THE BOOK OF ESTHER CRITICAL EDITION OF THE HEBREW TEXT WITH NOTES BY hae PAUL HAUPT, LL.D. ; W. W. SPENCE PROFESSOR OF THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD. CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1908 THE BOOK OF ESTHER CRITICAL EDITION OF THE HEBREW TEXT WITH NOTES BY PAUL HAUPT, LL.D. W. W. SPENCE PROFESSOR OF THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD. CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1908 Tue American JourNaL oF Semitic Laneu. anp Lireratures, Vol. XXIV, January, 1908 The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES (CONTINUING HEBRAICA) Votume XXIV JANUARY, 1908 Numper 2 CRITICAL NOTES ON ESTHER’ By Pact Haupt Johns Hopkins University In the following nn. I have not attempted to give all the di- vergences exhibited by the Ancient Versions; as a rule, I have recorded only variations which throw some light on the Heb. text.* The ancient versions of E are so free and inaccurate (¢f. eng. mm. on 3, 13. 14; 4, 1. 11. 14; 518; 6, 1; 7, 3.4) that it would be a waste of time to discuss all discrepancies. W’s+ and J’st theory that 6 is more original than {#l seems to me untenable (cf e. g. nn. on 6, 1; 7,4; 8, 8). The fact that the text of 6 does not read like a translation from the Heb. (cf. however Tecwv treo7, 6, 13)|| is easily explained by the popularity of E. As soon as a foreign book becomes popular, the transla- tions become more idiomatic and free.§ Ifa French play is to be a success in America or England, it is impossible to present a 1 Preprinted from the forthcoming Wiiliam Rainey Harper Memorial Volumes. *Tt might be well to add that I completed the restoration of the Heb. text of E on Oct. 16, 1905, and that I revised it twice, on Aug. 6, 1906, and July 11, 1907. The Critical Notes were begun on Jan. 24, 1906, and finished on the following day; they were rewritten from June 9 to July 13 and on Aug. 4 and 5, 1906. Finally I recast them again from June 4 to July 12, 1907. tHugo Willrich, Judaica (Gottingen, 1900) p. 15; cf. also p. 27, 1. 20. Contrast Pur. 28, 15. £G. Jahn, Das Buch Ester (Leyden, 1901) p. vi. || Cf. my remarks in Daniel 16, 23. § Note the adaptations of the proper names in &S, discussed in nn. on 1, 10, 14 and 9, 7. 1] 97 98 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES literal translation. It is necessary to introduce additions as well as omissions. I see nothing in © that is incompatible with the view that 6 is based on fil or, to be more accurate, on a recension of the Heb. text from which ffl is derived (cf. e. g. nn. on 1, 10. 14; 7,4; 9,9). W deems it not impossible that E was intended for Alexandria, and therefore written in Greek; afterwards, he thinks, it may have been translated into Heb. for the use of the Palestinian Jews. But E was written by a Persian Jew about 130 8. c. The Alexandrian festal legend for the Feast of Purim is the so-called Third Book of the Maccabees, and the Book of Judith is a Palestinian Purim legend; see Haupt, Purim (Leipzig, 1906) p. 7, ll. 30-38. I cite this book as Pur. The first number after Pur. refers to the page; the second, to the line. Cant. denotes Haupt, The Book of Canticles (Chicago, 1902) reprinted from AJSL 18, 193-245; 19, 1-32. In the same way Eccl. is used for Haupt, Ecclesiastes (Baltimore, 1905) and Nah. for Haupt, The Book of Nahum (Baltimore, 1907) reprinted from JBL 26, 1-53. The unabbreviated names of Biblical Books printed in Italics (e. g. Kings, Psalms, &c) denote the critical notes on the Heb. text in SBOT, 7. e. my edition of The Sacred Books of the Old Testament; the first number after the name of the Book refers to the page in SBOT, the second indicates the line. Thus Genesis 50, 9 refers to p. 50, 1. 9 of the critical edition of the Book of Genesis in SBOT; but Gen. 50, 9 means chapter 50, verse 9 of the Book of Genesis. In the references to SBOT the (unabbre- viated) names of the Books are printed in Jtalics; in the refer- ences to the received text of the Heb. Bible the names of the books are abbreviated, but not ztalicized, and the numbers of the chapters are printed in heavy-faced figures (1, 2, 3, &c). L use for 6Y, 7. e. Ec@np 8 in L’s edition (= Ain Fritzsche’s edition) and 6" for Ec@np a (=B in Fritzsche’s edition). @ denotes the first Targum in L’s edition; @’="37w Dw7N (the numbers after © refer to the pages and lines of L’s edition). The apocryphal additions to E in 6 are cited according to the cc. and vv. of the Vulgate (3) e. g. 11,2=6' 1,1. This cor- responds to the numeration in the Authorized Version (AV). 2 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 99 In addition to these symbols note the following abbreviations: AG?*= Delitzsch, Assyr. Grammatik (Berlin, 1906). AJP = Amerv- can Journal of Philology—AJSL= American Journal of Semitic Languages— AoF= Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen—AOG =Winckler, Der alte Orient und die Geschichtsforschung (Berlin, 1906)=MVAG 11, 1—ASKT=Haupt, Akkadische und sumerische Keilschrifttexte (Leipzig, 1881)— AT = Altes Testament.— AV = Author- ized Version.— A V™“= Authorized Version, margin. B= Bertheau, Die Biicher Esra, Nechemia und Ester, second edition (Leipzig, 1887) by Victor Ryssel._BA = Beitrdge zur Assyriologie von Delitzsch und Haupt.—_BAL=Haupt, Bettrage zur assyrischen Lautlehre = Nach- richten von der Kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Géttingen, April 25, 18883 BDB=Francis Brown (assisted by S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs) A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the OT (Boston, 1906)—_BL=Haupt, Biblische Liebeslieder (Leipzig, 1907).—BT= L. Goldschmidt, Der babylonische Talmud.ir~C=Paulus Cassel, Das Buch Esther (Berlin, 1878).*—c.=chapter; cc.= chapters.— Cant. =Haupt, The Book of Canticles (Chicago, 1902) reprinted from AJSL 18, 193-245; 19, 1-32——Ch=Cheyne.— CV (i. e. Congress- Vortrag) = Haupt, Die akkadische Sprache (Berlin, 1883).— DB = Dictionary of the Bible— E = Esther.— EB = Encyclopedia Biblica, edited by Cheyne and Black.— Hcecl.=Haupt, The Book of Ecclesiastes (Baltimore, 1905) reprinted from AJP, No. 102.—G = Greek Bible (LX X).— G = Alexandrinus.— 6 = Lucianic recension edited by L (Gottingen, 1883).— 6 = Sinaiticus—— 6’ = Vaticanus.—_ GB“ = Gese- nius’ Hebr. Handworterbuch, edited by Buhl, fourteenth edition (Leipzig, 1905) GK" = Gesenius’ Hebr. Grammatik, edited by K (Leipzig, 1902)— English translation of GK® by Collins and Cowley (Oxford, 1898) H = Haman.—_ HW = Delitzsch, Assyr. Handwérter- buch (Leipzig, 1896). IN = Ed. Meyer, Die Israeliten und ihre Nach- barstamme (Halle, 1906)—J=G. Jahn, Das Buch Ester (Leyden, 1901).—3 (i. e. Jerome) = Vulgate. JAOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society—JBL=Journal of Biblical Literature—JHUC= Johns Hopkins University Circulars (Baltimore).— K = Kautzsch (especially his Teaxtbibel)—1 K, 2 K=The first (second) Book of the Kings.— KAT*= Eb. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das AT, third edition, edited by Zimmern und Winckler (Berlin, 1903),— KB=Eb. Schrader, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek. L=Lagarde.— 1.= line; 1].=lines— LB = Luther’s Bible— LOT =S. R. Driver’s Introduction to the Literature of the OT —M = Mordecai.—1 M, 2 M= *It might be well to add that the references to C were inserted after I had completed the revision of my manuscript, in July, 1907. Some etymologies proposed by C are impos- sible, but several of his remarks are superior to the observations found in the leading com- mentaries. 3 100 THe AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES The first (second) Book of the Maccabees.— fl = Masoretic Text MDOG = Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (Berlin)— MSS = Manuscripts.— MVAG = Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesell- schaft (Berlin).— N = Néldeke.— n.= note; nn.= notes.— Nah. = Haupt, The Book of Nahum (1907)=JBL 26, 1-53—NT= New Testament.—O=Oort, Hmendationes (see Proverbs 69, 4)—OLZ= Orientalistische Litteratur-Zeitung, edited by Peiser.— OT = Old Testament.— p.= page; pp. = pages.— Pur.= Haupt, Purim (Leipzig, 1906) = BA 6, part 2—R=Ryssel (especially his edition of B and his critical nn. in the Beilagen to K’s Die Heilige Schrift des AT).—_S= Siegfried, Esra, Nehemia und Esther (Gottingen, 1901).—1 S, 2 S= The first (second) Book of Samuel.—S= Syriac Version (Peshita),—S* = Ambrosianus.—SBOT = Haupt, The Sacred Books of the OT—SD =Haupt, Uber einen Dialekt der sumerischen Sprache = Nachrichten von der Kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Géttingen, Noy. 3, 1880.—SFG = Haupt, Die sumerischen Familiengesetze (Leipzig, 1879). SG°=Néldeke, Syrische Grammatik, second edition (Leipzig, 1898). € = Targum. — © = "yy piw7n.— TBAI = Cheyne, Traditions and Beliefs of Ancient Israel (London, 1907).—THCO (7, e. Transactions of the Hamburg Congress of Orientalists) = Verhandlungen des xiii. Inter- nationalen Orientalisten-Congresses zu Hamburg, 1902 (Leyden, 1904).— v.= verse; vv.=verses— VG=Brockelmann, Grundriss der verglei- chenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen (Berlin, 1907)—W = Willrich, Judaica (Gottingen, 1900)— Wd= Wildeboer’s commen- tary on E in Die fiinf Megillot (1898)=part xvii of K. Marti’s Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum AT—WdG=A Grammar of the Arabic Lan- guage, by W. Wright, third edition revised by M. J. de Goeje (Cam- bridge, 1896).— Wn = Winckler (especially his paper on E in AoF 3, 1-64, Leipzig, 1901, whole number xvi).— ZA = Zeitschrift fiir Assyri- ologie.— ZAT = Zeitschrift fiir die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.— ZDMG = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlindischen Gesellschaft.— ZK = Zeitschrift fiir Keilschriftforschung. A scholar who considers the Moabite stone to be metrical may discuss the poetic form of E;* but so far as I can see, it is written in prose, just as Ruth and Jonah are (apart from the Maccabean psalm inserted in c. 2; see AJSL 23, 256). For "MON=Istar, a feminine form of ASur, Benignus, so that E= Benigna (cf. Lat. Bona Dea) see my paper The Name *Cf. the remarks of Cornill and Ed. Meyer cited in AJSL Q8, 221; also Budde, Geschichte der althebr. Litteratur (Leipzig, 1906) p. 33. i if CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 101 Istar in JAOS 28, 112-119; and for the Herodotean prototype of E and Sheherazade (@Pacdupin, Her. 3, 68) see Pur. 8, 21 (ef. 40, 20). @ (241, 16) says of E: 87513 2395 OWA ANTS TWA “Pre Napa is). N (1) fA SHIN is a corruption of W°"STN (oT nN) = Old Pers. KhSayarSa. It is not necessary to suppose that wyUn us (Syl!) became W7I"SMN (Kings 126, 47; 270, 22) and that the \ and “ were afterwards “transposed, while the * was corrupted to }. The name orn does not appear as wry. “For the transposition of the vowels cf. DE TIEN (3, 12) for DETTENN = Old Pers. khsatrapavan, also y2 Va ‘for 472 (see n. on 250, 2,5) and went for Wen 72, yan nN; " Assyr. Araxsamna; see Pur. 23, 15;* ef. L, Purim, p. 52, below. - The first } of ;I7TDMN is a corruption of ", the second 4 is due to dittography of the "; cf. the dittographed } in Dwr and “ADIN, Ruth 2, 8; 3, 14; also Ja 95, Nah. 2, 1 (see Nah. 29, below) and oy 7s =oOmS (9, 19). The letters ) and ® as well as } and ™ are often confounded, dittographed and haplographed (Pwr. 51, 22). For 5 and ® cf. E 8,13; Ruth 2,1, and Kings 259, 29. S reads correctly —s;se./, just as we find in an Aramaic inscription: WANN, corre- sponding to the Babyl. XiSi’arSu (-7, -a) or AxSiiarsu (# = aa For confusion of } and ™ (4) cf. my remarks on pa a7 "2511 ae) instead of 4257 O10 and WTI t for Wi oN (Ex. 15, 2) in ‘AJ SL 20, 158, below (see also 23, 225, below). The suffix in [25% DiIdt is due to dittography of the initial —= of the following 7725. In the gloss 2 K 16, 10 we find pwan for pwr; in Job 41, 21 (a variant to vy. 20) MAIN stands for MAM =Assyr. tartaxu, shaft, arrow (KB 6, 328). In E 1, 16; 2, 21; 3, 12; 8, 10 we find p"1wNN; in 10, 1: wawMN. Theform w-1wDMnNr (Gopi is more correct than (7 VDRRN, although the first 5 is a corruption of ®. In wW™DMN the omission of the 4 (for *) before = is due to Cesipe smaataely = has been omitted before 4 in 45% (for (75m) E 7, 8, and GS (dayares, Lawes) * Cf. also Sana = Assyr. abaibu (Nah. 31) and modern Arab. qaba-jtir for French abat-jour (VG 1, 121, below). +For 1) ="N3 to praise cf. Eth. FR: (AG2. $148). TIN 23 Ed. Meyer still renders: Ross und Reiter; he also maintains the pre-Exilic date of Moses’ Song of Triumph. He agrees with me, however, in stating (p. 49, below) that there is some historical nucleus in the story of the catastrophe of the Egyptians; ef. my remarks in AJSL 20, 149. 153. 154. 158. 5 102 THe AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES a1 read M75 instead of MII, Joel 1,17; O15 must be derived from "335 = "T5515; see n. on 9, 26. In 27 out of the 29 cases in which the name w;W™"DMN occurs in E it is due to scribal expansion; cf. especially 1, 15. 16; it is original only in the opening clause ‘8 ‘2°D "47 (1, 1) and in the phrase ‘Ry m4{5d%2 (3,6;—9,30 is a gloss). Wherever we find 457 a2 a5 or maby pan (GK*, § 131, g) either the name or the title is due to scribal expansion, The proper Eng. phrase is King David, the proper Heb. expression is mpl "5. The king David is neither good Eng. nor good Heb. The proper names (David, Solomon, Rehoboam, Jehoram, Jehoash, Rezin, Josiah) must be omitted e. g.in 1 K 1, 32. 37; 5, 27; 8, 5; 9, 11; 12, 6. 18; 2K 3,6; 14,11; 16, 6. 11.17; 22, 24; 23, 29,* while the omission of the title king is required e. g. in 1 K 1, 53; 2, 29; 10, 16. 21. 23; 2 K 16, 11. 16; 25,8. Even in cases where sb: 375 is affixed to the proper name, the title may often be omitted; cf. e. g. 2 K 9, 15 and Stade’s nn. (in Kings) on the passages cited above. It is often stated that the name of God is never mentioned in E (ef. n. on 4, 14) while the King of Persia is referred to 187 times, and his kingdom 26+ times; cf. e.g. W 27 and Hastings’ DB 1, 733, footnote. S (137, n. 1) remarks that the King is mentioned 190 times. I find that the name WAYMAN occurs 29 times, while he is simply referred to as the King 193 times. This would be 222 times, not 187. In several passages, however, the title 1 275 does not refer to Xerxes in particu- lar, but means royal in general. 6 has for W7"WMN the name of his son ’Apragéépéns (cf. Hzra 32, 5). This discrepancy is not striking if the name W7A"DAN is a later addition in all the passages except 1, 1 and 3,6 (see above). G' ’Agovipos is a later correction, just as 6" Ovacrw for GY Aorw. S% reads, at the begin- ning of the parenthesis, —epeaul) apo on. According to AoF 3, 5 wawMmMN is Cambyses, and the conspiracy in 2, 21 was aimed at Cyrus (cf. below, ad 2,21) but King 7"ZMN in E represents Alexan- der Balas (see Pur. 29, 8; 35, 42) i.e. the poor and wise youth alluded to in Eccl. 4, 13 (for poor=humble, of mean birth, of low origin, see AJSL 23, 226, n. 13). The parentheses are a characteristic feature of E (cf. Pur. 9,6). We find a great many explanatory parentheses in Herodotus; cf. e. g. Holder’s edition where the parentheses are enclosed in () while glosses are enclosed in []. As E was written about B.c. 130, the Sadducean author may have read Herodotus’ work, just as the Sadducean author of Ecclesiastes may have been acquainted with the works of Epicurus *This must not be interpreted to mean that all proper names, or titles, that might be dispensed with should be canceled, even if they are omitted in some of the Ancient Versions. + This is correct only if we include mab) in 1,19; 4,14; 5,1, where it refers to E. 6 1,24 CriticAL Notes oN ESTHER 103 and other Greek philosophers (Eccl. 6, n.7). I have indicated the parentheses by () e.g. vv. 13. 14; 2, 5. 12; 5, 7. Tramspositions are indicated by j{ and [] e. g. v. 6, not by (). For 33 we would expect I or AAT (cf. “HCN for “HCN, sew for 5 NTT, &e) corresponding to Syr. ofl, Arab. O4® Hind. T has NWT, but S weed Lt goa so. In 1. 14 of the inscrip- tion of Darius at Naqs-i-Rustam the name appears as Indi. The accent of {575 should be on the ultima, not on the — ( 5 eee baie "35, not 75>). B thought that the pointing 3575 might have been influenced by 721 AMM, but these two words are not the only segho- late (see Proverbs 67, 19) eee jos ee iat wD, InN, &e. Theoin 355 instead of 7 or e may be explained in the same way as in Nt = Assyr. Ni’, Thebes; see Nah. 30 and cf. my Assyr. E-vowel, p. 22. It is possible that the Heb. 0 was pronounced 6, just as the Assyr. u seems to have been sounded as zi; see Ezekiel 64, 43. (2) The prefixed D7 D722 is due to scribal expansion. According to AOG 21 4niD5a NOD oy an M2wW> means, not when the King sat on his royal throne, but when he acceded to the throne. The beginning of the following verse, however, shows that the great banquet was given, not at the accession of the King, but in the third year of his reign. W (16, above; cf. 21, below) referred 6 e6povicOy (several MSS have éveOpovic@n) to the solemn enthronization of the King, which may have been celebrated three years after the accession of the King (cf. Jacob, ZAT 10, 281). The German Emperor William I. suc- ceeded his elder brother Frederick William IV. on Jan. 2, 1861, but his coronation was celebrated at Kénigsberg on Oct. 18,1861. G é6povicGy (which is a free translation of "niDdod NOD } y M2w>) may refer to the enthronization (cf. é& airais tats jucpars) but eis is not the original meaning of fl. Cf. also E 5,1 and Herod. 7, 102; Plut. Themist. c. 13. Heb. 77712 (S 124,45, © NN2772) is a Babyl. loanword = birtu, citadel (HW 1857). SA F724 TON denotes the Acropolis of Susa; so, correctly S. Cf. my remarks on the Acropolis of Nineveh (Nah. 44). The royal palace was situated in the Acropolis (C 13, below) not in the city. The city was separated from the Acropolis by the Choaspes; see n.on 4,17. 6%, incorrectly, év Sovoos 77 oka. Contrast MSD WIT FID as (at the end of c. 3) and WF Bim (6,11). See also n. on 9, 6. (3) Before 5"M we must insert “ip ; so R (in K) and S. For Dvan7=En=Assyr. parsimati (HW 546)=p pT cf. AJP 17, 490. (4) The statement (AoF 3,31, n.1) that the original meaning of this passage was undoubtedly that the King gave a banquet after having displayed his power is untenable; (MN WWI cannot mean after having 7 104 Tur AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 1,5 shown. Neither GY xai pera tatra pera ro deifar airois nor G" eis ro em- daxOjvac (J ut ostenderet) are correct. The emendation DAWA. is gratuitous. The 180 days may be an exaggeration, just as the 10,000 talents (3, 9) or the 50 cubits (5, 14) or the 75,000 said to have been slain by the Jews (9, 16) but the author undoubtedly intended to convey the idea that the banquet lasted 180 days, 7.e. half a year. fA Ba OD is a corrective gloss (or variant; cf. Adap Nuway in 6 3, 7 and Kings 213, 48; 291, 4; Nah. 40, 5; alson.on NANI, v. 10, and n. on 8, 6) to the following D5" AND DO DDw; it is omitted in 6", The glossator may have considered the 180 days an exaggeration; cf. second n. on 6, 8. (5) Kethiv meidan, Qeré mixdaa}. The form is based on the analogy of the verbs j4%5, the & is silent; cf. VIND (Is. 9, 4) @ e. nts = NO = WSO = Eth. YA}: San; see Isaiah 88, 39; Kings 274, 19; 280, 48. fA Tap 794 Sian75 means both high and low, not old and young; the latter phrase is expressed by WPT WA “W572 (3, 13). B interprets (Op 3 5375705 correctly in the present verse; but in y. 20 he takes it to mean old and young. Instead of MwA it is better to point HMw; cf. y 60, 5 and Kings 1738, 8. The "2 in this case indicates an accented short e; see below, n. on y. 22; contrast THCO 209. In “Joan ya M34 TEMS (S bese, Peds MY Zip2) ET 7 2M is according to Wn a gloss to wna 333 but this is impossible. GY & aidAq oixov Tod Baciéws omits T}35; GS has evdov ev rH atdAy Tod Baciréws. The feast was not given in the park: this would have ruined the park; it was given in the forecourt. of the royal park. This fore- court (D in the groundplan of the Acropolis of Susa in Billerbeck’s Susa, p. 1382) had a mosaic pavement. A mosaic pavement in the park (B) would be very strange. Nor is E’s banquet (c. 7) given in the M55 ima; the King goes from E’s banquet to the park (7,7) and returns from the park to the place of the banquet (7, 8). According to Ch (EB 4500) inlet is a corruption of "302: it was an orchard of pistachio nut-trees that was meant! It might just as well be explained as a slight modification of 5x30"! But wna is a Babyl. loanword (KAT*, 649) derived from bitanu, palace. Cf. tarbagu Sa bitani in Behrens, Briefe kultischen Inhalts (Leipzig, 1906) p. 39, n. 3. The idea (AoF 3, 2) that cape is an ideogram with phonetic complement (n + A"3 = appadan or maethana)* is impossible; see Pur.48,10. The punctu- *Cf. N, Aufsdtze zur persischen Geschichte (Leipzig, 1887) p. 152 and my ASKT 165, below. 8 1,6 CriticAL Notes on HSTHER 105 ation "M72 is just as wrong as the vocalization of TBD (v. 6) and VAX (8, 6). Cf. also oer for Be (4, 3). -(6) fl “75 is an explanatory gloss to the following Pers. loanword O55 =xdpracos. A second explanatory gloss to OH95 is V2 which must exchange places (cf. n. on 3, 11) with n>am. The transposition 42 and nd5n is probably due to 8, 15 where we find Vas8) rials cf. the remarks on iyo ees (Nah. 3, 17) in Nah. 33. For 772578 mon" cf. my remarks in THCO 220. Both terms are Babyl. loanwords (KAT®, 649, n. 2). The prefixed gloss "9M explains the color of the o57D, while the affixed gloss yu describes the fine quality of the velarium (6° oxy) terapevn, cf. J et pendebant .... tentoria, © 37 cont jo™5, S file). Cf. carbasus Lucr. 6, 109. For CBD with 4 (as in xdpracos) we must point eas = Pers. bys, Syr. jasjzo ; cf. conclusion of n. on v. 5, also Daniel Pails U8). Before D595 we must insert the preposition AMM; this was prob ably displaced by the gloss "4h; cf. n. on NMIIN4 (instead of Wan) in y. 10 and n. on 8, 11; also Nah. 25 (ad 1,11). There is a certain graphic similarity between "4M and MMM; not only 4} and ™ are confounded (see above, ad v.1) but also 4 and M: in {2 (Ezr. 4, 13. 20; 7, 24) e.g. the feminine of the Babyl. term biltu (from $235) has been cor- rupted to “; the original form may have been ma; cf. Eth. rr: bénat (TAOS 13, lii, below; JBL 19, 77, below). On the other hand we find fm for ) in "IMM ="IMNwW'; see Hzra 63, 2; cf. "Oordvys (sno 18) Sachau, Drei aram. Papyrusurkunden aus Elephantine (Berlin, 1907) pp. 26. 33; for FNOIN=4N0} of. TWANWA=s7A4 73 and Kings 118, 1. Contrast L, Pur. 52, below; also BucGavys (Arrian 3, 19, 4). It is impossible to regard vv. 6. 7, with B and Wb, as exclamations; nor can we, with AV, supply at the beginning of v. 6: where were (in K’s AT dort gab es; S da war). SH FINN does not mean held, fastened (GY rerapevas ext cxowviows, J susténtata funibus, $ (lous —uihs) but bound, bordered, edged; Ger. eingefasst ; soB and K; contrast Keil, Schultz, Wb, S (befestigt). fa 95°55 does not mean rings (3 hay, 3 circuli) or xiBou (6%) but poles; see my translation of Cant. 5,14 in AJSL 18, 199; cf. THCO 234 and BL 10. Before A we must insert the preposition 3. It is not necessary to say MM27oy, as in 7, 8; cf. AJSL 22, 201, 1. 11. The terms AMO AT ww VID seem to denote four varieties of marble: Ww (=wWrw 1 Chr. 29, 2) is white marble (ef. ww=y"2, byssus, i. e. white lawn; see the third paragraph of the nn. on the ¢) 106 Tue AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 1,7.8 present verse) = Assyr. SaSSu (i. e. SAaSu; cf. Ja8u = 1a5u = yd laisa; see Proverbs 51, 9.—fMl BAI, © cpapaydirns may be smarag- dine marble, i. e. probably verd-antique.— fal 97, G zivwos (ef. Arab. » durr, pearls) may be lumachelle or shell-marble (Ger. Muschel- marmor) which the ancient Persians may have obtained from the neigh- borhood of Astrakhan; the Astrakhan lumachelle is dark brown with orange shells. Muschelkalk (shell-limestone) is called in Assyrian pilu or pilu=zdpos; see AJSL 23, 259, below; Nah. 16, n. 15—Heb. mmo may be identical with Assyr. sixru (HW 495°) which is probably another name for Suba (HW 637")= aw (Ex. 28, 19; 39, 12) rendered in G3: dydrns; so it may mean onyx marble which the Romans called alabastrites. Onyx is but a variety of agate. Delitzsch’s conjecture (Proleg. 85) that Subi=‘2u3 denotes the diamond, is improbable.— The meaning of Ww is reasonably certain; the explanation of the three other terms is more or less conjectural. (7) # T5727 TD (cf. 2, 18 and 1 K 10, 18) is correctly paraphrased in 3: ut magnificentia regia dignum erat; cf. Kings 186, 45. (8) For MAD see below, ad v. 13. $8 TI& FR (E TINT M75) does not mean no one urged (3 nec erat qui nolentes cogeret ad bibendum, 3 eS) Dado, AV none did compel) but no one restricted; so, correctly, Schultz. Cf. the Ithpeel DINAN in the Talmudic passages Ned. 27°; Keth. 16°, cited in Jastrow’s dictionary; alsoin Dalman’s Worterbuch OINMN is explained to mean gehindert werden. The stem DIN means to constrain; this may mean either to urge to action or to restrain from action. The stem T38 may be connected with Assyr. urasu, overseer (HW 136°). For the change of r and n cf. NWI, to lend=Assyr. rast; yao =: cf. Zita eld (2, 6)="257D123 and ZDMG 61, 195. But Heb. 7579 does not cor- respond to Assyr. magaru; this verb (HW 392) means originally to fall down, to submit (Ger. sich wnterwerfen) = "572 W 89, 45. For the drat Aeyduevov 59 79° cf. 59 DPD in 9, 21. 27 and in the gloss 9, 31. é The distributive repetition "NS WN (GK, § 123, c) is very com- mon in E, just as the parentheses referred to above, in nn. on y. 1; the infinitive absolute instead of the finite verb, discussed below, in n. on m2 (2, 18) and the use of Aramaic words, mentioned below, ad 4, 4; ie 4s 9, 21. 23; cf. also the Aramaic forms and constructions discussed in nn. on 2, 9.18. For the phrase 12785 WN cf. WII 71277, 1, 22; 3, 12. 14; 4, 3; 8, 9.,.13;— By) Oy, 1, 22; 3,12; 8, 9;—BT BY; 2; 11; 3, 4;— 34 i) a> 2, 12;—""9 ""y 8, 9. i rw) rdw » 9, 21. 