BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
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 Henrg W, Sage 
 
 1891 
 
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 „ 3 1924 029 495 300 
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 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029495300 
 
FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS OF 
 THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
The Press of 1507. 
 
 Badius (Jodocus, or Josse), surnamed Ascensius, a scholar, 
 Latin poet, and printer, was born at Asche, near Brussels. 
 
 He is first mentioned in connection with printing as a corrector of 
 presses for Trechesell and De Vingle, in the city of Lyons, in 1495 or 
 1497. He remained there until about 1500, when he removed to 
 Paris, where, according to Panzer, in 1502 he established a printing- 
 house, which he called " Prelum Ascensianum." In 1507 he used 
 for the first time, for his device, this engraving of the printing-press 
 as then constructed, which is believed to be the earliest ever made 
 of that subject. 
 
 The impression from which this reproduction has been taken is 
 in a work of Laurentius Valla, " De Lingua Latina," issued by 
 Badius, at Paris, in 15 10. 
 
The Press of 1520. 
 
 The second engraving of the printing-press here reproduced was 
 used by Badius for his device as early as 1520. It will be seen that 
 it differs from the first in several important particulars. In the sec- 
 ond, the composing-stick used by the figure in the act of setting types 
 is changed from the right to the left hand ; the press shows improved 
 mechanical construction, indicating greater solidity and strength; 
 while the little tools, which were needed by the pressmen for con- 
 stant use, are inserted in loops attached to the strong cross-beam 
 (the "head") which constitutes the top of the press. 
 
 It has been asserted that the figure sitting at the case on the right 
 side of the engraving was intended to represent a woman, instead of 
 a man, as in the first illustration. The head-gear, the change in the 
 style of cutting and form of the costume in the second, may furnish 
 some foundation for such a conjecture. 
 
 This second reproduction is from an engraving in an edition of 
 " De Cotemptu rerum fortuitarum Libri Tres," by Gulielmi Budasi, 
 printed by Badius, at Paris, in 1520. 
 
ISHeljS of the Birst Books 
 from the €(arliest ^Presses estab- 
 lished in different Qities, <Sowns, 
 and Pionasteries in G(urope, before 
 the end of the fifteenth Oentury, 
 with Brief. liotes upon their 
 J^rinters. Illustrated with ^Reproductions 
 of 0arly <Sypes and Birst 0ngravings of 
 the J^rinting JPress. m^^^^^^^^^^m 
 
 By Hush O- Sawkins. 
 
 New- York : J. W. Bouton, 706 Broadway. 
 London: B. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly. 
 
 MDCCCLXXXIV. 
 
Three Hundred copies only have been printed of this book, 
 in the month of May, 1884, of which this is 
 
 No, 
 
 ..Z. 
 
 ^(^ 
 
TO 
 
 FATHER ANTONIO CERIANI, 
 
 DIRECTOR OF THE AMBROSIAN LIBRARY AT MILAN, ITALY, 
 
 I DEDICATE THIS WORK, 
 
 AS A SLIGHT EVIDENCE OF MY RESPECT FOR HIS CHARACTER, 
 
 ADMIRATION FOR HIS GREAT LEARNING, 
 
 APPRECIATION OF HIS FRIENDSHIP AND KINDLY INTEREST 
 
 IN MY BIBLIOGRAPHICAL OCCUPATIONS. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 THIS work contains a list of all the cities, towns, monasteries, and 
 other places in which printing-presses are known to have been 
 established before the end of the fifteenth century ; also, the title 
 of the first book issued from each of the places stated and, when 
 known, the name of the printer and date. 
 
 This list, which is intended for the use of those who are interested in 
 the early history of the art of printing, has been compiled chiefly from the 
 researches of others. In no sense is any claim laid to originality, save in its 
 convenient chronological arrangement. Neither is there any pretense that 
 this work is exhaustive or correct. The compiler has contented himself 
 with an effort to bring together and record such statements as seemed to 
 him to have some foundation in facts. 
 
 Prosper Marchand's " Histoire de I'origine et des premiers progres de 
 rimprimerie," of 1740, mentions 196 places in which printing-presses 
 were set up before the close of the fifteenth century. Bowyer and 
 Nichols, in 1776, printed a list of 152. Panzer, in his " Annales," published 
 in 1797, after leaving out several of the towns mentioned by Marchand, 
 makes the number 192. Santander, in his " Dictionnaire Bibhographique " 
 of 1805, names 207. Cotton's "Typographical Gazetteer," printed in 1831, 
 states the number to be 2 1 8. Hain, in his " Repertorium Bibliographi- 
 cum " of 183 1, mentions 209 ; and Reichhart, the author of " Druckorte des 
 
Xll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV. Jahrhunderts," published in 1853, brings the number up to 221. In 
 this list are described 236 books, which we have reasons for regarding as 
 the earliest of the first printers in the places specified. There is no way 
 of proving which was the first or last book of any particular printer or press ; 
 and for that reason we find it impossible, save in a few instances, to affirm 
 that the books that are now stated to be the first productions of the several 
 presses to which they are assigned may not have been preceded by others 
 at present unknown. The reader will therefore see the necessity of accept- 
 ing all statements with some qualification as to certainty. In most instances 
 we have been compelled to leave those books heretofore designated as 
 the earliest productions of the first presses in the positions to which they 
 have been assigned by reliable bibliographers. 
 
 Many of the works described have been personally examined ; the 
 names of the printers, dates, places of printing, number of leaves, and 
 sometimes of lines, have been verified, and are here correctly stated. 
 
 One of the obstacles presenting itself at the threshold of investigation 
 is the want of properly illustrated catalogues of the existing important 
 collections of early printed books. Keenly appreciating this want, and to the 
 end that this work may be of some use to investigators, there have been 
 reproduced, by the photo-lithographic process, several pages and parts of 
 pages of books which it is believed are not to be found in any other 
 bibliographic work. 
 
 In a work of this nature, consisting mainly of details, such as names, 
 dates, places, etc., it has not been thought necessary to mention the authori- 
 ties consulted. It is proper, however, to state that the best authors have 
 been read, their writings sifted, the results brought together and stated as 
 briefly as possible. 
 
 Nor has it been deemed necessary to give a list of the doubtful places 
 where, according to several bibliographers, printing-presses may have been 
 used before the close of the fifteenth century. 
 
 The more I read of the controversy about the invention of printing with 
 movable metal types, the more I am convinced of the unsubstantiality of 
 the Harlem claim ; and now, after having read and weighed much of the 
 evidence, and carefully analyzed the assertions and ingenious statements 
 in favor of Coster, and notwithstanding the arguments advanced by Mr. J. 
 
INTRODUCTION. Xlll 
 
 H. Hessels, in his book lately published under the title of "Gutenberg, 
 Was He the Inventor of Printing ? " I am compelled to place at the head 
 of the list of printers with movable metal types the name of John Guten- 
 berg. 
 
 While admitting that an introduction to a work like this may not afford 
 an appropriate occasion for an argument in favor of any particular theory, I 
 think it proper to give a brief summary of some of the facts and reasons 
 which are the foundations of my belief in the Gutenberg claim. 
 
 I also regard the book of Mr. Hessels as a challenge to all who take the 
 German side of this question. His gauntlet is thrown in such a manner 
 that those who write upon a subject germane to the one great question 
 incidentally involved in this work are compelled to notice it ; and as I have, 
 without qualification, given Gutenberg the first place in the history of this 
 most useful art, I feel called upon to set forth, in outline merely, some of 
 the principal reasons which to me seem to support his claim to be the 
 inventor of printing. 
 
 Our first knowledge of Gutenberg as a printer is from the record of an 
 action at law brought against him at Strasburg, in 1439, by one Dritzehn 
 for certain moneys advanced. In this proceeding fifteen witnesses were 
 examined, as appeared by the record of their testimony, which was pre- 
 served at Strasburg. These statements prove that Gutenberg, while in that 
 city, was engaged in secretly developing an important invention connected 
 with forms, presses, pieces, etc. A greater part of this evidence points 
 toward the invention of printing, and to nothing else. This record, which 
 was preserved in the City Library of Strasburg, was burned during the 
 siege in 1870. 
 
 The account of this trial is the foundation-stone upon which the German 
 claim has been erected. If it is genuine, the fact that Gutenberg was 
 engaged at Strasburg, previous to 1439, in trying to perfect a system of 
 printing with movable types is sufficiently established for all historical 
 purposes. If, on the other hand, it was manufactured by some one 
 interested in defeating the Harlem claim, or for any other purpose whatever, 
 then those who advocate the side of Gutenberg will be compelled to accept 
 other testimony, which, although it may not be of as high character as 
 authenticated ancient documents, will be found sufficiently strong to sustain 
 the integrity of the German claim. 
 
 According to creditable and unshaken authority, the record of this trial 
 was discovered at Strasburg in an old tower, called the Pfennigthurm, as 
 
XIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 early as 1745, if not before, by Job. Henr. Earth, the archivist of that city, 
 and Schoepflin, a German professor and bibliographer. The latter gives a 
 straightforward and self-evident truthful account of this find, and says : 
 
 " When I was inspecting again the Strassburg flag and standard, the wax tables, the charters 
 provided with golden bulla, and other antiquarian stores, several times seen already by me before, I 
 at last entered into a room which was more rarely unlocked before, where I discovered in a long 
 row the old protocols of the Senate, namely, small foUo paper codices, marked with the years. 
 Henricus Barthius, at that time the chief of the Archives, and myself drew them forth from the dark- 
 ness. We examined them, and I myself excerpted several. But when I took up the codex of the 
 year 1439, I hardly opened the MS. when I saw the name of Gutenberg. Looking further, I found 
 a long series of witnesses who gave their testimonies regarding the Gutenbergian secret, most of 
 which designated plainly the typographical art. The authentic codex, which is preserved in a 
 sacred place, and in which the Acts of the Senate and the declarations of witnesses before the dele- 
 gates of the Senate have been written, is of a venerable authority. In it are registered the witnesses 
 produced in the law-suit brought against Gutenberg." * 
 
 In 18 1 8 Dibdin was at Strasburg, and examined "the celebrated depo- 
 sitions." To him they were not satisfactory. The "character, or letter," in 
 which they were written seemed to be of the commencement of the six- 
 teenth, rather than of the middle of the fifteenth, century ; they were written 
 in one uniform hand upon thick, strong paper, when they ought to have 
 been " upon rolls of parchment." He further adds, " the whole book has 
 very much the air of a copy " ; but is generous enough to admit that " it 
 may have been an accurate and attested copy of an original which has 
 perished." 
 
 In 1830 Schaab writes in such a manner as to lead his readers to infer 
 that he had either seen this record in the Town Library at Strasburg at 
 that time or knew of its existence. He also disputes Dibdin's doubts and 
 objections, and confirms previous favorable accounts. 
 
 De Laborde, in 1840, was at Strasburg, evidently for the purpose of giv- 
 ing this record a careful and critical inspection. The result of his labors 
 are contained in a well-written work, wherein he gives full credence to the 
 truthfulness of the testimony examined. 
 
 Aug. Bernard, an accomplished and careful French bibliographer, in 
 1853 states that he saw "the pieces of this law-suit [which] still exist 
 in the original in the Library at Strasburg, where I had the pleasure of 
 perusing them and verifying their authenticity." 
 
 In 1836 Professor Schweighauser, Librarian of the Strasburg Library, 
 wrote to Schaab : 
 
 * Hessels, " Gutenberg," p. 27. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 "These two volumes are in our Library, where I showed them to Dibdin. It is inconceivable 
 how he could doubt their authenticity, as they bear all external and internal evidence of it most 
 plainly. They are old volumes, entirely worn at the edges, bound in rough parchment, which has 
 become brown-yellow, and repaired at the back with old parchment or strips of leather, in which 
 many other unimportant matters are contained. Besides the complete uselessness of copying such 
 things in the sixteenth century, the fact that in the volumes frequently whole or half pages have been 
 crossed out, and others have been left blank, proves plainly that the documents are the original." * 
 
 In 1 761 Schoepflin writes that Jac. Wencker, Councillor and Chief of 
 the Public Archives at Strasburg, had, in 1740, communicated to him the 
 portion of this record which contained the sentence pronounced by the 
 Strasburg Council (Senate) at the end of the trial — Dec. 12, 1439. 
 
 Schaab informs us that Wencker discovered this sentence as early as 
 
 1739- 
 
 De Laborde, who made investigations at Strasburg about 1840, gives 
 in his book the sentence in full, but omits to mention that he had ever seen 
 it in the public record of the case. 
 
 All of our knowledge about this important portion of the record of this 
 trial is derived from two intelligent and respectable witnesses, who knew 
 Wencker, the discoverer, well enough to rely upon his statements. 
 
 The second important document, which has been relied upon by the 
 advocates of Gutenberg, is known as the Notarial Act of Ulricus Helmas- 
 perger, a notary of Mentz, dated November 6, 1455. In it is contained a 
 recital of a loan, from Fust to Gutenberg, of eight hundred guilders, to be 
 used in perfecting tools, work upon books, etc. ; and also an account of the 
 controversy which took place in consequence of its non-payment. The 
 history of this document has been thoroughly investigated by Mr. Hessels, 
 and the following resume — the results of his researches — is given in his 
 own language : 
 
 "A. D. 1541. Bergel speaks, for the first time, of a law-suit between Fust and Gutenberg, 
 conducted [in the year ?] before a ' timorous tribunal '; this ' horrible ' process was still [in 1541] in 
 the hands of the judge. 
 
 "A. D. 1600. Joh. Friedr. Faust von Aschaifenberg, the elder, seems to have been occupied in 
 collecting the papers and documents of his ancestors. Among them is said to have been the original 
 of the Helmasperger Instrument of 1455 > ^"<i J- -^^^ ^- ^- ^- ^^ alleged to have made a transcript of 
 it on p. 159 of a volume which, in 1 712, is declared to have been marked with Lit. O, and to be in 
 the possession of Joh. Ernst von Glauburg, at Nieder Erlenbach, near Frankfurt. 
 
 "A. D. 1619. In this year J. F. Faust von Aschaffenburg, the elder, did not die, as is asserted 
 by Wolf, Kohler, V. d. Linde, etc., because — 
 
 "A. D. 1620, April 20, he himself dedicated the Lubeckische Chronick, edited by him firom the 
 compilations of Hans Regkman, to the Magistrates of Lubeck ; and in this dedical: Jn he himself 
 
 * Hessels, " Gutenberg," p. 31. 
 
XVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 gives a short account of the Invention of Printing, asserting that Johan Faust invented it at Mentz 
 in 1450, and improved it with the assistance of Peter Schaffer von Gernsheim, a clerk, his servant, and 
 aftervi'ards his son-in-lavr. 
 
 " Not before A. D. 1620, but before July 14, 1621, the same Joh. Friedr. Faust von Aschaffenburg, 
 the elder, compiles a lengthy discourse on the Invention of Printing, from the old testimonia and docu- 
 ments left to him by his father and ancestors, in which he repeats his assertion of April 20, 1620, that 
 Johan Faust was the inventor. But this time he adds : (l) That his grandfather. Dr. Johann Faust, 
 testifies, in a MS. left by him, to have seen the first beginnings of printing, among them the first part 
 of a Donatus ; (2) that Joh. von Guttenberg, the next-door neighbour of Joh. Faust, helped the 
 inventor with money ; (3) that a quarrel arose between them, and the secular court at Mentz con- 
 demned Guttenberg to pay; (and 4) that he added to this Discourse a transcript of the legal instru- 
 ment, which was dated A. D. 1455, and related the result of the law-suit. This Discourse was never 
 published by the author himself; consequently the public knew, as yet, nothing of this notarial 
 instrument ; the Discourse was written, it seems, in the codex, marked by Faust v. A. himself vfith 
 the letter O. I am unable to say whether this codex is still in existence. For extracts made from it 
 see below, A. D. 1631, 1681, 1706, 1712. 
 
 "A. D. 1621, July 14 (and not'vci 1619), Joh. Friedr. Faust von Aschafienburg, the elder, dies. 
 
 " A. D. 1631. Henr. Salmuth published an edition of Guid. PanciroUi Res Memor., pars post., 
 in which he gives for the first time an abridged Latin translation of the Discourse, without mention- 
 ing its author's name. The Instrument of the Law-suit is merely referred to as being then in 
 existence. 
 
 "A. D. 1641. Maximilian Faust v. Aschaffenburg, the son of J. Fr. F. v. A., the elder, says the 
 original papers concerning the points mentioned in the Discourse are in his possession. 
 
 "Before A. D. 1649, Joh. Max Zum Jungen transcribes the Discourse, including its appendix 
 (the transcript of the Instrument). This Zum Jungen transcript was, in 1715, in the possession of 
 J. E. von Glauburg; in Oct. 1880, 1 myself saw it in the Archives at Frankfurt. 
 
 " A. D. 1650. Jacobus Mentelius declares the Instrument of which Salmuth speaks to be 
 forged and fictitious,' but gives no grounds for his opinion, and had evidently never seen it. (We 
 must remember that he would naturally object to anything derogatory to the claims of his namesake 
 at Strassburg.) 
 
 "A. D. 1681. Phil. Lud. Authaeus publishes a short history of the Invention of Printing, and 
 dedicates his little work, which is nothing but an abridgment of the Discourse, to two brothers, Joh. 
 Hector and Frid. Jacobus Faust v. Aschaffenburg. Authaeus neither mentions the name of the 
 author of the Discourse, nor prints the Instrument of the Law-suit. 
 
 " A. D. 1 706. Lersner publishes ' Chronick der Stadt Frankfurt,' and on p. 43S reprints 
 Authaeus' work, but refutes it, and professes to quote from the MSS. of J. Fr. Faust v. A. \the 
 elder ?'\ a passage in which the latter appears as denying that Joh. Faust is the inventor of printing. 
 
 "A.D. 1712. Joh. Ernst von Glauburg makes two separate i!raKj(ryj)»?j of the Instrument of the 
 Law-suit for Von Uffenbach, from the transcript which he (Von Glauburg) says was made (on fol. 
 159 of vol. O) about A. D. 1600 by Joh. Friedr. F. v. A. (the elder) from the original. These two 
 transcripts are now in the Public Library at Hamburg. 
 
 "A. D. 1 712. Von Uffenbach makes extracts from a vol. marked vnth Lit. O, which contained 
 Collectanea Francofurtensia Johannis Frederici Faust ab Aschafienburg, and was left to him by Von 
 Glauburg, the latter himself copying the instrument in Von Uffenbach's manuscript. This Uffenbach 
 MS. I myself saw (in Oct. 1880) in the Town Library at Frankfurt. Von Uffenbach's extract from 
 the Discourse and Von Glauburg's transcript of the instrument commence on p. 170. 
 
