^2B 
 
 ^>/^> 
 
 V 
 
 m: 
 
 V 
 
 
 v> • 
 
 >.-^ 
 
 ^li'-:* 
 
 
 ^'c-y^ 
 
 H 
 
 .-;^2fr-l 
 
 ^■' 
 
 'N-^ 
 
ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Colleges 
 
 OF 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 AT 
 
 Cornell University 
 
 Cornell University Library 
 HD 1486.D4E28 
 
 Notes on agricultural conditions in Denm 
 
 3 1924 013 741 297 
 
CONQEESS \ 
 
 Bd Session J 
 
 SENATE 
 
 / Document 
 I No. 992 
 
 NOTES 
 
 ON 
 
 lAGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS 
 IN DENMARK 
 
 WHICH SERVED AS A BASIS FOR THE 
 
 HON. MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN'S 
 SERIES OF LECTURES 
 
 DELIVERED IN VARIOUS SOUTHERN 
 STATES IN THE SPRING OF 1912 
 UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE 
 SOUTHERN COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 #/^ 
 
 WITH APPENDIX 
 
 Kk^ 
 
 
 PRESENTED BY MR. FLETCHER 
 January 4, 1913.— Ordered to be printed 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1913 
 
American Legation, 
 CopenliMgen, August 26, 1912. 
 Dr. Clakence J. Owens, 
 
 Managing Director, SoutTiern Commercial Congress, 
 
 Southern-Building, Washington, B. C. 
 Mt Deae Dr. Owens: I have great pleasure in inclosing witl 
 this note the notes on agricultural conditions in Denmark, whicl 
 served as a basis for my course of lectui'es delivered in the Southen 
 States in the spring of 1912, with appendix. 
 I am, yours, very sincerely, 
 
 LIaurioe Francis Egan, 
 
 American Minister. 
 
COOPERATIVE DAIRYING. 
 
 [From the Washington (D. C.) Herald of March 23, 1912.) 
 
 Hon. Maui'ice F. Egan, minister of the United States at the Court 
 of Denmark, will, by permission of the Secretary of State, attend tlie 
 sessions of the Southern Commercial Congress at Nashville. 
 
 At the opening s'ession, April 8, he will speak on the cooperative 
 dairying systems of Denmark that have, in a few years, lifted that 
 small Kingdom to affluence. The farmers of Denmark have not 
 merely united for the sale of dairy products, but have a strict organ- 
 ization whereby the standard of quality is maintained. 
 
 Since 1907 Minister Egan has been a close student of Danish 
 systems. Realizing this, and also realizing what remarkable unused 
 dairying possibiUties there are in the Southern States through 
 moderate climate, rainfall, and the possibilities of green feed through- 
 out the major portions of the Soutii, the Southern Commercial Con- 
 gress has not only arranged for the speech in question, but by the 
 consent of j\linister Egan has arranged an itinerary subsequent to 
 the meetings of the congress, April 8 to 10. This itinerary will 
 take Minister Egan through Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, 
 Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North 
 Carolina, and Virginia. 
 
 The itinerary, which is arranged in oi-der that the Danish system 
 may be familiarized to the agricultural thought of the South, is as 
 follows : 
 
 Nashville, Tenn., April 8-10, Southern Commercial Congress. 
 
 Kentucky, April 11, 12, and 13, visiting Elizahsthtown, Shelbyville, and Lexing 
 ton. Arrangements made by commissioner of agriculture, J. W. Newman. 
 
 In Missouri (arrangements not completed), April 15 and 16. 
 
 In Arkansas (arrangements not completed), April 17 and 18. 
 
 Dallas, Tex., April 19 and 20, under the direction of the chamber of commerce, 
 J. R. Babcock, secretary. 
 
 Palestine, Tex., April 22, under the direction of the Young Men's Business League. 
 
 Houston, Tex., April 23, under the direction of the chamber of commerce, Adolph 
 Boldt, secretary. 
 
 Louisiana, April 24 and 25, under the direction of E. L. Chappuis, of New Orleans. 
 
 Jackson, Miss., April 26 and 27, under the direction of Maj. R. W. Millaaps and the 
 Jackson Board of Trade. 
 
 Birmingham, Ala'., April 29 and 30, under the direction of the Jefferson County 
 Dairymen's Association. 
 
 Athens, Ga., May 1 and 2, under the direction of Prof. A. M. Soule, State College 
 of Agriculture. , 
 
 Charleston S. C, May 3 and 4, under the direction of the Charleston Chamber of 
 Commerce, A. W. McKeand, secretary. 
 
 North Carolina (possibly Greensboro and Raleigh), May 6 and 7, under the direction 
 of Dr. D. H. Hill, of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at 
 West Raleigh. . „ „, -r^ . ■ ■ . • 
 
 Virginia, May 8 and 9, under the direction of G. W. Koiner, commissioner of agri-. 
 
 culture. 
 
BIOGKAPHICAL NOTE. 
 
 Maurice Francis Egan was bom at Philadelphia, Pa., May 24, 1852. 
 He received the degree of A. B. from La SaUe College in 1873; A. M. 
 from Notre Dame in 1878; LL. D. from Georgetown CD. C.) in 1879; 
 J. U. D. from Ottawa University, 1891 ; Ph. D. from ViUanova, 1907. 
 Mr. Egan is the author of many works, both poetry and prose. At 
 the present time Mr. Egan is envoy extraordinary and minister 
 plenipotentiary to Denmark, which position he has held since 1907. 
 4 
 
NOTES ON AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 Which served as a basis for the Hon. Maurice Francis Egan's series of lectures deliv- 
 ered in various Southern States under the auspices of the Southern Commercial 
 Congresa in the spring of 1912.] 
 
 It is not my intention to make comparisons in tlie course of this 
 paper. During my recent trip,^ made at the suggestion of the State 
 Department, and under the direction of the Southern Commercial 
 Congress, I had many opportunities of observing the condition of 
 agricultural matters in certain districts of the States of Tennessee, 
 Kentucky, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South 
 Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia; but so diversified are the 
 agricultural interests in these various districts" and States that, even 
 had there been time for intelligent research, useful comparisons 
 would have been difficult^ The people are open-minded and most 
 willing to admit any deficiency m answer to constructive criticism 
 or suggestion. They are most grateful for practical ideas and most 
 willing to apply them. 
 
 I say the "people," not the "farmers," for I observed that the 
 citizens of Birmingham, Ala., for instance, who love every stone in 
 their city as deeply as Dr. Johnson loved the Strand in London, arc 
 as heartily interested in the methods of conservation as the youngest 
 and most enthusiastic dairy farmer ^ in Kentucky. The education 
 of public opinion, not by politicians or outside influence but by the 
 people most concerned, is going on hopefully. The bane of many 
 American agricultural communities, the extreme individualism of 
 the farmer, is decreasing. It is becoming evident that the success 
 of a State depends not on the prosperity of a few persons but on the 
 well-being of the many. This is a lesson which Denmark has thor- 
 oughly learned. If I were making comparisons, I would compare 
 this great little Kingdom of Denmark not with the United States, 
 which would be absurd, but Avith New Hampshire, whose 8,315 square 
 mUes of area make it a little less than one-half the size of Denmark, 
 or of Texas with its area of 265,896 square miles, or of Virginia with 
 40,125 square miles. Those comparisons would fail because of the 
 diversified characters of these States, the varieties of soU, the varia- 
 tions of climate, and the occupations of their inhabitants. Denmark 
 is a flat country devoted almost entirely to agriculture, principally 
 in dairy work, with an area of 15,592 Eilghsh square miles and a popu- 
 lation of 2,605,268. It is a small country, and fortunately the Danes 
 have never confused quality with quantity. 
 
 The modem member of a large empire is in great risk of making the same mistake 
 as did the Koman of imperial days; he mistakes size for importance. * * * The 
 
 « BeainninK Nashville, Tenn., on Apr. S, and ending at Eoanoke, Va., on May 10, 1912. 
 sMr? Philip Weisenger, o( Shelby vUle, Ky., for instance. 
 
 5 
 
6 NOTES ON AGEICULTUKAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABK. 
 
 danger is even greater, for he will be content to rest in his littleness, believing by 
 mere adhesion to one empire containing so many square miles he is suj)erior to the 
 man whose native country can be measured in acres, who has no possessions beyond 
 the seas. (Mr. R. Ellis Roberts: Henrik Ibsen.) 
 
 In the South I found that there is a general desire to profit by the 
 practical experience of others. And the South is wHEng to profit 
 by experience and observations from anybody who can put them 
 in workable form. If I am enthusiastic about the sympathetic 
 reception of the southern farmers and business men, it is not because 
 I was, as every well-accredited visitor is, the recipient of generous 
 hospitality, but because this hospitality was in all cases made sub- 
 servient to the receiving of the suggestions I had gone into these 
 States to impart. All these suggestions were in the form of object 
 lessons taken from the agricultural history of a little kingdom,, which 
 in this year of grace 1912 is prosperous because of its misfortunes. 
 And the time has come when the Southern States will become more 
 and more prosperous because of their misfortunes. 
 
 These misfortunes in some States would follow the wasteful exhaus- 
 tion of the soil; in others they would be the consequences of the 
 dying out of the smaU farmers and the foundation of great land 
 trusts, so that wealth might accumulate and men decay; in others 
 they would come frona a proud individuaEsm, which would keep great 
 modem improvements xinutilized because of unintelligent lack of 
 cooperation, and still in others from a want of careful thought giv^i 
 to the problems of education. It is impossible that the problem of 
 rural education, on which everything in the South must depend, can 
 be settled according to the earlier ideas of Roussieau and the French 
 physiocrats — that is, without State support— but this support ought 
 to be kept from politics and be regulated only according to the needs 
 of the population of the various States. 
 
 Now, agriculture, especially dairy farming, can not exist to any 
 advantage in the Southern States without a supply of inteHigent and 
 trained helpers. Thev jnust be trained in the South or the lack of 
 them must be supphei through immigration.. The latter has its risks 
 and its disappointments; the former ought to be the solution. In 
 view of my impressions of the needs of the South, not only rural but 
 urban (there can b© no severance of these two), I express to the 
 best of my ability what has been done in Denmark. 
 
 Denmark has an area of 15,592 square miles and a population per 
 square mile of 167. Allowing for a slight increase, the whole popu- 
 lation may be put at somewhat over 2,605,268. In 1911' the total 
 export of butter was about 229,320,000 pounds — to Great Britani 
 alone tiie export of butter amounted to $51,142,715. From the total 
 amoimt of butter shipment must be deducted the amount of foreign 
 butter reshipped. In 1911 this amounted to 31,685,850 pounds, 
 leaving 197,634,150 pounds of butter produced in Denmark for 
 exportation in 1911. In the first six months of 1912 the export of 
 butter decreased 3,307,500 pounds, as compared with 1911, but the 
 price advanced 10 per cent. 
 
 The total amount of cream and milk in 1911 amounted to 
 $4,191,520.* 
 
 1 In 1874 the value of the export of butter was over 26 millions of crowns; in 1911 it was ovar 182 mU. 
 lions of crowns. A crown' is wortlj very nearly 27 cents. 
 ^Exported mostly to Germany. 
 
-KOTES ON AGEICULTTJBAL OONDITIONS IN DBNMAEK. 7 
 
 i 
 
 ' The export of bacon from Denmark in 1911 amounted to 252,252,- 
 000 pounds; in value, $32,352,960. 
 
 In 1912 for the first six months bacon showed an increase both in 
 quantity and jjrice; in quantity it increased over 22,000,000 poimds 
 over the first six months of 1911. 
 
 The money value of the eggs exported in 1911 amounted to 
 $7,906,000. The increase in value over 1910 amoimted to $766,748. 
 Only 3 per cent of this total export went to other countries than Great 
 Britain. 
 
 This showing is worth serious attention, especially when the fact 
 is emphasized that the Danes hold the English market by the quality 
 of their products. Danish butter commands the best price in the 
 English market, because its quality is iuvariable. There, is no fall- 
 ing off either in richness or in flavor or quantity in the winter. And 
 so careful are the creameries as to the flavor of the milk that there 
 are certain foodstuffs forbidden to be fed to the cows. One great 
 creamery has a prejudice against the soya bean, and turnips and even 
 carrots are not always approved of. The absence of sflos may be 
 accounted for by the impossibflity of growing maize in the Danish 
 climate. The utmost care is used by the Danish farmers to preserve 
 the flavor of their milk. That this is successful is due to teamwork. 
 The natural competitors of the Danish butter makers in the English 
 market would be the Irish, for whom the Eight Hon. Sir Horace 
 Plunkett, copying Danish methods, has been the wisest of guides. 
 Irish grass makes the most exquisitely flavored butter in the market, 
 but the Irish have not caught the art of Danish cooperation, and for 
 some inexplicable reason they do not make butter for export in the 
 winter. Not very long ago there was a complaint from England that 
 the quality of the Danish butter was faUing off. It was treated in 
 Denmark as if the national honor had been attacked, and whatever 
 reason of complaint existed was removed at once by the unanimous 
 consent of the nation. It was not a local question, but a national 
 one. 
 
 Permit me to emphasize the fact that Denmark is almost entirely 
 devoted to agriculture. It has no mines, no potential water power, 
 no great mills. It has existed, and it seems as if it must exist, solely 
 by means of the brain and brawn of its people applied to a soil that 
 would be considered by the Pennsylvanians as ungrateful and in a 
 climate which would drive a LouLsianian to madness and suicide. 
 On the soil and the climate it is only necessary to say that there are 
 only 16 weeks in the year when the cattle are let out in the open. 
 In May they are allowed in the fields, carefuUy tethered, so that they 
 may consume only a fixed quantity of grass or clover. When this 
 grass or clover is high, in July, they go back to their staUs to be fed 
 .on grains that the tall grass may not be.wasted by them. In August, 
 after the harvest, they go out to remain in the open, still carefuUy 
 tethered in the interest of economy, until the 1st of October. 
 
