Cornell University Library TN 890.G78 1919 The mineral industry of the British Empi 3 1924 004 699 538 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGINEERING LIBRARY IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. TJIE MINERAL INDTSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE F<)Rl':rGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. SULPHUR AM) IRO.X rVlUTKS. (1913 1919.) LONDON! rttirnti AMD rt-ui&MtD av MIS MAJESTY'S STAT lOSERY OFFICE. r > he parchiKjl through »ji)f Book«l!rr ot dimilj ittxt H M STATIONERV OFFICE at ihe lollwint «ddr«M* : iHniui Hotiu, KiKOw.t. LoiiDcs. W.CX. »do tt, AniiGiK's S»«tri Lotnon. S.W 1 ; IT. PtlM St»««». M ..VTTI»»tI» , 1 St. AuPMW't Ckfwim OcDim U, FS04). Long tons. Percentage made from — Tear. 1 Pyrites. Spent Brimstone. Zinc and Imported. Oxide. Domestic. I Copper- Fumes. 1914 1917 1918 1,082,000 1,382,000 1,130,000 88-5 79-9 79-4 0-45 10-6 0-7 ' 11-0 !-6 11-2 0-3 0-15 8-1 i 0-30 7-4 0-40 34719 A3 United States. Acid made (100% H3SO4). Long tons. Percentage made from — Year. Brim- stone. Pyrites. Zinc Ores. Copper Smelting Spanish. Domestic. Canadian Waste Gases. 1914 1917 1918 2,112,000 3,982,000 4,201,000 2-6 32-6 48-0 50-0 22-9 7-6 15-8 11-8 12-7 7-9 6-9 7-5 13-2 18-1 16-1 10-5 7-7 8-1 During the war the Schaffner-Helbig process of sulphur pro duction was worked in Germany. Anhydrite (calcium sulphate) was the raw material used, and the product was exceptionally pure, containing 99'95 per cent, of sulphur. By the end of 1919 about 22,300 tons of this material had been produced in Germany from two factories. Gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) was also utilized by many German sulphuric acid makers as a source of sulphur dioxide. Sulphur is prepared for the market by heating the sulphur- bearing material to a temperature at which the sulphur will melt. It is then run into moulds, allowed to cool, and broken into lumps. This product is known as " brimstone," or, if cast into cylindrical sticks, as " roll sulphur." When a higher temperature is used, the sulphur volatilizes and may be recovered by condensation. The sulphm- thus prepared is known as ' ' flowers of sulphur ' ' or " sublimed sulphur." Crude sulphur is used largely in the preparation of wood-pulp fftr paper-making, and as a fertilizer and insecticide in agriculture. During the war there was a large increase in the amount of crude sulphur used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. The burners required for sulphur could be erected much more easily than those for pyrites ; moreover, the comparative purity of sul- phur, especially as regards arsenic and volatile metals, renders it more suitable than pyrites for use in the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Sulphur is used in the manufacture of gunpowder, of which it usually constitutes about 10 per cent. ; it is also used for vulcanizing rubber, for medicinal purposes, as a cement (for which purpose it is mixed with sand), as a vehicle for corrosive hquids, in the manufacture of matches and fireworks in tanning sugar-refining, glue-making, and the bleaching of cotton goodl! WOELD'S PEODUCTION. The greater part of the world's supply of sulphur is obtained from the United States, Italy and Japan. Sulphur is known to occur and has been worke(f in many other countries, notably Spam, Turkey, Mexico and Chile, but the total output from these sources is small. 7 The outstanding feature in the sulphur industry during the period under leview was the great advance recorded in the sulphur production of the United States, due partly to the large demand for sulphur caused by the war, and partly to reduced importation of pyrites. War conditions and competition with the United States output were largely responsible for the diminished production in Italy, but other causes operated. Many of the Sicilian mines have now reached a depth at which mining operations are no longer profit- able, and they have consequently been shut down. No new deposits appear to have been opened up, and the industry generally suffers from the lack of capital and mining enterprise. The Japanese production increased substantially during the war, the output of refined sulphur rising to tlie record figure of 116,191 tons in the year 1917, but, with the slackening of demand due to the armistice, production fell to approximately pre-war level. Sulphur has been obtained in Iceland, but no information as to production and export is available in recently published trade returns. World's Production of Sulphur (long tons). 1913. I 1914. 191.i. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Austria — Sulphur rock France — Sulphur rock Sulphur content Italy - Crude sulphur (fused)... „ „ (ground) Refined „ Spain — Sulphur rock Refined sulphur t United States — Crude sulphur Chile- Sulphur rock Japan — Sulphur rock Refined sulphur J Formosa — Sulphur rock 10,891 I 19,992 6481 — 3,110 I 38-2 38 689 69 880,101 .171,771 .•162,352,265,045 19,773 2o,.TO2 21,777 18 292 149,275 'm6,70 I ,114,488' * 61,ll4ii! 4(;,-122i 28.172 4li,li;:) 7.378! 7,1130 9,;") 15 lo,^.V.l 491,080 :417,ii90 520,582 1 728 4,132 73 556 208,442 17,934 * 230,531 18,787 • 83,613 12,678 71,197 12,533 649,683 1,134,412 l,,35.-!,52o 1 6,540 9,847 9,612 14,640 18,638 [ 19,243 I 8,694 ' 16,896 21,142 13,3i;o 20,810 I 58,493' 72.924 71.04(1 104,677 1 116,191 ' 63,671 ] 2,208 1 1,184 I 1.353 I 2,940 ! 2,846 1 10,000 222,492 28,721 « 88,146 11,261 190,575 18.606 li'.,497 49,817 Note. — Java is reported to have produced about 1,200 tons of sulphur in 1913 : there wiis no production during the period 1914 to 1917. The only recorded production in Greece was 5,306 tons in 1918 and 2,202 tons iu 1919. • Not reported. f From the treatment of sulphur rock in Spain. J Additional to the sulphur rock mined. BKITISH EMPIRE. United Kingdom. Native sulphur occurs sparingly within the United Kingdom. It is found associated with gypsum at Newark in Nottingham and in other lounties, and as concretions in the Carboniferous Lime- stone of Ireland, but there are no deposits of economic importance, 34719, A 4 8 Both gypsum and anhydrite occur abundantly in England, notably in the Keuper marls, but only gypsum is mined, the anhydrite being a waste product. In view of the production of sulphur and sulphur dioxide from such minerals in Germany, the Enghsh deposits may become valuable as sources of these important industrial products. Although there is no production of native sulphur in the United Kingdom, it may be ^oted that there has been a considerable output of by-product sulphur, partly in the Chance-Claus process, and partly in the purification of coal-gas. Until very recently, large quantities of sulphur have been pre- pared in England by the Chance-Claus process. No accurate statistics exist, but a fair estimate of the amount produced imme- diately prior to the war, and during the first |two or three years of the war, would be 24,000 tons annually. The sulphur made in this way is comparatively pure, and commands a good price. The law imposes upon a seller of coal-gas the obligation to remove the sulphur therefrom. The usual method of effecting this purification is by passing the crude coal-gas through purifiers consisting of shelves on which are spread layers of material containing hydrated iron oxide. This material may be bog iron-ore or an artificial preparation obtained by mixing precipitated hydrated iron oxide with an inert opening material such as sawdust. The sulphuretted hydrogen in the coal-gas reacts on the ferric hydrate with the formation of ferric sulphide and water. The presence of a certain amount of oxygen in the coal-gas ensures oxidation of the fenic sulphide, ferric hydrate being formed, and free sulphur liberated. The purifying material will remain in operation for 1, 2, or 3 years, at the end of which period the " spent oxide " is replaced by fresh material. The spent oxide consists essentially of a mixture of ferric hydrate and free sulphur, and the sulphur may amount to from 30 to 65 per cent, of the total weight, an average figiu-e being 50 per cent. In addition a certain amount of tar, ammonium sulpliaite, and cyanogen in the form of Prussian blue and sulphocyanides are also found in spent oxide. There appear to be no accurate figures as to the production of spent oxide, but a very close approximation of the average amount formed each year may be obtained in two ways, firstly, from an estimate of the sulphm- in the crude gas made together with the knowledge of the tonnage of coal used in the gas industry, and secondly, from a knowledge of the amount of spent oxide utilized in |the sulphuric ncid industry. As both these methods of estimation lead to almost -identical results, the following table, compiled mainly from information collected by the Explosive? Department of the Ministry of Munitions, will give an accurate basis for close estimation of the amount of sulphur obtained annually in this way. 32!000 Spent oxide (50 per cent, sulphur). Stock at sulphuric acid makers' works: — Long tons. Ist January, 1913 Used by sulphuric acid makers during : — 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 105,000 108,000 111,000 127,000 119,900 106,100 109,000 52,000 Stock at sulphuric acid makers works : — 31st December, 1919 Almost the whole of the spent oxide purchased is utilized in the sulphuric acid industry. From a smaJl amount, however, the sulphur is extracted by carbon bisulphide which i* subsequently recovered by evaporation. The residual " recovered sulphur " contains the original tarrj- matter in the spent oxide and is a very suitable material for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. In addition a very small amount of the spent oxide is treated for the recovery of blue, i.e., fen'ocyanides, but the spent oxide that has been so treated is in almost all cases used subsequently in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Imports / Sulphur into the United Kingdom.* Quantity (long tons). From 1913. 1914. 1 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Italy United States •Other Foreign Coun- tries. Total from Foreign Countries. Total from British Possessions. 15,763 1,225 1,226 12,194 7,849 1,756 35,298 116 142 33,755 131 144 17,149 12,128 115 60,146 12,673 1 7,225 344 18,214 21,799 35,555 34,030 29,392 72,720 7,569 — — — ~ ~ — 5 Total 18,214 21,799 35,555 34,0301 29,392 1 72,720 T,574 Value (£). Italy United States •Other Foreign Count- 81,203 5,326 6,183 67,076 31,650 8,859 204,026 556 907 295,840 1,278 1,458 230,498 57,454 2,093 913,213 60,687 20 133,238 5,171 Total from Foreign Countries. Total from British Possessions. 92,712 107,585 205,489 298,076 290,045 973,920 138,409 — — — — — 135 Total 92,712 107,585 205,489 298,076 290,045 973,920 138,544 • Annual Statements of the Trade of the United Kingdom. 10 Exports of Sulphur from the United Kingdom. {Foreign Produce.) To Quantity (long tons) . 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916 1917. 1918. 1919. Union of South Africa ... Other British Possessions 77 202 131 232 1,689 173 2,095 129 18 9 3 6 61 82 Total ' to British Posaessions. Norway ... Portugal Russia Sweden Canary Islands United States Other Foreign Countries 279 363 1,862 2,224 27 9 143 48 349 44 252 16 109 137 1 1 521 39 1 626 283 4 5,064 65 86 98 702 1,174 25 38 4 17 174 813 32 279 Total to Foreign 441 514 1,189 6,302 1,237 21 1,298 Total 720 877 3,051 8,526 1,264 30 1,441 1 Value (£). Union of South Africa ... Other British Possessions 533 1,284 942 1,702 11,110 1,734 17,241 1,589 361 216 112 195 2,305 1,716 Total to British Possessions. Norway Portugal Russia Sweden Canary Islands United States Other Foreign Countries 1,817 2,644 12,844 18,830 577 307 4,021 298 2,119 362 1,349 106 603 1,037 18 9 4,091 248 10 4,565 3,343 47 60,298 557 1,073 808 5,742 17,558 545 688 137 434 2,905 18,254 965 7,617 Total to Foreign 2,779 3,095 8,941 71,868 18,791 571 29,741 Total 4,596 5,739 21,785. 90,698 19,368 878 33,762 Egypt.* Sulphur, associated with gypsum and anhydrite, occurs abund- antly at several localities on the Eed Sea coast. It was worked formerly at Eas Jemsa, 170 miles south of, Jemsa. Only the richer and easily worked portions of the deposit were mined, and when these were exhausted the mines were abandoned. There was no tecorded production of sulphur in Egypt during the period under review. Union of South Africa.! In the year 1913 sulphuric acid was manufacitiired in South Africa chiefly from SiciUan sulphur and imported Spanish pyrites. * Note on the Mineral Kesources of Egypt, Dept. Mines 1914. t The Sulphuric Acid Industry, by M. Rindl ; The S. Afr. Journ. Ind Pretoria, 1919, 2, No. 2, 125-134. Trade and Shipping of the Union of South Africa and of Southern and Northern Rhodesia (Annual). 11 Only one company used the auriferous pyrites produced as a by- pi'oduct during dressing operations at sevex'al of the Transvaal ynid mines. The difficulty of procuring supplies of imported sulphur during the war caused attention to be directed to South African sources of supply. The deposits of sulphur known to exist along the coast near Walvis Bay and Conception Bay were examined. In these districts the. sulphur occurs as boulders varying fiom 1 foot to 4 feet in diameter, embedded in a stratum of white sand. The boulders contain 72 per cent, of free sulphur and 20 per cent, of silica, with no arsenical compounds. Owing to the limited area covered by these occurrences the deposits are not considered to be of any commercial value. Native sulphur has recently been discovered near the mouth of the St. John's River, Griqualand Eiist, but sufficient exploratory work has not been done to prove the value of the deposit. Imports of Stilphur Rock (including Iron-Pyritcs^ into tin Union of South Africa. Quantity (long tons). From 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... 1 — 1 — 36 2 — Germany Italy Spain Madagascar United States China Japan 11,186 9,263 3,429 62 8,;i4(; 3,294 470 3,571 1 17,709 8,427 — I 1,964 5,937 5,185 150 1,473 2(; 1 121 6,016 Total from Foreign Countries 20,449 3,491 12,517 22,967 ' 16,451 6,808 6,164 Total 20,450 3,491 12,518 22,967 16,487 6,810 0,164 , 6 Value (£) United Kingdom ... 6 3 — 295 35 15 Germany Italy Spain Madagascar United States China Japan 52,406 8,300 3 — 11,483 45,306 — 3,200 496 — 16,502 16,594 9,213 6,076 7,650 7 31,239 18,450 37,990 2,761 21,0(13 959 17 421 38,933 Total from Foreign Countries. 60,706 t;0,712 11,982 48,506 1 42,309 63,422 61,754 40,330 TOT.M, ... 11,988 1 48,509 42,309 63,717 61,7811 1 40,345 12 Imports of Flowers of Sulphur into the Union of South Africa. From Quantity (long tons"). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom India 398 253 282 237 6 11 104 Total from British Possessions. Belgium France Germany Italy Algeria United States Chile — Japan 398 253 282 237 6 11 104 63 51 1,873 1 24 3 677 41 658 76 3 2,765 132 ~85 442 270 1 168 2,565 36; 49' 254 Total from Foreign Countries. 1,988 745 737 2,897 797 2,734 339 Total / 2,386 998 1,019 3,134 803 2,745 443; Value (£). United Kingdom India 4,334 2,791 2,679 3,277 153 382 3,032. 2 Total from British 4,334 2,791 2,679 3,277 153 382 3,034 Belgium France Germany Italy Algeria United States Chile Japan 540 390 12,387 23 228 22 4,652. 295 2 5,670 716 23 2 1 25,646 1,220 1 2 1,561 5,170 2,089 - 65 3,297 31,454 650' 998. 3,454 Total from Foreign Countries. 13,340 5,197 6,413 26,868 8,822 34,816 5,102 Total 17,674 7,988 9,092 30,145 8,975 35,198 8,136 13 Exports of Sulphur from the Union of South Africa. (Foreign Produce.) 1 To Quantity (cwt.). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. British East Africa Mauritius Nyasaland South- West Africa Protectorate Zanzibar 36 9 19 40 31 9 524 4 37 18 12,773 18 98 Total to British Possessions 36 9 59 31 574 12,809 98 Belgian Congo Portuguese East Africa ... Portuguese West Africa ... 1 44 1 91 3 110 4 19 1,862 31 7,511 1 110 2 Total to Foreign Countries 45 92 113 23 1,862 7,542 113 TOTAT 81 101 172 54 2,436 20,351 211 Ship's Stores — — 1 — . — — — 17 ^ ^alue (J E). British East Africa Mauritius Nyasaland ... South-West Africa Protectorate Zanzibar 1 15 8 28 25 603 6 50 38 8,704 35 8,777 143 Total to British Possessions 17 7 23 28 684 143 Belgian Congo Portuguese East Africa ... Portuguese West Africa ... 1 17 1 65 4 80 3 18 3,439 45 10,764 5 138 4 Total to' Foreign Countries 18 66 84 21 3,439 10,809 147 Total 35 73 107 49 4,123 19,586 290 Ship's Stores — ■ — 2 — — — — y^lc ; — The only exports of sulphur (domestic produce) recorded during the period under review were made in 1918 and 1919, when 100 lb. and 140 lb. were sent to South-West Africa Protectorate. Each consignment was valued at £2. 14 Canada.'^ Native sulphur occurs at many localities in the provinces of Nova Scotia, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia, and in the district of Mackenzie ; but very little attention has been given to these deposits, and no production of sulphur was recorded during the period under review. Canada imports large quantities of sulphur from the United States. A large proportion of these unporits is used as a source of sulphur dioxide in the manufacture of wood-pulp,* only a quarter to a third of the total tonnage of sulphur imported being used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Imports of Sulphur (Crude, Roll and Flower) into Canada. {Fiscal years ending March 31.) From Quantity (long tons). 