Div.Sch. Quarto BL 603 .$55x 1900 7 oe 6’? ’ : } ; f Ye -) " i i ray ry an Mi Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/illustratedsymbo01 smit et Se RA RA RE EE EEE OE EAT AT OS LCA TS ILLUSTRATED Symbols and Emblems OF THE JEWISH, EARLY CHRISTIAN, GREEK, LATIN, AND MODERN CHURCHES #0936 §, 8TH ST, 1960 2YU6 IT? a =F ¢ H.-J. SMITH | 2. DPbMadelpbias... . Je M. ADAMS | | | Class . Book a 7 10 Lowell City Library. ’ Gbe fo 7 é COPYRIGHT 1900 BY H, J. SMITH, PHILADELPHIA Copyrighted in Great Britain (iv) Nae ren re nn aa ee ae era 2, ie es Git 6 \ Wye uctee : Div.S, Sat 5 Se 49 7 - Preface SAE great increase of art schools throughout our country during the past ten years has added largely to the number of those who are able to justly appreciate and criticise art work. It has also added largely to the class that depend upon art occupations for a livelihood. But while these schools are thus elevating the art standard of our country, the subject of Symbolism seems to have been overlooked, and the graduates are left to learn or to guess at the meaning of the symbols that are used so lavishly in our churches. The same want of instruction in this branch of art work is also painfully evident in art glass, tapestry, etc., that are brought into the country from abroad. I have seen in foreign work the pictured head of a saint surrounded with the cruciform nimbus, the pictured head of a female saint crowned with an arched crown, and the flaming torch on an art tablet commemorating the virtues of the deceased. Apart from these incongruities, the work com- manded respect. Why this general neglect? A search through our public libraries revealed many works on the subject, but 631248 written by and for the theologian or the archzologist. The art student may be interested, but has not the time, when in search of information, to read them. One may, after considerable labor, find about fifty different emblems illustrated in these works. I have en- deavored to make the subject as plain and concise as possible, giving over three hundred and fifty illustrated symbols and emblems, their biblical or other foundation, and a few leading points of information about them, so that the clergyman, architect, illustrator, decorator, etc., may see at a glance what they require. ‘T had long wished that someone would write such a work, when it occurred to me that few had the facilities at hand that I possessed, my position demanding the almost daily use of these symbols. The great majority of the illustrations have been used by me in actual work, and therefore have the approval of the clergymen of various denominations. The types are not arbitrary; the greatest latitude in regard to color is admissible in nearly all cases, but when heraldic . devices are used, one cannot be too careful either in form or color. H. J. SMITH. PHILADELPHIA, Pa., Igo0. Goraiercereney ; The following authorities have been mainly consulted in compiling this book: OWEN JONES A. A. DIDRON A. W. PUGIN F. E. HULME, F.u.s. AND F.s.A. The biblical quotations are from the King James Bible, except those marked D, which are from the Douay Bible. ( vii ) —e-r oo ii oD 631248 Designed, edited and illustrated | by H. ¥. SMITH. ( viii } x eee Tlustrated Spmbols and Emblems ‘of tbe Jewish, Carly Christian, Greek, Latin and Modern Churches maaay Wa// Y V7, : V 4 le N ) de N28 Le N se a Se j: j LYN Ih ANS \ pa. 1 mcs ee —_—=- —__= = ae er Wee 3 Zé ff x fi ih yf Ii | hi i; \ i SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Plate I Symbol of the Jehovah The triangle is the symbol of. Jehovah in all churches, but with the letters (Jehovah) in centre is used only in Christian churches. “And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty ; but by my name Jehovah was I not known to them.” Lxodus vis 3. NotTE.—This form of triangle should not be used as an emblem of the Trinity. It does not denote - equality. I Mu f H/, wh Wy, \ Ti Zins Sam nt R Plate II SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS The double interlacing triangle is used in very many of the Jewish Synagogues, and is called the shield of David. The two Yods in centre are not part of the shield, but are sometimes placed as shown; they are also used in centre of triangle, and are an abbreviation of the word Jehovah, and are used by the Jews to express that word, on account of the prohibition to pronounce or write the word in full. II. Triangle containing the word Lorp in Hebrew. Surrounded by rays in circle form. Emblematic of the Eternal Lord. “And Abraham planted a grove in Beer-sheba, and called there on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God.” Genesis xxi - 33- (5) ene pL : Coy =a >) aN if Oy Sasi’ = tz g | y : Z v g : | \ DS) YEN Ys N Cong VU2B le, : \ \ Z y LE 7 / | Ss y, VWZB 2 \ ? VA Ca 444g re ‘. ) a suis ZF} ZA re So, (-_ = TW A Yj Wo Uy} ee EE NS, cn) = Coy) SEES =) iH Xu < N\ 10 £») = : F A ee yp P AN ~ 2 \\ NY Li | . — = N >. = si or. \ ‘ 7 | | S Tans SNSs3 \% \; =N LA SS | wey Vi A Wa\\\ i X ANNO 5H NN = r | \ AA AA a) JESS 2 = AQ S Plate III SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS First Day of Creation “Tn the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. “And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. “And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. “And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. “And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.” Genests i: 1-5. The cloud is used here as the symbol of Jehovah. “ And the Lord came down in a cloud.” Numbers xt: 25. “And the Lord descended in the cloud, and stood with him there, and pro- claimed the name of the Lord.” Exodus xxxtv: 5. (7) it \ Ni OY \ ) i my ahs i ‘Mi | Yi Ny (NTS AHIR TNR NI ‘ ih Mh... Hi 2 Plate IV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Second Day of Creation “And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. “And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament : and it was so. “And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.” : Genesis i: 6-8, The flame is used here as a symbol of Jehovah. < aA SoS ane “And the Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them S the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and - nig See Exodus xitt: 22. a “And I looked, and behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a aS infolding itself, and a brightness was about it.” i Lxckielis ¢. _&) —_ pO i, s \% * e 1 o - ve i] =e 5 5 iN v\ ‘ 1” pens u ESSE Ue a 65 : 2: Pee , 5 ry 4 : % > Se ix RUA Otay Ww: + a r Ty { SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Third Day of Creation “And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. “And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good. “And the evening and the morning were the third day.” Genesis is 11-13. | The hand is a symbol of the power of the Creator. Fine. Sox “There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and ' that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God.” | Ecclesiastes tt: 24, = ae == YY i Ny ANS Wii Ee UL Yarn A : i SS ) i\) Se Le Ec 2 SF 7 WN SASQ\ \\\ x SS 4 SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Fourth Day of Creation “And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven, to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years: “And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven, to give light upon the earth: and it was so. “And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. “And God set them in the firmament of the heaven, to give light upon the earth. “And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. “And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.” Genesis i: 14-19. Symbol, cloud in Creator’s star; reference same as Plate III. (13) 1 ' ~ DN ig SN MeN \ Gin \ aes | on Y/Y AN A ahs y, i" 7 iy AGUAS: 0 l A { ) ; + Li ‘ ( | Wy | \ E a a N NS i i ‘ f 3 1 By i \ =I \ aN: re ° Rin my \ ” eae NY 4 y = .' Var Y \\ V] : 4! ei \¥) N AVY us Wnt " ‘’ f AN iN | : aN i | \ A vA ‘ | 1 i ie ¢ 0 | : : U/ i tt iy m ~ R \N N | MM one yy 4 s ee ic | Ait aie i il ni Hh ! ia y Plate VII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS ids Fifth Day of Creation “And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. “And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly after their kind: and God saw that it was good. “And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful. and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas ; and let fowl multiply in the earth. “And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.” Genests i: 20-23. if The symbol used is the hand with rays. (15) A) a4 7 Ws, Da “ans a yrekuy IY, os i E = YUL USS Less apl A e | ae a: = ——a . aby Wy Zax Sf 3 a Ke) wy Ke ; * a= 4 Nic! Wests = as NRCC wiliyierG Neale ailles AN ™ NR ANN oy yy 4! NN A gel ~ aati a penny Sy y) (Ne wre \ Bees | “nen Se ayia eSeiti B oe Ses SY] ~ ‘ N . \ ANN See 5 Ne y ete Ser : Cc apa 1é ew? racing Pa — AN shine: ITT] UP ater or praca Sie eis Plate VIII Sirth Day of Creation “And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. “And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. “And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him : male and female created he them. “And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. “And God said, Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. “And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so. “And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.” Genests t: 24-31. “And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.” Genesis ti: 7. “Thy hands have made me, and fashioned me.” Psalms cxix: 73. (17) SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS re Stars By BOI: ‘@) \2 y a Bs 4 | ny) ‘ j ok 4) a ; ——SSFF—eo————————FJ SPN VSes— , Ts Wie SS QS 24 5 = SO ROW IE ee —— NG lees oh UES a =F OL ae ——— SSSS3 oe QS a + G~ ger la rattles 2. ————— yy) ee a) < ‘e, ‘. \e, 2 > 4} BAERS 13? PORN i) ——— -—\)' AN ea rae Fae NEL OOS = : LIS a eeTaN TRAYS ahaa Wess EAS PHO eee NESS ou 22 oO SOR | ; AS “S AN RN Se yyte we Mg S R “\ ‘a ( ww Tt 45 En We. 7@ SSS st = eee FU. ee. aN mS v v {ED ee ee Plate 1X SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS \ \ Seventh Day of Creation “ Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. “And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. “And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it; because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.” Genesis i: 1-3. (19) } Ny ] ay r = \ AS a (? #/ deg \ Nats \ Sine pnnnes x \ eri N \ = LAY mA wr roy . vie y “. wepueee! vey Aa ni37 uy LS SS Wy aa iN Y Am e \) \ 0 SA y \ ROX i \ SSS >" iS Of =) SSS Ss / oe Plate X SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1). Beard. Attribute. Emblematic of man (male.) (2) Skull. Symbol of mankind, or the human race. (3) Serpent. An emblem ofsin. On the apple tree it is emblematic of the temptation and fall. “ And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die.” Genesis tit: g. The apple tree is an emblem of the knowledge of good and evil. (4) The flaming sword suggests the expulsion from the Garden of Eden and the punishment of Satan or sin. “So he drove out the man: and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden, cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.” Genesis ttt 2 24. (21) Plate XI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Results of the Fall (1) The Snake (sin) encircling the world. Through Adam’s sin and fall, sin entered into, and had dominion over, the whole world. See Romans v: 12; 1st John v: 19. (2) The Jaws of Hell. “Therefore hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure.” Isaiah v: 4. (3) Skull and Crossbones. _ This is a very old, and much used, emblem of Death. ~ (23) an Eel ean ft HI ie i ie shy a titty eal itt sa i "al | it = Q a oe { a Hy ebui alt! Plate XII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Dragon. The Dragon is an emblem of Satan or sin. It is also used as an emblem of pestilence. See Rev. xii: 9. VM Results of the Dominion of Sin “ And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. “And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. “ And the Lord said, I will destroy man, whom I have created, from the face of the earth; both man and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air: for it repenteth me that I have made them.” Genesis vis 5-7. (2) The Flood. “ And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth. “ And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth ; and the ark went upon the face of the waters. “ And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered. “ Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were cov- ered. “And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cat- tle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man. “All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died. “ And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark. “And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days.” Genesis vit: 17-24, (25) Gg =, Z= t —_ Ws. ——, 2) epee OF, SoS Wa, Oy NY =) — aT} SX ant ok ee "we “ SSS Nt Ww Wale dnarct = = = S Y g a a = — : mo A pS FSS See © $$ Plate XIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS | (1) Returning Dove Emblematic of peace and returning prosperity. | i «And the dove came into him in the evening: and lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.” Gen. viii: rz. rH (2) Chanksgiving and Promise “ And Noah builded an altar unto the Lord: and took every clean beast, and every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.’ Gen, viii: 20. “And God said, This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations : “IT do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth. “ And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud: “ And I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh: and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh. “And the bow shall be set in the cloud: and Iwill look upon it, that I ‘ may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of the earth. “And God said unto Noah, This is the token of the covenant, which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth.”’ Gen, tx: 12-17. The rainbow is symbolic of God’s mercy and faithfulness. FI ik he j | 4) TETRIS: ' i rs A 1 INN < NAS mw 2 D iG ra u aS £ic *:|3 ‘ n> Vie Yan (age = | Med 5 \ y = = oN ‘i 4 ‘ wd NY a Sgn ‘ = Ral S Fe CaN | ey ce v 4 — D i] aa BS - if) Se . rE, —y HP = a £ | Lt = } = | Paes =P } @ ; {| pas . "3 Mut LG 2 as i TN SSeS SS = = S i | | i ‘ YSZ ya < Ae te Ne pees sea || Tisai & alt Sal \ AIae toa : | y | | {H i | | | | | | | Il ’ i ; | ; | iil | ih | ANI I i } HAE A Hi ll HA i a A | | Hh i i l th ie ————— Ss ———————SS= SSS _——aanae=a——SSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSS 2=aaSaSaSa_l_—_—_==== SS = Gf ———— A ; = —— FF SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) The Burning Bush. “And the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire, out of the midst of a bush: and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed.” ¥ Exodus tit: 2. The bush is generally said to have been an acacia tree. (2) _ Jehovah’s promise to Abram. “And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them. And he said unto him, So shall thy seed be.” Genesis xu: 5. (See also Acts #%: 25.) (29) BY Plate xv SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblems of the Twelve Tribes “And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last days. “Gather yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of Jacob ; and hearken unto Israel your father.” Genests xlix: 2, 2. Judah; emblem, a Lion. “ Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise ; thy hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies : thy father’s children shall bow down before thee. “Judah is a lion’s whelp; from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up? “ The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. “ Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass’s colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes: “His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk.” Genests xlix: 8-12. ~ Tssachar; emblem, an Ass. “Tssachar is a strong ass, couching down between two burdens: “And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute.” Genesis xlix: I4, 15. Zebulun ; emblem, a Ship. “ Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships: and his border shall be unto Zidon.” Genesis xlix: 13- Reuben ; emblem, the Sea. “Reuben, thou art my first-born, my might, and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power. “Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel; because thou wentest up to thy father’s bed ; then defiledst thou it ; he went up to my couch.” Genesis xlix: 3, 4. (31) a; Plate XVI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Simeon; emblem, a Sword. “ Simeon and Levi are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their habita- tions. “OQ, my soul, come not thou into their secret ; unto their assembly, mine honour, be not thou united: for in their anger they slew a man, and in their self- will they digged down a wall. “ Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel: IT will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.” Genesis xx: 5-7. Gad; emblem, a Standard. “Gad, a troop shail overcome him; but he shall overcome at the last.” Genests xlix: 19. Ephraim ; emblem, a Vine. “And when Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him; and he held up his father’s hand, to remove it from Ephraim’s head unto Manasseh’s head. “And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father: for this is the first- born ; put thy right hand upon his head. ‘And his father refused, and said, I know it, my son, I know it: he also shall become a people, and he also shall be great; but truly his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall become a multitude of nations. “And he blessed them that day, saying, In thee shall Israel bless, saying, God makethee as Ephraim, and as Manasseh : and he set Ephraim before Manas- seh. “And Israel said unto Joseph, Behold, I die; but God shall be with you, and bring you again unto the land of your fathers. “Moreover, I have given to thee one portion above thy brethren, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow.” Genesis xluiti: 17-22. Benjamin; emblem, a Wolf. “ Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf; in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil.” Genesis xlix: 27. (33) Sc a eee patsy, a ec EN Plate XVII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Manasseh; emblem, a Palm. (Reference the same as for Ephraim.) Dan; emblem, a Serpent. “ Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel. “Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall fall backward. “T have waited for thy salvation, O Lord.” Genesis xlix: 16-18. Asher; emblem, a Vase. “Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal dainties.” Genesis xlix: 20. Naphtali; emblem, a Hind. “Naphtali is a hind let loose; he giveth goodly words.” Genesis xlix : 21. In the division of the promised land the Levites received no portion, but were to receive one-tenth of the products from the other tribes; they in turn were to give one-tenth to the Priests. Sa (35) ny Jo BLO GR. U A %, AN | LL J LL i KA NUE : 5 Plate XVIII | SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS The Ten Commandments “ And God spake all these words, saying, “Tam the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. “Thou shalt have no other gods before me. “ Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: “Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; “And showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments. ‘Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain ; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. “Remember the sabbath day to keep it holy. “Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: “ But the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy man-servant, nor thy maid- | servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: “ For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it. “ Honour thy father and thy mother; that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. “Thou shalt not kill. “Thou shalt not commit adultery. “ Thou shalt not steal. “ Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s wife, nor his man-servant, nor his maid-servant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour’s.” ; Exodus xx: I-17. “And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God.” Exodus xxxi: 18. Represents the Pentateuch or Torah, the name given to the first five books of the Bible. The Pentateuch is always written by hand, and on vellum. Being hand work, it is expensive,—sometimes exceedingiy so. (37) ae} =) LeLeaT ITLL a Tere ng,! ay Vm Ga = : a eV \ (1) Ark of the Covenant. “ And they shall make an ark of shittim-wood: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. “And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold; within and without shalt thou overlay it, and shalt make upon it a crown of gold round about. “And thou shalt cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in the four corners thereof; and two rings shall be in the one side of it, and two rings in the other side of it. “ And thou shalt make staves of shittim-wood, and overlay them with gold. “And thou shalt put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, that the ark may be borne with them. “The staves shall be in the rings of the ark; they shall not be taken from it. “And thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee. “And thou shalt make a mercy-seat of pure gold: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof. “And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of beaten work shalt thou make them, in the two ends of the mercy-seat. “And make one cherub on the one end, and the other cherub on the other end ; even of the mercy-seat shall ye make the cherubims on the two ends thereotl. “And the cherubims shall stretch forth their wings on high, covering the mercy-seat with their wings, and their faces shall look one to another; toward the mercy-seat shall the faces of the cherubims be. “And thou shalt put the mercy-seat above upon the ark; and in the ark thou shalt put the testimony that I shall give thee. | “And there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the mercy-seat, from between the two cherubims which are upon the ark of the testimony, of all things which I will give thee in commandment unto the children of Israel.” Exodus xxv: 10-22. The Christians use the Ark of the Covenant, the Cherubims, the Mercy Seat, and the Divine Shechinah, as symbolical of Christ, the divine presence and the promised place of meeting. (39) SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS R SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (2) Altar of Incense. “And thou shalt make an altar to burn incense upon: of shittim-wood shalt thou make it. “A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof; four- square shall it be: and two cubits shall be the height thereof: the horns thereof shall be of the same. “And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, the top thereof, and the sides thereof round about, and the horns thereof: and thou shalt make unto it a crown of gold round about. “And two golden rings shalt thou make to it under the crown of it, by the two corners thereof; upon the two sides of it shalt thou make it; and they shall be for places for the staves to bear it withal. “And thou shalt make the staves of shittim-wood, and overlay them with gold. “And thou shalt put it before the vail that is by the ark of the testimony, before the mercy-seat that is over the testimony, where I will meet with thee. “And Aaron shall burn thereon sweet incense every morning: when he dresseth the lamps, he shall burn incense upon it. “And when Aaron lighteth the lamps at even, he shall burn incense upon it: a perpetual incense before the Lord throughout your generations. “Ye shall offer no strange incense thereon, nor burnt-sacrifice, nor meat- offering ; neither shall ye pour drink-offering thereon. “And Aaron shall make an atonement upon the horns of it once in a year with the blood of the sin-offering of atonements: once in the year shall he make atonement upon it, throughout your generations: it is most holy unto the Lord.” Exodus xxx: I-10. Altar of Incense, with the perpetual fire burning, ones the perpetual intercession of Christ. C9 Vessels used in the Tabernacle. (40) ee ILS IN fh \\ NS} Wh \\ ve meet pl pea NITY We i \ HR | . . *~ ) ¥ r ‘ | i ’ 1 2 . ’ ‘ = : ~*~ i a 3 i ’ m if — we * ” re . ~ 4 f ¢ { : " . F ns 5 1 P . w7 if - : é e i : - i ne aalients 7 eu i . 4 rms Pease » 7. a PAP peri : ? - a Le ‘ . Da) ,* 4 “i * : *. Sn a 1? ad a soos - o_o . ’ die “td a4 a ah, “+ NE ie Bi : \. ; ee a SSE 6 th teenage RS eR ete eth nk 2 A ia | php ttn Cd tema es’ . age eee a (Lh Lc a Plate XX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Gis) Brazen Laver. “Thou shalt also make a laver of brass, and his foot also of brass, to wash withal: and thou shalt put it between the tabernacle of the congregation and the altar, and thou shait put water therein: “For Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and their feet thereat. “When they go into the tabernacle of the congregation, they shall wash with water, that they die not; or when they come near to the altar to minister, to burn offering made by fire unto the Lord: “So they shall wash their hands and their feet, that they die not; and it shall be a statute for ever to them, even to him and to his seed throughout their oe Exodus xxx: 18-21. Laver filled with water; emblematic of the Holy Spirit and of the freedom o1 purification. See John vit: 37-39; Eph.v: 26. generations.” €2.) Altar of Burnt Offering. “And thou shalt make an altar of shittim-wood, five cubits long, and five cubits broad ; the altar shall be four-square ; and the height thereof shall be three cubits. “And thou shalt make the horns of it upon the four corners thereof: his horns shall be of the same: and thou shalt overlay it with brass. “And thou shalt make his pans to receive his ashes, and his shovels, and his basons, and his flesh-hooks, and his fire-pans: all the vessels thereof thou shalt make of brass. “And thou shalt make for it a grate of net-work of brass; and upon the net shalt thou make four brazen rings in the four corners thereof. “And thou shalt put it under the compass of the altar beneath, that the net may be even to the midst of the altar. “And thou shalt make staves for the altar, staves of shittim-wood, and over- lay them with brass. “And the staves shall be put into the rings, and the staves shall be upon the two sides of the altar, to bear it. “ Hollow with boards shalt thou make it; as it was shewed thee in the mount so shall they make it.” Exodus xxvii: 1-8. Altar of Burnt Offering; typical of Christ and His cross, where all was given to God. See Hebrews x: I0. (43) 2 Tt nT En Ne a \ 4 \ Sars . “@> ~ — . ° ° . ry ° 4 ° » ea Plate XXI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) “And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon it, like the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD. “ And thou shalt put it ona blue lace, that it may be upon the mitre; upon the fore front of the mitre it shall be. “And it shall be upon Aaron’s forehead, that Aaron may bear the iniquity of the holy things, which the children of Israel shall hallow in all their holy gifts; and it shall be always upon his forehead, that they may be accepted before the Lord.” Exodus xxvitt : 36-38. (2) Breastplate. “And thou shalt make the breastplate of judgment with cunning work; after the work of the ephod thou shalt make it; of gold, of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, and of fine twined linen, shalt thou make it. “ Four-square it shall be, being doubled; a span shall be the length thereof, and a span shall be the breadth thereof. “And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this shall be the first row. “And the second row shall be an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. “And the third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. “‘ And the fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and ajasper: they shall be set in gold in their inclosings. “And the stones shall be with the names of the children of Israel, twelve, according to their names, like the engravings of a signet; every one with his name shall they be according to the twelve tribes. SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Breastplate.