27;—cf. especially 9, 28: 2a AM|wa AMSwa “AT wt 55a eyelet iba ie 10 A 1,9. 10 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 107 According to the Talmud (Meg. 12°; BT 3, 579) every guest received the wine of his native district (cf. © 224, 23; contrast 237, 5) just as at certain modern entertainments the guests are sometimes asked to order their favorite brand and vintage ne champagne ( “oN "2 7D WIT P2 WpPtn IAN ITN S90 a>). (9) #4 "Mw may be identical with the name of the Elamite deity MaSti; see Pur. 10, 29. For \=Assyr. m see n. on nike (8, 9)2° (GF. also the name "37D; seen. on v.6. € 238,12 Vashti says: I am the daughter of Evil-Merodach, grand-daughter of King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. According to Ch (EB 5247) "Mp4 isa corruption of H"AVEN, Assur being often used as a synonym for Jerahmeel! Cf. Ch’s expla- nations of "57772 (2, 5) and wy7 (5, 10). $4 m7 is haplography for M72a (E NMIDIA MAD). Cf. Fan 2, for 7507 M722, 4,13,and contrast MIDI727 M22, 5,1; 724 m3, 9,4; IM°n2. 1, 22; see Kings 301, 45. fA TMwy is pluperfect, as in 2, 1; see Kings 247, 16; cf. below, 27pimi, v. 14; 775, 2,5; HPS, 2,10; om, 4, 1, &e. fl ww 7525 we is a scribal expansion; (DUVVOAN is a tertiary hdditiens cf. above, ad y. 1. (10) The names of the seven chamberlains of the king are just as doubtful as the names of the seven councilors (vy. 14) and the names of the ten sons of H (9,7). The name 829277 is mentioned again in 7,9 as TDN. with final $j instead of & (cf. Ruth 1, 20 &c). The name NDI2 seems to be miswritten for NIN32 (G22) )— 732 (221)2 GF. the omission of the n in & SN pieces = "fA g7D75D ai w5077=077 (vy. 14). The name of the fellow-conspirator of NIMS in 2, 21; 6, 2: D7M was displaced (cf. ZDMG 61, 286, 1.18; Nah. 25, 1. 26; BL 62, n.50) in the present passage by NMIDNI, which is merely a gloss (or variant; ef. last n. on v. 4) to NMJD with prefixed 4 explicative (cf. Pur. 15, 31) just as NIC" seems to be a variant of the preceding 0779 (v.14). But the name 7M is preserved in GS. G* gives the following seven names: Apav, Mafav, ©appa, Bwpaln, Zabor\Ga, ABatala, @apa8a. The first name, Away, is a corruption (or adaptation) of fA vara adds to i122; ve 162 5) yan aa NP" OSANT 77D).— Malav=Balov=fA NOTD.—Oappa=Oapoa (cf. Gappos = Gapoos, and the proper names @apoeas &c)= FA ww. In GY the names 7M Ws. are omitted in 2,21; 6,2; but in the apocryphal addition prefixed to the Book (v. 11=3 12, 1) we find TaBa6a xai @appa. G* Bayafay kai @apas in 2, 21 is a subsequent addition. Tafa is a trans- position of Bayafa (J Bagatha)=fA NID; cf. S NMIZIN (see below) = 8 NNID, and 5 KITT = HM eee , also 5 NNW = 5* NNN TS for NNCIO"D (HM NNMIw7S) in 9, 7. G1, 11 has for GY TaBaa xai 11 108 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 1,10 @appa the names Aoraos (var. Aorayos) kai @edevros, Josephus (Ant. 11, 6, 4) Bayabwos kal Ocodecryns (= WIN, with F for 4). The Vetus Latina has in 2,21: Bartageus et Thedestes. According to W 19 the original name was @eddoros. But even if @edevros and @eodeoryns were corruptions of @eddoros, this name would be a Greek adaptation like povpa: for ®OYPAI = GOYPAI; see n. on 9, 23.— G6" ABarala seems to be a corrup- tion of f@ NMIIN (Afarala = NININ = NNTIN = NNIIN) just as fl NMA2 appears in 6 as ZnBababa (i.e. NOMA = NMNIA = NMNMI2) and in 6 as Buwpaln (= Boyaln=Bwyabn; cf. Zwoapa = D7 =W7Z, 5, 10).— GY ZaforAba (for Zabopha)= Hl ="M7.—GY OapaBa (G* @aBal) = HA TS™D (@apaBa = Bapafa= O72 = 0592 =0575; cf. S below). ff NTID7N does not appear in GY, but G* has instead of GY @appa (for ®apoa) = D7 the name OapeBoa which is a corruption of NIDA. In 7, 9 GY has for 1 FAN the name Bovyafav which seems to corre- spond to fl min (for NIMID; see above). G* Ayabas (var. TaBovbas = 6" Bovyafay, cf. GY TaBaba=3 Bagatha, 12, 1,=f& NMI; also 6 *Axpabaios = “AOaxaios = Wn , 4,9, and TaBovfa =TalovBa = FAV, Kings 176, 33) may have been influenced by the Greek names ’Ayafas, *Ayabos, &e. According to Jewish tradition Harbonah was a good man; he is blessed with M and E after the reading of the Megillah at the Feast of Purim. The transposition in $ N35DM7 may represent a simi- lar adaptation; NIM" suggested the verbs wauso Sons, to have pity and compassion; cf. [auisco [sau eds, compassionate and merciful ; Ore Louudo [saas, tender-hearted and benign. For 3=%3=5 cf. AJSL 23, 235, n. 46; also n.on 9,9. The name N3525M suggested destruc- tion; cf. LS;0 and bay = oS (SG? § 128, B). Cf. the remarks on povxatos and Bovydios in the nn. on v. 14. S reads wo , to the eunuchs, instead of fil va (for =" cf. the remarks on WAYDMN = WANWMN) adding after M NOI the name w™N which corresponds to the third name in GY, @appa. The names in 3, after the prefixed nomad, are: NMZQ NAM NNT wD ANT WAN NXMDIN. Apart from the preservation of 7M, which is omitted in Sl, and the interpretation of fi waa as way, to the eunuchs, the names in § are practically identical with those in fil. The differences consist in transpositions and other slight graphic varia- tions (2 for 5 &c). For NmIaSN 3S has NMIIAN. For the transpo- sition NAAM = NANDA cf. G “Apxecaios = M NIWAD, v. 14; TaBala = Bayada = NID; TaB8ovdas = Bovyabay = yna3 ; also G* Avay for Apayv (3, 1). 3 Mauman, Bazatha, Harbona, Bagatha, Abgatha, Zethar, Char- chas follows f#1; so, too, Tf. 12 1, 12-14 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 109 The derivation of 0°95 from Assyr. Sa resi (ZDMG 58, 116) seems to me impossible; for o= Assyr. cf. “MON = Istar; see Kings 270, 26. (12) Heb. iN; to refuse (cf. Syr. aS Lats fi, zt is not tedious to me, I do not mind, Eth. a0}}; manndana, to reject; Arab. x3 L 0 muma’ana, deliberation) may be a secondary Piel derived from the interrogative pronoun 77a; what? (cf. Assyr. mint, how? and mint, what?) i.e. a compound of the interrogative pronoun 9, who? what? and the interrogative particle #: nu (cf. n. on 7, 5). Heb. {Nam meant originally she said, What! Cf. AJSL 22, 259 and WdG 1, § 67, d, also T57™) (Num. 18, 30) from th. $A “Aw is scribal expansion; cf. the remarks = ae mb oy] im nn.ony.1l. GY’ has Actw 4 Baciduocoa oe sp) aD>an; in v.11 6” has simply rHv Bactdicoay for DIN "Tw MN. (13) #1 =25 means here ditt ep Chavaelt, and Serna onstial (3, 4) also MVAEN “AI (9, 31) and HSA “AI (9, 82). n deni na TT NMNN, 5 Lave Lwota), G‘" youov Kal Kptow, 3 leges ac jura majorum, AV law and judgment, LB Recht und Handel) the term 7"5 is not added as an explanation of AF (S). The meanings of the two terms are entirely different: (7 denotes especially a personal or executive act, while 774 denotes a legislative act; MG is a royal decree (pD57. "DI, v. 19; cf. NID 1, 8; 2, 12; 4, 16 and the last paragraph of nn. on 1, 14) or edict, and 775 means consuetudinary law including the ecclesiastical (ceremonial, ritual) law; in Arabic the term ero din is therefore used for religion. The term "M7 corresponds to the decisions of the Roman emperors, which were called decrees (Lat, decreta) and formed part of ie imperial constitutions (Lat. Sotead tiones principum). Cf. v.19: "4735 O75 "A523 Ssn2 n> 727 Nt Heb. m7 is a Pers. loanword (cf. Hzra 63,18) and means lit. what is given (Lat. datum). Heb. V7, on the other hand, is a Babyl. loanword (KAT®, 650 below) which may ultimately be, not Semitic, but Sumerian (SD 527, 1). Babyl. dinu corresponds to Sumer. di=din, just as qanit, reed is derived from Sum. gi=gin (CV 9). For the vanishing of final consonants in Sumerian see SFG 49; ASKT 136, 1.7; CV 8; and for the preservation of silent final consonants in loanwords cf. Pur. 16, 32 (also 735 = 735). (14) For #4 apo i] we must point a7piT1, he caused to come near, i.e. he Eee (cf. Josh. 7,16; 1S ‘10, 20; Jer. 30, 21) or he had summoned (cf. the n. on MWY, v. 9). S’s conjecture apo (1 K 5,7) is not good. GY xat zpoondOev aita (6 zpoopAOov) does not presuppose a different consonantal text; the Hiphil a7pri may be 13 110 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 1,14 intransitive; cf. Ex. 14, 10 and Kings 174, 27; nor need we read the plural, (29pm (see Kings 170, n. *) or a5p. T => yap, * AS Ae. The names of the seven councilors are just as doubtful as the names of the seven chamberlains in v. 10; “nw might be identical with the first part of the name “Tia “nw, but the initial 1 may be a corruption of 32; see Hzra 34, 5.— For Dan cf. 1 Chr. 7, 10 where this name is followed by "MwW"TN which has been combined with the cuneiform AxSeri given in the cuneiform account of the fourth campaign of Sar- danapalus (KB 2, 177, 1. 126) as the name of the King of Man (or Van; cf. un. on "Tw, v. 9) between Lake Van and Lake Urumiah; cf. Ninth Annual Report of the Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, 1884) p. 28. According to TBAI 166 “mw and wp7N are corruptions of “MwWN, while "Mw"MN is a slightly modified form of “"wN!— HM O72 may be a shorter form of the following name Ni30773 (cf. n. on "2531 25, Nah. 35) just as NM32 (= {N32 =NINIA) is a shorter form of the following RMN (v. 10)— The name ne ay= appears also in vv. 16 and 21, For the seven names of ffl (J Charsena, Sethar, Admatha, Tharsis, Mares, Marsana, Mamuchan) &* has but three, viz. “Apxecatos, Sapoa- @Qaios (G* Sapecbeos) and MaAnoeap. In vv. 16. 21 G has 6 Movyaios for (Da"a; this may be a Greek adaptation, just as ¢povpai, vigils for py» (see nn. on 9, 23) and Bovyaios, braggart for Twyatos = "385 = "UN (see n. on 3,1). For the article cf. the remarks on 6 Mapdoyxaitos = "57770 (2,5) and GK", §125, d. Movyaios, it may be supposed, was regarded as a dialectic by-form of pouyixes, adulterous; ef. Aolian Moica = Motca, Mowaitos = Movoaios. This councilor may have been called 6 povyaios, because he advises the King to divorce the Queen; cf. Matt. 5, 32 and the remarks on $ S\N for #1 ATIDAN in un. on v. 10. 6" has Bovydios for 6 povxaios; cf. nn. on NIT (2, 3) and "34m (3, 1).— G ’Apxecaios corresponds to ffl NIW7D; cf. the transposition of the " in § 23207 = fl RAND and the omission of the } in OW =NIO 1, NOSD=NINID. The form of the name in 6 may have been influenced by Greek names like "Apxecos, “Apxéoas &c; cf. the remarks on 6 Ayafas (7,9) in nn. on NADA, v. 10—The third name in 6, MadAnceap, evi- dently corresponds to ff N30" (O73) with / for r, and r for n; ef. my remarks on Adpuroa = R6éS-ini (Heb. 70") in ZDMG 61, 284 and Nah. 45, below.— Consequently the three names in 6 correspond to NIW75, NIC, and soa in ff. G omits “WN NRNDIN Ww after NowlD, and O79 before NIC". G& may have regarded NNVAIN “ATW 14 1, 15-17 CriticAL Notes on ESTHER iL w'wrN as appositive to NIWAD (= WAN NVIN Aw ?)* and on as undeleted corrigendum (cf. "253 213, Nah. 35) for “507%. For various spellings of the same name cf. Kings 275, 29. In G* four of the names of the ten sons of H have dropped out. It is possible, however, that the additional names of S#l in the present passage are due to scribal expansion. Cf. also T? (238, 24). ® reads (31972 N™OD WAN OAT NVA) ANN Ww. Here the names ~w"w"M and O77 are transposed, W'wWAN appearing after 07727 (= fA 0773) instead of preceding it. Apart from the trans- positions and other slight graphic variations, the names in $ are again (cf. v. 10) practically identical with those in fM@. The corruption NwI7D (for NIwD) is obvious; S* has "7g". The prothetic of “NWN is not found in %‘; for MNV27N 34 has NM7N; for OV": O72. See also Marquard, Fundamente, pp. 68-73, cited EB 1402, n. 2. (15) The pice F110 at the end of v. 14 must be inserted after AI5 at the beginning of v. 15; maD (© NMA) belongs to the preceding clause (contrast n. on 2,6). We must read: mino2a SSN Dl mi5, who held the first rank in the kingdom according to a (royal) decree (patent). Cf. n. on aleka ha Sl (v. 18) and an 5 nae (3,2). The prefixed M75 before the question MyDy> Fd would be very strange. There is no A745 before nw? ria in 6, 6; nor do 6&3 express it in the present passage. % jAaiteS ad poss’ fio Ls ops] is merely a free rendering of S2>a2 nw ae Contrast Ed. Meyer, Geschichte des Alterthums, 8, 34. (16) Kethiv java; Qeré 12; as in vv. 14. 21. GY 6 povyaios, G" Bovydios, 3 —ass, JI Mamuchan. G* Mapovxaios is a subsequent correction for povxaios. (17) Hl "27 means procedure, behavior, attitude; cf. v. 13. The following 735" is not genitivus objectivus (GK, § 128, h; cf. n. on 4, 11). Gra pyyata Hs Baoricons, xat ds avtdire TE Baird is a doublet; cf. the rendering of O°x" (38, 13) in G. For the explicative xai see Pur. 16, 15. 3 sermo, © xsd mw OIND (cf. v. 19: T pane nni25 na = Al miod 727). For #& 5p read 5y; cf. 4,5: "oT dy “sm (for 5x) and contrast 7,7: 58 (for \*5y) also 9,10: oo ON (for 5y). See Nah. 20, ad v. 9. The suffix in O773N2 does not refer exclusively to the women; both men and women will say: The King commanded Queen Vashti to *Assyr. Sapatu (HW 6848) = QD or axta for axta (HW 273a,1. 2) do not prove interchange of [ and %; cf. n. on NODDY, Nah. 35. In DUP = his’, stein = Ann, WO=09N; UDIV=NNw, DwpP = nwp, DAY = MAX. & the Y is due to partial assimilation; see AJSL 23, 248, below. tSee also Moses Schorr, Altbabyl. Rechtsurkunden (Vienna, 1907) p. 171, below. 15 ily THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 1,18. 19 appear before him, and she did not come. But even if O-72N3 referred exclusively to the women, it would not be necessary to substitute JVaN3 see Kings 83, 35. (18) For "955 (© MoO725) we must read * 25, whenever; ef. v.22 102 for s1055) and 3, 4 (K°*thiv O7°72N2 , Q*re D772N5) also Nah. 47 ("> for Ta) and 3 “w973 for MA NT, v.14. The i to =p is the Waw apodosis (GK™, § 143, d) ef. 7953, 3,4; Sm, 4,11; jn", 5,3.6; 7nd" and wymh, 5,6; 7,2; 9,12; ndwv, 5,9; "7904, 6, 14; yan 34, 9, 1; also “the gloss in Eccl. 5, 6: nv22! rm 27275 =p =, in many a dream there are vanities. The phrase a) m2 S04 means: Whenever there is contempt (disrespect, disobedience, on the part of the women) there is wrath (on the part of the princes). Heb. "72, whenever (Job 39, 25) means lit. in the sufficiency, abundance, frequency; for "5 cf. Proverbs 61,6. The Versions did not understand the phrase: © PFN FT TIM MOD NWIOI 515" Wai, S adee ipRyore [Zepamo, J unde regis justa est indignatio. B’s sie werden reden, und zwar nach Gentige Verachtung und Zorn is impossible. AV, Thus (shall there arise) too much contempt and wrath. Similarly Wd (following R in K) und nach Geniige Verachtung und Verdruss (wird es geben) and S und es wird dem entsprechend Geringschitzung und Arger (geben) but in his nn. S states correctly that the 72 will be on the part of the ladies, and the Sp on the part of their husbands. (19) For the phrases 35% apr! = >> on (cf. 3,9) and "3775 257% Pe, m see Kings 137, 17. The omission of 4557275 after "M4 is intentional; 6, however, has 9 Baciiuooa instead of "mt; S$ jaaSs udeo. Contrast n. on 45534 instead of "MTN in 4, 4. fA pmiyad (S$ a2;ou8) means simply to another woman; ef. Pi 1S 28, 17 (44795 is gloss) and Neh. 2, 1 (see Kings 74, 7). fA TDA. ADIN does not mean who is more beautiful than she (this would be HN NDI; cf. v. 11; 2, 2.3.7) but who is better than she, who is superior to her. G* yuvatxi xpe(rrow atris, G* dAAyn Kpeirrove oven aitys, J altera quae melior est illa, AV unto another that is better than she. The new queen is to be just as beautiful as Vashti, but of a sweeter disposition, not so ill-tempered. The idea of the author was no doubt that Vashti’s refusal to obey the King’s command was simply due to her bad humor (so, correctly, S, ad v. 12) although N (EB 1403) says, It has been well remarked by A. H. Niemeyer that the most re- spectable character in the Book is Vashti who declines to exhibit her charms before the crowd of revelers. According to T? (224, 27; 237, 30) the King commanded the Queen to appear naked (RMD "w7y) before his guests. 16 1, 20-22 CriticAL NoTES oN ESTHER 110153 - (20) The clause R34 WA "D (omitted in G; S unlos, “\AsS) is concessive: although it is great, however great it be; cf. Proverbs 39, 35; OLZ 10, 65, n. 3; Nah. 39 (ad Jer. 50,11). S renders correctly: so gross es ist; but the explanation given in his nn. is not satisfactory (cf. n. on 4, 7). According to B the phrase yop 33 Ssan725 means here, not noble and mean (so, correctly, Schultz and §; cf. pwr and Dwar, v.16) as in v. 5, but old and young. © a6 rrwxod ews tAovalov, S" ad TrWXGv éws 7Aovotwv. (22) Heb. "BD (?. e. séfr; see Nah. 29, below) is an Assyr. loan- word and means originally message = Assyr. Sipru; see Kings 198, 47. Assyr. Saparu, to send is a Saphel of 95; see Nah. 24, below; cf. n. on 5pw (3, 9). The last clause of c. 1, Ay wWw>5 "2771; which is omitted in 6’, is a late gloss; in Meg. 12° (Br. 3, 581) the phrase {M722 “7D is dis- cussed, but there is no reference to Ay "1055 "2771. The meaning is: he is to talk plainly to her, as we say to talk plain English or United States, Ger. mit dem werde ich einmal Deutsch reden, French je vais lui parler francais or je vous le dis en bon francais; cf. my remarks on |, JBL 19, 66. The modern Yiddish phrase is mamme léshen es to talk in the mother tongue (mamme=mamma, mother, and léshen= Ww, tongue). An Alexandrian Jew in such a case talked to his wife, a in Hebrew, but in the language of his people, 7. e. in plain Greek, just as a Jewish rabbi in Berlin would talk to his wife in such a case, not in Hebrew, but in German; cf. the last n. on 8, 9. But r7 mutpiw pwvy (2 Mace. 7, 8. 21. 27) does not mean in der Landessprache (so Kamphausen in K) but in the paternal (or ancestral) language, i.e. in Hebrew (or Aramaic). The language of the country would be 7 émixwpios dovy. Lat. patrius sermo is in Greek: 7 idia yA@rra. 3 et hoc per cunctos populos divulgari (AV that it should be pub- lished according to the language of every people) is a guess. fx “Ay W252 [27725 could not have this meaning, even if we pointed “303 instead of aa - The emendation ay as 3) 22 “2721 (pro- posed by Hitzig and accepted by Rawlinson, ‘Reuss, Orelli, O, B, R, K; but not by Wd and S) is impossible (cf. n. on 5,11). In the first slate: we should expect 45 > 5D (cf. 3, 8; 5,12) and even if we read 45 ; rw 55 Badal s a0 could mean only and talk what is proper for him, implying a restriction; =e jou means it is meet and right. To talk as he pleases would be 427793 72772" (cf. 1, 8; 9, 5) or MAND WWE) or WA VSMD. For ywd5 read Ww2a; ef. “a for “5, v. 18. S ass a y+] “sets follows M. T interprets: phsyaya Sate yal) ray Sas Ns yo. MS; & ey pwd I Soe. 17 114 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIO LANGUAGES 2,15 a (1) fA "Tw AN “DT, he remembered Vashti means he could not forget her; he thought of her with affection and was inclined to reinstate her. The insertion of the negative in GY ot« éri euvyjoOy is just as gratui- tous as in Eccl. 11,9 or in S$ |d%eou9 pam= codes Ho at the end of ¢. 2; cf. the remarks on 54) yan yar? x in Nah. 26. (3) Hl S573 55 MN is correct; contrast S and GK", 5 ai Rs cf. the three Pharisaic glosses in Eccl. 3, 15: EP" =p apa) twa 7, 7: TVA DOM’ TAN; 3, 11: ODd5a 2 DsssI-MN O35; see Nah. 32. For MX ef. Proverbs 51, 17. According to B. Luther (in EN S79s 119) “5S no my (Ex. 2, 1) means, not a daughter of Levi, a Levitess, but the daughter of Levi, so that Moses would be a grandson of Jacob. For S35 (in the scribal expansion derived from v. 8)* read "375. as in v. 8. J Hgeus, 5 wa; 6 Tau, as though the initial | were the article, while G" substitutes in the present gloss: Twyatos, and in the original passage (v. 8): Bovyaios. For these two names in 6" see below, ad 3,1; cf. the remarks on Bovydaios = povxatos = ja in nn. on 1, 14. (5) For the introductory clause cf. the beginning of the Book of Job. fA FF is pluperfect; cf. n. on Frwy (1, 9). We must translate: Now there had been (for a long time) a Jewish man in the Acropolis of Susa. The name "577% is derived from the name of the chief god of Babylon, Marduk (Pur. 10, 26) = fa 72 2 instead of 3772 (with 4; cf. yia7o). Cf. the remarks on the transposition of vowels in nn. on DAWN (1,1). The form =a rma, given in Baer’s JX, is better than the usual punctuation "55772 (3 Sens but the original pronunciation must have been "297 2 (leds = 6 Mapdoxaios, I Mardocheeus; see Ezra 58,41. © combines the name with N°357 NAM, pure myrrh. G, as a rule, prefixes the article, 6 Mapdoyaios; cf. 6 Movyxaios = 722 (1, 14) and 6 “Aypaaios = mia (4,9) also 6 Apay in 6" (5,9) where G* omits the article, and 6 Tvef. = "FR (see Kings 192, 23). The Herodotean pro- totype of M is Otanes; the Maccabean prototype is Jonathan (see Pur. 8, 22; 6, 36) but the name M is Babylonian. The author of E would not have given his Jewish hero and heroine (for E=IStar see above, p. 101) names connected with heathen deities, unless M (6 Mapdo- xaios) and E had been the familiar names of some favorite characters in the popular festal legends and dramatic plays (Pur. 38, 31) for the *Cf. the scribal expansions (derived from 8, 13) at the end of 8,11 and 8, 3 (derived from 9, 25) also the glosses at the end of 9, 2 and 3 (derived from the end of c. 8) and the two scribal expansions (derived from 9, 22 and 10) in 9,16. See furthernn. on 57974 MAF and 30M ™ AW (6, 2) and second n. on 6, 8. 18 2,6.7 CriTIcAL NotEes on ESTHER TUS) (Babyl. and) Persian New Year’s festival (Pur. 11, 31). According to Ch (EB 3198) M derived his name, not from Marduk (so, too, C 50, be- low) but from Jerahmeel: Abihail is most probably a popular corruption of Jerahmeel, Kish =Cushi, and the true name of M may have been Carmeli; cf. the Jerahmeelitish explanations of the names Vashti (1, 9) and Shethar, Tarshish (1, 14) and contrast IN 400,/1. (6) Al TON "BVI" WN refers to "37772; the PIOD FO should be after wp; contrast last n.on 1,14. The genealogy, 2 PNT TS wp ja "wD, is parenthetical. Jair (about 600 B.c.) is M’s father; Shimei (about 1000 8. c.) and Saul’s father, Kish (about 1050) are two of his famous ancestors; cf. the complete genealogies of M in © 7,6; @ 2,5. C52 deems it impossible that Kish in the present passage repre- sents the father of Saul. Tf inserts between Shimei and Kish the name of Shimei’s father, Gera. Shimei is named, because he considered him- self at least as good as David; just as M, the descendant of the first king of Israel, considered himself at least as good as the barbarian H (see ad 3,4). M is introduced as a descendant of Saul, not as a son of David, because under the reign of the Maccabean princes descendants of David were not persone grate (see Pur. 23,31). For ="X{" = ""N79, the Heb. form of the Jewish name Meier , Meyer, &c, see BA 1, 170, below. For “ITS 123 we had better a) "572523 = = 6 NaBovyodovocop = Babyl. Nabt-kudurri- -ucur. For the correct pronunciation of mis- pointed cuneiform names see Kings 270, 16. The best form is the Kethiv in Jer. 49, 28: "[EN 75D 903. The o of the final syllable seems to be preserved also in "4359D723 (Ezr. 2,1) unless the 4 is merely due to dittography of the "3; cf. the remarks on ‘DI"7WMN (1, 1) for wyUn is. The & (which was assimilated to the preceding consonant; cf. Nos 7 = xift=xit’, SFG 11, below; VG 127, 8) is found also in the spelling “N7755123; the “ instead of 5 (cf. nn. on OS Aes ite = Assyr. uradsu) in “ZN"775D923. The n instead of r is due to dissimi- lation (contrast Aram. 7°47 for 7°5M). We have no right to restore throughout “ZN 77D) (with "3 and §) just as it would be pedantic to substitute in the text of an English author sycomore for sycamore, or Nazirite for Nazarite. The omission of the & and the substitution of 3 for = no doubt represent the actual pronunciation. The 3 is certainly not due to graphic corruption, while the alleged preservation of the o in the final syllable “4:3 (Zzra 26, 51) may be due to dittography of the *. (7) HM Fow, Myrtle (cf. Muppivn, Mvptras, &c) corresponds to the Babyl. xadassatu, bride; for TF = 5 and O=cuneiform Ww see Pur. 39, 20.* This name is not given in GY"; 3 Hdissa; 3 x91. The * According to TBAI 166. n. 3, FO GM is doubtless derived from 9TW(N]. Cf. Ch’s explanation of "D4 (1, 9). 19 116 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 2,9 stems of Assyr. xadaSSatu (with .) and Syr. (Zope (RFIM, SG, § 26, B, with ) are not identical; but Aram. NON, myrtle may be a contraction of xadaSSatu (see Pur. 39, 23) and #O3M may be con- nected also with Adaca (= TSIM 5 Nova) i.e. the name of the place where Nicanor, the prototype of H (Nah. 26,1; 30, 4) was defeated on the 13 of Adar, 161 B.c. (Pur. 9, 26). Alasa, the name of the place where Judas Maccabzeus was slain, may be an intentional alteration of Adasa; see Pur. 38, 39. fA i495 ma, the daughter of his uncle (the brother of his father) means, of course, his cousin (cf. the extract from Maqrizi in L, Purim, p. 13) not his niece. Wd (169, below) calls E M’s cousin, but in the introduction to c. 2 he refers to her as M’s niece; so, too, p. 181, 1. 10; on p. 186 (bis) he calls M E’s uncle. The same mistake is made by N (EB 1400-7) and S (149, 1. 8 from the bottom). Cf. also W 17. 18; C 49, 10; 57, 17; 78,15. In C 53,8 E’s father, Abihail, is said to be a cousin of M. B (400) has correctly cousin, not niece. VY inserts between Ovya- Typ and ddeAod zratpos airod the name ApewadaB; see nn. on vy. 15, fA “NM ms" refers to the figure; FN W NDI, to the face; "RN cannot be derived from JN, it is a secondary modification of 34M, turn in the sense of form, shape; cf.n.on "pan (Cant. 7, 2) AJSL 18, 217. The a in "NF is ona par with the Pathah furtive. Cf. also Kings 167, 37. : Instead of mad @Srma ab) FIMp>) GY (éraidevcey aitnv éavTd) eis yovatxka seems to have read nn}. According to Rabbi Meir (Meg. 133, quoted C 62, below; J 46, below) we should read mon} instead of nn; of. BT 3, 584 (read wbx nb "spn SN NT "D7 Dw Non). The word A", house is used in dee Talmud for wife. The original form of MD, howse was ba’t, see AJSL 22, 258, below; for bat=bint, daughter see Pur. 50, 25. 