 The scientific treatment of the cow is never relaxed for a moment. 
 It has become a habit with the large and the small farmer and his 
 dependents. The cow to him is a milking machine, whose power of 
 production is to be approached exactly as if she were of steel or iron. 
 The Danish farmer takes few chances. The unhappy chance he has 
 to take is from the foot-and-mouth disease, against which he and his 
 Government use the most drastic measures. He complains that he 
 can not control his German and Swedish neighbors, or that birds 
 
8 NOTES OJSr AGSICULTUfiAL GONOIIIOSrS IN DENMABK. 
 
 carry the contagion, or that oceasionally there "is a crimmally| 
 foolish neighbor, like the one not far from Copenhagen who recently | 
 concealed the existence of this dreaded disease in his barn s imtilj 
 after he had given a birthday party to half the countryside. The j 
 consequences justify the vigilance with which Mr. Grut Hansen, of j 
 KollekoUe, the- proprietor of the finest farm in Denmark, guards his 
 splendid herd. He offers boimties to his farm hands for keepitfg] 
 visitors away from Ms cattle, so that the danger, of contagion is' 
 minimized. He carries his precautions against tuberculosis so far that | 
 each cow has her own drinking vessels, and every precaution is taken ' 
 to keep her from infection should there be danger. Although the ' 
 Bang test is not used at Kollekolle, the unusual amount of light and 
 air in the barns, and the care taken to keep the temperature suf- 
 ficiently and healthily low in winter speaks well for the condition of 
 the herd. ! 
 
 After a consideration of the present condition of this purely agri- 
 cultural country, made largely by comparing the soil, not very good, ■ 
 and the climate, for seven months of the year very bad,^ with the 
 wonderful results, I asked myfeelf , "What is the main cause of these 
 results?" and the first part of the answer was, "The rdisf or tunes of 
 the Danes and their way of meeting these misfortunes." Their ways 
 of meeting them were by education, cooperation, and the intelligent 
 assistance of the Government. It must be remembered that the 
 Government is a monarchy, but since 184'8 a very constitutional 
 monarchy, and the Government never forgets that Denmark, like 
 Caesar's Gauls, is divided into three parts — butter, bacon, and eggs. 
 
 LAND TENUEES. 
 
 Farmers rule the country, and it is not too much to say that the 
 
 Erofits of the Government to-day are very laigely directed for the 
 enefit of the farmer. The actual goyernment of Denmark is a 
 peasant government. When I use the word "peasant," I do not use 
 it in a class sense and in which it is generally understood. It has 
 changed its significance as greatly as that other word "bourgeois^" 
 which used to be taken to mean everything stupid, unintelligent, and 
 mediocre. A peasant in rural Denmark may be the proprietor of 
 very large estates, and no peasant in Denmark is an uneducated or 
 narrow-minded man in relation to things which immediately concern 
 his progress. The great landed proprietors in Denmark are not 
 absentee landlords; they work themselves, or rent their land to others 
 who must work it effectually in order that the proprietors may secure 
 a reasonable percentage on their capital. There is talk in Denmark 
 of a movement for the division of the large entailed landed estates; 
 but this movement is not so evident as it seems to be iii England, for 
 the reason that nearly every acre of land that is possessed by aris- 
 tocratic families is developed on scientific principles, and adds to.tlie 
 wealth of the nation. 
 
 A nobleman in Denmark can not afford, nor would public opinion 
 permit, the great expanse of immense pleasure parks so often found 
 
 1 TJio Government grants 200,000 kroner a year for six p-inclpal experimental stations. There are over 
 100 other cooperative local experimental stations founded by the fermers themselves. These supply 
 100,006 kroner from their own funds for their work in consultation with the principal stations, the Govern- 
 ment giving them an equal amount for CEich 100 kroner tliey give themselves. Prof. Z. Westormann is 
 the president of the Royal Danish Farmers' Societies. He is likewise professor of the Farmers' High 
 School (Landbohojskolcn) in Copenhagen. He reports that at present there arc 100 agricultural experts 
 working with the local associations; in 1S97 there were none. Smce 1897 the agricultural products have 
 Increased, owing to scientific culture, 60 per cent. ,; ' -. 
 
.KOTES ON AGBICULTUEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABK. 9 
 
 in England. The landed proprietor can only use the income from his 
 estates, the estate itself being held by a Government commission, 
 which niight be called a trusteeship, but which in Denmark is known 
 as a fidei commis. On the death or a proprietor, the heir on whom the 
 estate is entailed pays a veiy large tax to the Government. 
 ! Since the year 1848— the year of the granting of the Danish con- 
 stitution — the new entailing of estates is not allowed. As the success 
 of a farmer depends very largely on the kind of tenure by which he 
 holds his lands, it is well that I should describe briefly the varieties 
 of Danish tenures. 
 
 ,- What is called "Selvejergaard" is fee simple. This is ownership 
 without restriction, except that of the usual taxation. The entailed 
 land, in the first instance, is that granted by the King for services 
 rendered. This land is governed by the law of primogeniture — 
 that is, it descends in a direct line to the first-born male heir. If the 
 male heir fad, the estate goes back to the Crown. In the second 
 instance it consists of lands that have been entailed by the owners 
 themselves — family estates — not granted by the Crown. These can 
 not be burdened with debts beyond his own lifetime, unless such a 
 debt is for the betteiment o£ the land. To provide for his widow or 
 his younger children, the heir must save from his own income. 
 Even if he is permitted to sell the estate the minister of justice 
 obliges him to invest, the proceeds in such securities as may be ap- 
 proved. The funds from the sale of an entailed estate are as rigor- 
 ously guarded for the heir in possession as the land itself. Only the 
 royal authority can break an entail. 
 
 ■ Another form of land tenure is the lease for a fixed number of years. 
 This is really a lease, as the Scotch Eeport of Agricultural Conditions 
 in Denmark makes clear, on the rotation of crops. This lease holds 
 for as many years, sometimes twice as many years, as there are fields 
 in the farms. The lease includes all the live and dead stock on the 
 farm. At the expiration of the lease, the tenant must pay for every 
 decrease in value of the farm implements, buildings, etc., on the farm, 
 and the landlord for any increase. The widow of the deceased tenant 
 may remain in possession of the lease as long as she remains a widow. 
 A second husband or the heii's of the tenant can claim no right in the 
 lease. 
 
 What is called "fixed land" is another form of tenure and this 
 land must not be less than 12^ acres or more than 150 acres in 
 extent. Its condition was legally fixed 200 years ago. A certain 
 sum must be paid do'WTa and also a certain annual amount as rent, 
 but this lease is. never from year to year. The simple "faeste" is a 
 lease for 50 years. "Livfaeste" is limited by the lives of the ten- 
 ant and his wife, and "arvefaeste" may be either perpetual or gov^ 
 erned by the rule of primogeniture, reverting to the proprietor on 
 the failure of an heir. When perpetual, it is subject to a fine on 
 each transfer of the property on the part of the tenant and a yearly 
 rent. If the "tenant and his wife die before the end of the 30 years, 
 their estate may receive as many thirtieth parts of the principal sum 
 as the time of their occupancy has fallen short of that period. The 
 children are thus provided for. Since small holdings have become a 
 rije th'ese old-fashioned systems of tenure are beginning to disappear. 
 The system of small holdings — peasant proprietary, which has made 
 the present economic Denmark — deserves an entire paper to itself. 
 S. Doc. 992, 62-3 2 
 
10 
 
 NOTES ON AGEICULTUKAL CONDITIONS IN DENMAEK. 
 
 It enables any Danish subject, not under 25 or over 50 years old, 
 who does not possess sufficient money to acquire land on his own 
 accourt, who has worked as an agricultural laborer for five years 
 preceding his application, to acquire from 2§ to 16 acres of land; in 
 other words, a piece of land fully stocked, valued at about $1,585. 
 Thus on the production of testimonials of good character the Danish 
 peasant becomes a landowner, the Government helping him, and tak- 
 mg the character of the man as security. The Landsthing, or Upper 
 House, tried, when the law governing these small holdings was before 
 it, to make the size of the little farm so small that the farmer would 
 be forced to help out his earnings by work on other estates, but the 
 Folkething, or Lower House, made up of peasants, defeated the natural 
 desire of large estate owners not to be left at the mercy of foreign 
 farm laborers. 
 
 The agricultural land of Denmark is computed to be divided iato 
 a quarter of a million holdiags. There are about 1,500 holdings in 
 Denmark which have reached 400 acres, and perhaps 800 which aver- 
 age 1,000 acres. In 1901 Mr. R. J. Thompson, of the British Statis- 
 tical Society, estimated that the percentage of holdings in Denmark 
 between 1 J and 37 acres was 62 per cent. The next largest holdings 
 range between about 37 and 147 acres. 
 
 Until 1901 there were, strange to say, no statistics of Denmark 
 holdings, showing their actual superficial area. The annual returns 
 showed the measurement of the holdings in tondr hartkorn; that is, 
 in tons of rye and barley. Land was classed according to the number 
 of tons of 2,000 pounds. On the best soil about 8| acres were sup- 
 posed to equal a ton of hard corn. There might be land so poor 
 that eight times 8^ acres would only be equal to a ton of hard 
 corn. Ilolders of a ton of hard corn or less are defined as "huse 
 holders." ' Holdings of more than a ton of com are called "gaarde." 
 The word "gaarde" means a farm. Holders of between 1 and 12 tons 
 of hard corn (24 and 288 acres) are "bonder gaarde" (peasant 
 farmers) . The very large farms are called gentleman farms, or " herre 
 gaarde." A small holding in Denmark is, at a minimum, about 6 
 acres. An ordinary farm would include atsout 93 acres. A gentle- 
 man fatm averages about 1,250 acres. 
 
 The total area of Denmark is about 9,420,000 acres, of which 
 about 140,000 are covered by lakes and rivers. The cultivated area 
 in the country districts covers about 8,720,000 acres, or more than 
 95 per cent of the entire area of the country. A holding of less area 
 than 8 acres of land is called a "house" (cottage). Of farms of 8 
 acres and over, there are 76,784 in the country. This table shows 
 the division of farms of more than 8 acres : 
 
 Size of farm. 
 
 Number of 
 farms. 
 
 Acres of 
 land. 
 
 8 to 12 acres - ... ..................... ... 
 
 . 872 
 
 8,395 
 
 9,629 
 
 26,985 
 
 22,747 
 
 5,887 
 
 1,477 
 
 792 
 
 9,77B 
 
 155,800 
 
 290,500 
 
 1,460,100 
 
 2,230,100 
 
 1,130,700 
 
 580,000 
 
 ' 892,900 
 
 12 to 24 acres.. 
 
 
 36 to 72 acres , 
 
 72 to 144 acres 
 
 144 to 288 acres 
 
 
 Over 576 acres ... . 
 
 
 Total „ 
 
 76,784 
 
 6,749,876 
 
 ' Cottage farmers— cottagers. 
 
KOTES ON AGBICULTTJKAL CONDITIONS IN DENMAKK, 11 
 
 Thirty to forty acres of land is considered an average sized farm on 
 the islands, while in Jutland about 80 acres forms an average. Taken 
 for the whole country, about one-half of the farms run above 36 
 acres. 
 
 Of the total area of the country more than 2,700,000 acres are used 
 for the cultivation of cereals ; the area used for green fodder and grazing 
 land covers about 3,000,000 acres and for root crops 750,000 acres.^ 
 
 The influence of the Danish Government for the last 100 years has 
 been against the holding together of large estates and in favor of 
 the subdivision of the land into small farms. One has only to visit 
 the Agricultural Museum at Lyngby to see how quickly since 1835 
 the small holdings have increased. In this year (1912) out of about 
 150,000 separate small farms there are about 133,000 that are not 
 over 11 acres. 
 
 Mr. Robert Ashton Lister came to Denmark in the interest of the 
 Gloucestershire farmers and estimated that more than one-third of 
 the people in rural Denmark gain their living on farms of 1 1 acres 
 or less, and that one-fifth of them live on farms of 5 or 6 acres. 
 Here we have to repeat some essential figures : A population of over 
 2,600,000 persons is living in a country with an area of about 15,000 
 square miles — about four times the size of Delaware — in a condition of 
 weU-bemg, and exporting with ease and efficiency at least $90,000,000 
 worth of, butter, bacon, and eggs; and butter to Spain,^ Portugal, 
 Porto Rico, the Philippines, and South America. You may ask in 
 astonishment, "How has all this been brought about?" 1 repeat: 
 By three factors — ^education, cooperation, and the intelligent, assist- 
 ance of the Government, to which may be added — though I regret to 
 say that this factor is not so important in Denmark as it once was — 
 religion. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The religious and educational impetus, which included a national 
 and patriotic impetus, was given by a Danish clergyman. Bishop 
 Grundtvig. 
 
 Denmark, after the loss of Schleswig-Holstein in 1864, was on the 
 verge of ruin. She needed above all things courage and energy to 
 bring about a way to make her living. Grundtvig saw that she must 
 have the hope that only religion can give and the cheerfulness which 
 only honest work with a reasonable prosperity can supply. The rural 
 population was induced to take an interest in the formation of high 
 schools. They were the result of the enthusiastic patriotism of the 
 people, private concerns, which, however, the State was induced to aid. 
 
 These high schools are not what are known in the United States 
 under the same name. Our high schools are, as a rule, academies 
 preparatory to college, or minor colleges, to which very few adults go 
 as pupils ; but the Danish high school is an institution to which no 
 minor pupil ever goes, and to which no pupil ever goes perfunctorily. 
 They are attended almost entirely by the grown-up people, the sons 
 and daughters of the farmers, during some months of every year. 
 The Danes are probably the best educated people in the world, because 
 the Danish farmer imderstands that the kmd of education his son and 
 
 > Beet sugar is almost exclusively used in Denmark. 
 
 a OHlie total exports of Danish -butter in 1911, 101,636,550 pounds were shipped in ordinary casks, whila 
 £,843,250 pounds were shipped in tins. 
 
12 NOTES ON AGRICUETTTEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABK. ^ 
 
 daughter gets will fit them for the work they are to do, without limit- 
 ing them in narrow bonds. The schools in the rural districts of Den-, 
 mark (it is not necessary for me in this paper to consider the methods 
 of education in the cities) are arranged for the convenience of the 
 farmer. The technique of these schools is not so hard and fast as to 
 interfere with the everyday demands of the reasonable father of a 
 family. If a farmer can not spare both his boys every day in th& 
 week, each is permitted to go to the elementary schools on alternate 
 days; but I shall not concern myself with the secondary schools, 
 wmch a Danish boy leaves at about the age of 14 — that is, when he is 
 "confirmed."' 
 