 "A.D. 1715. Von Uffenbach had transcribed from him the Discourse and the Instrument 
 attached to it from the ' apographum ' of Joh. Max. Zum Jungen (see above, A. D. 1649), lent to 
 him by Joh. Ernst von Glauburg. This Von Uffenbach transcript was, in 1736, at Hamburg in the 
 Wolf Collection, and it was still there (in the Town Library) in Sept. 1880. 
 
INTRODUCTION, XVll 
 
 " A. D. 1 734. Senckenberg publishes, for the first time, the Instrument of the Law-suit, from 
 (what he calls) the original. He does not state whence he obtained it, and I am unable to say 
 whether what he used is still in existence ; I have a strong suspicion that he printed from the tran- 
 script mentioned above (A. D. 1600). 
 
 "A. D. 1736. Joh. Christoph Wolf pubhshes a description of the collection of MS. volumes, 
 containing letters and documents, which he had bought from Z. C. Von Uffenbach. This collection 
 contained : (i.) the two transcripts of the instrument made in A. D. 1712 (see above) by Von Glauburg 
 for Von Uifenbach; (2) a transcript of the Discourse made for Von Uffenbach in 1715 by some 
 copyist, from the transcript of Joh. Max. Zum Jungen (made before 1649), lent to Von Uffenbach by 
 Joh. Ernst von Glauburg. These documents were, in Sept. 1880, still in the Public Library at 
 Hamburg. 
 
 " A. D. 1 740. Joh. Christian Wolf publishes his Monumenta Typographica, and in it gives for 
 the first time the whole of the Discourse in the Latin translation, with the Instrument attached to 
 it in German, from the transcript made for Von Uffenbach, 1715, from the transcript of Joh. Max. 
 Zum Jungen. 
 
 "A. D. 1741. Joh. David Kohler publishes ' Ehrenrettung Guttenberg's,' and in this work 
 prints : ( I ) the Instrument of the Law-suit, from what he calls ' the original in formd patente,' which 
 he says he had obtained from a cousin of Von Glauburg, — not from the latter himself, as Kohler's 
 preface would lead us to suppose; but I am unable to say whether this original from which Kohler 
 copied is still in existence ; (2) the Discourse ' ex MS. Johannis Max. Zum Jungen,' therefore (?), 
 from the transcript now preserved in the Frankfurt Archives." * 
 
 The next document of importance, in regular order, is the following : 
 
 " I, Conrad Homery, acknowledge by this letter that .... Adolph, Archbishop of Mentz, 
 had given me a great many forms, types, instruments, tools, and other things connected with printing, 
 which Johan Gutenberg left when he died, which have been my property, and still are ; and I have 
 bound and bind myself by this letter to use those forms and instruments only for printing within 
 Mentz, and nowhere else ; if I had occasion to sell them, and a citizen were willing to give me as 
 much for them as a stranger, I shall give the preference to an inhabitant of Mentz. Given in the year 
 1468, the Friday after St. Matthew." 
 
 Mr. Hessels examined twenty-three different documents, which have 
 been cited by various authorities as having some bearing upon the family 
 and personal history of Gutenberg ; three out of this number he regards as 
 of some value in connecting Gutenberg with the history of printing. These 
 are the accounts of the trials at Strasburg and Mentz, and the Helmas- 
 perger letter. Although he does not clearly express his opinion as to the 
 value of the first of these documents, he leaves his readers to infer that he 
 believes it to be a forgery. The second he has still less confidence in. For 
 the third he has some respect. 
 
 That portion of the record of the trial at Strasburg which contained the 
 testimony of the witnesses was probably within reach of investigators and 
 experts from Holland or elsewhere from 1740 to 1870, one hundred and 
 
 * Hessels, "Gutenberg," pp. 95-99. 
 
XVlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 thirty years. Surely during that long period of time there was ample 
 opportunity for experts in deciphering ancient manuscripts to have given 
 this record any number of careful examinations. But so far as we know 
 not one was ever made in the interest of the Harlem claim, and up to Mr. 
 Hessels' time this record of the testimony of those fifteen witnesses had 
 passed for truthful history. And even now, after his careful and most 
 exhaustive examination, as a matter of evidence from a purely legal stand- 
 point this record remains unshaken. Under the rules and usages of courts 
 governing the admission as testimony of ancient writings, the fact that they 
 were found with other public records of various dates both before and after 
 these, in a public building owned by the Government, where other official 
 and public documents were kept, would warrant any court in accepting 
 them, and nothing less than strong proof clearly establishing their falsity 
 could affect their value as legal evidence. 
 
 In 1 541 J. Arnold Bergel, or Briigel, a press-corrector of Mentz, pub- 
 lished his "Encomion Chalcographiae," in which is mentioned for the first 
 time the Gutenberg-Fust law-suit. In 1600 a certain Faust of Aschaffen- 
 burg is said to have made a copy of the notarial act of Helmasperger from 
 the original in his possession. 
 
 It will be seen in the resume of Mr. Hessels that this act was seen, 
 copied, and published by several learned writers between the years 1600 
 and 1 741. In this latter year, John David Kohler, a distinguished pro- 
 fessor who had been twenty years at the University of Gottingen, published 
 his "Ehrenrettung Gutenbergs" (A defense of Gutenberg's honor). Mr. 
 Hessels says this work consisted of not more than one hundred and 
 twenty-four pages, and that its author was at least eighteen years writing 
 it. In this work the notarial act is printed as Kohler asserts, " from the 
 original on parchment, in forma patente, in folio." 
 
 While it is possible that other writers may have been deceived in rela- 
 tion to the genuineness of this document, we cannot without reservation 
 accept the theory that this careful, earnest, well-educated, and unimpeached 
 college professor, who had been eighteen years writing a work of one 
 hundred and twenty-four pages, should, without exhaustive investigations, 
 have accepted as true a document of such rare historical importance. 
 
 There being no evidence to the contrary, it is fair to assume that this 
 author was in every way well qualified for making examinations relating 
 to the interesting and important matter involved in the writing of this 
 history, and also that he would carefully weigh and sift all alleged facts 
 
INTRODUCTION. XIX 
 
 and circumstances presented for his consideration before accepting them. 
 We certainly have the right to attach great weight to the statements made by 
 such an author ; and before we discard them as being unworthy of behef, 
 we ought to receive the strongest possible proof of their unauthenticity. 
 
 In October, 1881, Mr. Hessels went to Wtirzburg for the purpose of 
 examining a transcript of the Homery letter, and found it in a cartulary of 
 one hundred and fifty-eight leaves, where it had been copied at the end of a 
 document with the date of 1467. In his account of it, he says, " I have found 
 no ground to suspect the authenticity of the cartulary in which this transcript 
 is preserved." Not in this single instance is he wilHng to involve himself in 
 an admission favoring the genuineness of the letter ; he does not suspect the 
 authenticity of the cartulary, but he does not care to say as much for the 
 transcript. That, evidently from his stand-point, must be left open to suspicion. 
 
 The weight of evidence (if in relation to Gutenberg evidence can have 
 any weight) leads to a belief that the Catholicon finished at Mentz in 1460 
 was his last book. The types with which it was printed, it has been often 
 asserted by experts, were used by the Bechtermiintze Brothers at Eltville, 
 in 1467, in printing their first edition of the Vocabularius Ex quo. This 
 fact has been cited as being fatal to the authenticity of the Homery letter ; 
 and critical searchers after the exact truth (which very few of them ever find) 
 exclaim, How could the Archbishop of Mentz, in 1468, give Dr. Homery 
 Gutenberg's printing materials which had been in the hands of the Bechter- 
 muntzes in 1467 ? When Gutenberg became attached to the Court of the 
 Archbishop, might he not have loaned or let to these brothers his materials to 
 be used by them until his death, or the occasion of some other event, and 
 then to become the property of his patron, the Archbishop ? Was such a 
 disposition of the Catholicon types improbable or impossible ? 
 
 Mr. Hessels' account of this letter is clear and to the point. So much 
 so, that it must prove to all who read it without prejudice, or a bias favor- 
 ing this or that theory, that it is what it purports to be, — a truthful account 
 of an event which took place at the time stated. 
 
 After reading Mr. Hessels' book, the reflective reader must inevitably 
 arrive at the conclusion that the author has quite satisfied himself that the 
 three important documents under consideration were manufactured for the 
 purpose of sustaining a case which had little or no foundation in fact. 
 
 Upon the probabilities involved in this particular proposition of forgery, 
 or an attempt at deception, much might be written. Here, however, we 
 must content ourselves by stating one or two prominent points. 
 
XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In the absence of direct or strong circumstantial evidence, destroying 
 the integrity of these ancient writings, we are compelled to accept them 
 as they are, and for exactly what they appear to be. We are not per- 
 mitted to cast them aside as worthless, or doubt their value as evidence, 
 because it may suit the purpose of some person intent upon making an 
 ingenious argument, favoring some technical sense of historical accuracy, 
 which may appear to be in the interest of justice. In this case, and par- 
 ticularly after the lapse of such a period of time as four hundred years 
 and upward, nothing but solid affirmative testimony can be accepted to 
 neutralize the statements which these documents contain. 
 
 Nor can the integrity of previous statements in relation to them be 
 doubted, unless the characters of the authors who made them are first im- 
 peached. In this respect, Mr. Hessels has recorded a complete failure. 
 He does say, however, that, "To me it always appeared suspicious that 
 Schoepflin had just discovered documents which furnished him with 
 evidence and a date which he had previously wished to find." This is 
 the strongest reason he has given for impeaching the writings of this 
 author, who was a Strasburg professor, and at the time he made this 
 discovery was engaged upon his " Celebrated Work " (as Van der Linde 
 styles it), entitled " Vindicise Typographicae." 
 
 Is this suspicion of sufficient weight to warrant us in accepting the 
 theory that Wencker, the Strasburg councillor and Archivist, and Schoepflin, 
 the Strasburg professor and historian, deliberately forged the record of the 
 trial of 1439 ? 
 
 Admitting the forgery, then the forgers must have had a motive com- 
 mensurate with the risk involved in their wicked act. What could it have 
 been ? Surely not one of money or self-aggrandizement ! For who at that time 
 was sufficiently interested in the history of Gutenberg to pay them for the 
 commission of such an act ? Nor could it have been one of simple gratifi- 
 cation, which is sometimes enjoyed during the consummation of a successful 
 deception. Seemingly, there could have been but one inducement to such 
 a deed, and that, the one in the interest of national pride in sustaining in 
 favor of a citizen of Germany a claim to a great invention to which he 
 was not entitled ; and this only conceivable motive applies equally to the 
 notarial act of Helmasperger and the letter of Dr. Homery. 
 
 In order to make Mr. Hessels' theory perfectly logical, all of these docu- 
 ments must have been forged after the year 1588, for the purpose of defeat- 
 ing the Harlem claim. Before that time there was no reason for their 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXI 
 
 existence, as no one had disputed the Gutenberg or German claim to the 
 invention. Then why should the forgery of Wencker and Schoepflin 
 assume the form of a trial, involving the manufacturing of testimony for 
 fifteen witnesses, when the writing of a short document in the shape of an 
 agreement of some sort about printing would have done just as well ? 
 
 The indirect charge of forgery of documents relating to the Strasburg 
 and Mentz trials, which may be inferred from the reading of Mr. Hessels' 
 book, has not been sustained. On the contrary, the wealth of information 
 brought together by that gentleman concerning these ancient records, leads 
 to a further confirmation of our belief in their integrity. 
 
 Fortunately, the evidence pointing to Gutenberg as an inventor of print- 
 ing does not depend entirely upon German documents. There is testimony 
 of value from other sources. 
 
 On the fourteenth day of October, 1468, Charles the Seventh of France, 
 having heard that " Mesire Gutenberg, chevalier, residing at Mayence in 
 Germany, a man dexterous in engraving letters and punches, had dis- 
 covered the art of printing with them, .... sent Nicholas Jenson, 
 an engraver of the Royal Mint, to learn the secret." This was two years 
 before the three German printers issued their first book from the Sorbonne 
 at Paris. This information might have been communicated to the king by 
 John Fust, who had already been in Paris selling Mentz Bibles ; or possibly 
 some Frenchman who had traveled in Germany might have brought back 
 to France an account of the great discovery. Clearly, it could not have been 
 an interested German printer. Fust was not a printer, nor was he a friend 
 of Gutenberg. He furnished money with which to carry on the business of 
 printing, sold the products, and doubtless took his full share of the proceeds. 
 
 The two books generally accepted as the ones first printed in Paris were 
 two works of Barzizzio, who was commonly known as Gasparini Pergamen- 
 sis. Although the dates are not positively known, it is conceded that they 
 were printed in the year 1470. The first, " Epistolarum Opus," contains 
 an epistle dedicatory, by Guillaume Fichet, a professor of theology and 
 philosophy at the Sorbonne, to his friend Jean Lapierre, which refers to the 
 German invention of printing. The colophon of the same work also alludes 
 to the " new German way of writing." 
 
 But the most important statement is contained in the second work, 
 " Orthographiae Liber," which comes to us in the form of a Latin letter 
 from Fichet to his friend Robert Gaguin. It is of sufficient importance to 
 warrant me in giving a translation of the whole letter : 
 
Xxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " A great light has been brought by the race of new-style book-makers whom Germany (like 
 some Trojan horse) has poured forth in every direction. For they say that there, not far from the 
 City of Mayence, there was a certain John, surnamed Gutenberg, who was the first to invent, some 
 time ago, the art of printing, whereby they make books,— not with a reed (like the ancients), nor with 
 a quill (as we make them), but with brass letters, and that, too, ornamentally, elegantly, and beauti- 
 fully. Worthy, indeed, was this man, that all the muses, all arts, and all the tongues of those who 
 delight in books, should honor him with divine praises, and that he should even be placed before the 
 
 Gods and Goddesses And as ... . Ceres was the first to break asunder the soil 
 
 with the crooked plough, the first to give the nourishing fruits containing grains to the earth. But 
 this Gutenberg discovered things far more grateful and more divine, insomuch as he carved letters of 
 such a kind, that by them whatever can be said or thought can in a few days be written and tran- 
 scribed and consigned to the memory of posterity. And in this place especially I shall not refrain 
 from speaking of those who now surpass their master, of whom Udalricus, Michael, and Martin are 
 said to be the chief, who now some time ago printed the letters of Gasparinus, which Joannes Lapida- 
 nus corrected. 
 
 " Hastily written by me in the house of the Sorbonne, at daybreak on the kalends of January." 
 
 If objection be urged against giving full credit to these statements of 
 Fichet, the objection must be predicated upon the probability that the 
 sources of his information were, in part at least, German, and consequently- 
 open to suspicion. They cannot, however, break the strength of the prop- 
 osition, that all authors who have written upon the character of Fichet 
 agree in saying that he was most learned, eloquent, enterprising, and 
 sagacious. His influence upon higher education in France was so marked, 
 and his reputation so great, that Pope Sextus IV. invited him to Rome and 
 conferred upon him several distinguished honors. 
 
 These statements should lead persons who are not over suspicious to 
 believe that Fichet would not record as a fact a statement, about an im- 
 portant matter, unless he had fully satisfied himself of its entire truthfulness. 
 
 Uldaricus (Gering), Michael (Friburger), and Martin (Crantz) were Ger- 
 mans, and the first printers in France. They went to Paris upon the invitation 
 of Fichet, and at the time these statements were made, were working at 
 the Sorbonne under his patronage and protection.* 
 
 Even Peter Schoeffer, who took good care never to mention Gutenburg 
 while they were working together at Mentz, in 1468, after the latter's death, 
 in an edition of the Institutiones of Justinianus, states : " God has sent 
 excellent masters in the art of cutting letters, both Johanneses, born at 
 Mentz, the celebrated first printers; he, Tetrus (meaning himself), came 
 indeed later than they to the grave, but he entered it first as their master in 
 the art of cutting letters He who is pleased to gird mighty men 
 
 * See article in " Le Livre " of November, 1883, by Monsieur A. Claudin, entitled " Un 
 Nouveau Document sur Gutenberg.'' 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXlll 
 
 with wisdom, sent these two excellent in the art of engraving, the first 
 celebrated printers of books, both called Johannes, born by Moguncia." 
 This statement points in the direction of Johannes Gutenberg and Johannes 
 Faust. Those were the only two of that name who have ever been mentioned 
 in connection with printing at Mentz previous to 1468. 
 
 The facts as to the location of the invention and the name of the inventor 
 must have been known in Rome, where, in a chronicle which was printed 
 there July 13, 1474, Gutenberg is mentioned the first of two who were 
 printing at Mentz in 1459; and in another edition of the same work of Feb- 
 ruary 10, 1476, a portion of this statement is substantially repeated. Pan- 
 nartz, Sweynheym, Han, and Lauer were all printing in Rome during this 
 period, and from them the information contained in these chronicles was 
 probably obtained. 
 
 In 1494 Ada Wernheri (Werner ?) and Joannis Herbst, two professors 
 attached to the University of Heidelberg, wrote laudatory verses honoring 
 Gutenberg as the inventor of printing. 
 
 In 1499 was published at Cologne, in Low German, a chronicle con- 
 taining a statement of Ulrich Zell, the accepted first printer in that city, 
 who it is believed was taught the art of printing \>y Gutenberg. At the end 
 of his statement Zell is made to say, without qualification : " . . . . But 
 the first inventor of printing was a citizen of Mentz, born at Strasburg, and 
 named Junker Johan Gutenberg." Doubtless this sentence refers to the 
 invention of printing with movable metal types. The Donatuses mentioned 
 by Zell in the first part of this well-known statement, he probably knew or 
 believed to be block books. 
 
 About the year 15 14 Trithemius, who has been mentioned as one of the 
 most learned men of his day, repeated a statement made to him by Peter 
 Schoefifer more than thirty years before, to the effect that the art of printing 
 books by the aid of types " was planned and invented by John Gutenberg 
 about 1450, and until then unheard of" But as this statement is of a 
 contradictory nature, and was made by a German, if made at all, it ought 
 (according to Mr. Hessels' general theory) to be taken cum grano salts. 
 
 Erasmus, a native of Holland, about the year 1522, wrote : " Those who 
 apply themselves to science are under no small obligations to the excellent 
 Town of Mentz, on account of the excellent and almost divine invention of 
 printing books with tin letters, which, as they assure us, were born there." 
 
 Froben, one of the intimate friends and associates of Erasmus at Bale, 
 was a German printer of learning and great repute, and possibly one of the 
 
XXIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " theys " who succeeded in making " the restorer of learning " behave that 
 printing was a German invention. Some of the other " theys " may have 
 been French printers with whom he associated when a tutor in Paris, where 
 the first edition of one of his works was published. If we accept the esti- 
 mate of his critical ability conceded to him by friends and enemies, Erasmus 
 was not the man to make rash or inconsiderate statements. He must have 
 been convinced that the information which he discloses came from trust- 
 worthy sources. 
 