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom New Zealand 99 67 1 13 3 — Total from British Posses- 99 68 13 3 — ' Germany Italy Spain Switzerland United States Japan 16 650 13 1 23,292 2,586 899 42 34,905 2,865 92 31,130 2,623 89 70,725 4,158 65,894 482 86,814 76 Total from Foreign Countries 26,558 38,711 33,845 74,972 66,376 86,890 Total 26,657 38,779 33,858 74,975 66,376 86,890 Value (£).t United Kingdom New Zealand 610 318 7 102 82 — — Total from British Posses- 610 325 102 82 — — Germany Italy Spain Switzerland United States Japan 88 3,383 72 49 112,768 12,276 5,002 216 169,826 11,051 558 115,246 9,146 537 264,330 15,530 303,350 2,052 424,996 457 Total from Foreign Countries 128,636 186,095 124,950 280,397 305,402 425,453 Total 129,246 186,420 125,052 280,479 305,402 425,453 Annual Reports on the Mineral Production of Canada. Annual Reports on the Trade of Canada. t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. 15 India.'" The annual production of sulphuric acid in India is estimated at about 18,000 tons, the raw material being sulphur, which is imported from Sicily and Japan. Deposits of sulphur have been reported as occurring at many localities in India, notably at Ghizri Bunder, in the province of Sind ; at Golkurt, near Karghari, on the Mekran coast ; and at Mawsiin in the Houthem Shan States. The only important deposit that has been mined on an ex- tensive scale is situated about 12 miles south-west of Sanni, in the Kachhi district of Kelat State, Baluchistan. In this deposit the sulphur rock, which has an available sulphur content varying from about 18 to 37 per cent., averages about 10 feet in thickness. The mine, which was worked formerly by the Afghans, closed down about 40 years ago as the result of a fire which broke out in the workings, and it has not since been re-opened. From investigations made by officers of the Geological Survey of India, who examined the deposit in the year 1919, there is in the deposit an estimated reserve of about 36,000 tons of sulphur rock, corresponding to slightly over 10,000 tons of sulphur. In view of the large zinc-reduction works which it is intended to erect at Sakchi in Singhbhum to treat Burmese (Bawdwin) zinc concentrates for the production of spelter and the manufac- ture of sulphuric acid, there does not seem much scope for sulphur-mining in India. Imports of Sulphur into India. (Fiscal year^ ending March 31.) Quantity (long tons). 1913. .1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom Hong Kong Straits Settlements... Other British Posses- 420 373 501 40 223 23 108 14 34 U 1 10 Total from British Possessions. Germany Italy United States Japan Other Foreign Coun- tries. Total from Foreign Countries. 420 373 541 24(3 108 59 11 1 4,006 40 1,277 5 15 4,469 1,47!) 1 4,159 1,401 1 3,978 4,251 3 4,721 4,137 o 194 9,530 18 4,809 5,329 5,954 6,561 8,232 8,858 9,726' 4,827 i Total 5,749 6,327 6,102 8,478 8,966 9,785 4,838 • Industrial Handbook Indian Munitions Board, 1919. Report of the Sanni Sulphur Mine, by G. de P. Cotter : Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 1919, 50, Pt. 2, 130-138; Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 1921, 52, 61 and 320-322. Statements of Sen-borne Trade of British India (Annual). 16 Imports of Sulphur into India — continued. (Fiscal years ending March 31.) From Value (£). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... Hong Kong Straits Settlements... Other British Posses- sions. 2,809 1 2,508 2,847 239 2,019 146 2 1,628 379 901 301 2 87 159 Total from British Possessions. Oermany Italy United States Japan Other Foreign Coun- tries. 2,810 2,508 3,086 2,167 1,628 1,583 246 13 26,460 299 6,177 51 144 30,301 6,916 25 31,693 6,752 7 34,213 22,484 45 51,731 35,641 21 3,548 106,639 329 67,718 Total from Foreign Countries. 33,000 37,386 38,452 56,742 87,372 110,208 68,048 Total ... 35,810 39,894 41,538 58,909 89,000 111,791 68,294 Australia.'*' m Native sulphur has been found at various localities in many parts of .the Commonv?ealth, but most of these have proved to be of no economic importance. Deposits of sulphur of promising character occur near Debawala in |the lamalele district, Ferguson Island, Papua, within a mile of good anchorage at Seymour Bay. The Government Geologist estimates that there are 15 to 17 acres of sulphur, averaging one foot in depth, or about 42,000 tons. Samples showed from 16 to 86 per cent, of sulphur, with an average of o87 per cent. The costs per ton of sulphur, mined at lamalele and shipped to Sydney, are estimaited at £8 10s. In the year 1916 experiments were carried out at the Mount Lyell Company's works with the object of extracting before smelting a portion of the sulphur contained in sulphide ores. These investigations culminated in the construction of an experi- mental sulphur extraction plant, but sulphur has not yet been produced on a commercial scale at these works. With reference to the utilization of the sulphur dioxide given off during the roasting of lead-zinc ores, see Pyrites section, p. 49. . * Queensland Government Mining Journal, 1916, p. 526. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia (Annual). Imports of Sulphur or Brimstone into Australia. (Fiscal years ending June 30.) Quantity (long tons). From 1915. 1916. 1917. 1 1918. 1919. United Kingdom Union of South Africa New Zealand 104 1 157 1 46 104 1 1 13 Total from British Possessions. 105 204 104 1 13 Denmark Oermany Italy United States Japan Philippine Islands Other Foreign Countries 59 179 20,728 4 20 12,884 28,161 13 16,444 188 32,853 48 39,596 411 29,164 15 Total from Foreign Countries. 20,970 41,078 49,485 39,644 29,590 Total 21,075 41,282 , 49,589 39,645 29,603 Value (£). United Kingdom Union of South Africa New Zealand 1,217 10 2,214 13 660 1,787 28 467 Total from British Possessions. 1,227 2,887 1,787 28 468* Denmark Germany Italy United States Japan Philippine Islands Other Foreign Countries 414 1,509 101,159 34 186 70,637 145,947 86 115,860 2,075 300,111 3 558 310,315 6,550 238,787 571 Total from Foreign Countries. 103,116 216,856 418,046 310,876 245,908 Total 104,343 219,743 419,833 310,904 246,376 • Including sulphur valued at £1 imported from Solomon Islands. 18 Exports of Sulphur from Australia (Foreign Produce). (Fiscal years ending June 30.) Quantity (cwt.). To 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. New Zealand British Pacific Possessions Other British Possessions 85 124 66 396 38 1,833 49 — Total to British Possessions 85 189 434 1,882 — Foreign Pacific Possessions 4 9 8 8 — Total 89 198 442 1,89U — Value (£). New Zealand ... British Pacific Possessions Other British Possessions 64 100 52 328 40 1,174 47 — Total to British Possessions 64 152 368 1,221 — Foieign Pacific Possessions 3 8 8 9 — Total 67 160 376 1,230 — New Zealand.* Sulphur is mined on a small scale in New Zealand in the districts around Lake Eotorua, towards the centre of the North Island, where the sulphur occurs in pockets in a volcanic sinter, or in surface deposits in the vicinity of fumaroles and thermal springs. The only outputs recorded during the period under review are 466 tons and 1,120 tons for 1916 and 1917 respec- tively. The total output from the Eotorua region up to the end of 1917 amounted to 4,841 tons of crude sulphur. In the year 1913 the New Zealand Sulphur Company com- menced sulphur -mining operations on an important scale on White Island, a volcanic cone in the Bay of Plenty (to the north-east of the Eotorua region), where there were extensive sulphur-bearing beds underlying the crater lake. Draining operations were put in hand, and a sulphur-refining plant in- stalled, but in the followiag year a violent eruption of the crater destroyed the deposit, and the undertaking was abandoned. From 1898tol902 New Zealand exported 4,927 tons of sulphur, valued at £18,239. Since 1902 the small quantity of sulphur * New Zealand Mines Statements (Annual). New Zealand Official Tear Book for 1919. Trade and Shipping of New Zealand (Annual). 19 produced has been used locally at chemical works. Owing to the nature of the deposits, and to transport difficulties, it is unhkely that sulphur can be exported at a price allowing of competition with United States, Italian, and Japanese suppUes. Imports of Sulphur into New Zealand. From Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom Australia 15 4 25 3 24 157 13 3 1 73 2 85 9 142 Total from British Pos- 19 28 181 16 74 87 151 Germany Jtaly Sweden United States Japan 5 52 1,848 10 69 2 66 2 1,465 19 I'.i 2,390 7 1,780 4 2,989 23 3,060 Total from Foreign Countries. Total 1,905 81 1,533 2,428 1,787 2,993 3,083 1,1)24 109 1,714 2,444 1,861 3,080 3,234 • Value (£). United Kingdom Australia 123 40 289 25 225 921 281 50 35 1,009 166 1,688 300 2,006 -Total from British Pos- 163 314 1,146 331 1,044 1,854 2,306 Germany Italy Sweden United States Japan 41 408 9,905 81 I — 594 ! 691 16 1 - — i 67 — 7,057 261 303 8,756 2113 14,091 73 19,780 368 32,161 Total from Foreign Countries. Total 10,354 691 7,815 9,320 14,294 19,853 32,529 10,517 1,005 8,961 9,651 16,338 21,707 34,835 FOEEIGN COUNTEIES. France.* Sulphur-bearing marls are mined in the departments of Bouches-du-Ehone and Vaucluse for use in the vineyards, and there is a small deposit of native sulphur, associated with gypsum, which is mined at Biabaux near Marseilles. • Statistique de I'lndustrie Min^rale en France et en Alg^rie (1914-1918). Le Commerce de la France (Annual). 20 Production of Sulphur in France. Sulphur R'ock. Sulphur Content. Quantity Year. (long tons). 1913 648 1914 382 689 728 4,132 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Quantity (long tons). 38 69 73 556 Imports of Sulphur into France. Refined (in sticks, Sublimate (flowers Crude (including rock). etc.)t of sulphur).! Year. Quantity Value* Quantity Value* Quantity Value* (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). 1913... 183,349 819,920 1914 ... 113,921 521,000 1915 ... 97,798 667,920 1916 ... 115,017 1,589,800 8,46i 154,800 2,558 52,000 1917 ... 56,533 1,264,040 14,751 479,760 4,347 159,040 1918 ... 49,901 1,014,320 15,089 460,040 6,412 221,560 1919 ... 108,278 2,200,960 22,220 677,480 7,228 249,760 Exports of Sulphur from France. Crude Refined Sublimate Year. (including rock). (in sticks, etc.). (flowers of su Iphur). Quantity Value* Quantity Value* Quantity Value* (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). (,long tons). (£). 1913 ... 10,146 45,360 2,461 14,000 10,342 67,280 1914 ... 1,861 8.520 1,199 7,320 11,344 76,080 1915 ... 949 6,480 2,387 24,280 8,086 85,480 1916 ... 2,798 38,680 3,432 62,800 10,793 219,400 1917 ... 2,785 62,280 608 19,760 2,050 75,040 1918 ... 1,228 24,960 307 9,360 2,061 71,240 1919 ... 1,472 29,920 490 14,960 2,354 81,320 Italy.t Italy is the most important sulphur-producing country in Europe, and ranks in production second to the United States. During the period under review the costs of sulphur-production in Italy increased, and the output declined very considerably. • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs = £1. f Not stated prior to 1916. J Rivista del Servizio Minerario (Annual). 21 Before the war sulphur was mined at about 80 lii'e* per ton, but by the end of 1920 the cost had risen to 650 lire. High wages, shortage of labour and lack of new machinery have all contributed to the increase of mining costs, while the scarcity of fuel has led to the employment of wasteful methods of sulphur recovery. In former tftnes, Italian sulphur found a wide market in European countries, but it is now difficult for Italian producers to compete successfully with those of the United States, and the export market is practically limited to the wine-producing countries of Southern Europe, where large quantities of sulphur are used in the vineyards. About 10 per cent, of the total Italian production of sulphur is obtained from the mainland, where sulphur mines aa-e being worked near the towns of Kimini and Pesaro, on the Adriatic coast. There is also a small production from a mine on the ea^t coast of Southern Calabria. The bulk of the sulphur produced is obtained in Sicily, where the sulphur-bearing belt extends from Mount Etna on the east to Girgenti on the west, a distance of more than 100 miles. The width of this belt averages about 55 miles. The centre of the Sicilian sulphur-mining industry is at Caltanisetta. In the deposits of this region the sulphur occurs a'^sociated with gypsum and bituminous marls, as veins, pockets and impregnations in limestone beds of Miocene age. These sulphur-beds vary in thickness from 3 feet to 8 feet, and in some localities up to nearly 100 feet, three or four beds being usually present in each deposit. Calcite and celestite frequently accompany the sulphm*. The yield varies from about 8 per cent, to 40 per cent, of the rock as mined, but individual deposits are known with 50 per cent., and in places, notably at Naro, 80 to 90 per cent, rock is not uncommon. The average sulphur content of the rock is about 25 per cent. The sulphur rock is usually contaminated with bitumen, clay and other impurities, and requires refining before shipment. Italian Production, Imports and Exports of Crude and Ground Sulphur. Production. Imports. Exports. Year. Crude (fused) (long tons). Crude (ground) (long tons). Refined f (long tons). Total (long tons). Total (long tons). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 380,101 371,771 352,352 265,045 208,442 230,531 222,492 19,773 25,.302 21,777 18,292 17,934 18,787 28,721 149,275 146,704 114,488 180 103 290 703 3 2,579 345,692 256,149 387,577 321,189 116,438 189,138 118,522 • At par, 25 lire = £1. t Not reported after 1915. 22 Output of Sulphur in the District of Caltanisetta, Sicily. Material Sulphur obtained from Year. • Rock raised. treated. material treated. Quantity "Value at Quantity Quantity Value * (long tons). (£). (long tons). (long tons). (£). 1913 2,175,084 999,232 2,230,576 342,002 1,086,324 1914 2,083,886 1,011,476 2,194,025 331,812 1,098,865 1915 1,965,775 1,020,305 2,066,384 317,071 1,110,369 1916 1,449,513 1,229,486 1,543,473 232,493 1,306,734 1917 1,134,736 2,146,526 1,179,800 180,215 2,236,994 1918 1,335,358 2.994,273 1,344,804 199,482 3,113,710 1919 1,389,412 2,603,863 1,392,754 188.996 2,792,004 Exports of Sulphur from the District of Caltanisetta, Sicily. To Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom and Malta Australia Other British Possessions Total to British Possessions France Oermany Greece Portugal Russia Other Foreign 15,778 13,224 6,249 12,782 1,612 6,463 35,672 326 5,742 68,059 23,220 6,365 19,790 344 61,589 1,487 3,836 835 35,251 19,857 41,640 97,634 20,134 63,076 4671 73,977 31,454 14,380 14,011 26,690 133,122 60,879 18,521 15,505 11,464 18,069 92,926 94,609 385 19,539 12,578 2,746 67,800 105,586 14,820 13,768 19,626 62,964 67,463 382 4,032 6,47.S 9,868 88,924 7,468 7,342 17,306 67,922 374 15,212 301 25,462 Total to Foreign 292,634 217,364 197,657 216,764 88,218 121,040 109,271 Total 327,885 237,221 239,297 314,398 108,352 184,116 113,942 Mainland of Italy . . . 71,817 88,391 107,166 66,931 42,368 38,822 29,029 Spain. 1 Deposits of sulphur associated with gypsum and marl are mined in the provinces of Murcia, Almeria and Albacete. During the war there was considerable activity in the sulphur-mining indus- try, but no new deposits of importance appear to have been discovered, and the total output is insufficient to meet the domestic demand. * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 lire = £1. f Estadistica Minera de Espaiia (Annual). Estadistiea General del Comercio Exterior de EspaSa (Annual). 23 Production of Sulphur-Rock and Sulphur in Spiiin. Year. - Sulphur Eock. Sulphur. Quantity (long tons). 1913 61,646 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 46,422 28,472 46,169 83,613 71,197 88,146 Quantity (long tons). 7,378 7,930 9,515 10,459 12,678 12,533 11,261 Imports and Exports of Sulphur into and from Spain. Imports. Year. Raw sulphur ungruund (long tons). Refined sulphur, «f,f °«'^ '^JP^'''' (long tons). 1 (io„g »;,„,)_ Ti)tal Exports of sulphur (long tons). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 2,141 906 1,259 1,761 114 3,252 1,208 1,415 1,072 1,941 75 1,165 13 6,879 ' 2 7,860 : 5 6,246 1 7,910 i 1 1,727 1 34 2,993 ! 