 The Danish language is closely related to that of Non^^ay and less 
 closely related to that of Sweden, but is not comprehensible by the 
 nearest neighbors of Denmark — Germany and England; therefore, 
 nearly all the Danes are bi-Hngual, and the elementary and middle 
 schools lay great stress upon modem languages. A lad attending an 
 elementary or middle school may have only a distant acquaintance 
 with algebra and geometry, but he can speak and even read German 
 and English with great facility. 
 
 Education in Denmark is compulsory. The boy begins his farm 
 work as soon as he can handle a spade or feed the chickens, and his 
 school education goes hand in hand vnth. his work. He does not 
 waste time on things that can not be correlated with his work. Arith- 
 metic becomes part of his daily life, as he must count the number 
 of eggs, weigh the slaughtered pigs, and calculate the profit that is to 
 be made upon them. Thus correlation of education with the prac- 
 tical duties of life begins at once. The geography of England is 
 made actual by the connection with the ports to which the coopera- 
 tive society, of which his father is a member, sends its butter, eggs,- 
 and bacon. When he has learned that Leif the Lucky or Columbus 
 discovered America, he eearches on the map for Porto Rico and the 
 Phihppines, because he knows that a large amount of Danish butter 
 is exported to both these places. Bound to the soil by both interest 
 and patriotism, he is desirous of following the traditions of his 
 father. He finds everything in his home to make life agreeable. His 
 tastes are simple. He must be frugal to hve, but this frugality does 
 not prevent farmers' houses from being cheerful homes, for good 
 pictures, musical instruments, and books are found in them all. 
 
 It is to the high school that the Danish farmer owes most. It 
 gives him cultivation; it suppMes him with resources that make life 
 worth Hving. In the long wiater there are nearly five months 
 which a young man who has finished the secondary schools may 
 devote to his further education. For him — he must be over 16 
 years of age — the high school opens its doors. The cost of five 
 months' instruction and board at one of the high schools is about 
 $55. Women, who generally attend these schools in the summer, 
 pay about $30 for three months' instruction, board, and lodging. 
 Small as these fees seem to be, the State, through the provincial 
 councils, finds ways of reduciag the fees, especially for the sons and 
 daughters of small holders. The number of students in these sum- 
 mer and winter schools in the last few years has never been less than 
 10,000. 
 
 > The Stafo Cliurcli is Lutheran; Catholics and Jews rank low in numbers, but next to the Lutherans. 
 
NOTES OK AGRICULTUEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMAEK. 13 
 
 The most interesting of the high schools— one of three m the 
 Kingdom — is that for very poor small farmers, near the town of 
 Ringsted. It is called "Kaerhave." The "forstander" (director) 
 is Mr. N. J. Nielsen-Klodskov, who founded it. He is assisted ia its 
 management by his wife. The Government advanced a certain 
 amount of capital and it holds a perpetual mortgage on the place. 
 It contributes about $800 a year toward its support. Whatever 
 else is needed is supplied from the profit of the crops and the fees of 
 the students. The fees average 40 kroner (a krone is worth about 
 27 cents) for a period of five months. These fees are generally paid 
 by the communes in which the pupils live. It is an axiom with the 
 Danish farming communities that the weaker brethren must be 
 made as strong as possible, or the community will not make a normal 
 gain. I have known of a promising, but poor, young blacksmith who 
 lacked a finished technical Imowledge of his trade to be sent to school 
 until he was as "compleat" in his line as Izaak Walton was in his. 
 But he was obHged to sign an understanding that he was to stay in 
 the district a certain tune. His community was determmed to 
 
 Erofit by his knowledge. The school at Kaerhave is not a typical 
 igh school. The high school does not make a specialty of agricul- 
 ture, but this "smaU farmers" school— "husholdgskole," "land- 
 brugskole," and "handvaerkerskole," as it is called — is one of the 
 three that mingles culture courses with practical farm and household 
 work. 
 
 The typical high school, to which Denmark owes so much, is not 
 mainly intended for the very poor; this "small farmers" school was 
 organized for people who could not afford to pay even the small fees 
 demanded without assistance from the authorities of then* commune, 
 who are looked on merely as caretakers of the public money. There 
 is no disgrace in a man or a woman accepting this kind of assistance. 
 It is looked on rather as a prize for respectability of life. A "house- 
 mother" may not have, for example, great success with her fowls, 
 or even with the few Belgian hares on her little place — for the Bel- 
 gian hare is still kept by the small farmer — or else she finds that her 
 household expenses are growing heavier. How shall she lessen them ? 
 By learning how to use the products of her garden more fully. Her 
 ambition, men, is to go to Kaerhave. To her, it is a " dearly beloved 
 garden," indeed. She applies to her commune for the expenses to 
 enable her to take the 11 days' course, knowing very well what she 
 needs, and how best to get the value of the 30 kroner. She is expected 
 to take nothing with her, outside of the most necessary clothing, 
 except a pair of soft shoes and a pair of wooden ones. 
 
 At Kaerhave, in August, I met a woman of over middle age; she 
 had not been away from home for 13 years; she had never had a new 
 gown during that time, and she longed for a course at Kaerhave^ 
 At last, her family cares growing less, she had her two desires ful- 
 filled. She received from her communal authorities the coveted 30 
 kroner, with her railway fare — Kaerhave is open to all Denmark — 
 and she managed to obtain a new dress. She seemed very happy 
 learning some new arts in the way of making hens lay when I saw 
 her. Later, she joined in the singing of national airs with a vim. 
 The experience of these 11 days will give her stimulus for the rest of 
 her lifetime. On the third Thursday in September, after she had 
 gone home, her husband, who was 60 years of age, expected to come 
 
14 KOTES ON AGKICULTTJEAL CONDITION'S IN DBNMAEK. 
 
 to learn sometliing more about the rotation of root crops than his 
 hmited experience had taught him. These people are never too old 
 to learn, and they learn joyfully. 
 
 There are longer courses. The winter school opens on November 
 4 and closes in May. There are special courses for men and women 
 laborers who want to become farmers. The six months courses cost 
 240 kroner — that is, 40 kroner a month. This can be reduced if a 
 man is w illin g to occupy a room with four others or increased some- 
 what if a man wants a room to himself or special food. The expense 
 for the special food is 1 Icroner a week (27 cents). There are summer 
 courses for young farmers, and summer courses as well for young 
 women who expect to be farmers' wives. And these young women 
 make the most of their time. Their cooking school is in one of the 
 upper pieces of the Kaerhave school. They were making some delec- 
 table smelling things from parsnips on the day of our visit, and they 
 had just completed many rice cakes for their own dinner. The 
 receipt for these, accurately stated to the smallest proportion, had 
 been written on the blackboard by the teacher. Margarine was a 
 useful ingredient in all the receipts, as the Danish small farmer can 
 not afford to use butter, not even the imported Russian butter. If 
 he has two cows, he calculates that it will take the product of about 
 2J statute acres for each animal. 
 
 In Jutland it is calculated that each well-kept cow ought to yield 
 over 6,000 pounds of milk a year. But all this milk goes to the 
 creameiy to have the butter fat separated from it. The skim milk 
 is returned to the farmer; the butter is exported for him by his coop- 
 erative society. Every pound of this butter, "gilt-edged" in Eng- 
 land, is too precious to be eaten by him, even at Christmas and St. 
 Sylvester's, when he eats goose luxuriously. Hence the prevalence 
 of margarine, well controlled by the laws in Denmark, in all the 
 cooldng receipts. As the cost of hving goes up,' the farmers' wives 
 and daughters flock to the cooking schools to learn how to obtain 
 more nutrition from the simple materials at hand. The celery root, 
 the Jerusalem artichoke, the parsnip, the large leek, "pore," are 
 all utilized. The national dish, smorrebrod, sandwiches on the 
 half shell, is more varied, and the Danish woman of the lower classes 
 makes the best of circumstances that would fill an English or an 
 American woman with despair; she is anxious to turn misfortunes 
 to profit. Since the openmg of Kaerhave in 1903, 1,278 people 
 have gone through the long courses. About half of these were 
 women; 1,592 men and 1,926 women have attended the short courses. 
 
 About 68 years ago Bishop Grundtvig (1783-1872) founded these 
 schools. He has been dead for many years, and yet, as Mr. Alfred 
 Polvsen (Mr. Polvsen is the director of the high school at Ryslinge, 
 inFyn) says; 
 
 His thoughts and his system are as enthusiastically discussed as they were during 
 the first half of the nineteenth century, when he himseU was the leader. 
 
 He saw no debasement in being a peasant or a workingman, nor 
 any grandeur in being rich in goods or knowledge. Misfortune lies 
 only in poverty when accompanied by ignorance, immorality, and 
 impiety. And the most invaluable treasure of man is, as he says in 
 
 1 Meat went up 20 per cent in August. Only a well-bred bull oaU is, as a rule, kept. The rest are sent 
 to the butcher. 
 
NOTES ON AGRICULTUEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABK. 15 
 
 one of his best schools songs, "to know God and yourself." In this 
 sentence his whole educational system is expressed: "Make every 
 man a servant of God and a master of his task." In these few words 
 are contained the double object of school work, namely, universal 
 and professional education: 
 
 Univorsal education need not be scientific. Scientific education is professional, 
 and can never become the possession of the multitude. Children, perhaps also 
 grown-up people, can be trained to pick up the crumbs that fall from the table of 
 science, but intelligence so derived will only be fractional, will only become a demi- 
 civilization, a boyish science, as Grundtvig liked to call it, and has just as little to do 
 with real science as with real education. From the Jews he learned that all educa- 
 tion must be historical, from the Greeks that it must be poetical, and the life of the 
 Roman people taught him to shun that amassing of knowledge which has nothing 
 at all to do with the development of conscience and heart. 
 
 He strongly opposes the old school system that to his mind is built upon Boman 
 principles and against the error that knowledge, without developing the inner man, 
 should be able to ennoble the mind or cause a greater happiness. He wants to save 
 the people from the errors which the upper classes labor under and from the danger 
 that results from bringing the workingman too soon into contact with scientific research 
 and book learning — that is to say, before he has realized his own position and capac- 
 ities. This must shield him from vain dreams, discontent, and distaste for the humble 
 position in which he is placed and from dislike to manual work. 
 
 Grundtvig held as a cardinal principle that education ought never to be rendered 
 in such a manner that it breeds despondency and contempt for work, but so that it 
 ennobles a man's work and heightens his ability to perform it well. Therefore educa- 
 tion must not only be scientific or taken from books, but the balance must be kept 
 between knowledge of the world and knowledge of oneself. Of course every educa- 
 tional work, also the popular one, must make the freest use of science and literature, 
 but these should only be a means to an end. If knowledge is to bear good fruit for 
 the common people, it must first and foremost be educational and nourish the mind, 
 strengthen morals and the feelings of responsibility. This is the only way to obtain 
 thorough education, which is to be had as well by the peasant as the scholar. 
 
 The Danish idea, following Grundtvig, as applied to the high, 
 schools, is that between the ages of 18 and 25 the intellectual facul- 
 ties are most accessible to intellectual influence. In these schools 
 oral instruction and not books play the most important part. They 
 stimulate men to read, but to read only that they may live properly. 
 History, particularly Danish history, is studied not only as a means 
 of exciting the national spirit, but in teaching men how to know 
 men. 
 
 During the five months of the winter session men of all ages from 
 18 to 60 may be found eagerly foUowmg the lectures and practicing 
 in the gymnasium after the lectures are over. It is the crown of 
 the Danish farmer's life to have attended a high school at least 
 during one session. The physical exercises in the gymnasium are 
 badly needed after the hard day's work of careful attention to lee- 
 
 The hope which induced Dr. Norrgaard, following the ideas of 
 Grundtvig, in 1866 to found the famous school at Testrup has been 
 fulfilled. From 1866 to 1880 Denmark underwent a serious crisis. 
 The Dane, who would rather see his native land swallowed up by 
 the Baltic than annexed by Germany, felt that absorption m the 
 greater power was inevitable. Norrgaard made himself poor m 
 order to be the pioneer of the high-school movement. To quote 
 from a very sympathetic article by Edith Sellers in the Cornhill 
 Magazine : 
 
 The high school has rendered the Danes intelligent without either making them 
 unsatisfiea with theii- lot or giving them a taste for town life. It has transformed 
 them it is true, but into first-rate agriculturists, not thud-rate officials, itetore the 
 
16 NOTES ON AGEICTJLTUEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABE. 
 
 high schools were open the Danes cultivated their land no better than their ne^h- 
 bors. * * * A Dane can save and cultivate and live on land on which an English- 
 man would starve. 
 
 The rules of Kaerhave forbid the use of unseemly language — "raa 
 or us0mmelig Tale" — or drinking or card playing or visiting of the 
 sexes. But when one sees that the day is too short for its work, it 
 is evident that there is no time left for the breaking of these rules. 
 History and gymnastics, singing and chemistry, physics and the 
 science and the art of starching and washing, geography and folk- 
 lore, horticulture and the care of pigs, all the stress of a day of 10 
 hours, leave very few minutes for the "primrose path of dalliance." 
 The spiritual and practical are mingled; the old hymns and the new 
 songs of national life are combined. The symbol of the school is 
 the owl perched on the spades— wisdom and work — and the motto, 
 "He who works for the happiness of others gains his own." Love 
 of music and love of nature are the keystone of the work. It could 
 not exist a month if previous education had not taught the students 
 to love their own country and how to learn what is best for themselves 
 in communion with others. i 
 
 It is to the high-school movement, which changed the spirit of the 
 Danes and the face of Denmark, that the schools for "small farmers" 
 and colleges owes its origin. When Denmark was in despair this 
 wise clergyman, Bishop Grundtvig, looked into the future and saw 
 that the Danes, to be kept in their country, must love it, and in order 
 to love it they must be taught to work with cheerfulness on its soil. 
 He struck the first note in the modern progress of Denmark — edu- 
 cation — education adapted to the souls, hearts, and bodies, not 
 mere instruction. Grundtvig was a poet as well as a clergyman.' 
 Next to the famous Bishop Absolon, the founder of Copenhagen, 
 whose traditions he revered — though the older ecclesiastic was a 
 Catholic and he a Lutheran — Denmark owes to him a greater debt 
 than to any other churchman. Religion was dying in Denmark 
 when Grundtvig began to write and to preach. The state church 
 had become, like most state churches, more or less perfunctory and 
 bureaucratic. The people were becoming, like the mythical flolger 
 Danske in his castle of Kronborg, drowsy, and seemed to be about 
 to lapse into sleep. Grundtvig wrote stirring songs and hymns. 
 He knew well the educational value of music. "You must use the 
 talents God gave you," he said; "you must realize the value of the 
 life He gave you by educatmg yourselves." He laid stress on "your- 
 selves." He cut loose from the sixteenth century traditions, that 
 the written word was all, and harked back to the point of view of 
 the days before, the art of printing had closed the eyes of so many 
 people to the value of nature and the teaching of objects seen. 
 
