwards with am- 
 moniacal matter — dried blood, fish scrap, etc., and German 
 potash salts ikainit, or muriate of potash). The manures re- 
 
suiting from such mixtnres_ are known as “ackl phosphate,”’ 
 “ dissolved bone,” ‘‘ amniothated add phosphate,” “comi)lete 
 fertilizer,” “ash element,” etc. 
 
 All the cnore important fertilizer works near Charleston 
 manufacture their own sulplmric acid ; this indeed constitutes 
 one of their most exjiensive oiterations. Fur this purpose 
 sulphur is imported from Sicily, -only one of the works near- 
 Beaufort using iron pyrites from Spain. 
 
 Superphosphate of lime supplies to the soil large quantities 
 of phosphoric acid, sulplmric acid, and lime, and, in the case 
 of a mixed manure, also nitrogen and potash. In analyses of 
 super-]>hosphate.s the phosphoric acid is estimated in three 
 forms, as soluble in water, soluble in citrate of ammonia, and 
 insoluble. The soluble phosphate (by which is meant jihos- 
 ])hate soluble in water) consists of monocaldum phosphate 
 with some free phosiihoric acid. When applied to the 
 land the soluble phosphate is dissolveii by I’ain, and distri- 
 Iruted more or less throughout the surrounding soil. When 
 thus brought in contact with fertile soil, the soluble phosphate 
 is more or less speedily' precipitated. This precipitation is 
 brought about either by the ctarbonate of lime in the soil, or 
 by the hydrated oxide of iron and alumina present. In the 
 tirst case a more or less insoluble phosidiate of lime, and in 
 the second a basic iihosphate of iron and alumina are formed. 
 As basic phos|)bates of iron and alumina are certainly forms- 
 of phosplioric acid which can only be slowly approjiriated by 
 2>lants, it is evident that the main effect of soluble jdiosphate 
 must I>e yielded within a short time of its application. The 
 insoluble pho.sqthate of the superphosphate was formerly sup- 
 posed to consistsimply oftheoriginal pliosphate of the material 
 which had escaped the action of the acid; we now k 7 iow that 
 the insoluble ])hosphates consist partly, and in some super- 
 phosphates largely, of “reduced” or “reverted” jdiosphates, 
 that is phos2:ihates which have gone hack to the insoluable con- 
 dition owing to the action of the lime, ii-on, and alumina- 
 There has lately been mucb disctission intbe agricultural and 
 chemical world as to the manurial value of these reduced and 
 insoluble pjhosphates as compared with the phosphates solu- 
 ble in water. It has been argued by some that the manurial 
 value of reduced phosphate must be equal to that of soluble- 
 phosphate, because soluble phospbate becomes itself reduced 
 after contact with the soil ; and hence they have consented to- 
 call at least a i)art of these reduced phosphates “available” 
 in the soil. Others have gone farther, and maintain that the 
 non-crystallij-ie insoluble phosphate, such as the Carolina 
 phosphates, when ground to an impalpable powder, and com- 
 posted with vegetable matter producing carbonic acid upon 
 decomposition, or used along with certain leguminous plants 
 as a fallow crop, ai’e equally efficacious as reduced, or even 
 super-phosphate. They hold that the use of sulphuric acid. 
 
73 
 
 in the manufacture of super-phosphate is not only unneces- 
 sary and expensive, but absolutely injurious. The late Dr. St, 
 J. Kavenel, of Charleston, was of this opinion, in which he i& 
 confirmed by the views of several distinguished chemists in 
 England, Scotland, France, and Germany, and by practical re- 
 sults in the field, both at home and abroad. 
 
 KUMBER OF COMP.WIES EXG.VGED IX MANUFACTURIXG FERTI- 
 LIZERS IN SOUTH CAROLIN.\. 
 
 There are at present engaged in manufacturing commercial 
 fertilizers in South Carolina: 
 
 (1) . The Atlantic Phosphate Company — capital S2CO,000 
 works located on Aside}' Kiver, near Charleston. 
 
 (2) . The Stono Phosiihate Company — capitnl $135,000; works 
 located on Ashley Elver, near Charleston. 
 
 (3) . The Etiwan Phosphate Company — capital $300,000 ; 
 works located on Cooper Kiver, near Charleston. 
 
 (4) . The Pacific Guano Company — capital $1,000,000 ; works 
 located on Ashley River, near Charleston. 
 
 (5) . The Wando Phosphate Company — capital $100,000 ; 
 works located on Ashley River, near Charleston. 
 
 (6) . The Ashepoo Phosphate Company — capital $50,000;, 
 works located on Ashley River, near Charleston. 
 
 (7) . The Edisto Pliosphate Company — capital $200,000 
 works located on Cooper River, near Charleston. 
 
 (8) . The Ashley Phosphate Company — capital $100, 000- 
 works located on Central wharf, Charleston. 
 
 (9) . The Wilcox & Gibbs Guano Company; works located 
 on Cooper River, Charleston. 
 
 (10) . The Efume Bros. Phosphate Company — capital $500,000 - 
 works located on Beaufort Kiver, near Beaufort. 
 
 (11) . The Port Royal Fertilizing Company — capital $125,000 - 
 works located on Battery Creek, near Port Royal. 
 
74 
 
 i’erti lizejis siin'i’ED. 
 
 The following 
 shipped since 187 
 
 table gives 
 1 : 
 
 the total 
 
 amount of 
 
 fertilizers 
 
 
 1871. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1872. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1873. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1874. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 CRarleston 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Port Roval 
 
 ... 20,487 
 ... 27,447 
 
 87,183 
 82 922 
 
 56,298 
 
 56,296 
 
 46,302 
 
 .30,895 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 ... 47,934 
 
 70,105 
 
 112,594 
 
 77,197 
 
 
 1875. 
 
 1876. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Gharleston 
 
 Savannah 
 
 ^Port Roval 
 
 .. 49,500 
 .. 33,187 
 .. 4,000 
 
 47,381 
 
 33.000 
 
 12.000 
 
 45,7 66 
 45,591 
 26,000 
 
 52.000 
 61, .500 
 
 15.000 
 
 Total 
 
 
 92,381 
 
 117,357 
 
 128,500 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 ( 'harleston 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Port Roval 
 
 .. 55,000 
 .. 60,000 
 .. 12,000 
 
 80.00f) 
 
 65.000 
 
 26.000 
 
 100,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 39,245 
 
 95,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 28,279 
 
 Total 
 
 .. 127,000 
 
 181,000 
 
 249,245 
 
 223,279 
 
 
 
 1883. 
 