235 6,272 403 United States,* Sulphur deposits have been worked in many parts of the United States, but more than 98 per cent, of the total output has been obtained from the deep-lying sulphur-bearing beds of Louisiana and Texas. On these fields the sulphur is melted in situ under- ground by means of superheated water (Frasch process). The liquefied sulphur collects at the bottom of the wells bored into the deposit and is forced by air-lifts to the surface, where it is piped to bins in which it consolidates on cooling. Many wells are now drilled in these localities to a depth of 800 to 1,000 feet, tlie diameter being commonly about one foot. The sulphur obtained by this method is remarkably pure (about 99' 5 sulphur) and requires no further treatment at the mines before shipment, all that is necessary being to break up the consolidated material in the bins, by blasting with powder, and load it into cars. The chief centres of the sulphur-mining industry are near Freeport, in Brazoria county, and Gulf, in Matagorda county, Texas; and at the sulphur mine in Calcasieu parish, Louisiana. The most productive wells in these regions are stated to have yielded more than 100,000 tons of sulphur. • Annual Reports on the Mineral Resources of the United States. Mineral Industry (Annual). The 24 The sulphur obtained in this way almost invariably contains •■as an impurity a small amount of oil (about 0:1 per cent.), and it is interesting to note that even this small amount has a- con- siderable effect upon the burning quality of the sulphur. If a pool of this sulphur is left to burn unstirred, the oil rises to the surface and forms a kind of asphalt, which hinders the burning -of the remainder of the sulphur. The difficulty is, however, easily overcome by agitating the burning sulphur. Since 1913 production of sulphur in Texas has increased greatly, and the United States now ranks first among the sulphur-pro- ducing countries. This expansion of output was caused "by the increased demand for sulphur, arising partly from war conditions and partly from the stoppage of the import of Spanish pyrites. Sulphuric acid manufacturers in the United States were com- pelled during the war to turn for their requirements of the raw material to the domestic supplies of crude sulphur. Many of them have permanently equipped their plants to burn sulphur, and it seems probable that crude sulphur will continue to com- pete successfully with pyrites in the manufacture of sulphuric acid in the United States, at any rate in the south, and at points remote from ports. Production of Sulphur in the United States. . Production. Despatchec from mine; Year. Quantity Quantity Approximate Value* (long tons). (long tons) . (£). 1913 491,080 319,333 1,170,208 1914 417,690 341,985 1,294,583 1915 520,582 293,803 1,033,125 1916 649,683 766,835 2,551,250 1917 1,134,412 1,120,378 4,997,292 1918 1,353,625 1,266,709 5,805,833 1919 1,190,575 678,257 2,135,833 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar ^ 4s. Id. 25 o 2 G o a a 3 a, "3 .■S o .■sg 5'W CD ••sg 3 60 (N O OS O G^ [^ 00 o r- (N CO ^ cc • •^ o "'J'co — cf. (- lri o t^ lO o w 1— occ CO cc woo o tO_i-^^CO (MO w c^CO_Oa Cf3 eo U- cr- CM ■* c^i 1 1 1 ^ QC '^ CO -f 1 1 1 o a a |i4 °':i * t- -M w O CO T"! CO CM C^ CO I> O iC — CO 1-^ lO CO OI CO ''t Oi CO " -C g f^S (M O r* OS CO lo r* O Ol T-t -^ 00 t^ o t> ■^-2 i-H coco (N 03 gg> O CO ''ij^ --< rH (M (M (M 3 H O'^ • c • ei3 o 13 u a> ja S4-I -»A o o 5 "n ? a -5 -a rt to do a J3 S o QQ c W rs o § TS tH J3 0) CLi a o X ro '^ u- -^ r- X OS 26 Ea^forts of Sulphur from the United States. Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Quajitity (long tons). 89,221 98,163 37,312 128,755 152,736 131,092 224,712 Value* (£). 333,284 376,526 150,975 522,054 729,337 755,550 1,317,823 Chile, t Chile possesses a large number of important sulphur deposits of volcanic origin, but the majority of these are situated in the western Andes at altitudes too great for systematic mining. So far as is known, the highest deposits worked are situated on Mount Olca, in the Ollagiie district, province of Antofagasta,, and on Mount Chupiquina, in the Tacora district, province of Tacora, at altitudes from 17,000 feet to 18,500 feet above sea-level. Sulphur-mining operations are confined chiefly to these two districts. At Mount Ollagiie large quantities of pure sulphur have been deposited in the vicinity of the active vents and fumaroles. This is quarried, bagged and transported to the railway at Ollagiie. The underlying rich sulphur-bearing rock is not at present worked. In the Tacora district mining is carried out in a less wasteful manner. The deposits are situated on Mount Chupiquiiia and Mount Tacora. The sulphur-bearing rock is of lower grade, and the whole deposit is mined. The excavated material is trans- ported to the refining centres by narrow-gauge railway or aerial tramway. Production of Sulphur Rock in Chile. Quantiity Year. (long tons). 1913 6,540 1914 9,847 1915 • 9,612 1916 14,640 1917 18,638 1918 19,243 1919 18,606 * "Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. f Anuario Estadistico de la Republica de Chile. Statistical Abstract of the Republic of Chile, 1918. 27 Japan.* Japan is an important producer of sulphur. The deposits mined are invariably of volcanic origin and occur either as sulphur-bearing clays forming the beds of lakes in ancient craters, or as sulphur-bearing muds that have been ejected during periods of volcanic activity. A Httle sulphur is also found encrusting the rocks in the vicinity of volcanic vents and fumaroles. The most important mining area is situated in Hokkaido, where the deposit occupies the bed of a crater lake. The product obtained is grey or yellowish in colour, and contains from 50 to 90 per cent, of sulphur. In the island of Kyushu there ai'e sulphur mines along the Kirishima volcanic zone, and in the northern part of Honshu, the main island of Japan, there are many important deposits. There are no sulphur mines in the island of Shikoku, which lies between these two islands. In addition, sulphur is mined on a small scale in several of the Kurile Islands and in the vicinity of Daiton volcano, in Formosa. There is no production of sulphur in Korea. There has hitherto been normally only a small demand for sulphur in Japan, and before the war practically the entire out- put was shipped to the United States, Australia, Canada, India, and Eussia. During the war, the Japanese production of sulphur increased considerably, reaching the record figure of 116,191 tons in the year 1917, the gi-eater part of the output being exported to Australia, India and other eastern countries. Since 1917, the production has fallen rapidly, partly owing to the decreased demand for sulphur for munition purposes, but chiefly to the inability of Jafianese producers to compete successfully in the United States with the domestic product. A further cause was the very high freight rates charged on shipments from Japan to Australia during the years 1918 and 1919. Production of Sulphur a^id Sulphur Rock in Japan. Year. Sulphur. Sulphur Rock. 1913 58,493 156,843 1914 72,924 200,279 8,694 4,988 1915 71,046 190,222 16,896 9,295 1916 104,677 429,554 21,142 19,985 1917 116,191 476,652 13,360 10,421 1918 63,671 ; 253,243 20,810 14,28C. 1919 49,817 1 225,632 16,497 16,900 • statistical Reports of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Annual), •f- Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 10 yen^ ijl. 28 Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917' 1918 1919 Exports of Sulphur from Japan. Quantity Value* (long tons). (£)■ 53,287 198,084 50,647 184,592 73,537 248,763 81,211 621,554 83,920 614,279 53,500 27;500 Production of Sulphur Rock in Formosa. Quantity Year. (long tons). 1913 2,268 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1,184 1,353 2,940 2,846 New Hebrides. Lai-ge deposits of sulphur are report-ed to occur in the New Hebrides, where they are in some places forming even at the present time as a result of volcanic action. The sulphur occurs partly in a pure state and partly mixed vs^ith clay. REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE. GENERAL. Mineral Industry; New York (Annual). Hall process for desulphurizing ores, by A. W. G. Wilson; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept. for 1913, pp. 27-30. Present status of thiogen process, by S. W. Young; Eng. Min Journ., 1913, 95, 369-370. The Hall sulphur process; Mining Mag., 1913, 9, 36, 92; 1914, 10, 141. The Hall process for recovering sulphur, by H. F. Wierum; Trans Can. Min. Inst., 1915, 18, 134-139. The wet thiogen process for recovering sulphur from sulphur dioxide in smelter gases, by A. E. Wells; U.S. Bur. Mines, Washington, B.C., Bull. 133, 1917, 62 pp. Dominions Royal Commission, Final Report, 1918, pp. 443.444. Sulphur ore concentration by flotation; Bol. Sec. Nac Mineria 1918 34 277-282. ' ' ' • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 10 yen = £1. 29 Emergency grouting with sulphur, bv C. E. Holley; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 279, see also p. 708. Flotation of native sulphur ores, by J. M. Hyde; U.S. Bur. ilines, Minerals Investigation Series No. 15, 1919. Abstr. Queens. Govt! Min. Journ., 1920, 21, 23. Flotation and retorting of sulphur, bv P. J. Junehomme; Eng Min Journ., 1919, 107, 1124. BRITISH EMPIRE. Egypt. Note on the mineral resources of Egypt; Ministry of Finance, Cairo, Egypt, Dept. of Mines, 1914 (from Annuaire Statistique, 1913), p. 6. Report on the oilfields of Egypt, by W. F. Hume; Ministry of Finance, Cairo, Egypt, Surv. Dept., 1916, pp. 28, 74. South Africa. Sulphuric acid industry sulphur, bv M. Rindl; S. Afr. Journ. Ind., 1919, 2, 128-129. Producing sulphur in vSouth Africa, by T. G. Trevor; S. Afr. Journ. Ind., 1920, 3, 1012-1022. Canada. Pyrites in Canada, bv A. W. G. Wilson; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, No. 167, 1912, pp. 1-21. Report on the non-metallic minerals used in the Canadian manufacturing industries, by H. Frecliette ; Mines Branch. Ottawa. Canada, No. 3'J5, 1914, pp. 99-100. Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, Report and Appendix; Toronto, 1917. Britannia Map-area, by S. J. Schofield; Geo!. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept., 1918", Part B, p. 59. India. Quinquennial review ^f the mineral production of India; Rec. Geol. Surv. India, Calcutta, 1915, 46, 292; 1921, 52, 321. Industrial Handbook ; Indian Munitions Board, Calcutta, 1919, p. 62. Report on the Sanni sulphur mine, by G. de P. Cotter; Rec. Geol. Surv. India, Calcutt.ci, 1919, 50, 130-138. Mesopotamia. Sulphur near the confluence of the Greater Zab with the Tigris, by E. H. Pascoe; ^Mesopotamia Geol. Repts., No. 7, 1919, p. 13, also Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 1920, 51, 153-155. Tasmania. Sulphur extraction at Mount Lyell; Australasian, 1916, October 21. Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1916, 17, 526. The North Pieman and Huskisson and Sterling Valley mining fields, by A. Mcintosh Reid; Hobart, Tasmania. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 28, 1918, pp. 71-94. New Zealand. New Zealand Mines Statements; Wellington, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1917. The White I-land sulphur deposit; Eng. Min. Journ., 1913, 96, 815-817. 30 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Europe, Die Kupfer- und Sohwefelerze von Osteuropa, by F. Behrend ; Osteuropa- Insrtitut in Br^slau, Quellen u. Studien, Part 3, Bergbau u. Hutten- kunde, No. 3, Leipzig, 1921, 88 pp. Austria. Statistik des Bergbaues in Osterreioh fur das Jahr 1914, erste Lieferung, 1917, pp. 47-51; fiir das Jahr 1915, erste Lieferung, "1918, pp. 47-49; K.K. Hof.- u. Staatsdruckerei, Wien. Belgium. Soufre natif dans les calcaires carboniferes (petit granite) de Soignies (Belgique), by J. Bergeron; Oompte Rendu Sommaire et Bull. Soo. Geol. France, 1915, 15, Series 4, 90-94. Germany, tJber Deutsohlands Veiwrgung mit Schwefel, by 0. F. Kaselitz; Zeits. f. angew. Chemie, 1920, 1, 49-51. Preparation of sulphur and sulphuric acid from alkaline-earth sulphates, by E. H. Riesenfeld; Journ. prakt. Chemie, 1920, 100, 115-158. Italy, Rivista del Servizio Minerario; Rome (Annual). Sulphur industry in Sicily, by J. Blanquier; Min. Journ., 1913, June 28. The origin of the sulphur deposits of Sicily, by W. P. Hunt; Econ. GeoL, 1915, 10, 543-579. State of the sulphur trade in Italy, 1915-1918; Zeits. f. angew. Chemie, 1917, July 16, p. 23. Sizilien und die Vereinigten Staaten imKampfeum die Schwefelerzeugung, by E. Schultze; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1917, 25, 175-186. Per la vend'ita degli zolfi; Rass. Min. Met. Chim., 1920, 52, No. 3, 49. La coltivazione dei giacimenti di combustibili fossili in rapporto alia dispon'ibilita del sottosuolo, by E. Camerana; Rass. Min. Met. Chim., 1920, 52, No. 2, 22-25. Per I'induatria soMfera siciliana, bv V. Vaccaro ; Rass. Min. Met. Chim., 1921, 54, No. 1, 6-8. Poland, Sulphur in Poland; American Fertilizer, 1920, 53, No. 11, 96. Russia. Mineral Resources of Georgia and Caucasia, by D. Ghambashidze ; George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 1919, pp. 66-68. Spain, Estadietica Minora de Espaila; Madrid (Annual). Estudio de los criaderos de azufre de Benamaurel (Granada), by G. O'Shea and E. Dupuy de Lome; Bol. Inst. Geol. Hspafia, 1918, 19, Series 2, 231-251. West Africa. Afrique oooidentale, by P. Lemoine; Haadb. d. reg. Geol., 1913, 7, No, 14, 64, 31 Mexico. Estnilo (1p la explotacion del azufre (en Mexico), bv T. Paredes; Mexico, Boletin Minero, 1917, 4, No. 5, 488-492. United States. IfineraJ Kpsources of the United States; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, T). C. (.\nnual). Sulphur deposits of Sunlight Basin, Wyoming, by D. F. Hewett; U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 530, 1913, pp. 350-362. T«o sulphur deposits in Mineral county, Colorado, by E. S. Larsen and J. F. Hunter; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 530, 1913, pp. 363-369. Sulphur deposits in Park county, Wyoming, bv D. F. Hewett; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 540, 1914, pp. 477-480. Our mineral reserves: sulphur, by G. 0. Smith; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 599, 1914, p. 40. American Sulphur Company rapidly expanding; Met. Chem. Eng., 1917, 17, 141-142. New source of sulphur in Colorado; ilc^t. Cheni. Eng., 1917, 17, 523. A review of the exploration at Belle Isle, Louisiana, by A. F. Lucas; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1917), 67, 1034-1049. The mineral industries of the United States : sulphur, an example of industrial independence, by J. E. Pogue; U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, B.C., Bull. 103, Part 3, 1917, 10 pp. The Rustler Springs sulphur deposits, by E. L. Porch; Texas Univ., Austin, Bull. No. 1722, 1917, 71 pp. Sulphur in Jemez Canyon, New Mexico, (hv G. R. Mansfield); Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 449. The sulphur deposits in Culberson county, Texas, by W. B. Phillips; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 58, 265-283. The Gulf Coast domes in relation to the sulphur supply, by K. Thomas; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 7. Sulphur deposits of the Traus-Pecos region, in Texas, by K. Thomas; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 979-981. American sulphur industry expanding : account of sulphur-bearing saline domes of the Gulf Coast; Chem. Met. Eng., 1919, 20, 186-188. Operations aind properties of the Texas Gulf Sulphur Company; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 555-556. Information concerning the pyrites and sulphur industry; U.S. Tariff Commission, Washington, B.C., 1919, 31 pp. Sulphur on Unalaska and Akun islands and near Stepovak Bay, Alaska, by A. G. Maddren; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 692, 1919, pp. 283-298. Our mineral supplies: sulphur, by P. S. Smith; U.S. G«ol. Surv., BuU. 666, 1919, pp. 19-22, with bibliography. The manufacture of sulphuric acid in the United States, by A. E. Wells and D. E. Fogg; U.S. Bur. Mines, Washington, D.C., Bull. 184, 1920, pp. 25-34, with bibliography. Recent advances in the American sulphur industry, by R. F. Bacon and H. S. Davis; Chem. Met. Eng., 1921, 24, 65-72. Recovery of potash alum and sulphur at TonoiJah, by L. Duncan; Chem. Met. Eng., 1921, 24, 529-530. South America. Some Andaan sulphur deposits, by B. L. Miller and J. T. Singewald; Btill. Pan. Amer. Union, 1918, 46, 24-38. 32 Asia Minor. Syrien, Arabieu und Mesopotamien, by M. Blanckenhoin ; Handb. d. reg- Geol., 1914, 5, No. 17, 147. Mitteilungen iiber einige Erzlagerstatten in Kleinasien : Schwefel, by E^ Franke; Metall u. Erz, 1918, 15, 352-354. The minerals of Anatolia, by N. M. Panzer; Mining Mag., 1919, 21, 279. Mineral Resources of Armenia and Anatolia, by H. A. Karajian; Armen- Technical Book Co., New York, 1920, p. 132. Central Asia. Zentralasien, by K. Leuchs ; Handb. d. reg. Geol., 1916, 5, No. 19, 130- Japan. Peculiar process of sulphur deposition (in crater lakes of Japan), by Y. Oinouye; Journ. Geol., 1916, Nov.-Dec., pp. 806-808. Sulphur production in Japan; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 329 R. Der Bergbau Japans im Kriege; Schwefel, by H. W. Paul; Gliickaufr 1920, 56, 769-771. Persia. Persien, by A. F. Stahl ; Handb. d. reg. Geol., 5, No. 8, 42. Report on minerals of economic value investigated in the Provinces of Fars and Kerman in Southern Persia, by G. E. Pilgrim (Geol. Surv^ India); Govt. Press, Simla, 1919, pp. 1-10. Philippine Islands. Non-metallic minerals: sulphur, by L. A. Paustino; Dept. Agriculture- and Natural Resources, Bureau of Science, Manila, 1920, Mineral* Resources of the Philippine Islands for 1917 and 1918, p. 40. APPENDIX. The Manufaottjee op Sulphub FnoM Sulphates dtjeing the War. An interesting development in connection with sulphur production; during the war was its manufacture from gypsum and anhydrite in Germany. Imports of sulphur into Germany from the main sources of supply were cut off by the war, and in 1916 the production of crude sulphur from calcium sulphate was commenced at two factories, one at Drachen- burg, near Walbeck, and another at Bernburg, both within easy reach of large potash works from which supplies of magnesium chloride could be- obtained. The process employed, known as the Schaffner-Helbig process, involves the reduction of anhydrite to calcium sulphide, the disintegration of this sulphide with magnesium chloride lye to form sulphuretted hydrogen, and the conversion of the sulphuretted hydrogen into sulphur by burning. The reduction to calcium sulphide is effected by crushing and drying: the anhydrite, mixing the crushed material with dried coal, and, after re-crushing, reducing the mixture in a rotary furnace at a temperature of 1100°C. The product, containing about 70 per cent, of calcium sulphide,. is then cooled. 