 Grundtvig believed that while a cliild's body is growing he may 
 be taught habits of mind ; but to ask him to use both the vitality of 
 the mind and the body at the same time is to defeat the end of 
 education, which is to make him sane, cheerful, well balanced, and 
 desirous of Uving in his own land. Grundtvig beUeved in Denmark 
 for the Danes. The example of Ireland appalled Mm. In 1844 a 
 farmers' high school, on Grundtvig's plan, was opened in Sclileswig 
 by the Farmers' Union. In 1848 war distracted the country; but 
 afterwards the liigh schools multiplied. In 1863 Denmark was 
 struck to the heart by the annexation, by Bismarck, of ScUeswig- 
 
JSrOTES ON AGKICULTTJKAL CONDITIONS IN DENMAEK. 17 
 
 Holstein. Fired by the spirit of Grundtvig, Dr. Norrogaard deter- 
 mined to break the despair of the people by giving them knowledge — 
 if wisdom could make them free they should be free. The high 
 school dots every part of Denmark. Testrup is probably the best 
 known. Visitors to Copenhagen will find a most interesting one near 
 Roskilde, the beautiful burying place of the Kings of Denmark. 
 There everything is simple; there are copies of great paintings, 
 much music, -and constant intellectual intercourse. The summer 
 courses are open for women, the winter for men. The rooms are 
 named for the old Danish monasteries, to show that poetry, continence, 
 and love of learning are to be the essential characteristics of the 
 high-school pupil. The earliest historian, Saxo-Grammaticus, the 
 chronicler of Hamlet, was a monk of the ancient time, and one of 
 the favorite studies in the high school is old Danish history. To-day 
 ,the pupils discuss as eagerly the story of Waldemar and Dagmar 
 and dispute as to the character of his second queen, Berengaria, 
 with as much eagerness as they argue on the rehabilitation of Lucre- 
 zia Borgia or the innocence of Mary Stuart. 
 
 In the beginning the Conservative cried out against these schools 
 They would turn the heads of the fai-mers, "A farmer did not need 
 an education above his position," to which the farmers answered by 
 building more high schools, engaging more teachers, and declaring 
 that no education was too good for the farmers. "They will go to the 
 city and become clerks, and there \\all be no more farmers." To 
 this the farmers and their wives answered that the high schools 
 showed them how to find pleasures and comforts they could not buy 
 in the cities. The problems of making rural life agreeable, which had 
 been settled in the Middle Ages by country dances and pageants, 
 and folk plays and games, was solved by the farmers through the 
 high schools. "Give them agriculture schools," cried the Conserva- 
 tives, "it is enough that a farmer should sow and reap to advantage." 
 But the farmer, taught by Grundtvig, knew better. He must culti- 
 vate his spiritual and intellectual Hfe to get the best from his work 
 on the soil. The high schools taught him the value of cooperation 
 and the destructive quality of selfish individualism. To work as 
 one team was not only to be more Christian but to be more busiaess- 
 Hke. 
 
 The farmers, brought up in their schools, learned to trust one 
 another, they learned to speak the same language. By contact 
 %vith his fellow farmers from all parts of Denmark, he learned that 
 his and their ways were one, for the schools teach, above all, the 
 solidarity of Danish interests. 
 
 His future wife learned here the ways of making life cheerful. 
 And the house mother was glad to drop the routine of the farm, and 
 go for a few months or even for a few weelcs into this refuge of culti- 
 vation and good fellowship, and often to sit beside her daughter in 
 the lecture rooms, to join in the same songs, to learn new ones, and 
 to refresh her knowledge of music, so useful in the long evenings of 
 winter. There are very few farmhouses that have not a piano or 
 some musical instrument, and everywhere you find prmts of the 
 masterpieces. A detail from Velasquez, the Madonna of San Sisto, 
 or a print from Sir Joshua Reynolds is veiy common. A farmer 
 S. Doc. 992, 62-3 3 
 
18 NOTES ON AGEIOTJLTUEAL CONDITION'S IN DENMAEE. 
 
 who does not know the comedies of the Danish Moliere, Holberg, 
 or is ignorant of Hamlet, is rare. And in my recent visit to some of 
 the farmhouses I discovered that the pohtical conditions in the United 
 States excited great iaterest. Everybody reads newspapers, but 
 nobody reads only newspapers. The man who asks you about the 
 old-age pensions in the United States wiU be equally ready to discuss 
 the campaigns of Alexander the Great — ^Alexander and Napoleon 
 are favorite subjects in the high schools — or the r&lative value of 
 cotton oil cake, sunflower seeds, or soya bean cake as food for cattle.' 
 You wiU probably find, too, that his prejudice against Eussia depends 
 entirely on the fact that he occasionally finds bits of broken iron in 
 the Russian fertilizer, imported by his cooperative company. "The 
 Russian may be honest, he wiU say, "but they are careless, since 
 they use machinery that breaks so easily." He reads in Danish, 
 I "The Octopus" by Norris, "The Call of the Wild" by Jack London, 
 and Longfellow's poems, and he is equally fanuliar with Dickens. 
 National songs and national poetry are a part of his life. He can hum 
 snatches from the opera "Elverhoi." the text of which is by that idol 
 of all children, Hans Christian Andersen. He will laugh over Drach- 
 man's "Der Var en Gang" (Once upon a Time). He will not deny 
 that he has written occasional verses himself — on his father's birth- 
 day, for example. ■ 
 Not only in the high schools, which, as I have said, are not 
 strictly "practical," but in the agricultural schools, is singing an 
 essential part of the courses. A very patriotic and very modest 
 Dane ' writes of his visit to one of the agricultural schools in his 
 native country. He says: 
 
 In this, as in many others, it is customary to begin every class with song. As I 
 approached the building, a class was just opening the exercises with the song that 
 had always been dearest to my heart. As I stood there and listened, I saw my father, 
 I saw the .characteristic wrinkles in his forehead, always there when he was singing. ' 
 I saw him holding the old songbook, the back of which was in threads from constant 
 use. I thought'Icould hear hun sing. , The song filled me with emotion; it kindleii 
 new love for, home and country. A short time ago, when entering a class of the New 
 Hampshire College, the boys were singing. It reminded me of the above experience, 
 which I related, and I further told the boys that I should be pleased to start the class 
 with a song, if they so desired. 
 
 Mr. Rasmussen forgot that there is no popular use of the mas- 
 ter-pieces of American song poetry as there is in Germany and 
 Scandinavia. He chronicles the result of his suggestion : 
 
 A short time after, when entering the class, the boys were singing, "Any little girl 
 who's a nice' little girl is the right little girl for me." 
 
 Enough has been said as to the Danish idea of education, which is 
 the basis of success. It has not depended on the influence of other 
 nations; it is not experimental. Grundtvig was convinced of the 
 truth that man can not live by bread alone, but that he must have 
 bread and something more in order to live contentedly in his own 
 country. From these ideas and methods of education came 
 cooperation. It was not good, Grundtvig had learned from the 
 Scriptures and from his own experience, for man to work alone. 
 
 1 Prof. Rasmussen ol the Now HampsMre Colloge of Agriculture' and Uie Mechanic Arts. 
 
ITOTES ON AGBICULTUEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMAKK. 19 
 
 COOPERATION. 
 
 To Mr. Kudolph Schou, of the Danish agricultural department, I 
 am indebted for the following notes. To elaborate them would be 
 to reduce their value. 
 
 About 1875 the price of grain was very good and the farmers 
 made a fair profit on it, but in growing corn they starved the soil 
 and the cows were badly fed and hardly any artificial manure was 
 used. Then the price of grain dropped and the farmer had to face 
 the alternative of either losing money or changing his system from 
 corn to the raising and production of meats and butter. Of course 
 this meant a great outlay of capital. They had to mcrease their 
 stock, enlarge their barns and farm buildings, buy feeding stuffs, 
 such as oil cake, bran, etc., to increase this new production. For 
 the first seven or eight years they had very hard times. The big 
 farms could fairly well make both ends meet, but the small farms 
 could not. The reason was that the butter from the large farms was 
 of a superior quality and they got 115 ore per pound for it, while the 
 small farmers received only 78 ore per pound. The problem was 
 to find a way to enable the small farmers to get the same price as 
 the others, and this was found in the cooperative dairies. 
 
 The first cooperative dairy was started in 1882, and now we have 
 here in Denmark about 1,200 dairies. The scheme is this: One man, 
 one vote. A man with 100 cows has one vote and the man with 1 cow 
 has one vote and the capital is raised on the sohdarity. This means 
 that the members are responsible according to the number of cows 
 they have, but if some of the members can not pay, then the others 
 have to pay for them. After this cooperative bacon factories were 
 started. They have now 38 of these. The butter factories produce 
 200,000,000 pounds of butter a year and the bacon factories kill 
 about 1,000,000 head of hogs annually. In the last 36 years the 
 production of Danish soil has increased more than a hundred per cent, 
 and this is due mainly to the enormous increase in the growing of 
 roots. 
 
 The Danish farmers undertook to make progress even in the bad 
 times and very few of them were forced to leave their farms. They 
 love their birthplace and their homes and will stand almost any sort 
 of hardship as long as they can keep their farms. 
 
 Denmark has nearly 200,000 farmers, practically spealdng, all free- 
 holders, and over 9,000 young men and women frequent the second- 
 ary schools, by which is meant the high schools and agricultural 
 schools. This means about 5 per cent of the young men attend 
 yearly, and in that way, in the course of about 20 years, all the young 
 men will have been through the schools. What they learn there fUls 
 them with interest to learn more. They are very anxious to read and 
 to hear, and the young people go in for all the sports. Nearly every 
 village has its village hall. In this hall lectures are given on all sorts 
 of nonpolitical questions, and they have their gymnastic and other 
 sports here. 
 
 I must emphasize the fact that the Government has not charge of 
 the farming industry directly. This would be quite impossible, as the 
 Danish harvest represents a value of about 400,000,000 kroner yearly, 
 and the Danish annual budget is only 100,000,000 lo-oner, so it can 
 be seen that it is quite impossible for the Government to keep it 
 
20 NOTES ON AGEICULTUBAL CONDITIONS IN DENMAEK. 
 
 all up. But what the Government has done has been to carry on 
 practical experiments in different ways. For instance, plant growing, 
 dairy industry and feeding of domestic cattle, and the high school for 
 the training of the farmers to read and understand the reports issued 
 by the experiment stations have been of much benefit. Take this 
 case, for mstance: Most of the Danish farmers Imow exactly how 
 much each cow consumes, how much mUk and butter fat she gives, 
 and work out the cost of each cow and the profit. By doing this 
 for several years the yield of the cows has been increased over 60 per 
 cent, using the same quantity of feeding stuffs, and similarly all the 
 different branches of the farming industry have been studied and 
 improved. 
 
 The Danish f ai-mer also knows how to spend his money to the best 
 advantage. He is conservative in a good way. He does not go in 
 for experunents before they have been proved by the experiment 
 station to be remunerative, but when this has been proved he takes 
 it up quickly. But to come back to the dairy industry. This has 
 been based upon the careful selection of the cows, production of more 
 food for the cows in the field, and the keepiiig of accurate accounts. 
 The Danish dairy industry has made the Danish farming industry a 
 great success. The raw materials are brought from all parts of the 
 world. Cottonseed-oil cakes from America and soya beans from 
 Manchuria, for example, are mostly bought by the farmer's own coop- 
 erative society, so that they get them at the cheapest possible price 
 and always analyzed. They change from one feeding stuff to 
 another, according to the price and the analysis. And so flie farmers 
 succeed. Then work is on the farm. They have nothing to do in 
 the towns. They buy all their necessities through the cooperative 
 societies. The milk is fetched. on the farm every day, the eggs col- 
 lected twice a week, and the pigs brought to the factory. The turn- 
 over of these societies is of course enormous, and as a matter of fact 
 the Danish farmers administer these societies in an admirable manner. 
 There has been in the course of these many years very few failures. 
 These 200,000 farmers have 4,000 societies of all kinds, cattle breeding, 
 horse breeding, bacon factories, dairies, societies for purchasing feed 
 stuffs, manures, etc., and these societies have over 20,000 board 
 members. 
 
 The fact must not be overlooked that the management of these 
 societies is a very good education for the farmers also, and out of 
 these 20,000 or more they have always been able to find people suited 
 for the executive places. Altogether the farms are occupied all the 
 year round, and the farmers are busily engaged on their own farms 
 and in the administration of the societies, and the people go to the 
 schools that their minds may be broadened and that they may find 
 pleasure as well as profit in country life. The result has been that 
 the rural population of Denmark increases every year, and at the last 
 census it exceeded the increase of the town population. 
 