 
 1884. 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Port Roval 
 
 
 ..130,000 
 ..125 000 
 .. 25,000 
 
 
 143,790 
 
 70,000 
 
 23,094 
 
 Total 
 
 
 ..280,000 
 
 
 2.36,884 
 
 iS'cTE.— Of tbe shipments from Port Royal, 11,022 tons were 
 fertilizers manufactured at tlie works in Beaufort— [See An- 
 nual Report of News and Courier.] 
 
 OONSUMUTIOX OF FERTILIZERS. 
 
 In a c'omj)ilation by ]\lr. De Ghequie]', Secretaiy of the 
 Ghemical and Fertilizer Exchange of Baltimore, we find ; 
 
 Total consumption Oi .ommercial fertilizers in Tons. 
 
 Southern States 460,000 
 
 Delaware, Eastern States 25’oOO 
 
 Pennsylvania, New A'ork, New Jersey OO.’OOO 
 
 New England States ' 40,000 
 
 Western States 20 000 
 
 'I’oPil 635,000 
 
/O 
 
 According to this statement, it would appear that the South 
 Carolina companies are able to produce at least one-third of 
 the whole amount of fertilizers consumed in the United States. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 In this sketch, which has necessarily been brief and imper-^ 
 feet, attention has been drawn only to the most remarkable 
 facts in the history, origin and development of the South Car- 
 olina phosphates. Statistics up to date have been given, 
 showing that the phosphate industry has steadily increased im 
 imjiortance every vear since the discovery of the deposits, 
 until to-day it constitutes the largest and most successful en- 
 terjirise in the State. The benefit that has been confeiied, 
 not only upon the planters of the State ami the Southern 
 country in general, but also upon the whole agricultural woild, 
 by the development of these phosphates, cannot now be com- 
 puted. For ourselves, it is impossible to realize what we 
 would have done without them, and we dread to think of the 
 dav when they will have become exhausted. I venture to say, 
 however, that this last we need not fear at least for years, even 
 generations to come. And by the time that South Carolina 
 has exhausted her supply, let us hope that the deposits in 
 ■some of our sister States will have been sufficiently developed 
 not onlv to furnish us with phosphates as bountifully as vie 
 have do'ne them, but have enough to spare for the rest of the- 
 world. 
 
 In conclusion, I would impress upon strangers passing 
 through the citv of Charleston, and all who have not yet seen 
 the South Carolina phosphates, the desirability of visiting 
 the works in this vicinity, which are really not only inter- 
 esting, but instructive as models of industrial energy and prac- 
 tical good management. 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 In ])rei>;u ing this statement of tlie trade and commerce of 
 tduirleston we find we cannot do better tlian make nse of the 
 valuable compilation prejiared by the industry of that able 
 journal, the Charleston News and Courier. 
 
 We have, by the courteous permission of the editor, availed 
 ourselves largely of their columns, and we think it will be 
 found that a correct idea has been given of the growing j)ros- 
 perity of this city. 
 
 It is great cause for congratulation that South Carolina and 
 Charleston should have borne so well the brunt of such a year 
 as that which ended Se]jteniber 1, 1884. Strictly speaking, 
 there has not been a single commercial failure in Charleston 
 during the year on account of the failure of the crops and the 
 dullness of tratle. This proves that business here is in a 
 healthy condition, and that the people of the State in general 
 are at least not in debt to any eml)arrassing extent. 
 
 The tables published elsewhere to-day show the extent of 
 (Charleston’s business during the commercial year 1883-84, the 
 total amount being |64,.)1 2,190. In naval stores and phosphate 
 rock, in fertilizers and in cotton goods the falling off is small 
 as compared with last year, and the local manufactures show a 
 small increase. This is an e.vcellent sisn,and must impress 
 upon the Charleston public the great importance of multiply- 
 ing those small industries which yield a large return in pro- 
 portion to the amount of capital invested in them. There is 
 room for many minor industries in Charleston which would 
 give employment to persons who now find it difficult to obtain 
 occupation, and which will return a larger ])roportionate jirofit 
 than the more ambitious undertakings to which we are accus- 
 tomed to look 
 
 The city is in readiness for all the business that can be 
 attracted here in the new commercial year. The wharves and 
 w’arehouses are in excellent order. The cotton presses have 
 no superiors anywhere. The railroad wdiarves permit bulky 
 freights to be handled with close economy, and steps are takiiig 
 to put the railroads in direct communication with every wharf 
 on the eastern front of the city. In what is here said con- 
 cerning the extension of Charleston’s trade wdll be found the 
 proof that the dealers here are alive to the necessities of the 
 times, and understand that to meet competition they must 
 canvass actively for customers. Tlie Charleston merchants and 
 business men should be in high spirits, as they have nothing 
 
to fear if they use, as intelligently as they can, the means and 
 the opportunities at their command. 
 
 Charleston itself gives evidence everywhere of steady im- 
 provement. In the great increase in building in the northern 
 part of the city, in the very considerable advance in prices of 
 real estate in the upper wards, in the admirable condition of 
 the principal streets, in the thorough organization of the Fire- 
 Department, in the zeal and etliciency of the Police force, in 
 the introduction of the electric light for street lighting in six 
 of the twelve wards of the city, in the opening of public gar- 
 dens, in the enlargement of the water snpjjly, and in the suc- 
 cessful establishment of an hotel at Sullivan’s Island, that 
 would do credit to Manhattan Beach, there is substantial and 
 unmistakable evidence that Charleston is moving forward. An 
 important element in it all is the knowledge that the Munici- 
 pal government is administered on strict business principles, 
 and that the public receive one hundred cents in value for 
 every dollar that is spent. The publics credit of the cit_v is 
 deservedly high, and this public credit strengthens the credit 
 of the individual. The health of Charleston continues to be 
 remarkably good, and the means of education and for ac- 
 quiring higher knowledge in art, as well as in science, have 
 been libei-ally increased. 
 
 The subjoined statement shows the amount of business in 
 the principal articles of trade in Charleston during the past 
 year. In the case of cotton and other staples the receipis at 
 this port are given, while in cotton goods, iertilizers and vege- 
 tables the amount of the shipments is reported. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that crops of all kinds were very 
 short dining this year, and the volume of all business was 
 greatly reduced by the financial panic of the summer of 1884. 
 