 In 1 541 Bergel (above cited in connection with the notarial act of 
 145s) states that "John Gutenburg invented the new art in 1450, at Mentz, 
 under the reign of Frederick III.; but being on the point of abandoning his 
 work, his means being exhausted, he was assisted by Fust, who gave light 
 to the undertaking and bore the costs." 
 
 If we accept the statement that Zell had been a workman with Guten- 
 berg, his opportunities for acquiring knowledge of the facts are placed 
 beyond dispute ; and if we rely upon the truthfulness of his reported account, 
 the questions, by whom, when, and where printing was invented are nearly 
 settled. There can be no doubt about this chronicle having been printed at 
 Cologne in 1499, sixty-two years before the first imperfect Harlem story 
 was told. Nor are the testimonies of Schoeffer at Mentz, Fichet at Paris, 
 de Lignamine at Rome, the Heidelberg professors, Trithemius, Erasmus, and 
 Bergel, open to the charge of having been gotten up by interested forgers 
 for the purpose of defeating the coming claim of Harlem. 
 
 Within a hundred years after the first book was printed with mov- 
 able types, a considerable number of authors and printers other than 
 those mentioned, who were probably men of intelligence and integrity, 
 named Germany as the country of the invention of printing, and the Rhine 
 is specified by several as the particular location. These statements were 
 not by Germans only ; they were made by natives of other countries who 
 were engaged in writing and printing books. And the story of the German 
 inventor had been accepted as true during all of those years. It seems 
 impossible that the intelligence of Europe could have been deceived for 
 so long a time. And we now marvel at the absence of the investigators 
 and lovers of truth and justice, who ought to have discovered and exposed 
 this fraudulent appropriation of a great event in the history of a nation. 
 
 If the extracts we have selected from the statements made by a few 
 out of the great number of witnesses briefly referred to, prove anything, 
 it is this : That there was such a man as John Gutenberg, a German, 
 
INTRODUCTION, XXV 
 
 who spent the greater part of his life in inventing a method of printing with 
 movable metal types ; and that he finally succeeded in nearly perfecting 
 his invention ; and that the actual printing of books by him was the result 
 of his inventive labors. It is also proved that in several instances he was 
 compelled to obtain from others means to assist him in perfecting his 
 invention, and that he became involved in many difificulties by reason of 
 his lack of financial ability. He was probably not the first to travel the up- 
 hill path which so many inventors have passed over since his time. Like 
 nearly all great achievements, this invention of typographic printing came 
 from long-continued mental toil and experimental labors. It was not the 
 result of an accident, an inspiration of genius, nor of an after-dinner walk in 
 a beech wood. 
 
 From what we know, or rather believe we know, it is fair to infer that 
 with the publication of the Catholicon in 1460, Gutenberg closed his dis- 
 astrous career as a printer, and soon after accepted an honorary appoint- 
 ment from Adolf II., Archbishop of Mentz, at whose court he served as a 
 courtier until his death in 1468. 
 
 The statement at the end of his last book could have originated 
 with none other than a man wearied with the privations, struggles and 
 contentions of life, who was looking beyond the clouds for that peace 
 which had been denied to him on earth. It contains facts usually recited 
 in a colophon, but as different as possible from the boasting advertise- 
 ments of the one or two other printers of that period. The translation 
 here given is from the " Haarlem Legend " of Van der Linde, and is as 
 follows, viz : 
 
 " By the assistance of the Most High, at whose will the tongues of children become eloquent, and 
 who often reveals to babes what he hides from the wise, this renowned book, the Catholicon, was 
 printed and perfected in the year of Incarnation, 1460, in the beloved city of Mentz (which belongs to 
 the illustrious German nation, and which God has consented to prefer and to raise to such exalted 
 light of the mind and of free grace, above other nations of the earth), — not by means of pen or pencil 
 or stencil-plate, but by means of admirable proportion, harmony and connection of the punches and 
 matrices ; wherefore, to thee, Divine Father, Son and Holy Ghost, triune and only God, let praise and 
 honor be given, and let those who never forget to praise (the Virgin) Mary, join also, through this 
 book, in universal anthems of the church. God be praised." 
 
 While we have no difficulty in discovering that the writer had a sublime 
 
 appreciation of the greatness of his invention, we fail to find one single 
 
 expression indicating that he took any credit to himself for having made 
 
 it. The glory of his great achievement, which was destined to bestow the 
 
 D 
 
XXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 greatest blessings upon all future generations, he gave to the " Most High" — 
 the source to which he looked for the reward and appreciation that his 
 own kind had failed to bestow. 
 
 Up to the year 1561, the oft-repeated account of Gutenberg's invention 
 of a method of printing with movable metal types had passed unchallenged. 
 In that year a certain native of Holland named Coornhert, an engraver, in 
 the dedication of an edition of " Officia Ciceronis," states that he was " often 
 told in good faith (by) honest, wise, and prudent gentlemen, that the useful art 
 of printing books was invented, first of all, here at Harlem, though in a very 
 crude way, .... which art having been brought to Mentz by an unfaithful 
 servant, was very much improved there." Further on in this narrative it is 
 admitted that the idea that printing was invented in Mentz had taken such 
 deep root that it would be no easy matter to uproot it. This writer also 
 blames the " heedless carelessness of our forefathers " that the matter had 
 not been set right before. 
 
 The most important part of the information which Coornhert must have 
 received from these " honorable, wise, and prudent gentlemen," he does not 
 disclose ; yet in one part of his statement he says that he knew about the 
 family of the inventor, his name and surname, but he takes good care to 
 keep all of this valuable information to himself This vague story, admitted 
 to have been founded upon hearsay, is most unsatisfactory ; it neither gives 
 dates nor names of persons, and at its best could only be accepted as a vague 
 local tradition, or the invention of a gossip. 
 
 In 1588 was published at Harlem a book entitled "Batavia," edited 
 by one Hadrianus Junius, a native of Hoover, in Holland. He was a 
 doctor of medicine and an author, with high reputation for learning, and 
 we are indebted to him for a more circumstantial setting forth of the Harlem 
 romance. Van der Linde takes from " Batavia" this account of the invention 
 of printing : 
 
 " In the year 1440 a certain Laurens Janszoon Coster lived at Haarlem, a man who, one hundred 
 and twenty-eight years afterwards, by mouth of Hadrianus Junius, reclaims the honor of having 
 invented the art of printing, an honor unjustly robbed and possessed by others. The said Laurens 
 Coster took, one day after dinner, or on a feast day, a walk in the Hout (wood) and began to cut 
 letters on the back of a beech. He printed these letters reversed on paper, and thus made out of 
 amusement some lines, which were to serve as copies to his grandchildren." 
 
 Then follows information about perfecting the invention, and the new 
 merchandise (books) having attracted purchasers from every side, from 
 whose purchases great profits were made : 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXVU 
 
 " But this was also a source of evil. Among the workmen was a certain Johannes who 
 
 was a sworn printer, who learned the art of Coster, and Xmas night (in 1441), when all good 
 Christians used to go to mass, broke into his master's shop, and took the store of types and tools 
 
 and fled by the way of Amsterdam and Cologne to Mentz, where he opened a workshop 
 
 and reaped the fruits of his theft." 
 
 To be perfectly consistent, we ought to believe that this thief carried 
 away with him the invention ; for it was not known again in Harlem until 
 practiced by Bellaert in 1483. 
 
 After reading the whole of this statement, we are left to infer that 
 Coster was so discouraged and chagrined at his loss that he melted his 
 types and passed into oblivion. 
 
 This unsatisfactory chapter in this singular history ends with a state- 
 ment that Junius had these facts 
 
 " From old trustworthy men, who had obtained them from one Cornells, an old man of more than 
 eighty years of age, who had been a servant in the workship of Coster, and had slept in the same bed 
 with the thief Johannes for several months, and could never speak of the affair without shedding 
 tears and bursting into most passionate imprecations against the villain who had so shamefully robbed 
 his master's honor.'' 
 
 If we are guided in forming our conclusions by the light of subsequent 
 events, we must admit that Cornelis shed his tears and uttered his impreca- 
 tions to very little purpose during his life. He must have been a person of 
 such bad repute that those who knew him neither respected his assertions 
 of fact, his tears, nor his imprecations. The patriotic duty of recording and 
 rescuing them from oblivion devolved upon Junius, one hundred and 
 forty-eight years after the crime. Those who lived at the time of Cor- 
 nelis did not have sufficient faith in his sayings to deem them worthy of 
 perpetuation. In these statements of Coornhert and Junius are contained 
 the substance of what Van der Linde calls the " Haarlem Legend." 
 
 The town oracle, the village gossip, the chief story-teller of the local 
 pot-house, is of no country, time, or place ; we are all acquainted with him, 
 and have known of him from childhood; and may not this Cornelis, who slept 
 with the apocryphal Johannes, have belonged to that universal family of 
 boasting egotists who sacrifice truth for the purpose of being the heroes of 
 an hour ? 
 
 If there is any one trait in the Dutch character which stands out in 
 bolder relief than others, it is the love of gain, of persistence in the pursuit of 
 wealth. Here we have the account of a new invention, a lucrative business, a 
 practical monopoly, controlled and owned by one person, and yielding large 
 profits. An alleged thief, a dishonest workman, steals a few implements 
 
XXVlll INTRODUCTION, 
 
 connected with this profitable industry, gets away with them to another 
 country, and the Harlem inventor of printing, the tradesman and his great 
 business, are never known or heard of again. Is it possible that this state- 
 ment can be true ? Would not the average Dutchman, or average man of 
 any other nationality, have made other implements to replace those stolen, 
 and gone on making money ? 
 
 Up to this time not a single printed sheet or page, in any way connecting 
 Coster with the invention of printing, has been discovered. Many learned 
 authors have written upon his side of this question, and all have failed 
 to produce any facts which in any way remotely or directly corroborate 
 the statements of Coornhert and Junius. 
 
 Holland in general and Harlem in particular have glorified the legend 
 and those who have tried to pass it off for fact. Harlem has erected a 
 statue to Coster, composed inscriptions and struck medals, and also formed 
 a museum of Costerian relics, none of which have been proved to have had 
 any connection with the invention of printing at Harlem. 
 
 There is one phase of this history which is particularly curious. I refer 
 to the lack of harmony in the statements of the Costerians. In stating facts 
 their authors are at variance. According to Van der Linde, twelve writers 
 give eleven different dates for the year of the invention. They are also 
 at sea when it comes to the name of the thief and the dates of his crime ; 
 "and they are especially contradictory about the name and occupations of 
 their inventor. Some call him a Sheriff, Sherifi-sexton, Sheriff- sacristan, 
 Laurens Jansen, Laurens Jansen Coster, Laurens Janszoon Coster, and 
 Sheriff-chandler. One, perhaps the most learned of these advocates, says 
 he printed with movable wooden types, while others assert that he invented 
 zylography, as well as typography, and printed books by both processes. 
 
 If the inference to which we are led by Mr. Hessels' book be correct, 
 that the Gutenberg claim is the result of a scheme or conspiracy between 
 several persons to force it into existence, then we must admit that there was 
 a better understanding among them as to dates, names, and places, than 
 among the advocates of the Coster claim, who do not agree as to any one 
 of the many alleged facts upon which their scheme is based. 
 
 Before the end of the fifteenth century seventy-five different presses had 
 been established in twenty-two places in the Low Countries, and upward 
 of eighteen hundred and fifty different editions of various works had been 
 issued from them. No book from these presses is known which mentions 
 Coster as the inventor or Harlem as the birthplace of printing. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXIX 
 
 This is most unaccountable ! Is it not very strange that no citizen of 
 Holland, then an enlightened country, thought enough of such an event as 
 the invention of printing to make some mention of it at the time or soon 
 after the discovery was made ? Here is an unsatisfactory gap in the his- 
 tory of Holland which no amount of conjecture, assertion, or sophistry 
 can bridge over. 
 
 It is quite clear that there is no admissible testimony which points to 
 Harlem as the birthplace of printing. And we are compelled to believe 
 that the claims of that city have been manufactured out of unsubstantial 
 hearsay, and sustained by many years of boastful assertion. 
 
 On the side of Germany and Gutenberg there is a large quantity of 
 contemporaneous documentary testimony, statements of the colophons, pre- 
 sumably written by the printers of the works in which they are found, and 
 the writings of intelligent, disinterested, reputable authors, all unimpeached 
 and produced before the Harlem claim had been made. From this mass 
 of admissible evidence there is but one logical conclusion, viz. : that John 
 Gutenberg was the inventor of printing with movable (metal) types. 
 
 We are under the greatest possible obligations to Mr. Hessels for the 
 results of his patient researches, which he has so carefully and minutely 
 recorded. And all those who are interested in the history of early printing, 
 must acknowledge the usefulness of his excellent work, and at the same time 
 thank him for the assistance he has rendered Van der Linde in defeating 
 the Harlem claim, and making that of Gutenberg more definite and certain. 
 
 R C H 
 
 New -York, May i, 1884. 
 
A LIST OF COUNTRIES 
 
 In Chronological Order, together with Dates of first Books, and the Number 
 of Cities, Towns, etc., in each Country, in which Printing Presses were 
 established before the End of the Fifteenth Century. 
 
 I. Germany . . 1450-1456-Nov. 15, 1454 . 50 
 
 11. Italy . . 1465 .... 71 
 
 III. Bohemia . . 1468 4 
 
 IV. Switzerland . . 1468 .... 7 
 V. France . . . 1470 36 
 
 VI. Holland . . . 1473 .... 14 
 
 VII. Belgium . . . 1473 7 
 
 VIII. Hungary . . . 1473 .... i 
 
 IX. Spain .... 1474 26 
 
 X. Austria . . . 1475 .... 4 
 
 XL Poland. . . 1475 i 
 
 XII. England . . . 1477 ... 3 
 
 xiiL Savoy . . . .1481 2 
 
 XIV. Denmark . . . 1482 .... 3 
 
 XV. Sweden . . . 1483 2 
 
 XVI. Turkey . . . 1488 .... i 
 XVII. Portugal . . . 1489 3 
 
 XVIII. Montenegro . . 1494 .... i 
 
 Total Number of Cities, Towns, etc., 236 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 MENTZ. 
 
 BiBLiA Sacra Latina; 2 volumes, folio; 2 columns of 42 lines 1450 
 each. Vol. I., Old Testament, 374 leaves. Vol. II., New Testa- 1455 
 ment, 317 leaves. [Mentz : Jo. Gutenberg, 1450-55.] Without 
 title-page, pagination, or signatures. 
 
 This is believed to be the first edition of the Bible, and also the first 
 book printed with movable metal types. It was formerly called the 
 '■' Mazarine Bible," because the first copy identified was found in the library 
 of Cardinal Mazarin, at Paris ; but it is now known as the Gutenberg Bible. 
 The paper copy at the National Library, Paris, has inscriptions by Henricum 
 Albch, alias Cremer, at the end of each volume, the earliest of which states 
 that the illuminations and rubrication of the second volume were com- 
 pleted on the day of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (August 15), 1456. 
 
2 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 The following list of all the known copies of this Bible was compiled by 
 S. Austin Allibone, of the Lenox Library, New- York, and printed in the 
 " Literary World " of November i8, 1882. 
 
 
 Copies on Vellum. 
 
 VI. . . 
 
 Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. 
 
 I. . 
 
 . Royal Library, Paris. 
 
 VII. . 
 
 George III.'s Library, British 
 Museum. 
 
 II. . 
 
 . Royal Library, Berlin. 
 
 VIII. . 
 
 Duke of Sussex's Library. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. . 
 
 VI. . 
 VII. 
 
 . British Museum. 
 
 . Earl of Ashburton's Library. 
 
 . Leipsic Library. 
 
 . Heinrich Klemm, Dresden. 
 
 . Library at Dresden : a fragment 
 
 1 
 
 IX. . . 
 
 X. . . 
 XI.. . 
 
 XII. . 
 
 XIII. . 
 
 Duke of Devonshire's Library. 
 Earl of Spencer's Library. 
 Lenox Library. 
 Library of John Fuller. 
 Lloyd's Library. 
 
 
 only. 
 
 XIV. . 
 
 Leipsic Library. 
 
 
 Copies on Paper. 
 
 XV. . 
 
 XVI. . 
 
 Munich Library. 
 Frankfort Library. 
 
 I. . 
 
 . Royal Library, Paris. 
 
 XVII. . 
 
 Hanover Library. 
 
 II. . 
 
 . Mazarine Library, Paris. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Emperor of Russia's Library. 
 
 III. 
 
 . Imperial Library, Vienna. 
 
 XIX. . 
 
 Library at Mentz. 
 
 IV. . 
 
 . Public Library, Treves. 
 
 XX. . 
 
 Huth Library. 
 
 V. . 
 
 . Bodleian Library, Oxford. 
 
 XXI. . 
 
 Library of Hamilton Cole, of New- 
 York. 
 
 The earliest dated specimen of printing with movable metal types is a 
 Letter of Indulgence, of November 15, 1454. It was probably printed by 
 Gutenberg, at Mentz. 
 
 The highest price ever paid for a book printed with movable types was 
 at the sale of the collection of Henry Perkins, at London, in 1873, when 
 a vellum copy of this Bible sold for .£3400, or $16,490. 
 
 STRASBURG. 
 
 1459 BiBLiA Sacra Latina. [Strasburg : John Mentelin, 1459-60-61. J 
 
 1460 Without title-page, pagination, or signatures ; 477 leaves, printed 
 
 1461 in double columns ; 49 lines to the full column. 
 
 A copy of this Bible in the University Library at Freiburg, in Breisgau 
 Baden, is in two volumes ; has at the end of the first this inscription : "Ex- 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, 3 
 
 plicit psalteriu 1460"; and at the end of the second, "Explicit Apocalipsis 
 Anno dni M° CCCC LXI." The authenticity of the inscriptions is vouched 
 for by the fact that they were made by the same hand which rubricated 
 every page in both volumes. Accepting these dates as made in good faith, a 
 press must have been set up at Strasburg as early as 1459, which would 
 entitle that city to the position, in the history of printing, which has usually 
 been assigned to Bamberg, since the first volume of the Mentelin edition has 
 an implied earlier date than any known copy of the so-called Bamberg Bible. 
 I am therefore compelled to give Strasburg the second place in the chrono- 
 logical arrangement which I have adopted. Within the first six leaves of the 
 second volume, there are eight large wood-cut floriated initials. 
 
 BAMBERG. 
 