— Continued. “And thou shalt make upon the breastplate chains at the ends of wreathen work of pure gold. “And thou shalt make upon the breastplate two rings of gold, and shalt put the two rings on the two ends of the breastplate. “And thou shalt put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two rings which are on the ends of the breastplate. “And the other two ends of the two wreathen chains thou shalt fasten in the two ouches, and put them on the shoulderpieces of the ephod before it. “‘ And thou shalt make two rings of gold, and thou shalt put them upon the two ends of the breastplate, in the border thereof, which is in the side of the ephod inward. “And two other rings of gold thou shalt make, and shalt put them on the two sides of the ephod underneath, toward the forepart thereof, over against the other coupling thereof, above the curious girdle of the ephod. “ And they shall bind the breastplate by the rings thereof unto the rings of the ephod with a lace of blue, that it may be above the curious girdle of the ephod, and that the breastplate be not loosed from the ephod. “ And Aaron shall bear the names of the children of Israel in the breastplate of judgment upon his heart, when he goeth in unto the holy place, for a memorial before the Lord continually. “And thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thum- mim ; and they shall be upon Aaron’s heart, when he goeth in before the Lord: and Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of Israel upon his heart before the Lord continually.” Exodus xxvitt + 15-30, Urim means light and Thummim perfection. Supposed to have been precious stones. Josephus supposed that the stones gave out oracular answer by preter- natural illumination, but we have no positive knowledge what they were. Z Z « @ Z Z, 64 2 ap? 2 @ Ss & Rye Rp > Kye as 1) oS CA? & fe ©) ©) 6 © ©: ) we) Q KA eA KR B SS ZB 3 S Z AS \S, (AMA © ©) C= ©) & 5" PMTLETEEAPL ETT ERLE EEE ) : ee $7 VIZZIZZL LL Pr ee LLL LLL gl i EL ITITIZIZI TIO oz eastusAssuandeaiduseiaiyasiicessstreasasesorsareeriniaisis0 Sss4 SS 4 a <= = il . ~» ' z ‘wee ah wee : , ‘ (Biron rings w [ peor i, ? 4 a) : le put theo upot these * vibe ip} the ent aa y i. F ' er f | a ; — peat thety on the a PAluet Ute other & * al i » | vant dhe i ae ad ne <= - wee | YY OS We oe y= f aa » - LO, OE ELLE ALEC O IED LEDGE a satiate Rp kere et ented coe «2 aroma eT os eS he ee i NG es Plate XXII (1) Candlestick. Candlestick; emblematic of Christ and the Church, as the light of the world. “And thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold; of beaten work shall the candlestick be made: his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same. “And six branches shall come out of the sides of it: three branches of the candlestick out of the one side, and three branches of the candlestick out of the other side: “Three bowls made like unto almonds, with a knop and a flower in one branch; and three bowls made like almonds in the other branch, with a knop and a flower; so in the six branches that come out of the candlestick. “ And in the candlestick shall be four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers. “And there shall be a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, according to the six branches that proceed out of the candlestick. “ Their knops and their branches shall be of the same: all of it shall be one beaten work of pure gold. “And thou shalt make the seven lamps thereof; and they shall light the lamps thereof, that they may give light over against it. “And the tongs thereof, and the snuff-dishes thereof, shall be of pure gold. “Of a talent of pure gold shall he make it, with all these vessels. “ And look that thou make them after their pattern, which was showed thee in the mount.” Exodus xxv + 31-40. See John viti : 12. (2) Table of Shewbread. Table of shewbread; a symbol of the body of Christ, lifted up, incorruptible. | “ Thou shalt also make a table of shittim-wood : two cubits shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. “ And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, and make thereto a crown of gold round about. “And thou shalt make unto it a border of an hand-breadth round about, and thou shalt make a golden crown to the border thereof round about. “ And thou shalt make for it four rings of gold, and put the rings in the four corners that are on the four feet thereof. “ Over against the border shall the rings be for places of the staves to bear the table. “And thou shalt make the staves of shittim-wood, and overlay them with gold, that the table may be borne with them. “And thou shalt make the dishes thereof, and spoons thereof, and covers ~ thereof, and bowls thereof, to cover withal; of pure gold shalt thou make them. “ And thou shalt set upon the table shewbread before me alway.” Lxodus xxU ° 23-30. See John vi : 48-51. ( 49) SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Se ee Sa...” Plate XXIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Form of Benediction. Sometimes the index fingers do not touch each other, and instead of the tips of thumbs touching, the first joints are placed together. Either way forms four openings, each opening representing one of the four Hebrew letters that form the word Jehovah. (2) The Brazen Serpent. “And the Lord said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live. “And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole: and it came to pass, that if aserpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.” Numbers xxi: 8,9. Typical of the Crucifixion. See John ttt s 14. (3) A conventional and well-known form of Aaron’s Rod. (4) A conventional form of the Manna Pot. See Ex. xvi: 4-36. 5) A natural representation of Aaron’s Rod. “And it came to pass, that on the morrow, Moses went into the tabernacle ot witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds.” Numbers xvii: 8. (51) Plate XXIV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Crowns and Wreaths The crown is the symbol of sovereignty and superiority. Gi) Crown of the King. Gay) Crown of the Priest, for marked or eminent holiness. (3) Crown of the Scholar, for excellent learning. (4) Wreaths. There were three wreaths in the Sanctuary : Wreath of the Ark. Wreath of the Table. Wreath of the Altar. The wreath of the altar was won by Aaron for priestly merit. The wreath of the table was won by David for material prosperity. But the wreath of the ark (duty) might be earned by all who strove for it. (53) 4 a ee — AUN an: ¢ a 4 a ( 4 a er ae Te a acre Plate XXV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Ass; emblem of peace and sovereignty. The ass was an honored animal, and was used by kings, prophets and nobles. “ Speak, ye that ride on white asses, ye that sit in judgment.” Judges v. 10. (2) Horse; emblem of turmoil and war. “ Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck with thunder ? “Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible. “He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength ; he goeth on to meet the armed men. “He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from the sword. “The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield. “He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage; neither believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet. “He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.” Job xxxix : 19-25. (55) —re ~ ren one > =, Z 4 =S> —S< ae aw, i 2 = 33, SS 5 —s aly nO Plate XXVI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Musical Instruments of the thebrews Musical instruments mentioned in the Bible; frequently used in church decoration. (1) Supposed ancient Hebrew Lyre. (2) | Egyptian Harp, of same period. (3) Hebrew Drum. “The women came out of all the cities of Israel, singing and dancing, to meet king Saul, with tabrets, with joy, and with instruments of music.” z Sam. xviti: 6. : (4) Timbrel. “And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances.” Jey, EDO Flor Che Systra or Cymbal. (6) Cymbals. “ Thus all Israel brought up the ark of the covenant of the Lord with shout- ing, and with sound of the cornet, and with trumpets, and with cymbals, making a noise with psalteries and harps.” I Chron. xv: 28. Fa) Bells. “A golden bell and a pomegranate, a golden bell and a pomegranate upon the hem of the robe round about. “And it shall be upon Aaron to minister; and his sound shall be heard when he goeth in unto the holy place before the Lord, and when he cometh out, that he die not.” Ex. xxvitts 345 35- (57) + ed Plate XXVII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Musical Instruments ( Continued.) (1) Trumpet (shophar). This is a very long horn, which is turned up at the extremity. This trumpet was used for rousing the people to political or religious enthusiasm. It was probably blown only by those who were divinely commissioned and was the token that God was on their side. See Chron. xv: 28; Ex. xix: 16; Josh. vi: 4. (2) Ancient Dulcimer. A kind of bag-pipe. See Dan. iti. 5. (3) Horn. The original horns were cattle horns, but later they were made of metal, in the shapes of horns of various animals. (4) Flageolet. An ancient flute. Sometimes the two pipes were connected with one mouth-piece. (5) Organ (ugab). A set of pipes, or reeds, and blown with the mouth. Sometimes there were from five to twenty-three pipes, but usually there were only seven. (6) A straight Trumpet. ('7 and 8 ) Flute. No.7 is a reed flute; No. 8 is a flute of later date. A pipe originally made from reeds, perforated with holes; afterwards it was made of ivory, bone, or horn. It was consecrated to joy or pleasure. NOTE.—Besides most of the foregoing, there may be used in decorating Jewish temples many of the following illustrations : such as the wheat sheaf, cornucopia, olive, palm, myrrh, wormwood, almond, lily of the valley, balm of Gilead, fig, frankincense, hyssop, cut flowers, scythe, hour glass, all-seeing eye, lamp; or any that have an Old Testament reference. (59) OS [ esletnaeetatememaeenniaantiateratd [38 223 — i. SHS pis. Spee Ts & | ll ee om y “LOS . ‘ IT | a eal } an onl) Oe ce . $ etal is ana ie Ls ju “I e WN Uj lhe i bat : NL IE all sdleals it < coe aN >) 7 A a rs v = 14-934 j — = a PbO raped x)entoes 2 OU biG } 4 v : ry LA\ ah SNS RN ‘sun . 4 45 5 WY = ‘ 4 5 u , Liat J ¥ " cz . "ay 7 v a a A A Ts A} YY a4 ae A ) i: v) i. ao \ ile 3 y/ M ‘ y « Ad.) r \ = wt (| FF Plate XXVIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Emblems of St. John, the forerunner of Christ. St. John is represented with the banner, inscribed ‘‘Ecce Agnus Dei”— “Behold the Lamb of God’— (this is arranged to suit space or subject) ; he also bears the lamb on the book with the seven seals; the lamb bears the glorified banner. “ The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight in the desert a highway for our God.”’ Isaiah x1: 3. “As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face. which shall prepare thy way before thee.” Mark i: 2. “The next day, John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world!” John i: 29. (2) Bethlehem. “Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea, in the days of Herod™ the King, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, “ Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him.” Matthew ti: I, 2. ‘When they had heard the king, they departed : and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. “ When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy.” Matthew ti: 9, Io. (61) |. Plate XXIX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS The WMativity Emblem of the Nativity, taken as a whole; but subdivided we have :— The Passion Cross surrounded by a circle, which means ‘eternal salvation.’ The cross divides the field of the circle into four equal parts. The upper right hand corner suggests the Annunciation, having in it the Angel Gabriel with the sceptre. In the upper left corner is the Praise Angel, with the inscription “ Alleluia.” The adoring Shepherd is in the lower right corner. The lower left corner signifies the humility of Christ’s birth on earth. In the centre of the Passion Cross is the Glorified or Triumphant Cross, signifying Christ's victory over sin and death. NOTE.—The star above the circle is six-pointed, or the Creator's Star. | (63) a ag Plate XXX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Honus Det, Lamb of God “And looking upon Jesus as he walked, he saith, Behold the Lamb of God !”’ John ti: 36. This was a favorite emblem of early Christianity. The lamb is usually represented standing on a rock, out of which issue four streams of water, one flowing to the north, one flowing to the south, one flowing to the east, and one flowing to the west,—said to represent that the gospel should be carried to the four quarters of the globe. o—_____ oe re SS roan oe BR fits. = MLR, his / DB “bbe . ity N ) £3 RY \ Lf ESS a Ih Sith \y ) ANY Yaa : ) ~ ‘i Wik ve | ih SSN ENIA eS ry NSS REI" Cs ES sN WS VSD ”) We ~- & LY S ~ x ~ 2% ‘eo S x : ~~ cy oe —~ XS x Sex ? Ze = aX AS = a Sy Aesare —_ ~~ 2 ee Fei ¥ Plate XXXI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Pelicans The pelican (of which two types are shown) has long been a favorite emblem of our Lord shedding His blood for the Church; and though the once popular belief that the pelican shed its blood for its young, has long since been proven false, the emblem is still in frequent use. While not directly connected with the subject, the following may be of interest to the reader. The word for God in the different languages of the world: English—God. German—Got or Gott. French—Dieu. Italian—Iddio. Spanish—Dios, Portuguese—Deos. Grecian—Dei. Dutch—God. Upper Wendish—Boh. Lower Wendish—Bohg. Albanian (Gheg)—Parandia. Albanian er osk)—Heutvia. Catalan—Deu. Piedmontese—Iddieu. Creolese of West Indies—Godct. Samoiedes of Russia—Kudai. Romany—Dumudden. Welsh—Dury. Gaelic—Dia. Irish—Ozsi. Manx (Isle of Man)—Jee. Breton—Doue. Danish and Swedish—Gud. Icelandic—Godh. Surinam—Gado. Assyrian—Llu. Aramaic—Elath. Hebrew—E] or Elhoim. Basque—Seme. Slavonic—Erz. Laplander—Jubmel. Chinese of King Po—Jing Ming. (67) Turkish—Aliha. Syriac—Eloah. Maltese—Alla. Persian—Khoda. Japanese—Kami. Eskimos—Gudib. Finnish—Jumaia. Servian—Lory. Gothic—Guth. Crotian—Bogu. Slovenian—Bog. Afghan.—Chudai. Hind.