 Cotton, u])land, bales 418,882 
 
 Sea island, bags 9,397 
 
 Rice, barrels 67,47(> 
 
 Naval stoi'es, spirits, casks (14,207 
 
 Naval stores, rosin, barrels 2(14. 049 
 
 Phosphate rock, crude, tons 190,714 
 
 Fertilizers, tons 143.790 
 
 Lumber, fe e t 34 , OO: 1 , 1 7 0 
 
 Cotton goods, domestics, bales 45,104 
 
 F'ruits, vegetables, packages 035,027 
 
78 
 
 Tlie subjoined table sliows the amount of the trade and 
 'Commerce of Charleston for 1883-84: 
 
 ( 'otton, uplands $18,849,690 
 
 Cotton, sea island 1,127,640 
 
 Kice 1,079,616 
 
 Naval stores, spirits 898,898 
 
 Naval stores, rosin 462,085 
 
 Phosphate rock, crude 1,278,641 
 
 Fertilizers 2,588,220 
 
 Taunber 2,500,000 
 
 ( 'utton goods, domestics, &c 2,255,000 
 
 Fruits ;u)d vegetables 800,000 
 
 JManufac.tures, excluding fertilizers 6,757,400 
 
 Wholesale and retail trade 25,915,000 
 
 Total $64,512,190 
 
 We give below a full account of the trade and commerce of 
 Clharleston, in its ditferent dejrartnients, which can be read 
 with jirotit by every one interested in knowing the condition 
 mid prospect of the business of the city ; 
 
 OUR FOREIGN TRADE. 
 
 The returns in the year of the aggregate of foreign inniorts 
 and exports show a falling off from the previous year in both 
 branches. This is due chiefly to the short crops of 1883-84. 
 The value of exports for the year just closed was 116,115,630, 
 against 122,570,167 for the previous year- Of imports the 
 values were $432,937 for this year, against $506,565 for the pre- 
 vious year. 
 
 The following table shoivs the foreign e.xports for the year 
 ending August 1, 1884, by months: 
 
 1883. 
 
 August 
 
 tSeptember, 
 
 October 
 
 November. 
 December . 
 
 1884. 
 
 ..Tanuary ... 
 February.. 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 'July 
 
 Flxports, 
 ,$ 178,619 
 
 124,730 
 2,882,114 
 . 3,809,069 
 
 . 2,224,022 
 
 2,043,209 
 
 1,895,396 
 
 1,903,406 
 
 338,201 
 
 428,617 
 
 149,705 
 
 138,542 
 
 Total 
 
 $16,115,630 
 
79 
 
 The following' table will show the value of foreign exports 
 for the past seven years : 
 
 Year ending 
 August 1, 1878 
 August 1, 1879 
 Atigust 1, 1880 
 August 1, 1881 
 August 1, 1882 
 August 1, 1888 
 August 1, 1884 
 
 ( 'HAELESTON MANUFACTURES. 
 
 AX EXXOURAGIXG EXHIBIT — THE VALUE OF THE TKODUCTS SLIGHT- 
 LY INCREASED. 
 
 In the commercial year ending August 31, 1883, the total 
 value of the products of the manufacturing establishments in 
 and around Charleston was $9,341,400. It will surprise the 
 imblic to know that in the year now ending the value of the 
 products of our local industries has been slightly increased — 
 the amount being $9,449,400. There is a considerable increase 
 in the number of hands emplojxd, the number in 1884 being 
 (5,847, against 6,558 the year before. 
 
 Exports. 
 .$ 17,619,448 
 . 19,630,397 
 . 19,724,620 
 
 . 26,646,074 
 
 , 19,617.480 
 
 22,570,167 
 16,115,630 
 
80 
 
 The following table shows the number of manufacturing es- 
 tablishments in and around Charleston, the number of hands 
 employed, the amount of capital, and the value of the annual 
 product ; 
 
 CLASS OF MANUFACTURE. 
 
 - 
 
 03 tfi 
 
 “z ^ 
 
 ^ 03 
 
 S™ 
 
 2; 
 
 Number of liands 
 employed. 
 
 <x> 
 
 03 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 1 Value of annual 
 product. 
 
 i 
 
 Ctotton Factories 
 
 1 
 
 400 
 
 $ .500,000 
 
 8 750,001) 
 
 Bagsing p^actcries 
 
 1 
 
 225 
 
 300,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 Fertilizers 
 
 11 
 
 1,016 
 
 250 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 .500,000 
 
 2.700.000 
 
 1.350.000 
 
 Rice Mills 
 
 4 
 
 Iron Works 
 
 3 
 
 120 
 
 180,000 
 
 1.55 000 
 
 Saw Mills 
 
 6 
 
 181 
 
 245,000 
 
 510,000 
 
 Sash, Blind, and Door Factories. Buiiding 
 Material 
 
 5 
 
 234 
 
 160,000 
 
 280,000 
 
 Ship and Boat Building 
 
 3 
 
 130 
 
 25,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 Candy Factories 
 
 5 
 
 75 
 
 22,000 
 
 100 000 
 
 Beer Breweries 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 50,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 Job Printing, Newspapers, etc 
 
 1.5 
 
 220 
 
 2.50, COO 
 
 300,000 
 
 Carriages and Wagons' 
 
 11 
 
 95 
 
 45.000 
 
 10,5,000 
 
 Flour Grist, etc 
 
 14 
 
 140 
 
 68,.500 
 
 165.700 
 
 Cigars and Toliacco 
 
 11 
 
 55 
 
 50,000 
 
 33,000 
 
 Concrete Piping 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3.000 
 
 9.000 
 
 Saddleiw, etc 
 
 11 
 
 GO 
 
 45,000 
 
 98,000 
 
 Shirts and Itnderwear 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 5.000 
 
 J5 000 
 
 Marble and Granite Works 
 
 0 
 
 69 
 
 50,000 
 
 11,5,000 
 
 .Soda Water Factor! e.= 
 
 (i 
 
 130 
 
 35,000 
 
 78,000 
 
 Boots and Shoes 
 
 11 
 
 40 
 
 11, .5011 
 
 25 000 
 
 Axle Grease 
 
 '2 
 
 5 
 
 8..500 
 
 17,0011 
 
 Bakerie.s 
 
 35 
 
 140 
 
 .56,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 Mecli allies (proprietors) 
 
 107 
 
 3,445 
 
 200,000 
 
 460,IX)0 
 
 Street Car repairs 
 
 •2 
 
 15 
 
 7,000 
 
 18.000 
 
 Men’s Clothing 
 
 i) 
 
 81 
 
 70,000 
 
 93.000 
 
 Furniture 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 25,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 Lock and Gunsinithing 
 
 G 
 
 10 
 
 10,000 
 
 11,900 
 
 Paper Hanging and Painting 
 
 20 
 
 145 
 
 17,000 
 
 48,000 
 
 Photographing 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 12,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 Engraving 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 7,000 
 
 48.000 
 
 Plumbing, elc 
 
 10 
 
 42 
 
 70, too 
 
 93.090 
 
 Tin and Copper, etc 
 
 10 
 
 4H 
 
 .39,000 
 
 58,000 
 
 Upholstering 
 
 7 
 
 49 
 
 38,000 
 
 53,000 
 
 Watch and Clock Makers 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 27 000 
 
 29,800 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 11 
 
 290 
 
 700;900 
 
 620,001) 
 
 Totals 
 
 372 
 
 6,847; 
 
 SO, .332,401) 
 
 89,4.57,400 
 
 TRADE SALES. 
 