 Thirty years ago a father always said when his son was good for 
 nothing that he had bettor be a farmer. Now he says that he had 
 better find employment in the city, because a man to succeed in the 
 country now-a-days requires intelligence of the highest order. He 
 must be master of his job; besides he is generally master of his job 
 in a very broad-minded way. For instance, cooperative savings banks 
 are common in Denmark. They are open once or twice a month. 
 There is no division of the profits among the stockholders, as their 
 
ifrOTES ON AGEICULTXJEAL CONDITIOWB IN DEISTSTAKK. 21 
 
 profits are used for community needs, such as grants to needy students 
 or for public improvements. The directors, who are generally 
 farmers, give their services free, the president receiving a very normal 
 salary. Prof. Rasmussen, in a very interesting paper, gives another 
 example of what Danish cooperation does: 
 
 One of the great national philanthropic movements is the estab- 
 lishing of sanitaria for the suppression of tuberculosis. A few years 
 ago a sanitarium was built largely by private subscription, but the 
 cost of entering it was prohibitive to the person of average means. 
 ' 'Wliat was to be done V Sanitaria could not be confined merely to 
 the well-to-do, and the Government is not rich. The central coop- 
 erative committee, representing several hundred thousand of the 
 members of the cooperative societies, took the matter in hand. 
 None of these organizations could refuse to further the movement, 
 for a life membership cost 81 cents a year. For members of the 
 cooperative creameries this amounted to 1 pint of milk per cow per 
 year, or for the cooperative societies 3 cents a year for each pig butch- 
 ered. It has been possible to erect sanitaria where patients can be 
 taken care of at the cost to the patient of 2 cents a day. 
 
 There are cooperative societies for the breeding of cattle, for 
 testing cattle, for increasing the production of milch cows, and for 
 improving all live stock; of creameries and bacon factories, for 
 export; associations of experts for testing and buying fertilizers, 
 seeds, cattle foods; 'there are cooperative societies for insuring live 
 stock, for credit banks. These last are of incalculable benefit to the 
 small farmer, but they could not be carried on if the ofl&cers did not 
 work "cooperatively" and without salary. 
 
 A farmer who belongs to a cooperative society may have expert 
 advice on aU agricultural subjects at the cost often of less than 50 
 cents a year for each cow. The Eoyal Danish Cooperative Society 
 sends their experts a given number of times each year to the farmer. 
 Scientific dairymen know how important it is to keep exact accounts 
 of production. The expert keeps a duplicate set of books for the 
 farmer. Is it the question of the sale of a bull? There are buUs 
 in Denmark that serve 13 years, though formerly the town buU was 
 kiUed at 2, the expert answers. Is a cow Mkeiy to be useless? 
 There are cows in Denmark 15 years old that give over 900 pounds 
 of mUk, the expert decides. Is there a doubt as to the change in 
 the rotation of crops — most vital to the Danish farmer, large and 
 small ? The expert is ready with his decisions. He wfil decide, too, 
 whether the Hogeland system of milking can be used on the farm 
 or not. These depend on the intelligence of the "help." However, 
 he is certain to insist that all farm hands shall learn the rides issued 
 by the Danish creameries : 
 
 t. The cow is a living machine. 
 
 (a) Kindly treatment entails less labor and gives more mUk. 
 
 2. Good work improves the living machine. 
 
 (a) Milk clean. . Clean milking develops the udder, and with this increases 
 
 the quantity of milk; and 
 (6) You receive richer milk, 
 (c) Remember that the milk last drawn is by far the most valuable. 
 
 3. Cleanly milking. 
 
 (a) You should wear tidy and clean clothes. 
 
 (6) Have the milk pail clean as well as the creamery can. 
 
 (c) Thoroughly clean the udder by nibbing with a piece of linen. 
 
 (d) Wash the hands thoroughly before milking. 
 
 (e) Let the udder be quite diy before you begin milking. 
 
22 NOTfe^'&if AGBlU^ULTUEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABKf 
 
 4. Carry out the work properly. 
 (a) Milk with dry hands. 
 (6) Seize the teats with the whole hand. 
 
 (c) Keep a gentle pressure on the udder. 
 
 (d) Milk as fast as you can, and never cease working until the milk is wholly 
 drawn. 
 
 (e) Don't strain the teat beyond its natural length. 
 
 (/) " 
 
 Healthy state of the udder. 
 
 (n Remember the value of the last drops. 
 
 (a) If there be soreness or bumps in the udder or teats, stoppage in the milk 
 canal, or unnaturally colored milk, don't mix the milk with any other 
 and don't send to the creamery. 
 
 6. Milking times. 
 
 (a) Begin milking alwajrs at fixed times. 
 (5) Milk the same cows in the same order. 
 
 7. Regard this excellent work as one of honor. 
 
 PAKMER, MAKE THIS WELL. 
 
 1. Clean the cows. 
 
 2. Have good air in the stalls. 
 
 3. Light should be freely admitted. 
 
 Let me return for a minute to what is called the "Kontrol," one 
 of the most vigorous offsprings of common sense and cooperation. 
 It has resulted in the farmer having an accurate knowledge of his 
 financial position. The Royal Danish Society (a Government insti- 
 tution) supplies an inspector for every cooperative society having 
 1,000 cows. Part of his salary is paid by the society and the rest 
 by the Government. He visits each farmer every 18 days. At the 
 head of every byre there is a slate on which is set forth in chalk the 
 exact value of each cow. From it one learns at a glance (1) the sire 
 of the cow and her number; (2) the cow's number in the Herd Book; 
 (3) the age; (4) the quantity and quality of the milk by the sire's 
 dam, its per cent of butter fat, and the quantity, of butter; (5) the 
 cow's yield of milk for the last season, its per cent of butter fat, and 
 the amount of butter; (6) the time this cow calved last and when she, 
 is expected to calve again; (7) the highest yield of milk the cow has 
 given since she calved, the date of the highest yield, and the yield' 
 now; (8) the class to which the cow belongs according to her yield. 
 She is fed in accordance with her milking quality. 
 
 The cows used in Denmark, except in Jutland, are of the native 
 red kind. Crosses with English or Scotch cattle have not proved pro- 
 ductive. In Jutland the black and white breed is popular. Jerseys 
 are rather rare. The whole force of Danish cattle breeders is to 
 improve scientifically their own stock. The byres in use are made' 
 in two rows, and in some byres each animal has an individual drink- 
 ing pot, and care is taken that the feed shall be kept separate.' 
 The temperature in winter is 59° F. A higher temperature helps 
 to produce thinner milk and is supposed to conduce to tuber- 
 culosis. In the summer the cattle in the fields — always tethered, 
 to save waste of grass, clover, etc. — are watered twice and sometimes 
 three times a day. A wooden handcart is often used for this pur-" 
 pose. In the Danish byre every inch of solid manure and every 
 drop of liquid are utilized. The space on which the cow stands is 
 stooped, so that all the urine runs into the drain and is piped to a 
 carefully covered reservoir. The Danish farmer wilV spend as little 
 for fertilizer as he can help ; the tendency to force more cows on each 
 plot of land is obliging him to look keenly after what the cattle may 
 return to the land, which in most cases is worked to the utmost 
 capacity. An examination of the records for 1911 of Kolkskole 
 
SrOTES ON ASKICT7LTTJEAL CONDITIONS IN 0ENMABK. 23 
 
 farm shows tlmt over 8,000 pounds of milk from cows fed every day 
 m the year with 3.95 per cent butter fat are not uncommon. The 
 Danish fanner insists, on getting a pound of butter from 2-\ gallons 
 of milk It is unusual for a cow to fall below a per cent butter fat. 
 The value of a bull is determined by the butter-fat production of 
 his progeny. 
 
 Th.e question of the rotation of crops is considered from the scien- 
 tific point of view. On it depends the basic fertility of the land and 
 the feeding of the cattle in the winter, as silos, owing to the fact that 
 maize (corn) can not ripen in Denmark, are not used. Roots, espe- 
 cially mangolds, are the mainstay of the stock in winter. There is a 
 farmer m Jutland who has 84 acres. (The price of this farm was 
 nearly $14,000.) The rotation of crops on his farm is oats, roots, 
 barley, clover grass, rye, roots, barley, oats, clover grass, and clover 
 grass. He sells his produce through a cooperative creamery. He 
 employs six people — a cowman, who receives 800 kroner a year (a 
 krone is reckoned at about 27 cents) , three men who are paid respec- 
 tively 3 00, 200, and 100 kroner, and two women servants at 150 kroner. 
 The male helpers, except the cowman, are very young. Of course 
 these wages include four meals a day and lodging. The profits, after 
 aU the living expenses are paid, were about $1,100. His taxes and 
 insurance amounted to about $235, and his interest on a loan of 
 $2,775 amounted to $111. The sale of his milk brought him about 
 $2,000. 
 
 In calculating the cost of a farm, it must be remembered that land 
 is not sold in Denmark as land only, its value depending; on the 
 imearned increment of the land around. It is sold as a farm, the 
 value of the implements, the value of the live and dead stock being 
 included in the purchase price, calculated on its fertility for a certain 
 number of years. 
 
 It is claimed that the black and white Jutland cow is stronger than 
 the red Danish. Eight hundred gallons per cow, with 3.65 per cent 
 butter fat, with an average yield of butter of 337 pounds, is a trifle 
 above the average in Jutland. The returns are about $100 a cow. 
 The rotation of crops with a view to getting the utmost out of the 
 soil and of feeding the stock during the long months of the winter is 
 carefully considered. The farmer must to a great extent depend on 
 roots. He regards 8 pounds of mangel-wurzel or 9 pounds of ruta- 
 bagas or 9i pounds of Danish bortfelden as equal, respectively, to' 1 
 pound of corn.' The Danish farmer cultivates these three varieties 
 because some years are unfavorable to one of them, but not to all. 
 If the three kinds are grown, mangel is generally held for the spring 
 feeding, as it keeps best. The turnips and rutabagas grown from 
 Danish seed, as well as the cabbages, have better keeping quaUties 
 than those grown from American seeds. The feeding of the cows 
 according to the milking qualities and the system of dividing the 
 feed carefully into "units" leaves no room for waste.^ It may be 
 remarked here that this substitution of the "Jersey Creamers" in 
 1860-1870 for the open-pan system had much to do with the further- 
 ing of the progress of the dairy * farmer. 
 
 ' Com spelled witli a "k" means sE grains, except Araericsn "com"— maize. 
 
 » in rainy weatbCT rt is not unusual to see the cows carefully blanketed. 
 
 a Apropos of the butter exbil>ition3, so important in keeping up the standard; any butter containing 
 more than Idpereentof water is nitedoutr and more than a quarter of a pound (Danisit), or 4J ounce* 
 (English), displaces the exhibit. 
 
24 JTOTES"'€W AGEIOTJLTUKAL CONDITIONS IN DENMAEK. 
 
 The Danish farmer plows about 70 per cent of his land every year. 
 Each division of the farm has its own succession of crops. When the 
 mangel is nearly used up, winter rye is ready in May. A usual rota- 
 tion: (First.year) rye, (second year) roots, (third year) barley Avith 
 clover and grass, (fourth year), clover and grass, (fifth year) grass, 
 (sixth year) oats, (seventh year) fodder plants, lucerne, peas. 
 
 New questions are arising in Denmark as to whether the great 
 force put into the dairying mdustry, which has made Denmark prosr 
 perous, is not overreaching itself. 
 
 Detlef Jiirgensen,^ in his very important pamphlet. The Butter 
 Industry in Denmark, warns his countrymen that the desire to- 
 produce perfect milking machmes and more of them is defeating its 
 own ends. The land is too crowded with cows; there is no room for 
 grain, and the constant import of grain and fertilizers is a losing game. 
 More grain, fewer cows, better prices, he says. He would probably 
 take the point of view, if he was in the South, that less cotton and 
 more cows would save the cost of fertilizers, and give another string to 
 the southern farmer's bow — a view which seems to me to be rea- 
 sonable. 
 
 GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE. 
 
 Education, carefully adapted to the conditions of the people; co- 
 operation, the result of this idealistic but sane system; and the inteL 
 ligent support of the Government have made modern Denmark. In 
 conclusion I shall note briefly the Government's part in this triple 
 method of efficiency, outside of its management of the railways. It 
 offers every encouragement to small farmers and every possible proT 
 tection against the lowering of standards of his products.^ One of 
 the most effective of these is that which I have emphasized — the 
 supplying of an expert by the Government to the cooperative socie- 
 ties. One equally important is the governmental systena of agri- 
 cultural credit for small farmers. The Government gives $1,500,000 
 for the use of farmers. I find the best description of , this system in the 
 Irish Report of Cooperative Agriculture in Denmark, page 105: 
 
 Should he so wish it, he can spend the money on any object he may desire, but 
 generally speaking, the money is used for a reproductive purpose. Here the character* 
 making influence of Danish education asserts itself, and these loans are invariajbly 
 applied to purposes which result in a profit to the borrower. * * * 
 
 About 12 years ago the Government agreed to lend a certain sum 
 to any agricultural laborer of good character. The laborer must have 
 followed his avocation for five years and have creditable references. 
 The Government was prepared to lend him nine-tenths of the value 
 of the farm he elects to buy. 
 
 For the benefit of the poor agricultural workers who have no 
 capital of importance to start with, a law relative to the establish- 
 ment of small holdings in Denmark was passed in the year 1899. 
 According to the law, which has been revised and amended in 1904 
 and 1906, and latest on April 30, 1909, every man or unmarried 
 woman who is employed principally as an agricultural worker, or is or 
 has been working on a farm of the size referred to in the law, is entitled 
 
 '" Don Smuindustrlon I Denmark:" Copehegen; 1910. See note, p. 44. 
 
 2 The railroads in Dcnmarli: belong to the State. "The Government is bound, in all questions as to the 
 relative burden of goods rates and passenger rates, to keep in view the agriculturist's dependence on the 
 export business." Scottish Eeport on Agriculture in Denmark. The farmers look on the railways as 
 part of their cooperative work. 
 
NOTES OS AGSICULTUKAL CONBITIOM'S^lSr DESTMaKKi ' 25 
 
 on certain conditions to receive a loan from tlie State for the pur- 
 chase of a small holding. 
 
 The total value of the small holdings on which the State advances 
 loans up to nine-tenths of the loan value shall exceed the sum of 
 6,500 kroner ($1,742) only in cases where the price of land is excep- 
 tionally high, and in no case shall the value exceed 8,000' kroner 
 (12,144). The State loan, which is granted against mortgage in the 
 small holding, including buildings, implements^ live stock, etc., 
 pays 3 per cent interest per annum. It is exempt from installments 
 the first five years, after which period two-fifths of the loan pays 4 
 per cent annually (3 per cent interest and 1 per cent installment). 
 When two-fifths of the loan has been paid back, the residue of the 
 loan pays 4 per cent annually (3 per cent interest and I per cent install- 
 ment) . The payment of interest and installments is made half yearly. 
 