—Khooda. Bohemian—Bun. Bulgarian—Etoz. Latin—Deus. Fe $e nes ( G Oy wl i N A SS ~ RN Dd ee Plate XXXII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Christ the shepherd As the hand and the arm show the power of the Father, so the arms of the Son show his love and care for the lambs. “He shall feed his flock like a shepherd; he shall gather the lambs with his arm, and carry them in his bosom, and shall gently lead those that are with young.” Isaiah x1: 74, (69) Plate XX XIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Hscending and Descending Doves Dove; symbol of God the Holy Spirit. This is the regular conventional treatment. Formerly, church decorators generally placed this symbol in a central position and kept to the con- ventional drawings, but there has been a strong disposition of late years to make this dove more natural (as on Plate xiii). The dove is sometimes used as an emblem of the resurrection; it is then called the ascending or resurrection dove. “And straightway coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens opened, and the Spirit, like a dove, descending upon him.” Mark i: 10. (71) Plate XXXIV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS “Emblems and Gifts of the Divine Spirit The Dove and the Tongue of Fire, in a circle; emblematic of the eternity and perfection of the Holy Ghost. These are contained in a seven-pointed star (also perfection), which is surrounded by a seven- segmented form, each segment containing one of the gifts of the Divine Spirit. The Cloven Tongue of Flame; emblematic of the activity of the gift proceeding from the Holy Spirit, and also containing the trefoil, showing the Divine Spirit as one of the persons of the Triune God. ‘Saying with a loud voice: The Lamb that was slain is worthy to receive power, and divinity, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and bene- diction.” Apocalypse v: 12. D.- “And the spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him: the spirit of wisdom, and of understanding, the spirit of counsel, and of fortitude, the spirit of knowledge, and of godliness. “And he shall be filled with the spirit of the fear of the Lord.” Isaias xi: 2,3. D. “And there appeared to them parted tongues as it were of fire, and it sat upon every one of them.” Acts i: 3. D, (73) ¥ conn ne PNY ; q NIT Dy HD ED li fates ba li i rin ‘h A LAT ) Kt i i , pore Nr a ne ge NaN el iti li SEG HH pSn| ( ye Nop u SEZ Mi ll fe e Pe Zi As Ua wali sO LES L iE po! = Ft ppus he €s fees) - GEE peusnsinengye 1 po ae sodhypaceuesee —— — : —- Sa Omi oy SOOT ary Morn. ToT CHOTA as ~—e we a AS = =F eS ~~ = SE Too Wi gan . . Se ae I, qWw—= tm oS ¢ = SS \ a | SS SS ik ye nf Hh ih, ESS SSSuu “hy ial ( W) ek 3 a — Plate XL SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS A The Twelve Disciples ( Continued. ) (1) James the Less (called so on account of his being smaller and younger than James the Great). Tradition says James was thrown down from the temple by scribes and Pharisees; he was then stoned and his brains dashed out with a fuller’s club. (2) Jude—Lebbeus Thaddeus (a man of heart), brother of James the Less, is supposed to have been martyred at Berytus about 80 A.D., with a club. The emblem of St. Jude is a knotted club; some authorities give him a halberd. (3) . Matthew (gift of Jehovah) was put to death in Parthia with a hatchet; hence he is occasionally represented with a hatchet and sometimes with a purse or money-bag, as he had formerly been a receiver of taxes. (4) Simon the Canaanite (a hearing) suffered martyrdom in Persia by a saw. The emblem of St. Simon is a saw. (5) Matthias (gift of God) was elected to fill the place among the twelve left vacant by Judas. Matthias suffered martyrdom in Ethiopia by a battle- axe. The battle-axe is the emblem of St. Matthias. Sometimes the lance is used as his emblem. (6) Judas Iscariot (a Greek form of the Hebrew name Judah, meaning praised, celebrated), the betrayer of Christ. As Judas was treasurer of the twelve disciples, his emblem is a money-bag. Following are the lists of the Twelve Disciples as the Latin and Greek Churches have them: Latin List. GREEK LIsT. St. Peter. St. James the Less. St. Matthew. St. Andrew. St. Paul. St. Philip. St. Philip. St. Thomas. St. Andrew. St. Bartholomew. St. Mark. St. Simon. St. James the Great. St. Matthew. St. Paul. St. Bartholomew. St. John. St. Simon. St. Peter. St. James the Great. St. Thomas. St. Matthias. St. Luke. St. John. (87) c 0 ee ~- Plate XLI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS “Emblems of the Passion Pope Innocent VI (1352-1362) affirmed, in a decree, that the lance, nails and other instruments of the Passion are everywhere to be held in reverence of all Christian people, and instituted a religious festival in their honor. There is no set order for the use of these emblems, but so far as practical, I would suggest their being used in their Scriptural order. They are very rarely all used in one church. The emblems of the Passion can be arranged or combined in a great variety of forms. : (1) The Sacred Heart of Jesus. The flames represent the burning love of Christ for the world; out of the flames issues the cross, symbolical of his death and glory. The crown of thorns encircles the heart. (2) Column, Scourge and Cock. In this connection, the cock is used on account of the prediction of our Lord, that it should not crow until Peter had denied him thrice. Scourging was a common form of punishment among the Jews. See Matthew xxvii: 26; Mark xv: 15; John xix: f. The cock is also emblematic of watchfulness and alertness. See Matthew xxvi- 34; Mark xiv: 30; Luke xxii: 34; John xitt: 36. 4 (3) The St. Veronica. The name Veronica, from “ Vera icon,” the true image, i.e., of Christ, was said to have been given to a woman, who, when Jesus was passing her house on the way to Calvary, wiped His face with a handkerchief, and, as a reward for her love, He left the impression of His face upon the handkerchief. (4) The Thirty Pieces” of Silver. Judas sold our Lord for thirty pieces of silver (i.e., 3£ 10s. 8d., $16.96), the legal value of a slave if he were killed by a beast. See Matthew xxvi:- 15; Matthew xxvit: 3; Mark xiv: 2. Gp Lantern. They went to seek Jesus with lanterns. See John xviii: 3. ( 89 ) NN ARAN wy iH ‘ - ss aS (y Si R \y pcre att 7 of tS Plate XLII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblems of the Passion ( Continued, ) Co) Chalice.* “Tf it be possible, let this chalice pass from me.” Matthew xxvi- 39. (See also Mark xiv: 36.) D. (2) Crown of Thorns; Nails. See Matthew xxvit: 29; Mark xv: 17; John xix: 2; John xx: 25. , (3) Coat without seam. See Matthew xxvii: 35; Mark xv: 24; John xxiti: 24. (4) Hammer and Pincers; used as emblems of the Passion. *NoTE.—Be sure, in illustrating the emblems of the Passion, not to use either the wafer or the paten with the chalice; as this chalice illustrates, not the Lord’s Supper, but the full measure of our Lord's suffering. r (91) \ Sp Nene areeentacen ate ne eae SRR eae ee e—-—— 4 Q S> TON el Vea 2) Plate XLII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblems of the Passion ( Continued.) (1) Ladder, Sponge and Spear. “And immediately one of them running took a sponge, and filled it with vinegar; and put it on areed, and gave him to drink.” Matthew xxvii: 48. (See also Mark xv: 36; John xix: 29.) D. “ But one of the soldiers with a spear opened his side.” John xix: 34. D. (2) The Rope of Judas. “ And went and hanged himself with an halter.” Matthew xxvii: 5. D. The Sword of Peter. “Then Simon Peter, having a sword, drew it, and struck the servant of the high priest, and cut off his right ear. And the name of the servant was Malchus,” John xviii: ro. (See also Matthew xxvi: 51; Luke xxii: 50,51.) D. Sometimes the ear of Malchus is shown; this may be because its healing was the last miracle performed by Christ before the Crucifixion. — (3) Boxes of Ointment, “And Nicodemus also came, (he who at the first came to Jesus by night,) bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight.” John xix: 39. D. (4) Represents the five wounds of Christ. (93) $s a4 — ZS Ss 7 SSS Emblems of the Passion ( Continued.) ei) Basin and Water Pot. “And Pilate . . . . . . taking water washed his hands before the people.” Matthew xxvii: 2g. D. (2) Reed. “ And platting a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right hand.” Matthew xxvii: 29. D. (3) Sword and Staves. “And while he was yet speaking, cometh Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve: and with him a great multitude with swords and staves.” Mark xiv: 43. (See also Matthew xxvi: 47.) D. (4) Chain. “And they brought him bound.” Matthew xxvii: 2. D. (5) Linen, in which they wrapped the body of Jesus. “ And Joseph taking the body, wrapped it up in a clean linen cloth.” Matthew xxvii: 5G. (See alo Mark xu: 46; Luke xxiii 53; John xix: go.) D. (95) eee Plate XLIV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS tA A oo | a a r WIV EV SEEEaO-e~ aS =x cETe « bx << e- a - —— ~~ Plate XLV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS | Emblems of the Passion ( Continued.) (I) A combination of the five wounds and the cross. The ends of the cross are capped with crowns. (2) The inscription which Pilate placed upon the cross: I. N. R. I. (Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews.) “And Pilate wrote a title also, and he put it upon the cross. And the writ- ing was: Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews.” John xix: 19. D. - (97) Plate XLVI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblems of the Resurrection Butterfly and Chrysalis. “‘ Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live.” John xi: 25. (2) The Rising Sun, surmounted by the inscription ‘“‘He is Risen.” See Mark xvi: 6. OE A eer ED tT = (99) Piate XLVI ' SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Phenix Emblem of Immortality and Resurrection. A fabulous bird of antiquity ; was said to be like the eagle in form and size, but of very beautiful and vivid plumage, mostly gold colored and crimson. Amongst the Egyptians it was the emblem of the soul. It was said to live about six hundred years, then to make a pyre of aromatic gums and spices, light the pile with the fanning of its wings, then to be consumed ; and from its ashes it arose, reinvigorated and with its youth renewed. Although this myth has long since been proven false, the Phenix is still a favorite emblem. (101) ia eT Plate XLV II SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Rimbi The nimbus, like the crown, shows the rank. Generally speaking, the more ornamental and decorative the nimbus is made, the higher the rank. The nimbus of the Divinity is always the most ornamental, and that of the Blessed Virgin is next. Some exceptions may occur in elaborate pictures of saints, when they are pictured in churches which bear their names. The nimbus is the light, halo, or glory surrounding the heads of the Divinity, angels, saints, etc., the various forms of which have their proper application and meanings. (1) Nimbus of God the Father. This is a double triangle, one being set in front of the other. The triangle is probably the oldest known emblem of the Trinity. This form of the nimbus is confined almost exclusively to God the Father, very rarely given to God the Son, or God the Holy Ghost; and never to a saint. (2) A circular form of nimbus of God the Father, containing the trefoil, emblematic of the Trinity. (3 and 4) Cruciform Nimbus. This is nearly always the recognized nimbus of the crucified one, i.e., Jesus Christ, but is occasionally found depicted in pictures of God the Father, and is more frequently found on the dove, representing the Holy Ghost, and is some- times by error placed around the heads of saints. U5) Nimbus of the Blessed Virgin. (103 ) On | Su Plate XLIX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Himbi ( Continued.) C1) Nimbus of Moses. “ And they saw that the face of Moses when he came out was horned,* but he covered his face again, if at any time he spoke to them.” Exodus xxxiv: 35. OD. (2) A form frequently used for all saints, and occasionally on the figures of our Lord and Blessed Virgin. (3) A style of nimbus not often used in this country, but frequently employed throughout Europe and more especially in Germany. (4) Form of nimbus used when pictures of living persons are placed in churches. (5) Generally used when prophets and allegorical figures are represented. In the west the nimbi are used exclusively when biblical or religious charac- ters are represented, but in the east, and also in Rome before the time of Con- stantine, those who were distinguished for any thing or in any way were repre- sented with a nimbus. The nimbus should be of a bright yellow color; that of Judas, of a dead or dirty yellow, while Satan is represented bearing a black nimbus. When the glory surrounds the entire figure it is called the aureole. It is usually confined to figures of the Deity, occasionally given to the Blessed Virgin, especially if she holds the Infant Jesus. Its form generally has no signification. * Horned: that is, shining, sending forth rays of light. (105 ) =e if ey i. ~~ we? Y) aaa /: 4 IITA 1 Aiseraenten ar \ lh DN (ae pata. oe. mt ee ale Sen eelCele% ST = = << oe - SSN SSS = Se 8 Plate L SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Crowns and Sceptres €1) Crown of the Godhead. (2) Crown of the Blessed Virgin. (3 and 4) Crowns of the Saints. These forms of the crown are not arbitrary; other forms may be used. But crowns for the Godhead are the only ones which should be capped and arched; and should be surmounted by the globe and cross. The Virgin’s crown may be capped, but not arched. When royal personages become illustrious in the church and are pictured, the crown to which they were by rank entitled is usually shown at their feet ; either in token of humility, or of the minor importance of earthly rank. (5) Sceptre of the Godhead. (6) Sceptre of the Blessed Virgin. When it is desired to represent Father and Son in the same picture the scep- | tres may be varied, substituting the hand (power) for the globe and cross, for | the sceptre of the Father; the sceptre of the Son remaining as No. 5. | (The crown was an outcome of the wreath; the wreath was the first form J & of crown known or used. The earliest known crowns were made in imitation of wreaths.) (107 ) (CC acm ) ~~ * Ty OL0 [OIEKIEK Plate LI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblems from the Catacombs (1) From the Catacomb of St. Pontiatus, Rome. It represents a jeweled cross, beautified by the rose of Sharon on either side. On the arms are placed torches or lamps, emblematic of light and life ; suspended from the arm on the left is the 4, “Alpha, the Beginning,” and on the right is the 2, “Omega, the End”: the whole signifying that there are beauty, riches, light and life in the cross, and that the cross represents the beginning and the end of salvation. (2) From the crypt of St. Lucina. It is called the Eucharistic carp, and bears on its back a basket of bread. (3) From the Catacomb of St. Domitta ; a bounding lamb with the pastoral staff and the milk pail, emblematic of divine nurture. 