33 The decomposition of the calcium sulphide is effected by adding magne- sium chloride lye and heating the mixture with steam at a temperature of 70°C. until the wholo of the sulphuretted hydrogen has been expelled from the liquid. The gas is then cooled and stored in a gasometer, from which it passes to the mixing chamber into which sufficient air is blown to allow the hydrogen to burn. The gas mixture is then drawn downwards through four large contact furnaces, bauxite being used as a contact material. In these furnaces a fiameless burning of the hydrogen takes place, and the separation of sulphur is effected. Tbe liquid sulphur is run off at intervals into cooling pans where it sets hard and only requires to be broken up to be ready for market. The product obtained by this process is remarkably pure, averaging about 9995 per cent, sulphur. The gases given off in the contact furnace are treated subsequently in a dust chamber, where a certain amount of the sulphur contained is recovered. Arrangements have been made whereby the whole of the sulphur contained in the gases from the contact furnaces is converted into sulphuric acid, thus saving the sulphur which was formerly lost up the chimney stack after leaving the dust chamber. The principal item in the working cost is incurred in the reduction of the calcium sulphate to sulphide, about 4'5 tons being required to produce 1 ton of sulphur. By the present method of manufacture, about 60 per cent, of the available sulphur is recovered, and it would appear to be only a matter of time before this percentage is substantially increased. By the end of 1919 about 22,300 tons of sulphur had been produced by this process at the Walbeck and Bernburg works. The possibility of the commercial production of sulphur from sulphates is of considerable practical interest and importance. The United Kingdom, Canada and other parts of the British Empire are well provided with resources of gypsum and other sulphates, and it is important to keep in mind the fact that these could be utilized as sources of sulphur and sulphuric acid in case of emergency. 34719 IRON - PYRITES. (1913-1919.) GENERAL. Pyrite or ircfli-pyrites is a bisulphide of iron (FeSa). When pure and unaltered it has a brassy yellow colour, and a specific gravity of about 4-95. It contains 53-4 per cent, of sulphur and 46-6 per cent, of iron when pm-e, but small quantities of arsenic, copper, and other impurities are often present. Gold is fre- quently present, and auriferous pyrites is often a valuable gold ore. Pyrite occurs abundantly in veins or as disseminated crystals and nodules, but the deposits of chief economic import- ance usually occur as lenticular masses of great size, in sedi- mentary and crystalline rocks of all ages. Marcasite has the same composition as pyrite, but is hghter in colour, decomposes more readily, and has a specific gravity of about 4' 7. It occurs usually as nodules in sedimentary rocks, and is obtained as a by-product in coal-mining. Marcasite does not occur as a rule in deposits of large size, and is not of much commercial importance. Pyrrhotiteis a magnetic sulphide of iron of variable composition, occurring in association with basic igneous rocks such as gabbros. Pyrrhotite deposits frequently contain considerable amounts of copper, nickel ajid platinum, and are important as sources of £hose metals. At best the sulphur content does not quite reach 40 per cent., a fact which renders it, as a rule, unsuitable for sulphuric acid manufacture. However, pyrrhotite has been used for the production of acid by the contact process at Pulaski, in Virginia, United States. The commercial value of pyrites depends chiefly upon the quantity of available sulphur and copper it contains, the ease with which the sulphur can be recovered for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and the position of the deposit as regards cheap mining and tranisport facilities. Good lump pyrites may contain as much as 51 per cent, of sulphur, but material containing as little as from 35 to 40 per cent, of sulphur is marketable if its roasting quality is good. Arsenic is deleterious in the contact process ; and when pyrites containing even a small percentage of that element is used in connection with this process, the arsenic must be completely removed by an elaborate cleaning system. Upon the outbreak of the war, pyrites became a mineral of great importance. Large quantities of sulphuric acid were required for the manlufacture of explosives in addition to the acid needed for normal trade requirements. At th.e time, pyrites was almost the only raw material used in the acid plants for the manufactmre of sulphuric acid. Increasing quantities of sulphuric acid were being produced in the United States, Germany anid elsewhere, from the waste sulphur-dioxide gases given off during the preUminary roasting of zinc-blende and other sulphide ores, but these sources were 35 inadequate to meet the greatly iacreased demand for sulphuric- acid. The Allies were fortunately able to maintain) their sup- plies of pyrites from Spain, Itnly and Norway during the war, and the United Kingdom was never seriously short of the mineral, in spite of the restricted shipping facilities caused by the German submarine campaign). France possessed large domestic resources but always drew on Spain, Portugal and Italy, while the Italian deposits provided an ample supply for Itahan requirements, and Russia , during the period of her participation in the war, was able to supplement her domestic supplies by shipments from Japan. Before the war the United States imported annually about 1,000,000 tons of Spanish pyrites. This supply was greatly reduced by lack of cargo space and other causes, but the United States was able to meet the shortage by increased production from domestic sulphur mines and largely increased imports of Canadian pyrites. Only in the acid plants of the middle-we.'~t was there any serious difficulty in obtaining supplies, and there the deficiency was made good by substituting crude sulphur for pyrites burners in many of the acid plants. This alteratinn was made commercially practicable by the great output of cheap sulphur from the newly-developed sulphur wells of Texas, and it is probable that in the future crude sulphur will continue to be used in large quantities in the United States for the purpose of sulphuric acid manufacture. The enemy countries were never short of sulphuric acid. Before the war Germany always had large stocks of Spanish pyrites, and during the first year of war she was able to eke out these stocks by importing large quantities of Norwegian pyrites, but these supplies were stopped in the year 1915. The German supplies, however, were sufficient to meet all demands until the Meggen pyrites deposits in West- phalia were adequately opened up. In addition, new and improved processes were evolved whereby the large quantities of sulphur dioxide given off during the roasting of zinc and lead ores became available for sulphuric acid manufacture. Austria obtained supplies from deposits in Hungary, and later from Serbia. Prices. Before the war, iron-pyrites of a good burning quality con- taining 47 to 50 per cent, sulphur was sold at -215. 6i. per ton c.i.f. , cupreous pyrites of good quality commanded 4^d. to 4^d. per unit c.i.f., and washed ore 18s. 6d. per ton lumps or 18s. per ton fines. These prices were based on a freight rate of about 5s. 6d. per ton. In the early stages of the war practically no change was recorded in the f.o.b. values of the various grades of pyrit€s, the market being if anything rather weaker owing to the rapid falling off in shipments arising from the dislocation of ordinary commercial conditions. 3171*. B 9 36 Again, it has to be remembered that some of the largest markets were to a considerable extent cut off from supplies, notably the enemy countries, to whom Spain, the principal pro- ducing country, shipped about one million tons during the year 1913. The demand which arose for pyrites in the AUied countries for the manufacture of explosives early in 1915, and the falling off of the French production, very soon brought about a stiff eniag in prices of Spanish pyrites. When the British Govern- ment assumed control, the market prices ranged from 12s. 6d. to 25s. per ton (f .o.b.) for washed pyrites, and about 5^d. per unit of sulphur (f.o.b.) for cupreous pyrites. These prices were, how- ever, subject to an addition if the mining companies were called upon to pay more than a certain agreed freight on coal outwards from the United Kingdom to Spain. It should be noted that many of the larger Spanish pyrites mines are financed by British capital, and their stores and coal were in the main obtained from the United Kingdom. Some idea may be formed of the extraordinary conditions which the pyrites- mining companies were called upon to meet when it is stated that at one time freight on coal from South Wales to Spain rose to the remarkable figure of 420s. per ton, as compared with the pre-war rate of 4s. 6d. to 5s. 6d. per ton. Following the termination of hostihties, considerable labour troubles were encountered at the pyrites mines, and one of the leading companies was for many months unable to can-y on mining operations. The effect on prices was, however, not con- siderable, and in 1919 the average selling price was about 6|d. per unit (cupreous) f.o.b., Spanish port, hon-pyrites at the same period being about 25s. per ton f.o.b. The variation in prices of washed ore throughout the period under review was not con- siderable, as is shown by the fact that in 1919 sales were effected at 15s. to 18s. per ton f.o.b. The course of prices of Norwegian pyrites during the war period cannot be regarded as an indication of its commercial value. It will be obvious that, owing to her geographical position, Nonvay found herself between two contending groups of belli- gerents, and consequently the prices paid for the Norwegian mineral were governed by diplomatic considerations. The Norwegian mining companies formed an Export Association, and an arrangement was entered into with this association to purchase the whole of Norway's surplus pyrites for the Allies after domestic needs had been met. This arrangement came to an end with the termination of hostilities. Ieon-Pybitbs and Sulphdeic Acid Manufactube. Iron-pyrites is almost wholly used in the production of sulphuric acid. Only a very small amount of the pyrites 37 imported into the United Kingdom is consumed in the manu- facture of ferrous sulphide, which is used in the de-arsenication of a«id, and in copper smelting as a flux. The sulphuric acid manufacturer, in arranging for his supplies of pyrites, may either purchase the mineral outright, including any copper that may be present, or may pm-chase only the sulphur value, and be under the obhgation of handing back the cinders produced from the burning of the pyrites either to the mine-owner or to some third party indicated. In the latter case, the terms of purchase will depend on which of these parties bears the cost of carriage of the cinders from the acid-manufacturer's works to their ultimate destination. The sulphur value of pyrites is reckoned at so much per unit of that element per long ton, a unit being 1 per cent, or 22'4 lb. For example, pyrites containing 47'5 per cent, of sulphur at 6d. per unit would cost 235. 9d. per long ton. There is no aspect of pyrites, physical or chemical, which is not of importance to the sulphuric acid manufacturer, and the following is a short account of the main points of interest : — Physical Considerations. Size. — Pyrites may be divided I'oughly into three sizes, namely, (1) " as mined," (2) " furnace size," and (3) " smalls." The first size may contain lumps sometimes weighing a cwt. or more, and is also certain to contain a large amount of small pieces which would pass through a J-inch screen. It is, therefore, un- suitable for burning on any type of burner without further grinding and grading. " Furnace size " pyrites is graded by passing through a 2J-inch or 3-inch screen on to a J-inch screen. This size is specially suited for use in lump IjiuTiers and for this reason commands an additional Is. or 2s. per ton. " Smalls " consist of pyrites which pass through a small sieve, ^-inch, |-inch, or J-inch mesh, according to the type of burner on which it is to be used. Crushing. — The hardness of pyrites is very variable. Some varieties, particularly Norwegian, are extremely hard and wear out the jaws of a crusher veiy quickly. Such mineral may cost 55. or 65. a ton to crush. Other varieties, especially washed pyrites, are softer, and the expense is one-third to one-quarter of that for the hard variety. When the mineral has to be finely ground, its physical character is of great importance. Some kinds crush to a very fine powder, with the result that in the burners a considerable proportion is carried over by the draught, and contaminates the acid with iron. Other kinds crush to a heavy granular product which is free from dust. Washed pyrites. — It is frequently found convenient to accumu- late cupreous pyrites at the mines, and wash out the copper with water — a process requiring several years to remove the copper — the cupreous liquor being passed through canals over pig-iron to 34719 B:; 3.S precipitate the copper. Pyrites thus treated is known as " washed ore," and is in every way suitable for acid manu- facture. Burning qualities. — This is one of the most important aspects of pyrites, and one which cannot be gauged from analysis or by any other means than a large-scale test. Some kinds will burn freely, leaving a cinder containing only 2 per cent, or less of sulphur ; others of very similar composition are more massive in texture and bum very slowly or with great difficulty. Chemical Considerations. A full analysis of pyrites will usually contain eight or ten items, most of which are important ; these are as follows : — Sulphur. — Pure iron-pyrites (FeSs) contains- 53-4 per cent, of sulphur. It very seldom contains more than 51 per cent, in large consignments, and the average percentage of sulphur in pyrites imported from Spain and Portugal is probably about 47J per cent. Free-burning pyrites containing as little as 30 per cent, sulphur may be used in an emergency, as was the case with pyrites from the Cae Coch mine, North Wales, during the war. The extra handling expenses, however, make the value of a unit of sulphur much lower than would otherwise be the case. Iron.^-The cinders from fairly pure pyrites are ultimately smelted for iron, and the percentage of this metal is therefore of importance. It is of importance also as indicating the per- centage of impmrities, but" from the chemical standpoint it does not enter directly into the considerations of the acid manufacturer. Copper. — Almost all iron-pyrites contains a small percentage of copper. When this exceeds a certain amount (about 5 per cent.) the mineral is called copper-pyrites, as distinct from cupreous iron-pyrites. When the copper falls short of a certain percentage, usually in the neighbourhood of 0'75 per cent., it cannot be profitably extracted, and the pyrites is described as non-cupreous. Pyrites containing from 1 to 5 per cent, of copper is described as cupreous pyrites, and the copper forms one of the valuable constituents of the ore . The cinders from' cupreous pyrites are always submitted to a process for the extraction of copper, and the one usually employed is the well-known chloridizing and leaching wet copper extraction process. When an acid manufacturer or chemical manufacturer, other than the mine-owner, purchases the copper content, he pays for it on the basis of the market value of copper, usually " Best Selected " less a certain " returning charge." In addition, a certain proportion of the copper in the ore, say 0'75 per cent, in the crude ore, is allowed him as free copper, and is intended to cover th© costs of extraction,. In the United Kingdom, however, the copper value of a very large amount of cupreous pyrites is 39 retained by the mine owneig, who treat the cinders at their own works. The presence of copper is of significance to the acid manu- facturer apart from its intrinsic value, as a certain amount of sulphur is retained by the copper which thus diminishes the amount of sulphur available for acid manufacture. Pjrrites con- taining 2 per cent, of copper retains after burning about 1 per cent, of sulphur in combination with the copper. Arsenic. — Almo.st all pyrites, and especially cupreous pyrites, contains small but inipoitant amounts of arsenic, but commercial supphes containing less than about 0025 to 0'015 per cent, are described as non-arsenical. The general run of Spanish pyiites contains about 0'3 to 0'4 per cent, of arsenic, and the acid manu- factured therefrom has a noticfeable amount of arsenic impurity. On the other hand, Norwegian pyrites frequently contains less than O'Ol per cent, of arsenic, and sometimes merely traces. The presence of arsenic in sulphuric acid is of little importance in the manufacture of artificial fertilizers, for which the great bulk of acid is used. Nevertheless, in the case of sulphate of ammonia, good " grey sulphate," which contains no arsenic, fetches a higher price than " yellow sulphate," which owes its colour to traces of arsenic. Sulphuric acid used for many other purposes, especially the manufacture of foodstuffs, must be commercially free from ai'senio, and for this reason non-arsenical pyrites is of a higher value than the arsenical variety. Lead and Zinc. — These are important to the acid manufacturer from two points of view : firstly, in the same way as copper, they fix a certain amount of sulphur, which is thus rendered unavailable for acid manufacture ; and, secondly, the metals themselves are volatile and pass over with the sulphur dioxide fumes, a fact which, in the manufacture of acid l^y the contact process, is of great importance owing to the detrimental effect on the contact mass. Selenium and Tellurium. — These elements occur in most pyrites to a very small extent, averaging from 0"01 to 0"025 per cent. They are of no importance to the sulphuric acid manu- facturer, although, if the selenium is present in comparatively large quantities, it may colour the acid pink. The pink colour, however, which is frequently associated with certain types of sulphuric acid, is usually due to the presence of iron and not to selenium. Alumina and Silica. — These impmities ajre present in almost all pyrites, and are objectionable, firstly, as being a diluent and causing extra handUng; secondly, as lessening the value of the cinders to the ironmaster; and thirdly, as causing detonation. 