 Boners Edelstein, Fabeleuch, in German. [Bamberg : Albrecht 1461 
 Pfister, February 14, 1461. j Quarto, 88 leaves, 25 lines; rhymed 
 text; illustrated with 85 wood-cuts, believed to have been en- 
 graved by Pfister. 
 
 In following the plan marked out, I am compelled to give this book the 
 first place at Bamberg instead of the Bible of 36 lines, commonly known as 
 the Bamberg or Pfister Bible. It seems to me that this Bible must have 
 been produced by the same set of workmen who printed the Gutenberg 
 Bible; many points of resemblance in each edition lead to this conclusion. I 
 am not of those who believe that the Gutenberg Bible was the result of a 
 first experiment. Years of patient labor must have been spent, and many 
 vexatious failures and partial successes experienced, before this splendid 
 work was produced. Might not the Bible of 36 lines have been produced 
 by Gutenberg during these years of experiment ? I do not assert this, but 
 merely suggest its probability. At all events, I venture the assertion that 
 there is no convincing evidence that it was printed by Pfister, at Bamberg 
 or elsewhere. 
 
 The only copy of the Fabelbuch known to be in existence is in the 
 library at Wolfenbiittel. 
 
FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 COLOGNE. 
 
 1466 JoANNis Chrysostomi supcr psalmo quinquagesimo liber primus. 
 [Colophon :].... per me Ulricu zel de hanau clericii diocesis 
 mogiitinen. Anno dfii millesimo quadrigetesimo [sexagesimo] 
 sexto. Quarto, 10 leaves. 
 
 This is the first book, with a date, known to have been printed at Cologne. 
 It is beheved that others were issued there by Zell, earlier ; some bibli- 
 ographers have mentioned 1462 as the time when he began printing in 
 that city. 
 
 A copy is in the National Library at Paris. 
 
 ELTVILLE. 
 
 1467 VocABULARiuM Latino Teutonicum, Ex Quo. [Colophon :] 
 Presens hoc opusculu .... per Henricum Bechtermuncze 
 
 in Altavilla est incohatum et demii sub anno Dili 
 
 M. cccc. Lxvii,, .... quarta die mensis nouembris per nycolaum 
 bechtermucze fratrem dicti Henrici et wygandil spyesz de orthen- 
 berg e consummatu . . . . Quarto, 165 leaves. 
 
 Books from the Eltville press are among the most interesting and curious 
 of the fifteenth century. They have become exceedingly rare, and are 
 seldom offered for sale. These printers succeeded to the implements 
 and shop property of Gutenberg, and printed this work before his death 
 with the types he used in printing the Catholicon, in 1460, — his last book. 
 A copy of this edition, in the National Library at Paris, is believed to 
 be unique. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 AUGSBURG. 
 
 S. BoNAVENTUR^: Meditationes vitae domini nostri Jesu Christi. 1468 
 [Colophon :] Impressum hoc psens opusculu i Augusta, p me 
 Gintherum dictu zeyner de reutlingen, 1111° ydus March, anno 
 Lx° octavo. Foho, 71 leaves. 
 
 Several writers have fixed the time of first printing at Augsburg as early 
 as 1466, but the date of this book is the earliest known. There is a copy 
 in the National Library, Paris, and another at Althorp. Some of the early 
 examples of the Augsburg press are highly prized on account of the wood- 
 cuts with which they are illustrated. It might almost be said that the 
 first school "of wood-engraving in Europe was founded at that city. It 
 must be understood that this assertion does not include or refer to those 
 engravers who were engaged producing xylographic books. 
 
 NUREMBERG. 
 
 Francisci de Retza Comestorium Vitiorum. [Colophon :] Hie 1470 
 codex egregius Comestorij viciorum .... finit feliciter. 
 Nuremberge Anno qc. lxx° .... impssus. Folio, 286 leaves. 
 
 This book was probably printed by John Sensenschmidt and Henri 
 Kefer. A copy can be found at the National Library, Paris. Kohler 
 mentions a man by the name of Henri Kefer who learned the art of print- 
 ing from Gutenberg, and went from Mentz to Nuremberg. 
 
 This city occupies a prominent position in the early history of printing, 
 particularly on account of the enterprise of one of its printers, Anthony 
 Koberger, who had more presses at work and produced a greater number 
 of books than any other three printers of his time. 
 
6 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 SPIRE. 
 
 147 1 PosTiLLA scHOLASTicA SUPER Apocalypsin ct super Cantica canti- 
 corum. [Colophon:] Explicit Postilla stolastica .... imjSssa 
 Spire anno lxxi°. Quarto, 15 leaves. 
 
 This is probably the earliest dated book printed at Spire. In 1477 the 
 name of Peter Drach appears for the first time, and he has been designated 
 by several authorities as the first printer in that city, no other name having 
 previously appeared. This book is of great rarity, and I know of no other 
 copy than the one at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 ESSLINGEN. 
 
 1472 Thomas de Aquino. Summse Theologicse secundae Partis Pars 
 secunda. [r. of 9th leaf:] ( ) ost 9mune 9sideraconem de 
 virtutibus et vicijs .... [Colophon :] m cccc lxxij. Laus 
 DEO. Folio, 290 leaves, 2 columns of 58 lines. 
 
 The two books, which are mentioned first in Panzer, under the title of 
 Esslingen, and supposed to have been printed by Conrad Fyner in 1473, 
 are of the same type, workmanship, and paper as the work above described. 
 His third book, Joannis Gerson collectorium, contains the first musical 
 characters (notes) printed with movable metal types. Although the name 
 of Fyner does not appear until 1474, there can be no reasonable doubt of 
 his having printed the work of 1472. 
 
 LAUGINGEN. 
 
 1473 Liber beati. Augustini ypponensis episcopi de Consensu 
 euangelistarum. [Colophon :] Liber .... explicit feliciter. In 
 
LAUGINGEN. . .1473, 
 
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OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 7 
 
 cluitate. Laugingen. Impressus. Anno .... Millesimo quad- 
 ringentesimo septuagesimo tercio. Pridie. Idus. Aprilis. Folio, 
 1 06 leaves. 
 
 Up to this time there have been very few, if any, conjectures pubHshed 
 concerning the history of this book, and no one has ventured to name the 
 unknown printer. The capital letters of this work resemble closely one of 
 the sets used by Anthony Sorg, of Augsburg. Copies are in the National 
 Library at Paris, and in the collection of the author. See plate No. i. 
 
 ULM. 
 
 Albert: Magni Opus de mysterio missae. [Colophon:] In opido 1473 
 
 imperiali Vim, per Johanne czeyner de Reutlingen, m" cccc° 
 
 Ixxiij, die xxix maij. Folio, 135 leaves. 
 
 Dr. Hassler, a writer upon early printing at Ulm, maintains that Hoghen- 
 wang was its first printer, and claims that a Vocabularium Latino-Teutonicum 
 was his first book, and that it was printed before the year 1469. Still, 
 the fact remains that the one described contains the earliest known date of 
 any Ulm book. There is a copy in the National Library, Paris, and another 
 in the collection of the author. See plate No. 2. 
 
 MERSEBURG. 
 
 Liber de Qu^stionibus Orosii. Incipiunt questiones Orosij ad 1473 
 beatii Augustinii Episcopum yponensem Prologus. [Colophon:] 
 Finit liber beati Augustini .... A luca brandis ex opido delczsch 
 pgenito Nunc aiit vrbe Marispoli commanenti .... Anno 
 .... millesimo quadringentesimo septuagesimo tercio Nonas 
 uero Augusti quinto. Quarto, 30 leaves. 
 
 A work of great rarity. The Althorp collection has an incomplete copy. 
 
8 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 MARIENTHAL. 
 
 1474 Breviarium et psalterium Moguntinense. [Colophon :] Hoc 
 volumen breuiarii psalteriique Moguntinensis artis impressoriae 
 industria perfectum, feliciter consummatum est in domo fratrum 
 clericorum communis vite Vallis Sancte Marie eiusdem dioeceseos 
 in Ringkauia Anno domini M. cccc. lxxiv. Sabbato post 
 Reminiscere. 2 parts. Quarto, 721 leaves. 
 
 This is probably the first book with a date from the Marienthal press. 
 There is, however, in existence a Letter of Indulgence, which it is supposed 
 these brothers printed six years earlier. A Chapter of this Brotherhood 
 were the first printers at Brussels ; three books from that press are dated 
 from 1474 to 1487, and a third Chapter had a press at Rostock, in 1476. 
 Several writers agree that the Marienthal Chapter went to that place from 
 the Monastery of Weidenbach, near Cologne, in 1463. But it is not known 
 when they issued their first work. These books of Marienthal are not of 
 exceeding rarity, but are of considerable value. A very imperfect copy 
 of the one described sold for 1500 marks in 1881. Copies are at Mentz, 
 Darmstadt, and Paris. 
 
 LUBECK. 
 
 1475 RuDiMENTUM NoviciORUM. Epithoma partes in sex juxta mundi 
 sex aetates divisum, prius alibi non receptum quod placuit rudi- 
 mentum noviciorum intitulari. [Colophon:] Anno 1475, die 
 5 Augusti, in urbe Lubicina [per Lucam Brandis de Schass]. 
 2 volumes, folio, 460 leavers. 
 
 Brandis was the only printer at Merseburg during the fifteenth century. 
 Santander says he' left there in 1475 for Lubeck, where he had a press 
 from that year to 1499. The catalogue of rare books exhibited at the 
 
ULM 
 
 1473- 
 
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OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 9 
 
 National Library in Paris, which describes this book, says : * * * " Le 
 volume expose est ouvert de maniere a presenter une mappemonde de 
 forme circulaire, premiere carte de cette nature qui ait ete gravee." 
 
 BRESLAU. 
 
 Synodalia Statuta Epi Conradi. [Colophon:] Wratislaviae 1475 
 per Cunradum Elyan (succentor) impressa, 9 oct. 1475. 
 Quarto, 65 leaves. 
 
 This book is extremely rare ; I know of but one copy, and that is in the 
 University Library at Prague. I made an examination of it in the summer 
 of 1882, and ascertained to my satisfaction that I have in my collection a 
 work resembling in mechanical execution the " Synodalia Statuta," 
 which must have been produced by this printer, printed upon the same 
 kind of paper, with the same types, and having a corresponding number of 
 lines to a page. The title of my book is " Tractus de Instructione Sim- 
 plicium Confessorum," by " Anthonio Archiepiscopo Florintino." I have 
 not been able to discover that my example of the Breslau press has been 
 mentioned by any writer, and I regard it as a curiosity worthy of an 
 illustration. See plate No. 3. 
 
 BLAUBEUREN. 
 
 Albertus de Eyb. Ob ein ma sey zu neme ein elich wib oder nit. 1475 
 [Colophon :] m. cccc. lxxv. Conradus Mancz zu Blauburren. 
 Octavo, 144 leaves. 
 
 This is believed to be the only book printed in this town during the 
 fifteenth century. Deschamps suggests that Mancz was one of the wan- 
 dering printers. 
 2 
 
lO FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 BURGDORF. 
 
 1475 Jacobus de Clusa. Tractatus de apparitionibus animarum post 
 exitumea[rum] a corporib^ Edit^ in erdfordia ab . . . . Jacobo 
 de Clusa ord. Carth. [Colophon :] Impressus in opido Burg- 
 dorf, anno dni 1475. Folio, 26 leaves of 33 lines. 
 
 Several writers contend that this book was printed at Burgdorf, in 
 Switzerland ; but the weight of authority seems to be in favor of a town 
 of that name in Hanover. I record it as of the latter place without comment. 
 
 ROSTOCK. 
 
 1476 Lactancij Firmiani de diuinis institutionibus aduersus gentes 
 rubrice primi libri incipiunt. [Colophon :] Per fratres pres- 
 biteros et clericos cogregationis domus viridis orti ad scm 
 Michaelem in opido Rostockcefi ptium inferioris Sclauie .... 
 Anno .... millesimo quadringetesimo septuagesimo sexto. 
 Quinto Idus Aprilis. Folio, 203 leaves. 
 
 Here we have another instance of the enterprise of the Brothers of Com- 
 mon Life. Seeing that the newly discovered art of printing would deprive 
 them of the revenues derived from copying, it is probable that they 
 employed printers and sold the results of their labor. The last book 
 bearing their Rostock imprint is dated April 5, 1481. A copy of the 
 Lactantius is in the author's collection. See plate No. 4. 
 
 REICHENSTEIN. 
 
 1477 Dyalog[us] sup LIBERT ate ecclesiastica inter hugonem decanu 
 et oliuerium burgimagistrum et catonem secretariu .... 
 [Colophon :] Explicit dyalogus .... Rychenstein impressus. 
 
BRESLAU 
 
 M75- 
 
 Plate No. 3. 
 
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OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. I I 
 
 Anno .... Millesimo quadringentesimo septuagesimo septimo 
 mensis lunij die vero decimaquarta. Folio, 14 leaves. 
 
 This is a specimen of early printing of the greatest rarity. Several 
 writers are not quite clear about its having come from a press at Reichen- 
 stein. The language of the Colophon, however, seems explicit and plain ; 
 why its truthfulness is doubted is beyond my comprehension. Of its 
 printer nothing whatever is known. 
 
 SCHUSSENRIED. (Sortense Monasterium.) 
 
 Leon. Aretinus, Calphurnia et Gurgulio Comedia. [Colophon :] 1478 
 Finit felicite, leonard^ Aretin^ jn monasterio, Sorten. Anno 
 dni M° qdringetesimo septuagesimo octauo. Folio, 14 leaves. 
 
 A copy of this book may be seen at the National Library in Paris. It 
 has never attracted much attention from the bibliographers, and conse- 
 quently there have been few, if any, speculations about this unknown 
 printer. 
 
 EICHSTADT. 
 
 Henrici de Segvsio .... vulgo Hostiensis, summa super 1478 
 Titulis Decretalium. [Colophon :] Desideratum huius summe 1479 
 hostiensis finem aduexit mensis februarii dies decimus octavus 
 quo post .... mille quadringenti septuaginta novem anni 
 transiere. [The first volume is dated 1478.] 2 volumes, folio, 
 581 leaves. 
 
 Of the forty-two books credited to Eichstadt during the fifteenth century, 
 eight are dated and only five have the names of the printers. The books 
 which bear the name of Michael Reyser, the first printer, are so marked 
 in their leading characteristics that those who are acquainted with their 
 
12 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 peculiarities have no difficulty in assigning those that have neither name 
 nor date to the right place. Of this printer it may be safely said that he 
 left the means of identification upon every page of his work. Copies of 
 the above are in the Library at Munich, and also in the collection of the 
 author. See plate No. 5. 
 
 W^URZBURG. 
 
 1479 Breviarium Dicecesis Herbipolensis. [r. of 7th leaf.] Privilegium 
 .... datum Magistris Stephano Dold, leorio Ryser et Johanni 
 Bekenhub dicto Mentzer opus hoc imprimendi, in Civitate 
 Herbipolensi. Anno domini millesimo quadringentesimo sep- 
 tuagesimo nono, die vicesima mensis septembris. Folio, 347 
 leaves. 
 
 leorio Ryser, the second member of this firm, is supposed to have been 
 Georgius Reyser, who was at Eichstadt in 1483. Beckenhaub had a press at 
 Strasburg in 1473, and a third at Ratisbon in 1485. 
 
 ERFURT. 
 
 1479 Lectionarium de tempore duodecim ac trium lectionum 
 
 Erphordiae, mcccclxxix. Folio, 104 leaves. 
 
 This book was probably printed by Paul Wider de Hornbach, the first 
 known printer at Erfurt. I know of no copy in any public or private 
 collection. 
 
ROSTOCK . . . 1476. 
 
 Plate No. 4. 
 
 rt-Q r»e. _.j5 ^ 3 g 
 
 
 e.^ 
 
 
 0S 
 
 
 S O. n S S" 2 3 a 5S' 
 — ~ • • 9. s. S ~^ ak ■«> 
 
 '5;g"a3"^ § 
 
 C" 3 a ;*" 2 " *t 2- 
 
 45 o s Z « g s S 
 
 ^ Wo^ S ^ ^ 
 3.8 
 
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 3.c^ S i § 5iS 3 
 
 ?t>-5 
 
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 3 
 
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 J3-. 
 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. I3 
 
 PASSAU. 
 
 Breviarii Pataviensis Pars aestivalis. [Colophon:] Finis Libri 1481 
 horarum iuxta rubricam Ecclesie Patavien. Impressi in inclita 
 ciutate predicta sub Anno domini Millesimo quaaringentesimo 
 octuagesimo primo, sexta die augusti. Octavo, 208 leaves. 
 
 It is believed that this work came from the press of Conrad Stahel and 
 Ben. Mayr, the first printers whose names appear as having been connected 
 with the art of printing at Passau. 
 
 LEIPSIC. 
 
 JoANNis Annii Viterbiensis Glosa sup Apocalipsim of statu 1481 
 ecclie Ab ano salutis piiti scz mcccclxxxi usq[ue] ad fine 
 miidi Et de pclaro [et] glosissio triijpho xpiao[rum] i Turcos 
 [et] Maumethos .... [Colophon :] Impressum Lipczk anno 
 . . . . M. cccc. Lxxxi. in pfesto Michaelis Explicit opus. 
 Magistri. lohannis nannis .... Quarto, 48 leaves. 
 
 A majority of the bibliographers have fixed upon Marcus Brand, or 
 Brandis, as the first printer of Leipsic and the printer of this work, while 
 several others have written in favor of giving Conrad Kacheloven (or 
 Kachelosen) the first place. 
 
 MAGDEBURG. 
 
 PsALTERiUM Latinum Magdeburgi, Bartholomeus Ghotan, 1481 
 
 1 48 1. Folio. 
 
 None of the earlier bibliographers name Ghotan among the printers at 
 Magdeburg, but attribute this book to his press while he was at Lubeck. 
 Later writers, however, assign it to the former place. There is a copy at 
 the Royal Library in Dresden. 
 
14 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 TREVES. 
 
 1 48 1 Speculum Clarum nobile et pciosum ipso [rum] sacerdotu in quo 
 refulget et repsentantur aliqz valde vtilia speculada circa tria 
 pncipalia : Baptismi Eukaristie et Penitecie sacrameta .... 
 per fratre Hermanu dictz de Schildis. [Colophon :] Impressu 
 Treveris. Anno Dni millesimo quadringentesimo octuagesimo 
 primo. Quarto, 16 leaves. 
 
 Of this book there is nothing known save that it (probably) exists. I do 
 not know of any writer who has ventured an opinion as to the name of the 
 printer. The late M. Tross, who had evidently seen a copy, believed it to 
 have been printed with the characters of Guldenschaff, of Cologne. No other 
 book is known to have been printed at Treves during the fifteenth century. 
 
 URACH. 
 