1 (4) The Cur Ruo. From the Greek word signifying fish, the letters of which form the sacred acrostic, ‘‘ Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour.” (5) The ship represents the Church, and the Pharos (lighthouse), Christ, the light or guide to the peaceful harbor. (6) A modius, or Roman peck measure. This occurs on tombs in the Catacombs, but is generally passed over as having no meaning. I judge it to mean a full and perfect life through the Cross. « (7 ) The souls of the righteous feeding on the true Vine. (8) From the Julian Basilica. ‘‘ Palma Felicitas”’ (victory won). (109 ) Plate LII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Litany of the Blessed Virgin with the names. A number of illustrations of titles that are not used in the present Liturgy are shown here. These have become favorites and may be used on special occasions and under special circumstances ; for instance, Mary, Star of the Sea, the Hope of the Mariner, would be appropriately used in a church by the seashore. CC® Heart. “And thy own soul a sword shall pierce, that, out of many hearts, thoughts may be revealed.” Luke ti: 35. D. ( 2 and a) Sun, Moon, and Stars. “A woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars.” Apocalypse xii: r. D, “Who is she that cometh forth as the morning rising, fair as the moon, bright as the sun.” The emblems of the Blessed Virgin are illustrated as often without as Canticles vi: 9. D. “Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it done to me according to thy word.” Luke i: 78 D. (4) Gate of Heaven. “Indeed the Lord is in this place, and I knew it not. ... This is no other but the house of God, and the gate of heaven.” Genesis xxviii: 16,17. D. ; (111) a ee SSS Sa ) SOSSARAAAAD H “ae E. e)jiizaamegi Ce TH || lilereedl| wast SSH Per ies: IE fei eel —e izes 4 ptt He Plate LILI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Litany of the Blessed Virgin ( Continued.) (1) Enclosed Garden. See Canticles iv: 12. D. (2) Lily of the Valley. “T am the flower of the field, and the lily of the valleys.” Canticles ii: r. D. ‘‘ As the lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters.” Canticles ti: 2, D. ; (3) Morning Star. “T Jesus have sent my angel, to testify to you these things in the churches. I am the root and stock of David, the bright and morning star.” Apocalypse xxii: 16. D. (4) Tower of David. “For he is my God and my saviour: he is my protector, I shall be moved no more.” Psalms lxi: 3. D. (113) ro KS SO TAS, Plate LIV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Litany of the Blessed Virgin ( Continued.) Ci) Mystical Rose. (2) Exalted Cedar. “T was exalted like a cedar in Libanus.” (3) Root of Jesse. “And there shall come forth a rod out of the root of Jesse, and a flower shall rise up out of his root.” Isaias xi: zr. D. (4) Enclosed Well. “ My sister, my spouse, is a garden enclosed, a garden enclosed, a fountain sealed up.” Canticles iv: 12. D. The foliage of the root of Jesse is often that of the vine; symbolical of spiritual fruitfulness. “TI am the vine, ye are the branches.” Olive and pomegranate are also used; the illustration is myrtle. (115) | | | | é Salis tt) TO NOS U WALI Wd ry PEP pep AS UBUD UD t Lad wd. ay Ld VAY TD DAS AR, COT) a tanaka TA, 1 (i it ji iy iH a x5 oe al BD S 2s PSEEFE SE STUPID PPP PP Ch A | AE ANE AYE wa | ~ SS ST \) ( sae A Is ‘ARS fs 4 Roe & BSC PES) NNN E f INYSe A Nav La ai 2 y H S = ” ol \y H U H Plate LV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Litany of the Blessed Virgin ( Continued. ) (1) Olive Branch. (2) Spotless Mirror. “For she is the brightness of eternal light, and the unspotted mirror of God’s majesty, and the image of His goodness.” Wisdom vii: 26. D. (3) City of God. “And I heard a great voice from the throne, saying : Behold the tabernacle of God with men, and he will dwell with them. And they shall be his people: and God himself with them shall be their God.” Apocalypse xxi: 3. D. (117) rad Saree “') ar! ANAS AAT Ly As == . a oy sah macs ams | ink =~ Ce TZ) PIES il il ‘i Mi in | Plate LVI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Litany of the Blessed Virgin ( Continued.) CE) Fountain. “ The fountain of gardens: the well of living waters, which run with a strong stream from Libanus.” Canticls tv: 15. D. (2) Star of the Sea. (3) Tower of Ivory. “Thy neck is a tower of ivory.” Canticles vit: g. WD. (4) Queen of Heaven. See Apocalypse xii: 1. D. (119) 0 eee apa Tih wees [7] Hf . [ree ss boyy \ COOL COCOOL LOLS se yy pb: L+3 TA 5S ” + | Ld Lt =a +. —3 eI ( Ag =e = RS Ne oad fy Se : G — EN ) FAW ve ae " N : we A | Plate LVII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Litany of the Blessed Virgin ( Continued.) (1) House of Gold. Seat of Wisdom. (3) Vessel of Honor. The later idea of dispensing with the use of diphthongs has been adopted in the writing of these Latin titles. (4) Cherubs are so frequently used in connection with this subject that three are given here. Ark of the Covenant is also an emblem of the Litany. (See Plate xix.) Be ee Plate LVIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Bambino (Child) In this connection, the Christ Child. A figure of the Child Jesus, represented in the manger. It is exposed in the churches from Christmas to Epiphany. St. Francis of Assisi was the originator, in the early part of the 13th century. It is usually highly decorated, and sometimes adorned with jewels. Rosary A complete rosary has fifteen large, and one hundred and fifty small beads, S/lihe..ionmer. representsthe™ Pater Nosters,;’ the latter the’ ‘‘Ave Marias,”’ in imitation of the one hundred and fifty Psalms, recited by the Clergy. The rosary as used now was instituted by St. Dominic, though the beads were used for this purpose before his time. The festival of the rosary was instituted by Gregory XIIL., after the battle of Lepanto, A.D. 1571. Wafer A thin, circular disk of unleavened bread, used in the celebration of the Eucharist. The wafer is usually stamped with the form of the cross, crucifix, Agnus Dei, or the sacred monogram. The wafer takes its shape from the form of the bread used in the church, by the Jews, in the apostolic days. ' Ring Rosary Ring. Formerly much used throughout Europe. Scapular Two small pieces of cloth connected by strings, and worn over the shoulders. A token of devotion in honor of the Virgin. The originator of the scapular was St. Benedict. Censers The censer is a vessel in which incense is burned before the altar. It is swung in the hand by chains. (See Num. iv: 14) They are used in the Roman Catholic, the Greek, and in some Anglican churches. (123) 9 met RANMA RAO AY AN RET FOILS 88 Re BAA o————_-~ & _ : iy I UM ¢ Sn itd abl, pee El O Q) As SG Qo Sy y Si : OCO® “\ SSX?$ UW é e “in ea Bis I 4 “SP alley ls ee Plate LIX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Riches of the Sacred Heart. “ As the hart panteth after the fountains of water; so my soul panteth after thee, O God.” Psalms xli: 2. D. Feast of the most Sacred Heart of Jesus. Christ appeared to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque, and promised her that His heart should be dilated to impart abundantly the influence of its divine love to those who shall render this honor, or cause it to be rendered to His heart. Father de la Colombiere, S.J., was the first disciple to consecrate himself to the heart of Jesus. This consecration took place June 21st, 1675, the Friday after the octave of Corpus Christi. (2) Emblems of the Order of the Rosary, consisting of the lily (emblem of the Blessed Virgin), eleven flaming hearts and the rosary. Sometimes this emblem is made with a smaller six-pointed star (Creator’s) surrounded by a larger six-pointed star, the points of the larger star going below the centre lily, and above the base of the cross at the top, the space being greater between the two points than in the illustration. Souls in keeping of the Blessed Virgin. Some say that as the number of hearts shown are always eleven, they are the hearts of the disciples. But I can find no authority for this reading of the emblem. (125) ¥——_— : ap SS aati Me sa So a NE at ee? Plate LX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEM (I) The Persecuted Soul. Even at the feet of Jesus the faithful soul finds trials. “And all that will live godly in Christ Jesus, shall suffer persecution.” 2 Timothy itis 12, D. ~ G2z) The Treasures of the Cross. ‘“‘And now there remain faith, hope, and charity, these three: but the greatest of these is charity.” 1 Corinthians xiti: 13. D. “ But God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ ; by whom the world is crucified to me, and I to the world.” Galatians vi: 14. D. (127) Testo Sian! mene Cates ES - (eS SSS wail me fe ar Plate LXI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) The Boat preferred to the Cross. The soul about to start on life’s voyage is apt to prefer the boat to the cross. You cannot find a safer path than God’s. “ He that feareth man, shall quickly fall: he that trusteth in the Lord, shall be set on high.” Proverbs xxix: 25. D. (2) Happy Crossing. The Start. The soul has chosen the cross. The vision of the cross which guides you shall appear in the heaven when the Lord shall come to judge the world. “And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all tribes of the earth mourn: and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with much power and majesty.” Matthew xxiv: 30. D. (129) EE SN La ih Lz, y ‘me ), ea a | Plate LXIU SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Release and Flight of the Soul The broken column represents death. The tower is the Church. The Church makes the way plain and leads to the Cross. “To deliver their souls from death.” Psalms xxxit: 19. Dr Sree os ose a Se - Cae 4. See | = Tat St Sree SS s Plate LXIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Attributes of Saints Some saints bear more than one attribute. The attribute first mentioned is the one most frequently used. (1) Millstone St. Aurea. St. Callixtus. St. Christina, also the arrow, palm and crown. St. Florian had the millstone tied around his neck, and then was thrown in the river. Florian has also a pitcher of water, with which he put out a conflagra- tion. St. Quirinus, Bishop. St. Victor of Marseilles. (2) Cauldron St. Cecilia, an organ, a crown of roses, a roll of music, a palm, and a cauldron of boiling water. St. Fausta, a cauldron of boiling lead. St. Felicitas, a cauldron of boiling oil. St. John the Disciple was thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil, from the effects of which he was miraculously saved. The cauldron is used as one of his attributes. St. Vitus, a cauldron of boiling oil, the palm, lion, wolf and cock. (3) [Pincers St. Agatha, also the scourge, a salver with the breast on it, and the. palm ; sometimes she has the shears beside her. St. Apollonia has the pincers with her tooth in them, also the palm and fire. St. Dunstan has red hot pincers. St. Lucy has her eyes on a dish, with or without the awl, also the pincers and palm. St. Macra. St. Pelagius, red hot pincers; a javelin is thrust in his shoulder. (4) Hrrows St. Sebastian, also has the palm. St. Teresa, book, pen and arrow. St. Ursula, the crown of the princess, staff of the pilgrim, a white banner with a red cross on it, an arrow, and a broad mantle with maidens under it, and a dove. (5) Wheel St. Catherine of Alexandria has the wheel, which is usually broken (the wheel was broken by divine interposition), also the crown of royalty, the palm and book. St. Euphemia. St. Quintin, also an iron spit. (132) SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Attributes of Satnts ( Continued. ) (6) Sword St. Adrian, also an anvil. “ The anvil is an emblem of death.” St. Agnes has a lamb, sword and fire, St. Alban, also a fountain springing up at his feet, his cloak is also spread at his feet. St. Angelus has his sword thrust in him, also has a book and palm, with three crowns. St. Barbara has a tower with three windows, the chalice and wafer, a book, palm, also the sword. She was beheaded by her father. St. Celsus, also palm. St. Chrysogonus, also palm. Sts. Cyprian and Justina of Antioch. Cyprian is represented as a Greek bishop without the mitre, bearing a palm and sword and trampling magical books under his feet. Justina holds the palm, and the unicorn (emblem of chastity) is at her feet. St. Henri, the sword; and the world, surmounted by a cross, crown and mitre, on his head. St. Justina of Padua, a sword transfixing her bosom. St. Margaret, the dragon and standard, chain in her hand, also palm, and the sword at her feet. St. Martine, a sword cutting his mantle in half, on account of his charitable- ness. St. Paul has the sword; he was beheaded at Rome. St. Susanna, also palm. St. Thomas of Canterbury represented as a Bishop, has the sword, palm and axe. (7) Palette St. Luke. He is said to have painted the likeness of the Blessed Virgin. St. Raphael, the celebrated artist. (8) Crown of Thorns St. Catherine of Ricci, also crucifix, scourge, and bears the stigmata. St. Catherine of Siena, also rosary, cross entwined with lily, and bears the stigmata. St. Louis of France, also his kingly crown and sword. (9) Gridiron St. Gorgon, also a palm. St. Lawrence the Deacon, sometimes he has a dish of money, and the palm. (10) Book and Flask St. Walburga after her death was entombed in a rock (near Eichstadt) from which exuded a wonderful oil: it was called Walpurgis oil, and many remark- able cures were effected by its use. This oil was thought to proceed from the remains of the saint. (134) Fr SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Attributes of Saints ( Continued. ) (11) Sun St. Thomas Aquinas’s attributes are the books or book, pen or inkhorn, the sacramental cup (on account of his having composed the office of the Blessed Sacrament), and on his breast he bears a sun, which sometimes has an eye within it. (When a saint bears a sun on the breast it symbolizes the light of wisdom.) (12) Rose A conventional treatment of the rose, much used in church decorations. In England it is called the Tudor rose. The names and attributes of some other saints are given in the following list: Albertus Magnus (instructor of Thomas Aquinas), book and pen. St. Aloys has the lily cross, and beads and crown at feet. St. Alphege has his chasuble full of stones. St. Ambrose, a knotted scourge, sometimes a bee-hive at his feet. St. Antonius, crosier, balances, and bears the stigmata. St. Antony, lily and crucifix. St. Antony of Hungary has a club. St. Augustine, represented as a bishop, has a Beale a flaming heart on his breast (emblem of divine love) ; he bears the stigmata. St. Balbino, chains in her hand or near her. St. Bavon has a falcon. St. Benedict has a staff and water-bottle, crucifix, rosary, and a shell on his right shoulder. St. Benedict, founder of the Benedictine Order, open book, chalice, wafer, roll, crow at feet. St. Beno, a fish with a key in its mouth. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, demon fettered behind him, three mitres on his book, a bee-hive (emblem of eloquence). St. Bibiana, scourge and dagger. St. Blaise of Sebaste, an iron woo! comb. St. Bonaventura, represented as an archbishop. St. Brice carries red-hot coals in his hands unhurt. St. Bridget, book and pen. St. Charles Borromeo, represented barefooted, one hand raised in benedic- tion, a book in the other. Sometimes in cardinal’s robes, a chalice in one hand and wafer in the other. NOTE.—Stigmata are marks upon the bodies of certain saints, representing the wounds our Lord received at His (135) Aaa R SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Lttributes of Saints ( Continued.) St. Christopher bears the Christ Child on his back, and a bough in his hand. St. Clara had the pyx containing the host, lily, cross, and palm. St. Clement has an anchor. St. Coleta has a sheep in her arms, a staff with banner on it. Sts. Cosmos and Damian have a jar and a box of ointment. St. Crispin has an awl and shoemaker’s knife. St. Cunibert has a dove. St. Cuthbert has an otter and the head of St. Oswald. St. Denis, Patron of France, has a severed head. St. Dominick has a dog by his side, a star on or above his head, a lily in one hand, a book in the other. Founder of the Dominican Order. St. Dorothea of Cappadocia has roses in her hand or on her head; or a basket with three apples and three roses held by an attendant angel. St. Elizabeth of Hungary has roses. St. Elgins has hammer in his hand with crown on it. Bishop. St. Eugenius has.a club. St. Francis Borgia has a skull with a crown on it. St. Francis de Sales, represented as a bishop, with a flaming heart on his breast. St. Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscans, bears the stigmata, and has a book in his hand. St. Francis Xavier has a ship and a crucifix. St. Genevieve of Paris has a flock of sheep, a distaff, and holds cake in her dress. St. George, Patron Saint of England and Russia. The Dragon. St. Gertrude, a book and pen, and has a heart on her breast. St. Giles has a wounded hind. St. Gregory the Great has a dove. St. Guillielmus has a taustaff. St. Helena has a cross, crown, a book on a stand, and four nails on a cushion beside her. St. Hilarius has a closed book, a dragon at his feet. He is represented as a bishop. : St. Hubert has a stag with a crucifix between its horns, also a horn and a lance. St. Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, has a swan. St. Ignatius Loyola (founder of the order of the Jesuits), has a book and pen, and the seal of the order (I. H. S.) above his head. St. Jean of Nepomuk has a palm and cross on one hand, seven stars in nim- bus, a padlock (denoting silence) on his mouth or in his hand, also a bridge in his hand. St. Jeanne de Toulouse has a lily and crucifix, and a globe surmounted by a cross under one foot. St. Jerome has a book and a lion. St. John Berchmans has a book, a rosary in hand and seal of Jesuits. St. John of the Cross has an eagle at his feet, a cross in one hand. St. Joannes Coloniensis has a palm and a monstrance. St. Julian Hospitator has a stag, (136) ———————————— er SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Eittributes of Saints ( Continued. ) St. Lambert, represented as a bishop, has a book in his hand; also has a palm and javelin. St. Leonard has a chain; sometimes bears a crosier. St. Ludgerus has a church, an eagle at his feet, and bears the stigmata. St. Margaret of Cortona has a dog. (The dog is an emblem of fidelity.) St. Mathilde has a church and a crucifix. St. Maurus has a book or a censer. St. Monica, mother of Saint Augustine. St. Neot has a pilgrim’s staff and wallet. St. Nicholas, represented as a bishop, three balls on the ground near him. St. Norbert has a cup with a spider over it; he is represented as an arch- bishop. St. Ottilia, a palm or crosier, two eyes on a book. St. Patrick, Patron Saint of Ireland, represented with a staff and wallet, and standard with cross. He is usually represented by the seashore expelling snakes. St. Petronius has a model of Bologna in his hand. St. Petrus de Verona, book and palm, a dagger thrust in his shoulder. St. Pharailde, a goose and three cakes at the feet. St. Phocas of Sinope has a spade. St. Pius Quintus, a cross and three crowns, a rosary, and bears the stigmata. St. Placides has the palm. Sts. Praxedes and Pudentiana have a cup ard sponge. St. Prisca has a palm and a lion at her feet. St. Procopius, a wounded hind. St. Proculux, an axe. St. Raymond has his lips bored through with a red-hot iron and fastened with a padlock. St. Raymond de Pennaforte, a book and key, also a mantle on which he floats out to sea. St. Reparata has the standard or banner (symbol of victory), crown and palm. St. Roch has a dog and staff. St. Romoldus, represented as a bishop. St. Sabina has a palm. St. Salomea, a lily, crucifix, crown, and the earth surmounted by the cross on a table at her side. St. Stanislas Koatka, a lily. St. Stanislaus, represented as a bishop, with a book in hand, beggar at his feet. St. Thecla has the palm, and beasts around her. St. Tonatiane, represented as a bishop, with seven lights. St. Victor, represented as a Roman soldier. St. Vincent, a crow or raven. (Vincent the Deacon.) St. Vincent de Paul, represented as a priest, with an infant in his arms. St. Vincent Ferrer, represented with wings, has an open book in his hand, also a crucifix. St. Wilhelm of Aquitaine, a skull, cross, armor at his side, water bottle and cakes. (137) 0 eee a ee ee ee Z (Tented dddddded Ln RSS SSS YS SOS) Le ZZ a, —— tt Lit, WM a Vl: tie 4) y, N "1 \) \7 eX) (Yi) \) ‘ Os OX y y Ay {X) i} vy , KX) MX SSS SS SS SS SSS Se oS eS SSS rv rn | EAGAN on \ Ni Ne \ \ \: N N Ne Ne Ne \ \ \ N N \ \ \ N \ \ \ S =); = Mi } Aig Ee a fl SSN mm fi | ees SSS (aes © E> 4 \\ LITT ena Te EE —— — bs Plate LXIV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) This emblem is called God-Bidden, God-Living (called and living to God.) It represents the most sacred vessels of the church used only by the priest. (2) Attributes of those in Minor Orders. The holy vessels used by those in minor orders. As they are occasionally used in church decoration, they are properly shown here. (139) Plate LXV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Monograms Cr) A, Alpha; 2, Omega. The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Alpha (beginning), Omega (end); Christ is all in all, the beginning and the end. “Tam Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.”’ Revelation xxii: 13. “Tam Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord.” Revelation i: 8. (2) X. P. Earliest known form of monogram. It is sometimes wrongly called the Labarum. The labarum is the standard which bears the chrisma, the X. P. The first two letters of the Greek word for Christ (XPJX TOS) are Cut, Ruo. The monogram is found on the tombs of the Christian martyrs of the second century. Sometimes the X is turned into R, implying Rex, the Kingship of Christ. (3) tl. B.S: om bl. HAE No symbol or emblem has caused so much discussion as this monogram. It is contended that it was originally J. H. &., the first two and last letters of the Greek word JH2':0YS (Jesus), but its origin was lost sight of, and the Latin letter S substituted for the X, and a Latin word for each letter. I* or J, Jesus; H, Hominum ; S, Salvator ;—“ Jesus the Saviour of man.” Also, ‘(In Hoc Salus” and “In Hoc Signo,” meaning, “In this (cross) is salvation,” “ By this sign” (conquer). It was usual to put the mark of abbreviation over the letters I. H. S. This mark was altered into a cross, and it became the I. H. S. as it is now used in the Roman Church. (4) oS (5) I: H. @ Amother form of I. H. S. The C and S are very similar in the Greek, the C being used by some au- thorities in preference to the S, as they claim it to be nearer the original. * Formerly there was no J in the Latin language, hence the use of the letter I. (141) (SS eee Plate LXVI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Monograms ( Continued) (1) A. Alpha separate with cross. (2) 2. Omega separate with cross. (3) Alpha and Omega combined with cross. ( 4 and 5) Two other forms of the I. H. S. (143) 4 Plate LX VII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Monograms ( Continued.) (1) Alpha and Omega. (2) I. H. S. (Previously explained opposite Plate Ixv.) (3) Cur Ruo and I. H. S. combined. (4) I. H. C. (Previously explained opposite Plate Ixv.) (5) Alpha and Omega combined. Y—-———_— << —— S Plate LXVIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Monograms ( Continued.) Gi) A.M., Ave Maria. (Hail Mary.) A devotional prayer. (2) Maria. The whole name is formed by the monogram. (3) Ornamental A. M. (Ave Maria.) (4) Fleur-de-Lis. A conventional treatment of the lily. Emblem of the Virgin; also of purity, chastity and virtue. (5) Monogram. Jesus and Maria. (6) This form of the I. H. S. was adopted by the Jesuits as the badge of their order. (147) Plate LXIX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Monograms ( Continued.) (1) I. H.S. First two and last letters in the Greek word for Jesus. (2) X. P.s. First two and last letters in the Greek word for Christ. (3) The J (Iota), for Jesus, and xX (Chi), for Christ, surrounded by the circle of eternity or perfection. (4) Cross and monogram of Jesus Christ combined. CS) Two capital Gammas, crossed; said to be the signum or sign of faith in the Crucified, and is called a fylfot or swastika. (6) Emblem of the Trinity, with the Greek letters meaning, ‘I AM THAT I aM” beginning and without end. in the centre; enclosed within the circle of perfection, without Radiating from the triangle are the Greek and St. Andrew crosses. Between the spaces are flaming tongues representing the activity of the love of the Spirit. (149) ICXC MPOY a XC NI a Plate LXX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Monograms ( Continued.) (1) The souls of the redeemed in the hand of the Almighty. “In whose hand is the soul of every living thing and the breath of all mankind.” Job 12: 10. (2) Greek form of Benediction. In the Greek form of benediction the forefinger is extended to resemble the letter I, while the middle finger is bent in a C-like form. The thumb and third finger are crossed to make an X, and the little finger is bent into a C again, so that we get I C, X C, the initial and final letters of the Greek name for Jesus Christ. C3) 6 Omicrony $2 eOmega, Ne Nu “Tam,” or “ He who is.” (4) A. Alpha. MM. Mu. 2 Omega. The commencement, middle and end of the Greek alphabet. Christ comprises in himself the past, present and future. Christ is all in all. | (5) LC. d ifesus.Onx eG): (Christ: (6) MP OY. The Mother of God. (7) X. PAINE Our slord Jesus ‘Christ. (8) Combination of the Cross and IC. XC. NI. KA. Jesus Christ the Conqueror. Surrounded by the circle, it means Eternal and Perfect Conqueror. (151) ene LI —— = = = ——— LT ETT FT APA LP PI f rd vs eg = Plate LXXI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Lamp; emblem of light and knowledge. It is also used as an emblem of religious fervor and zeal. “Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.” Matthew v: 16. The lamps of the early Christians were found in abundance in the Catacombs. (2) Open Book; signifies perfect intelligence. “Thy word is a lamp unto my feet and a light unto my path.” Psalms exix: 105. The scroll or roll is used as an emblem of prophecy and partial light. (3) The Word and the Light. When space is an object, the bible and lamp are often used together. (4) Cross and Bible. “Take up his cross and follow me.” Mark viti: 34. (153) <——— Plate LXXILI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Hrmour of God ‘Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done all, to stand. “Stand, therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness ; “And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; “ Above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. “And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God.” Ephesians vi: 13-17. (155) om Plate LX XIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblems of Baptism and Regeneration (1) Font and Water Lily. “ Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ, for the remission of sins.” Acts ii: 38. Emblems of Communion (2) Chalice. “For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do show the Lord’s death till he come.” 1 Corinthians xi: 26. Grape-Vine. If used in connection with the chalice, means the blood of Christ. “After the same manner also he took the cup, when he had supped, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood.” 1 Corinthians xi: a5. If used alone, it is emblematic of Christ. “T am the true vine.” Joh xv: Wheat. If used with the chalice, means the body of Christ. “And when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat; this is my body.” I Corinthians xi: 14. i (3) All-Seeing Eye. “The omnipresence of the Triune God.” “The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good.” Proverbs xv: 3. : (4) Hour Glass. ‘“ Time.” “So teach us to number our days.” Psalms xe: 12. Snake with its tail in its mouth. A very ancient emblem of Eternity. The snake is an emblem of Wisdom. (157) SSI RS $5 IT. The outer form is the fish form symbol, which was so much used on the tombs of the Christians in the Catacombs. It is called Vesica piscis. (161) fe a A Ll rq \ oy ‘ SiC ‘s DG a Se | l y OTT q a { b = ee sy PAR G ar me 4 ti —pP ——— ip = ee Sh — — | —| —7 -—— fF ——— | i { Plate LXXX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Bee=Hive The bee and ant are emblematic of work and labor. Around the bee-hive is heard the buzz of the busy bee. Hence the bee-hive is used as an emblem of eloquence, and sometimes, of industry. (2) Balances The honor, glory and riches of this world are as nothing, when weighed in the balance, against the Cross of Christ. “Lay not up to yourselves treasures on earth: where the rust, and moth consume, and where thieves break through and steal. “But lay up to yourselves treasures in heaven: where neither the rust nor - moth doth consume, and where thieves do not break through, nor steal.” Matthew vi: 19,20. D. “And Jesus looking on him, loved him, and said to him: One thing is want- ing unto thee: go, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me.” Mark x: 21. (171) LE TTT Ee Ta, Plate LXXXI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Crosses The cross is pre-eminently the symbol of Christianity. (1) Papal. (2) Greek, also St. George’s and St. Patrick’s; when used for St. Patrick the cross is red. (3) Patriarchal. (4) Calvary. The three steps represent Faith, Hope and Charity. C50 Maltese. The points symbolize the eight beatitudes. (6) Jerusalem. The Greek cross with an arm on the end of each arm, to represent the displacement of the Old Testament by the Cross. Also known as the Teutonic cross. C7) The Slavonic Cross. St. Andrew was the first missionary to the | Slavs, and the first to interpret the Bible in their language. Hence their crosses generally bear one-half of the St. Andrew cross. (8) A lettered Greek cross. Rex,—King. Lex,—Law. Pax,—Peace. Lux,—Light. 