34719 B 4 40 Some pyrites when put into the furnace explodes with consider- able force, injures the furnace, and prevents the regular burning of the mineral. This is probably due to the presence of hydrated silicates of aluminium, and to a large extent may be avoided by a previous thorough drying of the mineral, an item of expendi- ture which the acid-maker is not willing to incur. For this reason, in contracts for sale of pyrites, it is not unusual to embody a sliding scale of allowances when the percentage of silica exceeds a certain amount, usually 6 to 8 per cent. Lime, Magnesia, Baryta, etc. — These items are generally included with siUca under the heading " insolubles.'' They are objectionable not only as diluents, but also as fixing their equivalent of sulphur, and they may render the iron cinders valueless. WORLD'S PEODUCTION. The world's production of pyrites in 1913 was about 5 J million tons, of which Spain produced more than half. Of the chief countiies producing pyrites, only seven figure largely among those exporting^, namely : — Canada, which ex- ported in 1913 about 28 per cent, of her production to the United States ; France, exporting in 1913 about 80 per cent, of her pro- duction ; Italy, which exported 9 per cent, in 1913; Norway, whose exports were slightly in excess of the 1913 production ; Portugal, whose exports did not differ materially from the pro- duction for 1913 ; Spain, the main source of the world's supply, which exported over 2'8 million tons and produced over 3'1 million tons in all, and Sweden, whose exports were about IJ per cent, of her 1913 production. The other producing countries consumed practically the whole of the pyrites mined within their own borders. France, which figures among the exporting countries, needs pyrites greatly in excess of her production, and the fact that she exported pyrites must not therefore be taken as an indication that she is self-supporting. On the contrary, in 1918 she imported 572,406 tons. This anomaly is explained by the fact that the principal French mines are in the south, whereas many of the principal consumers are on the Atlantic seaboard and the Channel coast. Pyrites can be conveyed much more cheaply by sea than by rail, hence the consumers in the north and west find it more economical to purchase their pyrites from abroad, while the French pyrites mining companies export their surplus production to adjoining countries, especially Switzerland. 41 Although the war interfered very considerably with the pro- duction of various countries, individually considered, it did not, on the whole, bring about any material reduction in the total production. Pyrites is a mineral axen more essential to war than to peace conditions, for it i^^ at the base of all explosives requirements. A comparison of the effects of the war on the production of the principal countries is interesting and instructive. Ciinada, by 1917, had increased her pre-war output from 141,577 tons to 372,008 tons, and although her own consumption increased to a limited extent, the cause of the im{)etus given to pyrites mining was mainly the war demand in the United States. In France, as might be expected, production fell in 1914 and 1915, improving afterwards, until in 1917 it was only 30,000 tons less than in 1918. Germany, cut off from external supplies, increased her domestic output from 197,656 tons in 1914 to 804,738 tons in ]918, her 1913 figure being 224,737 tons. Italy, despite the drain on her male population, recorded a noteworthy increase in pyrites production as the war proceeded, attaining nearly 500,000 tons in 1917 as compared with 312,234 tons in 1913. The Scandinavian countries, Sweden and Norway, show diverse results. Sweden quadrupled her production from 1913 to 1918, although a relatively unimportant producer in the pre- war period. Norway, on the other hand, had been an important exporting country, and in 1915 her production was 16 per cent, above 1913. In the following year there was, however, a remarkable fall, and 1917 shows only an 11 per cent, increase on 1916. The production of Spain remained fairly constant during the war, but 1918 shows a marked falling off, which was continued during 1919 and was principally due to labour troubles. With the cessation of hostilities, the tendency is tor many countries to revert to their pre-war basis of production. Nor is it difficult to understand that such reversion is almost inevitable. P}Tites is a low-priced mineral depending on the relatively cheaper ocean transport, and the demand must therefore centre, in the main, upon those countries possessing deposits located close to the sea. Spain and Norway owe their pre-eminence as exporting countries to the proximity of their pyrites deposits to the coast. 42 World's Production of Pyrites* 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom... Union of South 11,427 11,654 10,535 487 10,481 4,711 8,515 3,846 22,195 4,375 7,336 5,007 Africa Canada 141,577 203,852 255,391 276,117 372,008 367,514 157,578 Newfoundland 1,335 4,139 — — (exports)t Australia 10,216 9,759 19,394 18,414 11,261 7,368 7,593 Belgium 264 107 127 209 80 6 59 Bosnia snd 7,577 4,387 9,108 2,759 Herzegovina Prance 306,166 196,123 193,446 - 215,845 276,284 256,126 116,795 Germany (Prussia) 224,737 197,656 420,015 616,710 754,054 804,738 342,983 Greece 126,796 126,982 11,918 19,557 — 12,246 Hungary 104,915 100,725 107,036 170,264 — 98,000 Italy 312,234 330,139 363,384 403,696 492,734 474,313 366,586 Norway 434,199 408,218 505,085 290,607 323,411 333,403 Portugal 428,929 309,238 232,942 233,127 184,762 110,079 90,522 Spain 3,119,016 2,421,032 2,159,643 2,658,989 2,749,841 1,558,992 1,020,202 Sweden 33,767 32,778 75,097 96,275 140,368 138,912 107,022 Algeria 108 118 443 1,162 5,491 United States ... 341,838 336,662 394,124 439,132 482,662 464,494 420,647 Peru 49 149 — — . Japan 112,803 113,984 66,492 89,609 119,489 104,120 125,033 Exports of Pyrites from Chief Producing Countries (long tons) . 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Canada France Italy 41,130 92,327 28,836 80,356 56,848 72,693 122,855 18,646 53,526 139,930 16,410 143,444 249,684 6,881 167,565 214,689 11,344 191,205 79,544 9,509 69,546 Norway- Cupreous pyrites Calcined pyrites 419,032 34,472 354,439 42,335 459,258 45,695 249,290 46,759 209,487 40,702 236,904 28,647 116,682 40,566 (purple ore). Spain Sweden 2,856,890 492 2,512,755 3,389 2,226,850 39,355 2,700,655 13,778 1,933,358 29,321 1,053,994 37,976 599,353 Imports of Pyrites into Chief Countries of Consumption (long tons) . 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom... 781,711 803,149 903,467 949,996 854,241 836,703 344,457 Union of South 20,450 8,491 12.518 22,967 16,487 6,810 6,164 Africa. Australia % 12,835 24,068 2,870 1,500 — Prance 572,406 594,938 417,979 779,613 483,719 318,118 94,814 Italy 39,861 26,816 23,776 2 — 21 Sweden 138,739 147,960 156,654 125,948 102,224 107,824 70.559 United States 850,592 1,026,617 964,684 1,244,662 967,340 498,786 388,973 * In addition to the countries mentioned in this table, Bosnia, Finland, Russia, Serbia, Armenia and Cuba also produce pyrites. The average annual pre-war production of the Bakovisti mines in Bosnia was about 5,000 tons. In 1913 the production of Russia was 66,400 tons ; during the first six months of 1920 it was 11,000 tons. The United States imported from Cuba 2,200 tons in 1914 and 23,237 tons in 1919. Statistics of other countries are not available. f Fiscal years ending June 30. { 1913 calendar year ; 1915 onward, fiscal years ending June 30. Figures for 1914 not available. 43 BKITISH EMPIKE. United Kingdom.* Tiie United Kingdom ie dependent upon imports for its supply of p3n,tes. There is a small domestic production, which is oblamed chiefly a.s a by-product during coal-mining operations in Vt'arwickshire, Northumberland, J^erbyshire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, and in smaller quantities from Cumberland, Notting- hamshire and Glamorganshire. In these coalfields the mineral occurs in layers and nodules interbedded in the coal seams, and it is recovered during the process of preparing the coal for market. Small quantities of pyrites are obtained also from County \A^icklow and other places in Ireland. During the war an effort was made to increase the domestic production. The Cae Coch mine, situated four miles north of Llanrwst, in Camaivonshire, was re-opened and some thousands' of tons of low-grade pjTites were obtained from it, bujt the mine ^vas closed before the end of the war, partly through increasing facilities for importing superior grades, and partly because the Carnarvonshire pyrites was unsuitable for peace-time require- ments. The greater part of the pyrites used by acid manufaqturers in the United Kingdom is cupreous and is imported largely from Spain, Portugal and Norway. The exports of [)> rites from the Unijted Kingdom are not important, and they are confined to occasional re-exports of foreign material. The only exports recorded during the period under review were 1,203 tons shipped to British Possessions in the year 1914, and 1,595 tons exported to foreign countries in the following year. Early in the war, increasing quantities were required to meet the great demand for sulphuric acid for the manufacture of high explosives and other munitions. Arrangemenjts were made whereby the British and Allied Governments were able to secure the whole of the ship- ments of Norwegian pyrites, and ample suppUes were obtainable in Spain and Port.ugal, but great difficulties were experienced in providing cargo space. In order to relieve the situation, efforts were made to substitute waste nitre-cake for sulphuric acid in many trade processes the products of which were, equally with explosives, necessary for carrying on the war. These efforts met with considerable success, the monthly consumption of nitre-cake rising to the substantial figure of 26,000 tons, equivalent to a saving of 6,000 tons of p;sTites. From the commencement of the war until the end of December, 1917, the Government left British consumers of pyrites, with the exception of those who required the mineral for the manu- facture of explosives, to make their own arrangements for pur- chase and importation. At a very early stage of the war the •Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1920, 3P, No. 23, 407. Mines and Quarries, General Report with Statistics, Part III, by the Chief Inspector of Mines ^^Annual). Annual Statements of the Trade of the United Kingdom. 44 Government acquired a large stock of pyrites which was- primarily used to meet the .needs of the Govemmeriit explosive factories, but a considerable portion was diverted to commercial consumers. On and from the 1st January, 1918, the Government took over the control and became responsible for the purchase and shipmenit of all the pyrites required throughout the United Kingdom. This course became necessary owing to the increasing difficulty of securing adequate shipping space for imports, whict resulted in a rapid increa.se in the freight rat«s. Under_ Government contaiol the sulphuj: oonjtent of pyrites was sold to consumers at a flat rate, delivered to consumers' works, and consequently it became possible and necessary to fix the price of sulphuric acid. On the signing of the Armistice, pyrites was very speedily freed from control, and within six months consumers reverted to the normal pre-war practice of arra.nging for their own supplies. Production of Pyrites in the United Kingdom. Quantity Value Year (long tons). (£). 1913 11,427 5,988 1914 11,654 4,759 1915 10,535 4,873 1916 10,481 6,875 1917 8,515 8,145 1918 22,195 20,398 1919 7,336 7,807 Imports of Pyrites and Cupreous Pyrites into the United Kingdom. Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Newfoundland Other British Posses- sions 9,526 8,168 10 — — 1 — ~ ~ Total from British 9,526 8,178 — — — — ' — France Italy Norway Portugal Spain Other Foreign Countries 30 1,500 133,925 75,993 559,910 827 2,056 7,557 106,672 73,219 604,367 1,100 9,700 78,281 59,143 751,978 4,365 7,422 11,923 24,639 •83,506 819,465 3,041 600 49,960 31,096 772,585 112,889 28,003 695,811 3,597 8,064 14,929 15,915 299,662 2,290 Total from Foreign 772,185 794,971 903,467 949,996 854,241 836,703 344,457 Total 781,711 803,149 903,467 949,996 854,241 836,703 : 344,457 45 Imports of Pyrites and Cupreous Pyrites into the United Kingdom — continued. Value (£). From 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Newfoundland Other British Posses- sions. 18,690 14,260 32 — — Total from British Possessions. 18,690 14,292 — — — — — France Italy Norway Portugal Spain Other Foreign Countries 45 3,000 230,865 103,947 1,005,168 2,067 1,042 9,4*7 168,345 100,446 1,025,172 1,350 11,399 125,244 98,769 1,325,780 6,592 11,228 30,031 56,214 228,768 l,880,7',ir) 6,0.',5 4,470 l.ilt,421 '.»C>,79.') 2,077,340 371,719 111,173 2,230,516 4,004 19,616 46,255 40,432 876,650 5,496 Total from Foreign Countries. 1,345,092 1,305,822 1,567,784 2,213,091 2,338,026 2,713,408 992,453 Total 1,363,782 1,320,114 1,567,784 2,213,0912,338,026 2,713,408 992,4:)3 Union of South Africa.* South Africa produces important quantities of sulphuric acid. Before the war, acid manufacturers depended almost exclusively upon imported Spanish pyrites for their raw material. During the war, the difficulty experienced in obtaining regular imports led to the utilization of the considerable supplies available in the Transvaal, where auriferous pyrites is obtained as a by-product in gold-mining. In 1919 these mines were supplying about 400 tons of pyrites per month. Advantage was taken also of the large quantities of auriferous pyrites accumulated in the tailing dumps on many of the abandoned gold mines in the Transvaal. This ore when concentrated yields from 40 to 45 per cent, of sulphur. In the Cape Province an important deposit of pyrites was worked during the years 1916 and 1917, in the Areachap district of Gordonia. This deposit has an average width of about 50 feet and has been traced for a distance of about 1,450 feet along the outcrop. The ore from the mines averages 39 to 48 per cent, of sulphur, with only a smaU percentage of copper and a trace of arsenic, but the lack of railway facilities has greatly hindered the development of this important deposit. • The South African Journal of Industries, 1919, 2, No. 2, 125. Producing Sulphur in South Afi-ica, by T. G. Trevor ; South African Journal of Industries, 1920, 3, No. 11, 1012. Report of the Government Mining Engineer, South Africa (Annual"). Trade and Shipping of the Union of South Africa and of Southern and Northern Rhodesia (Annual). 46 Production, Sales and Shipments of Pyrites in' South Africa. ... Transvaal. Cape of Good Hope. Total. Year. Sales and Shipments. Output. Sales and Shipmeuta. Output. Sale& and Shipments. Output Quantity. Long ton a Value. £ Quantity. Long tons Quantity. Long tone Value. £ Quantity. Long tons Quantity. Long tons Value. £ Quantity. Long tons 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 487 3,931 2,361 . 