 In the table of aggregate sales only .such branches of tlie 
 retail trade are included as have representatives among the 
 wholesale merchants, but there are several important branches 
 of Hie retail trade which have no such representation. Tire 
 principal of these are jewelry and silverware, toys and confcc- 
 
81 
 
 tionery, musical instillments, basket ware and hair goods. Tlie 
 first of these, jewelry and silverware, is the most important, 
 the aggregate sales amounting to about |250,000. The total 
 sales of all these branches of retail trade will probably swell 
 the aggregate sales of the city |i900, 000, makingthe total figure, 
 in round numbers, §27,000,000. 
 
 Total Sales for the Year Ending August 31, 1884. 
 
 
 Whole- 
 
 sale. 
 
 Retail. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Groceries, liquors and tobacco 
 
 §10,750,000 
 
 13,250,000 
 
 §14,000,000 
 
 rionimissioTi honsp.s 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 
 2 000 000 
 
 Grain and hav 
 
 600,000 
 
 310,000 
 
 910,000 
 
 Dry goods 
 
 2,400,000 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 Boots and shoes 
 
 850,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 Hats and caps 
 
 60,000 
 
 115,000 
 
 175,000 
 
 Drugs and medicines 
 
 275,000 
 
 1 75,000 
 
 450,000 
 
 Hardware 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 1,700,000 
 
 Crockery 
 
 110,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 135,000 
 
 Faints and oils 
 
 375,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 450,000 
 
 Saddlerv 
 
 80,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 Stationery, &c 
 
 250,00(1 
 
 75,000 
 
 325,000 
 
 Furniture 
 
 100,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 Beer and soda water 
 
 300,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 340,000 
 
 Ice 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 50 000 
 
 Fish and oysters 
 
 40j)00 
 
 
 40,000 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 §19,740,000 
 
 §6,175,000 
 
 §25,915,000 
 
 PHOSPHATES. 
 
 The following companies are mining in this vicinity, and 
 their estimated production per annum when working full ca- 
 
 pacity is ; 
 
 Tons. 
 
 ■Charleston Mining and Manufacturing Company 75,000 
 
 W^m. Gregg 30,000 
 
 L. N. Chisolm 10,000 
 
 Julian Fishburne ; 10,000 
 
 C. C. Pinckney, Jr 25,000 
 
 Charles II. Drayton & Co 10,000 
 
 Rose Mining Company 25,000 
 
 Wm.L. Bradley 25,000 
 
 St Andrew’s Phosphate Company 17,000 
 
 Bolton Mines 12,000 
 
 F. C. Fishburne 12,000 
 
 H. Dotterer 6,000 
 
 Total 257,000 
 
82 
 
 In addition to the above regular miners who sell crude 
 rock, there are in this vicinity the Wando Phosphate mines, 
 which turn out annually about 10,000, tons most of which is 
 ground up by the company and sold in that state or manipu- 
 lated by them. 
 
 In the vicinity of Beaufort and St. Helena the following 
 companies are at work, with an annual production about as 
 
 follows : 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Coosaw IMining Company, river rock ....100,000 
 
 Pacitic Guano Company, land rock 20,000 
 
 Farmers’ Phosphate Company, river rock 6,000’ 
 
 Sea Island Chemical Company, river rock 30,000 
 
 Oak Point Mines, land and river rock 20,000 
 
 Hume Bros. & ('o., Limited, river rock 8,000 
 
 The following table shows the value of the phosjjhate-mining 
 business, the shiiunents and consumption in the year just closed 
 being the largest we have on record, and representing, at the 
 rate of §().5() a ton, a gross sum of 82,059,109, for 1SS3-84: 
 
 Shipment.s, foreign and coastwise, 
 ( 'iiarleston and by rail 
 
 1883-84. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 from 
 
 1882-83,. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 19(!,714 
 
 183,011 
 
 Shipments from Beaufort 
 
 
 127,000 
 
 Total tons 
 
 355,468 
 
 .310,011 
 
 Consumed by local manufactui-ers.... 
 
 5.3,035 
 
 42,620 
 
 Grand total tons 
 
 409,10.3 
 
 352,631 
 
 MAN U F A CTU RED FERTI LI ZERS. 
 
 The following table shows the shipments of commercial fer- 
 tilizers, mainly of ( Iiarleston manufacture, during the year 
 ending August 31 ; 
 
 N. E. Pailroad .30,158 
 
 (land S. Bail way 18,294 
 
 South (.'arolina Bailway 7 .....' 86,620 
 
 By sail vessels 2,349 
 
 By steamers , 0,369 
 
 Total tons 143,790 
 
S3 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 RECEIPTS OF UPL.IN’DS FOR THE PAST YEAR. 
 
 Tlie receipts of upland cotton at the port of Cliarleston, 
 from Seiitember 1, 1883, to August 31, 1884, were as follows: 
 
 •South Carolina Eailway 1149.541 
 
 Northeastern Railroad 101,493 
 
 (Charleston and Savannah Railway 40,955 
 
 ■Georgetown steamers 14,306 
 
 Beaufort and Edisto steamers 374 
 
 Other sources 12 213 
 
 Total 418,882 
 
 In addition to this 1,486 bags of sea islands were received 
 by steamboats. 
 
 EXPORTS FOR 1883-84. 
 
 The exports of upland and sea island cotton from Charleston 
 to foreign ports for 1883 and 1884 were as follows ; 
 
 Sea Island. 
 Bags. 
 
 Liverpool 2,743 
 
 Bergen, Scotland 
 
 Upland. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 105,835 
 
 1,100 
 
 Total Great Britain, 
 
 2,743 106,935 
 
 Havre 31 24,467 
 
 'Other French ports 
 
 Total France 31 24,467 
 
 North of Europe. 
 
 Reval 17,816 
 
 Bremen 51,308 
 
 'Gothenliurg 6,590 
 
 Amsterdam 1,264 
 
 Total North of Europe 76,978 
 
 South of Europe. 
 
 ■Barcelona 34,059 
 
 Genoa 8,802 
 
 Bebastoiiol 14.505 
 
 Total South of Europe 57,366 
 
 Total foreign 
 
 2,774 265,746 
 
84 
 
 Total exports of uplands to coastwise ports; 
 
 To Boston Bales... 17,703 
 
 New York 99,179 
 
 Philadelphia 10,170 
 
 Baltimore 15,798 
 
 Other United States ports 2,682 
 
 Total coastwise 145,.538 
 
 RICE MARKET. 
 
 Carolina rice is fav'orably known in every part of the world. 
 From 1850 to I860 the crop averaged from 100,000 to 163,000 
 tierces a year. It was impracticable, however, after the Con- 
 federate war to continue the cultivation of rice on the old 
 scale, and for the last twenty years the crop has averaged only 
 40,000 to 45,000 tierc' s a year. It is an expensive crop to cul- 
 tivate, and is exposed to many dangers ; but they who have 
 conducted their operations carefully, on plantations favorably 
 situated, have made money steadily. 
 