3, correctly, Mardocheeus sibi eam adoptavit in filiam; $ 12,5 saat nami, @ xmsnd 47> “SW Fad. (9) fH praia (@ mw; cf. er taudhha) does not mean he hastened (3 accelerare, S$ nz) but he took a special interest; cf. French s’empresser (S, betrieb eifrig). The cosmetic treatment could not be hastened; a period of twelve months was prescribed by a royal decree (v. 12) and E had to await her turn (v. 15). Nor did Hegai hasten to send E her meals; she was not starving. But he took a special interest in E and gave special-orders concerning her cosmetic treatment and her meals; cosmetic treatment without proper diet does not help very much. Hegai also devoted special attention to the selection of E’s seven maids. His experienced eye saw that E was likely to become queen (contrast C 58, 12). 20 o 2,10. 11 CriticAL Notes on ESTHER 18 47; For the position after the object of the infinitive => nn> (which is more Aram. than Heb.) see K’s Aram. Gr. §§75. 84; GK", § § 142, f, n. 2. Cf. Dan. 2, 46: 5D W201) “aN PHT mrss —2, 10: Pint SST ND NSA “7 NMWA" Sy WIN VN ND —6, 24: NBS To pow aN daw. The clause tba maa md mind, which appears in f#l after NPS mvy20, is more appropriate after mma bal iia bya rman = mn> is probably a misplaced correc- tion of =f rr i: cf. Pur. 47, 41. (10) #1 FWSM is pluperfect; cf.n.on Fwy (1, 9). The objec- tion raised es several commentators, that ihe Persian officers could not fail to discover E’s Jewish extraction, is not valid. The officials in charge of a royal harem pay very little attention to the race and faith of an odalisque; any girl TN77 MDI ANH Mp° is eligible* E was not asked any questions; but, at the advice of M, she did not talk of her Jewish extraction, because this might have spoiled her chances of becom- ing Queen. 3 quae noluit indicare ei populum et patriam suam is mis- leading. See also nn. on 8, 4. (11) fA “gm 7255 means opposite (or in front of) the forecourt, $ jai 23) Pe, @ 2 !wD m2. oS an pup. M did not enter the forecourt of the harem; cf. 4, 2.6. Wd raises the question how it was possible that a man could talk toa girl from the royal harem, and how her Jewish extraction could be kept secret under those circumstances. Similarly N (EB 1401) says that M was able to communicate freely with his niece (contrast n.on S353 MD. v.7) in the harem. S states: aber die Schwierigkeit, wie M (S, throughout, Mordehai, as though it were “M7770 ! cf. n. on 4,7) ohne Hunuch+ zu sein im Frauenvorhofe sich blicken lassen durfte und E dort sprechen konnte, geht der spdt-jiid. Erzdhler leicht hinweg. The narrator, it may be supposed, knew more about Oriental manners and customs than did S; the author did not overlook this difficulty, but S overlooked #4 "355. M did not talk to E; in c. 4 E sends Hatach to M, and M sends his answers through this eunuch. If M walked in the place before the forecourt of the royal harem, he could easily get some news concerning the inmates of the harem from the eunuchs. By some diplomatic questions he could even obtain some special information concerning E without revealing the fact that she was his cousin and foster-daughter. He could simply ask, How is that beautiful girl in whom Hegai takes so great an interest? See also n. on 6, 10. *Cf.e.g. F. Marion Crawford’s love story of Old Constantinople: Arethusa, a Prin- cess in Slavery, and n. 42 to my lecture on Ecclesiastes in the Oriental Studies (Boston, 1894). See also C 63, 3. 7M may have been a eunuch just as Nehemiah; see Ezra 67, 10 and Pur. 52, 15, also BL 118,1.9. Cf. the conclusion of n. on 4, 8. 21 118 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 2,12-15 (12) For the striking similarity of the first clause of this verse (cf. also v. 15) and the statement in Herod. 3, 79 see Pur. 9, 2. Cf. also n, on 4, 13. The "9m W2w had an antiseptic effect, and purified the skin; the paw. perfumed the body; the poyprvan (i.e. lotions, rubbing, mas- sage, &c) made the skin white and soft, and peg the figure. (13) fa mit means and then (© xai rore, © “ND vat yw NNW jail =r “=r 72 45:05) not in this condition (3 Lenc) although Wd thinks that it ee have this meaning; 4535 (4, 16) on the other hand, means and in this condition, not and then. We find j=") and thus also in Eccl. 8,10; cf. AJSL 22, 255, below; contrast GK”, §119, ii; GB", 174». 316; BDB 486°, 3. When one of the new inmates of the harem was sent to the King, she could get anything she required for this purpose, é. g. dresses, jewelry, &c. These things were, of course, not pro- vided while she passed from the harem to the palace of the King (as S supposes) but before she left the harem; and when she came back from the King, she was probably obliged to return the jewelry &c to Shaashgaz or Hegai. (14) fA "3 cannot mean a second time (B). It does not stand for maw (cf. n. in Baer’s edition, p. 72, below). Nor need we, with S, emend: AIM (= GY rov devrepov) or ri . SA "3D, a second (not the second) is a gloss (omitted in $) just as MND in v.19, and DS DS s —w4 in 7, 2, or TWN in 9, 29; cf. the N"3y in Josh. 5, 25 Phe odalisques who had spent a night with the King were not transferred to another harem, as the glossator supposed; they returned to the same house, but they were henceforth under the care of another chamberlain (G’, however, has Tau ="379, not 7iwywW). They were probably treated with special consideration, inasmuch as any one of them might become the mother of a royal prince. The name Tew (J Susagazus, 3 pained) should be proves Sa‘-8é-gaz, not Sha‘ashgaz; just as 1729" represents ia'-mé-df, not ia‘amdfi. In the same way TOW, linsel should be pronounced $a‘-té-néz,* not Sa-‘at-nez (AJSL 22, 258). GY has Ta (not Tiwyw) also in the present verse; G* Te for Te, see Pur. 42,18; cf. dacya for dacra (9,7). For Tac ="3s5 see nn. on v. 3. The gloss "Jy presupposes the reading Fwy (15) #t mad 15 } mp> “oe 770 Oro ma is a subse- quent addition (derived from y. 7 and from the gloss 9, 29) which severs *According to TBAI 566 F3QIW should obviously be PA WW, a Shinarite woman. On the preceding page Ch states that we must substitute for Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother’s milk (Ex. 23,19) Thou shalt not clothe thyself with the garment of a Jerahmee- lite woman. Cf. Acts 26, 24. 22 ee 2, 16-18 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 119 the connection between a =“ 372 and pan Ss x2 ase the author had intended to give the name of E’s pee he would ee mentioned it inv. 7. G* calls E again (cf. un. on 7) Ovyarnp ApewadaB adeAgod zatpos Mapdoxaiov. G ApevadaB = BTID 5 ; ef. Cant. 6, 12 where 6Y has éero pe dpyara Apewada for ssn mas "IN. For "ana we must read eri ayaliae ye have placed me; sa means kinsmen of a noble man; see AJSL 18, 214; BL 26,{. Both San and ApevadaB = 2“4I-AP are fictitious names emphasizing the fact that E’s father was a distinguished man, an psi ups cf the names yon and yrs in the Book of Ruth. The fact that E did not ask for anything, but took only what Hegai suggested, does not show her wisdom and her modesty (B) but her superior beauty. S thinks this incident illustrates E’s modesty; he adds, however, zugleich machte ihre Schénheit allen weiteren Schmuck tiber- fliissig (similarly Wd). pal pan D™"D seems to be scribal expansion, derived from v. 14. For nNw DD see Kings 119, 24; cf. VG 49, £. (16) For nao (Babyl. Tebétu, stem 320)* see my Assyr. E-vowel (Baltimore, 1887) p. 11; cf. ZDMG 61, 284, below. For the tenth month, Tebeth, G has the twelfth month, Adar. In G® dwdexadrw has subse- quently been corrected to dexarw, and Aédap to TnBnf. S # substitutes ei «| for Tee (2 et = January, | @le= Deccnbes) just as 5 uses we for 77D (8, 9). For it LS erg Sap nrwn $ has aZeais\ ~s3] Aas. (18) For the scribal expansion "NTN TNWA AN & reads pate pedo) Ladeds. k SA TTT, GY ddeois (G* adecas) means neither rest (S pa sa ~ requies) nor @ ee of rest, holiday (B,S) nor exemption from military service (ef. AM wa , discharge from the ranks, furlough, Eccl. 8, 8, and Her. 3, 67) nor remission of taxes (© NID pi2w; so W 16, below; cf. 24 and C 73, 6) but release of prisoners (Matt. 27,15). Demetrius I (162-150 3. c.) promised to release all Jewish captives in his kingdom (1 M 10, 33). If G ddeows meant remission of taxes, it would be an Alexandrian adaptation, just as 6 é@povioc6y (1, 2). Remission of taxes at festive occasions was customary under the reign of the Ptolemies, but not in the Persian empire or in the Seleucidan kingdom. The promises of Demetrius I (1 M 10, 25-45) were extravagant, and Jonathan and his people gave no credit unto them. *Avecis (dopwv) would be more appro- priate than ddeois. Oriental kings are, as a rule, loath to relinquish any * Cf. tebétu, signet = Heb. PYDD; seee.g. Moses Schorr, Altbabyl. Rechtsurkun- den (Vienna, 1907) p. 117. 23 120 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 2,18 taxes; nor would an Oriental monarch ever give 10,000 talents to his grand vizier (see ad 3,11). Release of prisoners, even a general pardon, or amnesty, is less costly.* il nn is inf. abs. instead of the finite verb (GK™, §113, z) as in 2, 3; 6, 9: Tin; 3, 13: MHbwa; 8, 8: pimm; 9, 1: Jism; 9, 16: 31 min Tashi; 9, 18: Hin and meh ; ef. Nah. 25, below; 27, below, and contrast n. on F284 (9, 6). The infinitives 4727, TDM (4, 14) and Fwpa (5, 3; 7, 3) are Aramaic rather than Hebrew. Cf. however Arab. sof, irdda, xt iqama, &e. Instead of the singular Nw (Wd, S: Getreidespende; ef. Jer. 40, 5) we must point nN, portions (cf. TI, 9, 19. 22) i.e. dishes from the royal table or messes (see Pur. 47,11). The nouns mv, ORV, mNwa have often been mispointed in fA; see Nah. 42. 3 ac dona largitus est juxata magnificentiam principalem; & |beonck nse. B says, nxw means according to Am. 5, 11; Jer. 40, 5 gift of grain or food. The rendering gift of food (4 rév otrev Oepareia, Xen. Cyrop. 8, 2,7; cf. ibid. 3 and Anab. 1, 9, 25) is correct, but not gift of grain (ctrodocia). In Jer. 40,5 MNiw is preceded by the gloss MN, por- tion, ration. eral ; A glossator who misunderstood PNwi to mean tribute (cf. 2 Chr. 24, 6. 9)+ added the gloss which we find in f#l at the beginning of e. 10, where it is connected neither with what precedes nor with what follows, just as we find at the end of the Book of Canticles two disconnected mis- placed glosses, viz. 12, 13 (belonging to 2, 14) and 12, 14 (which belongs to 2,17). See remarks on misplaced incorrect glosses in ZDMG 61, 297, 1. 20; Nah. 48 (vv. 11.6) and 41; also 30 (v. 4) and 25 (v.11). Cf. nn. Oia Oy le. Ghallo- ; According to AoF 3, 26 the King levied the tax after he had repealed _ the decree to exterminate the Jews, because he wanted the money which H had promised to pay for the privilege of exterminating the Jews. AoF 3, 27 the statement 77> MNwWA NY wy mwW> AMIN qn is said to be meaningless; it is suggested that we should read instead of nm the singular ecayes- referring to the capital, 7. e. Seleucia; MNwWD (or Nw) is supposed to be merely a variant of O73, meaning impost; v.18 is taken to be the introduction to 10, 1, which should therefore be transferred to c. 10, the elevation of E to the queen- ship being the final climax.— This is all gratuitous. *Even in 1 M 10, 34; 18, 34 adeors does not mean remission of taxes (aréAcca). Cf.13,39: apiewev S€ Vuly ayvonmata Kal Ta anapTHmata Ews THS THMEpov NuEepas and 10, 33 where adinue iS used of the release of prisoners; cf. however vv. 29-31. +The terms mea, mms, MIM=Assyr. mandattu (for mandantu, from andanu, to give= Pj, SFG 43, 2) are euphemisms; cf. AJSL 28, 231, n. 27; Pur. 47, 31. 24. 2, 19-22 CriticAL Notes on ESTHER LWA (19) VV.19f. is not an érdvodos or retrogressio, as Grotius says, but a gloss added by some one who deemed it necessary to explain the clause 7227 "WW2 Iw° "TWN. GS omits mm MDM. yapM2, also the final clause of the preceding verse, an 5 mXw2 Imm for span “ywa aw "D779" GY has 6 8 Mapdoxaios eGeparevey ev TH avAy, Which means, according to W 18, below, he had a high position at the royal court (cf. 11, 3; 12, 5) but Gepazeveey may mean also to pay a visit (cf. Oeparevew tas Ovpas twos) &c. It is not necessary to suppose that M had an official position at the royal court (cf. C 75, 8; contrast 135, below). He may have been a “nbz or tparelirns, 1. e. he may have had a money-changer’s table at the King’s Gate, i. e. apparently (according to 4, 2.6) the gateway* leading from the City to the Acro- polis; cf. last n. one. 3. The King’s Gate of Susa, it may be supposed, corresponded in some respects to the Propylea of Athens. But accord- ing to @ (259, 27) the gate was between the royal palace and the harem (ND TD SY NWI maa 75s7 Nyon). The translation of Joan "VWI WWI MATT ITVS ID MwI (6, 10) in G Kai roin- cov Mapdoxaiw Td “lovdaiw 76 Kabnuevw ev TH wvAGVi iS More correct than the rendering in 6” ovrws roinoov TH M. 76 I. ro Oeparrevovte ev TH addy. SM M-Tw is a tertiary gloss; cf. nn. on "9x, v. 14, and 38, 7. (20) This verse contains two tertiary glosses to "NON WONT Sshaye) jahtehml spa at the end of v. 22 (cf. n. on 3, 7). (21) Sal gon “i (GY of apxitwpatopvAakes, JI janitores, $ 1832 u)4) seems to be misplaced; it should be inserted in v. 22 (see below). According to 1,10 (where wm has been displaced by the gloss NN52N) Bigthan and Teresh were not on "972072, but belonged to the 7oan "2 MN Own Dome myaw. There is a differ- ence between chambevlains and members of the body-guard. Heb. ze) is a loanword = Babyl. sippu; for xe) instead of sipp cf. the remarks on MD, daughter = bint in nn. on vy. 7. According to AoF 3, 5 the discovery of the conspiracy is out of place in this connection; it should have been given in the beginning, as in G, This theory, however, is gratuitous. Cf. the last but one para- graph of nn. on WTR (1, 1). (22) PA “ITA OWA 75> AMON WANN FDI ANN 75") cannot be the original reading, although the Ancient Versions have practically the same text: GY Kat énAdOn Mapdoxaiw 6 Adyos, Kal éonpavev Eo@np, kai ait evepavocey TO Baorre? Ta THs ewiBovdys. If we substitute for #1 "27772 Ow 7d ANON “Wann Dd “MCND the name yar, everything becomes perfectly natural and consistent; see Pur. * Cf, the cut on p 178 of the translation of Ezekiel in SBOT. 25 122 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 2, 23 37, 20. We may add to ward the statement "385" NNN 3 from 3, 1 (see below) and tn """a101a (see Pur. 38, 5). How the received text originated I cannot tell. We have a similar confusion of names* in 7,9 where 6* have Bovya6ay (= Wiss; GS Bovlabay = ynr2) instead of mz27n, and we find a similar transposition in 1 K 10, 1 where the clause 7 ow belongs to v. 25 of c. 9; see Kings 114, 36; cf. also the remarks on misplaced glosses in Nah. cited above, in nn. on y, 18 and the remarks on transpositions, Nah. 37. (23) #1 5m" means they were impaled (see Pur. 6, 22) or crucified (B) not they were hanged (Reuss, Wd,S). Cf. Herod. 3, 159; also Josh. 8, 29; 10, 26. The King says in 7, 9: 59 mdr, i. e. impale him upon it. Nor does YP mean to hang (see Numbers 59, 51). © Novp Sy Vn wSoEN, S bate] Ss onsiz cacgle. It is true that -259]/ means, as a rule, to be crucified + (especially in the NT; teuc]=}es.s,) but Assyr. zuqqupu means to impale; cf. KAT’, 378. 616. Gibbeting of the offender, or part of the offender, after death is in Assyrian ina gasiSi alalu, to tie to a stake (AJSL 1, 230; HW 70°. 207°. 2614, below). Greek oravpés means not only cross, but denotes also the upright stake to which the delinquent was bound, when no tree was at hand, or on which he was impaled (see Pwr. 6, 23). In the clause qn —=25 Ow “27 7502 2n>D™ & inserts the negative: -adto Seps ]AScos jpam> acds jlo; cf.n.onv.1. The nega- tive is, of course, impossible (cf. 6, 2) but $ ic shows that the translator realized the difficulties in the received text. SH apa "355 does not mean in the presence of the King, but to be presented (or submitted) to the King; at the disposal of the King (cf. Gen. 24, 51) or for the King, so that they might be 55355 D°N"p3 =n (6, 1). The King had given orders to record all important events so that he might have an accurate account of all that had happened whenever he called for it. If extracts from newspapers are collected Sm 755, the King does not superintend the clipping; nor does he read all the clippings. Similarly we find in the gloss 3, 7: S97. yan alse) ey: "75, i.e. the lot was cast for H; he had given orders that the lot be cast so that he might learn the result, but it is not necessary to suppose that H was present while the lot was cast; contrast Pur. 15,5. Cf. also BL 117, below, and Mal. 3, 16; Is. 65, 6. * Cf. also the confusion of names discussed in AJSL 28, 227, 1. 6 and the confusion be- tween H and M (see Pur. 3, 26) in S, referred to in n. on 7,8. See also Daniel 29,15; ZDMG 61, 294, 1.12; and Weissbach’s article Euphrates in Pauly-Wissowa’s encyclopx- dia, §4 (according to Hesychius the Jews called the Euphrates EéSexeA), + Cf. also L, Purim, p. 9, below (duo) Pas 3,1 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 123 We must add at the end of c. 2 the statement "5 37" NY) qn ra yan TA "57770; see Pur. 37, 20-43. It is not necessary to say ie MS Ts (cf. 3,4; 4,4; GK’, § 117, fy. Nor need we substitute "Up NS Xs (2 K 17, 4). a (1) For the omission of "3387 SNF 2 after yan in the present passage see ad 2,22. GV’ has simply Apav a6 “3aN7 NNW iS yan i ow 7 in v. 10; so, too, 6. H represents the name of the prin- cipal deity of the Elamites (contrast n. on "577979, 2, 5) Humba, Humman, Amman, &e (see Pur. 10, 24). The double m of this ancient Elamite (or Susian) name is preserved in certain MSS of 6% (Appar). Also the name of H’s father (NNTAT 1, G "Apddabos, J Ama- dathus) is not Persian, but connected with the name of the chief deity of the Elamites. The initial Fj of NAIM is certainly not the article (LB Medatha) cf. GY Ta: for se See ad 2,3). The u-vowel of Hum- man appears in Strabo’s Quavos kat “Avadaros (Pur. 26, 10). Rawlin- son combined H with ’Quarvyns. G* Apav in Tob. 14, 10 is a subsequent corruption or adaptation (Pwr. 51, 5). GY has there Adap, 6° Nadaf. Nadab is given also in the Vetus Latina, while the Syriac Version has ‘Akab; cf. EB 5112 and the various readings in Tob. 11, 18. H is neither Persian nor Hebrew (Pur. 12, 16). In the apocryphal letter of the King (16, 10) Apav ’Apaddabov Maxndav (G* 6 Bovyaios) is called GAXOTpios TOD Tov Hepody aiuatos (6 dpovyparos) and in M’s prayer (13, 12) H is called trepndavos (cf. AJSL 23, 235, 1. 6) but in the correspond- ing verse of G" (5, 15 in L’s edition) dzepitunros. He may have been an officer of the (colored) Susian body-guard of the Persian kings (Pur. 38, 5). SA WING (Ss els 5 de stirpe or de progenie Agag, © 358 N72; cf. below) is a subsequent adaptation of the original "3NI, the Gagean or northern barbarian; see Ezekiel 99,32. Cf. the remarks on 6 Mov- xatos = je". (1,14). In Num. 24, 7 (a Messianic passage added during the Greek period) all the Greek Versions have Twy=3X)5 instead of 338. In 6 the correct rendering of "5N3, Twyaitos, which we find in some MSS (Pur. 42, 14) of G has been replaced by Bovydios, which is not a gentilicium (Bovyatos) but the Homeric term of reproach Bovyaios braggart, lit. boasting like a bull; see Pwr. 13. H’s contemporary pro- totype (Pur. 12, 3. 9) Nicanor (see Nah. 26) was a braggart; cf. 1 M 7, 34.47 and the Talmudic passage Taanith 18” (Pur. 5, 27) also the remark on tizepydavos in the preceding paragraph of the present n. In 5, 12 6 has instead of GY xai etrev Apav, OU KéxAnkev 7 Bacidiooa KTA:— Kal éxav- X70 réywv ws ovdeva KEKANKEY 7 BaciAtooa. KTH. 27 124 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 8,2 Nicanor is a common Macedonian name. In 9, 24; 16, 10 6 substi- tutes 6 Maxedév for "SINT ="3NIT. Hl "3INM means the Agagite, i. e. the descendant of Agag, the king of the Amalekites (© "33 yan po "2 3558 me-y77d “| NNW.) who was spared by Saul, but fee in pieces before Java at Gilgal by Samuel (1 S 15, 33) whereas M is introduced as a descendant of the first king of Israel (see ad 2, 6). Josephus, therefore, calls H an Amalekite; cf. L, Purim 50 and IN 389. The reading "3358 instead of "383 must have been established in the first cent. B. Cc. For Twyaios = "ANS and T'wy = 595 (for 385) Ez. 38,2 cf. 3H =230 (for taiab) good; mix = TN (=4iat) sign; "MIN = Assyr. ati, iati, Aram. “ne (see Proverbs 51, 7) me; post-Biblical 353 = "483 = TN; Assyr. nadu (AJSL 20, 170) skin-bottle; "3 = "N's, AGpa ; 2 (Deut. 32, 32)=wN"=r48, poison; O1D = cD (Arab. rS) cup; &> =), not; DNT=MNT, Eth. wh: zati; DIN, balances; “Da = "OND , fetter; by = 53 = Nn = Assyr. malu=ma’alu (stem Jo; see Pur. 17, 1) front; SE = NS, Aram. NZ, flocks; 3x" = ras, ra’s, head; 7"NO, @. Vid for WNo, INO; IND, Eth. YA: San, Assyr. Sénu, shoe; see ad 1, 5. For Wn’s untenable combination of "338 (="3N5) with Assyr. agagu and Arab. (= hajjaj, tyrant see Pur. 42, 21. From the Greek point of view the Macedonians were northern bar- barians, and the Jews regarded the Samaritans as northern barbarians. This explains why H is called both a Macedonian and a Gagean; it also throws some light on the epithet of John Hyrcanus (cf. W 36, below). This Maccabean prince conquered the Samaritans and destroyed the temple on Mt. Gerizim in 128 8.c. Hyreanus may mean Conqueror of the Hyrcanians, i. e. Samaritans; cf. Scipio Africanus, &e.* The Samaritans, it may be supposed, were called Hyrcanians owing to the admixture of foreign colonists from the North (cf. mye) in w 120, 5).+ In the Talmud the Samaritans are called Cutheans (E°M 5) 7. e. inhabi- tants of Cutha, NE of Babylon. H corresponds, in some respects, to Sanballat, Tobiah, and Geshem; see Pur. 52, 16. (2) For the meaning of yD cf. JAOS 22, 73. *The founder of the dynasty of Reuss, Henry I, was called Ruzze, Reusse, or Ruthene owing to his exploits against the Poles or Western Russians about 1247; cf. Resch, Uber den Ursprung des dynastischen Namens Reuss (Gera, 1874). The Gymnasium illustre at Gera is known as Rutheneum. Cf. the title of the Czar: Selbstherrscher aller Reussen, French autocrate de toutes les Russies (i. e. Great Russia, Little Russia, White Russia, &c). +Similarly the Greeks used Hyperboreans as a general name for the inhabitants of northern countries, and the Hungarians are often called Huns; contrast THCO 162. 28 hd Nae 3,46 CriticaL NotEes on EstHER 125 fa 55 means concerning him; TS "4459. H received this high rank WA75; see ad 1, 15. (4) The Kethiv pyaxa (© pn im>>7a2) is better than the Qeré DUNS - The Q°ré would mean as soon as they said (ef. Ww, 4. 1s ninn>, 5, 2.9) but B7NI means zn (spite of) their saying; cf. a5 NT. we. Hor j= 5 cf nu. on “755,' 1, 16: fl "TST NO wrx od 7A 7D is an erroneous explanatory gloss to "559779 "727 which does not mean the words of Mordecai (as in 4, 9) but the attitude of Mordecai; ef. n. on Sot nat lee For incorrect glosses ef. Nah. 41, 1. 3; 48, 1.7; ZDMG 61, 297, n. 115. Sal "57972 "25 W2rs7 is equivalent to whether M would persist in his attitude (3 utrum perseveraret in sententia; LB ob solches Thun Mar- dachais bestehen wiirde). M’s Jewish extraction was probably unmis- takable so that it was unnecessary for him to tell any one that he was a Jew. He was known as 5 Spal, alidabha| Saahashal Ssimbal (Gis 10 and n. on 2, 19).* E, on the other hand, may have been an Oriental beauty without any pronounced Jewish features so that she was able to conceal her extraction (cf. n. on 2, 10). The fact that M was a Jew would be no satisfactory explanation for his refusal to prostrate himself before H. The ancient Israelites did not object to the zpooxwvyats; cf. e.g.28 14, 4; 18, 28; 1 K 1,16. The reason for M’s refusal to bow before H was different (see Pur. 37, 40; cf. n.on 7,6). Similarly M’s ancestor, Shimei, of the family of Saul, refused to bow before David, and threw stones at him, although the King was surrounded by his body- guard; and the King did not punish him, just as H disdains to punish M, fearing, perhaps, that M’s services in connection with the discovery of the conspiracy against the King would become known, if he tried to punish M (see Pur. 12, 40). If H succeeded in obtaining permission for a general massacre of all the Jews (cf. AJSL 23, 225, n. 4) the killing of M would attract no attention (cf. also C 93, 21). Certain Russian officials would adopt the same course in the 20‘ century; see Pur. 35, 9; 48, 18. 27. 32. 46; 44, 1. (6) The clauses "57°70 DY MN ab) “Ta "D>, after a5 , and Dain) jets at the end of this verse, are glosses to E™T bs ms; cf. second n. on vy. 4. Both glosses are omitted in 6” which pe for y. 6 of fl simply: Kai éBovretcato adavicat ravtas Tovs imo Tiv “Aptaképsov Bactrctav “Tovdaious = mina satelss. leh yiqhah hm SS ne saw wpan WAIWMN. It is certainly unnecessary to read "577579 DY instead of "9 DD. *‘ Schnorrer is said to have introduced himself to a distinguished Jewish banker of Berlin, stating, Mein Name ist Hirsch, whereupon the banker replied, Das seh’ ich. See the cut representing Jewish captives in Assyria on p. 205 of Wellhausen’s translation of the Psalms in the Polychrome Bible. 29 126 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 8,7 (7) V. 7 is a misplaced * later addition (to 2455 “wr sobs “IN SIN SW Wwy ow inv. 13) introducing a subsequent popular etymology of O75, which is just as fanciful as the Biblical explana- tions of 525, 3, MCB, TON, &c or the interpretation of NI NM WONT Spn in Dan. 5, 26-28; see Pur. 2,37; 15,21; 18,17; SFG 25, below; BAL 99,n.1. Also the second passage in E (9, 25) where “45 is explained to mean lot is a subsequent addition. The emendation of Grotius and Fritzsche, xAjpov instead of ipav in the apocryphal addition 16, 22, is very doubtful; it is not probable that the characteristic xAypwv should have been corrupted to ipéy (ef. the remarks on the emendations dpyjs for atAjs in 7, 4; ppan for mip in 9,16; 255 for wD" in nn. on 8, 10; also AJSL 22, 197, 1. 