4,134 4,939 939 7,263 4,251 7,002 8,894 3,565 4,375 5,007 780 189 756 212 281 487 4,711 2,560 4,134 4,939 939 8,019 4,463 7,002 8,894 3,846 4,375 5,007 Canada. t Most of the Canadian pyrites deposits at present worked are situated within easy reach of the chief United States acid plants, to which about 75 per cent, of the pyrites produced in Canada is exported. During the war United States acid manufacturers were unable to obtain regular supplies of European pyrites, and turned to Canada for the raw material required to meet the increased demand for sulphuric acid due to the war. The Canadian production was greatly, stimulated, rising to the record figure of 372,008 tons in the year 1917. In the following year labour troubles, transportation difficulties, and, to some extent, the substitution of crude sulphur for pyrites in many of the United States acid plants, tended to lower output, but the pyrites-mining industry remained prosperous until the demand for sulphuric acid was lessened by the cessation of hostilities. During the year 1919 the total production of pyrites in Canada fell to little more than the pre-war level. Large deposits of pyrites occur at many localities in Canswia, but pyrites-mining is an established industry only in the pro- vinces of Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia. In Ontario the chief producing district is situated in Hastings county, where massive pyrites occurs as lenticular deposits of great size. The bulk of the ore produced is treated at Sulphide, the remainder being shipped to the United States. Increasing quantities of fine-grained pyrites are being produced from a deposit situated at Northpines, north-western Ontario. The pyrites in this deposit is associated with a little pyrrhotite. It has an average sulphur content of about 45 per cent., and has proved of good quahty for acid-making, the residual sulphur lost in the cinder being only about 1 per cent. The deposit has * For imports of sulphur rock (including pyrites) into South Africa, see Su'lphul section, p. 11. t Annual Reports of the Mineral Production of Canada. Annual Beports of the Ontario Bureau of Mines. Annual Reports on the Trade of Canada. •17 a. length of about 1,U00 feet and averages 45 feet ia thickness. The output of this mine is shipped to the United States. At Cloudreau, in tlie northern part of the Michipicoten area, there are e.xtensive deposits of pyrites which are quarried by steam shovels, the product, after grading, being shipped to the United States. The only other locality in Ontario where pyrites was mined on an important scale during the period under review is the Michipicoten mining division, where lenses and pockets of loose granular pyrite associated with haematite ore were worked in the Helen Mine. Although mining operations at this mine were suspended in 1918, more than 2,200 tons of pyrites were obtained from the stock- pile during the year 1919. In the province of Quebec the mineral mined is chiefly cupreous pyrites, containing about 40 per cent, of sulphur and 275 per cent, or less of copper, with a little- gold and silver. The chief producing mines are the Eustis and Weedon, both of which are situated in the Eastern Townships. The output is shipped chiefly to the New England acid plants. In 1916 a sulphuric acid plant was erected at Trail, British Columbia, to treat the pyrites which occurs abundantly in the Sullivan Mine, Kimberley, and increasing quantities of pyrites axe being obtained from this deposit. There are also large reserves of high-grade pyrites at the Hidden Creek Mines at Anyox, British Columbia. These mines are worked primarily for the copper, gold and silver values in the ore, but there are also present large quantities of high-grade pyrites which are shipped to an acid plant at Barnet. During 1916, 1917 and 1918 a large amount of diamond- drilling and development work was carried out on the pyrites deposits situated on the Ecstall River, about 35 miles from Port Essington, B.C. Trial shipments from this district have proved the pyrites to be very satisfactory for the manufacture of acid. Canadian Production and Exports of Pyrites. Quantity (long tons). 1913. j 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Production. Quebec Ontario British Columbia 77,959 63,618 105,088 98,764 127,442 127,949 116,642:109,716 111,4921 47,095 158,529 257,195 239,738 104,474 946 5,097 i 16,284 1 6,009 Total 141,577 j203,852 255,391 i276,117 372.008 367,514 i 157,578 1 138,797 137,740 58,637 Sulphur content • - 1103,712 104,442 Erport-i 41,130- 80,356,122,855 139,930 249,684 214,689 1 79,544 Not stated. 48 Canadian Production and Exports of Pyrites — continued. Value* (£). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. -Production. Quebec Ontario British Columbia 72,761 35,818 98,082 57,024 118,946 86,302 109,015 115,734 1,104 104,448 225,180 5,947 105,792 236,242 13,220 42,338 59,548 7,011 Total 108,579 155,106 205,248 225,853 335,575 355,254 108,897 Exports 44,092 78,747 109,858 116,047 202,958 197,722 80,939 Newfoundland, f Pyrites occurs abundantly, associated with copper ores, around Notre Dame Bay, on the, north-east coast of Newfoundland. Deposits of high-grade pyrites carrying about 53 per cent, of sulphur with about IJ per cent, of copper have been mined at Pilley's Island and Tilt Gove, Notre Dame Bay, the produce being shipped chiefly to the United Kingdom and the United States for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Other deposits are known to occur near York Harbour and Middle Arm, both situated on the Bay of Islands; at Port-au- Port Bay, 30 miles north-east of Cape St. George ; in the Codroy Valley; and at Rowsell's Harbour', Labrador. In spite of the numerous occurrences of pyrites in Newfound- land, the output of ore has been small and irregular. The only recorded export during the period under review was 1,335 tons, valued at £2,798, during the year ending June 30, 1914, and 4,139 tons, valued at £3,880, during the year ending June 30, 1915. Cyprus. The island of Cyprus has been prospected for pyrites during the past few years. An important deposit has been found at Foucassa Hill near Skouriotissa in the district of Nicosia. The Skouriotissa ore-body has been proved by systematic drilhng, and is estimated to contain not less than five million tons of cupreous pyrites of good quahty. An average analysis gives 47'5 per cent, sulphur, about 2"5 per cent, copper, 41"85 per cent, iron, and '01 per cent, arsenic. The deposit is near the seashore and a mineral railway con- necting the mine and the coast has been constructed and equipped. A jetty has been built for loading the ore into barges by which it is to be transferred to vessels standing out in deeper water. * Values converted to & sterling at the rate of 1 dollar : \ Newfoundland Customs Returns (Annual). : 4s. 2rf. 49 Indications of other deposits of the ^ame kind are numerous in the south-western and southern paats of the island, but no other large body of high-grade ore has a« yet been discovered. According to the Colonial Report on Cyprus for 1920 fNo. 1093), some 2,000 tons of cupreous pvrites were extracted during that year. India.* No large deposits of pyrites have yet been discovered in India. Pyritous shale, suited for the manufacture of alum, is found at Dandot and Pidh in the Salt Range, at Madh in Cutch and at Kalabagh and various other places in the Punjab. The average sulphur content of these shales is only 9-5 per cent. Australia, t Pyrites is obtained in copper-mining operations at Gormanston, Tasmania, the output being shipped to acid and superphosphate works situated in Victoria and Western Australia. Small quantities of pyrites are also mined in the C'omstock district. The production of pyrites in Tasmania has decUned steadily since the year 1916, only 3,457 tons being produced in the year 1919. Copper- beaa:ing pyrites is mined at the Eulamina and Murrin Murrin mines in the Mount Margaret goldfield, Western Australia. Production from these fields has steadily declined since the year 1913, when the annual output of pyrites exceeded 10,200 tons, and it amounted to only 2,252 tons in the year 1918. Latterly there has been some recovery, but the total quantity mined is still small. A small amount of pyrites is mined in the western part of New South Wales. The sulphur dioxide given off in the roasting of lead-zinc ores, together with all the pyrites produced in Australia, falls short of meeting Australia's needs in connection with the manufacture of sulphuric acid required for the production of superphosphate. For this purpose a considerable quantity of pyrites is imported, and it would be very useful if some deposit of sulphur or pyrites could be found, sufficiently large, and suitably situated in relation to industrial centres, to supply Australia's needs. • Records Geol. Surv. India, vol. LII, pp. 250-251 [1921]. t Reports of the Secretary of Mines, Tasmania (Annual). Reports of the Department >>t Mines, Western Australia (Annual). Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia (Annual). 50 Production of Pyrites in Australia. Year. Western Australia. Tasmania. Total. Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). Quantity (long tons). Value Quantity (long tons). Value (£)■ 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 10,216 9,759 6,558 4,409 3,575 2,252 4,136 3,658 3,485 2,368 2,263 1,752 1,629 4,919 12,836 14,005 7,686 5,106 3,457 8,945 13,597 7,137 4,667 4,288 10,216 9,759 19,394 18,414 11,261 7,358 7,593 3,658 3,485 11,313 15,860 8,889 6,296 9>207 Imports of Pyrites into Australia. Quantity (long tons). Prom Calendar Year 1913. Fiscal Years ending June 30. 1915. 1 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. New Zealand Portugal Spain 12,885 446 23,622 2,870 1,500 — — Total 12,835 24,068 2,870 1,500 — — Value (£). New Zealand Portugal Spain 28,255 4,898 47,018 6,393 4,208 — - , Total 28,255 51,916 6,393 4,208 ■— ■ New Zealand. t Pyrites occurs in large graoiular masses in the rhyolite and rhyolitic tuffs at Eotorua and Eotomahana, in tBs North Island of New Zealand, and it is a common constituent of many of the gold-bearing reefs in the Thames and Coromandel districts of that island and in the Eeefton district of the South Island. Very little pyrites was mined during the period under review, the only recorded outputs being 4 tons in the year 1916 and 1 ton in 1918, both parcels being exported. FOEEIGN COUNTEIBS. Austria.:!: During the war the Austrian production of pyrites declined. In 1919 the output was 9,148 tons, obtained from four mines, the Panzendorf-Tessenberg mine in the Hall district of the Tyrol * Represents the value of sulphur only. t New Zealand Mines Statements (Annual). t Mitteilungen iiber den osterreichischen Bergbau, 1920. 51 beinp the chief producer. There was also a small production of cupi'eous jiyrites from the Grossfragant mine in the canton of Klagenfurt from which an output of 310 tons was obtained. Belgium.* There are no deposits of pyrites of any great importance in Belgium. The small annual output shown in the following table is probably obtained as a by-product during coal-mining operations. Production of Pyrites in Belgium. Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917- 1918 1919 Quantity Value t (long tons). (£). 264 88 107 44 127 56 209 92 80 36 6 4 59 264 France, t France is an important producer of iron-pyrites. The deposits worked are situated at Sain Bel in the Rhone department, about 15 miles north-west of Lyons. The ore occurs chiefly in lenticular masses, which in places attain a thickness of more than 65 feet. The pyrites mined is very pure, averaging about 48 per cent, of sulphur with practically no copper or other associated minerals. In the year 1913 France consumed 786,245 tons of pyrites, of whioh total about 39 per cent- was obtained from domestic mines, the balance being imported chiefly from Spain and Portugal. French Production, Imports and Exports of Pyrites. Pro- duction. Sulphur content. Imports. Exports. Year. Quantity Quantity Quantity j Value § Quantity Value § (long tons). (long tons) (longtons).: (f). (longtons). (£). 1913 ... .B06,166 572,406 ii26,120 92,327 112,600 1914 ... 196,123 93,809 594,938 725,600 56,848 69,320 1915 ... 193,44fi 92,738 417,979 679,680 18,646 30,320 1916 ... 215,845 101,876 779,618 1,743,160 16,410 36,680 1917 ... 276,284 132,265 483,719 1,769,840 6,881 25,160 1918 ... 256,126 122,395 316,118 1,153,000 11,344 41,520 1919 ... 116,795 94,814 346,920 9,509 34,800 • Statistique des Industries Extractives et Metallurgiques (Annual), f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs ^ £1. J Statistique de L'industrie Min^rale en France et en Alg^rie (1914-1918). Le Commerce de la France (Annual). § Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs ^ £1. 52 Germany. The larger part of the pyrites mined in Grermany is obtained from an important deposit situated at Meggen, in Westphalia. The ore-body consists essentially of high-grade pyrites associated with barytes and a Httle galena, zinc-blende and chalcopyrite. Silver is occasionally present in small quantities. The deposit has a thickness of about 13 feet, and has been followed for a distance of about IJ mile along the strike. During the war the output of pyrites from this district was greatly increased, about 80,000 tons of ore being produced monthly from the mines shortly before the cessation of hostilities. The Eammelsberg deposit, which is situated on the northern slope of the Harz Mountains, near the town of Goslar, has long been a large producer of pyrites. The chief minerals of this deposit are zinc-blende, chalcopyrite, galena, iron-pyrites and arsenopyrite, which occur abundantly in a gangue of barytes. The thickness of the deposit varies from a few feet up to 90 feet, and it has a length of more than 6,000 feet. An important quantity of iron-pyrites is also produced as a by-product during lead-, zinc-, and copper-mining operations in Silesia and other provinces. Before the war Germany imported annually about 1,000,000 tons of pyrites, the greater part of which was obtained from Spain and Portugal. During the early years of the war period Germany was able to obtain supplies from Norway, Greece, and Turkey, but in 1915 the . Norwegian Government placed an embargo on the export of pyrites to Germany, and when, subsequently, Greece joined the Allies, further supplies from that source were unobtainable. The short- age was met chiefly by increased production from the domestic and Polish deposits, and by considerable importation of Swedish pyrites. Production of Pyrites in Germany. Prussia. Bavaria.* Year. Quantity (long tons). Value t (£). Quantity, (long tons). Value t (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 224,737 197,656 420,015 616,710 754,054 804,738 342,983 115,442 106,749 319,096 566,567 623,056 827,799 718,587 4,927 367 299 4,348 9,591 7,277 3,094 135 350 3,414 11,670 10,800 * Pyrites and other sulphur minerals. ■j- Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 20 marks : :£1. 53 Greece.* Before the war Greece was an important producer of pyrites^ but during the war period the output decreased and only 12,246 tons were raised in 1918. The most productive mines are situated near Hermi6ne, in Argohs, where the pyrites mined carries about 46 per cent, of sulphur. Other important deposits are situated between Polygyros and Molivoporgos at the head of the Cassandra Gulf; on Cassandra Mountain, and at various places in the Madenochoria area in Challddiike. Production and Sales of Pyrites in Greece. Production. Sales. Year. ( Quantity Quantity Valuef (long tons). (long tons). (£). 1913 126,796 1 159,655 106,107 1914 126,982 130,450 87,749 1915 11,918 19,003 13,759 1916 19,557 11,311 9,760 1917 — 10,301 6,927 1918 12,246 l-.',405 10,086 1919 2,316 2,270 3,230 Hungary. Prior to the war Hungary was an important producer of pyrites. The chief producing areas are situated near the town of Leutschau, in the county of Zips. In this district the pyrites occurs in lenticular bodies of great size, associated with a smaU amount of chaloopyrite. These deposits have a thickness vary-- ing from 50 feet up to 130 feet, and have been followed along the strike for about 2,000 feet. The sulphur content of the pyrites averages about 47 per cent. Extensive deposits of pyrites usually containing some chalco- pyrite were worked during the period under review in the Sinjaka and Jazero districts of Bosnia. These districts are now included within the boundaries of Jugoslavia. Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Production of Pyrites in Hungary. Quantity (long tons). 104,915 100,725 107,036 ... 170,264 '.'.. 98 ,000 J • Handbook of Macedonia and surrounding Territories, Londun, 1920, p. 380. Tableaux Statistiques du Moavement Minier de la Grfece (Annual). t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs ^ 1£. 1 Estimated. 54 Italy.* The Italian production of iron-pyrites increased rapidly during the war, the total output rising to 492,734 tons in the year 1917 With the cessation of hostilities the output dropped to about 17 per cent, above the pre-war level. A part of the mineral pro- duced is coppet^bearing, but very pure pyrites is extensively mined at 'Giavorrano, Savi and Giglio, in the province of Groseeto. The Gavorrano pyrites is particularly well suited for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, as its sulphur content averages 48" 8 per cent, and it is practically free from arsenic. Important quantities of pyrites are obtained from the province of Torino, where the chief mines are the Brosso and Traversella. Smaller quantities are obtained from the provinces of Genoa and Vicenza. The larger part of the Italian output of pyrites is (treated for the manu- facture of sulphuric acid in Tuscany, Liguria, Piedmont and Venetia. Production of Pyrites in Italy. Iron-pyrites. Cupreous I ron-pyrites. Total. Year. Quantity Valuet Quantity Valuet Quantity Valuet (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). 