 EXPORTS OF RICE FROM CTI AHLESTON. 
 
 To New York; bbls. 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 United States ports 
 
 Total exports 
 
 City consumption 
 
 8,274 
 8,064 
 .22, .366 
 8,708 
 
 47,412 
 
 ,20,541 
 
 Total 67,953 
 
 Tot«l receipts at Charleston from September 1, 
 
 1883, to August 31, 1884 bbls 67,476 
 
 Stock Sei)temher 1, 1883 1,352 — 68,828 
 
 Stock August 31, 1884 87-5 
 
 NAVAL STORES. 
 
 The trade in naval stores, although of comparatively recent 
 growth, the bulk of the business having been created in the 
 last fifteen years, is next to the cotton trade, the chief support 
 of tlie commerce of Charleston. The following statement 
 shows the receipts and exports at this port from September 1, 
 1883, to August 31, 1884, as compared with the year before : 
 
 1883-84 1882-83. 
 
 Sp’ts. Rosin. Sp’ts. Rosin. 
 
 Stock on hand Sept. 1, 1883. 4,043 40,661 1,020 30,502 
 
 Received Sept. 1, 1883, to 
 
 Aug.31,1884 64,207 264,049 68,937 297,-534 
 
 Total 68,250 304,710 69,9.57 328,030. 
 
85 
 
 COASTWISE EXPORTS- 
 
 The coastwise exports of naval stores from Sept. 1, 1883, to 
 August 31, 188-1, as compared with last year were as follows : 
 
 
 1883- 
 
 -84. 
 
 1882- 
 
 -83. 
 
 
 Spirits. 
 
 Rosin. 
 
 Spirits. 
 
 Rosin. 
 
 
 Caslis. 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 Casks. 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 
 . 100 
 
 3,876 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 . 6,191 
 
 30,597 
 
 10,408 
 
 42,486 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 
 3,290 
 
 3,242 
 
 3,471 
 
 Balti more 
 
 
 7,0.54 
 
 1,167 
 
 9,871- 
 
 Other United States ports.. 1,258 
 
 
 
 4,771 
 
 2,651 
 
 Total coastwise 
 
 .13,626 
 
 44,816 
 
 19,588 
 
 58,479 
 
 
 -.49,744 
 
 234,965 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total 
 
 .63,370 
 
 279,781 
 
 65,914 
 
 287,385 
 
 f)n hand 
 
 , 4 880 
 
 24,929 
 
 4,043 
 
 40,661 
 
 
 TiUMBER. 
 
 
 
 
 The lumber trade of Charleston is confined almost exclu- 
 sively to yellow pine, drawn from the counties of Barnwell, 
 Colleton and Berkeley and floated down the Edisto, Ashepoo, 
 and Salkehatchie Rivers. 
 
 The exports of lumber, and crossties, foreign and coastwise 
 were : 
 
 Lumber No. of 
 feet. Crossties. 
 
 New York 20,384,628 317,691 
 
 Philadelphia 3,419,046 
 
 Baltimore 1,833,348 
 
 Other U- S. ports 1,979,754 
 
 Total domestic ports 27,616,776 317,691 
 
 Foreign ports 3,969,677 1,159,026 
 
 Total .31,586.463 1,476,717 
 
 PRODUCE. 
 
 The trade in produce was large during the year in conse- 
 quence of the short crops in the State. 
 
 n.\Y. 
 
 The receipts during the past year Avere far in excess of pre- 
 vious years, amounting to 65,700 bales. The local consumption 
 was increased by larger local demands, added to the demand 
 from the interior. 
 
80 
 
 CORN. 
 
 In conseciucnce of the partial failure of the corn ca'op la.st 
 season the importations Avere large, amounting to 971,000 
 bushels. 
 
 0.\TS. . 
 
 The I'eceipts during the year past amount to 160,000 bushels, 
 coming about equally by railroad and water. 
 
 FLOUR. 
 
 The city consumption of flour is e.stimated at about l,-')00 
 barrels weekly, and the shipments to the islands and interior 
 nearly as much more, and as tliere is none in-oduced in 
 Charleston, the great bulk of this large supply comes to us 
 from the West. 
 
 TRUCK FARMS. 
 
 Tlie season of 1S8I proved a profitable one to the Charles- 
 ton truck farmers and shippers, although the crops were some- 
 Avhat short. The favorable outrun was owing chiefiy to the 
 improved facilities for transportation and closer connections 
 by rail between the shipping point and the points of destina- 
 tion. A portion of the area on the suburbs of Charleston de- 
 voted to the raising of berries and vegetables has been cut off, 
 a good deal of farm land inside the city limits having been 
 cut up into building lots and sold. The following table ex- 
 hibits the shijmients of berries and vegetables by rail and 
 steamei' during the past three years ; 
 
 Strawberries, quarts. 
 
 Potatoes, barrels 
 
 Vegetables, packages 
 
 1884. 1883. 1882. 
 
 ,450,680 708,476 504,970 
 
 . 45,349 51,460 43,296 
 
 . 62,333 81,332 86,761 
 
 RANKS. 
 
 The banking business of Charleston is done by three Ka- 
 tional banks, one State bank, and five sa\dngs banks. The 
 National and State banks reioresent a combined capital of §1,- 
 250,000 and a surplus capital of §511,000. The five savings in- 
 stitutions, one of which was started during the present com- 
 mercial year, have an aggregate capital of §500, 000, -a surplus 
 of §109,000 and a dejcosit account aggregating §2,526,0(.)0. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1884. 
 
 The industrial progress of South Corolina in the last ten 
 years has been far more rapid than the most sanguine have 
 supposed. The income of the people of the State, last year, 
 derived from agriculture, manufactures, and mining, was half 
 as large again as it was in 1860, the most prosperous year, un- 
 der the old system, the State had ever known. The State has 
 
recovered the ofround that was lost by emancipation, by negro 
 suffrage, by political misrule and official corruption. And the 
 most significant circumstance is that the industrial triumph 
 now proclaimed is mainly the result of the work of four or 
 five years. Since the redemption and regeneration of the 
 State in 1877, the growth of manufactures has been astonish- 
 ing in its mpidity and volume. Agricultural operations could 
 be carried on, with reasonable success, in even the dai’kest 
 days of strife and misrule, but the undertakings which were 
 ilependent on the concentration of capital for their develo])- 
 ment remained torpid, if not dead, until the return of confi- 
 dence breathed into them new life and vigor. As briefly as 
 we may, we tell the story. 
 