15 and Nah. 26, below). © éy rats érwvipos tov éoprais is generally interpreted to mean among the feasts named after yourselves (i.e. according to C. J. Ball,+ among your own Persian festivals or as if the word Purim were connected with the word Persians) but éxovypo éoprai may refer to the days on which the dpxwv érwvvpos was appointed (cf. évavros exdv- pos &c). This institution existed among the Assyrians and Babylo- nians. The cuneiform term for eponymy is limu; see HW 379»; cf. the Lists of Eponyms in KB 1, 204-214; also AoF 3, 10. 12; KAT®, 331 (1. 9) and 518; OLZ 10, 332; see also Delitzsch, Mehr Licht (Leipzig, 1907) p. 9. According to a tradition recorded by Berfini Purim may be the day on which the offices were assigned (Jie was Kite cl esall) and Purim (sygeNt is said to mean allotting (KeStLine) or distribu- tion by lot; see ZDMG 61, 275. Assyr. kararu Sa ptri (Pur. 20, below) seems to mean to set up the urn (xadioxos) holding the lots to be drawn for the various offices, and this cuneiform piru (HW 169°: baru) urn (xéAms) May be connected with Heb. "395, pot, lit. boiler (a form Jes of pre yh) and ""N5, glowing hotness (see Nah. 43; cf. the remarks on By le, yes, Spey, ATSL 23, 245, 244) also with IMD, wine-press, originally vat; cf. the cut in the translation of Joshua (SBOT) p. 68 and my translation of Is. 63, 1-6 in JHUC, No. 163, p. 49°. According to J. D. Michaelis Nicanor’s Day might have been called p=, because the Syrian army was crushed at Adasa as grapes are pressed in a wine-vat; see Pwr. 51, 38. *Cf. the last but one paragraph of nn. on 2,18 and the misplaced glosses in 2, 19. 20, also the gloss BP "ND M5" in Y, 16. +See the Variorum Apocrypha, London (Eyre & Spottiswoode). tThe original form of this word is not B°475, but 7D for 73D = Ved. parti, portion; seen. on Q, 26. 30 3,7 CriticAL Notes oN ESTHER 127 For 45, wine-vat cf. also Hag. 2, 15. 16 where we must read:— sa ap avy psaa> Naw Ans 15 FONT | S72 «jaNn'y’ JAN DW ows mw An Dey MATON NA 16 Sw ANT BA pwn Fin x2 Ap"n ON 16 (6) TIM 15 (2) For 3, how? cf. "M2 MX 2 (Ruth 3, 16) and Assyr. mi-nu, how? (see n. on iN, 1, 12). For Na, in the second couplet, read N23 (cf. Hag. 1,9). The omission of [275 in the second hemistich of vy. 16 is due to the omission of [375 in the last hemistich; contrast opyab} rizvt1 (1, 9) where the prefixed > is emphatic; cf. n. on 455 (7, 8). The omission of the prefixed 74 before 7775 is due to haplo- graphy; for the enjambement* in the last line cf. AJSL 23, 240 and the second line of Nah. 2, 11 (Nah. 50). The plural of 77D may have been H™ 1D (Pur. 20, 24; 51, 26) and Sma etw wij “hp 5S°=> in the present verse is rendered in 3: missa est sors in urnam quae Hebraice dicitur phur. The translation of Saat x17 VD SS in G 9, 24, Hero Uyndicpa Kal KAjpov, Means he cast a ballot, that is a lot, xaé in this connection is explicative and cor- rective (cf.n.on 1,17). For 6’s translation of S337 SW ow Sen in the present passage see below, n.on >*=>5. There is no Persian word for lot from which == = 553 could be derived; Pers. Sy yl, %b, r do not mean lot (see Pur. 45, 42) nor could they appear in Heb. as "45. The Iranian word for lot is dhins pisk. There may have been a word 5 (connected with "775, potand 7B, vat)=Assyr. pfiru, urn; butif O15 was combined with "75, urn it was merely a subsequent popular etymology which may have been suggested to a glossator by the use of M273, part, por- tion in the sense of lot, destiny+ as well as by the oracular practices observed on New Year’s eve (Pur. 17, 38; 18,27; 21, 33; cf. also C 101,8) and the allotting of offices at the beginning of the year (AoF 8, 10). Lostage (Days of the Lots) is the Ger. term for days on which it is possible to forecast the future (Pur. 18, 28). At the Chinese New Year’s * Contrast Budde’s Geschichte der althebr. Litteratur (Leipzig, 1905) p. 26, 1. 8. j According to Glaser (OLZ 9. 320) Heb. 7 (see Kings 163, n. *) may mean part, por- tion, lot, oracle (ef. Pur. 45, 3). As to 33DN, Glaser thinks, it is not a loin-cluth= ib,: fota or bio maqtab (see the translation of the Psalms in SBOT, p. 224, fig. s) but a band or scarf like the stole worn by Roman Catholic priests, or the pall of the Pope, archbishops, &c, and the eave} of the Jews. Cf. the Byzantine ®uodopror, 31 128 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES $57 festival the priest produces a box with small ivory chips variously inscribed. If the lot marked wisdom comes out, it means more wisdom for the man for whom the lot is drawn, Similar oracular practices may have prevailed at the celebration of the Persian New Year (Naur6z) in the times of the Maccabees. Cf. the statement of Bertini, quoted in ZDMG 61, 277, on the same day (Naur6éz= Purim) the happy lots are distributed among the people of the earth (wlolewt prmniiS Rasy Ue) 9t As). The casting of the lots for the two goats on the Day of Atonement* may be a purified form of some Baby]. oracular practice at the beginning at the second half of the year (Pur. 3, 39; 4, 2. 20. 26. 33; 33, 14; 49, 26). E is a festal legend for Nicanor’s Day, just as the Book of Nahum is a festal liturgy for the celebration of that great victory gained by Judas Maccabzeus over Nicanor on the 13 of Adar, 161 B.c. (OLZ 10, 64; ZDMG 61, 275). This commemoration of Nicanor’s Day was combined with the observation of the Persian New Year’s festival (celebrated at the time of the vernal equinox) which is no doubt based on the Babyl. New Year’s festival (Pur. 3, 3; 4,39; 11,27; 19,10). In the Talmud the cuneiform name of the New Year’s Festival, akitu, aqitu+ appears as NMVIPN (which is an adaptation of NM"pN) while Naurdz is corrupted to pT (for J?"T172, TIT). See ZDMG 61, 276. The original meaning of O35 (=Naur6z=Akitu) is not lots, but portions, Heb. A372; see n. on Y, 26. In casting lots in order to determine what day would be most unlucky for the Jews and therefore most auspicious for the general massacre planned by H (cf. L, Purim, p. 8, 1. 13) they did not try every single day of the year until they finally hit on the 13™ day of the 12 month. They might have put 12 lots, marked from 1 to 12, into the urn (Assyr. pfiru) and 30 lots marked from 1 to 30; then it was only neces- sary to draw two lots. But the phrase 2 4N5 247725 p> Ov shows that this simple procedure was not used at that time. They tried first the first day, then the second, and so forth; when the lot decided in favor of the 13™ day, they tried to determine the month. In this way it was necessary to cast the lot 25 times before they hit on the 13™ day of the 12 month. Cf. my remarks on Urim and Thummim in JBL 19, *For the reason why the Day of Atonement was observed during the Babylonian Cap- tivity on the 1st of Tishri, while the New Year was to be celebrated on the 10th of Tishri, see conclusion of n. on 9, 3l. +In the new texts found during the German excavations at Kal’at Shergat (ASSur) 5 qiran (see sy q ( Kings 208, 15; MDOG, No. 33, p. 34; ef. the photograph of the bit akiti, ibid. p. 30). This- shows that the etymology of akitu, given in Pur. 31,3, is correct. Akitu appears in the Talmud as NMLUPN, while NP appears in Assyrian as ND; cf. VG 122, also the remarks on “9D =karu (BL 132) and 3ODY=tupSarru in Nah, 34, and AJSL 28, 246. 32 Assyr. akitu appears as a synonym of kirétu= P95 (2 K 6, 23) and 3,8 CriticaAL Notes on ESTHER 129 73, n. 61 and Numbers 57, 41. Adar means dAvyaios in Assyrian; the 13 of Adar was a dies ater kar’ é&oynv (Pur. 82, 33). fa 5°55 is impersonal; so Keil, Schultz, R in K,S; LB ward das Loos geworfen vor H; cf. the translation in J, quoted above, missa est sors, and the translation of Leviticus (SBOT) p. 62, 1. 54; see also Kings 289, 19 and nn. on yon wy (5, 14) and ans" & (8, 10). It is not necessary to read, with O, “5°; contrast 6, 9 where O reads pt instead of woads . According to B, Sp refers to H, and the explanation of "99 is not merely S55 NI, as in 9, 24, but SI yan 55 ST. sl yan "955, however, must be connected with “Mp DBT: — yan 72D Os Nw) WD SEH. Even if we read yarn instead of yan "955, as Wd suggests, the phrase os ait) would be very strange. For yan "955 see n. on an "955 (2, 23). According to & the lots were cast by the scribe Shimshai (cf. Hzra 4, 8.17. 23 and C 103). @ also states (ad 6, 1) that the King com- manded the scribe Shimshai to bring the Book of Records. % has Em Spo [gS wore [p5 wi]; T V2 OTP NAT NT NMI SEN (Syr. ixe is apparently a transposition of yjdos; see Pur. 45,11). For the translation of this clause in GY and G‘ see Pur.16,1. G6" has kat Barra KAnpous cis THY TpLoKaideKaTyY TOD pnvos Adap Nucav xrA. Here Nicay represents a variant (cf. last n. on 1, 4) to Adéap (it may be derived from ffl 7D°5 at the beginning of this verse). After #1 wimg we must, with B, R in K, Wd, following 6 xai éGa- Aev KAHpous Huepay €€ uepas kal pHva éx pynvds (Wate drrokeoar TO yevos Map- doxaiov) kal érecey 6 KANpos cis THY TeToaperKaoeKaTHY TOD pHVds Os éoTW Aéap, insert “WDy <> 59 Senn b= wamd>. The Heb. scribe skipped this clause owing to the repetition of the word wand. Keil, Rawlinson, Schultz regard this plus of G as an interpolation from y. 13; nor has S inserted it in his translation. The clause gore dzrodécar To yevos Mapdoyaiov (which I have enclosed in parentheses) seems to be a subsequent addition in 6, which we need not insert in the Heb. text. O, however, prefixes IAN DVD "S772 MA MN TAND to Svan bem wn. Woy mw or dy. In the same way, the fourteenth day, given in 6’, may be a subse- quent correction for the thirteenth day (so 6"; see above). In 8,12; 9,1 6’ has the thirteenth just as f#l. In the apocryphal additions 6 has the fourteenth day in 18, 6; but the thirteenth in 16, 20 (Pur. 15,11). Cf. also n. on 9, 17. (8) For 43257 we must point 45%32; see Numbers 57, 36; cf. ZA 14, 347. = a i For 5724 “753 (@ wisn 77272, > —pa xe dpa) 6 has sim- ply Sceorappévov, but it would be a mistake to suppose that one of these 33 130 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 3,9-12 participles in {#4 was due to scribal expansion. 6 repeatedly substitutes one verb for two or three verbs of f#l; cf. n. on v. 13. For py 552 mise ons cf. the comparatio decurtata (GK", § 133, e). (9) The conjecture (AoF 3, 26) that pyar is a gloss, and that we should read Sspwd (as in 4, 7) instead of SipuR; is not good; 3m5" bipwd ced 725 pads mows is not Heb, What Wn hasan ae ead be:—Fo5 "aD nwy OTT ‘pw and". But the sug- gestion that ton in y. 11 is a gloss is correct; see below and cf. above, ad 2, 18. The interpretation (W 17) that H offers the King 10,000 talents to make up the financial loss involved in the extermination of the people (loss of taxes) is unwarranted; cf. below, ad 7, 4. Heb. >pw to pay, properly to w eigh, may be a bagel loanword; cf. KAT®, 649. The stem is a Saphel of oD; cf.n.on “5d (1, 22). The initial 1 is therefore a wW; (SFG 20,3; ZDMG 34, 861; “BAL 100; con- trast AG?, §63)= », (wv. For the 2 in “+2 and the & in Ate Cf one =) 5G = Assyr. passtiru=Sum. banSur (BA 1, 161) and 302}, yp l= = Assyr. ASSfir; pasa =IsStar, &c; see my paper on the name Istar in JAOS 28, 118, below. fA FNd2 “wy (cf. 9, 3) means here officials, especially revenue officers (cf. the remarks on Juc3!, ZDMG 61, 275). Alsoin 1 K 11, 28; 2 K 12, 12 (contrast Kings 240, 20) as well as in Neh. 13, 10; Ezr. 3, 9 & FDNd0 Fwy means business man (cf. y 107, 23) especially finan- cier, tax-gatherer, collector, &. Cf.also1S 8,16; Dan. 8, 27; 1 Chr. 29, 6. (10) For oot “A T has (WT NPI, S Lejos. Leopsso. The addition OV A ANT RTA j2, which is omitted in 6*", seems to be a scribal expansion; see n. on y. 1. (11) In “55 BST FD PN] TODM the two words Fos and OF should exchange places (cf. n. on 1,6) and $02 should be relegated to the margin (Pwr. 6, 33) as the question of a reader who was anxious to know what became of the enormous amount of money (10,000 talents, z.e. about $18,000,000). Cf. for this gloss Kings 137, 35; Isaiah 19, B; 81,18; Heel. 20, x; 21, €; 25, xx; BL 3, y. The King takes it for granted that H will pay the money into the royal treasury; he therefore deems it unnecessary to refer to it, saying simply: ie yn DP; . Lime extremely unlikely that an Oriental monarch should be so generous as to turn over eighteen million dollars to his prime minister; cf. n. on 2, 18. (12) For the Pers. loanword D°3597DMN, satraps (G orparnyot, 5 Tawss, © pd>o oN = otpatnAdrys) see 0.0n WZAVDAN (1, 1) also n. on DNLTN (8, 10). 34 3,13 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 131 Heb. Mins is a Babyl. loanword. The singular } mine must be pronounced péxxah (GK”, § 27, q) not péxah (AOG 25). The doub- a of the [, however, is secondary, just as in D°GN, brothers ; THR ain TS, after, &c. In Assyr. paxatu, pixatu (HW 519°) ‘the ee is not doubled. fA OY “iw refers to the native chiefs; 3 [Sases fo beespiet) 6 Ur Malate al N79) ND. (13) Heb. Os, S$ Gas," T yNUAM, 6 ABdadépor) means originally runners, then especially jfoot-soldiers; see Kings 232, 34. Here it is used for couriers (ayyapou, cf. Her. 8, 98) who were (according to 8,10) mounted. G" cis yeipas tpexovTwv imméwv (Var. izrwv) is a doublet; cf. 6 Asap Nicay in 3, 7 and n. on 1,17. In Assyrian, rakbu (= 254) is used for envoy, and allaku xantu for cowrier (HW 619". 281”). The stem xamatu, to burn is identical with the stem xamatu, to hasten ; the original meaning is to flash; cf. ZDMG 61, 297, n. 115 and modern Arab. y= ; ee ; also Nah. 41 (puridu, courier = O27): fA Fad) pd Tawi (so, too, 7, 4; 8, 11) is not pleonastie; sw5, to exterminate is the general term (cf. v. 6 and 4, 18). This extermination could be effected either by a general massacre (3795) or by forcing the surviving Jews to flee from the country like wild beasts; ef. Arab. Ouf = YX>95 and my remarks on the last line of y 1 in AJSL 19, 141, below. See also n.on F3N5 (9, 6) and C 121, below. At the time of the Syrian persecutions under Antiochus Epiphanes and his suc- cessors the orthodox Jews were either massacred (1 M 1, 57. 63; 2, 38; ef. Pur. 35, 6 and n. on p7axd , 4, 7) or forced to flee (1 M 2, 28. 29. 43; ef. Pur. 34, 39). G has simply adaviow for Jano) SD TaD just as mpmnw: Ndi yap Nd "oT (v. 2) is rendered 6 8 Mapdoxaios od mpocextver ait, or as we find for F752" “7572 (v. 8) simply duecrappevov. For the accumulation of synonyms, which is by no means indicative of a late date, cf. ZDMG 61, 295, n. 97. Heb. 55w, to plunder (cf. 8,11) is a Babyl. loanword. The noun 55u (3 comet ; cf. AJSL 3, 107) means here household effects, personal property, just as Ger. Plunder means household effects, trumpery, baggage, while the verb pliindern means to pillage. In certain parts of the United States the term plunder does not mean pillage, spoil, booty, but household or personal effects, baggage, luggage. Ger. pliindern is a privative denominative like our to skin && (AJSL 22, 251; Nah. 32). Assyr. 8alalu (HW 662°) means to carry off; so 551 denotes mov- ables; French meubles; cf. the Ger. privative denominative vermébeln. See also Pur. 34, 18. *% has Was also for "OO in 6, 14. 30 132 Tur AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 3,14—4,1 The conjecture (AoF 3, 26) that this verse is evidently a subsequent (post-Seleucidan) addition is gratuitous. (14) The clause 42°72) 7370 553 4 wns is in apposition to amn5q. We may supply the relative pronoun "3pN before na, but not "7" (S). Nor is Wd right in stating that wnt) introduces the contents of the edict. S renders freely: ons2] Lods» ase Sasey ome as Ls pes Had NEC fA “55 is not the first word of the proclamation (B) but verbal predicate to 17:2M5 (Keil). #4 53, however, does not mean open, unsealed, but to be revealed; cf. 4, 8: 2 “WN AIT SMD yawns ywiw..- The objection that H’s edict for the extermination of the Jews would have been useless, if published eleven months in advance, since the Jews would have had ample time to emigrate, is not valid (cf. C 124). If a general massacre of the Jews in a Russian city were announced a year in advance, the Jews could not all get away; and even if they were able to take most of their personal property, they could not dispose of their real estate. Cf. Pwr. 48, 7. 22. 27. 39. 43. The idea (AoF 8, 26) that the last clause of this verse, D°9M nd cree n>. is a subsequent addition, and that the first part of y. 14 is the immediate sequel of v. 12, is impossible. (15) The conception (AoF 3, 26) that the couriers are sent out twice, is erroneous; vv. 12-14 describe the drafting of the edict, and y. 15 relates the execution of the order. KM vow wn E WIT NMP, > see |21s,%) means here the City of Susa in distinction from the Acropolis ("""27). The King and H feasted in the Acropolis; cf. n.on 1,2. The people in the Acropolis were not perplexed, but the people in the City were in a quandary. 3 et cunctis Judeis, qui in urbe erant, flentibus seems to have regarded the initial 5 of FD4zDp as a dittogram of the final 5 o yw ; cf. C 128: - (1) SA Yq" is pluperfect; see n.on FMD (1,9). M had learned of the edict as soon as it was decided upon. Just as he managed to obtain information concerning E (2, 11) so his friends at the Court apprised him of H’s scheme. Heb. pw is a Babyl. loanword; cf. KAT’, 650. It denotes a coarse loin-cloth; see Kings 163, n.*; 210, 7, and cf. Glaser in OLZ 9, 320. Instead of “DN pw 2>4 GY has kat évedUcato odKKov Kal KaTeracaTo omoddv, $ saho> \astdjo jaw caso, © 59 pw NwWIAD WN} roe by Noop "wi mM" T., 3 indutus est sacco, spargens cine- rem capiti; but we should not be justified in inserting P77") (Job 2, 12) 36 4,3 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 133 or 9X" (cf. v. 3). If we see e.g. that S$ renders 58 wnd 7 as) pu winb2 aby SF “5. at the end of the following verse, jon Jude bedSses 52S [20 bee wo) 23}. bec), we cannot attach much importance to the insertion of \“u222}. The verb “325, to put on is not used only of dresses; =N p25 is just as possibleas “wn D2 man (Job 7, 5) or rao) niga ‘vod: (v 35, 26). Cf.also 2S 13,19: swe Sp 7D aS “Van mpni. For the symbolical meaning of the rend- ing of eements and the sprinkling of ashes &e see Pur. 25. fA =52 SN itd means to come to the gate, i.e. to approach the gate; to enter the gate would be "3152 wins, see AJSL 21, 134, below; 3 aulam regis intrare is inaccurate. (3) The clause mand 9 337 “EN pw (AV, many lay in sackcloth and ashes) means Most of them had a sack-cloth (or coarse loin-cloth) and overspread (Ger. aufgeschmierte) ashes (i.e. spread over the body). Heb. pd would mean Many had (€ FIN map pw will PWIO Wp IE My pwna, & Pod Xaswa Nawpi N'po') but — means Most of them had; ae woAAoi and of zoAAod (GK, § 133, g). C’s rendering (even) the great ones is impossible. The 9355 awe ban ‘WOD1* "521 were universal among the Jews, and most of them even put on the loin-cloth and sprinkled ashes on their head. Instead of 7 we must point ee (as participial attribute to "5) = 5x72 (GK", $53, s). For. fA x" instead of 5x7 ef. conclusion of n. on 1,5. The 5 in pat is not the * 5 discussed GK, § 121, f (cf. n. on 5, 12) but the 5 explained i in WdG 2, 149, D; nor is y= verbal predi- cate to both pu and "5, but attribute to "SN. B and Wd (follow- ing 3 sacco et cinere multis pro strato utentibus) think that they spread a garment of hair-cloth, sprinkled with ashes, on the ground and sat down on this garment; so too, S: Sack und Asche hatte die Menge (der Juden) untergebreitet; cf. GY caxxov cal oroddv éotpwoav éavtois. But this spreading of the sack-cloth on the ground would be at variance with the disregard for personal comfort, which is characteristic of mourning. The sack-cloth was not spread on the ground, but put on as a loin-cloth, and the ashes were not sprinkled on the loin-cloth, but over the body. G has for 8=™ “DN po 325 in v. 1: xai mepieBaXeTo oaKKov Kal orodwleis e&prAOev; cf. also GY" 14, 2: ozodod Kai xompidv (G" Kompov) exAn- cev THY Kedadnv aitys. The mourners originally tore off their garments and put on a loin-cloth. This explains why persons in mourning were not allowed to approach the King’s Gate. Afterwards they simply tore * Heb. 135) = silent weeping, “DOD = loud wailing; “DD is more demonstrative than "35 or Di or Soe: and "DN pu more demonstrative than "DD. 37 134 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 4,47 their garments at the breast for a hand’s breadth and put on the loin- cloth under their ordinary garments (Kings 210, 7). (4) The K°thiv mason (Qeré maNian) is based on the analogy of the verbs 775 and x; cf. mr laM TINLsN, and miao which is based on the analogy of the verbs 4 ‘ e Istar in JAOS 28, 113). fl wwe aban Srornn (AV then was the queen exceedingly grieved) means the Queen was very much shocked. The use of 5552 instead of “MCN is intentional, just as the omission of 75527 in 1,19 is designed. M was stripped of all clothing save the coarse loin-cloth.* This was distasteful to the Queen (cf. 2 S 6, 20). She therefore tried to induce M to put on the garments she sent him. 6’ has érapay6y for Sriminn; in 7, 6 Ge erapax6n is used for MYII, and at the end of c. 3 G’ has érapdooero for FDIDI. 3 renders consternata est. The stem Sninnn is derived from 594, just as pepnwon (for pwpwnn) is derived from Pi; see Nah. 41. The verb dap (S \ao flo, © Sap wud) is Aramaic; cf. the glosses in 9, 23.27 and n. on 95x85 (7,4). Assyr. qablu, midst (BL 97) = Arab. qalb, heart (AJSL 1, 227); cf. last n. on 7, 9. (5) For Wn (S 4a with 7 misread )) has ’Aypaaios. This is a transposition of ’A6axaios, the p emphasizing the guttural (velar) character of the i ; see BA 1, 257, 1.18. For 6 ’AxpaGatos (v. 9) cf. n. on 6 Movyatos (1, 14) and for the transposition cf. the remarks on Ayafas = TaBovbas = Bovyafay in nn. on 1,10, *“Axpafatos may be influenced by Greek names like "Ayarns, “Axpadys, &e. fA AQT is causative (J quem rex ministrum ei dederat, AV whom he had appointed to attend { wpon her) just as 5p in 2, 14; it could also be intransitive (§ aateyo soho»). Of. AJSL 22, 204, 1.5; Psalms 83, 50. For 5p read 5x, as in v.10($ 20S). Cf. "795 dy (v. 7) for "795 bx and nn. on 1,17. The phrase 5y >, which means to enjoin upon, is correct in vy. 8. 17 and in 2,10; 58 >"~ means to order to, to order to go to. This is a constructio pregnans (GK™, § 119, ee) like 5y.... Dp wna 35 (7, 7). (7) The translation (AoF 3, 26) M told him everything, and the amount of money which H had commanded to pay to the Jews{ in order to annihilate them; he gave him also the tenor of the edict which he had issued in Susa in order to exterminate them, is impossible. * Cf. the fifth footnote to nn. on 8, 7. + Cf. n. on WOM (5, 1). tGerman(?) welchen H befohlen hatte zu bezahlen den Juden sie zu vernichten. Wn means, I suppose, welchen H den Juden zu bezahlen befohlen hatte, i. e. which H had com- manded the Jews to pay. 5 (see n. in the paper on the name 38 4, 8-11 CriticAL Notes on ESTHER 135 Heb. O™37°2 sspwo cannot mean to pay to the Jews;* 3 is the 3 pretit ia Kings 224, 5) 3 pro Judeorum nece. In his nn. S explains the 3 as 2 pretii (so, too, Wd; cf. n. on 7, 4) stating that Ow T7"2 means properly als Preis ftir die Juden, but in his translation he renders in Betreff der Juden. There are several discrepancies between the translation and the nn. in S’s commentary, which would, perhaps, have been eliminated, if S had been able to revise his work; cf. nn. on 1, 20; 5, 1.8; 6,6; 7,8; 8, 11; 9, 2. 16. 26; also S’s transliteration Mordehai (as though it were "7W777g) and Pur. 29, 26. For the K°thiy oT. the Q°ré substitutes the contracted form Dra; of. 8, 1. 7. 13; 9, 15. 18. SH ‘o72N> means here to ruin them; this includes killing and pro- scription, banishment, expulsion with confiscation of property (cf. n. on 3, 13). (8) The Athnah in ap 737955 is correct; 45 33595 must not be connected with the following rnp mg. (against B). The inf. 75775" is coordinated to the sea may +5: Hatach is to show E the document and to tell her about it, explain it to her (AV to show it unto E and declare it unto her). Hatach told the Queen the substance of the edict, although he presented a copy of the decree. Even if E could read the copy, she was probably satisfied with the verbal report. An official who submits a letter to his superior will often give the sub- stance of it, so that the letter is not read, although it is produced. - The clause 7757 mas) represents the final request: M requests Hatach to urge E, in view of all the evidence submitted, to go to the King. The eunuch Hatach may have been a Jew; cf. C 145 and the second footnote to n. on 2, 10. (11) For the etymology of A772"35 cf. AJSL 22, 258, below. For 197 Am, there is but one decree for him, cf. Dan. 2,9: RIM VSN NTT. The suffix in {M7 represents the genitivus objectivus (so S): his decree=the decree against him; contrast n. on 1, 17. The loanword (J is feminine; cf. 3, 8.15 (Aw ONT, TM m4) and SG?, p. 57, below. The 5 in nvam> (© maa> I NWT NT NIM) may be the Lamed inscriptionis, as in Is. 8, 1 (GK, § 119, u). This is a variety of the emphatic 5 (cf. n. on N55 , 7,8) just as Assyr. ma before the oratio directa is a variety of the emphatic ma (see Proverbs 68,7). GY’ renders n77a7> 4N7 NM, freely: otk éorw aire cwrnpia, I absque ulla cunctatione statim interficiatur ; LB der soll stracks Gebot sterben. Baer reads Wa", with Raphéh; but wa w= Assyr. Sabbitu, so the r is merely resolution of the doubling (VG, § 90) as in Assyr. *Norcan 32573 .-... Sip “ON mean he commanded the Jews to pay. 136 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 4,12-14 kursa (ef, Aram. °O7D, Arab. gwyS) =kussa (Heb. R95) throne (Sumer. guza) or pw = pwns (Assyr. DimaSqu). Consequently the 3 should have a Dagesh lene; the Raphéh may be disregarded, just as in 45 for m5 (Ruth 2,14). For Masoretic endorsements of manifest textual errors see Kings 288, 19; 298,12. Cf. also y7S8 (8, 6) instead of 7728. AV these thirty days=py> o> mT (note Gen. 31, 38: AV this twenty years=IW Ow M1) isa Hebraism. It means lit. This is thirty days, i.e. for the past thirty days; cf. French il y a and GB", 174, b; BDB 261”, i. (12) For 4757 read 457 (scil. Hatach) following Buhl in Kittel’s Biblia Hebraica, or 45>) (GK, § 121, a). (13) For this third message of M to his foster-daughter in the royal harem cf. Otanes’ third message to his daughter Phzedymia (Herod. 