 1 48 1 Plenarium nach Ordnung der Episteln und Evangelien durch 
 d. ganze Jahr .... Urach, 1481. Folio, 237 leaves. 
 
 Another book was printed in this town bearing the date of 1481. 
 Probably both were by Conrad Fyner, who is believed to have left Esslin- 
 gen and settled at Urach in 1480. 
 
 REUTLINGEN. 
 
 1482 NicoL. DE AusMO. Summa Pisani, que alias Magistratia seu 
 Pisanella appellatur [Colophon :] anno drii m. cccc. lxxxij. 
 Sabbato ante Ephie. In Rutlingen .... Folio, 417 leaves. 
 
 This book was undoubtedly printed by Joannis Otmar, whose name 
 appears in three others issued from a press at Reutlingen the same year. 
 
EICHSTADT. 
 
 Plate No. 6. 
 
 1478. 
 
 Indpn liber quinfne 5e accttfatoib^.&ei 
 nwnaacoi^tte.^f inquirmonibus. 
 
 ?inaj bomineB fapent 
 4 inceUigerentacnouir 
 fima j3uidereiit<maio2i 
 tjtiqj fliudio peccatoxf. 
 inquttiamenta tjicarcc. 
 Sj qs ofnee fili) a&c fu 
 mu8>ibeoq^ % peccaco' 
 res lum^.In pzeuaricas 
 tiotie fiquiDe pziiwi bos 
 wmis.pmago dei in omnib? comaculata ^ft 
 bominib?.ica ctia ot rcccpta in oifcera ptui 
 aprata bnmanc tiiui^a femina^ppccati cotas 
 ^one cabercanc*q6 in pfalmis cuiufuia oze 
 moecaliu Oeplangit dauio.Sccc inquit in in 
 iquitatib^ocepcus fum»^ inpcccatie ocepic 
 mc macer mca»Sc acccv>it«]C]ct>ii.q.i).omc ita 
 qj.^.jejcjcnj.q.mj'Wr cu 3p2ia.Nc&u aut alics 
 no fcclcrc p2eminiur* ^ ^ ^pda culpa ^ mali* 
 cia^facra)^ aucoaitate literaj^i poUuti cffe c5 
 uindmur.^ mifcr generis bumani Dcfcdlua 
 t>idofiu8 mutcc »n ramojji ^paginc oilatare 
 ccpit«quoD in ra&icc oicio^ germinauifin 
 mains em ait fcriptura Dcliquim? omes ^c. 
 (Deccara oero feu maleficia n5 &ebent rema^ 
 ncrc impunita»l3>ican)P qualiter punian^ ft 
 lijM»>rccpd e;c mammonio £>c quo.flB.pmifim? 
 ^ S'^ei fic »egtm^ fupsa &c ciuilib? adroibne* 
 nunc 2)6 criminalibuB* 4^chta't)iro 5c ac 
 cnfatione matrimonial) inTpcctc fup^a libao 
 33^imo qui matrtmonm accufarc pofTunt pfc 
 quence8*niic Oe accufatoib? plcnc % genera 
 liter tra^anDu eft 'fie Die>€am? oc accufatio 
 nib?>Denunctardtbu8«% inquifitoibue Dicen 
 tc8. ^^uoti no&is puniatur crimen alicuiP 
 lEquidemquinq^* <[^cculan&o. ^IStcipic 
 5o' ^^cnttncta n5o» <jlngmre n&&» C »ine 
 02&ine.t5t in noto2i)8«t)t«]«e»rup bi3«^»c»q 
 liter'iv^-pcnE.necotraDicitiUuO.cfupbif 
 Mam tjejqi cfl: q? crime trib? mo&iQ poteft op 
 pbniot ibi.3^ quinq^ moOis agit* fiuc queri 
 tur &c criminc w puniat**t>t fupsa Oi<fJru cft» 
 dc fing^lis igiV fingulaam ^ p le t)iDcam9» 
 <iroe acculatto*^ tV>iift'*^"*^^'*^'^*^ 
 
 t?i&en&ii eft. <^ui& fit ac cufaa 
 no« <!H5ui8 p oflit accuFarc* ^iuis. 
 accufari»<^jUaliter 3?cedat* in ac 
 ^culattonc»< BiUi8 fi t efFcAus accu 
 fatToniS* 
 
 iVi& fit accnfatio*^ quie>e crtminis all 
 cni^ bois apuo iudice competente in 
 cnftione intcrucniete legitttme faAa &elas 
 tiO'Onae -i accttfarc nicbil aliu6 cl?- cp reum 
 criminis alique p libellu deferre oel facere 
 a& t>in5i^a*pt b coUigunt*»f .c.fnp bis^C • 
 qui accw«no pof4.cu rattonib5'.^4,n5 ign© 
 
 Xfationtt 
 icnptu 
 
 rat*^*l<ri qttis e]c Familiarib^*ibi*ei^ ejcama 
 tionc 5Fc«flF»2)c accttfatoib?.libello>5t.»ibi«rca 
 deferre ^e*% f»e paiuads oelic*t* ol*7 ad4« 
 ittE»5cJi&ult''l«iv^«ft publico.tibi oefccit 
 acctifato2«q; libcll^ no fuit oblat?'*'? ar*fF» 
 &eiit(pec*tu4*n}f •pcerea*^ B faUitin cafi^ 
 
 bus in quib^ no cogit* altqttis infcribcre»t?c 
 no.jf'<J'-qualitcr» 
 
 kVis porTitaccularC'^quidcquicuq^no 
 ^bibetur.ficut in eOiiflo t>e aocuratose 
 e tcftib?.^ dematrimonifs'Orueuit Oici» 
 r>t«PF.5cpcuf.l.mutMe*flF«dctcftib?'l«j»8.d 
 fpon^cu apue>> 45D2obibcnt* aut quiba'^pt' 
 fcjcuj m mulicre8.t>t'jcT3»q»n).0e criminc 'ij. 
 q.)'^bibent*.flF»c«l.fi»if 15 rcg«laritcr t>eruj 
 cft.Fallittfi in cafib^.a&mutunt* cinin accu 
 fatidne rimonie.legce iulic &g annona.^ ma 
 ieftati8*^co2nelie*fefl;ameti>bereri8>frauda 
 ti cenfue* fraudate annone.^ fufpecfli cnmi; 
 nc.2:o«q;n).fanc«nemini.fF.a&.l.iuP.5c an* 
 noti.l«t)l>^ad>l>iu^>maieRati8>inquiritioni 
 bus.^i DC accttfationibP.l'i)*^ inftitut'«Dc fu 
 fpcc.t«'<^i»5f q ^Dfcquunt* Tua iniuria t>el fu 
 osum.qa tuc fupoms aOmitt«nt*»ff 'e.l.i.cc 
 l.ij.i^*)'^ qui appellatoc fuo)^ otineantur 
 ibide legit'.S^ % ^m iura caii.aOmittit' muli 
 cr in criminc frauDate annonc«tj.q.|»33bibc 
 tur-^-mulicrc-4 ^imoj iic4«&Cifimb»tanta* 
 ^ ite oici poteft m ejccepns alijs criminibJ'. 
 putia C>ilapi&at5c«ij.q»t>i)»quap2optcr.na ct 
 equipatur crimini FrauDate annonein quo 
 muUcr a&mittit* t?t DiAum efl:»^ Htno«iy in 
 ci»fibu8 in quib? mulier aOmittit* non mfcri 
 bit- nee m turpillianii incioit.ff ^aD turpilf • 
 
 l.)'^. accufat6cj«^»i'"^"l'^'*^'*^^*^ obrC^aO 
 turpillianii 'fi fcmina«na ibipcftitit ab accu 
 fationepaftocoarupta* <3Sl!i4Ptc»* ctatcj 
 t3Cpupilli-ii«q«j'pbibcntur.ff.c.qui accula 
 rc'^«l«i)>^'pupillu8»nifi m cafib? in quibus 
 aftmittuntur tuto^c a(3:o2e.fF«c.l«v«|''i«ergo 
 cii pupillu8^bibeat*.rclinquit*q7 abultus 
 aut02Jtate curacoeis accufarc tjalcat.ff .6 au 
 tosicace pflaw&a«b&3tur»ar'ff»e.qui accus 
 fare«^Ocpopu«a(n:6c«l«mulicri«C«Deauto; 
 ritatc tu'claj^.^ &c aDultcrio accufare non 
 potcfl: ctia a&ult? nifi t>elit thorf, apaiu? t>m 
 fticarc.ff •a&*l.iuP.e)c aDult'«fi marit^' fit in 
 maginratn-^-lcjcItefccus in tcftimoni]8«q2 
 in criminalib? tcflificari n5 poteft minot'icic 
 annis.W' ff»t)c tcftib^.in tejtimoniii* "^I^liL.^ 
 rcpcllunt^^terbonu pub lieu .rte.f«lc&atur 
 rcfpublica.ut milites qui lurSt fe n5 cuitatu 
 ro8 mo2tc;|pter rcmpublica«Dt«C'qui accu* 
 nopori»n6a3bibcnt*.i£.l»ficnmen«fic^bii 
 qui magiflratu ^ poteftatc babcnt a^bibent* 
 aliu accufare Ourate officio. qa nee ipfi intes 
 nmfine frauDeoucnin pofrent»fF«aO'l.iuP» 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. I5 
 
 MEMMINGEN. 
 
 Fasciculus Temporum. [Auctore Werner Rolevinck.] [Colophon; 1482 
 V. of 63d leaf:] Impressum p me Albertu Kune de Duderstat 
 Magunti'. dyoces .... afio dfii Millesimo quadringentesimo 
 octuagesimo secundo. [r. of 71st leaf ] Impressus Memmingen. 
 Folio, 71 leaves. 
 
 Between the years 1474 and 1500 this work passed through thirty- 
 different editions, thus proving that it must have been one of the most 
 popular books of its time. The wood-cuts in some of the earher editions 
 make them highly prized by those interested in the early history of wood- 
 engraving ; but as an authority, or work of reference, it is not considered of 
 any special value. There is a copy in the collection of the author. See 
 plate No. 6. 
 
 METZ. 
 
 Ammonicones ad spirituale uita utiles. Ca. primu de imitacoe 1482 
 xpi. [Colophon :] Impresse in citate Metensi per fratrem 
 Johanne Colini . . . . et Gerhardum de noua ciuitate. Anno 
 Domini Mille". cccc°. lxxxij". Quarto, 24 leaves. 
 
 Another book, of the same year, paper, and characters, is cited by M. 
 Tessier as having been printed at Metz ; but the one described is the only 
 production of the Metz press of that year which gives the name of the 
 printer and place. The National Library at Paris and the Town Library 
 of Metz possess copies. 
 
 HEIDELBERG. 
 
 HuGONis DE PRATO Florido Sermones de Sanctis. [Colophon :] 1485 
 Impressi Heydelberge Anno .... m. cccc. lxxxv. xij. Kalen- 
 das februarias. Folio, 285 leaves. 
 
l6 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 It is not known whether Henry Knoblochzer or Freidrich Misch was the 
 first printer in this town. The early authorities give precedence to the 
 latter, while later writers award the first press to the former. There is a 
 copy in the author's collection. See plate No. 7. 
 
 REGENSBURG, or RATISBON. 
 
 1485 Liber Missalis secundum breviarium chori Ecclesise Ratispo- 
 nensis. [After the Calendar:] Hunc Librum per viros indus- 
 tries Johannem Sensenschmidt et Johannem Beckenhaub dictum 
 Moguntinum opifices: Jussimus et fecimus impressione decorari. 
 Datum Ratispone die quinta mensis Marcii. Anno Domini 
 M. cccc. octogesino quinto. Folio, 360 leaves. 
 
 John Sensenschmidt was born at Egra, in Bohemia ; he was the first 
 printer at Nuremberg, 1470-1478 ; the second at Bamberg, 1481-1490; 
 and in 1485, in company with Beckenhaub, printed this first book at 
 Regensberg. 
 
 MUNSTER. 
 
 i486 RuDOLPHus Langius, nobilis Westphalus et Monasteriensis Ca- 
 nonicus. Carmina et alia opera. [Colophon :] Johannes Lim- 
 burgus. Monasterii Westphalie impressit feliciter m" cccc° 
 Lxxxvi" lulii XXIX. Quarto, 2>^ leaves. 
 
 Johannes Limburgus is the only printer known to have had a press at 
 this place during the fifteenth century. 
 
MEMMINGEN 
 
 . 1482. 
 
 Plate No. 8. 
 
 roex)emadflto^«gamq«mifterioricaruit.qnl!en3rca^.niucioqelccto6ruo6arcribe^ 
 _ . - f i« I- - . ^*'c""0'nax«"i»ofwtboctcmtxijevirm9anefamc. 
 
 cmicmtawcrcdbijcfitQ'pncBtJefhhuanaturaba^^^ 
 mrerDapdememirquprep«miccri'ex^^^^^^ 
 
 iSweSlIbi;^^^ !^^ 
 
 •^lomTitom ?aclce. \^^'a.9.y;/eot>n6rcdijt^^e;l^p5rtioB jylmrubftitutueelt foioi 
 
 Cbzinuenafcitar. 
 
 bzoo. 
 
 fbfcincipitrcxtactas 
 
 mmm 
 
 Sinea cbjift'. 
 
 ^nnot)oininf.~ 
 
 maria^'gine 
 nafcif anno 
 modi. {7199. 
 complcto. 
 
 ^Itttna cumd pcnitUm carminfs etae 
 (03gnue ab integro feculo^ nafcltor oido. 
 Jam iioua pzogenicB cclo •oimitritur alto 
 Jamredii: n Pirgo.redeunt faturnea regtia 
 €a tnodo nalcenti puero»qiio ferrea ptirnum 
 ^eriaet.7 toto (Iirget gens aurea mutido 
 Carta faue lucinaTuus lam regnat aplKo 
 ' 3.3qeq npjpnt 3]euy _&e piincipatii roano fic ■oicit Cicero i li! oe ofFicgs 
 TKatue efliclrcalx'c tepoia we tio(l-eriBp;^0 -oe virgi le pu Cerm eft failTe aliqiS temp' quo fineregib' pluebaF. 
 ra fiouo oidi!iePm4:ptetica43mina.€t btc cplenitudo tern :^tpftcB ture geiitiu piTeirionce ceptrut niuidi bo 
 piis t)e q apre uicitqii mifit ce'ftliu faa i mondu. Ob boc alia t>c ca rcgee fftituti Hf nifi iufticle lerulde.llam ca 
 idpitBrcjcta etas modi cui'ftficm (bice T)e'tiouit.€tt)tcit iiniciopmcrcfmrcimdoabbqeqmaiozieopeebebat 
 i^«^.9'lrcetaet>jrencct'qfe{rextcdit"pUraoes^ccdGii adpnualiqaepij;s5fugiebattti.tepjeftgteg|)bibct 
 teectatce.qzplerlcBboimpiuotetiaprcB ad centum pigiiwt iniiiriaritcnuiojeeeqtateaftituendofommoB cumin 
 ano0atltpltra'rnotac^^cxagc^9^'o6^e^eepocam^ ^n fimiepariiurepringerct.CncB adbucrcgnStibuere^ 
 fatatIepeIIeT)eterminareqtitatcei'.1|5>lorc8entBattepta* gib''t)ebilio:een6na^otpjimeref[egeB3llitaipla# 
 rnt9oc8fuereT)ccepriricut|)bat'Doctojrcn0'i2. cnitq adittdlcandunoodioantgfa ■oucerenf.f^ta^ 
 
 Cra jcpianop pndpaliTima oi; crai^tnotintma ccleBrfma* lee inopi qlee ptert pjeftaret anree O-no fit at leges 
 tB.3fpleean'Octaoi3m.42.01impiadt6cgtcrimcnonage itfolafpr^r^regeq^obligarelciam'.iS'tnregcatcne 
 fimefae.€tPnTi&edaa[ti'modi.>7i99.3plet^pfi^'lti0-5Diw Icgee.rapeboafBdito^'.piolarit'frgieB.ftiipzaremao 
 tolle Data ad milia qnqj ■ouccWQalcgti "oHo beda vzt a.p tronae t cet'a lllicitafacepideam'.Baqd illo fumilto 
 tboplafto.5tc»:3fix^m nuo.cc.minr* pnomiliaqncB.€tbic ali'iBlimabifqibHguBtiareikgib'nouitobtcpare 
 ta(^43babiliozmod' ab eccaPuaf te ma^ pulgst'.@ilt et 
 
 alg x)iurunodiTafputattotin.qd3Bmoeee nt bebteoj;; qda logiozee utmctbodg i alio;?; x>z qb' imeliie e laboi tracfa 
 re.pttlit96:S.'omod(ca.S)idefingulalod9lai0. Celeberrimo cnlturanctirrceregeemnnerapjeclofa re<> 
 
 gi celixpo nato r»euotillime olferot.au^ fc^ tbuei mirr| 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 1 7 
 
 STUTTGART. 
 
 Maximilianus Imp. Electio et Coronatio. [r. of 2^ leaf:] In dem i486 
 Biichlin findt man beschrieben die Fiirsten, grauen und friihen, 
 die uff den tage zu frackfurt mit der Kayserlichen majestat vn 
 allerdurchluchstigsten furste iln heren .... [Colophon :] Also 
 wasz die erwelung gescheen vff Donerstag nach Invocabit. 
 Anno Dni m. cccc. lxxxvi., iar DMDMM Getruckt vnd 
 volendet zu Stutgarten. Folio. 
 
 This book is of exceeding rarity. I have never seen, heard, or read of 
 a copy, and do not know if one exists. The name of the printer is 
 unknown. 
 
 INGOLSTADT. 
 
 Paulius Lescherius. Rhetorica pro conficiendis epistolis accom- 1487 
 modata. [Colophon :] Hec rhetorica feliciter finitur .... In 
 almo gimnasio jngoldstat Anno lxxxvij. Quarto, 22 leaves. 
 
 This book was probably printed by Joannes Kachelosen, whose name first 
 appears in a book printed at this place in " MCCCCIC." This combination 
 of letters is construed by some writers to mean fifteen hundred less one, 
 and by others to indicate 1490. In this instance I believe they were in- 
 tended to express the latter year. There is a copy in the collection of the 
 author. See plate No. 8. 
 
 STENDAL. 
 
 Sachsenspiegel. Der Sassen-Spiegel. [Colophon :] Explicit der 1488 
 Sassen-Spegel den de erwerdige in God Bader vnd derr Theo- 
 doricus von Bockstorpe Visschopp' tho Nuenberg feliger gecor- 
 3 
 
l8 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 reget heft. Gedruckt to Stendael dorch Joachim Westfael in 
 deme CYYVviij Jare. Folio, 218 leaves. 
 