 The manufactures in the Slate first demand attention as a 
 comparatively new feature in the industrial histoi-y of the 
 State, Begining with cotton manufactures, it is seen that the 
 value, in gold, of the product of all the cotton mills in the 
 State was as follows: 
 
 1860 § 713,050 
 
 1870 1,274,944 
 
 1880 2.895,769 
 
 1883-84 7,9(33,198 
 
 The percentage of increase was as follows : 
 
 1860-70 78 per cent. 
 
 1870-80 127 per cent. 
 
 1880-84 175 ]>er cent. 
 
 In a little more than three years, ending .Tauuaiw, 1884, the 
 increase in production was a third more than in the ten years 
 ending in 1880, and the whole product in 1883 was ten times 
 as great as the product in 1860. This is not the whole truth. 
 The actual capacity of the cotton mills in South Carolina, as 
 they stand to-day, is at least $9,000,000. The production of 
 the cotton mills in the State this year should be three times 
 as great as the production in 1880. 
 
 The production of lumber and naval stores has increased 
 with exhilarating rapidity. In 1880 and in 1883 respectively 
 the value of the product was : 
 
 1880. 1883. 
 
 laimber 12,031,507 $5,592 565 
 
 Naval Stores 2,857,981 2,912,271 
 
 §4,889,488 §8,504,836 
 The increase in the value of the product in three years is 
 74 per cent. In value, tlie lumber and naval stores business 
 e.vceeds bv half a million dollars the value of the product of 
 the cotton mills last year. The lumber and naval stores last 
 year equalled in value 212, (>20 bales of cotton at $40 to the 
 bale. 
 
88 
 
 There is another branch of manufactures which is yet in 
 its teens, but is of great importance — the manufacture of com- 
 mercial fertilizers. Last year the value of the commercial 
 fertilizers manufactured in this State was §3,3-16,400. All the 
 factories are in or around Charleston, or in Beaufort County. 
 
 Taking the classification of manufactures which is followed 
 in the United States Census, and reducing the value of the 
 products in 1870 to a gold basis, we obtain the following re- 
 sults, being the whole value of all manufactured products in 
 South Carolina : 
 
 1860 § 8,615,195- 
 
 1870 8,215,198 
 
 1880 16,738,008 
 
 1883 32,324,404 
 
 During the worst period of .African and Carpet-bag domin- 
 ion the manufactures diminished in amount, but they doubled 
 in amount in the ten years following, and doubled again in 
 the three following years when honest government was firmly 
 established. Where is there another State in the Ibiion 
 which, under similar cii’cumstam’s and with so many discour- 
 agements, can display such jn-ogress as this? The white mi- 
 nority in this State, who supply the brains and capital in 
 manufactures, as in agriculture, have cause indeed to be proud 
 of their achievements. 
 
 Although the value of the products of the mines and quar- 
 ries (exclusive of phosphate rock ) is not large, it exhibits a 
 gratifying growth. Last year, including phosphate rock, the 
 wdiole value of the products of the mines and quarries was 
 $2,440,000, against sui'li a bagatelle as $17,000 in 1860 and $16,- 
 573 in 1870. The discovery of the phos])hate deposits has 
 been a boon, indeed, to South Carolina. The phosphate tax 
 forms one-fifth of the whole revenue of the State. Since 1868- 
 70, 2,290,000 tons of rock have been mined. The value at §6 a 
 ton w'as $13,740,000. Tdie profit on the phosphate rock was, at 
 least, $3,435,000. Several thousand hands are constantly em- 
 ployed in mining and j)reparing the rock. The rock still 
 available is estimated to amount to from 8,000,000 to 10,000,- 
 000 tons. 
 
 The progress of the State in agriculture has been satisfacto- 
 ry, as is irroved by the following statement of the production 
 of cotton, corn, and small grain : 
 
 1860. 1870. 1883. 
 
 Cotton, bales 3.53,412 224,500 , 468,227 
 
 Corn, bushels 15,635,606 7,614,207, 10,876,744 
 
 Oats, bushels 906.924 613593 4,187. 082 
 
 Wheat, bushels 1,285,631 782,610 1,383,731 
 
 The year 1883 was mo.st unfavorable, the crop of cotton, as 
 comjrared with 1882, being reduced 32 per cent, by drought,. 
 
89 
 
 rust, and worms, while corn was reduced 43 per cent, oats 8 
 per cent, and wheat 2 per cent. In spite of this, the cotton 
 crop in 1883 was 114,815 bales more than in 1860. 
 
 Charleston is the commercial emporium of the State of 
 South Carolina, and a brief I’esume of the industilal i^rosress 
 of the State, on which she depends so largel}^ for her business, 
 will be a fitting close to the exhibit of the city’s commercial 
 standing and progress. 
 
 It now remains to show the income of the people of the 
 State from agriculture, manufactures and mining at ditferent 
 periods ; 
 
 1860. 
 
 Agriculture 845,823,512 
 
 ^lanufactures 8,615,195 
 
 Mines and quarries 17,000 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 Mines and quarries 
 
 1870. 
 
 854,455,707 
 
 834,924,58o' 
 . 8,215,918 
 16,573 
 
 1880. 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 Manufacture.s 
 
 Mines and quarries 
 
 843,157,076 
 
 .841,969.749 
 . 16,738,008 
 . 1 ,180.805 
 
 1883. 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 Mines and quarries 
 
 859,888,562 
 
 841,790,321 
 . 32,324,404 
 . 2,440,000 
 
 876, .554, 725 
 
 Such are the concrete results of toil, sacrifice and persever- 
 ance. Despite the terrible losses of sixteen years of war and 
 negro rule, South Carolina, last year, derived from agriculture, 
 manufactures and mining twenty-two million dollars more 
 than in 1860. .During a little more than three years of estab- 
 lished white rule, including one terribly bad farming season, 
 the income of the people increased seventeen million dollars, 
 which is more than the whole increase in income from 1870 to 
 1880. 
 
 S. Y. Tupper, 
 
 E. H. Frost, 
 
 D. E Huger Smith, 
 
 Committee on Trade 
 and Commerce. 
 
DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF TIIF 
 
 —OF — 
 
 WKLKER, EVflRS 8c COGSWELL, 
 
 Nos, o ]>ROAi) AND 100 East J>ay Streets, 
 CHARLESTON. S. C. 
 
 Few of the friends of this enterprising and successful eshib- 
 lishuient have any idea of the largeness of the scale upon 
 which its oiierations are conducted. Commencing with a 
 small bindery and stationery store, occupying a part of the 
 building 10f> East Bay, it has steadily grown until it now 
 requires the five stories and cellar of the capacious buildings 
 3 Broad and 109 East Bay Streets, having nearly 35,000 s<]uare 
 feet of floor room. The building is now crowded, and the 
 growth of the business will soon demand additional room. 
 The l)usiness embraces a full stock of Paper and Stationery, 
 and a complete Printing Ottice for Book and Job work, a 
 Puling Boom, and large Bindery for Blank Book work. The 
 firm publishes the Southern Christian Adrocate and certain 
 Southern School Books They order miscellaneous books, 
 and job the school books adopted for the South Carolina 
 Public Schools. 
 