3, 69: rpitny d€ ayyeAny éoréurea). See Pur. 8, 34; cf. also C 64. 145. 149 and n. on 2, 12. Sl an ma is haplography for an m2 (see nn. on I, 9). It cannot be appositive to "47M, als dem Kénighause angehorig (S). For ya; alone of, singled out in OMT «O20 cf. Ruth 1, 5: PPT" “8 TNT ANN. (14) #1 "5 does not mean vielmehr (S) but for; "5 must be con- nected, not with the following conditional (or concessive) clause intro- duced by ON, but with }JaNn Tos mai MN. The author might have said: — "28 73) FN (ONT Mya "NN wn ON) "3S “MN Dipad ow Tost Tx A WANN; but the received text is no doubt original. For mn read m3 also pV md (Gen. 3, 8) must be pointed orn mand 5 see Nah. 33, ad 17°. The scriptio plena 729" may be due to dittography of the 4; see Nah. 19 (ad v. 6) and the remarks on WVWWMN for DAWN (1, 1). fA Toy" means wird erstehen (Keil, K) not wird bestehen (B). The meaning is not, the deliverance is established and certain, but it will arise, turn up. © TMS ANN Y2 NTT Dp? xan xh, S Deel bop ee bos lon [Lssace James , GY adrXofev Bonbaa kai oxérn éotat Tots Iovdatos, GY aAX’ 6 Oeds Extra adtois Bonds Kai swrnpia, I per aliam occasionem liberabuntur Judei. fA “TN Dp does not refer to help from abroad (1 M 8, 17; 12, 1) as S supposes. Even in the 20 century it is hardly possible for the Jews in Russia to get any help from abroad, e. g. the United States or England. From another place or from some other quarter is a veiled allusion to God. The avoidance of the name of God is certainly not 40 4,14 CriticAL Notes on HStHER 137 accidental (N) but intentional (Wd). According to N (EB 1403) it is due to the coarse and worldly spirit of the author; but the avoidance of the name of God is no evidence of coarseness or worldliness: a man may be absolutely irreligious, yet use the name of God in an oath &c. The phrase "FN Dip sigp7 5x54 is a reverential allusion to interven- tion on the part of the Supreme Being, just as some one may say in Washington, The Secretary of State is in favor of it, but Somebody Else may object, alluding to the President.* In post-Biblical Hebrew, Dipan is used of God (cf. JBL 24,17) and D"poN is substituted for 6°} Ly just as we prefer to say By Jove, or sais me, or Good gracious, Good by, &c in order to avoid the name of God. Ger. achherrje is a corruption of Ach Herr Jesus, just as Hullee gee is a corruption of Holy Jesus. fl MID MYST MNNTD MPD ON PT a means, Who knows whether thou hast not attained royalty for a time like this, i. e. Perhaps thou hast been made Queen just for such a contingency; cf. Gen. 45,7 50, 20. GY kat ris ofdey «i cis TOV Katpov TOUTOV €BaciAevoas; SO, too, G'; J et quis novit utrum idcirco ad regnum veneris, ut in tali tempore para- reris? % |Zanssa\s wdopodjo wdszo2| [25] Undpto | Sp altco, TMX NI NITID WNNT NNW PR TPT SST NT NA amis yom" N°. Instead rr the rhetorical question Who knows? Ethiopic uses a negative expression for perhaps, viz. AISA. : énda‘i, lit. not my knowing, haud scio, P57 *D3I9N; see Dillmann’s grammar (1899) p. 343; English translation by J. A. Crichton (London, 1907) p. 887. For similarly clipped forms cf. my remarks on the causa- tive prefix { in nn. on 3, 9 and in the paper on the name Jstar (JAOS 28, 114) also Nah. 24, below: VG § 44, d; and the remarks on “77g (5,8). SA ON IW MY means perhaps, just as Lat. haud scio an; contrast haud scio an non=perhaps not. As soon as the negative is inserted (after art) in AV Who knoweth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this, the meaning is clear. LB, correctly, Wer weiss, ob du nicht um dieser Zeit willen zum Koénigreich gekommen bist; C und wer weiss, ob du nicht (grade) fiir diese Zeit zum Kénigreich gelangt bist. Similarly AV renders Jon. 3,9: Who can tell if God will turn and repent instead of Who can tell whether God will not turn and repent. If we substitute but for ON, we need not insert the negative. *In the German Reichstag Gen. Von Deimling, the commander of the colonial troops in German Southwestern Africa, said on May 26, 1906: Dariiber haben Sie hier nicht zu bestimmen, sondern ein Anderer (i. e. the Emperor). In his novel Tristram of Blent (vol. 1, p. 255 of the Tauchnitz edition) Anthony Hope says: And if by a miracle he [the prime minister] said yes, for all I know somebody else might say no. This dark refer- ence to the Highest Quarters caused Southend to nod thoughtfully.— Ibid. p. 270 we find: There was now not only the very grave question whether Robert Disney [the prime minister] —to say nothing of Somebody Else — would entertain the idea; and on p. 117 of vol. 2: The last words had, presumably, reference to the same quarter that Cee Evenswood had once described by the words ‘“‘Somebody Else.” 41 138 THe AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 4.16 If the negative were inserted in Hebrew, 3) md > DN, the phrase would mean: Perhaps thou hast not been made Queen just for a contingency like the present. This statement would be possible only if E had not become Queen. If the King had given orders to kill the Queen, the father of one of the maidens who were not made Queen, might have said to his daughter: — miso mean xd ox pT NNI5 ny. The negative in our Who knows whether thou hast not been made Queen just for such an emergency is on a par with our not in phrases like Won’t you come? which is quite different from Will you (really) not come? The particles xd5>4 or YI (B) could not be used in this connection. B’s interpretation (which has been adopted by Reuss) Who knows (what may happen) when thou hast come to the royal throne at that time or when thou hast appeared before the King’s majesty at that time (Ger. Und wer weiss wenn du um diese Zeit hinge- kommen sein wirst zum kéniglichen Thron) is impossible. This would be: NO MPA JIT ON FNIAD TT a ltr ya. The words mr 772 could not be omitted, and R"4M myn would be appropriate only if a time had been specified; e. g. if E had been urged to go to the King at a certain time, then some friend, wishing to dissuade her, might say, If I were you, I would not go; who knows what will happen when thou goest to the King at that time. It is true that this phrase might also anticipate a favorable outcome; Naomi might have added to her instructions in Ruth 3,3: npa wees ON WNIS> rot pia) Save RT, but without 77> 774 the statement would be meaningless. (16) SH “by means for me (3 pro me; see conclusion of n. on 753) of. stay dy (v. 8) and qwE dy (7, 7) also owe) dy (8, 11). For py) 715" see Kings 104, 32. In DIZN "NAVI "DN OZ the conjunction ) means with; in Arabic, > in such cases is construed with the accusative (WdG 2, 325, D; JAOS 22, 108, n.5). Of. Vat) F727 wis? (5, 4). fil 15, thus means, not for the same period, i. e. for three days (B) but in the same (strict) manner, viz. day and night. Fasting was observed, as a rule, from sunrise to sunset, food and drink being taken each day after sundown, just as in the Mohammedan fast of Ramadan (yL4-)). For 723); and so (so, correctly, AV; but GY xai rore, J et tunc, S crear, © i: "nai; cf. Syr. = = unbis, but sluadSLeazs septo OT qa023 sass. The \ in yn") (GY kai ora cor) is the Waw apodosis , ef. n. on "755 (1,17). S supplies before this }:—(was du auch ver- langst). &* inserts in the present verse before xat roujow cor:— avayyedov por; and in v. 6, before ews quicous THs BaciAcias pov: —airnoau (cf. Mark 6, 22: airnodv pe 0 éay GeAns, kal 860 cor). J etiam si dimidiam partem regni petieris, dabitur tibi; T "p55 mizon> NPD PIN DN DSN ap SPIUINN; S wad wooelZ uZaadtss Tes lxeps disregards the Waw apodosis; so, too, LB auch die Hdlfte des Kénigthums soll dir gegeben werden and AV it shall be even given thee to the half of the kingdom. : (4) fA 5 is preferable to T 7D) 5 contrast O75 (v. 8). For yam see n. on "F192" (4, 16). (5) The view (AoF 3, 36) that 5, 5-8 is merely an erroneous repetition of 7, 1 is gratuitous. (6) SH NON must be read Wow ; see last n. on 2, 15. (7) The } at the end of this verse corresponds to our—. There should be a dash, not a colon in K’s Textbibel; also the Athnah in “"nwp2 (v. 8) is equivalent to a dash. E starts to tell the King what her petition and request is. She begins: My petition and request — then she hesitates and decides to wait another day; she therefore invites the King to dine with her a second time when she will answer his ques- tion (so, correctly, B and Wd). The idea, that it would be better to wait another day, comes to her while she adds the humble qualification: if the King is kindly disposed toward me, and if it seem proper to the King to grant my petition and to accede to my request. (8) The last clause of v. 8, 757357 "275 TWIN “M721, shows that the explanation given above is the correct interpretation of vv. 7.8. If this last clause were omitted, we might interpret: My request is (= all I ask is simply) that the King dine with me again. S supplies in his translation after my request: — besteht darin, following 3 petitio mea et preces sunt istae (just as LB and AV supply is at the end of vy. 7) but in the nn. he gives the correct explanation; cf, n. on 4, 7. fa “M73 (S puso) is generally read moOhhar and supposed to be a 44 5, 9-11 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER ~ 141 contraction of may) ,* the part. Pual of "FAN; but the initial 79 is remnant of 6°, day, just as the final 5 in pind. , the day ee yesterday, lit. the third day; cf. the remarks on 43$4.: in nn. on 4,14, The adverb "779 is shortened from "FAX OY, TF aay aap or rma ae for NUON or, yn I ans cf. Heb. TASS: oy (Prov. 31 25; a 30, 8). For the long @ cf. sho =s2i+5. The original meaning is posterior day, subsequent day, following day; contrast Fiirst’s dictionary (edited by R) 1,724. The form nam. (constr. na) must be a com- pound of nas + py; the fem. form NIN may ‘be a contraction of MIN ; cf. eal at last and Dusogo, at first (SG*, § 155) also n"D (=Tep paraiat, ZDMG 61, 194, n. 2) Gen. 49, 22; see Genesis 111, 35 and GK”, § 80, g. (9) In yt WO dp wd" the two verbal forms are participles in the accusative (OD = ae not perfect forms. It is not necessary to say yt ed Dp ts Nii; see Kings 136, 38 and cf. n. on M729 (v. 2). G xat pa mpooxuvel pe, but S mi&% Suj22{ flo soo flo (in 4, 4 S has Dss}22] = Sniémnn). Nor does »t x5) mean er machte nicht Platz (S). 3 sed nec motum quidem de loco sessionis suae; LB noch sich vor thm bewegte; AV nor moved for him. In G* we find the correction: Kal ovk égaverry ovde ETpounoev am’ aiTod. (10) For wt (S ~#5], J Zares) 6" read Zwodpa (Vet. Lat. Zosarra) and G*: Swodpa, i.e. "WT; for the w cf. GY Bwpaly = Sake (1, 10). The form Zwodpa is probably influenced by the Greek name Rowtguay. Josephus reads Zapaca (with variants). Jensen conjectured that wy was a cor- ruption of WAZ = Qiri(ri)sa, the name of an Elamite goddess; cf. "mw (1, 9) and for ;=7: Hzekiel 114, 31 and 6 ABarala = NNIIN, G4 ZnBababa = NMID; see nn.on 1,10. For Babyl. 3= p see VG § 45, t (cf. ibid. b, 8). Jensen is now inclined to identify wry with the Babyl. goddess of wine, SireSu (see Genesis 81,34; Pur. 30, 34; 31, 25) just as he accepts Graetz’s (or rather J. D. Michaelis’) combination of p75 and Fy (see Pur. 50, 2; cf. n. on 3, 7) but his former explana- tion is preferable. According to @, way was 7"2y AMD NN M72 N72; for “nM ="Mw cf. un. on A (1,6). Ch thinks (EB 5411) that way is a mutilated form of A 7%; cf. Ch’s explanation of "Mw (1, 9). (11) Hitzig’s conjecture ("35 234, die Fiille seines Ansehns (cf. xA> 3) =his great distinction (endorsed by B) is just as gratuitous (con- ra p-wap for pywr2, Nah. 2, 4) as his emendation nino SS 55 mre Way (1, 22). 3 filiorumque turbam, S woes) Lowe = Sl 3°2 3 34 (cf.9,10). *In BDB 563> play! is connected with Assyr. maxru, front; but front means past, and back = future; ef. SFG 15, n. 3. 45 142 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 5,12—6,1 £8 55 before pan SSa3 we is impossible; all that wherewith he had advanced him (B: alles das womit ihn der Kénig gross gemacht) would require the insertion of 42 after 53.7. aN "2 wn AUN (see Kings 169, 33) 6, 8; also OAD IMD "WON O77" in 9, 22. Cases like 7p “we dD MN (4, 7; 6, 13) are quite different; cf. also 10, 2. S’s explanation, all with regard to which the King had advanced him (LB Alles wie ihn der Kénig so gross gemacht hatte; AV all the things wherein the King had promoted him) is not natural; cf. the remarks on the common mistranslation of the phrase [m>1 .... DN, Nah. 24, below, and n. on $35 5x57 “WN (7, 5). We must insert 55 before p-wit, following 3,1 and © my NOOA TM 7a 4 Te NDI7 “NTay1 “3=a7an DD by MEprI; 3 super omnes principes et servos suos. In 3 (tess wpas “Ss “ko pbetc} SS mteaslo) > appears before "7239, where it is less appropriate. (12) FA Fd Wp (S aS LI Gye; cf. SG, § 279, A) means in- vited by her (so Wd) not to her (LB, AV, S)=T => yan NIN; cf. mine> my mov. (Ruth 3, 10) and n. on 4, 3. (13) HA sw my 55a means as long as (LB, AV, S, K) not when- ever (B). 6" grav, but 3 quamdiu. fl Mp is construct state before the relative clause; cf. "WN Dp (4, 2; 8, 17) and Kings 285, 5. (14) SH yen tpy™ does not refer to H, but is impersonal; cf. the re- marks on 5*57] in nn. on 3,7 and n. on 6,9. G Kal qrouudoOn rd EvAov, 3 et jussit excelsam parari crucem (LB und liess einen Baum zurichten, AV, caused the gallows to be made) are free renderings. It is not necessary to read the passive Dy"). 6" has in 8, 7: xai aidrov éxpeuaca émi Etdov for 137 59 ISN INN. q (1) For =dan mow 772 (© Noda7 NnIw 173, 8 adie 2578 pad») GY has 6 de Kipuos (G" duvards) dwréeoryoe Tov trvov azo (omission of aro in G" is a secondary correction) rod BacwWews, but fA is no doubt more original. The omission of the name of God in the present passage is not designed, as Wd supposes; contrast n. on “TN D473 (4, 14). The personification of sleep (AV™ the King’s sleep fled) is quite natural. Den Konig floh der Schlaf (but not des Kénig’s Schlaf floh) is idiomatic German; cf. our phrase the color fled from her cheeks. In Gen. 31, 40 LB has for "3979 "Nw Wr (3 fugiebatque somnus ab oculis meis, AV my sleep departed from mine eyes): und kam kein Schlaf in meine Augen; but in the present passage LB has the prosaic translation konnte der Konig nicht schlafen; so, too, AV; 3 noctem illam duxit rex insomnem, 46 6, 2-6 CriticaL Notes oN ESTHER 143 6 reads kai cirev TO SidacxaAw airod cicdepew xtrA, but FM is more original. 6 7rd didacxdAw airod (cf, Pur. 7, 21) is just as secondary as the clause ru Geds Cv per’ airod at the end of vy. 13, or Kadds éAdAnoas in v. 10, or xaXeoate airov instead of NID" (S Nay, CE so7, 3 ingrediatur) at the end of v. 5. fA Ova AT (Cf Nort 75s) is a gloss (so, too, J) derived from 2, 23 and 10,2; a n. on 8, 14 and the remarks on the gloss 95, Nah. 31. (2) Similarly pon ""21D'2 is a scribal expansion based on the received text of 2,21. Cf. the scribal expansions in 2, 3. 8. (3) In FO “p? Ww. 772 the two nouns are genitives depend- ing on 770 (5 quid, pro hac fide, honoris ac praemii M consecutus est). In the same way we find in the cuneiform account of the Deluge, 1. 174: a’i-ma ficgi napisti, what soul has escaped? cf. Arab. d=) ol diiu rdjulin, what man? (WdG 2, 220). Consequently we must read the ideograms at the end of ll. 82. 83, and 68 of the Flood tablet as geni- tives (not accusatives, HW 5562; nor nominatives, KB 6, 234) viz. mima isi ecénSi xuragi, i.e. I loaded her (the ship) with all the silver I had, I loaded her with all the gold I had; lit. (with) whatever I had I loaded her of gold; egénsi=agénsi from génu= yx. Heb. Wo (Gen. 45,17) is an Aramaism; cf. VND in Gen. 40 (see Nah. 25, 2). The passages in Gen. 40. 45 belong to the Ephraimitic Document. AG?*, 303 translates ecénSi: I filled it; for the epenthesis of the é@ in ecénSi see my Assyr. H-vowel, p. 28; cf. AG*, 266. 94. In the same way we must read in ]. 68 of the Flood tablet: III sar eabe nas sussulSa igdbili Samni, i.e. three cdpo of (sesame-) oil (see Pur. 30, 39) carry her stevedores (lit. xavndopa, basket-bearers; cf. also Delitzsch, Mehr Licht, p. 39). (4) For ™zm> x2 read 375 Nx; the omission of the & is due to haplography; see Ezra 30, wee Kings 245, 35; ZDMG 61, 289, 40. (5) For ay (€ DNp, 5S xb) waiting (not standing, AV stand- eth) see n. on 5, 1. (6) For mY 375 a cf. n. on 1, 15. fil "270 "NT “Pp nerale 955 does not mean to confer more honor than on me (B mehr Bhre als mir; also Wd mehr als, AV more than to myself) but to confer honor except on me (@%* ei pH eve, J nullum alium nisi; LB wem anders denn mir, K ausser) S translates ausser mir, but in his nn. he says, "D4 “ANI means mehr als ich; ef. n. on 4,7. §€ "37 “NT (E "7 WN, 3 ws yet») means beyond me, beside me, in addition to me. Nor does 773 "M2 mean more than in Ecclesiastes, as Wd states. In Eccl. 2,15 "M* means exceedingly, extremely, very; in 7, 11 it means exceeding; superior, better; in 7,16: exceeding, over, too; in 12,9: beyond, in addition to; in 12,12: besides (see Eccl.). ; 47 144 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 6,7-9 (7) The-prefixed nominative absolute, at the end of this verse, "WX W'S ps yan an, does not reflect the verblendete Uberstiirzung of H, as Wd supposes; this construction is by no means abrupt (B) in Semitic; cf. GK”, § 143, c, footnote; WdG 2, 256; SG*, $317; Dillmann, Ethiop. gr.’, p. 446 (Eng. penne p- 505). (8) For the phrase 7577 12 wad Wwe (© m ma Ww) 4 nmisb> Sy 1 wana xbdia, but S tas Usk») see n. on 59 (5, 11). The last clause of this verse, WON"D MIDS AND iri WN), is a tertiary scribal expansion, derived (cf. n. on 8, 1 rae the secondary addition in 8,15 (45993 2NT Mwy) and “wr is a quaternary gloss. If we omit "DN, the suffix in WwR7D refers to the man who is to be honored (just as the Maccabean prototype of M, Jonathan, was honored by King Alexander Balas; see 1 M 10, 20. 61; Pur. 6, 35; cf. also third n. on 9, 16) but Twena mpd snD iF] TN can mean only on whose head (referring to the horse) a golden crown has been placed (so @, B, K, Wd, S). In © Fw NMIDSAT Nd DD am Th the suffix refers to the horse, the clause being coordinated to the preceding relative clause (RMIDSD Sy7 NOTS) NDSD My Ih -“T (NON. 3, LB, and AV, however, do not refer the suffix to the horse: 3 et (homo debet) accipere regium diadema super caput suum, LB (den Mann.... soll man herbringen) dass man die kénigliche Krone auf sein Haupt setze, AV and the crown royal which is set upon his (scil. the King’s) head (this would require transposition of Wn =wN:— mio. 3n> TORI ri “wwN). fl "WN was inserted by a reader to whom the mito. “M5 on the head of M seemed too gross an exaggeration; ef. n. on the gloss 9°37 O73" (1, 4). If the final clause, mith. n> ws SND, were original, we should expect a reference to MYD5 AND in y. 10, after O90 AS wil AN Mp also in y. 11. It is possible that this gloss Seas mit>o2 7n> 1h stood originally after yp 22> ape van ‘joan “WN WNT oe Bhul oP is, of course, perfect Nif‘al, not impf. Qal (Maurer) for {M2 (see Judges 57, 42). Nor is it necessary to read 43%" or yma") (B) for WAN, especially if this gloss stood originally after 3} wa. In 6G" this clause is omitted; in G* a hand of the 7™ cent. has added in the margin (after the clause Sam or D7 Wwe OC) the correction kai Sob;jrw Suddyua Bacrdclas emt THv KEpadHnv avTod. (9) It is better to read, with O, for wz 27 4 (f qw.5" 5) and Wp) (f VicSp") the singular, wm, N75 in the same way wWasw7 (© $A) should be pointed 7B 771; cf. the singular forms in v. 11 and & crokicdrw... . dvaBiBaoatw .... Knpvooérw (G* orodwa- 48 6, 10-13 CriticaAL Nores on ESTHER 145 Twoav .... Knpvocerwoav are secondary). The incorrect plural forms swab &c are due to the preceding N%2N7M. The author no doubt believed that M did not merely superintend these functions, but that he performed them himself; cf. especially @ (260, 23). The statement at the end of ¢.5, V3 wy (cf. also yan mMmyoy “WN and ya "wwe in 7, 9. 10) is somewhat different. Mes 2 Te NOT mNNs) is the forum of the city (Keil) not the place before the royal palace (Schultz, B, Wd). M was led on horseback through the City, not through the Acropolis; cf. last n.on e. 3. This forum may have been before the Acropolis which contained the royal palace, but not immediately before the royal palace. (10) For an =yw2 awrn © qui sedet ante fores palatii) see n. on 2, 19. The question raised by J. D. Michaelis, Had the King forgotten that all the Jews were doomed to destruction? is easily answered. The King might have honored M, even if all the Jews were to be massacred in a few months; a soldier (or sailor) may be decorated before he is put to death. But the King had probably decided to discard H and his sanguinary policy, as soon as he learned from the official records that M had saved his life, not H. The order to honor M, which he gives to H, is the first instalment of the punishment he intends to mete out to H (cf. n.on 7,7). Nor is it reasonable to ask, How did the King know that M was a Jew at the King’s Gate? This was probably stated in the records; if not, the attendants of the King could easily supply this infor- mation, just as Harbonah told the King that H had put up a stake for M. If the King asked, Who is this M? some one was no doubt present who could answer: He is a Jew (who has a stand) at the King’s Gate. But M may have been a familiar figure in Susa, so that he was known to the King. Cf. nn. on 2, 10.11; 3, 14.* (12) @ xara xepadgys for WRI MDM (© ws by poy = ee) ees} wsudto, J operto capite) is corrected in G to xataxexadAvppevos xehadyv. J’s conjecture, that the original text was not WR or WA, but 4, is destitute of all probability. (13) The Dagesh forte conjunctivum (GK?, § 20, k) S5"™772N7 is due to the enclitic character of 95; cf. the Dagesh in NDTIIPN &e for NAT IPN (Cant. 73, ad Cant. 8,2; Proverbs 67, 41) also Arab. ple Le dS & fi-kulli-ma ‘amin; bo Ju qalilamma; lv LY la’idmma, with great difficulty; Lanays Lal. le st Lols *T believe, of course, that E is entirely fictitious (see Pur. 21, 35). I merely try to defend the author of E against unwarranted criticisms of modern expositors (cf. e.g. nn. on 2,10; 3,14; 7,7; 8,11.13; 9,3) just as my paper on Jonah’s Whale (cf. AJSL 28, 255) in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 46, pp. 151-164 (1907) is not a vindication of the historical character of this Sadducean apo!ogue (about 100 B.c.) but a refutation of some unfounded objections raised by modern students of the Bible. 49 146 THe AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 6,14—7,4 fa’4amma ’n-nasu-ma* hasa4 Quraisan (WdG 2, 224, D; 276, B; 343, B) &. The Dagesh orthophonicum (GK", §13,c) in 35“555n (ef. 7,3: "ANS07ON) is different. For enclitic words in Heb. see Nah. 19; cf. VG 70, below; 94, 1.4. Contrast ZAT 3, 17-31. We need not suppose that H’s wife and his friends were familiar with the Scriptural passages concerning the Amalekites (Ex. 17, 16; 1S 15, 2-7; Gen. 32, 26, &c). A person who lived in Susa might have seen with his own eyes that it was hard to accomplish anything against a Jew. Cf. the parallels between E and the Book of Nehemiah referred to at the end of nn. on 3, 1. (14) For the Waw apodosis in 3) "S°"0) WAd D727 Os cf. Job 1, 16.17.18 (83 FT "BIW MT Ty) and n.on "45 (1,17). . (2) For the gloss "77 D2 D5 (G" 17 devrepa yuepa, T NVI as NIM) see n. on 2, “4. (3) The preposition in "M5yxz2 (so, too, $T) and * wpaa is not the 3 essentice (see Numbers 57, 46) as Wd supposes; nor have we the 5 essentice in i221 (4,16). £8 "nbxw2 means simply at my request (so AV) just as "272 (1,12) means at the command. This is a variety of the 3 instrumenti; 3 in this connection means through the force of ; cf. our in or by virtue of and by order &e. GY d06jrw 7 Wyn To airjpari pov; 3, freely, dona mihi animam pro qua rogo. (4) fH 354 (so, too, $) is Aramaic; cf. the last but one paragraph of na ford 8.) The clause pn pra rin 7S TR "5 means: Jt is not worth while to annoy the King on account of the enemy (so, too, Reuss).— The sense is correctly given by B (481, 13): der Feind ist nicht werth, dass ich seinetwegen den Kénig verletze oder betriibe, except that ver- letze or betriibe is not the proper word; it should be belédstige, behellige (see below). The literal translation would be: The enemy is not equiva- lent to the annoyance of the King. The 3 in pra is the 3 pretit: the enemy is no equivalent at the cost of the annoyance of the King; ef. Josh. 6, 26: 57°57 ST SSS TCT 17222, he shall lay the foundation wale at the cost of (AV in) his fir st- born, and at the cost of (AV in) his youngest son shall he set up the gates of it; i.e. The laying of the foundation shall cost him his first-born, the setting up of *MA in such cases must be connected with the preceding word, not with the following wile. Also in eos lo xtus Kas hdiiatun xabitatun ma hiia, avery dangerous snake and similar cases (WdG 2, 276, D) mA emphasizes the preceding word; the original meaning is: A snake—dangerous indeed she (or he). For the emphatic -ma in Assyrian see also Moses Schorr, Altbabyl. Rechtsurkunden (Vienna, 1907) p. 60. 