 This is the only known specimen of the Stendal press previous to the year 
 1 501. Westfael, its printer, seems to have been one of the first at Magde- 
 burg, his name appearing in a book printed there in 1483. 
 
 HAGENAU. 
 
 1489 Joannes DE Garlandia. Cornutus Magistri Joannis de Garlandria. 
 [Colophon :] Exposito disticij seu Cornuthi noui necno antiqui 
 .... Impressa imperiali in oppido Hagenaw, per Heinricii 
 Grau .... Sub anno salutis Millesimo. Quadringentesimo. 
 Octuagesimo nono. Quarto, 64 leaves. 
 
 Maittaire cites a work of Pelbartus of Temeswar of 1475, which might 
 have been printed at Hagenau. There is no reasonable doubt, however, 
 about the book of Joannes de Garlandia being the first. A copy is in the 
 National Library, Paris. 
 
 HAMBURG. 
 
 149 1 Laudes beate Marie Virginis. [Colophon :] In mercuriali 
 oppido Hamborgensi .... Impresse. Per me loanne z 
 Thoma Borchard. Anno dni wccccxcj. Scda feria p^" Martini. 
 Folio, 154 leaves. 
 
 Panzer, Santander, and Hain cite these two as the only printers and this 
 as the only book of Hamburg during the fifteenth century. This woi'k is so 
 rare that I have never seen or read of a copy. Panzer mentions a copy in 
 "Bibl. Goetting." Does he refer to the Library at Gottingen ? 
 
HEIDELBERG. 
 
 1485. 
 
 Plate No. 7. 
 
 Wt ^acto 6imdne et guda 0ajx 
 
 SCcmofucrunt fojritnmit^ tola-antiam 
 tiio:ti0ptmencc0 motieet genera rno:; 
 ft04pfienilucUbtuitti;b£meitpn infu^ 
 pec a vinmk a cwcaee-Upidm fmtSe 
 tti(mt,mimi(am,in occtfione siadtf 
 mo: ttti fuiwp cbaffo. Mecmicii- mdica 
 iienieriti rundatimcantAie,teq Ca* 
 fiq.^onie x>i 111020 t>ilecao4mo fojcio: 
 moae^q: tno^e no fcgawifi aiaj 3 catnc 
 sitectio^uifeQat aboi tecceniiiicetcac 
 tiaUtacculee ^^t >^> apfioli rb^cea fbz 
 tio:e0 fo:iiirtnii>£alc0 istentefl'e pzeiei 
 u qui funt apttci viti. fed take non funr. 
 qzcij impugnantinmembzispfcutoca 
 mecc fue IX)liio fe 0e»6i.i glaciium fpue 
 qiSetsecbuteimvagmamiecludat, fei 
 funt no komerSed kpnkiilmjpke I pa 
 lidaq in petcacollocatcubiuruu.qn ctil 
 oneplatU0 bn eobftcaius liquis ?quc 
 Mt-lHamtommue^^emacduel cauea 
 fuaemcluru04ftin6funtkon«0 fed foj 
 micaleoneaiozmicakoeftquoddi euii 
 aial q^ e fo:mic4 leonibue 1 ko fojmicw 
 ^icipfi funr fojmice konib'^in ftiis fupe 
 iio:i3U0 • ?m quoe non audet capuceti 
 geccfed funt Iconee fozmicis-i. infmo:! 
 buequoe nocdfant imifcwcoiditrt op 
 ptimcteS^tio pmepdaf a diututna co 
 rinuatione vitmm cu ^c-a luuetutc fua. 
 @3ai:jc<cumffracKtt)n0 illuiuuene « 
 jmSanekgieJRndit-l^ecowfctuauia 
 luuencuK mea-(f f fequit^^ iniuuuacft 
 iefu0 m emle^tcihWc mii?.bn clerai 
 ©ignua Dilectoe q f m ^cpi^legia mun 
 de x)jjt«ai a mu€nmte.^»ep9-Sonu e 
 viracu jx»faacrit iugu tjmabPdoldcc 
 «afua.vn bon^fcolatwfinc intcccupioc 
 cebct vita fua ptinuacein mudicia ctca 
 ftitate.vn ficuttJefcolaticocedifqui bis 
 fiiccii patifiu0.negaf in q? bw fuentbo* 
 quia in ci'^buanitatc nulla facta eft iniec 
 ia]prio.ira qgu{0cdcedaffcolati $ biefu 
 eritteiiiatuenegettnq^bw fuit ia\nm 
 camispaiTud vein aftitateeiua nulla 
 fit Difcoimnaiio* (^uno?m&]^nm 
 
 »iftiglo2ioriapoftoli at^renfione rubdifc 
 plebi0 et eipugnatone cuiuflibei aduecfi 
 iaii0'Ci) <^<ipfefitnobi0 princepe mili 
 tie.ifti funt p2incip2e fug omne terra co 
 fl:itan.ifti funt pnncipeo ppulo!|^ cu teo 
 abraba pgregan.ifti funt ptincipea mili 
 fiee/€ccitu0 cbcifti.t j €o;^.^.p cnia mili 
 tienoftce non funt cainaiia led poientia 
 teoadteftmctione munitionum coFilia 
 ts;ftcuente0.'Z omne aliitudine e^tolente 
 fe aductfua fcierism tei.ifti funt mthtcs 
 cbzifti no0 terendente0.pec arma iuftitie 
 a t)e^iri0 a a fiiiiftgig>i| \(£oy.v )j;j(pfi ei 
 |)atma iuftitie acejctria no0 tefcnduni 
 qii noe cocfint babece modeftia in ^fgia 
 p acma iuftuie a finifttia noa tefendune 
 qn i»centno0 batece pacientia in aduet 
 ri0ifti funt ptincip^e miiitie cbsifti non 
 folumin tefenfioiiefubdite ptebio; fedi 
 cjtpugnatoe cuiufcuncg conttarie ptaiis 
 "^nde in ptemiila antositate dc. confitia 
 teftcuenee0<T omnealtitodinc ejctolente 
 feaduerfus fdcntiatsi.altiiudine Ixuti 
 CO? licannocu xemoniocii ;||n noie eni? 
 cbzifti etii temonia electa funt . a q: iftj 
 apoftolifugpami) ptindpatuni benefe 
 babuecutJofuppcindpatiT magni! pftt 
 luti funt>\)n cuilitet ipfo;^ poteft Dici id 
 €g4t>]tjtt> «(l£uge fecue bone ctfidelia qj 
 fugpauca fuifti fideliaJupej: mulia te co 
 (iimavintraingaudiiiDni tui^quod no 
 bi0cdcedatiefu0Cb2iftu0 qui viuit eice 
 gnat per omnia fecula feculo; Hmen. 
 
 ^ermdnc0 perutileetg fancti0p an 
 niciccalum f{atrielBugoni0'oep:ato 
 fio;idoj^2dmi0fancti ^ominiafe 
 ctatozia ianlhlfime finmnt. Jmpzefllj 
 JfecYdelbetgeanno oominid natalia 
 8P.ccccjygg£ii- kaUndae febjuacif 
 
 90. 
 
O.F THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. I9 
 
 ZINNA. 
 
 Hermannus Nitzschewitz. Nouum beate Marie Virgis psalterium 1492 
 .... nouit ad tci oteritoj ofectu .... actum . . . anno 
 1489 . . . et Anno Nonagesimosecudo in mense Septebri ad 
 lUustrissimas cesarias regiasq[ue] man^ pncialit presentatn .... 
 Nunc et in Tzenna Cisterciensi ordis deuoto claustro .... im- 
 pressum. Quarto, 116 leaves. 
 
 It is believed that this work was issued from a press at the monastery 
 of Zinna in 1492. It is quite certain that no other book was printed there 
 during the fifteenth century. The name of the printer is unknown. 
 
 LUNEBURG. 
 
 Thom^ a Kempis. De Imitatione Christi et de contemtu omniun 1493 
 vanitatum mundi .... [Colophon:] Luneborch impressus 
 per me lohannem Luce. Anno diii. m. cccc. xciii. xxii. die 
 mensis maij. Finit feliciter. Folio. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been printed at Luneburg in the 
 fifteenth century, and all the information we have about its printer is con- 
 tained in this Colophon. 
 
 FRIBOURG. 
 
 Spiegel der Waren Rhetoric .... mit jrn glidern cluger 1493 
 reden etc. [Colophon :] Friburg in Brisgau, durch Fridrichen 
 Riedrer Versamelt, gedruckt un Volendet 1493. Folio. 
 
20 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 The earlier writers mention an edition of " S. Bonavanturae in iv libros 
 sententiarum " as being the first book printed at Fribourg, and name 
 Kilianus Piscator as the printer. One of the most learned and careful of 
 the later bibliographers pronounces the Spiegel the first, and says it is 
 dated the "Wednesday before St. Luke's day, 1493," which was October 
 18 of that year. There is no doubt about its being the first in which the 
 name of the printer and date appear together. 
 
 OPPENHEIM. 
 
 1494 WiGANDi Wirt Dyalogus apologeticus adversus Trithemium de 
 
 Conceptione Virginis Mariae Oppenhemii, 1494. 
 
 Quarto. 
 
 Several other books were printed at Oppenheim during the fifteenth 
 century, but none of them discloses the name of the printer. 
 
 FREISINGEN. 
 
 1495 CoMPENDiosA MATERIA pro iuuenum informatione satis magis- 
 traliter compilata. Cuius titulus es tu scolaris. [Colophon :] 
 Impressum Freisingen per Johannem Schoeffler Anno domini 
 M. cccc. xcv. Sexto Kalendas Julii. Quarto. 
 
 Deschamps describes a Missale Frisingense printed by John Sensen- 
 schmidt of Bamburg in 1487, which he would have his readers infer was 
 printed at Freisingen, but cites no evidence to sustain such an inference. 
 Schoeffler, whose name appears in the Colophon of the Compendiosa materia, 
 had a press at Ulm in 1493, 1497, 1498, and 1499 ; and in 1495 printed this 
 one book at Freisingen, it being the only one known to have been issued 
 from a press in that town during the fifteenth century. 
 
INGOLSTADT. . . 1487. 
 
 Plate No. 8. 
 
 
 ■M 
 
 rt O 
 
 3"^ 
 O t^ 
 
 O Vi r? Oi -t 
 
 >t 3 "• » ti. 
 
 3 o o ?3* 
 
 3 o 3 ^ 
 
 » ri la 3 
 
 >-, — id ^ 
 
 ^T S la S^ 
 
 S5sa 
 
 « e. =• r» C« {5 O =• -t « * X> fO » 
 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 21 
 
 FREYBERG. 
 
 (In Saxony.) 
 
 MissALE EcLESiE MisNiENSis. [Colophon :] .... Opus iuxto 1495 
 rubricum iam dictae suae Misnensis dioecesis diligenti opera 
 castigatum atque distinctum per industrium Conradum Kache- 
 losen, huis impresso sic artis Magistrum, oppidique Lipsensis 
 concivem in oppido eodem inchoari, atque grassante pertifero 
 morbo in oppido Frieberg perfici et feliciter finiri procuravit die 
 lunae m, Nov. nono. mcccc.lxxxxv. 
 
 Kachelosen (or Kacheloven) was probably driven from Leipsic by the pest 
 to Freyberg, where he remained long enough to print this one work, which 
 is the only one known to have been issued from a press in that town during 
 the fifteenth century. In 1496 we find him again at work in Leipsic. This 
 Missale is a very great rarity, and I do not know where a copy can be 
 found. 
 
 OFFENBURG. 
 
 QuADRAGESiMALE RoBERTi DE Licio De peccatis cii aliquib^* 1496 
 sermoibus annexis. [Colophon :] Impressii in Offenburg Anno 
 diii. 1496. Ipsa vigilia epyphanie. Quarto, 202 leaves. 
 
 The only book known to have been printed at this place before the year 
 1501. The name of the printer is not known. There is a copy in the 
 collection of the author. See plate No. 9. 
 
 MUNICH. 
 
 QuADRAGESiMALE diui concionatofis Pauli Wan Doctoris sacre 1497 
 theologie [Colophon :] impressum per lohannem Schopsser, in 
 Monachi. [Circa 1497. J Quarto, 105 leaves. 
 
22 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 The weight of authority seems to be in favor of the behef that Schopsser 
 worked at Augsburg until 1497, and in that year went to Munich and set 
 up a press there. Panzer, however, does not name him among the printers 
 of the former city. This book, which bears his name, is probably the 
 only one printed with movable metal types, at Munich, before the end of the 
 fifteenth century. A copy is in the collection of the author. See plate 
 No. 10. 
 
 TUBINGEN. 
 
 1498 Lectura fratris pauli scriptoris ordinis minoru de obseruatia 
 qua edidit declarado subtilissimas doctoris subtilis sententias 
 circa Magistrum in primo libro. [Colophon :] Explicit exactas 
 expositio .... ordinaria lectura ordinarie facta in ouentu 
 fratrum mino[rum] in alma vniuersitate Tuwingfi. Vbi et 
 impressa est huius per artis gnariu Magistru lohanne Ottmar. 
 Anno salute m. cccc. xcviij. xxiiij. die Martij. Folio, 198 leaves. 
 
 At Reutlingen, also, Ottmar or Othmar was the first printer. 
 
 OLMUTZ. 
 
 1500 AuGUSTiNUS MoRAVUS. Tractatus contra heresim Valdensium 
 Augustini de Olomucz ad loannem Aygrum Physicum Sec- 
 tarium. [Colophon :] Impressum in regali Ciuitate Olumucensi 
 per me Conradum Bomgathen anno Domini m. quingentesimo. 
 XXIX. die mensis octobris. Quarto. 
 
 This is believed to be the only book printed at Olmutz during the 
 fifteenth century. Conrad Bomgarten, or Baumgarten, is not known to 
 have had a press elsewhere. 
 
OFFENBERG. . .1496- 
 
 Plate No. 9. 
 
 9r.% ft r.^.- ^. 
 'to Y 5 So S- 
 
 liiiilsC-ilSB§|!§ni.igg§4^^ 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 23 
 
 PFORZHEIM (PHORCA). 
 
 Johannes Altenstaig. Vocabularius. [Colophon:] Phorce im- 1500 
 pressit Thomas Anselmus Badensis. m.d. Quarto. 
 
 This is the only book printed at Pforzheim during the fifteenth century, 
 and by a printer whose history, beyond his connection with that place, is 
 unknown. 
 
MUNICH 
 
 1497. 
 
 PUTE No. 10. 
 
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ITALY. 
 
 SUBIACO. 
 
 Cicero de Oratore, libri III. Quarto, s. l. s. a. 
 
 After the capture and sacking of Mentz, in 1462, by Adolphus of Nassau, 
 two German printers, Conrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, supposed 
 to have been workmen of Gutenberg and Schoeffer, found their way to Italy. 
 In 1465 we find them established at a Benedictine monastery in the little 
 village of Subiaco, thirteen miles from Rome. In a list of their books, which 
 formed a part of an appeal sent by them to Pope Sextus IV. in 1472, they 
 mention four books printed by them before they left Subiaco for Rome. 
 Their first they call " Donatus pro Puerulis," of which no copy is known; 
 the second, an edition of one of the works of Lactantius, which for more 
 than four hundred years has been considered the first book printed in Italy ; 
 and the third, an edition of Cicero de Oratore, libri III., which turns out to be 
 the first of their known productions instead of the second. .Signer Carlo 
 
 4 
 
 1465 
 
26 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 Fumagalli, of Leghorn, has discovered a copy of this work of Cicero, which 
 contains a well authenticated inscription, dated " pridie Kal, Octobres 
 1465." The Lactantius was finished the 29th of that month. The Althorp 
 collection has a copy of this scarce book, and another is in the National 
 Library at Paris. See plate No. 11. 
 
 ROME. 
 
 1467 M. TvLLii CiCERONis Epistolarum ad Familiares Libri XVI. 
 
 [Colophon :] 
 
 Hoc Conraduf opuf suueynheym ordine miro 
 Arnoldusque simul pannartf una aede colendi 
 Gente theotonica : romae expediere fodalef 
 In domo petri de Maximo, m. cccc. lxvii. 
 
 Quarto, 246 leaves. 
 
 In 1467 we find these printers installed in the house of Prince Massimo, 
 at Rome, under whose patronage and protection they worked until Sep- 
 tember, 1472. The last book bearing their joint names was issued in 
 December, 1473. They probably separated then, — Pannartz continuing 
 to print books at Rome, while Sweynheim engaged himself in engraving 
 maps upon metal for an edition of the Geography of Ptolemy (printed in 
 1478), and died in 1477 before he had completed them. A copy is in the 
 National Library at Paris. 
 
 VENICE. 
 
 1469 M. TuLLii CiCERONis. Epistolae ad Familiares. [Colophon :] 
 Primus in Adriaca formis impressit aenis 
 Urbe libros Spira genitus de stirpe lohannes. 
 In reliquis sit quanta, vides, spes, lector, habenda 
 Quom labor hie primus calami superauerit artem. 
 MCCCC.LXviiii. Folio, 125 leaves. 
 
 John de Spire, presumably of Spire on the Rhine, was the first printer 
 at Venice. He only completed three works, and died while engaged upon 
 
SUBIACO . . . 1465- 
 
 Plate No. 11. 
 
 Tav.r 
 
 """"^^'^^^f 061TANTI MIH] SEPFHVME^ 
 ro Si mcmoria uetcra rcpet^nti perhea^ 
 rt ftiiffe.Q^. f rater ilU macri foUnt c|uim 
 optima. KE.PV:t|uom ^ihonoribus ai 
 re^cgedarugloriaflorcreftt cu lut^ cur^ 
 ^1 fum tencre potuerut : ut uel t ncgotio fmc 
 
 > 'periculoiuel modocadignitatc cfTcpolTent: At nuncqu*'^ 
 
 c^f 
 
 Vdilr* 
 
 trve rn«H» rtt4Jve lo\p*-ntxM Tlhu^vhrxij pre 
 
 ijy 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 27 
 
 the fourth, — De Civitate Dei, — in 1470. In the Colophon of this last 
 mentioned work the names of the two brothers, John and Vindelin, appear 
 together for the only time. 
 
 Several writers have asserted that Nicholas Jensen, a native of France, 
 and a workman of great skill, was the first printer at Venice. M. Paul 
 Lacroix ["Bibliophile Jacob"], the very learned Curator of the Library of 
 the Arsenal at Paris, as late as 1878 printed an unqualified statement to 
 that effect. I am at loss to know from what source this information is 
 obtained. I have never seen or heard of any book of Jensen's printed before 
 the year 1470. Previous to the year 1501, Venice had recorded more than 
 two hundred printers and about three thousand editions of books. There 
 is a copy of the work described in the collection of Colonel Brayton Ives, 
 of New- York, and another at the National Library, Paris. See plate No. 12. 
 