 Their trade extends all over the Southern. States, and there 
 is scarcely a city or town in this territory where the name is 
 not known to business houses, and known favorably for 
 liberality, j)rogressiveness and honest work. 
 
 On entering the Broad Street Store is seen a splendid displays 
 of Stajile and Fancy Stationery, and the large Blank Book 
 stock. The Blank Books are principally made in the estab- 
 lishment, but recently the run of job work in the Bindery has 
 made it impossible to make up some of the lower grade of 
 hooks A very large assortment of Envelopes are also kept, 
 and stock sufficient to supply at once the most liberal orders. 
 
 The line of Fine Note and Fancy Box Papers is very fine , 
 and suited to the most fastidious taste. 
 
91 
 
 Stationery is all bought at tirst hands and is all known to 
 be good. 
 
 The working of that wonderful invention for multiplying 
 copies of a writing, the llektograiih, of which \V , E. & C. are 
 (ieneral Agents for North Carolina, South ( 'arolina, Georgia 
 and Alabama, is also courteously shown in the Broad Street 
 Store- 
 
 Passing tb.e Business Otfices and turning to tlie left we come 
 into the L of the buihling facing on East Bay. 
 
 Immediately on the right is the large stock of Siaple Writing 
 Papers — Notes. Letters, Caps, Legal Caps, etc., eic — all grades 
 and all prices; over one hundred diferent himh. 
 
 To the left is the stock of Twine and Beserve Stock of 
 Stationery, and further on the- Reserve Stock of Half-Bound 
 Blank Books, And yet again, the Stock of Reynold’s Readers 
 and Copy Books, ami other Standard School Books. 
 
 Near the East Bay front is the Receiving and Shipping 
 Department, connected with all the tioors by an Elevator. 
 Everything coming down from the shops is hei'e put up and 
 shipped to its destination in South Carolina, or ])crhaps Rich- 
 mond, Va., or perchance New Orleans, La. 
 
 This firm shij^s more goods by express and mail than any in 
 the city. 
 
 The Office, situated at the southwest corner of the building, 
 at the junction of the Broad and East Bay stores, is the heart 
 of the whole establishment. Connected with each department 
 by speaking tubes and a small parcel elevator, the entire 
 working of the establishment is easily directed. Customers 
 are not required to go into the Printing Office or Bindery, but 
 are received in the office and their wants attended to. 
 
 The Superintendent is always present when work begins at 
 seven o’clock in the morning, and personally learns the con- 
 dition of every piece of work every day. 
 
 The most thorough system penneates the entire manage- 
 ment of thedousiness, and an onler duly entered and correctly 
 started passes from department to department until it comes 
 out in its finished state and is shipped to its destination. 
 Mistakes occur — they happen everywhere — but every precau- 
 tion is taken to reduce them to a minimum, and where the}' 
 pass outside. the firm is always most liberal in rectifying them. 
 Every order is numbered, and, with a samjileof the finished 
 work, is kept, so that by referring to the registered number, 
 which is on every job on which it can l;e placed without 
 injury to its appearance, a customer can secure an exact dupli- 
 cation of his work. Tliis is a very gi'eat convenience. The 
 orders have l)een kept since January, 1874, and they will 
 number by January, 188(i, over one hundred thousand. 
 
 The establishment eonstanthj has about 100 employees. 
 
 The large employment of young ladies is very commendable 
 giving many an opportunity of earning an independent com- 
 
92 
 
 petenc'e for themselves. The neat, healthful and lady-like 
 appearance of all employed proves that the work is entirely 
 suitable. 
 
 IMost of the employees of the establishment have been with 
 it for years, and it is almost unknown for any employee to 
 leave the firm for work elsewhere. The desertions are con- 
 lined, almost entirely to the girls— who all leave eventually to 
 fill a woman’s ]>lace in the home. “They all do it” — they 
 will get married. 
 
 The second story of the Broad Street Store is devoted to the 
 Ruling Room. Here the Ruling on Blank Books, Forms and 
 Folded Papers is done Three of Ilickok’s single and one 
 extra large double (the best) (Machines are kept busily going, 
 and often the huge piles of paper awaiting attention show that 
 even these are unable at times to meet all the demands upon 
 them. The Ruling (Machine is very simple but the operation 
 of Ruling very delicate, requiring judgment and care. 
 
 Nearly all the Folded Papers — Notes, Letters and Caps — 
 sold by the establishment are ruled here because it is more 
 carefully done than at the Mills, and their customers have 
 better work. The aim of the firm is constantly to raise the 
 standard of excellence while reducing the cost of production, 
 but quaUty is never sacrificed to price, as there is full demand 
 for first-class work. 
 
 Such large operations naturally retjuire a large stock to 
 manufacture from. This is kept on the second story of the 
 East Bay Store. Flat Papers of all .sizes and weights; Ledger 
 Papers of the finest make— Brown’s, Weston’s, Southworth, 
 and other noted mills; Tags and Tag Board ; Cover Paper and 
 Card Board ; Printing and Book Paper, are all here found in 
 goodly piles. 
 
 These are bought direct from the mills. 
 
 Part of the Stock Room is also devoted to the reserve stock 
 of Full -Bound Blank Books. 
 
 Near by is one of the Cutting Machines, where the paper is 
 manipulated previous to passing to the Printing Office. 
 
 And, in the South-west corner of the second stor}" is the 
 Boiler and Engine which supplies the motive power to the 
 machinery. Both Charleston built, and doing most effective 
 and satisfactory work. 
 
 Ascending to the third floor, we are met by the busy hum 
 of machinery. Immediately before us, in the East Bay front, 
 is the I’ress Room— Presses all of the most improved construc- 
 tion, each adapted to its particular work. The light-running 
 Gordon’s, for small work; the rapid Hoe’s Cylinders, for 
 larger work, Hoe’s Cylinder Revolving Press for newspaper 
 work, and the steady Adams’ Presses for book work. All are 
 fed by girls, who do this work most successfully and neatly. 
 
 Without doubling the forms, the Press Room has a capacitj'' 
 of turning out 1-5, 000 finished sheets per hour, or 1-50,000 per 
 
93 
 
 day — a production, we do not think, equalled in any Press 
 Koom in the South. 
 
 The Black Ink ordinarily used costs $1 per lb., and is made 
 to order. 
 
 Colored Inks are also used, but the run of work being Mer- 
 cantile, Bank, and Railroad Printing, thfere is not much call 
 for fine colors. 
 