50 ee CritTIicAL Notes oN ESTHER 147 the gates shall cost him his youngest son (see the translation of this passage in the Polychrome Bible and cf. above, n. on 4,7). To annoy the King would be too high a price for the punishment of this enemy; the enemy is so utterly worthless that it would be a pity to give the King the slightest annoyance on his account. This statement implies the greatest respect and consideration for the King, and the utmost con- tempt and hatred for H. @ renders correctly: [DIT Syn n> ON xooat Not “oD N27 - The noun NIID means not only zeal, but also annoyance ; 141 means fo be provoked (cf. Ger. sich ereifern and Heb. riNIp Deut. 29,19; Ezek. 5,13; w 79, 5). The inaf Aeyopevov P72 does not mean damage, but annoyance. It corresponds to Arab. CP naziqa, to be easily angered and easily pacified (eel Nis Ss ueLb). The noun S155 nazaqa means a swell of sudden anger, a fit of disappointment or anger,a huff. Also Assyr. nazaqu (impf. izziq) means to disturb, trouble, harass. Barth’s combination of Py2 with yas naqqaga, to injure is wrong (cf. BA 3, 81). Dan. 6, 3, pi SEP > ND Nod, does not mean that the King should have no damage, but that the King should not be annoyed, troubled (with the administrative details of the government). © renders correctly: ézws 6 Baoireds xy EvoxARTaL, Jet rex non sustineret molestiam, LB und der Konig der Miihe tiberhoben ware. Behrmann’s render- ing, ne quis rex detrimenti Seater which is endorsed by Marti, is incorrect. S$ translates: was SEES tessec, that they (the sa- traps) should not annoy the King; sal ("7"J5) means not only to do harm, but also to annoy, molest, irritate. In Ezr. 4, 13 Pre Sn D725 means: she (Jerusalem) will give the great King (cf. ZDMG 61, 289, 17; Nah. 30, below) trouble. Jerusalem cannot injure the great King, but the city may give him trouble. The clause pin O° 55> cha certainly does not mean: thou shalt endamage the revenue of the Kings (AV). 6* has here Kal TOUTO noe kaxorrout, J et usque ad reges haec noxa perveniet, S ji ee wa ws] ~22, LB und ihr Vornehmen wird den Kénigen chaiton bringen ; int 6 reads 1 Esdr. 4,13: xai zpés tovros BaowWedow dxAnoovow (cf. end of next paragraph). In Ezra 4, 15 ae “252 npr means, not hurtful (AV) but troublesome for the great King (6 péyas Bacrers) and the provinces (the satraps) and reeer= Diz? » at the end of v. 22: to the trouble (or annoyance) of the gr eat King (not to the hurt of the kings; so AV). GA DMSN in Ezra 4, 13 is certainly not a noun meaning revenue, but an adverb with the meaning eventually, finally, ultimately. G* has in Ezra 51 148 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 7,4 4,15: xaxorowtca Baowrels al xwpas (so, too, 6“ 1 Esdr. 4,15; but Ezra 4,15: Baorretor xai rodeow evoxdodoa; so, too, GY 1 Esdr. 2, 19) and at the end of v. 22: eis xaxorotnow Bacivedow; but G" has here cis 75 pH évoxrcioGar Baorreis, and in 1 Esdr. 4, 22: rod dyAciobar Baorreis, cf. GY 1 Esdr. 2, 24 eis 76 Bacwreis évoxAjoa (see below). In the present passage 6Y renders Dar | pra mo oy TR = ov yap aéwos 6 duaBoXos THs aiARs TOD Bacréws. 7 restores the Heb. text on the basis of this corrupt translation as follows: 75 worn vs = span “x2. This may be archaic Hebrew, but even Saul eee? not have understood it without the help of the witch of En-dor (ef. n. on 8,1). 6 aiAjs is also supposed to be a corruption of dépyis, but it is difficult to see how épyjs should have been corrupted to aids; cf. the remarks on the emendation xAnpov for iuay in un. on 3,7. C 197 thinks that atAjs represents a Grecized form of xdiw, injustice. The original reading may have been the abbreviated genitive of 6yAnou, trouble, annoyance (cf. 6xAov rapexey, to give trouble, &c). G" cai nbedov axayye- Aat iva pn AvTHTw Tov KUpLov pov gives the sense of the passage correctly, but freely. J nunc autem hostis noster est cujus crudelitas redundat in regem (i. e. Whose extreme cruelty will reflect on the King) is a mere guess. LB so wiirde der Feind dem Kénige doch nicht schaden is entirely wrong; nor is the rendering in K’s Textbibel any better: da aber der Konig geschddigt werden soll, so verdient der Widersacher nicht geschont zu werden. In S tess ious iecpos Ya m Ui the participle {Le seems to be a corruption, not of jaa, as B-R suggest, but of tc; Shas Pe = Spy in 3, 8, but lew in 5,13. T Rp md OTN Goes NPUAS. NAN PV" - All these various renderings pre- suppose no different text. © Np"3TIN seems to be a transposition of NPN 5 cf. conclusion of n. on DANN (8, 10). LE pan pra a) oy TS "5 is correct and means: for the enemy is not worthy of iibihe the King, i.e. the enemy is so con- temptible that it is not worth while to trouble the King on his account. All the emendations proposed are unnecessary. Oettli’s conjecture, yon 1 pias mw ; moxn TS s salvation (from this destiny) is not worth the damage of ‘the King (endorsed by Wd) is gratuitous and illogical. Nor can we accept O’s emendation ai) msn | for f mw a De (S: solches Bedrdngniss ware nicht hinreichend den K6énig zu betrii- ben). GB", s. v. Fw venders: Der Feind verdient nicht, dass der Konig verletzt wird; this should be dass der Kénig (seinetwegen) behelligt wird. The rendering of AV, although the enemy could not countervail the King’s damage, has recently been defended by W who says (W 18) that 52 7,5. 6 CriticaL Notes oN ESTHER 149 the meaning of our passage is, H would not be able to reimburse the King for the damage (loss of taxes &c) he would suffer, if he permitted H to exterminate the Jews. W 24 calls attention to the fact that there were a great many Jewish publicans in Egypt, and that the King (Euergetes IT) would have suffered great loss, if the Jewish farmers of the revenues had been exterminated together with their coreligionists. But if the property of the Jews had been confiscated, the King would have received, not only all the taxes collected by the Jewish publicans (including their commission) but also their accumulated wealth; see also Pur. 28, 15. (5) #4 “aN 2° (so, too, [) is superfluous. 6G has simply etrev & 6 Bacrred’s Tis obros KrA. SQV Tims) MT NWS means Who is it, and where is he2 (cf. Ti 720 ao mi m7 at the end of 4,5). It is perfectly natural to say TT NW 0 in the first clause, and SM PFT °N in the second: in the first clause, 87 emphasizes the interrogative pronoun; in the second, Nj is the subject and quite appropriate according to GK", $136, b; FT "NS means here where? not which (Eccl. 11, 6). The demonstrative 77 emphasizes the interrogative " in the second clause (contrast GB", 24, below) just as N7 emphasizes "73 in the first clause (see Nah. 47, ad v. 12). For "~, where? cf. Is. 50, 1; 66, 1; Job 28, 12720; 38, 19". Heb. is where? Ruth 2, 19 (= cS anu, Arab. 3! aina; see Kings 203" 9) is merely "& with the interrogative particle Pr which we have also in mannu, who? (see n. on 1, 12). G6 omit SQ TTA, in G a corrector has added xat zotds éorwv ovros, S Wan ols ej of, CNT ANN PT OND) PI NW 73 fa 925 4b AWN means whose heart has filled him (so AV™) but not welchen sein Herz erfiillt hat (Wd) nor der sein Herz damit erfiillt hat (S) nor dessen Herz ihn erfillt hat (B). Cf. the remarks on the common mistranslation of {W5w.... DN in nn.on 5,11. We must (with J) read sad nbn DN, he has filled his heart, i. e. who has the audacity, 6%" éroApnoe, J audeat, S nas ses522i>, T mamma d=an = spin5; cf. the Pharisaic gloss Eccl. 8,11 and Acts 5,3 where Peter says to Ananias: da ri éxAjpwoer 6 catavas THv Kapdiav cov, WetoacGai ce TO mvedpa TO ayov. A man must fill his heart (i.e. his mind) with barefaced audacity in order to undertake such a venture; he must gather up courage in his heart. (6) MM TIT 37 Va AW AWS wN does not mean The adversary and enemy is this cea H,so AV; LB der Feind und Widersacher ist dieser b6se Haman (similarly S and K). This would require the article, TT 397 Ya NIT AANA WN: cf. GRY, $126, k; §116,q. " avOpwros éxOpos Apav 6 zovypos otros, omitting 4 "; in GS a corrector has prefixed ériBovAos Kal to éyOpds. J hostis est inimicus 53 150 THe AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES yy 4 noster pessimus iste est Aman, inserting noster ; 5 -a=_,ss=0 |,o iy Jase Wa on eon, © I wea ya N227 Sva) NApod Nags. B’s ein Drangsal ihentter und Feindscliger Mann ist dieser bose H da is very awkward. The first clause, D“N 7% W°N, represents the answer to the King’s question 7 NW", and the second clause, pyres yas 7/277, answers the question QI TAT7"N) (cf. n. on v. 5). The King asks, Who is it? and where is he? E replies: A man, an adver- sary and an enemy: H, the evil one, there! In L’s edition (but not in Swete) we find the correct punctuation: avOpwzos éxOpos* Apav 6 wovnpos ovros. C xx translates: Hin Widersacher und Feind ist es; H ist dieser Bésewicht, but C 198 explains: Jener Ubelthater und Feind ist H, dieser Boésewicht. E had invited H to the banquet in order to be able to give the King this answer. If she had accused H in his absence, the grand vizier would have had a better chance to defend himself (cf. C 168). Here he was confronted with the Queen, and he collapsed, not because he had tried to exterminate all the Jews, but because he knew the King was aware of the fact that M, not H, had saved the King’s life, and that H’s hatred against M and the Jews was chiefly due to his apprehension lest the trick to which he owed his sudden elevation might become known to the King (cf. n. on 3, 4). The situation was all the more desperate after the Queen had told the King that she was a Jewess and the foster- daughter of M who had saved the life of the King. SH APD means he was surprised, taken by surprise, overtaken (Ger. tiberrumpelt) not he was afraid (soAV). Arab. es» means to happen unexpectedly, to come or fall upon a person suddenly and unexpectedly (xa? 1d} xxeo). The noun Xi denotes a surprising event, a sudden attack. 6%" érapaxOn, which is used in 4, 2 for Sndmnni; 3 obstupuit. S “4)22}; so, too, in 4, 4 for bmbmanmi. © ono. (7) For the pregnant construction, ran | os ON Op pum, cf. the last paragraph of nn. on 4,4. W’s conception of this passage is entirely wrong. It is perfectly natural that the King leaves the room and goes to the garden. In the first place, he was very much incensed and did not like to give vent to his anger in the presence of the Queen; many a man who is enraged will get up and leave the room rather than speak out in the presence of his wife. Moreover, the King wanted to © have time to think the situation over. H was grand vizier and had no doubt a number of powerful adherents; so he could not be disposed of without due consideration. B states that the King went to the park um in der freien Luft die erste Hitze des Zorns verrauchen zu lassen und zu tiberlegen, welche Strafe tiber H zu verhdngen sei. The King’s suspicion had been aroused as soon as he learned from the official records that M, not H, had discovered the conspiracy (cf. n. on 6, 10). The 54 . R83 CriticAL Notes on ESTHER 151 statement that the King left the room and went to the garden, is not a grober und geradezu unerklarlicher Compositionsfehler (W 18; con- trast C 181, below). In a dramatic performance (see Pur. 38, 31; 12, 1) the audience would wait in breathless expectation for the reappearance of the King. When the King returned, he knew, of course, that H had no idea of assaulting the Queen; his remark, Is he going to assault the Queen while I am at home? is a cruel jest (C 200 calls it tédtende Ironie). It showed how the King was disposed toward H (C 200 says: In diesen furchtbar ironischen Worten lag H’s Todesurtheil). For (a7 NA see nn. on 1, 5. For 7739, remained (not stood wo, AV; 3 surrexit; 3 seo) see n. on 5, 1. For {5x read 3°59; see n. on 1,17. 3 dese umedSs ad Don? JaSso —,* © NOS mba RXmwa Wy MEPNON ON. (8) The pointing 555 implies that H threw himself at the feet of E (cf. 8, 3) when the King returned. The translation had thrown himself (AV was fallen, S war niedergefallen, K war niedergesunken, 3 reperit _Aman super lectuluwm corruisse) would require the pointing 55>; for the pluperfect cf. n. on 1, 9. The participle is more dramatic. " Also 3w is participle, not perfect. After Sta «by we may supply (but not insert) rasa pm or F759 pwd; ef. Psa pm (2 K 4, 27) and expdryoay airoi rovs rooas (Matt. 28, 9) also "2 ‘pw (w 2, 12) kiss the ground = Assyr. qaqqara ntssiqt (AJSL 19, 134; ZDMG 58, 630, n. 36). See e. g. KB 1, 28, 28; 32, 87: Sepé’a igbatti-ma arimsunifiti, they clasped my feet, and I pardoned them; KB 2,178, 19: unassiq Sepé’a rému arsisii-ma, he kissed my feet, and I granted him mercy. If EK was recumbent on a dining couch, H had to bow down WHIT bp, if he wanted to clasp, or kiss, the feet of the Queen. A man may kiss the hem of the garment of a lady to show his humble devotion to her; but her husband may misinterpret it. S’s rendering vor dem Diwan is inac- curate. If H had fallen down before the couch, the King could not have made his cruel jest. Heb. 5» cannot mean before; it might mean close to, hard by; cf. GB 534”, 3,¢. This b» is different from jnow by (cf. our phrase to sit over a meal) &e (Kings 184, 27). If a man sits very close to a lady in a crowded car, he sits almost wpon her. % has in 8, 3 wor “Ss ASalo for 7559 DS Sm. For mM = lectulus convivalis (Talmud. 2072) see BL 68. *Syr. D5 is a transposed doublet (cf. Sad = Maw) of Wan= Sa = SND; see last n. on c. 73 of. AJSL 28, 245 ( re = Ey) and 247 (eS = pr) also Arab. De = heKS (wy sl Pe) JoSt pes Of. last n. on 4, 4, b) 152 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 7,9 For maa “ay MD>2m my wield osm see conclusion of first n. on v. 7; 95 corresponds to the Ger. etwa gar (so, correctly, S) ef. etiam (Cie. Tuse. 2, 7, 17) and Nn Job 40, 8; Gen. 18, 13. 23; Am. 2, 11. $A wIDD> is not inf. with the prefixed preposition 5, but impf. with prefixed emphatic 5; see Proverbs 52, 11; AJSL 22, 201, 1. 18; contrast GK", § 114,i, note 1; see also my paper on the scriptio plena of emphatic la- (5) in OLZ 10, 305, and the remarks on Hag. 1, 9 in nn. on 8, 7. W 18 remarks, the King does not say the Queen, which would be more correct and more impressive, he says: soll denn: dem Weibe in meinem Hause Gewalt angethan werden? It is true that 6" have ri yevaixa, but 4 has 7254 MN; so, too, T$3. On the other hand, 6° has 4 Baowuoca in 1,19 where the omission of this title in ffl is inten- tional. §& “277 refers, of course, to the cruel jest of the King (see con- clusion of first n. on vy. 7) not to a special command to execute H, as B supposes; the order to put the grand vizier to death is given at the end of y. 9 in the words 3752 won : For 35m (3 statim operuerunt faciem ejus) read, with Condamin (Revue biblique, 7, 2, 258-261, cited by S) and Perles (Analekten, p. 32) (7EM, as in y 34, 6, following 6" durpary to zpoodrw. The omission of the " is due to haplography; for }=" =‘ cf. RMB (9,8) = M775 and end of second paragraph of nn. on IAN “, 1) also n.on 399) for 7799) in Nah. 38. $ wou} 4nz) and last paragraph of nn. on 2,7; cf. also J’s restoration of =>an pra ray ayes lich cra TS "5 in! im. .on 7, 4. GY ore évwxeiwrar aity Soe not presuppose a different text; it is merely an explanation of robe) NIT M724, just as J quod esset patruus suus. * For the transposed doublet $3 in Syriac see footnote to n. on vy, 7. TJust as we find both 493 and 55 in Assyrian, so we have also both piru and pilu, elephant; cf. qirbu and qablu=qalbu (see last n. on 4,4). 57 154 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 8,38 The meaning of the Septuagintal phrase is that E had been taken into M’s house and adopted by him; oixefos means a member of the family; instead of airy we must read aird. T > xin va and $ aS fon [is follow f#l; jen is due to a misunderstanding, but it does not seriously affect the sense. (3) M oman by aw Ww INpwmD mx is a tertiary explan- atory Epa to the preceding "3387 yan 197 TN; it is derived from oon oy awn Ww FP Wnawn2 ayw? in the secondary addi- tion 9 25; cf.un.on y.5. For the prefixed Waw explicative see the remarks on NMIDN (1, 10) and n.on 1,17; cf. also n. on 8,6. For scribal expansions derived from parallel passages see n. on y. 14. (5) 6 omits Wa “IN Taw) Wa 7d Math Wws1. This is corrected in the margin of 6°. 3S omit ['3°YD "38 ADIw', S transpos- ing clauses 2 and 3. The fourth clause, [3°73 "38 [WDID, does not imply that E takes a personal interest in the matter (as S supposes) but it is a coquettish climax, equivalent to our if you really care for me a little. The clause "3380 NOTA j2 yan naw © Domuadco Lae ) is a seribal expansion interrupting the connection between FAN p-"5ci and ANS “Ww (which may be impersonal; cf.n.on y. 10). It is derived from the end of v. 3. (6) The first clause of this verse seems to be a gloss (or variant; cf. last n. on 1, 4) to the second; "f°Ww SSA FSD°N means How could TI see (8 ras yap duvycopa idetv) not How could I have seen (B, Wd) lit. How shall I be able and (how shall I) see. For the perf. "F775 after the preceding impf. S596 see GK”, § 112, p. The idea (AoF 3, 3, below) that the final 7 in 7728 is due to Per- sian influence is just as fanciful as the explanation of 77)"2 ; see conclu- sion of nn.on 1,5. The constr. of " ia should be VIS8, not T1285 : similarly the constr. of (row should be you, not 7 ap rows cf. nn. on qrra (1,5) and wratw (4, 10). (7) The clause 9°3>7072 17° mow awe dp isa aes just as 3" yo Sy oT Sy awn TWN APT naw (9, 25) is not original. The King did not give the order: anoy See (7, 9) because H had planned to exterminate all the Jews in the Persian empire; this plan had been sanctioned by the King. H was impaled because he had deceived the King (cf. second n. on 6, 10). The alleged assault on the Queen was merely a pretext (cf. n.on 7,7). The gloss row Ww by o-ty7"2 «3 is derived from 9, 25 just as the scribal expansions in vy. 3 and 5. (8) ME Sy (so, too, $) means, of course, concerning the Jews (Tj way 7733) not to the Jews (B). LB and AV for the Jews. 58 8,9 CriticAL Notes on ESTHER 155 S in Betreff der Juden. Wdsays, pp by may mean in Betreff der Juden or an die Juden; he thinks this equivocal phrase is inten- tional inasmuch as the letters were sent both to the satraps concerning the Jews and to the Jews themselves. But this view is erroneous; cf. third paragraph of nn. on v. 9. @Y has for qo0n Ow. and =n MYAOWI :— ex Tod 6vopyatos pov and ré daxtvAtw pov, but fl is no doubt more original. J, of course, pre- fers 6. % omits the first imperative .2MD and the 4 before Yannm, and reads 3MD2 instead of AMD 75 (cf. n. on “55, 1, 16) so that 7s sor appears, not as predicate to 3Mm5, but as a relative clause (y2a tl») coordinated to the preceding relative clauses. Schultz mis- interpreted 37795 7s in the same way: the new letters sent by M are to bé just as irrevocable as the letters sent by H. SH Dinm is not possible in a coordinated relative clause (J). Read prom as in 3,12. If pinm> were correct, we might feel tempted to read it DAGIMs as a pass. part. = Arab. grin. I pointed out in BA 1, 180 that Jyxro for Jozi was originally a Nif‘al form, the initial m being due to the analogy of the participles of the other derived con- jugations. (9) V. 9 containing 48 words (192 letters) is the longest verse in the p7251nN5, longer even than its anti-Jewish pendant in 8, 12. SH iro = Babyl. Simanu (stem wg): For ) =m see Pur. 23, 19; 82,24; cf.n.0on 1,9. Simanu, appointed time, season has passed into Heb. as 7727 with partial assimilation of the initial 5 to the sonant nasal (AJ SL 22, 202, n. 9) as in Opt, fetters for D7p2t, O°p3d (Nah. 31, below). In Syriac the v=m is expressed by 3: 15} (modern Syriac zona). For the third month, i.e. Sivan (3 Siban) GY has the first month, i.e. Nisan. In the margin of 6% this has been corrected in accordance with fl. Shas y+} (which is connected with |j}., boar ; see KAT®, 398, n. 5) for KOE just as S uses wpu| ste for MID (2, 16) and jim> for "wy T?wom DP me (9, 21). Jensen combines athe with the cuneiform name of a star (Procyon?) xabagiranu (HW 268). The intervocalic b became v (ZA 19, 235; contrast AG’, § 57, a) and this may have been elided; cf. also Heb. "3258 for mOcar=ma¢gar=mag¢ear =mangar (stem 7$}) and Tow (2 K 4, 2) = Tio, MNVAWN = pTIVawA, NAMA = nmin; see Kings 241, 24. For pana OS G PRB cio eo" eypady Tois “lovdaios) read, following S, "75 5y, as in the preceding verse; cf. nn.on 7,7 (75x: for —->y) and 1,17. This “74 53 must be connected with the preceding 59 156 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 8,10 clause "57572 TZ Ww SDD, not with 3mD%. On the other hand, the 5x before D°LS"7TDMN (see n. on 3, 12) depends, not on FZ, but on SMD". 4%, correctly, bejan NN wsgiade WSs, Sogdo No acco. The instructions were, of course, sent to the Persian officials, not to the Jews. The 4 before DME "T2TNG ON must be omitted; it was added after 5y had been miswritten 53. The prefixed 4 is omitted in $; on the other hand S$ has in 9,2 basse) jdtupss encase onsicas instead of Ton mn sw 55D D2; cf. also nn. on 9, 10. 29. The proclamation was to be made known to all the peoples (555 53 Dy) in the Persian empire; in this way the Jews learned of it, so that they could organize armed resistance to defend their lives and protect their property. M learned what had happened, when H’s decree was published in Susa (4, 1) although H had, of course, sent no special mes- sage to M. Contrast opt >> Ox oso mow in 9, 20. The gloss O27055) Dans> OTF «ON, at the end of the present verse, is due to the misreading O° 7°77 ON instead of “FF by. The Jews have always adopted the Pee SN of the country in which they settled; the Persian Jews understood Persian, just as the Alexandrian Jews spoke Greek; it was not necessary to write to them in- Heb. or Aramaic; cf. nu. on last clause of e¢. 1. (10) The verbal forms Sn5"%, Onm™, mown are impersonal; ef. remarks on SMD WRN (v. 5) and Se (3, 7). 6 eypadn, eoppayicGn, and ééarécrekav; but it is not necessary to read 3ND%, although $ renders a2d2Zlo; nor need we read (with J) {nd>w". For O°", couriers see n. on 3, 13. f& DOOD is an explanatory gloss to the following wD" 72D4- Another glossator has added the Pers. term D°"TWONM, and 32 p°272"5 is a tertiary explanation of this antiquarian gloss; cf. v. 14 where 2°572590 "52 is omitted. 6” has for "255 D°O IOSD Ow 72 D2 732 SNOT ws simply da BiBrAuddpwv (3 per vere- darios) and at the beginning of v. 14 6’ substitutes for "259 B-S37 DANWINM wT the term of iets (J veredarii celeres) but a correc- tor has added in G@: xai émBarar trav wropiwv of peyotaves. S omits the gloss D"O102, and substitutes for the antiquarian gloss, giving the Pers. name of the royal horses, a Pers. word for the couriers :—i,a0 bessS lo asd 4255 Leces] pase Had pao 12,1. For the Waw explicative in pa>o cf. n. on 1, 17. LB reitende Boten auf jungen Maulthieren, AV posts on horseback, and riders on mules, camels and young dromedaries. According to Ed. Meyer, Geschichte des Alter- thums, 3, 67 both O}7MNWMN and Os 2777 2 refer to the couriers, not to their horses; but this is erroneous. J considers D°OOD OE a ridiculous combination; but modern couriers often travel on horseback ; 60 8,10 CriticaAL Notes on ESTHER 157 (or in automobiles) although courier means originally runner. We also have now mounted infantry. fH ZWD means racers; this might mean race-horses or swift drom- edaries; but Herod. 5, 14; 8, 98 favor the meaning race-horse; see Kings 80, 45. © xat rots dppace = 35554 instead of wd) (1 K 5, 8) is not good; no scribe would have corrupted 35" into wD"; cf. remarks on the emendation xAyjpwv for iuév in nn. on 3,7. Heb. wiID , property means originally mount=animal for riding; cf. Assyr. rukisu (see Ezra 57, 38) whereas Syr. (s1© means originally property and then especially animal for riding. In Mic. 1,13 s5"95 FADD ON is corrupt; it cannot mean bind the chariot to the swift beast; but the meaning of the passage may be: Abandon the chariot for the racer, i.e. try to get away as quickly as possible, not in a chariot, but on the back of a swift horse. € Dm7 may be a corruption of “wD, although the reading of Sil is confirmed by 6 Yodos = ON = Wwo25 (not = yan is as Marti supposes). 3 [ass, |Amape 2,2; cf. Gen. 46, 29: p <0 abaso eres = (NDI FOP TON. Heb. wp to cast down may mean to cast off; cf. Tun Poke we 1b: Bice 3,76: and) & Mvo wn (Ex. 23, 11). (aie SA OIINVMING is derived from Old Pers. khsatra, dominiwm; so it means dominicus. Instead of gs AUT we must point pn ZnNo (cf. n. on 3, 12). This was the name of the horses kept for the “personal use of the King (cf. 6, 8: 75127 59 257 TWN ONC). The horses (saddle horses and teams) tea by a landed proprietor for his personal use are often called in Germany Herrschaftspferde (i.e. seigneurial or manorial horses) in distinction from the Wirthschaftspferde, i.e. the farm-horses, work-horses, &c. B (486, 3) correctly states: Wir mitissen wohl an herrschaftliche Pferde denken, welche in kéniglichen Gestiiten gross gezogen wurden; cf. the Ger. Trakehner. T "9077, T ->-OAy (naked) seems to be a corruption of NODOAN, courier, and T N5SDO"N is a transposition (cf. footnote to n. on 7,7) of NIDSDD = Syr. 1-822 = tabellarius. Cf. conclusion of seventh n. on 7, 4 (N75 TIS = Np") and Kings 84, 3; see also last n. on 4, 4. For noah "32, which would mean sons of the herdsmen (cf. Syr. Loses , her dsman) we must read po "32,+ sons of the herds or studs, i. e. bred in the royal studs for the special use of the King. In Syriac , Lases means a herd, especially of horses; in the Talmud, ya seems to denote a cross between a jackass and a mare,i.e.a mule; instead {In the same way BD7D, horses must be pointed rol 's))>) ; not Dwe ; the latter DOV form (Syr. ta;s) means horsemen. The objections raised by Arnold (JBL 24, 45) are not valid. Itis true that we use horse for horsemen. 