 FOLIGNO. 
 
 Leonardi Aretini de bello Italico adversus Gothos. [Colophon :] 1470 
 Hunc libellum Emilianus de Orfinis Eulginas et lohannes 
 Numeister theutunicus, eiusq[ue] sotii impresserunt Fulginei in 
 domo eiusde Emiliani anno domini Millesimoquadringetesi- 
 moseptuagesimo feliciter. Folio, 71 leaves. 
 
 Numeister is believed to have learned his art with Gutenberg. There 
 are some grounds for a belief that he may have been one of the first printers 
 at Perugia, and M. Claudin makes it appear that he printed the first book 
 at Albi, in Languedoc, and afterward finished his career as a printer at 
 Lyons. Copies are at Althorp, National Library, Paris, and in the collec- 
 tion of the author. See plate No. 13. 
 
 TREVI. 
 
 HiSTORiA quomodo beatus Franciscus petivit a Christo indul- 1470 
 
 gentiam pro ecclesia sanctse Maris de Angelis In 
 
 Trevia (per Joannem Renardi), 1470. Folio. 
 
28 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 John Reynard, a German, was the only printer at Trevi during the fif- 
 teenth century. He issued from his press only two books ; the second 
 bears his name. 
 
 FERRARA. 
 
 1 47 1 M. Valerii Martialis Epigrammata. [Colophon:] Hie termi- 
 natur totu opus Martialis Valerii .... Impressum Ferrarie 
 die seciida lulii. Anno Domini, m. lxxi. Quarto, 192 leaves. 
 
 This exceedingly rare and valuable specimen of early printing is supposed 
 to have come from the press of Andreas Belfortis Gallus, the first printer 
 at Ferrara. He used the same types afterward, in a book bearing his name 
 and printed the same year. 
 
 MILAN. 
 
 147 1 PoMPEius Festus de verborum significatione liber. [Colophon :] 
 Finis .... Festi Pompeii liber expletus est Mediolani 
 Tertio Nonas Augustas. Millesimo : Quadringentessimo : 
 Septuagesimo Primo Ad : Honorem .... Galeaz Marise 
 Mediolani Ducis Quinti. Ac Ducatus Sui Anno Quinto. 
 Quarto, 80 leaves. 
 
 Several bibliographers have admitted the claim of Lavagna, that he was 
 the first printer at Milan, and seem to have accepted his own assertion 
 about himself, without the usual grain of salt. This is his statement, made in a 
 colophon two years after the first dated book by Zarotus : " Mediolani die XH. 
 Februarii 1473 per Magistrum Filippum Lavagnia huisartis Stampandi in hac 
 urbe primum latorem atque inventoruin." It does not appear in any other 
 account that he was a printer, and so far as we know he hired printers, and 
 Zarotus, of Parma, was probably his first, and this edition of Festus the 
 first Milan book with a certain date. Copies are at Althorp, the National 
 Library, Paris, and in the author's collection. See plate No. 14. 
 
VENICE. . . 1469- 
 
 Plate No. 12. 
 
 2yr . TiiUVij Ciccronis cpiftolarum iamiliartuin liter' primus inapi 
 Ad lentulutn prxxDnfiUoii M.T C Ltnnilp pTXomftili S Ij 
 [Go omni officio ac potius pictate crga tc cftcns fatiffacio 
 omnibus :mibi ipfc nunq {atidaco-ianta cm magnitudo 
 eft tuo:^ crga mc mcnto2^:ut cxx tu nifi pfccita re de me no 
 conquiefti :ego quia non idem in caufa tua efFicio: uitam 
 I mibi ce acerbam putc. In caula bpc fut.Hamonius Regis 
 L^atus apte pccuia nos oppugnat. Res agit^p eolHccredK 
 [tores per quos cum tu aderas agcbatur . R^is caufa fi qui 
 funt q uclit q pauci funt omncs rem ad Pompeium dcferri uolunt.Senatus 
 religionis caluniam non religionc fed maliuolentia dc illius regie largitiois 
 iuidia comprobat Pompeiii &c bortari &C orare S>C lam liberius accufare 6C mo' 
 nerc ut magnam ifamiam fugiat no dcfiftimus.Scd plane nee precibus nris 
 necadmoitionibus nris reliqi locu.Namcu m (crm one quotidian© tum m 
 fenatu palam fic cgit caulam tuam :ut neq? cloquetia maiorc quifq neq; graui' 
 tate neq; ftudio ncc contentione agcre potucrit Cu fuma teftificatione tuo^ 
 in {c officio!^ dc anions erga te fui. MarccUinii tibi efl'e iratu (cis. Is bac regis 
 cauGi exccpta ceteris in rebus Cc acerrimu tui defenforcm fore oftendit. Quod 
 dat accipimus .Quod mftituit refcrrc de religioe Sc fppe iam rettulit ab eo d ^ 
 duci no pot. Res ante idusadta ficcft.Na bpc idibus mane {cripfi.Hortcnfii 
 &C mea et luculi {cntentia cedit religioni de excercitu. 
 
 _ - C) ClCOTO TltDllI S - D 
 
 j\^|Irifica mibilierberationcceffationis cpiftola dedifti.Nam qup parciuf 
 fratcr perfcripferat ucrccundia uidelicet dC properationc:ca tu fine aflcnfioc 
 ut crant ad mc fcripfiftiiSC maxie dc confulibus defignatisrquos ego peitus 
 noui libidmum &C languoris effpminatissimi animi plenos: qui nifiagu ^ 
 bernaculis receffcrint: maximum ab uniuerfo naufragio pcriculiieft.Incre'' 
 dibile eft qup ego illos fcio oppofitis gallorum caftris m f ftiuis fcci{rc:quos 
 illc latro nifi aliquid firmius fucrit: focietatc uitiorum dclmict. Res eft aut 
 tnbunitiis: aut priuatis confiliis munienda. Nam ifti duo uix funt digni : 
 qiiibus alteri cefanam.-alteri coffutianarum tabcrnarum fundamenta credas, 
 Tc ut dixi fero oculis. Ego tios ad.iiii.kalcn.uidcbo: tuosqj oculos etiam fi 
 te ueniens in medio foio uidero:difluauiabor.Mc ama. Vale. 
 
 Primus in Adriaca fbrmis impreftit acnis 
 Vrbe Libros Spira genitus de ftirpc lobannes 
 In rcliquis fit quanta uides fpcs IccJtor babcnda 
 Quom Labor hie priinus calami fuperauerit artcm 
 
 M . CCCC . LXVIIII . 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, 29 
 
 BOLOGNA. 
 
 PuBLius OviDius Naso. Poemata et ejusdem uita .... [After 147 1 
 the Dedication and the Life :] Huius opera .... Balthesar 
 Azoguidus ciuis bononiensis .... primus in sua ciuitate artis 
 impressorie mentor .... impressit. m. cccc. lxxi. Foho, 
 447 leaves. 
 
 There is in existence a Cosmographia Ptolentcei, printed at Bologna by 
 Dominic de Lapis, bearing tiie false date of 1462, which ought to be 1482. 
 The Ovid described is, without doubt, the first book of Bologna. A copy is 
 in the National Library, Paris, and another at Althorp. 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 Bartholus de Saxoferrato. Lectura super I. et II. parte 1471 
 Codicis. [Colophon :] Explicit lectura super Codice .... 
 
 Anno M. cccc. lxxi Sixtus Riessinger. Eius- 
 
 DEM Lectura in tres reliquos libros codicis X. XL et XII. 
 [Colophon :] Et sic est finis huius lecture .... Sixtus 
 Riessinger. Folio. 
 
 Riessinger was a priest as well as a printer, and in several instances 
 annotated the books which came from his press. A copy is in the 
 National Library, Paris. 
 
 PAVIA. 
 
 Antonii de Bvrgos liber super Decretalium III, de emptione et 147 1 
 uenditione .... Papiae, m. cccc. lxxi. Quarto. 
 
 Another book, "Joh. Mat. de Ferraris de Gradi Practice (Medica) 
 Papie m. cccclxxi., die ix. Octobris," is also without the name of the 
 
30 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 printer. The name of Antonius de Carcano, the first Icnown printer at 
 Pavia, appears in a colophon for the first time in 1476. The work described 
 is believed to have been issued by him. 
 
 SAVIGLIANO. 
 
 1 47 1 GuiDONis DE Monte Rotherii Manipuli curatorum liber utilissi- 
 
 mus. [Colophon :] Per Christophorum Beyamum et Johannem 
 
 Glim, [1471.] Folio, 137 leaves. 
 
 It is asserted that John Glim, or Glein, a young German, who learned 
 his art of Sweynheim and Pannartz, left Rome and went to Savigliano in 
 1470 or 147 1, and there, under the patronage of Chirs. Beggiamo, printed 
 three or four books. As they are all without dates, it is not known which 
 was the first. A copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 TREVISO. 
 
 147 1 Beati Augustini de salute sive de aspiratione anime ad Devm 
 liber. [Colophon :] 
 
 Hie Taruisina nam primus coepit in urbe 
 Artifici raros aere notare libros. 
 .... : : Tarvisii : : m : : cccc : : lxxi : : Quarto, 20 leaves. 
 
 Gerard de Lisa, of Flanders, printed at Treviso from 1471 to 1498. We 
 find the name of Gerardus de Flandria at Venice, 1477, 1478; at Civitas, 
 Austria (Friuh), 1480 ; and at Udine in 1485. Doubtless, these two names 
 represent one person. A copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 147 1 Servii Honorati Mauri grammatica explanatio in Bucolica, 
 1 742 Georgica et ^neidem Maronis. [At end of the Bucolics :] 
 
FOLIGNO 
 
 . 1470. 
 
 3^ 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 Plate No. 13- 
 
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 c* 
 
 
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 to ?V* 
 
 Pi OTJ 
 
 
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OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 3I 
 
 .... VII. idus novembres. mcccc lxxi Bernardvs Cennius 
 
 aurifex . . . . et Dominicus eius. F uolumen hoc primum 
 
 impresserunt. . . . [At end of the Georgics :] Servii Honorati 
 ... in Georgica . . . explanatio explicit .... V. idus 
 
 Januarias. mcccclxxi [At end of the volume :J . . . 
 
 Bernardus Cenninus .... et Dominicus eius. F im- 
 presserunt. Petrus eiusdem Bernardi. F. emendavit . . 
 Absolutum opus Nonis Octobribus, mcccclxxii. Florentiae. 
 Folio, 237 leaves. 
 
 Bernardo Cennini was a native of Florence. He was a worker in metal, 
 and goldsmith, and assisted Ghiberti in making the doors of the Baptistery. 
 He and his two sons were the first to introduce the art of printing to the 
 people of Florence. Copies are in the National Library, Paris, and at Althorp. 
 
 CREMONA. 
 
 Lectura Angeli de Pervsio super I. P. ff. novi [super primam 1472 
 partem Digesti novi.J [Colophon :] Impressa et completa fuit 
 ,p . . . . Dionysium de Paravesino, et Stephanum de Merlinis 
 de Leucho territorii Mediolanensis in Civitate Cremona sub 
 anno .... m. cccc. lxxii", die martii, xxvi. Januarii. Folio. 
 
 This Dionysius was a native of a little place in the environs of Milan, 
 called Paravesino. He printed at Milan, in 1476, the first Greek book, — 
 a grammar by Lascaris. 
 
 PADUA. 
 
 La Fiammetta del Boccacio, [Colophon :] m. cccc. lxxii. Die. 1472 
 xxi. Marcii. Finis. Fvit. Fiamete. Bar. val. Patauus F, F. 
 Martinus de septe arboribus Prutenus. Quarto, 132 leaves. 
 
32 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 • These abbreviations "Bar. Val." stand for Bartholomaeus de Val de 
 Zocchio, an influential citizen of Padua. His associate, Mar. de Septem 
 Arboribus, was probably the printer of the firm, who had acquired a knowl- 
 edge of his art in some other place. Several of their books are notable for 
 qualities which are of first importance to those who admire fine work. 
 
 JESI. 
 
 1472 La Comedia di Dante Alleghieri di Firenze. [Colophon:] 
 Explicit, liber. Dantis. impressus. a. magistro. Federico. 
 veronensi. m. cccc. lxxii. Qvintodecimo. . Alendas. avgvsti. 
 Quarto, 216 leaves. 
 
 Although the name of the place is not mentioned in the Colophon, writers 
 generally agree that this edition of Dante was the first book printed at 
 Jesi, and that Frederico of Verona was its printer. It has not been decided 
 which is the first edition of this work, — the one under consideration, or the 
 edition of Foligno of the same year. 
 
 PARMA. 
 
 14.72 Plutarchi Tractatus de liberis educandis, Guarino Veronensi 
 
 interprete. Hieronymi Presbiteri de officiis liberorum erga 
 
 parentes. Basilii Magni de legendis gentilium libris oratio 
 
 ad adolescentes, Leonardo Aretino interprete. [Colophon :] 
 .... ipressit opus nobis Portilia Parmse Andreas : . . . . 
 Nono calendas octobres. m. cccc. lxxii. Quarto, 40 leaves. 
 
 Andreas Portilia, a native of Parma, was the first to set up a printing- 
 press in that city. He probably learned the art from Azzoguidi of 
 Bologna. 
 
MILAN 
 
 1471. 
 
 Plate No. 14, 
 
 2S2S2 K 
 
 ^2:2: 
 
 th 
 
 
 
 
 9i> 
 
 n\ 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 «• 
 
 
 >n 
 
 
 n g^ 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 2: 
 
 
 >^ BJ 
 
 
 C 2 
 
 is 
 
 2 c 2^ 
 
 3 
 
 <<< 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 33 
 
 MONDOVI or MONREALE. 
 
 Tractatus Anthonini archiepiscopi Florentini de institutione 1472 
 confessorum. [Colophon :] Explicit summa confessionum seu 
 interrogatorium pro simplicibus confessoribus editum ab archie- 
 piscopo florentino, videlicet fratre Antonino ordinis predica- 
 torum. Finita in Monte Regali : anno domini. m. cccc. lxxii. 
 die xxiiii. mensis octobris. 
 
 Quern genuit quondam germana Antuuerpia potens 
 
 Matthias Antonius virtute insignis et arte 
 
 Baldasar et socius Corderius .... 
 
 .... finierunt Antonianam 
 
 Arte nova formae .... 
 
 At least one writer believes that Mathias, of Anvers, was one of the 
 printers driven away from Mentz in 1462. A copy is at the National 
 Library, Paris. 
 
 BRESCIA. 
 
 Leonardi Arretini Epistolarvm familiarivm [libri VIII.] m cccc 1472 
 LXXII. Folio, 79 leaves. 
 
 This very rare book is believed to be the first which was printed at 
 Brescia, and from the press of Thomas Ferrando, the first known printer of 
 that city. A copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 FIVIZZANO. 
 
 P. ViRGiLii Maronis Opera. [Colophon :J 1472 
 
 Sculpserunt docti manibus sed pectore firmo 
 Carmina uirgilii uatis super sethera noti 
 
 5 
 
34 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 lacobus existens primus, baptista sacerdos 
 Atq[ue] AUexander comites in amore benigni 
 Qui fiuizani uiuunt super oppida digni. 
 M. cccc. Lxxii. Folio, 170 leaves. 
 
 Santander says that the " lacobus " referred to was " lacobus Lunensis 
 de Fevizano," who was at Venice in 1477. He was probably employed by 
 the priest "Baptista" and his associate "Alexander" to print two books 
 at Fivizzano in 1472 and 1473. A copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 MANTUA. 
 
 1472 II Decamerone di Messer Giovanni Boccacio. [Colophon :] 
 Mantue impressum .... Anno .... mcccclxxii. Petrvs 
 Adam de Michaelibus eivsdem vrbis ciuis imprimendi avctor. 
 Folio, 263 leaves. 
 
 There is a small tract of Plutarch's in the National Library at Paris, 
 which at least one writer believes to have been printed at Mantua before 
 1472; but I know of no existing testimony to uphold such a belief There 
 are at least five Mantua books of the date of 1472. A majority of the 
 bibliographers have elected to accept the Decamerone as the first of the 
 five. Of course, their selection is arbitrary. This book is of the greatest 
 rarity. A copy is at Althorp. 
 
 SANT' ORSO, or SANT' URSINO. 
 
 1472 P. ViRGiLii Maronis Opera. [Colophon :] Vrbs basilea mihi 
 nomen est Leonardus Achates. Qvi tua compressi Carmina 
 diue Maro : Anno Christi humanati : m. cccc. Ixxij. Venet. 
 Duce Nicol. Trono. Folio, 196 leaves. 
 
 In relation to the first printer and first book of St. Orso I shall venture 
 no opinion, but will quote from the " Notice des Objets Exposes " of the 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, 35 
 
 National Library, Paris : " Ce Virgile est, tres-probablement, le premier 
 livre imprime dans le petit bourg de Sant' Orso ou Sant' Ursino pres de 
 Vicence." The many seemingly naked assertions to the effect that this 
 book was the first printed at St. Orso, have crystallized themselves into an 
 accepted fact ; and since so many learned writers have accepted this set 
 conclusion, I must confess that I am not bold enough, in this instance at 
 least, to disagree with them. 
 
 VERONA. 
 
 Valtvrivs Ariminensis. De Re Militari. [Colophon :] lohannes 1472 
 ex uerona oriundus : Nicolai cyrugie medici filius : Artis im- 
 pressorie magister : hunc de re militari librum elegantissimum: 
 litteris et figuratis signis sua in patria primus impressit. An. 
 M. ccccLXxii. Folio, 262 leaves of 37 lines to page. 
 
 Panzer, Santander, and Hain assign a book to the press of this city as 
 early as 1470. There is no evidence, however, of that being the date of the 
 printing of the work they mention, and it probably refers to the time of the 
 completion of its translation. The wood-engravings in this edition of 
 Valturius have been attributed to Matteo Pasta. A copy is in the National 
 Library at Paris. 
 
 MESSINA. 
 
 La VITA del glorioso Sancto Hieronimo doctore excellentissimo. 1473 
 [Colophon :] Finita e questa opera nela magnifica cita Messina 
 di Sicilia per Mastro rigo dalamania .... nel anno .... 
 M. cccc. Lxxiii. a di xv d' April .... Quarto. 
 
 According to Deschamps, Heinrick Aiding, a German printer, who had 
 probably worked with Sweynheim and Pannartz at Rome, and Mastro 
 Rigo are the same. Santander says he left Rome for Catane in 1471, and 
 
36 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 not succeeding there, set up the first press at Messina in 1473. It is possibly- 
 true that he was the first printer at Messina, but up to this time it has not 
 been conclusively proved that he printed this book. 
 