4 (9) Cross of Lorraine. (173) L Plate LXXXII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Crosses ( Continued.) (1) Cross of St. Andrew, known as the cross of humility. (2) Decorative Cross, with the Fleur-de-Lis. (3) Pectoral Cross. (4) Cross quartered with the four gospels, found in the catacombs of the early ages. This is the first style of representing the evangelists. (5 and 6) Ornamental Crosses. (175) QAUUNNNAUCCUITAN CA OUAREUUCAUOACAEEAUANCANUCUHUNLAUAY RACES EAD -— — —) = — — -—] — —] — — — — — — — = = — — — — — -— UUAOUAUEORVOEUOUDOSEUNUA AND UNOD ALOE NAD ETOYEOUACOOOUAAUOEOUONAA NON OUIED Plate LXXXII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Latin Cross Embellished with the Passion Flower. The cross can be ornamented in a number of ways, according to the taste of the artist. Harp. (Much used.) “Praise the Lord with harp: sing unto him with the psaltery and an instru- ment of ten strings.” Psalms xxxtti: 2. Lyre. (Also frequently used). Enclosing both musical instruments is a conventional treatment of the morning glory. The morning glory is emblematic of the Resurrection. NoTE.—When using conventional foliage for church decoration, keep, if possible, the leaves in clusters of three, as much on account of its meaning as its architectural correctness. (177) \ M, SSE Z 2 ATC 6 CI) Lb fS 5 ) ~ x \ wef ay SD, S eg ¢ ; : > tT Pe ) - \ : qi PY D { 5) \ : 5 (= abv) 5 Say NVA ay. 7 es N\ SM Soy ND ee TRAY 208 S\ Ke By BAS, is WISQMIP CAE AWE . ISR « | | ZS NI EZGHVE . y YY .\ : ee SS en” Plate LXXXIV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Celtic Cross The celebrated Aberlemno Cross, formed of a single slab seven feet high, (From Owen Jones’s ‘“‘Grammar of Ornament.’’) (179) fl aw | Co y J iN] it! IAEA ETT a eb H ( ekics \ Vi WY: op py. _ m MN yy SS my F e Ni We: ae = == = Ln S04 aA - _—a. — * = Plate LXXXV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) The Anchor is an emblem of hope. The Fish is an emblem of Christ and Baptism. The Anchor and Fish together, emblematic of hope in Christ. (2) Cross (Church) on the Rock. “Upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not pre- vail against it.” Matthew xvi: 18. (3) The Sunflower. Emblem of the Sun or source of light; occasionally it is placed in the outer circle of the nimbus. It is frequently used in church decoration. (4) The Peacock. The peacock is seldom used now; it is supposed. now to represent pomp and vanity, but in the early church it was used as an emblem of the Resurrection, on account of its losing its beautiful feathers and restoring them yearly, and its flesh was said to be incorruptible. It was used as an emblem of the glorified spirit. The peacock is frequently represented without nimbus, and not standing on a globe. (181) Plate LXXXVI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Geometrical FForms (1) ; Triangle—Trinity and Equality. When other than the equilateral form is used it then signifies “Jehovah, I am that I am,” and is said to express three attributes of the Deity—tTo BE, TO THINK, TO SPEAK. (2) Square—Earth and Life, and earthly life. (3) Circle—Perfection and Eternity. Without beginning or end. Triangle within circle—the Eternity of the Trinity. (4) Square within circle—the Eternity of life. (5) Five-pointed Star contains five Alphas, and is called the Star of Beauty. Once called the Symbol of Health, and held to be a talisman against witchcraft, and that it pointed out the five places the Saviour was wounded. (6) Six-pointed Star—the Creator. ( 183) R Plate LXXXVII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Geometrical Forms ( Continued.) (1) Seven-pointed Star. Represents the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost. Seven days of the week, seven branches to the candlestick of Moses, seven churches of Asia, seven mysterious seals, seven stars in the right hand of God, seven trumpets, seven Heavens, etc. (2) Eight-pointed Star. Regeneration. (3) Octagon. Emblematic of regeneration; for this reason very often used for the ground plan of fonts. (4) Nine-pointed Star. Represents the fruits of the Holy Spirit: love, joy, peace, long suffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness and temperance. (6) Twelve-pointed Star. The Disciples. (185) UY, SszS>" >> e, as. \ Plate LXXXVII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblematic Flowers Gr) Almond. When making the candlesticks for the Tabernacle, Moses was commanded to make the bowls like the almond. “Three bowls made like unto almonds, with a knop and a flower in one branch; and three bowls made like almonds in the other branch, with a knop and a flower: so in the six branches that come out of the candlestick. “And in the candlestick shall be four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers.” Ex. XXU> 33) 34+ The Jews still carry branches of the almond tree to the synagogue on great festivals. (2) Balm of Gilead. Solomon was given a root by the Queen of Sheba, and he carefully cultivated it in the plains of Jericho. It was of great value, and was one of the trophies carried by Titus to Rome. Mixed with oil, it constitutes the chrism of the Roman Catholic Church. (187) > ee ———— [ SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (3) Fig ; emblematic of prosperity. “And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig-tree.” 1 Kings tv: 25. “ But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig-tree.” - Micah wv: 4. (4) Frankincense. | : pes Mo | Frankincense was used for the purpose of sacrificial fumigation. See Ex. xxx: 34; Lev. it: 16. | It is called frank because of the freeness with which, when burned, it gives forth its odor. It burns for a long time, and has a steady flame. SF ee Sh EY SOC Frankincense was among the gifts offered to Jesus at his birth. “They presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh.” Matt. ti: 12. 28 PEP BET YEE" BRR RECS RS RA “RL Bae bs6 SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (5) Hyssop. Very rarely used emblematically. It was used for sprinkling in the ceremony of purification. “ He took the blood of calves and of goats, with water, and scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book, and all the people.” Heb. ix: 19. “Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean.” Psalms li: 7, It was on a stem of hyssop that the sponge was given to Christ on the cross at Calvary. Sohn xix: 209. (6) Lentiles. The great use of this food during Lent by the poorer classes through- out Europe, is supposed by many to have given to the fast its present name. It was for a dish of red lentiles that Esau sold his birthright. “Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentiles ; and he did eat and drink, and rose up, and went his way. Thus Esau despised his birth-right.” Gen. xxv: 34. (189) ) aKZ Vig uaa es as BUR Me “A p Yo Wy Z, Ke <> : Dn I f) ONT? f oy : Sok SES S| Se . oN " : NS \ 9 Wy ral y 7 ye / \ A : ‘ “ id OD 2 9 ay 2 So) 5S Oe |) STS Plate LXXXIX SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblematic Flowers ( Continued.) fa) Myrrh. An ingredient of the holy oil. (See Exodus xxx: 23.) It is the gum from the bark of a small thorny balsam. A royal oblation of gold, frankincense and myrrh is still annually presented by the Queen of England, on the feast of the Epiphany, in the Chapel Royal, in London, this custom having been in existence certainly as early as the reign of Edward I. (1272-1307). (2) Rose of Jericho, otherwise known as the resurrection rose. (3) Rose, mentioned in the Bible, used as an emblem of the Blessed Virgin. (4) Lily of the Valley; emblematic of humility; frequently used. (5) Holly; emblematic of rejoicing. Frequently used throughout the British Isles. It is much used at Christmas for church decoration. (191) ey Wy ASK SY hy) aCe WA a Ni i Aas Z | Hi : Hi Hit A eA pe nee es ll) = (a, ——_ — y) | 4 a — == Plate XC SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblematic Flowers ( Continued.) (eo ®. Forget-me-not. A favorite church decoration. (2) Wormwood. Wormwood is noted for its bitter taste. It is an emblem of calamity, sorrow, extreme penitence and humility. “ Therefore thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will feed them, even this people, with wormwood.” Jeremiah ix: 15. (See also Lamentations iti: 15 and 19.) (3) Grape-Vine and Wheat. The vine is emblematic of the blood of Christ. “This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you.” Luke xxii: 20. Wheat is emblematic of the body of Christ. “And he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake it, and gave unto them, saying, This is my body, which is given for you.” Luke xxii: 19 (4) Water Lily. Water is emblematic of purification; the lily, of purity. Water Lily is emblematic of regeneration or purification by baptism. (193) WHE KS S( Ne Plate XCI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Emblematic Flowers ( Continued.) (1) Annunciation Lily. Emblem of the Blessed Virgin, meaning purity and _ chastity. When used in Easter decoration it means resurrection. Passion Flower. The passion or suffering of our Lord. a (2) Hawthorn (constancy). St. Joseph of Arimathza was the first Christian missionary to England. There is a legend, that to convince his hearers of the truth, he thrust his staff (a hawthorn) into the ground, and it at once blossomed, and has blossomed twice a year ever since. Hence, it is used as an emblem of constancy. Pomegranate. A very old and much used emblem of the Resurrection. Also commanded to be used on the robes of the Priests of Israel. “And beneath, upon the hem of it, thou shalt make pomegranates of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, round about the hem thereof.” Exodus xxvitt: 73. C3p Oak (strength). Ivy (faithfulness and dependency). (4) Palm (victory and righteousness.) “ The righteous shall flourish like the palm-tree.” — Psalms xcit: 12. (See also Revelation vii: 9.) Olive (peace). “And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, ta her mouth was an olive-leaf, pluckt off.” Genesis Viti: I. (195) } SS Plate X CII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Tetramorph, the union of the attributes of the four evangelists in one figure. The wings are covered with eyes, typical of instantaneous action. See Ezekiel t. (2) A combination of the Law, Sword of the Spirit and Faith. The clouds represent doubt and obscurity; the palm, victory. The clouds overlie or obscure the palm of victory and the table of the Law, which rests upon the sword of the Spirit (which is the Word of God). Over all is the sun (the source of light), emblematic of Christ and the Resurrection. (3) Ascension. The ascending dove, surrounded by the wreath of palm, represents the victorious ascending Spirit. (197 ) : AN M @ \é waa Plate XCIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Cr Form of Benediction, in Latin, Episcopal and various other churches. The thumb and first two fingers being elevated are said to represent the three persons of the Godhead, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In representations of the Godhead the open hand represents salvation for all. (2) Combination of Lily and Thorns. The annunciation lily is used in this illustration, but the lily of the valley is probably most frequently used. “As the lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters.” Canticles ti: 2. D. (3) Monstrance or Ostensory. Any receptacle containing sacred relics that are on view. Latterly restricted to glass-faced or transparent shrines, in which the con- secrated host is presented for adoration in procession, or while on the altar. Reliquary, a repository for relics generally small enough to be carried on the person. Phylactorium, a portable reliquary. Phylactory, in Jewish antiquity an amulet consisting of strips or a strip of parchment inscribed with texts from the Old Testament. Pyx, vessel in which the reserved Eucharist is kept. It is made in a great variety of shapes. (4) Ciborium. A metal pyx, chalice-like in shape, with a dome-like cover. Also, a vessel containing the pyx, or the sacred wafers, or consecrated bread. Also, a cupboard in the wall used for the same purpose. In the middle ages the vessel in which the sacrament was kept, was called a columba, and was of precious metal. It stood on a platform before the high altar, and was generally made in the form of a dove. (199) SITUA IEIIELTIAI ons. Maes, : se SB = = y AP ve SSS 14}2 4a hs * ecupauin® Plate XCIV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS The Zamb of God and the Book with Seven Seals “And I saw in the right hand of him that sat on the throne a book written within and on the back side, sealed with seven seals. “And I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose the seals thereof? “And no man in heaven, nor in earth, neither under the earth, was able to open the book, neither to look thereon. “ And I wept much, because no man was found worthy to open and to read the book, neither to look thereon. “And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of Juda, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals thereof. “And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne and of the four beasts, and in the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb, as it had been slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth. “ And he came and took the book out of the right hand of him that sat upon the throne. “And when he had taken the book, the four beasts and four and twenty elders fell down before the Lamb, having every one of them harps, and golden vials full of odours, which are the prayers of saints. “ And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blocd, out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation; “And hast made us unto our God kings and priests ; and we shall reign on the earth. “And I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels round about the throne and the beasts and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; “Saying with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and bless- ing. “And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, Bless- ing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever. “And the four beasts said, Amen. And the four and twenty elders fell down and worshipped him that lived for ever and ever.” Revelation v. (201 ) di th 1 (i Au Uf a Of | [ft | v (Gs bash f « We: : y ry A wel | Xe | il » 2 “tJ gm SENS : : peg rh | | 7 ¢ se sn ( : | b % MI @ ry | a A 3, » . ype 3 r eens > 6 s P f é v © a w°y : ve be Plate XCV SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Papal Hrms of Pope Leo XIII. The meaning of the motto is “Light in Heaven.” The Pope’s arms change with each incumbent of the office; being a combination of the Papal arms and the arms of the new incumbent. As Bishop of Rome, the Pope wears the mitre, and as sovereign he is crowned with the tiara. Innocent III. wrote, “ The Church has given me a crown in sign of my tem- poral office, and in token of my spiritual functions she has invested me with the mitre; the mitre for the priesthood, the crown for the kingship, constituting me thereby the vicar of Him who bears upon his robe and upon his thigh ‘ The King of Kings and the Lord of Lords.’ ”’ At present, and from the end of the sixteenth century, the Cardinal Deacon, who places the tiara upon the head of the new Pope when he is enthroned, pronounces the following words: “ Receive this tiara, adorned with a triple crown, and know that thou art the father of princes and kings, the ruler of the world, and the vicar on earth of our Saviour Jesus Christ, to whom is all honor and glory, world without end. Amen.” ( 203) 4 SONY awe, SW, We’ WAY AN \ Vi Plate XCVI SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Firms of the See of Canterbury Chief Episcopal See in England. Az., an Episcopal staff in pale ar., and ensigned with a cross-patée or, surmounted by a pall of the second, edged and fringed of the third, charged with four crosses, formées-fitchées, sa. (Az. Blue. Ar., Silver [White.] Or, Gold. Sa, Black.) The Mitre (Bishop’s hat), the sign of the Episcopal authority, cloven to represent the tongues of fire. The Episcopal Church in the United States has its succession from the Episcopal Church in England (Church of England). Nearly every diocese in this country has its own arms or seal. ( 205 ) N N ‘ N N N NY N N N N Whit, Plate XCVIL SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS (1) Crozier. A Bishop’s staff. Sign of pastoral authority or care. They are made in an almost endless variety of styles, and are about five feet in length. Generally, that of a bishop ends in a hook or curve; that of an arch- bishop, in a crown or crucifix. They are often works of art, and enriched with costly jewels; when ornated with symbols, they ought to conform with the title of the church. (2) Seal of the Presbyterian Church. For a central device the figure of an Open Bible displayed upon a circular field, and in form as represented upon the seal of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, upon the dexter page thereof to be inscribed the motto “The Word of God” within an oval field, and upon the “HPEES margin of the said page the scriptural reference, ‘1 Peter 1: 23... Upon the opposite or sinister page, within a similar oval field, the following device, namely: The figure of a brazen serpent suspended from a cruciform pole uplifted within a wilderness, in form as represented upon the official seal of the Trustees of this General Assembly. In addition thereto, upon the background of the field and behind the central figure, a miniature of the emblem upon the seal of the Kirk of Scotland,—namely, a burning*bush within a radiating circle of rays of light; further, a decorative wreath of palm upon the lower margin of the oval field, and in corresponding position upon the upper margin, the motto, ‘‘ Christus Exaltatus Salvator,” and upon the upper margin of the page itself, the Scriptural reference, “ John 3: 14.” ‘In addition to this central emblem thus differenced, it is directed that a semi- circular wreath of branches of palm, in form, as nearly as may be, like the decora- tive wreath upon the Westminster Assembly seal, be placed upon the upper mar- gin of the circular field, and in corresponding position below the book, a wreath of olive and oak combined. Further, that there be placed behind the book and the wreath radiating rays of light filling the vacant spaces of the field. Surrounding the whole device the scroll of the seal shall bear the words, ‘Seal of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.” (From the Minutes of the General Assembly of 1892.) (207) Plate XCVIII SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS Hrms of the Order of St. Hugustine Party Her Pale. The dexter half azure (blue), charged with madonna and child (ppr). The sinister half vert (green), charged with a lion rampant (ppr). Glubsnotted =. ei kernals elas cuaeisrois cis) oiekes seine 86 Olethemeniest: 1.) shal scioewionctte seis sacle 52 Coatawithout Seam? 5 cc. Satis cissisetes.cceiowersiels 90 OlsthepSatnts) = «= stewesiciesicwioe wie clesentswts 106 Cock . RYE ahi are SS tak cidtoarticlcreueeieremie ee 83, 88 OfathenScholarsi. ee ae eee 52 Caltaha sh Sai a certs) (oipiele te othe ale ais ae a eloraitte:s 199 Ofghhornsior okevsiccieshiecion tees 88, 90, 132 Collimrips -wercaceiss aise dasccccascsiaccecaiess 82, 88 onGi@ushiont =) 473 ls tacdoacnesesecetc 132 Column eB sokenye gs, =. 1. s) seinacrseeiss qe ose 130 Crowns rs Woe ke cee stale cls eG, 160, 162, 168, 215, 216 Comforter ews, « Sevccieis ciorsiavais cies ioeinentaeeraste 215 GErozierey.% . bh esecuccdc ose eee aes 206 Coammandmentsie ccomcan sco aatconn eens 36 Gruerfixeerehs tee solemn shee kine Seren widke asels 122 Comimiunionw woe. secs oe. eiais.s ere ice's 108, 156, 158 Crucifixionys Mee race taal nace tea he 50, 212 Conqueror (God) . Be Pavaie; aisle otters slsiociotiereare 212 Gipsy ea ets ane heey d ouchahtees 216 CGHSEANCVA CEMA. 8c io ceed ae one eet neeboene 194 GupsSacramentall © -3 5 esas ted shedes ddeecc 00 Cornucopia . crass suciaseleVanciaiclaveis eine erermersinere 160 Cupboard es <8 tcc c och cad cere ca donsioan 199 Counsellors of God . SOURS aR AIG CMU ATICRe 215 Gymbbalsieenis se 12 ye nce crn teste siatuic's able oe eto 56 Covenant Rew Stee ccseisosise. crcmauscneccase 26 Greationy. = <6 = -)cescr Os, dO, T2nK4) Joe 78 D Creator ees s: csccneasiogeciewenic ccisacve 8, 10, 12, 14 GreediGhristian ca shocneonic cei s camonc acme 212 Dante, Cy we Rc ciscrssclo Sees owe Seis i 010% se rcteleto sete ets 34 Crescent . SEEN ORAS HACE OOO OSOMEROObOBCL 213 DavidiyShieldwofies-charceetmcessccciiss sae Seees 4 EsOss se cs, & ce ssomeamescmneacsae 96, 124, 142, 168 DavidsmMowern Of-s oe tec vassaissosiccics stows cto 112 and Bible Sea coO sho COpRORESSSaSEBadeco 152 Dy aypye eee wishes cictceisia mise sinmasies sicic co seie wtelem oats 12 ANC GLOW ton ae Pinel conc ce career emer 158 Death eter cescsis ccs oss 22, 130, 134, 164, 166, 168 and, Greek (Letters < . << cus sactcccoene 250 Deity, Attributes of . shi & died ee ore & asltlataveteyetels 182 @alvanyae © nets voce cccls sloctincieom cnet 172 Dependency ..... SHH Nek toy ainis raw BITC 194 GOT OMAY 4 | Ba Sb SStS HEB OR EAP SaeeosEe box 178 TOO re RKC OOOO OOOO CONIC REC acre: 90 Concealed. tet nace oe. esis neneioneeine 212 Disciples, Attributes of . . . . 82, 86 Grown and: Palmares cs cecisiceiasleineencre 162 DisciplessMlastxoteweres mc) os occ. s ois o cieleees 87 GrownedeArmsi sitio cass oniaceee acts 210 Disciples#Stan elas Ri saesee esa sas se se cee celeseie 184 Decorative, 595 2. sacceses cccwcctecee 174 Divine@eresenceter st ios | ac ccisicicds sive cielercere 39 van oelists: care su ccic cicieis aie lsie o cievewies eines 174 DOO Rees cree bales base ewe mene 137 Glomfied o. oy st aencn/noisas bewegeoearre 62 DominiOnOm sinter cis sens © cc's see cl oe oe sclaictele 23 Greek, St. Coe Stpbatrick: .) see seeeiye Mominionsaseeer chee ee che cess cose tse seee oe 215 Maur al by sentry aenrelcreioters.eie’ avivic. lew es eterere 174 ID OUDER MPN Me es ckios cose eee ost s.cl. cee Sele tere 196 PO havo was aees eateverenctate eee vaisle-ciaiciote'sictavore ete 162 DOV ERN eM AP adc Sercicicla terol rosie nes eeisie ete 72, 199 NY SYA AMG cake lo civisiowcieswrs oo sie senile 130 ecetiae : ae eeee wees 196 (219) ee SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS PAGE PAGE Dove, Ascending and Descending ............. 70 G OP ReRee conc Or idcenecascce 7 hee ne Resurrection. ,.) 5) a cee meg Gabriel, Archangel... . . se eeceessccececces 210 SOUS... 5. 0. sha te ee ee 124 Gad'(Standard)! + = <2 +2 winninnoraaonde eee 32 Dragon...) oer ie etnce ene eee 24 Gammitas «5 «2 656 22558 08240400000 SO - 148 Dragon, Head Frags Oca on Rk ee ee Garden, Enclosed :; «5.4» <+. 2.0.3 SUSU ee 112 DMA. oor ous com oe ae ee ee 56 Gate'of Heaven.) .c2sicaiscns cs Oe 110 Dulcimer . . : P 58 Geometrical Forms. . . . 182, 184 Globe! #84, Wel. fe. 5.2. sa SEERA TNT 215, 216 Glorified Som BW eteial vats does SO 180 E God? Armor ‘Ob +. <1 5° sa7irene.crartanths 154 ESrnO QE. cep saute aden as Gods City of om ss te or ccoseocoseaee ee 116 Bite Apniis Dei RE ER eV Hi a God* Conqueror ' 15 +0 vr 21 esttcteretttersteo oe ee 212 BIOGUENCE fos cy as aeaneahegcasaas esas Beene 170 God, Name Of 1... ....ssssseseseesesseoewens es Ephraim (Vine) wsssxathanassacnares eae 32 Seda BS ey Oe tapriet's ane ee se Epwontlh League seo ig ys: dic) 7. 156 iaiby Sirs: ioag Rctarsiaiaeitie oo oie pane mera cee ee 190 Boverunner creat ant vee ee ee 60 Honor, Vessel of .......... soooac soistcratr et ste ate 120 BOrget-iie-note. amet ae eee 192 ETOPe cron ccaciotiscimainene thee eee aaa 162, 180 Howniain, oo ts teaee ta tant ewe ee ROOM eRe 118 Hom. Bi deleretcerelaca cto cleratcletavel Lereietereraats 58 ROR as on i hee StS ot SR SON ea 14 Horse (War) . Beafetoiniaiatetalaietsetcl station terstts 54 Eramkincense, opens 24a a eens CIO ben 186 Hourglass!) sccheccess cae tees nea eeen eee 156, 164 Praitiulness, Spiritual - |. / 7). s)) sess sense) II5 mility, s9 Serene een re syetsistajeysrs TSO, Omicron, Once ING crete lato erctsis rae eras biserers 150 Oninipresence: 35.0. ken seen noses ie tee ee 156 Organt yn gor gone cee Bees Lis veisvstoveinversier anaes 58 Ostensory...... sloicisiois/arcietlciecisars eisveleveveyere 198 OX gee iets cic le ofaeleYaterelateralorevciclersiaicieretcleleeVeniomoo 1S Padlock. ..... erepaietetsvalsiclowerajs (ers; ore(einsretcrta seeped Pale ss ny ain scree eet oie Oeae teh 132 Paling. siarcats ainsi da eee aoe 162, 194, * Palm (Manaseeh) © SBo dee Cotes as hone Passion, Emblems Ae ; +++. . 88, 90, 92, 04, = PasSiOne Blowers. acs con cee oisaties Hae 176, 194 PAGE Patent cc. id cincdanstilecotereasce sneer 158 Patrick: S6.°.0."% S2755.06-7 on ee 79 Peacepi i’. SOROS, os do or se) Soe 166, 194, 216 Peace. (Ass) rr, +5) o) beer ees) asicietye cn en eee 54 Peace e Dove of s S5< reesei seis sh es tee sdecp wee Peacock . . ceieaeispoieisiscszeye te ccocte/a Sea 180 Pelicans™: See srw. <)7.5 oi ns Neen eee a sie e elete tate 66 Pen (Writer) ............. araselereaeverniacrotetele 133, 135 Penitence: 6 Ss cigs ays heh ees oe ae 184, 192 PennGas® SR. oe ko A en aan ety ee 215 Pentatewcheny Mi oo oc on or a ee 36 Pericetony Peed cade dete 72, 182, 184 Perfection’(Greek),.<..) s1,oclasteesce oe eee enone 148 PestilenceMine ©, Ssostiessscst et ae 24 Peter, St. a Keys) . oes ss oes site mee DAB SRST nett lttat folate vtatelarstets eter nets 108 Phenisy! sit ataysk at st ciet ortvefereionetstevole eet o ence: erereretoreae ie aetan . 100 PhilipySe? ThL8. PM) .sca08 og 0524.5 OS ee 82 Phylactoniumt ys 2295. Se hee eee 199 Phylactony: .3 4 seitndvdo5oos cose eee 199 PilQriga Bers vimi.s ta nohae oon ns eee oe ie eee 82 Pilgrsas; Stati, i Sasick cecetene poco one eee 216 Pillarweryse reece ee stot a esarareeretaroreiseretans . 9 Pincerse) 2 2. sialolotelsersre tote cietsrarislsrsters go, 132 PAG Cher, 5.05 5 sje 10; 010:aia arereieswinie sseiier te wie eoveloreeiee ects 133 Pleasure...... PERERA” F SRORA One O CSO OS 58 Pomepranateya oe ai-ijeevcieinen ociieweloa cme eiscr II5, 104 POMP Wee 5 ways cascades need sioneg:s nese eee 180 Poti Manna’ c- ice a hese sen 6 wavorsioe ee siols Snehae yee Poti Water i. e+ ce vor veratoleccheravaretetet cletatclcls stats Ae aCe Power,, Everlasting’ « . . 6 © secs suse ciccsenneiei2 POWEESP: 65. kc gases sian hye Ree Ee ada tnlale late olainehewvie's 215 Presence of Geode wi Ge 57 win wiels Sieve eyplaroweyal dyaratoreteretemeliiay ‘Priestisi Crown) .y.c <0 deosaeseasees silauayas soos SESS Principalities) «5 c+ 10i +s sandacadeccanaseaa aes Promise to Abram... . ........ Face soresge 28 Promise’ (Rambow) .). . << oscccscecccccacdemece Prophecy, 2% 2) ..c00: Pies cache datesicd cede 153 Prosperity . ARERR, Seen BE noe, . 186, 212 Prosperity, Bove a BMAP Ne aS caaeaer Dees eee 26 Purityaae See Gaon. SooudoddaddS 146, 160, 192, 194 Punishment: of!Sint #6, 5, 5 cto ciosistsceceieiicics cies 20 Purification! 2%, « pcg psuhessaaetsteaseue 186, Be Purification, Freedom one danse daeerssene Py srer es Ce bee bas Se Sietieiee deaedeels aa Br R Rainbow, pycieeei-ireeiets ae lotoni eile siajo.aterelstaretaaete 26 Raphael, Archangel . . . . . 2 cccscececesccss 216 RAV SW esis i/o vo: 0 eke rcie ora oxeselorevaleteisioieli«jeisiais\elavejetemsetersiera 4 Redeemer . . .. ..... SGtodsndsseonesooaddoca 215 Reedl eds « ss wsisosas BGOCAC RGR BHOMnOCOCCOSHO 94 Regeneration . .. 2.0 5 ceoeses ... 156, 184, 192 Rejoicing . BY cya acelain ale eveiaterotoraverotecohotereforeyste - 190 Reliciewe Giert $ : w a 2 ¢ ‘ , *? a aad eee +. ey f * : ‘ 2 a ” ob e, - cs - oe y = da i .0OI3 t ‘I CALREOS: stati wdes eee ee ee | + vi al ni das { ine tweens sey rel th eeeeeer Jy PF atk, ' | M ‘be om Sb (oi ee Se how obo OO8G 4a + nee ofl ; rr we H = tne ve eee eh bad oe SER: hy eee pees ie firey, ee Fee : , Ve oc Minot Orders « hae ts s<éent 7 Vevey of ee we Leap aril it — re oa hails sh, vo, if : Me | ¥ ORS tear eee d foe) . 4 a (Hip lveaban),. > + saperas vicgin iby al eeveges vende dy . ’ seaws (pte edpe se Virtoms . TES IEPELILIIL TL Tit.) ‘ ‘ : : , i ' : _ Wate 4 bev ‘ ve + @xhr eee Vv ¢ a . ¥ a* ee * ieee ee ' thet eee + i oe ee te Wee i ViFezsi\). : bed + vae4 Pre trues ne ‘Vater Bottle fl ~-« Wades Glloty Sperte) °) .) 'S eke fey _Watex-iity he b an a « ; x¥a aye i ¢ . * Vy secre te ‘ eer gmt of A fio ‘ a 5 pv ~ nl "+ * a i rr hut nae naer ' ‘tos ' 1 DATE DUE pec i 3 aera ea elle SAA-PI ILE SEP 44 Cs DEMCO 38-297 wi DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA 27706 : SZLSS0600 d ‘NNN OsT HAN il