61 158 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 8,11 of 37a" it would be better to read qa (=ramak). Nor does Arab. %Ko, rdmaka denote a blood-horse, bred in a stud; in fact, it means an inferior mare. But such changes of meaning are not uncommon; the word mare means in German (Mdhre) a mean or poor horse, a jade; ua hajin means in classical Arabic of low origin, a mean or poor horse, but in modern Arabic it is used for fast dromedary. The etymo- logical equivalent of knave in German, Knappe, means squire of a knight, while in modern English, knave is used for rogue. J’s objections against the interpretation sons of the studs are gratuitous. Cf. Fleischer in Levy’s Talmudic dictionary, 4, 487°. The stem 77a may be Semitic; it may be a transposition of 075; cf. Arab. pay karim, noble and our well-bred. The primitive meaning is dug =tilled, culti- vated, cultured; see AJSL 23, 247; cf. conclusion of preceding note. (11) The clause O°05 7 jn] “WON means, of course, that (AV, incorrectly wherein; so, too, C 217) H; S wodurch) the King had given (permission) to the Jews (ef. "M5", 9, 13, and Kings, 113, 7) not which he had given to the Jews, referring to the horses. S’s statement that the King presented those horses to the Jews is unwarranted. $8 5075 does not mean to assemble, but to organize themselves, to take concerted action. GY interprets this to mean ypyobar Tois vopos avtév; cf. 1 M 6, 59: orjowpey airois Tod ropeverbar Tois vopipos avTov, 10, 37: Kai ropevéoOwoav Tots vopos atitav. At any rate, the idea is not that they should assemble on the day of the massacre planned by H, but that they should assemble in advance to organize armed resistance for the 13 of Adar. If they had assembled on that day, they would have been unable to protect their property. Cf. n. on 9, 2. The phrase Ow59 59 Tad (S pts seakeS) means to defend their lives, lit. to stand wp for their lives (see Pur. 34,1). To make a stand means to take a position of defense and resistance. The heading of c. 8 in AV correctly states: Ahasuerus granteth to the Jews to defend themselves. This is much more appropriate than the summary given in LB: Die Juden haben Erlaubniss sich an ihren Feinden zu rdachen. The idea of the King is not, that the Jews may attack any one who is supposed to be unfriendly disposed toward the Jews; they only receive permission to resist any attack. The repetition of the terms used in the edict of H, taxd) 3°) T20rD, implies that the Jews shall be permitted to resort to retaliatory measures: if any one attempts J~2whd onm& Tad) si, then IN& ARM WAM raw. If the Russian Jews had been permitted to organize themselves for self- defense, the majority of the pogroms (see Pur. 35, 11) would never have happened; cf. n. on 9,5. It is true that GY has instead of sa755 many Epes by :— BonPncai re abrois kal xpyobar Trois avridikors aitay Kal 62 8,11 CriticaAL Notes on ESTHER 159 Tois avTiKEevors avTaV ws BovrAovrat, but this is not the original Heb. text; it seems to be derived from OZ"95 OFPNIWI Ww (at the end of 9, 5) which is omitted in GY. Even Bon@joai re airois is not an accurate rendering of Dw 5» T1275. The Heb. phrase corresponds to Ger. Nothwehr (i. e. self-defense)* while the Greek phrase corresponds to the Ger. Selbsthiilfe. Selbsthiilfe (taking the law into one’s own hands) may be more aggressive than self-defense. fA 5°m is a gloss; S: (alle) Bewaffnete (des Volks und der Satra- pien). Cf. also third n. on 9, 16. For On& Os read ONS OMT: cf. Num. 10, 9: “ET ASN D=mx. A participle may take a verbal suffix (cf. "iy &ce, GK", § 116, f) but the substantive "32 cannot be construed with AN. S has for AX Oms osm se oy Sn b> @ obs) Nay mim Oo m yim Tp 3727) simply pas wasstey walsas. LB die sie dngstigten is misleading; AV, correctly, that would assault them. S’s suggestion, that we should supply oy" =n in3 after DMS oO [7H is gratuitous; at any rate this addition would be just as superfluous as the second Fwy after MITWD ANT in 2,18. It is probably due to his misunderstanding of the clause =o in “DN p-s575 at the beginning of this verse. S’s note, Die Lesart (OMX DMZ instead of ONN BRM) ist zweifelhaft, da man nicht erwarten wird, dass diese Bedrdanger von Weibern und Kindern werden angegriffen werden, is due to some uncorrected misunderstanding, just as the remarks referred to in n. on 4,7. fl pw ae) is a scribal expansion derived from 3, 13 (see Pur. 34, 5) but S’s remark, von Weibern und Kindern hatte man schwerlich Gefahr fiir sein Leben zu befiirchten is unwarranted: a heathen woman might assault a Jewish woman, a heathen boy might attack a Jewish boy; some heathen children might kill an old Jew &e. mt pias oboe ow ao) is a gloss derived from 3, 13 (cf. n. on pp 57, v. 14). The phrase ‘Pt 73" 73272 is omitted by the glosssator in the present passage. 6’ omits pT =y) “YD7Q even in 3,13. On the other hand, 6 adds réxva in 7,4. In ec. 3 these additions are appro- priate, because all the Jews were to be exterminated, and H had prom- ised to pay 10,000 talents into the royal treasury. Therefore all the Jews had to be killed, both young and old, women and children; and their property had to be confiscated, otherwise H would not have been able to pay the 10,000 talents. Here, however, the Jews received per- mission only to organize themselves and to defend their lives (oy Sas Dws:) by slaying, if necessary, all the people of the provinces who *In Moses Schulbaum’s Deutsch-Hebr. Worterbuch (Lemberg, 1881) by mn yy WWD} is given as the Heb. equivalent of Nothwehr. 63 160 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 8,138.14 assaulted them (OMNR Ov™™"EM). They had permission only mond onp7 “wpa7a2 (9, 2) i.e. to lay hands on those who attempted to do them harm; they were allowed forcibly to resist a forcible attack upon their persons or property. 6 duvvwvra (16, 20) does not mean they may be avenged on them (so AV) but they may repel them. Wd’s conception that the enemies of the Jews were to be massacred without being able to offer any resistance (die Feinde der Juden sollen wehrlos von diesen umgebracht werden) is unwarranted. B-R 360 (1. 13) correctly states, the Jews were granted permission, alle welche ... . sie bedrangen, zu tédten. Similarly S says, Den Juden wird durch ein Decret das Recht gegeben, fiir den 13. Adar Schutzmassregeln gegen ihre Feinde zu treffen; but he makes the gratuitous addition und dieselben mit Weib und Kind auszurotten. Even the received text speaks only of the slay- ing of their assailants. Driver (LOT*, 486) says: If all these measures were taken in self- defense, they need no justification; but the terms of the narrative itself make it extremely difficult to think that this was the case. This state- ment, however, is incorrect, just as the statement that it seems impossible to acquit M of permitting an wnprovoked massacre. Nor, continues Driver, can the request in 9, 13 be excused. But the gibbeting of H’s ten sons and the second massacre in Susa may have been necessary in order to prevent further anti-Jewish outbreaks. The personal safety of the Queen and the Grand Vizier made it necessary in Susa to teach the enemies of the Jews a lesson. (13) The phrase DFV7D"NA OPTD (S weataspso Se ohhh, © yyrran4 “sya yrsny)) he not mean to take vengeance (cf. also Pur. 34, 7) but to inflict just punishment (AV to avenge themselves on their enemies). The verb Dp is used in the Maccabean psalm Nah. 1, 2 of God; see Nah. 53, i; 52, vii (also vi). Cf. m1 ap by (v 94, 1) and Is.ed, 245 “S1N2 Mapas) “OS OF MN “in (for m=p see Kings 187, 21). Injuries inflicted by the assailants of the Jews are to be avenged, but there is to be no revengeful spirit, no indulgence in resent- ful and malicious feelings, no unrestrained revenge. This may be too ideal a picture, but this explanation is no doubt in harmony with the view of the narrator; cf. O74" AN snow > W722) (9,10). J’s emen- dation ‘8 TAN = instead of OT"24ND pp (5 is gratuitous. (14) J thinks that D°=S9M74 is a gloss to eaiaiges: ; but it is merely a scribal expansion derived from 3, 13; so, too, the following "273 S55 (cf. footnote to n. on 2,3). The combination p=;n7) OTS would be an anticlimax, just as FMD sbi at the end of v.15. If it were original (S$ has simply dstenzms) we would expect D°S 177 p31; the passive participle D°537%7 means pushed, urged, driven, while D°>72"2 means eager: in 3, 13 the couriers carried out the com- 64 8, 15-17 CriticAL Notes on HSTHER 161 mand of H, because they were compelled to obey his orders, even if they were distasteful to them; here the couriers are not D797, but oa, i. e. they take a personal interest in the matter; cf. n. on 2,9. For pa read D>a2. Also the clause "27 www. PIM. May (GY egereOy Se 76 zpoo- | Taypa Kal év Sovcos) is a scribal expansion derived from 3, 15 (contrast B). 3% takes {39 M2 as a relative clause, coordinating MAT to pan MOD: —i4j.5 —toem ,n9d|) Lpocare [a\Aa>. Similarly S renders: wnd das Dekret war gegeben in der Kénigsburg zu Susa, i. e. and the decree (which the couriers were ordered to transmit to the satraps) had been given in the royal castle of Susa (K: the couriers left . . . . as soon as the decree had been given in the castle of Susa; this would be "35 yn ; cf. n. on 8, 4). (15) For "475 no5sn (which is omitted in 6; but 6S taxwOivny aepi- ynv) read MSDN1 AWN, just as we have Ves5N1 yi after p71; of. n. on 1, 6. fi 573 AT MOP (omitted in G") is a gloss; cf. n. on 7,8. GY atepavov éxwv xpvaotv, S bon fasacc, T NA NINN x>-555 : SEL Vaa5N) vant mM is rendered in G" xat diadyya Bvoowvov roppupodv (G" zepuroppupov). J amictus serico pallio atque purpureo; 3S Psa jpeo | 4eR> ypc. fA TS'z (omitted in GY") means she roared, shouted; see Nah. 39, 1. 5. B kreischte (shrieked, screamed with delight). The people of Susa, at least the majority of them, exulted over the downfall of H and the elevation of M; their boisterous mirth was not due to the edict pub- lished in favor of the Jews, as B would have it. J thinks we ought to substitute $a ANI) for GMw TSyxz. But dbz is correct; sma m>rnz, however, is an anticlimax, just as O-|INT OD (v. 14). The second verb is an explanatory gloss. The term F748, light is especially appropriate inasmuch as M and E were originally gods of light; see Pur. 9, 36; 10, 32; 11, 20; 22, 6; 26, 34; cf. MDOG, No. 33, p. 35, below; also ZDMG 61, 287, 21. (17) & prefixes to iovdaGov = DTT" the verb zepuereuovro cai. G6" substitutes zepereuvovro for D-NY (C yours). S has simply weaoziss. C’s emendation O°7M°M_2 is unnecessary. It is possible that O-77"N7 means Judaizing in the sense of sympathizing with the Jews, favorably disposed toward the Jews; cf. Hellenizers &e; Arab. Us taqailasa means to side with QYais (WdG 1, 37). Contrast pry o“ean (9, 27). 65 162 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 91-2 io) (1) 6Y has here rpoxadexdry =O WY Mwidw; so, too, in 8, 12; contrast last n.on 3,7. In @* a corrector has substituted recoapeoxat- dexary. For Da Dw OT a aw Tw ova S has simply omaanspssas, depending (contrast SG*, § 249, D) on the preceding opakiteS = Nyy. Both clauses, OTT "DN MAW WN OTs pma wibw> and ova man ov bw 7wN seem to be scribal expansions. The pronoun X47 does not refer to D4", as B and Wd state; apa NWT means it was changed (Keil) =S |Zpeas Astute]. AV it was turned to the contrary. (2) $A I57p2 (so, too, 9, 16) is pluperfect; cf. nn. on Mwy (1, 9) and bmp 8, 11). The apodosis does not begin with 455 ip3 (AV, K) but with Tn (LB) cf. n. on "455 (1, 17). For onr"7 “wpa S has omeS wpOSo. The meaning of the Heb. phrase is undoubtedly whe tried to do them bodily harm &ce, not who were unfriendly disposed; cf. Num. 35, 23 (5 a™~e xd ST WNP7 wPaa Nd») and 1S 24, 10 (25, 26). The chats oo> tay xd weed does not mean no one stood up against them. The enemies of the Jews attacked them, but could not prevail against them. There is a difference between "29 xs ocx pops and ppp Op xd oN, although Wellhausen reads “Ta = = “ap in y 55,19. AV, correctly, no one could withstand them; so, too, S (N iemand konnte vor ihnen bestehen) but in the introductory remarks prefixed to his nn. on c. 9 he makes the unwarranted statement: Die Judenfeinde werden am dreizehnten des Monats Adar ausgerottet. Vom Schrecken gelahmt wagen sie keinen Widerstand, sondern lassen sich im ganzen Reiche ruhig hinmetzeln (cf. n. on 4, 7). The same mistake is found in 3 (nullusque ausus est resistere). Cf. n. on IQ3T4 (5, 1) and Nah. 53, iv: "25> TWay— "73 "} aot, who can endure His fury. Heb. 777, to abide may mean endur e, remain firm, and Dip, to stand may have the same meaning (cf. to stand fire &c). Nor is it necessary to read OFIH2 (CT JWTSN2 as in Josh. 10, 8; 21, 42; 23,9. Wad’s statement, Hs wird nicht gesagt, dass die Heiden anfingen; schon die, welche das Ungliick der Juden suchten, wurden umgebracht. Jeder also, der im Rufe eines Judenfeindes stand, ward getédtet, is gratuitous. The clause at the end of this verse, Drama 55 Sy onmp 555 "5 is an illogical scribal expansion derived from the end of c. 8; cf. n. on 8, 14; see also passages like Deut. 2, 25; 11, 25; Josh. 2,9, &c. The reason why_no one could withstand them was not, that all the gentiles were 66 9,3-6 CriticAL Notes on ESTHER 168 frightened, but that the Jews were fully prepared for the attack and had organized a vigorous resistance and defense. (3) For Nd “Wy see n. on 3, 9. $A D-NwID does not mean extolled (J extollebant, S pour, GY ériuwv, ©? OTIw2, LB erhoben) but they supported (AV helped). Also the clause at the end of v. 3, O59 “7779 IND 5Er 7D, isa scribal expansion. It is expressed in 6%", but GY omits v. 4. 3 has D7 instead of "57°73. The reason why the satraps &c favored the Jews is given in y. 4. (4) In the same way the clause at the end of v. 4, "D77972 W°NMT "5 Sa 0, is due to seribal expansion; 59759 is inf. absol. (cf. n. on FIM, 2, 18). (5) fa V7aN) 5777 is a scribal expansion, due to WAN)... . 17 in the following verse (cf. n. on 8, 14). The term OED (S wats, pl, T yw >) at the end of v. 5 implies that the authorities did not interfere (cf. v. 3). If the authorities had allowed the Jews to organize armed resistance, the numerous massacres in Russia during the past few years would have been nipped in the bud (cf. n. on OwWS3 b> rap5, 8,11). But, as a rule, the assail- ants of the Russian Jews were supported by the governors, military commanders, officers of the police, & (see Pur. 35, 21; 48, 15. 22. 32. 38. 44, 46. 48; 44, 2). $A Drz7D does not mean to their hearts’ content (French &@ ceeur joie; this would be pad MANNS or DWEI MAN 555). It implies simply that the Persian Jews had free hands in dealing with their assailants owing to the non-interference on the part of the authori- ties. Syr. slash ys) means in my opinion, in my judgment. The Persian governors &c received no instructions to suppress all anti-Jewish demonstrations (the royal edict issued by H could not be repealed; cf. 8, 8°) but they did not support the assailants of the Jews, and allowed the Jews to defend themselves. In this way the permission granted by H’s edict was not worth more than the pound of flesh which Portia* allowed Shylock to cut from the body of Antonio. (6) The addition of F772 (S 12,22) is due to scribal expansion; the fight between the Jews and their assailants did not take place in the Acropolis, but in the City of Susa (cf. nn. on 1,2; 4,17). In vv. 12-15 we find simply yw, not pata yor . The scribes did not know the exact meaning of "727; they regarded it as a kind of epitheton ornans; cf. Assyr. Uruk suptiru (JAOS 22, 8,n.7). No importance can be attached to GY év Sovcos TH oda, for GY has the same rendering * Cf. the interesting appendix to part iii (Vienna, 1907) of D. H. Maller, Die Mehri- und Sogotri-Sprache, pp. 159-165, entitled Die Wanderung der Portia-Sage; cf. ibid. pp. 23- 33: Die Portia von Gischin, and pp. 73-87: Die Portia von Zafar; see also ZDMG 61, 495. 67 164 Tue AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 9,7 in 1,2. For the occasional effacement by the scribes of characteristic diversities see Nah. 18 (ad v. 4) and OLZ 10, 307, below. The addition of 4385 implies that 500 were dead or missing; ef. n. on aNd) 37> Taw (3, 13). In the present passage 3S has sim- ply osteo = 45755, but in v. 12: opeclo jujas odpo. In both passages SN) seems to be due to scribal expansion, just as 773N5 5°75 after 37m MD (v.5). The glossator, of course, did not intend 3355 as inf. absol. (cf. n.on [WFAI, 2, 18) but as perfect (for FAN). Cf. n. on dap (v. 27). i (7) The names of the ten sons of H are just as doubtful as the names of the seven eunuchs (1, 10) or the names of the seven (?) councilors (1, 14). @ follows #1; also the names in 3 are almost identical with those given in f#l; in 8, and especially in G, the divergences (which are to some extent due to popular adaptation) are greater, as is evident from the following table: AT 6" 6 s 3 1 NOI Papoav kai Neoraw* Papoav (kai Tov) |Zop-e2e|Pharsandatha 2 : ‘Eds Aadov ade pov’ eo Delphon 3 NMEON @acya? Papva 2c22| Hsphatha 4 anv Papadaba® Tayapapdaba® |tS232 Phoratha 5 seSoN Bapoa! LS) Adalia 6 NOTIN SapBayn b};-43 Aridatha a NMEINE Mappacipa Mappacaia Zatte2 Phermestha 8 ‘ "O7N ‘Povdaiov er ke Arisai 9 “TN *Apoaiov 391 Aridat 10 xn) Za Bovbaitov® Ifabov0 20) Jezatha (a) Corrected in GS to Sapcavvectay, GA Papcaveotav,—(b) GA Paya (L aca).—(e) GS Papaaba, GA Bapdaa,—(d) GSA Baped (L Bapea).— (e) GS ZaBovdebav, GA ZaBovyaba,—(f) GL kai Tov adeApov avtov is, of course, a corruption of AeAdwv.—(g) Taya may be due to dittogra- phy of ya in the preceding name in GV, ®acya; GL reads Papva, but this may be a corrup- tion of ®avya,—(h) $A 2p: G Sapoavecras May be more original than fA NNTWWwrAS; the 7 in §#l may be miswritten for 0. S |2opeee is a transposition of |Zopeas (so S$‘) which may be a corruption for jJmia;ze (5 transposed, ¢ mis- written for 2, « miswritten for 1; see SG*,§2,C). The form |2opss” is no doubt influenced by the Syr. word |2o;s2, beauty; corruptions of names are often not merely graphic but also due to popular etymology and adaptation; cf. ZDMG 61, 195, 9; 276, 8. 22. 28. Syr. |2ejaae means foolishness. 68 9,8.9 CriticaL Notes oN ESTHER 165 G" Papoav kai tov adeAdpov avtod is a corruption of Papoay .. tay Kat Addgov. In 5 as) the = is miswriting for ~. The « in Adgov may be due to the influence of Aeddoi, deAdis, déeAdas. Aeddis and Ae\diov are Greek proper names. ®acya may be transposed from Acday, and this may be a corruption of Aogar (with T for T; cf. last.n. on 2,14) =RMEBON. 3 222} is pho- netic spelling (see Kings 279, 52) for RMECN. vig (8) ®apadafa may be more original than NN715; the | may stand for \, and = for 5; cf. note on 457 (7,8) for 7m. The reading NM» is favored also by 6G" (Taya)dapdaba and S$ ~S3,p2 (S* BS;2) for 29,2. The / instead of din S* 2S;=2 may be due to dissimilation; see ZDMG 61, 194, 13; 195, 4 (cf. also .Lasks = Badakhshan; see JHUC, No. 114, p. 111°). The insertion of the ~ in S 44332 may be influenced by the Greek words in Syriac which begin with 42; cf. Brockelmann’s Lex. Syr. 286. G* ®apaaGa is miswriting for Papdaba (with A for A) cf. dovpar for dovpd& (see n. on y. 26). fA 2755N is supported by $ Ss The initial & of N7>5N may be due to dittography of the final & of the preceding NAS (for NM775) just as the prefixed Taya in 6' Tayadapdaba may be due to dittography (or rather tritography) of the second syllable of the pre- ceding ®acya; see above, n.g. The prefixed MN) before each of the ten names may be secondary. G*‘ BapeA may be a corruption of Ape = d5=- = 55x; the initial B may be due to the preceding name, 64 Bapdaba = G Papadaba. S |; corresponds to 4°" of fl NMATIAN; S* 2,42 has preserved the Mm. The transposition may be due to the fact that {js) is more common in Syriac than {-+3. Owing to the vocalic character of the r there is not much difference in Syriac between initial = and “~N; cf. SG?, § 52 (also § 32) and for the dropping of the final M see § 26,C. & SapBaxa may be a corruption of Apdaba, the initial Sa is perhaps due to dittography of the second syllable of the preceding Bapoa. Ap axa (for Apoafa) may be influenced by the Persian names *ApBdxns, ApBdpuos, *ApBravys, &e. (9) S 2omas may be a corruption of Lat;2 (with + for +, = for &, and ¢ for #) influenced, perhaps, by jasus, persuasion, supplication. S* Zesevze stands for 2atops, Leat;z2; the » is due to corrupt ditto- graphy of the following s. 6 Mappyaciwa = Bappacta = Pappucta; for m =b=p see AJSL 23, 235, n. 46; cf.n.on $ NAA = M NADA (1,10) and FIV AMDT (Am. 4,8) for FAI MMs Cv. y 32, 4 and BL 45, n. 1; also above, n. on 2, 7). + a pees S sms is miswritten for sm.5, and ff "5" may be miswritten for "579 =‘Povdaios. Cf. ‘Pwxrdpas. 69 166 THe AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 9,10-11 S «| stands for «95]. © ’Apoaios seems to correspond to No. 8: "T™"N ; it may be originally a variant of “Povdatos = "O°" which may be a corruption of "54" (see above). $ 40] seems to be shortened from BaovOaios, in 6 transposed: Za- BovOatos. 1 SMT" may be a corruption of NNW, Vazutha (with * for | and transposition) cf. WIAVWNMN (1, 1) for wa"wAEN. GS labovd may be a corruption of IZaBov§ = Za Bovd = Barlovd = NAIA = RNIN. Ch (EB 5245) thinks that RMT" is a corruption of "ME"x. It seems to me more probable that all the names of H’s sons are corruptions of Jerah- meel. Cf. footnote to n. on 2, 14. All these explanations are, of course, entirely conjectural (see Pur. 27, 40, which might have been cited also in ZDMG 61, 195, 14) but it is important to show that all those divergences (apparently irreconcilable) may be derived from the same text. B’s statement, that some of the names in 6 are entirely different, is an exaggeration; Wd even says that [all] the names of the sons of H appear in & in an entirely different form. The Persian etymologies given by Benfey and Benary (quoted in B) are no doubt unsatisfactory (for Scheftelowitz see my remarks in AJP 27, 164; cf. J’s preface) but J’s Heb. etymologies are worse. J combines Bapoa = x55N with the name of the King of Sodom, pw" (Gen. 14, 2) and ‘Povdaios is supposed to be 2 NBA; for "Apoaios J compares "W7Y"; Pacya, J thinks, may be a corruption of "MOH; and Nnorw 7D (for #1 NmIWwAy) is supposed to be OMY WH, eques gloriae. (10) It is hardly necessary to add that the xai before rots déxa viovs Apov in 6" is secondary, just as the } before B"35"70TN bx in 8, 9. Four of the ten names have dropped out in 6" (just as four of the names of the seven councilors are not represented in G ; see nn. on 1, 14). There- fore the remaining six names were no longer felt to be identical with the ten sons of H. Instead of RATAN 72 Shas brodl - (11) Gen. 6, 13 affords no parallel to apa) "355 No which is equivalent to JUS Lt set, whereas "355 N3 in N2 Wa 55 yP 9955 is synonymous with =q55 GP) and =5 "NiDD = Assyr. naSanni libbi (HW 484). It corresponds to the Assyr. ana Sakan abtibi fibla libbaSun in 1. 14 of the cuneiform account of the Deluge; see my remarks ad loc. in KAT? (cf. HW 231).* The phrase "55 No in Gen. 6, 13 means it is put before my mind (for consideration) or suggests itself to me; "55 wo “wa >> yP cannot mean According to me the end of all flesh is come, i. e. the extermination of mankind is at hand according to my opinion. Ezek, 7, 6 does not prove that "955 does not *For Jensen’s translation die Sturmfluth zu machen “‘brachte hervor”’ ihr Herz die grossen Gétter (KB 6, 231) see my remarks in JAOS 22, 9. 70 9, 13-17 CriticaL Notes on ESTHER 167 depend on 83. Nor is it possible to derive VP from VP» to loathe (AoF 3, 396: taedet me generis humani). This idea is expressed in vv.6.7. Cf. also Am. 8,2: “ay dp Vpn No. (13) $ omits 210 7 Oy ON. For the justification of E’s request to gibbet the ten sons of H see last n. on 8, 11. ; (16) Sil sbaps is pluperfect (as in v. 2) and means they had organ- ized themselves ; contrast Symi publ in v.15. A new rnp was necessary as soon as the Jews learned that the edict was to be in force for one more day. B proposes to read Dips instead of M49 (G" dveravoavto, S cmed22}) and R (in K) proposes to read BDI) (8, 13) or Dp; also GB", 44» states that we must read an inf. of Dp; see, however, AJSL 21, 141, n. 21 and the remarks on the emendation xAypwv for tuov in nn. on 38, 7. $A OTD ND Mr is a misplaced gloss (cf. n. on 3, 7) with Waw expli- cative (cf, n. on 1,17) to M34 in v. 17; it is probably derived from v. 22 (cf. n. on 8, 14). Instead of 75,000 (so, too, T$3) G has 15,000 (uvpiovs revraxiryiAcovs) ffl is more original; 6 represents a subsequent mitigation. S’s state- ment that 6 as well as 33 have 15,000 instead of 75,000 is incorrect; cf. n.on 4,7. We need not suppose that 75,000 represents the aggregate number of the enemies of the Jews (the soldiers of Antiochus Epiphanes and his successors) who were slain by the Jews in the Maccabean battles, although this may have been the opinion of the glossator who added the gloss 5°m in 8,11. We read in 1 M 11, 47 that 3,000 Jews, which Jona- than (the Maccabean prototype of Mordecai; see second n. on 6, 8) had sent to Antioch, at the request of King Demetrius II, about the end of B. 0, 145, slew 100,000 men there in one day. The whole city was at the mercy of the Jews (katexparyoay of ‘Iovdator THs TOAEWs ws WBovAovTO, Cf. ps5 OT wr, v. 5). This, it may be supposed, is the his- torical prototype of the slaughter of the assailants of the Jews in the Persian empire under the reign of Xerxes. (17) S’s rendering, Am dreizehnten Tage des Monats Adar da fanden sie Ruhe, und den vierzehnten machten sie zu einem Tage des Festmahls und der Freude, is impossible. K connects wand “wy sow jabs “AN (at the beginning of v. 17) with Dyawh TWwWAN oR wa +s DDN in the preceding verse, the intervening clause AN snow ed S722) O°" being regarded as a parenthesis. In GY this clause is Wasaga ec drwodecav yap ai’tav pupiovs TevTaKiryiAlovs TH TpioKaidexaty Tod Adap, Kal ovdev Sunpzacav. For &Y rpicxaidexarn (= Sil) G* has recoapeckadexary (cf. last n. on 3,7). The clause 977° AN smdw ed 7225, which severs the connection between DON py.) TW. ows AT and sa own aww ors. seems to be a scribal expansion, derived 71 168 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 9,18-21 from the end of v. 10 (cf. footnote to n. on 2,3). The pice Td should be after "4. (18) V. 18 is omitted in S. (19) K*thiv D-F|T, Qeré O'y7|M (as though the 4} were due to dittography of the 5; cf. n. on DIIOTN , 1, 1) owing to»the following niw757; but Talmudic 7395 means inhabitant of an unwalled place, and MW" “ID OA is merely an explanatory gloss to O*7}"5". In pre-Maccabean times Jerusalem was the only fortress; all the other towns were T7775); cf. W 96, below. According to B and § the K*thiy is incorrect. 