 Accordmg to the law of April 30, 1909, the sum of 4,000,000 
 kroner (11,072,000) annually may be lent for this purpose in the 
 years 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914. The amount of the State loans 
 granted to small holders according to laws of 1899, 1904, and 1909 
 durmg the fiscal years 1900-1901 to 1910-11 is 25,410,418 kroner 
 ($6,809,920), divided into 5,777 holdings. 
 
 The law of April 6, 1907, concerning grants of loans from the State 
 loan fund for parceling out agricultural properties, may be men- 
 tioned in this connection. The law authorizes the minister of 
 finance to lend annually in the course of five years 200,000 kroner 
 ($33,600) of the money belonging to the loan societies, which are 
 established exclusively for the purpose of purchasing larger agricul- 
 tural properties, which are suitable for being parceled out, and which 
 may be acquired at cheap prices, with the intention of parceling' 
 them out and selling them principally for the establishment of small 
 holdings. The by-laws of the societies must be sanctioned by the 
 minister, and each society must be able to prove that it disposes of 
 aeapital in cash of 35,000 kroner ($9,380). 
 
 These loans given by the State, which may amount to 20 per cent 
 of the value at which the property is assessed for taxation (buildings, 
 aad ground), shall carry interest at 3 per cent per annum. No install- 
 ment shall be payable before the expiration of five years, when 
 installments of 1 per cent per annum shall be paid. Loans must only 
 be granted on properties, of which the value lies between 12,600 
 kroner ($3,216) and 18,000 Icroner ($4,824.00). 
 
 Whenever such a property which is to be parceled is acquired by 
 the society, a parcel may be sold to a farmer, who can obtain a loan 
 not exceeding 60 per cent of the assessed value for taxation with a 
 credit society. He will then be able to obtain 20 per cent from the 
 State loan fund, and the society must then lend him from' its own 
 means a sum not exceeding 20 per cent. Thereupon it is only neces- 
 sary for the purchaser to possess money for buying live stock and 
 implements, etc. 
 
 The society is not entitled to charge more than 5 per cent interest 
 on loans, and its accounts must be sent to the minister for approval. 
 The rules of this law have not been applied much up to the present 
 date; however, societies have been established all over the country, 
 and the law will undoubtedly become a link in the large chain and 
 provide the farmers who have no means with at least a small prop- 
 erty, which is the aim of the law. 
 
26 
 
 NGXEB-eN A<JEICULTUEAL C0NDITI02SrS IN DENMABK. , 
 
 In answer to possible questions, I have considered it proper to add 
 the following information: 
 
 1. Chief agricultural products? Butter, bacon, eggs, cattle, and horses for export. 
 
 2. Is agriculture taught in schools? No; not in ordinary boys' and girls' schools. _ 
 
 3. How many agricultural experiment stations, if any? Four stations for cultiva- 
 
 tion of plants, (a) Cost of same? 53,000 kroner. The Central Laboratory for 
 Agricultural Experiments, 99,000 kroner. 
 
 4. Number of agricultural colleges, if any? One in Copenhagen, combined with a 
 
 college for veterinary surgeons, foresters, and gardeners, (a) Cost of same? 
 468,000 kroner. 
 
 5. What, if any, farmer organizations? The Danish farmers have a very extensive 
 
 organization. 
 
 6. Is a department of agriculture supported? Yes. (a) Title of officer? Chief of 
 
 department, (b) Salary? 6,000 kroner; increased every foiu: years 400 kroner 
 until 8,000 kroner. 
 
 7. Is there official inspection of seeds? — No. Dairies? — Yes. Fertilizers? — Yes. 
 
 Slaughterhouses? — Yes. Breeding animals? — A State commission has control 
 with the agricultural shows. 
 
 8. Price of improved farm lands per acre? — ^With buildings, ranging from 300 to 700 
 
 kroner, (a) Waste lands? Only heath land and dunes, (b) Rental 
 values? — Ninety-one per cent is farmed by the owner. 
 
 9. Is agricultural interest increasing? Yes. 
 
 10. Is soil fertility maintained? Yes; and steadily improved. 
 
 11. Are good roads encouraged? Kept by the county commission, (a) Is oil used? 
 
 No. 
 
 12. Average crop yield per acre, grain — ^About 1,500 pounds per acre, (a) Fruit? — 
 
 Without importance. Hay — About 4,500 pounds ;per acre. 
 
 13. Average price of grains, fruits, hay, animals? Impossible to give, as this depends 
 
 on quality and supplies. 
 
 14. Averages paid for labor? (a) Men — 600 kroner, (b) Young men and girls^ 
 
 The wages for a young man with board and lodging was, in 1905, 280 kroner 
 and for a girl 170 kroner. 
 
 15. Do labor unions exist? In the farming districts only a few. 
 
 16. Average wages paid teachers? 
 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 Provincial 
 towns. 
 
 Country 
 districts. 
 
 (a) Men 
 
 (6) Women. 
 
 Kroner. 
 1,600-3,600 
 1,600-2,500 
 
 JiTroncr. 
 1,500-3,000 
 1,400-2,000 
 
 Kroner. 
 700-2,400 
 660-1, 100 
 
 (c) School months in the year? The children in village schools come 4 hours 
 daily for 246-257 days yearly. 
 
 17. Is farm work considered menial or degrading? Farm work is considered a fine 
 
 occupation. 
 
 18. Chief exports? Butter, eggs, bacon, cattle, meal, horses. Chief imports? Grain; 
 
 oil cakes, fertilizers, coal, machinery. (These commodities concern agricultiue 
 only.) 
 
 19. Do railroads in any way encourage agriculture? No. 
 
 20. Prices of chief farming implements? Here, as in other communities, a coopera- 
 
 tive society has, in competition with private firms, reduced prices to a certain 
 extent. 
 
 21. What methods of drainage? Clay pipes. 
 
 22. Is irrigation and dry farming encouraged? Yes; mostly by the Heathland 
 
 Society, which is subventioned by the Government. 
 
 23. In what month are crops harvested? August. 
 
 24. Government or private ownership of — 
 
 (a) Railroads? About half of the mileage are State railways. 
 (6) Telegraphs? Government. 
 
 (c) Telephones? Mostly private. 
 
 (d) Street cars? Private. 
 
 (e) Light? Mostly municipal. 
 (/) Water? Mostly municipal. 
 
NOTES ON AGEIOTJLTUEAL GONDlilG]^g^iSr iJ:&N^iJIfiS. 
 
 27 
 
 25. Rate of charges on — 
 
 (a) Passenger transpoi-tation? SJ ore per kilometer, third-class fare, with 
 
 increasing reductions for longer distances. 
 
 (b) Freight? ' 
 
 (c) Telephone? 3 ore per word, according to distance. 
 
 (d) Street cars? 10 ore all over Copenhagen. 
 
 (e) Light? 3J ore per kilowatt. 
 
 26. Average size of farms? 37 acres. 
 
 (a) People to the square mile? 160. 
 
 27. What tax, if any, on (inland revenue tax) — 
 'a) Tobacco? Nothing. It, ,, . , , , 
 
 6) Alcohol? 19 per liter 100 p. e.}^^'"'''ih taxed by now law. 
 
 c) Shows? Nothing. 
 
 a) Fertilizers? Nothing. 
 
 e) Feeds? Nothing. 
 7) Drugs? Nothing. 
 (g) Automobiles? 5 kroner yearly. 
 
 28. How much public money is spent, per capita, for — 
 
 (a) Agriculture? 1 krone. 
 (6) Army? 7 kroner. 
 
 c) Navy? 3 kroner. 
 
 d) Pensions? 3 kroner. 
 
 e) Schools? 9 kroner. 
 (/) Public improvements? 4 kroner. 
 
 29. Are agricultural fairs and expositions encouraged? Yes. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 One of the largest dairies in the world is the TrifoHiim. It is a 
 cooperative society of large landowners. This dairy has various 
 branches for separatmg the milk received from the "large farms." It 
 is capitaHzed at $275,000 and has about 85 members and 12,000 cows. 
 The average number of cows milked daily is about 8,000. The mem- 
 bers are bound to the organization until 1919. The dairy works with 
 about 65,000,000 pounds of milk annually. The production of butter 
 is valued at $835,000 and the cheese output is valued at $1,040,000 
 and consists of nearly 50 different varieties. The sizes of these cheeses 
 vary from 2 to 200 pounds. There are about 40,000 cheeses in the 
 storeroom. The butter and cheese turned out by the Trifolium is as 
 renowned abroad as it is in Denmark. The yearly sum turned over 
 amounts to $4,150,000. Fifteen Alfa separators are used for the 
 skimming of milk. These are able to skim 60,000 pounds of milk per 
 hour. The Trifolium Dairy has gone in for the sale of milk in Copen- 
 hagen, the capital of Denmark, and disposes of about 30,000 pounds 
 of milk daily. The dairy employs over 400 people. It is fitted up 
 
 ' Freight table. 
 [Freight per lOO kg.] 
 
 Truck loads. 
 
 II ni 
 
 Constant 
 
 For each of the first 60 km . 
 For each ol the next 60 km 
 For each of the next 60 km 
 For exceeding km 
 
 7 
 
 0.5 
 .3 
 i 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 0.33 
 .2 
 .15 
 .12 
 
 7 
 
 0.2 
 .15 
 .la 
 .1 
 
 There are tliree diflerent tariSs; the lowest is applied to coal, etc. 
 Agrioultural and perishable goods are csaried by passenger trains as Tariff I. 
 
28 NOTES' ON AGBICULXUKAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABK-. 
 
 with the most modern machinery, having electric light, steam heat, and 
 I'efrigerating machines. It also has a capacity of 2,000 pounds of ice 
 daily. The dairy markets its products in Denmark, England, Ger-. 
 many, France, Spain, Sweden, Russia, and other countries. • 
 
 The exportation of butter, as I have stated, is for the Danish nation 
 of the very greatest importance. This applies not only to the butter 
 manufactured in Denmark alone, but also to the butter imported 
 principally from Russia and Sweden, of which a great part is 
 destined for export. The butter exported in tin boxes, hermetically 
 sealed, is sent exclusively to foreign countries, either direct or in 
 transit. Of the 14,226 tons of butter imported into Denmark, 8,916 
 came from Russia, but a great part of this butter was of Siberian 
 origin. The grbater part of the rest, 4,966 tons, was sent from 
 Sweden. The Danish butter, as I have shown, is exclusively pro- 
 duced in cooperative creameries. 
 
 The exportation of Danish butter is so important to the welfare of 
 the country that the Government has endeavored, since 1888, to 
 elaborate laws governing it. The appearance of margarin, intended 
 to replace butter,' necessitated grave legislative measures. The adul- 
 teration of butter is hardly possible in the Danish cooperative 
 creameries, but to protect the stranger from suffering from the adul- 
 teration of this most important product, strict control is exercised by 
 the Government. The law of April, 1907, insists that the manufac- 
 turers, the importers, and the dealers in margarin are obliged to make 
 their names Imown to the police. They are forced to show their books 
 to the proper authorities. The margarin must be put into an oval 
 form, marked with the designation "Margarin" and the name of the 
 manufacturer. In order to be sold at retail the margarin must be 
 wrapped in a special wrapper, bearing the name "margarin" and also 
 the name of the manufacturer. It is absolutely forbidden to makC) 
 import, or sell margarin under any other designation. The marga- 
 rin may not contain more than 10 per cent butter fat, and its color must 
 not go beyond a certain fixed tint. Nothing but common salt must 
 be used in its preservation, and strict rules are enforced with regard 
 to the material with which it is colored. It must not be found in the 
 dairies or other places whei"e butter is preserved or packed. 
 
 As to the law of April 12, 1911, relative to butter, it is forbidden to 
 export butter containing more than 16 per cent water, or (or the con- 
 servation of which anything else than common salt has been used. 
 At the same time it is forbidden to export Danish butter colored with 
 any substance derived from coal tar. 
 
 It is forbidden to export Danish butter which has not been made 
 of milk or cream pasteurized, and which has not been made in an 
 inspected dairy; or which has not upon it the Danish mark. It is 
 nevertheless perxnissible for competent authority to allow the expor- 
 tation of butter in tin boxes, hermetically sealed, not carrying the 
 Danish trade-mark; but these boxes must be marlced in a way that 
 testifies to the Danish origin of the butter. The hygenic conditions 
 of the creameries, the methods of pacldng, and sale of butter are 
 thoroughly controlled by Government authority. Any malcers of 
 butter, or cream, or pasteurized milk, who desire to use the trade- 
 mark must make a declaration to the police. The minister of agri- 
 culture may force the dairies under his control to participate in the 
 exhibitions organized by the agricultural laboratories and the coopera- 
 tive dairy syndicates. When a dairy authorized by the Government 
 
JSrOTES ON AGRICULTUEAL CONDITIOnS"tN Difi^SatfEl 29 
 
 contravenes a law the minister of agriculture has the right to take 
 away definitely or provisionally the authorization given to this dairy 
 to use the national trade-mark. All butter produced in the Danish 
 ' colonies or in foreign countries to be imported into Denmark, or 
 exported, must carry an indication of the place of its orighi and be 
 in its original wrapper. Authorization must be obtained, under 
 ' conditions fixed by law, to change the wrapper, in the case of 
 ' butter intended for exportation, in order to have it hermetically 
 ' sealed. The wrappers, however, must have a special mark showing 
 ' that the butter was not of Danish origin. Butter from foreign lands 
 must never be marked in any way to imply that it has been made in 
 Denmark. Whoever desires to import butter for sale in Denmark, 
 or who wishes to sell or export foreign butter, is obliged to make his 
 declaration to the police and have himself inscribed in the proper 
 books. The administration of the customhouse, the police, the 
 inspectors of butter and margarin, and all their assistants are 
 obhged to watch carefully that all these ordinances are observed. 
 ' The number of immigrants who come into Denmark during the 
 spiing and the summer to assist in the tilling of the farms number 
 on an average 10,000. Five-sixths of these are from Gahcia and 
 Austria-Hungary, and the balance mainly from Poland. Three- 
 fourths of the whole number are women. These people do not come 
 only because there are not a sufficient number of Danish farm 
 laborers to supply the demand. It is mainly because the native 
 Dane will not devote himself to the occupation of cultivating the 
 despised beets, which are intended for the feed of animals. And 
 besides the native Dane finds, during the summer months niuch more 
 congenial work than this. Nearly all the foreigners who come to 
 Denmark during the end of March, leave in November. A few 
 remain. They are not looked on altogether sympathetically by the 
 Danish population, but at present they are not sufiicient in numbers 
 to cause any great jealousy or dishke. 
 