1913 ... 287,383 246,632 24,851 18,316 312,234 264,948 1914 ... 294,358 287,171 35,786 26,187 330,139 313,358 1915 ... 322,440 360,208 40,944 38,284 363,384 398,492 1916 ... 384,179 537,292 19,517 23,793 403,696 561,085 1917 ... 478,328 937,826 14,406 27,595 492,734 965,421 .1918 ... 474,313 1,135,564 — — 474,313 1,135,564 1919 ... ~ ~ 366,586 1,065,087+ hnports and Exports of Pyrites into and from Italy. Year. Imports. § Exports.! Quantity. , (long tons ) Value.ir (£) Quantity, (long tons.) Value.iy (£) 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 39,861 26,816 23,776 2 21 35,651 23,984 21,265 3 76 28,836 72,693 53,526 143,444 167,565 191,205 69,546 23,446 73,880 54,400 192,439 340,604 699,581 254,455 * Zeitschrift fiir praktische G-eologie, June, 1920, pp. 85-93. Rivista del Servizio Minerario (Annual). Statistioa del Comercio Speciale di Importazione di Esportazione. t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 26 lire = £1. J Value of 366,488 tons only. § Chiefly from Spain. || Chiefly to France. ^ Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 lire = £1. 55 Norway.* During the war there was a strong demand for Norwegian pyrites, especially by Sweden, where |the supply of Spanish pyrites was considerably curtailed by lack of shipping facihties. The gi-eater demand led to increased production, many new deposits being opened up, while mining operations on the old- estabhshed mines were considerably exitended. The Norwegian pyrites deposits are as a rule lenticular in form, the lenses varying from a few feet up to 60 feet in thickness. The pyrites sometimes contains varying quantities of copper. The most important deposits are situated at Sulitjelma near Salten, in Nordland, where the ores mined are concentrated into t\^•o products, one of which, conjtaining 4 to 8 per cent, of copper, is smelted locally ; the other, containing 1 to 4 per cent, of copper, 45 per cent, of sulphur, 34 to 36 per cent, of iron with about 2 per cent, of silicii and alumina, is exported. Other old-established pyrites mines worked during the period under review, and their output in 1913, were the Lokken, near Meldal, 130,000 tons; -Foldal on a tributary of ithe rrlommen river, 65,000 tons; Rostvangen on the Tinoset river, 27,000 tons; Killingdal in Guldal, 24,400 tons; and several mines near IMo in Ivanen, and Riiids in Guldal. The new projects include mines near Ballangen on Ofotenf jord , ai Folsteid in Vaago in the Lofotens, and the Grong mines north- east of Namsos. In 1913, a French company was estabUshed to woik the Grong pjTites deposit? at Skorovas, near Tunnpjon ; Gjersvik, on Limingen ; Joma, near Huddingsvand ; and other occurrences in the neighbourhood of Namsos. It is estimated that there are about 8J million tons of high-grade ore in these deposits, and that the Grong mines are capable of producincr annually 200,000 tons of pyrites containing from 42 to 45 per cent, of sulphur with a little over 2 per cent, of copper. In the 3'ear 1918 the Norwegian Government bought these mines, but as yet thei'e has lieen no production. Xonr('(ji(ni Prodtiction and E rporfs of Pyrites . Year. Production of Pyrites. Exports. Pvrites.t \' Calcined Pyrites (Purple Orel. Quantity (long tons). Value§ i Quantity I Value§ j Quantity ] Value§ (£). _(longtons).' (£).' [(long tons). (£\' 1P13 1914 1915 i9ii; 1917 191S 191'.i 434,199 4ns,L'i8 ■J90,607 .^2,=!,411 ;!.^3,40.^ 503,763 510,484 966,129 776,882 1,110,484 1,080,968 419,032 354,439 459,258 249,290 209,487 236,904 116,682 549,516 464,812 1,254,731 9.53,511 744,038 970,860 337,183 34,472 42,335 45,695 46,759 40,702 28,647 40,566 45,581 53,204 134,828 1S9,070 222,403 194 102 310,328 • Norm-* Offisielle Statistikk ; Norges Handel (Annual), and Norges Bergvei'ksdrift (Annual). Handbook of Norway and Sweden, 1920. X Cupreous in part. § Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 18 '6 Kr. = £1. 56 Portugal.* The chief deposits of pyrites in Portugal are situated on an extension of the Spanish pjTites belit which extends into Portugal as far as Aljustrel in Aleintejo. The chief producing mines are the Minas de San Domingo operated by English interests, and San Joao do Ueserto owned by a Belgian company. In addition, copper-bearing pyrites is mined at Barrancos and at Serra de Caviera. Small quan|tities of gold and silver are obtained in the latter mine as a by-product. The San Domingo deposit is the most important pyrites mine in Portugal. The mineral occurs as lenticular masses in a mitneralized zone 2,000 fee|t in length by about 200 feet in thickness. As mined, the pyrites aveiuges about 0'91 per cent, of copper and 48'28 per cent, of sulphur. The MinAs de San Joao do Deserto is situated about 18 miles south-wesit of Beira. The pyrites carries about 1 per cent, of copper. In 1915 the mine was closed down owing to high costs of production and war conditions generally. Portuguese production and exports of Pyrites (chiefly cupreous) A Production BxportsJ Year. (long tons). (long tons) . 1913 428,929 413,208 1914 309,238 307,616 1915 232,942 218,118 1916 233,127 227,176 1917 184,762 68,529 1918 110,079 60,490 1919 R 90,522 ussia. § 66,827 Pyrites is widely distributed in all the chief mining districts in Russia, but production has been greatly hindered by the lack of adequate transport facilities from the mines and the small domestic demand. In Central Russia pyrites occurs in all the principal coalfields, but the mineral is usually picked out during the process of pre- paring the coal for market and is wasted on the dumps. It has been calculated that more than 2,000 tons of pyrites carrying about 80 per cent, of sulphur is wasted in this way annually. The most important pyrites deposits in Russia occur along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. In this region the largest mines are the Spaso, in the G-oroblagodat district, which before the war produced about 14,480 tons annually, and the Kalatinsk mine, situated about 8 miles from Neviansk station on the Perm Railway, which is equipped for the production of about 30,000 * Boletim de Minas (A-imual"). f Prom information furnished by Sir Charles Fielding. J These figures are exports from the chief producing mines only. § The Russian Tear Book, 1914. The Mineral Resources of Georgia and Caucasia, by D. Ghambashidze ; London, 1919. 57 lous carrying from 41 to 48 per cent, of sulphur. The recently discovereil de{)osit at the Byeloretchensk mine, situated 6 miles from the station of Koudyanka, is hkely to prove one of the most important deposits in the Urals. The mine is equipped for an annual production of about 7,000 tons carrying 51 per cent, of sulphur, but this quantity can easily be increased. Before the war about half the output from this property was treated at the sulphuric acid works situated near Eoudyanka. In the Kyshtim district several deposits were being worked before the war, notably the Tyzov, and the Annensk about 4 miles north of Tyzov. South of the Kyshtim district the pyrites deposit of Miask is not now being exploited. In Southern Eussia there are many extensive deposits of pyrites. The chief mines worked are at Tanzout, about 6 miles from the station of Karaklis on the Tiflis-Kars Eailway. At this locality the deposit, which has a serpentine matrix, ia more than 240 feet in thickness and has a length of about 1,500 feet. The pyrites contains from 39 to 40 per cent, of sulphur, and this percentage can be increased to an average of 45 per cent, by hand-picking. The deposit is exposed within 15 feet of the surface, and opencasit operations are practicable. The small quantity of pyrites at present produced is shipped to Baku for treatment. Another important deposit in the Caucasus is worked at the Djiraki-dsor mine situated near the village of Tchaikent. Mining is carried on by opencast methods or by means of adits driven into the hillside. The pyrites obtained is very pure, averaging about 51 per cent, of sulphur The output from the mine is treated at sulphuric acid works in Baku. Pyrites associated with bituminous shale occurs abundantly in beds up to 7 feet in thickness at several localities near Kutais, the sulphur content amounting to about 50 per cent. Large quantities of pyrites occur in many of the copper mines of the Caucasus. Pyrites is separated from the copper concentrates at the Alaverdi, Kedabeg, Tchorokh river and other copper- concentration plants. Small quantities of pyrites are mined at Tipasjarvi and Otravaara, in Finland, but the total production from these sources is unimportant. Serbia.* The larger part of the Serbian output of pyrites is obtained from the Maidanpek mines in the north-eastern part of the country. During the war these were extensively worked by the Austrians, but they are now leased to a Belgian company. In Serbian Macedonia there are extensive deposits of pyrites associated vsdth copper ores in. |the neighbourhood of Trepatsa, but these have not been worked for many years. • Foreign Office Handbook, No. 20, Serbia. 58 Spain.* The pyrites deposits in Spain occupy a belt extending from Aznalcollar, in Sevilla, through Huelva to the Portuguese border. They occur in lenticular masses of variable dimensions, the great majority having a length of about 900 to 2,250 feet, with a thick- ness ranging from about 50 to 500 feet. The San Dionisio lode of Eio Tinto is exceptional, having a length of 4J miles and an extreme thickness of about 800 feet. With the exception of the San Dionisio lode, few of the deposits have a greater depth than about 1,000 feet. The pyrites contains from 2 to 4 per cent, of copper in the upper portions of the lode. With increasing depth the copper values decrease, until at about 325 feet below the outcrop the average copper content is less than 3 per cent. Below this level the ore becomes a pyrites body carrying from 0-5 to 2 per cent, of copper and 44 to 52 per cent, of sulphur. The higher-grade copper ore is smelted locally. The lower-grade capper ore is shipped chiefly to -European countries for the recovery of its copper, iron, and sulphur content, and the pyrites ore is treated locally for its copper content, the residue known as " washed ore " being exported for sulphuric acid manufacture. The pyrites mines of Spain were formerly worked for copper alone, and it was then the custom of mining companies to fire the pyrites in heaps at the mine, in order to burn off the sulphur. This had such injurious effects on the crops of the smTounding country that it was prohibited by the Spanish Government, and the copper was therefore extracted by the process of washing, in the course of which only a comparatively small proportion of the sulphur was removed as sulphate. Owing to the efforts of Englishmen interested "in the industry, pyrites was gradually substituted for Sicilian sulphur in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and from that time on the mining of Spanish pyrites developed rapidly. For many years past it has been the practice to dispose cupreous pyrites in heaps at the mines, and wash it in order to recover the copper. A stock of many million tons of washed pyrites has thus been accumulated, from which the mining com- panies can draw supplies for export. Spanish Production and Exports of Pyrites. Prodnction. Year. Cupreous Pyrites (long tons). Iron-pyrites (long tons). Total (long tons). Exports (long tons). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 2,207,000t 1,451,976 1,440,816 1,720,637 1,788,624 978,466 595,943 912,016 969,056 718,827 938,352 961,217 580,526 424,259 3,119,016 2,421,032 2,159,643 2,658,989 2,749,841 1,558,992 1,020,202 2,856,890 2,512,755 2,226,850 2,700,655 1,933,357 1,053,994 599,353 Estadistioa Minera de Espafia (Annual). Exterior de EspaQa (Annual). Estadistica General del Comercio + Estimated. 59 Sweden.* Pyrites is mined in several districts in Sweden, but the chief producing mine is still the Falun in Kopparbergslan. Formerly, this mine was worked for the copper, gold and silver values 'u the oi-e, but since 1894 only pyrites has been mined. During the war the production of pyrites in Sweden increased sub- stantially, the output rising from 33,767 tons in 1913 to about 140,000 tons in 1917 and 1918. Several new deposits of pyrites and cupreous pyrites were opened up, notably the Vittenst 'U deposit in Vestre Varmland and the Kvittensten in Yai-mland. Swedish Production, Imports and Exports of Pyrites. Production. Imports. Exports. Year. Quantity Valuef Quantity Valuef Quantity Valuef (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). (longtons). (£). 191.3 ... 33,767 19,507 138,739 193,688 492 687 i;ii4 ... 32,778 43,434 147,960 143,431 3,389 4,'.nn li)16 ... 75,097 55,228 150,654 164,924 39,355 44,494 i9it; ... 96,276 143,813 125,948 357,020 13,778 17,.S24 1917 ... 140,368 368,219 102,224 468,832 29,321 71,270 191S ... 138,912 513,748 107,824 579,043 37,976 206,287 191!) ... 107,022 332,567 70,559 366,087 Algeria.:!: There is a small but increasing production of pyrites in Algeria. The larger part of the output is obtained from the department of Constantine. Production of Pyrites and Native Sulphur in Algeria. Year. 1918 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Quantity (long tons) 108 118 443 1,162 5,491 • Sveriges Officiella Statistik. Bergshantering Berattelse av Kommers- kollegium ; Handel Berattelse av Kommerskollegium (Annual), t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 18'2 kroner ^ £1. X Statistique de I'lndustrie Min^rale en France et en Alg^rie (1914-1918). 60 United States.* In 1913 about 286 per cent, of the pyrites consumed in the United States was obtained from domestic sources, the remainder being imported chiefly from Spam, Canada and Portugal. As a rule, the imported pyrites contams about '0-7 per cent, of copper, but large quantities of copper-pyntes carrying as much as 1-25 per cent, of copper are imported from -Spain and used in many of the acid plants. This ore is known as " leached " or " washed " ore, having been stacked and allowed to weather, the copper sulphide becoming oxidized to copper sulphate, which can be recovered by washing. Cupreous pyrites carrying an even higher percentage of copper is used in some plants. This ore, after passiug through the burners, is treated for the recovery of the copper content. The domestic production of pyrites is obtained chiefly from the States of Virginia, California, New York, Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. It is obtained also as a by-product of coal-mining in the States of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, and considerable quantities are produced in Wisconsin during the mining and concentration of zinc ores. During the war the demand for sulphuric acid stimulated the domestic production of pjTites, but the bulk of the pyrites consumed by the sulphuric acid plants was still imported. Ship- ments of Spanish pyrites towards the end of the war were strictly hmited, but ample supphes of sulphur were available, as well as some lump ore from Canada. Only in the acid plants situated "in the middle west, to which transportation charges were high, was there any difficulty in obtaining supplies of pyrites. In these districts many sulphuric acid manufacturers fitted their plants to bum crude sulphur, and this still further tended to reduce the demand for the domestic product. Production and Imports of Pyrites in the United States. Production. Imports. Year. Quantity (long tons). Valuef (£). Quantity (long tons). Valuef (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 341,838 336,662 394,124 439,132 482,662 464,494 420,647 267,934 267,364 348,944 424,584 540,216 550,941 532,952 850,592 1,026,617 964,634 1,244,662 967,340 496,792 388,973 752,320 999,443 1,003,745 1,401,733 1,246,137 571,182 453,451 * U.S. Geol. Surv. Mineral Resources (Annual). Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the U.S (Annual). f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. 61 Imports of Pyrites into the United States. (Fiscal years ending June 30). Quantity (long tons). 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919.t United Kingdom... Canada Newfoundland and Labrador. 16 79,141 1,335 99,738 120,896 171,268 1,959 205,163 3,670 84,761 Total from British Po&S6HBionn 80,492 99,738 120,896 171,268 210,792 84,761 Germany Portugal Spain Cuba Brazil Japan Other Countries ... 1,200 102,150 638,711 2.200 7,381 57,109 687,812 46,351 1,207,323 471 16,475 747,866 2,700 596,583 2K0,725 23,237 250 Total from Foreign Countries. 751,642 744,921 1,254,145 764,341 599.283 304,212 Total 832,134 844,659 1,375,041 935,609 810,075 388,973 Value • (£). United Kingdom... Canada Newfoundland and Labrador 31 65,120 502 80,519 98,672 131,675 1,383 169,464 6,917 80,727 Total from British 65,653 80,519 118,672 131,675 167,764 80,727 Germany Portugal Spain Cuba Brazil Japan Other Countries ... 