3 renders freely: Hi vero Judi qui in oppidis non mu- ratis ac villis morabantur. §% has |Z3pa% Lijoo sSky fijpas Liga, just as GY renders of Iovdata of Seorappévor év aon xopa tH &o. T NTTMSS WM PS PANT ONT SS PRAWT, @ 2277552 DH A ONT NMp"p7 Ms ad (astok esate At the end of the verse G adds: of dé xa- ToukovvTes €v Tais pntpowoAcow Kal Ti € Kal ¢ Tod Adap cippootvny ayabnv ayovow earoorédXovtes pepioas Kal Tois tAyoiov. This addition was originally omitted in 6’, For 30 (= nNw"d ; see n. on 2, 18) cf. TN (2, 9). Meg. 7% we read that Rabbi Jehudah sent Rabbi Osha‘yah a leg of veal and a pitcher of wine (WAN FTIWIN [27D TD Aw Pew) ATP a NVINT NAW NMSM NIT). T renders: FAT PTW (apov). J partes epularum et ciborum. (20) Wd thinks it not impossible that vv. 20-28 and 29-32, which B considers to be a subsequent addition, were taken from an older source, and that E was composed for the purpose of explaining these two docu- ments, just as some critics believe that the object of the Book of Jonah is to explain the psalm in c. 2; contrast AJSL 23, 256. B (376, below) stated: Die Einschaltung 9, 20-32 wird aus einem anderen Purim- Buche in unser Purim-Buch hineingestellt sein. But it is a mistake to suppose that the entire section 9, 20-32 is derived from a different source. The first three verses (20-22) are genuine, also the first part of 26 and vv. 27 and 28; but vv. 23-25, the second part of v. 26, v. 28», and 29-32 represent secondary additions. They were not taken from an older source, but added by a later glossator (cf. Pur. 44, 31). M, the prime minister, had received reports from all the governors of the provinces, stating what had happened on the 13 of Adar, how many assailants of the Jews had been slain, and how the Jews had celebrated the following day. M sent this information to all his coreligionists in the Persian empire, urging them to commemorate this notable event for all time to come. (21) $8 psp> (f wanpd) is Aramaic (cf. last but one n. on‘l, 8). Ruth 4, 7, where we find psp, is a gloss. The phrase p7">y ppd 72 9, 22. 23 CriticaL NotrEes on ESTHER 169 means to enjoin upon them. 3% has pass ~s20). § reads also oma bejan aiaoco at the beginning of v. 23. For "wy WAN OY AN IN WIND Wwy VAIN DY MS DD 52 Shas 5915 {Lmao jpmsoip= re. just as 3 uses pele for wae) in 8,9. For {jm cf. NOD od (Prov. 7, 20). (22) The 5 in DYI"D (© NMN Pata;.cf. n. on "754, 1, 17) is not the Kaph similitudinis, but the Kaph veritatis (GK, § 119, x). (23) The section vv. 23-25 is a gloss; see n. on v.20. The immediate sequel of v. 22 is v. 26:—D™5 sbaqn ovo AN" i.) by, therefore (i. e. on account of the Ew TaNd Mma Wy ON ws ma mw) they called these days Purim (i. e. portions, from “5 = "7775 = Vedic parti, portion). It was of course unnecessary in this connection to add after 5 Dw oy the explanation: 772 NI. The statement 54 Sa NT op in v. 24 and 3,7 is quite different: it involves a new etymology of 35, and therefore it was necessary to add the explanation. The Persian term O75 is equivalent to Heb. M372, portions or presents of food (cf. Neh. 8, 10. 12) exchanged at the Purim festival. The singular of O°"5 was not 949, but ™15=77755, the Middle Iranian form (*purdé) of Vedic ptiirti (syn. daksina) portion, espe- cially the portion given by the offerer to the sacrificer; cf. 737g Ex. 29, 26; Lev. 7, 33; 8,29. The omission of the 4 (which is preserved in 6% govpo:) is due to haplography; cf. n. on WITATWMN (1,1). G dpovpac (i. e. watches, vigils) is a popular adaptation of dovpa: (with A for A) =dovpsk. This popular etymology may have been suggested by the vigils (ef. nw, Ex. 12, 42) or watch-meetings which have been held on New Year’s eve from times immemorial. The Purim festival is a Jewish adaptation of the Persian spring festival Nawr6z, and this is derived from the Babylonian New Year’s festival (about the time of the vernal equinox) so that O°™35=Mm 274 corresponds to Lat. strenae, French étrennes. The observance of the Persian New Year’s festival was combined with the commemoration of Nicanor’s Day; see Pwr. 3, 6; 4, 41; 9, 26; 10, 39; 14, 40; 17, 7. 23; 46, 24. 29. 32;* 50,37; 51, 10; 52, 4; ZDMG 61, 275, 17; 277, 1. For dap read, with SE, api; so, too, Oort; cf. the Qeré in v. 27 and Kings 127, 46; 269,6. The ue dap is Matidie (cf. last n. on 4, 7) but it is not a enamine verb derek from rDap (B, W). The clause MYwYd TENT “WN MN refers to the celebrations of the victory over their assailants, and ome "777 DMD wR MR alludes to the two days of feasting on the 14 and 15* of Adar. The Jews in Susa had celebrated the 15" day; the provincial Jews, the 14. M recommended the perpetual general observance of both days. *In 1.22 read Franz for Harder. 73 170 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 9,242 (24) For Zpoa ;-2 (3, 1) 5 has here yrea ZF. S thinks that n7aN5 after oom by awn (cf. Nah. 1, 11) is an erroneous repetition of p75 at the end of the verse; but p75 1° is correct, and O7aN55 is an explanatory gloss to the preceding pam. Shas simply .et Sopud, [p5 stile. For S05 2 a} Spr, ‘ ero Wydicpa Kai xAjpov, See nN. on 3,7. TNT NW WON NOB Pax, | VT NNdD ND NOD 9ay N27 . pal pam is a paronomasia (so Schultz; cf. C 233). The assonance with the name H might be imitated by translating to harm them or to mayhem them. For Q74 we must point spare all the forms of DY in OT are forms of on ; see Nah. 44. On the other hand, all the forms of the stem of nian, execrations must be derived from Pp (ZDMG 37,535) = .yxd; of. Aram. yEn= ys, * also Heb. 7D = -aé Si'r and AJSL 23, 245, 1. 13; for w instead of %p cf. Cant. 59 (ad v. 11) and Kings 141, 26. (25) #4 NDB does not mean when it came, scil. yan n2wn (so B, Wd, S) but when she came, scil. E (so T@’S3, LB, AV, K). The author of the original book would not have written HNS24, but $235 rpl21 Anon. SA “DON DY (omitted in T) cannot mean (he commanded) by letters (so AV). According to GB", 542 the phrase means (he spoke) in con- nection with a letter, i.e. by means of a letter (Arab. x20 ae. as (da verkiindigte er) mit dem Schreiben which is explained to mean zu- gleich mit dem Erlass des Schreibens (contrast 25732 05), Ez. 1, 1; ef, Kings 179, 2). Norcan "507 OY "728 mean he gave a written order (B, Wd, K). #4 "505 Op is a tertiary gloss referring to the letter which the King had authorized H to send to all the governors &e (3, 12; 8, 5). The first glossator simply stated: The King said, The mischief which H planned against the Jews, shall recoil on his own head; so H and his ten sons were impaled. A subsequent glossator deemed it necessary to empha- size the fact that the King had made this statement although he had authorized H to exterminate all the Jews in his empire; he therefore added “50M DY, i.e. in spite of the letter (scil. which the King had authorized H to send to the governors &c). For D3, in spite of cf. * Arab. WRAL, = Less , flat cake of bread baked on a griddle, or in the ashes of a fire (not in the oven)as an Aram. loanword with € (owing to the peEpeTINE ») for és Ue 3 cf. K26, (ZAT 25, 359) and ADX, pl. DAH. (1 K 19,6; Is. 6,6) = post-Bibl. D257 (Men. 638). For wh, rufat and “s) rufat cf. os) ruffa and ) ruff, chopped straw, chaff. 74 9, 26. 27 CriticaAL Notes on ESTHER gal mj-oy (Neh. 5,18) and WdG 2, 164, below. The statement of the glossator, 27) TWN D9 OTT Oy awh ws AN naw aw" yo Sp ID MNT INN, is at variance with the original narrative; the glossator might have said: "37°79 Sy AWM WN APT InawMa aw" YTB INN WNT TR > THT ef. n. on 8, 7. (26) For the first part of v. 26 see n. on v. 23. The author of the original Book may have known that “45 (or rather ™)5="775) was a Pers. word for 9079. & reads se& Ligas ein DSeous el te Ladpe bw es som; here j«.2 may be a corruption (or adaptation) of j,s. Instead of [ses it would be better to point Lajas. T has wp> Tp 72 753; No"s DTW Dy Nw PONT; T ow Sy eh Po Nnard Mp TN? FANT SMPFT ANAND. In T? Rw np is derived from NOTAB, wrath, i.e. punishment, trial (cf. AJSL 23, 227, 1. 11; ZDMG 61, 286, 30) from ="5), to boil (see Nah. 43). The rendering Unheil (given in Dalman’s Worterbuch) is unwarranted. ©? may have combined O75 with 775, winepress = Blutbad (massacre, carnage). See Pur. 51, 38 and third paragraph of nn. on 3, 7. The second part of v. 26 is a gloss explaining the i= bp at the beginning of the verse, with special reference to 725) at the beginning of v.27. The 7) bp to be explained is repeated at the beginning of the explanation; see Hzekiel 41, 16.22.27 and the translation of Ezek. (SBOT) p. 1, below; p. 94, below; cf. also gloss 7 in my restoration of y 68 (AJSL 23, 239 and 224)). Two explanations of af) bp are given; the first is: IN" [721 NNT MNT "I 5D Sy; the second: F729 FID dy s5>y y-an. The second is a tertiary gloss explaining the preceding gloss: 2D S9=nNT NANT “AI DD by, and ordy yan a= wWimd). The phrase WNIT NSN “7274 $5 52 was sufficiently explicit; therefore this tertiary gloss substitutes simply [55 5y; but IW 44 might be misunderstood, and was therefore explained by y"3q PFW" p75, in order to make it clear that IN" [7 did not mean what they had seen, but what they had experienced ; cf. the explanation of RA™5 in ©’, quoted above, ym S>NT RMP - S’s rendering, Deswegen, nach allen den Worten des Briefs, so wohl in Betreff dessen, was sie selbst dieserhalb erlebten, als dessen was sie betraf, setzten die Juden fest, is monstrous (cf. n. on 4, 7). Also AV and K connect the verb at the beginning of v. 27 with the preceding clause. (27) For Va"p read. Va7p'- This is the sequel of the clause at the beginning of v. 26, "9557 DW 59 ONS MONT OMAN INP 7D dy, the verb nyabip) being coordinated to ANP: The following dapi (Q*ré bap) is a gloss to the preceding Wap; it was added owing to the api at the beginning of the gloss vy. 23-25. 75 u bf THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 9, 28. 29 S$ has simply eS+e for both dapi Yap; cf. n. on v. 21, also footnote to ml, One, oF fA O-527 refers to the proselytes (contrast D°4"N"2 in.8, 17). For p>">2 we must not read poy (contrast last n. on 4,5). In pm: ob this preposition means in addition to; see Kings 125, 7. $A “VDP7 N54 (cf. 1, 19) is misplaced; it should be transposed to the end of this verse, after SD rp S52, and instead of {237 N55 we must read (9237 N54, referring to xo O24 Iw RN; cf. the gloss in y. 28. The letters 4 and ™ are easily confounded; cf. n. on 45% (7, 8). For transposition of 4 see also Nah. 41 (395 for a54, &e). HA O727D DOANSS, according to their writing and according to their time (but 3 ,omls}> —sosds, yj) means according to the written traditions concerning these days (festal regulations, festal legends, &c; see Pur. 11, 35; 9, 22) and according to their dates, viz. the 14 and 15™ of Adar; 7.e. the last full moon of the Fw, the tropical year (AJSL 22, 256). For the reason why the two spring festivals, Purim and Passover, are not celebrated at the vernal equinox, on the first day of the first month, but on the 14 and 15™ days of the 12™ and the 1st months, respectively, see conclusion of n. on y. 31. For the two days of the festival cf. "WM wWITM DOD (1 S 20, 34). B’s view that D2MDD refers to M’s letter (vv. 20. 23) is erroneous. For vat cf. n. On 71" (8, 9). (28) The second part of this verse is an explanatory gloss, not only to the first part of v. 28, but also to the end of v. 27. 3S has ,op=s) for {725", and ;2) for myo. (29) Verses 29-32 represent a subsequent addition. For 5°28 M2, which seems to be a tertiary addition, see n. on 2, 15. The prefixed 4 in "597725 is a secondary addition (cf. n. on v. 10). The original text of this gloss was no doubt: AN ==> “NON DNSN DMEM MSR MS D*P> “TTT “STA Oph 55, Queen E described all the power of the Jew M in order to enjoin this Purim message (which M had sent to the Jews; see vv. 20-22) 7.e. E sent a letter to all the Jews setting forth M’s capacity for action and performance (especially dca éroincev, What he had accomplished for his coreligionists and what he might accomplish for them in the future) and urging them to observe the feast of Purim as prescribed by M. V. 32 ("MON “77ON4) speaks only of E, not of M. 6" reads in the present verse: kai éypayev EoOnp 4 Bacihiooa Ovyarnp ApuvadaB Kai Mapdoyaios 6 “Iovdaios doa éroinoav. The original reading may have been xai éypayev EoOnp 7 Bacidiooa Ovyatnp ApuvadaB doa éroincey (So GS) Mapdoyaios 6 “Tovdaios. SH npn 55 MN cannot mean with all strength, with all energy; AV with all authority; K unter Hinsetzung ihres ganzen Ansehens ; 76 9, 30. 31 CriticAL Notes on ESTHER 1/35 3 omni studio. This expression would be still more peculiar than the phrase "5CM OP “772N (v. 25). With all energy or most emphatically might be expressed by spn $52 or mpin $52, but not mph 5 mx. TI love thee with all my strength (cf. Mark 12, 30) would be 552 208 i "170 (cf. Deut. 6,5). The prefixed AX must be the nota accusativi; so €@? (REIN 55 nm). For m&=m" see Nah. 25. & has |Zp-e —oss for [pM 5 nN. SM M-IwM is a tertiary gloss; cf. n. on 2,14. Also ANT is a sub- sequent addition. (30) V. 30 is omitted in 6. GA Tdw) (S c3pec) is impersonal (cf. n. on 8, 10). But the original text may have been Mw; the masculine form may have been sub- stituted after “T° D770 (v. 29) had been transposed. In Cant. 2,7, on the other hand, the feminine form has been substituted for the mas- culine form (FJ25NM MAN is a later addition) because yarw “Ty may have reminded some readers of Job 40, 17: TANS S37 yen 7, where 337 =cauda Hor. Sat. 1, 2, 45; 2, 7,49. The original meaning of yen = eas is intendere. Cf. the explanation of the scriptio plena Fi"? (Cant. 5, 2) BL 33. For m3579 read mipd7aa; ef. n. on mraa (1,9) and GK”, § 118, g; S nZeads%>. fA mAN Dw “MDI (S, transposed, LeSase j5-2» f&) does not mean words of peace and truth (so AV; S Worte des Friedens und der Wahrheit; 3 ut haberent pacem et susciperent veritatem; T? a5- NOwWIpPT xabdw) but words of greeting and faithfulness (cf. Psalms 80, 27). LB mit freundlichen und treuen Worten, K mit frewnd- schaftlichen und wohlgemeinten Worten. The Queen, of course, did not send a warlike message or a statement that was not true; but she sent her coreligionists friendly greetings, emphasizing the fact that she would remain a faithful Jewess and never abandon the religion of her fathers. (31) #4 FD5aN ANN) after “THT "D777 is a tertiary gloss. The p59 in OSSD Dp WN>d does not refer to OF"D2T, as Wd supposes, but to the Jews; cf. DF) pap> in v. 21. PH onpsTi MAST Ds, at the end of this verse, means the procedures (cf. n. on 1, 13) or institutions of the great fast (plur. intens.) and their crying (or invocation), ST wns, @ xows 7-2 xmvoynT. This refers to 4,1.3.16. M had cried with a loud and bitter ery (A-V2) D435 Mpst pry) and the Jews had fasted, wept, and lamented (450739. "524 we when the edict of H became known. Afterwards E asked M to fast with all the Jews of Susa for her sake, three days and three nights, before she went to the King, and E herself with her maids fasted in the same way. tts 174 Tue AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 9,32—10,2 The statement in the present passage,. .. . DEM "2" ns pp, DMP] NVM MIT... . Va3p “WND would seem to imply that the Jews had adopted the fasting (and crying) before they adopted the feasting. They may have observed the Babyl. New Year’s festival at first as a fast-day, but the less orthodox Jews (the Sadduceans) may have gradually adopted the celebration of the (Baby. and) Persian New Year’s festival (just as many modern Jews celebrate Christmas). This was afterwards sanctioned by the ecclesiastical authorities, but the date was changed: the feast was celebrated, not at the beginning of the first month, but at the middle of the preceding month, just as the ancient Heb. spring festival, the Passover, was not celebrated at the beginning (new moon) of the first month (about the time of the vernal equinox) but at the middle (full moon) of the first month, in order to avoid a coincidence of the Jewish Passover and the Babylonian New Year’s festival. During the Baby]. Captivity Ezekiel (about 570 B. c.) reeommended to observe the Day of Atonement on the 1‘ of Tishri, while the New Year was to be celebrated on the 10 of Tishri, in order to avoid a coincidence of the Jewish New Year with the Babyl. festival at the beginning of the second half of the year. Under Persian dominion, about 500 B.o. (when the Priestly Code was compiled in Babylonia) the two festivals in the seventh month, as prescribed by Ezekiel, exchanged places so that the Day of Atonement was observed on the 10™ of Tishri, because the Persians celebrated the payodowa on that day. Cf. n. on v. 27 and Pur. 4, 20-37; 20, 38; 33, 14. (32) Wd’s view that "502 refers either to the book from which the author took the two letters (cf. n. on v. 20) or to our Book of E, is gratuitous. Heb. "502 does not necessarily mean in the book (AV) it may also mean in a book (so K, S) see Kings 191, 37. = (1) For the misplaced gloss in vy. 1 see fourth paragraph of nn. on 2,18. (2) In v. 2" we must transpose * and *: the opening clause, 554 W723) EPM MwI72, should follow the second clause, n55 mw75) bia D335 WR "DTA; even the first clause 1N7723) SPN Hw 557 refers to M, not to the King. The clause pan 4533 “we is a scribal expansion derived from 5,11; it cannot mean whereunto the King advanced him (so AV; K zu der ihn der Konig erhob) nor does it mean whom the King advanced (so S; $ beads asic, T Od NA OT, ©? xoda sm 7s 4) or whereby the King had advanced him (B; 3 qua exaltavit Mar- docheum). Cf. footnote to n. on 2, 3. 78 10,3 CriticaL Notes on EstTHER 175 (3) For owt" 59754 it would be better to read Ou DOT. % bogSaw “SS [55. The 5 instead of 3 seems to be due to the 5 in pm —7w72 and to the following clause, 7H 2d MZ (EF WN “NNT PITNINSCS omitted in $) which, of course, does not mean acceptable to most of his brethren (contrast n. on 4, 3) but acceptable to the multitude of his brethren, i.e. to his numerous coreligionists (so B,S). In the large number of his coreligionists there was not one who disliked him. Cf. 732 24, the large number of his sons (5, 11). The phrase 37495 350 275 means: he tried to promote the interests of the Jews, while (p> 555 OcSw 7D implies that he was not haughty and distant, but affable and kind to the meanest among his brethren, in spite of his exalted position. For pibw 727 S refers to me 9, 10; y 85,9. Cf. y 122: 42 DIdw ND-TADIN and Fwpay 7 a0. i [The Hebrew text follows.] 79 176 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 9,22—10,3 Tah. OT Os2 2 wx oD sw) Mw 322 13 Wwe miws> 3 ord Saya) awd Paya OF JEN WW WIT Muna I wR Mw Nowa maw Hmwa “2 BMS “Tap $7 pw Sy os Poe va Np 72 OF es oAND “oy mid {} Baty ome 5S Sn esa oo Oy BT Sar NOY} awh Mow 523 Byars) pans> FONM Dyas Iw MS mmawa) AMEwA wT WN Sea Bes OST ONT BT eS TT TA AT DF NT fina Tepm ws Say} so TA NST MWe ff “77a omen Ta edad ov aT BD by Ean ao wT mss 2 A oS a ed Twa riont Ds> pow an wy. SOS [IA AND WON my wd bo WON MN DUTT "TSP 9, 23 (e) MaN> Oop Sy aon on b> ke ww Nan ja pan aw vy ax Joan p> mRha seepam> Gavan xi MP Sem AD aa mins bees by onan by awn owe mean onsen {PIM oy “Sap 27 (7) SW TA MRM maxmwmat by by | 7D Sy 26 (e) pyaTa TION NS OAM OT Tina Ma NS TNT DT AN 8!) m8 Ops fn wtva"} apm S> myx {} «ema>an amo’ ano = 29 (9) pws yaw ok TT ‘ by po mw :ssonem max 5 my op> rma by “at wens mba mate nN 3 OND TTT TAA DANY pp WWD OFsaTA TNT OMEN 77 “MON “WaN'al sDnpsm miaizm at pyr Sy1 pwE) Sy Wap 2 :9BOa AnD ARM OMEN MAT OF DY WM 3 (8) Jor 553 TWN 10, 2 (@) DON IMI Ma MDD Sy 26 (83) “DOM Dy 9, MD (vy) Sand 9, 24 (88) mD>daM ANON 31 (a) Mw ANTM 6) S3rmaN MD 29 (ee) 9, 22 27. 26 28 10, 2 3 9, 6-21 snox nd50 177 SS io tt yore) i =) a) oss sma wn) 7a nao + eer =yr = _ ae — RN le ee! | PROTA MN NNCIU7D NN NWA MN 9 yi=D7 ANI “STAN ON) INMECN ON) “TAN MNT RNG75 ANI INMATT NN NTS ANI Mow NO AAD ST OT Ne Xn yA yan ya nowy {Ov MN “aN span ies “ww HST 7a 82 Ni oF. TR MRA wan oT a Ay. | ban snexd oan ma, Tw A ae mrs "Nw. yas 2 Mwy mE yom Tm as m1 FD Nas Now MOR ETT Wa O35 WI" Bw PT Oy ON ANON WANN (yo 53 ore yan wa mows ms ar mi mwsd pow. yan "3a nw>s nN pw. nF eM ~P NwIT Pan wa ibn wind Ww FAW OYA Os wwa Ww ONT Dnps (OT MS Wow ND TaD wv . mina wy Www.s ss AWN {} DYED OP Ta ops 7220 Maa Tes ETT NT win. Ww mow ora | [] Fox ovawi Mwan ows si smaw) nea BP AN Mies a wey pss fini PH “9 POINT 2 Tey mebea aps ww. 7x OTT 23 yaw) Minwa Or ons Hwy 1 Ww Mona nin 1 SS word wy PIN OP MN es owen OT ) SWI) wR NA Towa so PT Anon naw DTT D> Sk Oso Mow FORO OAT AR "S742 ans" bry Eps opin mshpr. pon. mma boa ces ean OP MN IN WIND Ww aw OP mR Oe nth TPN 1 © SAN () FINA 6 (°) FANT IAM 9, 5 D7? mx indw xd mran1 16 @) San1 «) sy2n 2) W'T TAR 9, 5 (=) MTN MAA Dw; 19 (0) DPDNa Min 16 () 81 13 14 178 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES 8, 10—9,5 sap wid TA IT. WON MTA wh NST) OVERS ynd> ON Os AMS ATA eT aT Ao Bw pest ha) oso Mw an nyaea ony +75cn ow3 ans vor wy doa tes ett oom yn] wR iC ws S54 poe 55 mR TANT 3 Taw pws oy Taxd) Spm éqban miuvta Soa chs ora yyonsy OST Aa Te Sn27 YwMS CIN WIN NT) Ww Ow wINd ww Mwdwa pet ms) pat b25 ba (ava Aa 553 NF yr) forma ko oped i eS ony Joan “pba Nee STD yor TTa"2 WW ews "54 AN ow Mem yaw ya pram ensen'y nm’ mis22 wiasa ma Doan aps jew) Aad i NT OTS feos mimaw sea NT a aT ws DApa Ww Ty 5231 APT mona YON “ara mah so or ows o> ww roy DTT Imp SED "D “WN 12 EY Tw MwDw. 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Ha 2S ON Es TS ES MWA INN OYA Ow FO pT Wh “wea oT oD MEN yaona iTia> mo>wh CIN WIN NIM) Tw ow wind sw» mys ovary 555 “bs Gata) pa bea mt ynzm>) ansn iin o> ony jan 3,7) “TID NWT WN Ord Mar 7D 4 (6) We WAN 3, & (2) WIPO 8 @) TM OP Rw ws) TAD AN 6) DVYORNN 2) POA DTT WNT RMN 2 7 0) DPT ee TI DM MIwI Go WIN ST) Pw wn. 7A Sun Spy windy waran on pea pan web Gwan wi) MP SCS In ww sw wind “by mwibw Sy WUT WM 38, 7 (um) 87 8,8 id 12 13 14 184 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIO LANGUAGES 2, 10-23 ma sed mns2 ms ody {} AT NI yaw AN my coT% 2 "> Anwdya MN Aa ns nes TET Nd) sows MEM "25D ona “ST DM Br 52a) CTEM ND WN EPP iMa mw: ma ances obw mx nod ows mS 72 FD NT Vp $722 Ok NIRS TN 2 A Pa DMOIN ww Apa wey 2 7D 7S) won Ww Bw Bw mai iow: "prvansi pvwaa pwn mew Wan jaws may NID) AD IN VNN WR OD NN aT ON ANA IN maw 8 — MRI NT IV. pan m3 wy pm mae sb (owabEn ee a a co Tawsw TOON) "OWI MS ON fora MNpM een Aa Yen px > soon os Ty Non DR "3 "D7 Hepa ND an SN ND MANN Ah HHS 32 792 WT MNT] pes midinan So 13s) Jom in Neh oI yw 29 S13 nwa Fon ws somw) nnn. ys AN Span To mvwa pe émiers An "Ts “WN Naa HXp "Pan wwa awry 1 Ree. pn 770) “SIT SIT fea Po now> Tepan {} aaa "at wean of fsem sae} Poe andar jal yen? ea spon “8b Ova aT "Boa aN" y>? 59 oD AM REN ‘yard a Sa “SY Ne mad i> p> Wws wa 5 Say m3 2,70 @) 3D 4G) WOMEN 2, 12 () D'OR (4) SINTN 16 (a) “MON («) pan om WD © DTS PANT Dy Oo TAM DW 10.8 (0) MOI) AMONMNVANMN 18 @) WINN 21 (°) Pan Ww aw Ta wna Yap 19) sera cw qbad anos Taam maban anced = 22 () MID 2, 19 (vv) WAY WMS 10, N (7) 714 my Ty WD FAY mS asd MIVA AMON PN 2, 5 4) STAN T2AN2 ANT WR My “nox "27 “axa niet 88 13 14 21 1, 16—2, 9 snox nd573 185 rin a> qa Sy ND ow Pon "a> jaa TaN mina doa wx oven >> bx omwn b5 bs > moon om Giess Mic owt 2 ON pase “aT Ne mS fae "IED mba cm. 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WN Sox van oy coer mba wwe lm we TCP 73 (AMON NT) AOI MN pas "am tbna qa “ebb rai nya) AN Nsw NA NE IT BS ax Ad pR oD ms m2 Span "at patina TN ins. > “Ta AMp> Fra FTaN ma Sk 5M MIT MN WW WON 18 (0) Wey OAR 17 (é) DWYYWHN 1, 16 () WI TWNN 2, B (2) vay pws ATA 2 (e) DATUM 19 @) JM pryan Finn ows Www Tan ovo va TON OwIT Ma ON 2, 3 |) AMON (€) "am TON 8 (8) MT 5 D7 DY ANSI wR 6 |) 89 1,16 ‘nce nos2 “WP YAW WD WW Ti. pan eR) WIT Cre 2 4 TN WIA WN INIA Nod OF Diem Mow? (TTS a 8 cca ben csigy roam me tsb mnea mes bed wide mwa s TaD 29 MR IMD TES MTS we Se te (OY MNS) Ow? wndiws M-REN =p" Mi Wiese Ww. OSL os 55> an mw ToNN ae riwde1 fm-a ms "sma os maw rw2 jp 2 ores rat “b9>3 by vasa {ndon™} “Sama nine f{jcess: Tiny fee “T) wri ona mesa by scsi om niwss wo Me ee a7 mishap pw pas os) ant 52 mipem) oie 37 55 5 — To" 72 "2 CN TR NID Hn spe Tas mn. nme msc omw O35 oe WN VPS" HT nyo KA 9 wmMisccn maa Ges NIT NMA TouTs> TEN ya Wah 35 a1. Sau GrS "1D MN pnts “on mam ca") “Mt ‘or °Nonza Neva “Ansa “bon “35 mite ng) ns sam | aa (Wer NT NTA nae “> FTEr MS OT Dw MIN pon spy creme Ta 7sN Sn Wa Nis See 27>) eon 3 vcard at Tal $13 79a Wehr We “nd NUD TOR SPT pT mt wh 55 a> Pen "Ta OB WD reso ISa MOTD oa Sen Noe Apobaa mod mo (ym) msdaa mk psi So "= (promo “Ta «qbcrm see my pansy xd “ON OF Da o46) OW YUNNG) CANE 26) WYO 1, § DITO ONIN eepadswe@ PIO WM be) we T ONS () T1 1, 7 &) “1 2) D'ITOME 1,9 (ee) 90] 186 a1 14 aie] The following papers by Professor Paul Haupt have been published in THe AMERICAN JOURNAL OF Semitic LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES: 1. “Assyrian Phonology, with Special Reference to Hebrew,” Vol. I, No. 3 (January, 1885), pp. 175-85. 2. “Wateh-ben-Hazael, Prince of the Kedarenes, about 650 B. c.,” Vol. I, No. 4 (April, 1885), pp. 217-31. 3. “On the Etymology of Matnint,” Vol. II, No. 1 (October, 1885), pp. 4-6. 4, “On the Penitential Psalm De Profundis,” Vol. II, No. 2 (January, 1886), pp. 98-106. 5. “On the Etymology of Nekasim,” Vol. ITI, No. 2 (January, 1887), pp. 107-10. 6. “Semitic Studies in America,’ Vol. V, No. 1 (October, 1888), p. 89. 7. “Stumme’s Grammatik des Tunisischen Arabisch nebst Glossar,” Vol. XI, No. 2 (January, 1895), p. 110. . 8. “The Book of Canticles,” Vol. XVIII, No. 4 (July, 1902), pp. 193- 245, and Vol. XIX, No. 1 (October, 1902), pp. 1-32. 9. “The Poetic Form of the First Psalm,” Vol. XIX, No. 3 (April, 1903), pp. 129-42. 10, “‘Isaiah’s Parable of the Vineyard,’ Vol. XIX, No. 4 (July, 1903), pp. 193-202. 11. “ Moses’ Song of Triumph,” Vol. XX, No. 2 (April, 1904), pp. 149-72. 12. “The Poetic Form of Psalm XXIII,” Vol. XXI, No. 3 (Apml, 1905), pp. 133-52. : 13. “The Hebrew Stem Nahal, to Rest,’ Vol. XXII, No. 3 (April, 1906), pp. 195-206. 14. “The Etymology of Mohel, Cireumciser,” Vol. XXII, No. 4 (July, 1906), pp. 249-56. 15. “Semitic Verbs Derived from Particles,” Vol. XXII, No. 4 (July, 1906), pp. 257-61. 16. “Der acht und sechzigste Psalm,” Vol. XXIII, No. 3 (April, 1907), pp. 220-40. 17. “Die semitisechen Wurzeln QR, KR, XR,” Vol. XXHI, No. 3 (April, 1907), pp, 241-52. 18. “Der assyrische Name des Potwals,” Vol. XXIII, No. 3 (April, 1907), pp. 253-63. “ M9Z6P 19¥00 i i