 In logical order, before the Press Room should come the 
 Composing Room. This is situated on the third floor. Broad 
 Street Front, and is well lighted and most conveniently 
 arranged, with all the most approved typographic conven- 
 iences. 
 
 Hundreds of fonts of type, of all varieties, fill the various 
 “ cases” — as the printers call them — “ drawers,” the uninitiated 
 would say. All the handsome, new type is bought as soon as 
 shown by the Founders. 
 
 In the front of the Room is the Job Room, and at the back 
 the Book Room. 
 
 The varied character of the w'ork executed calls for all 
 capacities in the workmen, and tasks the foreman to keep 
 everything straight. 
 
 The type is here set up and prepared for the press. When 
 ready, and the thousands of little pieces of metal each put in 
 its place, the form is passed into the Press Boom. After 
 printing each individual type has to be replaced for further 
 use. 
 
 Mounting yet another story we come into the Bindery, where 
 the Large Ledgers and hundreds of Blank Books are made. 
 In the Girls’ Room they are sewed and paged and then passed 
 into the hands of the Binders. 
 
 Have you ever seen a blank book made? Let us see how 
 many hands it passes through before completion : Superin- 
 tendent, 1; Layer Out, 2; Ruler and his Feeder, 4 ; Maker 
 Up, 5 ; Sewer, C ; Pager,?; Compositor, 8 ; Proof Reader and 
 Copy Holdei-, 10; Pressman and Feeder, 12 ; Forwai’der, 13 ; 
 Finisher, 14; Shipper, 15. Fifteen handx certainly, and fre- 
 quently more, and neither does more than his share in the 
 W'ork. Is it not surprising that even thorough system and 
 complete division of labor can cheapen the work to the extent 
 that it is? Competition forces economy and only by the system 
 and saving of a large establishment can books be profitabh' 
 made. 
 
 Two years since; at the request of the South Carolina Con- 
 ference, the firm undertook the publication of the organ of 
 the M. E. C., S. — The Southern Christian Advocate. Commenc- 
 ing with the bare name and good will, hut having the active 
 assistance of the preachers in the Ctnference, they have 
 worked the Advocate up to success. Its scope of usefulness 
 has weekly increased, and under its able editorial manage- 
 ment it is a welcome visitor into thousands of families. 
 
94 
 
 The firm has entered the field of School Book Publication 
 and has commenced the publication, at home, of home school 
 boohs. 
 
 Keynolds’ Headers and Copy Books, adopted by the State 
 Board of Education for use in the Public Schools of the State, 
 and by the Charleston School Commissioners for the City 
 Schools, are <;ood books and equal to the wants of our schools. 
 These are but the beginnings, and the general encouragement 
 given, inducing the firm to persevere, they have other books 
 in prejiaration which will soon be published. Their aim is to 
 have a complete seiies, which can be adopted everywhere on 
 their merits, and not because of gratuities, and fill the long felt 
 want for home books, by home authors and home publishers. 
 
 The entire Fifth Floor is devoted to the Engraving and 
 Stereotype Department. The firm controls a patent process 
 by which engravings of every description are cheaply and 
 rapidly reproduced. For the better understanding of their 
 process, we give the 
 
 GENERAL INimRlIATIOX IN REGARD TO OUR PLATES. 
 
 The Relief Plates produced by our process offer all the 
 advantages of wood cuts, and are preferable to them in many 
 respects, as they are more durable, never warp, and the print- 
 ing surface remains true and smooth iu all temperatures; they 
 can be ])rinted with type on an ordinary press, electrotyped or 
 stereotyped in the usual wa.y. Concerning depth and precision 
 of lines, variety and exactness of designs, they compare favor- 
 ably with the best artistic work of engravers. 
 
 Dopy. — this process being pre-eminently a copying process, 
 it is obvious that the excellency of the reproduction will 
 ■depend iu a great measure on the quality of the original, 
 although minor defects can be remedied iu the plate. 
 
 Of engravings to be copied perfectly, black prints on white 
 paper must be furnished. 
 
 Drawings of any description should be made on smooth, 
 white paper, and even the finest lines must be thoroughly 
 shaiqi ami black. 
 
 Lithographs and crayon drawings give surprisingly good 
 relief plates, but it requires careful printing to do them 
 justice. 
 
 Photographs from nature are not reproduced direct, but are 
 used by the artists for the lendering of pen drawings. 
 
 ItEDUcnoN AND ENLARGEMENT. — The facility to enlarge or 
 reduce furnished copies is one of the many advantages of their 
 process, and can be carried to extreme limits, but it is not 
 always advisable to do so, as the lines become proportionately 
 coarse and ragged in too great an enlargement and so fine and 
 close together in too great a reduction that they are apt to fill 
 in printing. Pen drawings and wood cuts can be reduced to 
 advantage, in proportion to the boldness of the lines, say one- 
 
half or one-fourth of the original size. Fine crayon drawings, 
 lithographs and steel engravings, may be slightly enlarged 
 with good results. 
 
 Time. — They are able to fill even large orders within a week or 
 two, but being generally crow'ded wTth w'ork for several w’eeks 
 ahead, Ave advise their customers to send their orders as early 
 as possible. 
 
 Printing. — It is hardly necessary to mention, that, though a 
 bad plate can never print well, even the best engraving can be 
 spoiled by poor printing. In all cases the printed results 
 should be as good as the proofs which accompany the plates. 
 
 They will, on application, furnish estimates for printing, and 
 w ill personally supervise the same, thus procuring the best 
 press work possible. 
 
 Prices. — The co-^t of preparation A’aries with the size and 
 quality of the subject, but it is in all cases below' the price of 
 wood cuts, the difference becoming more striking the more 
 complicated and difficult the design. 
 
 In simply sketching the history of this firm ive omit many 
 details Avhich enter into a large printing and engraving estab- 
 lishment, only adding that every kind of W’ork that comes 
 w’ithin its range is done bj' them; and having the fullest 
 capacit}' for doing a large business, they can fill orders 
 prompti}', no matter to what extent. 
 
 an^ %ttsf 
 
 Offers the Best Guaranteed Security to its 
 Depositors, having a 
 
 STOCK CAPITA! OF fSOOg©©©. 
 
 These Deiiosits are kept separately from the general business of the 
 Bank, are specially invested in good Securities, and in addition, are 
 guaranteed by the large Capital of the Company, thereby offering a 
 perfectly safe investment. 
 
 DEPQSlfi mVlfli AID Umil- IlflDflD. 
 
 Interest allowed at 5 Per Cent. Per Annum, Compounded 
 Semi-Annually, January and July. 
 
 E. H. FROST, President. 
 
 W. B. WILLIAMS, F. A. MITCHELL,' 
 
 Vice-President. Cashier. 
 
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