 Income from one cow in the year 1908. 
 
 One cow gave during the year: Kroner. 
 
 220 pounds butter, for which was received 220.00 
 
 4,226' pounds skimmed milk, at | ore per pound 31. 68 
 
 Total 251.68 
 
 Mr. Detlif Jurgensen gives this extreme case to show that modern 
 dairy farming in Denmark^ does not pay: 
 
 Expenses per annum for one cow. 
 
 Kroner. 
 
 3,769 pounds fodder at 6 ore per pound, equal to 226. 14 
 
 Milking, cleaning, etc. of the cow 25. 00 
 
 Kroner. 
 
 Interest 5 per cent of 200 kroner per cow 10. 00 
 
 Interest 5 per cent of 200 kroner per stable 10. 00 
 
 20.00 
 
 Assurance, controlling of the cow, etc 5.00 
 
 2,000 pounds straw at 1 ore per pound, equal to 20. 00 
 
 Total 296.14 
 
 For the difference in income of 44.46 kroner the cow is supposed 
 to have given manure. (From "The Danish Butter Industry," by 
 Detlif Jurgensen.) 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 By way of an appendix, the following statistics taken from the 
 records of the Kokholder farm may be useful: 
 
 Kollelolle, October 1, 1910-September SO, 1911. 
 
 ' 
 
 Number. 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Tnillf 
 
 Per cent 
 fat. 
 
 Pounds 
 butter. 
 
 Feed 
 unit. 
 
 100 feed units 
 gave— 
 
 
 Pounds 
 milk. 
 
 Pounds 
 butter. 
 
 ^Vhole herd 
 
 67.5 
 43.0 
 8.0 
 n.4 
 
 8,33S 
 8,926 
 8,274 
 7,392 
 
 3.85 
 3.78 
 3.92 
 4.02 
 
 359 
 377 
 363 
 333 
 
 6330 
 6470 
 6361 
 6106 
 
 166 
 163 
 166 
 145 
 
 6.74 
 
 
 Cows after second calf. 
 
 6 78 
 
 row fift*^r firpt palf. .. .......... 
 
 6 53 
 
 
 
 Single cows in order of production of butter, 1910-11. 
 
 1. 40a 
 
 2. 34a 
 
 3. 62a 
 
 4. 67 
 
 6. 49c 
 
 6. 44a 
 
 7. 70b.... 
 
 8. 68b 
 
 9. 69b.... 
 
 10. 71a 
 
 11. 56a 
 
 12. 37b 
 
 13. 15b.... 
 
 14. 20a 
 
 15. 24 
 
 16. 75a 
 
 17. 45b.... 
 
 18. 5b 
 
 19. 66b.... 
 
 20. 14b.... 
 
 21. 50O 
 
 22. 10c 
 
 23. 170 
 
 24. 39c 
 
 25. 3a 
 
 26. Id 
 
 27. 68a 
 
 28. 42a 
 
 29. 62a 
 
 30. 22b 
 
 31. 27a 
 
 32. 4b 
 
 33. 30o 
 
 34. 600 
 
 35. 65a 
 
 36. 63a 
 
 37. 64 
 
 38. 23a 
 
 39. 29b.... 
 
 40. 18d.... 
 
 41. 26b.... 
 
 42. 48a 
 
 30 
 
 366 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 
 340 
 365 
 365 
 306 
 365 
 366 
 365 
 365 
 366 
 365 
 365 
 366 
 365 
 365 
 366 
 365 
 305 
 366 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 305 
 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 
 
 6.11 
 
 4.9 
 
 7.1 
 
 6.0 
 
 7.8 
 
 7.9 
 
 6.0 
 
 5.6 
 
 3.10 
 
 7.4 
 
 7.6 
 
 7.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 2.6 
 
 13.0 
 4.5 
 2.6 
 3.6 
 4.11 
 5.2 
 3.0 
 4.3 
 6.11 
 6.6 
 6.4 
 3.6 
 4.10 
 9.7 
 4.0 
 4.9 
 3.6 
 9.9 
 6.0 
 3.10 
 4.3 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 
 13.0 
 
 7.2 
 5.7 
 7.6 
 6.9 
 
 a 
 
 11,311 
 
 13,274 
 
 13,706 
 
 9,676 
 
 10,417 
 
 10,466 
 
 9,988 
 
 9,614 
 
 10, 149 
 
 10, 275 
 
 10,296 
 
 10,448 
 
 9,543 
 
 9,025 
 
 10,332 
 
 9,304 
 
 9,611 
 
 9,746 
 
 9,244 
 
 9,626 
 
 9,479 
 
 9,923 
 
 9,427 
 
 8,301 
 
 8,227 
 
 8,996 
 
 7,922 
 
 8,802 
 
 8,193 
 
 9,006 
 
 7,978 
 
 10,185 
 
 8,432 
 
 8,303 
 
 8,295 
 
 8,662 
 
 8,253 
 
 9,058 
 7,638 
 9,088 
 7,517 
 
 4.11 
 
 3.49 
 3.21 
 4.21 
 3.81 
 3.78 
 3.95 
 4.06 
 3.83 
 3.68 
 3.67 
 3.57 
 3.90 
 4.09 
 3.58 
 3.95 
 3.82 
 3; 76 
 3.90 
 3.74 
 3.79 
 3.57 
 3.72 
 4.19 
 4.16 
 3.79 
 4.28 
 3.86 
 4.13 
 3.75 
 4.21 
 3.24 
 3.85 
 3.90 
 3.85 
 3.68 
 3.83 
 3.22 
 
 3.49 
 4.10 
 3.46 
 4.13 
 
 620 
 615 
 488 
 452 
 444 
 442 
 441 
 437 
 434 
 421 
 421 
 416 
 416 
 413 
 412 
 411 
 410 
 409 
 403 
 401 
 401 
 395 
 391 
 390 
 383 
 381 
 380 
 379 
 379 
 377 
 377 
 366 
 363 
 362 
 367 
 365 
 353 
 363 
 
 351 
 361 
 360 
 348 
 
 6108 
 6836 
 6840 
 6668 
 5926 
 6762 
 5916 
 6918 
 5680 
 6846 
 5766 
 6008 
 5712 
 5167 
 6968 
 5518 
 S568 
 5726 
 6502 
 5692 
 5860 
 
 6234 
 5110 
 5452 
 5362 
 5076 
 5336 
 6466 
 6480 
 5652 
 5494 
 5360 
 6140 
 5208 
 5202 
 6060 
 
 5464 
 6048 
 6480 
 5108 
 
 100 feed units 
 
 
 185 
 197 
 200 
 172 
 176 
 182 
 169 
 163 
 179 
 176 
 178 
 171 
 167 
 175 
 174 
 168 
 172 
 170 
 168 
 169 
 162 
 170 
 175 
 159 
 160 
 165 
 148 
 173 
 153 
 165 
 146 
 180 
 153 
 165 
 161 
 166 
 169 
 163 
 
 165 
 152 
 166 
 147 
 
 05 
 
 8.52 
 7.53 
 7.18 
 8.13 
 7.48 
 7.66 
 7.46 
 39 
 7.66 
 7.21 
 7.30 
 6.80 
 7.28 
 8.00 
 0.92 
 7.46 
 7.37 
 7.16 
 7.33 
 7.05 
 6.86 
 6.77 
 7.25 
 7.46 
 7.50 
 6.98 
 7.11 
 7.47 
 7.10 
 6.90 
 6.87 
 6.47 
 6.60 
 6.76 
 6.94 
 6.82 
 6.79 
 5.83 
 
 6.44 
 5.94 
 6.37 
 6.81 
 
 Father. 
 
 Dan 
 
 ..do 
 
 Nyborg . 
 
 Dan 
 
 ..do.... 
 ..do.... 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do.... 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do.... 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do.... 
 ..do.... 
 
 ..do 
 
 Otto 
 
 Dan 
 
 ...do 
 
 ..do.... 
 nermod. 
 
 Dan 
 
 Hormod. 
 
 Dan 
 
 ...do.... 
 ...do.... 
 ...do.... 
 
 ...do 
 
 Hermod. 
 Nyborg . 
 
 Dan 
 
 ...do.... 
 Hermod. 
 Torben.. 
 
 Dan 
 
 Hermod. 
 
 Dan 
 
 ...do.... 
 ...do.... 
 otto.... 
 
 Nyborg , 
 
 Dan 
 
 ...do..., 
 ...do..., 
 
 Grand- 
 father. 
 
 Torben. 
 otto. 
 
 Do. 
 Tyr 28. 
 Torben. 
 
 Do. 
 Svendborg, 
 Frank It 
 Tyr 28. 
 Torben. 
 Nyborg. 
 Torben. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Nyborg. 
 'Dan. 
 Nyborg. 
 
 Da 
 
 Do. 
 Torben. 
 Bjom. 
 Nyborg. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Bjom. 
 otto. 
 Dan. 
 Otto. 
 Torben. 
 Dan. 
 Torben. 
 Otto. 
 Nyborg. 
 Eskclund 
 
 III. 
 Svendborg. 
 Nyborg 
 
 too. 
 
 Do. 
 
NOTES OK AGfEICULTtTEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMAEK. 
 Single cows in order of production of butter, 1910-11 — ContinuGd. 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 o- 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 si 
 
 
 100 feed units 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 'A 
 
 s 
 
 
 gave — 
 
 
 
 
 g. 
 
 .OS 
 
 as. 
 
 a 
 
 a , 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 •% 
 
 
 
 Father. 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 father. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 <!' 
 
 f^ 
 
 EU 
 
 PLl 
 
 l». 
 
 Ph 
 
 P.-" 
 
 - 
 
 
 43. 54a 
 
 365 
 
 2 
 
 2.11 
 
 7,696 
 
 4.00 
 
 340 
 
 5172 
 
 147 
 
 6.58 
 
 Hennod. 
 
 Otto. 
 
 44. 7a 
 
 365 
 365 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 6.9 
 2.11 
 
 8,439 
 7,284 
 
 3.67 
 4.03 
 
 336 
 329 
 
 5194 
 5256 
 
 162 
 138 
 
 6.46 
 6.23 
 
 Nyborg . 
 Hermod. 
 
 Leo. 
 
 45. 72a 
 
 Svendborg. 
 
 48. 38d 
 
 31* 
 
 1 
 
 ,^0 
 
 6,363 
 
 4.57 
 
 327 
 
 4638 
 
 140 
 
 7.20 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Dan. 
 
 47. 6b 
 
 366 
 
 3 
 
 5.0 
 
 6,799 
 
 4.17 
 
 318 
 
 4762 
 
 142 
 
 8.65 
 
 Dan 
 
 Bjorn. 
 
 48. 74 
 
 365 
 
 10 
 
 12.5 
 
 8,097 
 
 3.61 
 
 317 
 
 6384 
 
 160 
 
 5.88 
 
 Nyborg . 
 
 Do. 
 
 49. SO 
 
 365 
 
 6 
 
 8.0 
 
 5,848 
 
 4.80 
 
 316 
 
 4676 
 
 125 
 
 6. 76 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Do. 
 
 60. 43a 
 
 36S 
 
 6 
 
 7.4 
 
 7,762 
 
 3.61 
 
 312 
 
 6060 
 
 164 
 
 6.17 
 
 Torben.. 
 
 Do. 
 
 51. 2Sc 
 
 272 
 
 I 
 
 2.0 
 
 7,431 
 
 3.73 
 
 309 
 
 4389 
 
 169 
 
 7.04 
 
 SkjoW . . 
 
 Dan. 
 
 62. 310 
 
 365 
 
 3 
 
 .■i.l 
 
 6,748 
 
 4.01 
 
 303 
 
 6002 
 
 135 
 
 6.06 
 
 Hermod. 
 
 Do. 
 
 63. 33b 
 
 365 
 
 
 R..'! 
 
 7,693 
 
 ».46 
 
 292 
 
 5110 
 
 148 
 
 5.72 
 
 Nyborg . 
 
 Bjorn. 
 
 64. 13c 
 
 365 
 
 
 6.3 
 
 6,962 
 
 3.75 
 
 292 
 
 4776 
 
 146 
 
 6.10 
 
 Dan 
 
 Nyborg. 
 
 65. 46c 
 
 365 
 
 
 2.10 
 
 6,756 
 
 3.85 
 
 290 
 
 4S72 
 
 138 
 
 5.96 
 
 Ajax 
 
 Dan. 
 
 66. 9b 
 
 36S 
 
 
 2.10 
 
 6,454 
 
 ■3.99 
 
 289 
 
 4838 
 
 133 
 
 5.96 
 
 Hermod. 
 
 Do. 
 
 67. ,19c 
 
 366 
 
 
 2.(! 
 
 6,75r 
 
 4.34 
 
 280 
 
 4682 
 
 123 
 
 6.99 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Do. 
 
 68. 41& 
 
 385 
 
 
 5.11 
 
 6,90» 
 
 3.97 
 
 262 
 
 4628 
 
 130 
 
 6.79 
 
 Valby- 
 Dea. 
 
 Do. 
 
 59. 2b 
 
 254 
 
 
 1.11 
 
 5,668i 
 
 4.04i 
 
 256 
 
 3835 
 
 156 
 
 7.06 
 
 Hermod. 
 
 Do. 
 
 60. 8c 
 
 36S 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 ■7.1 
 
 6, 163: 
 ; 6,069 
 
 3.64 
 4.3-7 
 
 ! 250 
 . 249 
 
 3656 
 '4462 
 
 168 
 114 
 
 6.84 
 5.60 
 
 SkjoM . . 
 Dan 
 
 Nyborg. 
 
 61. 25b 
 
 Bjorn. 
 
 62. 73a 
 
 366 
 
 
 6.1 
 
 5,641 
 
 3.86 
 
 242 
 
 4476 
 
 126 
 
 , 5.44 
 
 Torben.. 
 
 Otto. 
 