699 69,578 618,059 4,423 11,449 39,523 735,635 31, .551 1,352,061 1.386 11,130 1,077,177 1,604 772,785 327,966 44,133 625 Total from Foreign Countries 704,208 775,158 1,384,998 1,088,307 774,389 372,724 Total 769,861 855,677 1,483,670 11,219,982 942,153 1 1 453,451 • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = is. 2d. f Calendar year. 62 Cuba. The island of Cuba possesses at least one substantial pyrites deposit, which has been worked for some years. During the war development was very considerably extended, and a large quantity of mineral was shipped to destinations on the Atlantic sea-board of the United States in 1919. Peru. Pyrites occurs abundantly in many of the copper deposits in the Cerro de Pasco mining district, and it is the chief gangue mineral in many of the copper veins in the Morococha and Casapalca districts. It is also found abundantly in the Colquijirca district, where many of the outcrops of the silver veins are composed almost entirely of pyrites. Very httle attention is given to the exploitation of these occurrences, and the only recorded production of pyrites during the period under review was 49 tons in the year 1916 and 149 tons in the year 1917. Japan.* The mining of pyrites has long been an estabhshed industry in Japan. The chief producing areas are situated in the district of Wakayama, in Hondu, where the pyrites occurs in lenticular masses about 5 to 6 feet in thickness, the ore containing about 2 per cent, of copper and about 45 per cent, of sulphur. The Takara mine, situated about 5 miles south of Sasako station on the Chuwo line, is worked on a lens of pyrites about 240 feet in length with a thickness of about 90 feet, the mineral containing about 40 to 45 per cent, of sulphur with 1'6 to 1"7 per cent, of copper. The powdery nature of the pyrites detracts somewhat from its value for acid-making purposes. Other producing mines are the Yanahara and the Hisagi in the Okayama district of Hondu, and the Kucho in the Ehime district of Shikoku. Pyrites is also mined to a small extent in the island of Sakhalin. Production of Iron-pyrites in Japan. Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Quantity Value t (long tons). {£). 112,803 58,993 113,984 60,061 66,492 37,962 89,609 76,739 119,489 104,074 104,120 108,384 125,033 182,873 * Annual Statistical Kept, of the Dept. of Agriculture and Commerce Japan, f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 yen ^ 2s. REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE. GENERAL. Mineral Industry, New York (Annii&l). The vadose synthesis of pyrite, by A. R. Whitman; Econ. Geol., 1913 8. 455-468. Seleniferous pyrites and its use in the manufacture of sulphite pulp, by J. C. Torgersen and C. Bay; Papier-fabr., 1914, 12, 483-484. Short abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1914, 33, 545. Norwegian and Spanish pyrites as raw material in sulphuric acid manu- facture, by P. W. Uhlmann; Chem.-Zeit., 1914, 38, 59-60. The constitution of pyrite and allied minerals, by W. H. Goodchild- Mining Mag., 1917, 16, 253-258. Utilization of pyrite in bituminous coal, by E. A. Holbrook; Bull. Univ. Illinois, 1917, August 20, Circ. No. 5, pp. 1-46. La recuperation du soufre contenu a I'etat d'anhydride sulfureux dans les gaz de grillage des pyrites cuivreuses; Rev. Gen. de Science, 1918, 29, 564-565. Pyrite in the coals of western Pennsylvania, by H. Leighton; Abstr. Science, New Series, 1918, 47, 494. Valuable pyrite in Illinois coal beds, by G. H. Cady; Coal Age, 1919, 16, 136-140. •Commercial recovery of pyrite from coal, by S. H. Davis; article presented to the Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Bng., September, 1919. Abstr. Coal Age, 1919, 16, 776. Recovery of pyrite from washery refuse, by E. A. Holbrook; Coal Age, 1919, 15, 848-851. Occurrences and origin of finely disseminated pyrites in coal, by R. Thiessen; Bull. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., No. 153, 1919, pp. 2431- 2444. Pyrite deposits in Ohio coal, by W. M. Tucker; Econ. Geol., 1919, 14, 198-219. Sulphur and pyrites in 1918, by P. S. Smith; American Fertilizer, 1920, 52, No. 2, 5 pp. Some chemical data on coal pyrite, by H. P. Yancey; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 105-109. Industrial readjustments of certain mineral industries affected by the war: pyrites and sulphur; U.S. Tariff Commission, Washington, D.C, Tariff Information S.eries No. 21, 1920, pp. 211-241 and bibliography. The various forms of pyrites in coal : their probable origin and effects on being exposed to atmospheric influences, by J. Lomax; paper before Manchester G«ol. Min. Soc., March, 1921. Abstr. Iron and Coal Tr. Rev., 1921, 102, 363. BRITISH EMPIRE. United Kingdom. ■Geology and genesis of the Trefriw pyrites deposits, Carnarvonshire, by R. L. Sherlock; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1918, 74, Pt. 2, 99-105. South Africa and Rhodesia. Preliminary report on the geology of the district east of Gatooma, by A. E. V. Zealley; S. Rhodesia Geol. Surv., Bull. 1, 1913, p. 18. The sulphuric acid industry, by M. Rindl; S. Afr. Journ. Ind., 1919, 2, 130. 64 Canada and Newfoundland. Report on the mineral production of Canada; Mines Branch, Ottawa (Annual). Pyrites in Canada: its occurrences, exploitation, dressing and uses, by A. W. G. Wilson; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, No. 167, 1912, 197 pp. Report on the non-metallic minerals used in the Canadian manufacturing industries: pyrite, by H. Frechette; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, No. 305, 1914, pp. 70-73. Economic minerals and mining industries of Canada : pyrites ; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, No. 322, 1914, pp. 51-52. Investigation of pyrites resources, by A. H. A. Robinson; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, Summary Rept., 1918, Sessional paper 26a, pp. 13-46. Some Canadian occurrences of pyritio deposits in metamorphic rocks, by G. Hanson; Econ. GeoL, 1920, 15, 574-609. Report on mining operations in the province of Quebec, 1913, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919. Extracts from reports on the district of Ungava recently added to the province of Quebec under the name of the territory of New Quebec; Quebec, Dept. Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Mines Branch, 1913, p. 99. Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines; Toronto (Annual). The pre-Cambrian geology of south-eastern Ontario : Queensboro iron pyrites deposits, by W. G. Miller and C. W. Knight; Ann. Rept. Ontario Bur. Mines, Toronto, 1913, 22, Pt. 2, 89-104. Iron pyrites deposite in south-eastern Ontario, by P. B. Hopkins; Ann. Rept. Ontario Bur. Mines, Toronto, 1916, 25, Pt. 1, 192-199. Iron pyriTOb deposits in south-eastern Ontario, Canada, by P. E. Hopkins; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1916), 55, 943-951. The Kowkash gold area, by P. E. Hopkins; Ann. Rept. Ontario Bur. Mines, Toronto, 1917, 26, 223-226. The ore deposits of Goudreau and Magpie-Hawk a,r6as, in Michipicoten district, Ontario, by W. H. CoUins; Geol. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Summary Rept., 1918, Pt. E, pp. 4-30. Ogahalla to Collins, by P. E. Hopkins; Ann. Rept. Ontario Bur. Mines, Toronto, 1918, 27, Pt. 1, 198. Notes on Lake Abitibi area, by P. E. Hopkins; Ann. Rept. Ontario Bur. Mines, Toronto, 1918, '27, Pt. 1, 208. Mineral developments in N.W. Ontario: pyfite deposits at Mokomon, by A. L. Parsons; Ann. Rept. Ontario Bur. Mines, Toronto, 1918, 27, Pt. 1, 170 and 185-186. Mineral deposits in the Ottawa valley : pyrite in the Calabogie district by M. E. Wilson; Gteol. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Summary Rept 1919, Pt. E, pp. 30-35. ■' Report of the Minister of Mines; Victoria, British Columbia, 1913 1917 1918, 1919. Dominion of Newfoundland and Labrador : some information about the resources, published by direction of the High Commissioner for Newfoundland; London, 1921, p. 76. India. Rec. Geol. Surv. India; Calcutta, 1915, 46, 292; 1916, 47, 24. Geology of India, by D. N. Wadia; Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London 1919, p. 330. Mineral resources of Mysore, by W. F. Smeeth and P. Sampat Iyengar- Dept. Mines and Geology, BangaJore, Mysore State, Gen. Series Bull. No. 7, 1916, pp. 149-151. 65 South Australia and Tasmania. Tlie Gibraltar pyritic mine, by H. Jones; Adelaide, 8. Austr., Rev. Min. Operations, No. 22, 1915, p. 48. Concentration tests on sulphide ore from the Gibraltar mine, Nairne, by J. D. Connor; Dept. Mines, Adelaide, S. Auetr., Met. Rept. Xo 2 1917, pp. 14-22. The North Pieman and Huskisson and Sterling Valley mining fields, by A. ^r. Reid; Tasmania Geol. Surv., Hobart, Bnll. No. 28 iWs' pp. 71-129. FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Europe. Die Kupfpr- und Schwpfelerze von Osteuropa, by F. Behrend; Bergbau u. Hiittenkunde, Part 3, No. 3, Osteuropa-Institnt in Breslau, 1921, 88 pp. Austria-Hungary. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gross-Fraganter Kieslagerstatten, by W. v. Reitzenstein; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1914, 22, 197-212. Antimon und Schwefelkies bei Pernek in Ungarn, bv R. Lachmann; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1915, 23, 195-204. (iber eine nickelreiche Ausbliihung im Kiesbergbau Nockelberg bei Saalfelden, Salzburg, by C. INIayr ; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol. 1917, 25, 163-164. Wirtschaftliche Verhaltnisse Deutsch-Osterreichs : die Erzvorkommen in den deutsch-osterreichischen Alpen, by H. Hbfer; (Schriften des Vereins f. Sozialpolitik) . Duncker and Humblot, Munchen and Leipzig, 1919, 168, 99-100, 105. Der Groesfraganter Kiesbergbau, by Rainer; Bergbau u. Hiitte, 1919, July 15, pp. 237-245, August 1, pp. 259-264. Die Bergibau- und Sohurftatigkeit in Tirol im Jahre 1920, by M. Isser; Montan. Runds., 1921, 13, 123-124. Germany. Das Ramnielsberger Kieslager, bv 0. Stutzer; Zeits. f. prakt. Gteol., 1913, 21, 435-436. Das Meggener Kies-Schwerspatlager als Ausscheidnng auf dem Gruiide des mitteldevonischen Meeres, by A. Bergeat; Zeita. f. prakt. Geol., 1914, 22, 237-249. Kohlensichtanlage und Schlammaufbereitung mit Schwefelkiesgewinnung der Zeche Jront-Cenis, by P. Cabolet; Gliickauf, 1916, 52, 1-5. One of the resources of Germany : the mines of Meggen and the Lenne, by H. Miard; Bull. Can. Min. Inst., No. 89, 1919, pp. 955-961. Italy. Rivista del servizio minerario; Ministero d'Agrieoltura, Ispettorato Centrale Tecnico delle Miniere, Rome (Annual). Die Mineralvorkommen Oberitaliens, by G. Buetz; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1918, 26, 76. Das Pyritvorkommen von Gavorrano in Toskana, by F. Lohmann; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1920, 28, 85-93. 3471 'J C 66 Norway. rennoskandia : 2, Norwegen, by A. G. Hogbom; Handbuch d. reg. Geol., 1913, i, No. 13, 182-183. Geologisch-petrographische Beschreibung einiger sudnorwegischer SchwefeLkiesvorkommen mit besonderer Beriicksiohtigung ihrer Genesis, by O. Falkenberg; Zeits. f. prakt. G«ol., 1914, 22, 105-153 with bibliography. Copper and sulphur ore industry in Norway; Engineering, 1915, 99, 46-47. The pyritic deposits near Roros, Norway, by H. Ries and R. E. Somers; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 58, 244-264. Scandinavian pyrites; Anglo-Norwegian Tr. Journ., 1918, August. Short abstr. Journ. Soc. Ohem. Ind., 1918, 37, 349R. Critical position of the Norwegian pyrites industry; Zeits. f. angew. Chemie, 1919, October 31. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1920, 39, 77R. Rumania. Die Tuffitzone der Mittleren Dobrogea (Dobrudeoha) und die Kieslager- stattfe yon Altan-Tepe, ein Beispiel der Epigenese, by C. Motas; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol. 1913, 21, 437-467. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schwefelkies- und Antimonerzlagerstatten in den Kleinen Karpathen, by P. Krusch; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1916, 24, 1-11. Serbia. Die kupferhaltigen Sohwefelkieslinsen von Majdan-Pek in S'erbien, by B. A. Wendeborn; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1913, 21, 217-233. Uber einige Brzlagerstatten Serbiens, by C. Doelter; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1917, 25, 143-153. Spain and Portugal. Estadistica minera de Espana; Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid (Annual). Vorlaufiger Beitrag zur Frage der Entstehung der Pyritlageretatten in der Provinz Huelva, Sudspanien, by H. Scotti; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol, 1913, 21, 268-270. Beitrag© zur Kenntnis der Huelvaner Kieslagerstatten, by B. Wetzig; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1913, 21, 241-246. Beitrag zur Frage der Entstehung der Schwefelkieslagerstatten im Siideu der iberischen Halbinsel, by H. Scotti ; Gliickauf , 1914, 50, 825-834, ■865-875. Mining in Spain, by E. Mackay Heriot; Mining Mag., 1918, 19, 133. Spanish pyrites; U.S. Comm. Rept., 1918, June 19. Short abstr. Journ. Soq. Cheni. Ind, 1918, 37, 342R. P^rite in the Huelva district, Spain, by C. de Kalb ; Min. Sci. Press, 1921, 122, 125-130. United States. The mineral resources of the United States; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C. (Annual). The manufacture of sulphuric acid in the United States, by A. E. Wells and D. E. Fogg; U.S. Bur. Mines, Washington, D.C, Bull. 184, 1920, pp. 35-53. Some developed mineral resources and chemical industries of the southern states: pyrites, by A. M. Fairlie; paper before the Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng.; Ohem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 310. 67 The geolo^'v and ore deposits of the Leona rhyolite (California), by C. W. Clark; Calilornin Univ., Berkelcv, Bull. Dept. Geol., 1917, 10, Xo. 20, 361-382. Pyritr deiiosits of Leadville, Colo., bv H. S. Lee; Trans. Arner. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 1920, 61, 66-70. A preliminary report on a part of the pyrites deposits of Georgia, by H. K, Shearer and J. P. D. Hull; Georgia Geol. Surv., Atlanta, Bull. 33, 1918, 229 pp. The zinc-pyrite deposits of the Edwards district, New York, by D. H. Xewland; New York State Defense Council, Bull. 2, 1917, 72 pp. Pyrite mining at Kershaw, South Carolina, bv J. H. Watkins; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 517-521. Pyrtte ;ind pyrrhotite resouioes of Ducktown, Tenii., by J. H. T.iylor; Trans, .\iiier. Inst. :Min. Eng., 1918, 59, 88-92. Japan. Der Bergbau Japans im Kriege; Scbwefel, bv H. W. Paul; Gliickauf, 1920, 56, 769-771. (3j;i9-19) Wt. 16921— 8.1/628 2,000 1/22 H.St. G. 36 ImpcrUl Mineral R«»ourc«s Bureau— '"'>^ "»»•«'• Lan'l B«piH»reliuii Ordinance, \'.i\r, (m amended bj the I>and Rflgwtraion (Amendnitnt» Ordinance, 1915, and the Land Rctrt'ttrBtioD (Amendment) Ordinance, ]01?^t; The Land and N.iiiN.' Fdiihtf* Ordmance, 191'' (as amended by the l.^nd and Niiiv.. Hichts (Amendment) Ordinance, lOlS' ; The Pubhc L.in.lH .\c.|(ii"ition Ordinance, VMl (excerpts from); Tbo Crown L:in.l-. oiiliniiiKc, 1918 (exo rpts from); The Exploeivea Ordinancf. 1915; Regulations made under f!i'^ Explosiv.':^ (iniiuuiic ; Master and Servant Ordinance, 1017; ReguUtion!« nin.lo under tbf Master and Seniint Ordinamo. 1917; The Arl.itration Ordiniinw, 1914; (iuvcrnniont Nutiro rolitive to und«rl.iking afi ti destiniition of tin orr eximrted; Goverr.inf nt N.iti.- prohibiting firfm[M'.ting f<>r ("oil; Index. (V.'_'ii ) in..- 15*. n5«. 6Jfiiiition8 and C'TtifKiitKin of Validity; l'ios[).'( ting, Miuinj.;, fJrcdging and rumpinp I.iinces; Itiglil.H and Dutjee of tlx- Cmin-. icii Holder: Royaltus, Hinta, Duties and StHinps; 'i'rnnination, C;ui' ■ lliiiun, 8urrcniil<>\(rs and I'mpl.iMci . i'rn.U I'rovisiona and l'(nalti(>H ; Law rrlatinq to thk Nobthkr.\ TKUiaTOniKS ; (teneral Analysis : LiconcCH, .Vpi'Iication and Fees ; rni>|)ectiii(.; Ijic»»nrt*, Pros[>octing and Mining; ()(>tion8. Mining and Drrd^ing Ijiconcee; lu'strirthnis on Rif^hts Conferred, InfljHvtioii and Survey, Boundary I>ispiitoH, IVnaltits ; Sikrra Lbonr : lotRxlurtoi-y , Pefinition of Minerals and Mineral Oils; Conce.ssiruia : Perinitions and Cextitioation of ^'alidity ; IV.i^fx 1 1- in^' iiul Miniiijj l,ic«M\eos; Ri^ht.« and Duties; Royaltie,", licnts and Sianip.'s; Tcraiination, Cancellation, Surrender or Ijapse of (oii.c.s-ioii or liicence : Resist lution ; Machinery for Settlement of Pisfuiti-s; Penal Clause.^; Sunev ; Explosives; Emplo\ers and Employed ; Indices. (1020.) Price ITis. (15*. 7d.). VonuB III,, Tub Transvaal {In the press.) IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU Reports on the Minehal iNDtrsTEt of- the Bkitibh Empibb and : Foreign Countries. (War Period, 1913-19.) Aluminimn and Bauxite ...(1921) Antimony (1921) Arsenic ... ... ... (1920) Asbestos ... ... ... (1921) Barium Minerals (1921) Bismuth (1.920) Borates ... ... ... (1920) Coal, Coke and By-Products Parti (1921) Pai-t II Chrome Ore and Chromium (1920) Cobalt .... a921) Felspar (1920) Fluorspar (1921) Fuller's Earth (1920) Iron Ore Resources of the World. Parts I, II and ni Magnesite (1920) Manganese ... ... ... (1921) Mica ... ... ..'. ... (1921) Monazite (1920) Nitrates ... (1920) Phosphates (1921) Sulphur and Iron-Pyrites ... (1922) Talc ... ... ... ... (1921) Tungsten ... ... ... (1921) Zinc ... ... ... (1921) Statistical Summary (Production, Imports and Exports) (1913-20) Price 9d. iip^d.) Is. (Is. l|d.) 6d. ad.y : Is. (Is. m.) 9d. (lOp.) 6d. (73.) dd. ilOld.) „ 3s. M. (3s. 8Jd.) ,, (in fhe press)^ Is. (Is. lid.) 9d. (lO^d.) „ 6d. <7d.) 9d. (lO^d.) 6d. (7d.) , ,, (in the press) „ Is. 3d. as. 4jd,) „ 3s. ed. (3s. SJd.) 9d. (10|d.) 6d. (7d.) 9d. (10*d.) 2s. (2s. 1^.) „ , Is. 6d; (Is. 7|d.) 9d. (lOjd.) Is. as. IJd.) „ 3s. 6d. (3s. 8d.) 3s. (3s. 2d.)