 63. 63d 
 
 386 
 
 
 6.11 
 
 4,561 
 
 4.64 
 
 238 
 
 4812 
 
 99 
 
 5.15 
 
 Dan 
 
 Boer. 
 
 64. 35d) 
 
 347 
 
 
 2. HI 
 
 • 4,831 
 
 4.30 
 
 233 
 
 44S4 
 
 108 
 
 5.24 
 
 Hermod. 
 
 Dan. 
 
 65. lOd 
 
 , 365 
 
 
 3.11 
 
 ! 4,243 
 
 4.86 
 
 232 
 
 4296 
 
 99 
 
 6.40 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Do. 
 
 66. 47a 
 
 365 
 
 
 2.7 
 
 4,209 
 
 4.45 
 
 210. 
 
 4160 
 
 101 
 
 6.07 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Nyborg. 
 
 67. 32c 
 
 365 
 
 
 2.11 
 
 : 4,81« 
 
 3.63 
 
 195 
 
 ,4300 
 
 112 
 
 4.64 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Dam 
 
 68. 69a 
 
 366 
 
 
 6.2 
 
 ■ 3,775 
 
 3.53 
 
 148 
 
 4334 
 
 87 
 
 3.43 
 
 Dan 
 
 Torbenj, 
 
 69. 12d 
 
 S7 
 
 
 I.fi 
 
 1,184 
 
 4.13 
 
 65 
 
 324 
 
 87 
 
 ' 3.43 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Nyborg. 
 
 70. 12c* 
 
 60 
 
 
 7.1 
 
 999 
 
 4.40 
 
 49 
 
 : 824 
 
 87 
 
 3.43 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 71. 61c 
 
 srr 
 
 
 l..? 
 
 754 
 
 3.60 
 
 31 
 
 442 
 
 87 
 
 3.43 
 
 SkjoM . . 
 
 Dan. 
 
 72. 21b 
 
 23 
 
 
 1.S 
 
 675 
 
 4. OB 
 
 31 
 
 367 
 
 87 
 
 3.43 
 
 Dan 
 
 Hermod. 
 
 73. 8b* 
 
 60 
 
 
 4.6 
 
 693 
 
 4.02 
 
 27 
 
 762 
 
 87 
 
 3.43 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Torbeni 
 
 74. lie 
 
 8 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 237 
 
 4.2S 
 
 11 
 
 120 
 
 87 
 
 3.43 
 
 SkjoM . . 
 
 Dan. 
 
 75. 66b 
 
 i 
 
 
 1.11 
 
 100) 
 
 3.90. 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 87 
 
 3.43 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 Do. 
 
 1 F, E.' equals 1 pound of cakes, or 1 pound of concentrates, 
 or 10 pounds mangel-wurzels, or 12J poundis turnips, or 5 pounds 
 of wet brewer's grains, or 24 to 3 pounds of hay, or 5 pounds of straw. 
 
 1 pasture day equals 9 to 18 F. E. after the Leeland pasture-day 
 calculation: A dry cow and a cow giving from 1 to 7 pounds of 
 mUk equals 10 F. E., and in addition 1 F. E. for every 4 pounds of 
 milk, until 18 F. E. equals 40 pounds of milk. 
 
 Gross value equals 1 kr. per pound of butter plus 1 ore per pound 
 of whole mUk (value of skim milk) phis 10 kr. per calf. 
 
 Feed value equals 5.6 ore per F. E. 
 
 Number of pounds of butter equals after the rule, pounds of milk 
 
 (per cent fat divided by 0.15) -^• 
 
 > F. E. stamds Use feed tmit. 
 
32 
 
 J^OTES -eN A6BICULTURAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABKj 
 
 n 
 o 
 « 
 
 O 
 K 
 > 
 
 ■ssoj JO nreo 
 
 •pesjjoaniBA 
 
 ■onpsA sso.io 
 
 •jOHnq 
 JO pnnod jad noipnpojj: 
 
 
 3.2 
 
 Mo^'^nq JO spunoj 
 
 
 ^ iO t~ lO >0 <D C 
 
 r CQ coco Mccc^ so 
 
 -*SO^(N«OQOOO 
 
 •3[Iiin JO spnno J 
 
 •sjTnri pooj 
 
 ■3[t!tn JO spnnod 
 
 •Iiijox 
 
 ■iCun 
 
 ■SS13.I0 
 
 •sjaoa 
 
 ■sajEjjnoonoo lamo 
 
 ■SOJtBO 
 
 •jojjnq JO pnnod 
 I 0} 3ii!ui JO spnnoj: 
 
 •}UJ jnoD J8J 
 
 ■jojjnq jo spntioj; 
 
 •Jtlini JO spnnoj 
 
 •SAVoo JO .Tgqoinjg; 
 
 
 O N N -^ lO CO -TtH 00 
 
 -tf< in" e^i (N !N (N o ci 
 
 coccMi>Cii-c(D(r> 
 csoioododod-'jitD 
 
 OOOOt^OSMOOt^ 
 
 to Tt* "* -^P ■* ■* PQ ■* 
 
 QOOtDOOmOMOi-H 
 tN(D>— I^HCQiraOOsp 
 
 lO 1-- r~ ^H 00 CO CO t- 
 
 ^oor-Oi-HOi-fOO 
 
 COWC^C0 01C53CO«D 
 
 ■>JiC0l--OaD)Na5T-H 
 
 Oic»-^ojoocor-o 
 t^coeooit-iocooo 
 
 OJcDt^O'^WC'JitS 
 
 Its w O © 1-KO i-t « 
 
 oOK3N»o^eoco»o 
 
 cocoMcoeocococo 
 
 0> ^ Its CO Q «0 lO t* 
 
 eo (M c^ c<i w « i-t (N 
 
 OOCOOiraOiCOMO 
 COCOCOCOWOCvUO 
 COOCO«500<DCOO 
 
 ■i tOOWOlb-b- 
 
 -iMCO'n'WSfDIXO 
 
 CO N e5 N M <N N cs 
 
 t^.O>T}<COi«40QC4eO 
 
 ■*cocoeoeocscoco 
 
 OcOtOtOUStOiCO 
 
 O iH 00 CO 00 X) "<*< I- 
 
 lo CO rH M M o esi c 
 
 U3005COQOO^eO 
 
 ■^MoJoodioodod 
 
 M«f-(CM.-4i-ti-iTH 
 
 -5t<l--CO(0000»01^ 
 *Sl^^^**CO^^ 
 
 OS -tfl I^ OO 00 Cf 
 M so tH IQ ^1 » 
 
 iftr-oeOiHh-oot- 
 
 0ClO00l>-0»OC0C4 
 
 ■«*<co<ocooooc>Se4 
 
 •ocococa-^moo 
 
 I- t^ IQ ■* O Cf "* t~ 
 
 MM00t*N0OO!0O 
 
 ooosmt^eni-iojoi 
 
 <£)ooasi-4ioi-ii-(ci 
 00 0> 01 QG 0:1 Jr- iQ 00 
 
 t^-eoooooco-^i^ 
 
 cocococococococo 
 
 PO CO C^) « Ol N c 
 
 *0»OI>---i- 
 <N 1-* -^ M II 
 OSOM-^Q 
 
 1 10000 
 1-5 eaeo 
 
 I00t-i«3 
 
 oooor-t*tDio:o® 
 
 30 S > S MiSf 59 
 
 i-<NM-*iO«t»I» 
 
 
:»OTES OSr AGEICULTUEAL CONDITIO]*^ ' IN Mm2[AIe:S. 
 
 33i 
 
 5000CDU3'*CO 
 
 Ttl<MMCOtti-<OiO 
 
 Srti ^ M I^ CO OS M 
 05 CO CO (N !N W M 
 
 COiOtOlCOO^^ 
 
 ■^ M (m' Cs' O i-H cJ 03 
 
 r-oooQOooooioo 
 Moioot-^cotDio>-< 
 
 THt--mosu3 0coa> 
 
 co-^-iinHootMioio 
 
 lO'^^'^CO'^'^CO 
 
 ^ooorr-to-^co 
 ■^ i-H CO lo in ^ CO 
 
 HMM>-tiH [NCI 
 
 oor--Tt'o>.-i»Heoo 
 irjO'-tCCCOmOOCO 
 Tfii-l-<tlC^i-Hf-HdCO 
 
 THOOOJt-OMCOM 
 COCOOi-(^<MOCO 
 ^l-t-COCOCMCSlOO 
 
 coi-i^t-mcnouo 
 t^iOQOCOC^eO'^'iO 
 
 tHOOCOtOOOi-IOOO - 
 OJ'^COOOOS'^CO 
 
 r-cooi^m"*t^»o 
 
 COt-COCONCOtOi- 
 
 eocQcoeocccococo 
 
 cuooowr-woeo 
 5oot~ixr>ooo 
 
 ca CO o t-^ t>^ c4 r-^ i-i 
 
 CO M CN IN CM Cq (N i-< 
 
 H COiO OQOOO CO 
 00 t~^50<0 »o »o »o -^ 
 
 00 CO i-( O CO CO (N U3 
 
 
 MWc 
 
 i-iMco"*«flsDr-co 
 
 00 to in M itj cs CO 
 
 cow CD CO 00 ■^ CI 
 
 loooeo'^ CO IOC 
 oi c5 00 -H ■"i' o CO 
 
 C-1 CI CI O CI CI c 
 
 O^H CO t-~ COM ^ 
 to CI I— C^ 00 O •'I 
 
 CO ■* CO CO d CO c 
 
 ^D to lO lO »0 lO ^ 
 
 CJOOJOI— U3 tH 
 1-i Tti M d" o ci c5 
 
 ■* CO O rH lO CI CO 
 
 tJh to t^ o» r- lo to 
 
 U3 o eft 00 asm OS 
 CO i-l <0 CO CO lO <o 
 
 •dTtfT'^-^'co'^co' 
 
 •MM t^OtOOO 
 
 iH in c» iQ f- to 00 
 
 00 ■* O) to in ■* c^ 
 
 to o to o> -^ CO 00 
 
 CO •* C3 OJ o 00 to 
 Tf< OO Cl O 1-- !> i-t 
 
 ^ to ■* i'^ >n r^ i> 
 
 t- CM l> to CO ■* 00 
 
 »n ci o6 to -* in to 
 « c^ ci cj c^ cq CI 
 
 CO ■* CO CO CO CO eo 
 
 mci oioor^cj r 
 
 O CM OO 0> Ol CO to 
 CO OJ '-1 O t— r-H in 
 OCOOtOClOi CO 
 
 tC^Too'touT'io'-*' 
 
 ■05 £?»;«•§ TJ 
 
 :0 o OT3 £ S m 
 mMMWPQWO 
 
 fH <M CO Tf lo to r- 
 
 
 Ogt! 
 
 
 
 3a 
 
 X7 ca 
 
 So* 
 
 s 
 
 "o 
 
 cd 
 
 gi-H «o »n CI CO oi o 
 toT t- CO >-i m CO 
 I- th U3 o 00 r-H oc o 
 
 toojcotoinoOCTi 
 
 iHtOOCOCMCDt^iO 
 
 ■^'jMnniooOrHeo 
 in'^cf cDcoO'^P 
 
 dooofiotot^co 
 
 COCftOMCOtOOOO 
 OOCOOO«3"^C4r--* 
 
 <Sa-m oocoi-Tto 
 
 COf-i CI i-HCO 
 
 5OCQ Oif 
 * -p o to c. . 
 
 P lr-00O5 
 
 -*uacioei-Ht-<oo 
 cgtoeooji— T-(GOi— I 
 tdtoooi-i'<i'ooSci 
 
 r-ooosinoeof- 
 
 tDt^Cl<0-^r-KO0> 
 
 00.-* 03 i> in i-~ CO 1-* 
 
 1-H t- 00 "* tOOiCH 
 
 ccT'j'csimt— ooco^ 
 
 OOOOCIOi-hCMCJCI 
 
 t~~ 00 00 0000 0003 
 tOmr-ITjICJOOClO 
 
 i-H ^ m CI m to 00 
 
 r- 00; CO Tfl 00 , - 
 
 ss 
 
 ^^co"Cit3lnc^calO 
 CI! ■* c^ ir i-i «> 1^ r— 
 csM.r-in oocaoci 
 
 fnoua inir 
 
 T-i>oCT>a i>-co-*c» 
 
 ■* d to t^-^ 1-1 O i-l 
 
 COtOtntOI'-OOOrH 
 
 cimoococMp^ooo 
 
 tOi— llOr-(U0iOO5aS 
 
 
 
 o 2i O . t3 iO* to O) 
 .-+MeO"*intor-x 
 
34 
 
 NOTES ON AGEICULTUEAL CONDITIONS IN DENMABK.- 
 
 o 
 I 
 O 
 
 w 
 M 
 
 H 
 iJ 
 O 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 w 
 Pi 
 
 CO If-: 
 
 
 •S OS 
 
 
 
 M . 
 
 o3£M 
 
 ^la 
 
 00iX50)Oi-l(ClOi-l 
 
 MOM ■ O M !0 W 
 
 QOoseorHOeowsci 
 
 O) M d ■ >o C* CI (O 
 
 O 1-H N -!t« Oi in O t^ 
 
 ai(DOQincocair-i-( 
 C-^I^00MO=OM00 
 
 C-li-C^OCT!00(M0S 
 ■^cDOiMiOM^OO 
 
 iO(NO(NeOC-li— (M 
 i-IOit-MCiOlOO 
 
 O (D(N OOrH iH O 
 
 QOOOSOiiOi-lf-M 
 OOOaOOSOlOiiHOO 
 
 Ol ^ lO -^lot^co" 
 
 -I (OOl 
 
 ■aooMMooM'^ 
 
 O C O . -0 :0 t^ S 
 
 H(NeO"^U3(Ot^OO 
 
 o 
 

 lill 
 
 i 
 
 iili 
 
 . ).,,;i .-.K-M 
 
 -'/'* ,■ 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ./"* 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 'li i 
 I 
 
 '> I I I'll i'itf 
 
 
 '^ - ^ — f iw 
 
 
 'II' IR 
 
 ^^■"■^ 
 
 \\ 
 
 ,f- ^' 
 
 
 
 
 /3 
 
 
 r- v-u 
 
 li'^- 
 
 '%>m