 GENOA. 
 
 1474 NicoLAi DE AvsMO Supplementum summae quse Pisanella uocatur. 
 [Colophon :] Expletum feliciter lanue. X. Kalendas lulii, 
 Millesimo quadrlgete l.i.i.° quarto per Mathiam morauum de 
 olomuntz et Michaelem de Monacho Solium eius. Folio. 
 
 Moravus was one of the best practical printers of the fifteenth century, as 
 many of his works most clearly show. He was at Naples from 147S to 
 1491. A specimen of his Genoa work may safely be considered a very 
 great rarity. 
 
 CO MO. 
 
 1474 Tract ATUS appellationvm qui tractatvs congiarivm nvncvpatvs est. 
 [Colophon :J Completa p Dominum Johanem Antoniug de sancto 
 Georgio dictu de placentia .... Comi impressa per magistros 
 Ambroxium de orcho et Dyonisium de parauesino Quinto jdus 
 augustas. mcccc lxx iiii° .... FoHo, 192 leaves. 
 
 This printer was at Cremona in 1472, and at Milan in 1476. 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 37 
 
 SAVONA. 
 
 BoETHii CoNsoLATio PHILOSOPHIC. [Colophon :] Impressum 1474 
 in Sauona in conuentu Sancti Augustini per Fratrem Bonum 
 lohannem .... Anno m.cccc.lxxiv. Quarto, 63 leaves. 
 
 It is not known that another book was printed at Savona before the end 
 of the fifteenth century. 
 
 TURIN. 
 
 Breviarium Romanum. [Colophon :] Prseclarissimi et medici et 1474 
 philosophi Domini Magistri Panthaleonis volumina lohannes 
 Fabri et lohanninus de Petro Galici .... Taurini .... 
 impressere. m. cccc. lxiiii. Octavo, 503 leaves. 
 
 Fabri was probably a native of Langres, France, his name in that country 
 being Jean Lefevre. He has sometimes been confounded with Jo. Faber, 
 a German, who printed at Lyons from 1478 to 1494, and with another of 
 the same name who was at Stockholm in 1495 and 1496. 
 
 VICENZA. 
 
 DiTA MuNDi, Incomenza el libro primo Dita Mundi cumponuto 1474 
 per Fazio di Giuberti da Firenza .... Vicentia, Maestro 
 Leonardo da Basilia " mille setanta quatro e quatrociento." 
 Folio, 106 leaves. 
 
 This is the first book with a date which mentions Vicenza as the place 
 where it was printed. Another work, dated 1473, by Jo. de Rheno, is by 
 several writers given the first place. Achates was at Venice, 1472, at 
 Padua, 1473, and at St. Orso, 1474. A copy is at the National Library, 
 Paris. 
 
38 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 MODENA. 
 
 1475 P- ViRGiLii Maronis opera. [Colophon:] Mutine impressum 
 
 per Magistrum lohannem Vurster de Campidona. Anno D. m. 
 
 cccc. Lxxiiiii. die vicesima tertia Mensis lanuarii. Folio, 221 
 leaves. 
 
 Wurster was a native of Kempten, Bavaria. A copy of this work is at 
 Althorp. 
 
 REGGIO. 
 
 (In Calabria.) 
 
 1475 R. Salomonis Jarchi Commentarius in Pentateuchum. [Colo- 
 phon :] Ego filius Garton filius Isaac Abrahamus in Regio 
 urbe .... in fine Calabrise ubi peregrinatur Abraham anno 
 O. C. quinque millesimo ducentesimo trigesimo quinto [a. d. 
 1475], die X adar postremi mensis juxta supputationem Abra- 
 hami. Folio. 
 
 The only printer at this Reggio during the fifteenth century. I have never 
 seen a copy of this work, and I do not know where one can be found. 
 
 PIEVE di SACCO. 
 
 1475 R. Jacobi ben Ascer Arba turim, sive iv ordines. [Colophon: 
 (translated)] Absolutum porro est .... Feria II. die 
 XXVIII mensis Tamuz, qui est mensis quartus. Anno v.ccxxxv. 
 [a. d. 1475.] aerese prsefixae. Plebisacii in domo R. Mescultkm 
 cognomine Kosi .... 4 volumes, folio, 458 leaves. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 39 
 
 This is the only book known to have been printed at this village during 
 the fifteenth century. This Rabbi probably superintended the labors of a 
 Venetian workman who had been employed to print this work. 
 
 CAGLI. 
 
 Maph/Ei Vegii de morte Astianactis opus locundum et Miserabile. 1475 
 [Colophon :] Anno gratiae. m cccc lxxv, tertio kalendas lulii. 
 Hoc opusculum Callii impressum est .... Hoc .... im- 
 pressere Robertus cum Bernardino .... Quarto, 6 leaves. 
 
 These Italians were the only printers who exercised their art at Cagli 
 during the fifteenth century. Only four books from their press are recorded. 
 
 CASELLE or CASALE. 
 
 (Near Turin.) 
 
 Divi HiERONYMi vitse sanctorum Patrum. [Colophon :] Per 1475 
 clarissimum medicum et philosophum Pantalionem Perque 
 Johanem Fabri Galicum .... volumina in Casellarum Im- 
 pressa sunt. Anno domini m cccc lxxv, heroys calidoney luce 
 penultima mensis August! .... Quarto. 
 
 For some unknown reason Prosper Marchand assigned this work to 
 Cashel, in Ireland; but, without doubt, it was the first book printed at 
 Casale, by Jean Lefevre, who was the first printer at Turin, also. 
 
40 
 
 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 PERUGIA. 
 
 1475 Barthol. de Saliceto. Lectura super IX. Codicis. [Colophon :] 
 Lectura .... Anno dni m. cccc. lxxv. Perusie impssa 
 feliciter explicit. Folio, 159 leaves. 
 
 Two other books of the supposed date of 1473 are attributed to the press 
 of Perugia ; but it is certain that the date of this edition of Saliceto is the 
 earhest known. Heinrich Clayn, of Ulm, appears to have been the first 
 printer; we find his name, for the first time, in an edition of the " Digesti 
 Veteris Libri xxiv. cum glossis" of 1476. 
 
 PIACENZA. 
 
 1475 BiBLiA Latina. [At the end of the Old Testament:] Uet^* 
 testametu .... p me lohane petru d' ferratis cremonese 
 placetie impssuz. Anno dni. m. cccc. lxx. quinto felicit explicit. 
 Quarto, 392 leaves, 2 columns, 60 lines. 
 
 This is a very rare and much esteemed edition of the Latin Vulgate. It 
 was printed with very small gothic types, and is believed to be the first 
 quarto edition of the Bible. There is a copy in the Ambrosian Library at 
 Milan, and another in the collection at Althorp. 
 
 POLLIANO. 
 
 1476 Petrarcha : II : Libro : degli : Huomini : Famosi : Compillato : 
 per : Miser : Francisco : Petrarcha. [At end of the fourth 
 leaf:] Non scripto calamo anseris ve penna Antiquarius istud 
 
POLLIANO. . .1476. 
 
 Plate No. 15. 
 
 REGIS TROi* 
 
 lacomicia il libro 
 Vno tcmpio 
 VaJente done 
 Statua di Nu 
 Foflc sopra a 
 
 Statua cii iQiij ci 
 Stidu M: Fun 
 Incontro ata 
 Fortnento nel 
 
 Scguitano h fjdi 
 Sc tihi publio 
 St tifj^:Ljpapi 
 Elquale efa fia 
 
 Allc fatichc ma 
 La quale cllo 
 Segnf jduPyt 
 Haucano data 
 
 Egli lifar h uidro 
 St jdcjqjFabfo 
 nc CO fiamifii 
 Fa metioejtul 
 
 Alarmata fotto ij 
 Prouide prim 
 scHo non la 
 tomati alui tl 
 
 Scg: ]h fide liufo 
 alojni da pu 
 dertalia chc c 
 dara animo ali 
 
 Perforra la c»ta 
 conduce ua fa 
 p extremi peri 
 mortoni e io 
 
 DEu TVTTOj. 
 
 Tard/difpoLcdo 
 Fu mandate 
 Fgli scno pre 
 Moucano la 
 
 Place la seguino 
 Di ^argicrto 
 Anni i^elliqu 
 
 StjduMtPor:Cj 
 La xe publica 
 Alle fioflrciti 
 
 Se: igloriofufadli 
 Come tiomi 
 Graue puiticc 
 Seruato ihifp 
 
 Capo Sd per que 
 chc alotonon 
 quelle mcdefi 
 quafi rabfofo 
 
 Etafupliciocodu 
 ala'tre tcrrc do 
 acomfnzare la 
 le continue pi 
 
 Hauia cotnSdato 
 comadato cir 
 in quel tcpo 
 al popul chcl 
 
 Prcda aicauallieri 
 cioe an^btori 
 far uf ndeta del 
 mente la ^au 
 
 IL}, LIBROt 
 
 De romanii gra 
 Chcl hauca 
 Alaqua K. al 
 Etpenfo quel 
 
 Laqualc terra no 
 Scruitu quclli 
 Fiottio clqua^ 
 Eco qnelli po: 
 
 Preftatapcrlami 
 Chc ludichi 
 Detctmmato 
 
 Bibuloando apo 
 Spera^a di ui 
 Lianimi 8i 
 
 Poco mcno njuo 
 acefatcfichca 
 cofTetutticotL 
 
 Da cauallo bL ifp 
 ufando quelle 
 m mezo la pia 
 siano uendtti 
 
 Regme dele qua 
 li uolea apare 
 ancora de libri 
 quale luftamc 
 
 Iniuria ad phania 
 fa jju.erra con 
 arifteno prin 
 XVjttullia hoi 
 
 Tantd fconfidrc' 
 Vfaza itomaf 
 Quclla ui(5to 
 Portato douc 
 
 Inganno da nemi 
 Erano uenuti 
 Logo difpoftc 
 Segjlitftdijqtc 
 
 Trmphalmente 
 Segt liti }di mt 
 Ria K forte 
 Cita Tupba de 
 
 Sofiennc pcna 
 Pf ofpera ma ft 
 Egia icombati 
 infigncaranea 
 
 Libidinc pet fpa 
 due erano dii 
 romani (eritt 
 bC quieto fi li 
 per la qual co{ 
 
 Lc mic saetfi 
 fcfpirarc 
 Sttdi Tito 
 ceffafono 
 con tortnento 
 
 ILluflresoperehoc uifos perire 
 
 Francifctingenmm uctat Petrachas 
 
 Non sctipto calamo anferis ue pcnna 
 
 Antiqqarius iftud acre Feli?? 
 
 Impreffitjfuitlnnocens Ziletus .,^_ /-#-Tvv%rf 
 
 Adiutorsoausc$.rare Polliano .uUt ^ ^^ jC tC tL X XVUii 
 
 Verona ad lapidemiaccnte quarttttn:. KLt.OCTOBRiiu 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 4^ 
 
 aere Felix Impressit : Fuit Innocens Ziletus adiutor sociusque 
 RuRE PoLLiANO. .:. M.c:c:c:c:Lxxvi .:. Verona ad lapidem iacente 
 quartum. KL .-. OCTOBRIS. Folio, 240 leaves. 
 
 This is the rarest edition of this work, and the only book printed at 
 Polliano during the fifteenth century. There is a copy at the British 
 Museum, and another in the collection of the author. See plate No. 15. 
 
 LUCCA. 
 
 Francisci Petrarch^ poetse clarissimi triumphorum sex [Liber]. 1477 
 
 [Colophon :] Impressus Lucse liber est hie : primus ubi artem 
 
 de Civitali Bartholomeus init. Anno mcccclxxvii, die xii maii. 
 
 Folio. 
 
 At least one writer has tried to prove that a book was printed at Lucca 
 in the year 1468. The one described is the first with place, name, and date, 
 and is, without doubt, the first production of the Lucca press. 
 
 ASCOLI. 
 
 La Cronica de Sancto Isidero Menore, con alchune additioni 1477 
 caciate del texto et Istoria della Bibbia e del libro de Paulo 
 Orosio. [Colophon :] Impresso in Ascoli in casa del Rev. 
 Plebano de sancto Venantio Miser Pascale : per mano del degno 
 impressore Mag. Golielmo de Linis de Alamania. m. cccc. lxxvii. 
 Quarto, 157 leaves. 
 
 No other book is known to have been printed at Ascoli until 1496. 
 Copies of this work are very rare. 
 6 
 
42 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 PALERMO. 
 
 1477 JoANNis Nasonis Carleonensis consuetudines felicis urbis Panormi 
 .... Panormi, apud Andream de Wormacia. 1477. Quarto, 
 
 This is the only book known to have been printed at Palermo in the 
 fifteenth century. A copy is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
 COLLE. 
 
 1478 DioscoRiDES de materia medica libri V, etc., latine, curante Pedro 
 Paduano. [Colophon :] Explic Dyascorides .... Impressus 
 colle p magistruz Joh'em allemanum de Medemblick, anno Xpi 
 millesimo. cccc°. Lxxviij". mense iulij. Folio, 103 leaves. 
 
 This is the only book by this printer ; two others were issued at Colle the 
 same year by another printer, — one dated the 12th of September, and the 
 other giving the year, but not the day of the month. The work described, 
 having the earliest date, is given the first place. 
 
 COSENZA. 
 
 1478 Jacobo Campharo de immortalitate animae in modum dialogi 
 vulgariter. [Colophon :] .... Cusantiae, Octaviani Salo- 
 monii, 1478. Quarto. 
 
 Only two books are known to have been printed at Cosenza during the 
 fifteenth century ; both by the same printer and of the same year. The 
 work described above has always been given the first place. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 43 
 
 TOSCOLANO. 
 
 GuARiNi Veronensis viri peritissimi Grammaticales regulse, [Colo- 1479 
 phon :] Opus .... hie foeliciter completum est Troscolani 
 per Magistrum Gabrielem Petri Trivixiani Anno Crysti m. cccc. 
 Lxxviiii. die XII. Januarii. Regnante Johanne Mocenigo : Duce 
 Venetiis .... Quarto, 29 leaves. 
 
 Two other books bearing the same date are known to have been printed 
 at Toscolano. The one described is believed to be the first. This printer 
 was at Venice from 1472 to 1478, and at Brescia in 1481. 
 
 PINEROLO. 
 
 BoETii DE CoNSOLATiONE Philosophie libri V. [Colophon :] 1479 
 Pinarolii per Jacobum de Rubeis Gallicum. m. cccc. lxx. Nono. 
 Octavo Kalend. Novembr. Folio. 
 
 Hym mentions a Bible in Italian printed at Pinerolo in 1475. No other 
 writer has ever referred to such an edition of the Scriptures. So far as 
 known, there were but three books printed there before the close of the 
 fifteenth century. The above was undoubtedly the first. 
 
 NOVI. 
 
 Baptists Salii : Summa de casibus conscientiae, Baptistiana 1479 
 nuncupata I479- Quarto. 
 
 Nicalao Ghirardengo, a native of Novi, was probably the printer of this 
 book. Another Novi book is attributed to him by Panzer for the year 
 
44 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 1484. He is also mentioned by this author as having had a press at 
 Venice in 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, and at Pavia 1481 and 1483. He issued 
 an edition of " Expositio siue Sermones super Cantica Canticorum " from 
 his Pavia press dated December 18, 1482. 
 
 NONANTOLA. 
 
 1480 Breviarium Romanum secudu more r consuetudines romae curie. 
 [Colophon :] Impssu Nonatule due Mutie p nos Georgiu 
 Antoniu fres d'mischmis ciues muti. Anno m. cccclxxx. d'mese 
 mail. Octavo, 528 leaves. 
 
 This is the only book issued from a press at this town during the fifteenth 
 century, of which copies are still in existence, and these brothers are the 
 only printers known to have been at Nonantola before the year 1501. 
 Copies are at Althorp, and in the Public Library at Modena. 
 
 FRIAUL, or CIVIDAD di FRIULI. 
 
 1480 Platyne de honesta Voluptate Valitudie. ad Amplissimu ac 
 Doctissimum. D. B. Rouerellam. [Colophon :] Viri doctis- 
 simi Platyne opusculum de Obsoniis : ac de honesta voluptate 
 valitudine : impressuz in ciuitate austrie : impensis expensis 
 Gerardi de Flandria. Venetiaruz Duce Inclito Johanne Moceico. 
 nono kalendas nouembris. m cccc lxxx .... Quarto, 93 
 leaves. 
 
 Deschamps describes Gerard de Flandria as one of the vagabond printers, 
 — a missionary of the grand art of printing, who probably left Mentz about 
 the time of its capture, 1462. A copy is in the author's collection. See 
 plate No. 16. 
 
CIVIDAD DI FRIULI. . .1480. 
 
 Plate No, 16. 
 
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OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 45 
 
 REGGIO. 
 
 (In Modena.) 
 
 Peroti Nicolai Rudimenta Grammaticse. [Colophon:] Nicolai 1480 
 Perotti Sypontini .... rudimentorum grammatice finis. Im- 
 pressum Regii opera et impensis Bartholomaei et Laurentii 
 de Bruschis fratrum [cognomento Bottoni]. Anno Domini 
 M. CCCCLXXX. Quarto. 
 
 These brothers, natives of Reggio, seem to have commenced and ended 
 their career as printers at their native place. 
 
 CASALE-CASAL di SAN-VASO. 
 
 Epistol^ Heroides [P. OviDii Nasonis], cum Comment. Ant. 1481 
 Volsci et Hubertini Clerici Crescentinatis. [Colophon :] Im- 
 pressa est in loco Casalis sancti Evaxii, anno .... m cccc 
 Lxxxi octauo idus septembris .... Impressit Gulielmus de 
 Canepa-Nova, de campanilibus de Sancto-Salvatore, impensa 
 praedicti Hubertini, venerabilisque .... Stephani de Ulmo, 
 .... Folio. 
 
 Notwithstanding assertions to the contrary by esteemed authorities, I 
 still believe that this is the only book of this particular Casale printed 
 during the fifteenth century. 
 
 SALUZZO. 
 
 AuLi Persii Flacci Satyrarum liber. [Colophon:] Impressus 1481 
 Salutiis, arte et impensis Martini de la Valle, correctusqz .... 
 
46 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 opa .... Johafiis Gauterii rectoris scholariuz Saluciesiu anno 
 Dni M cccc Lxxxi. Folio, 12 leaves. 
 
 Some remarks made by Brunet suggest some sort of connection between 
 de la Valle and de Rossi, a printer of Pinerolo. 
 
 PISA. 
 
 1482 Franciscus de Accoltis de Aretio. Consilia seu responsa juris. 
 [Colophon :] Pisis impressa. Anno Do. m° cccc° Lxxxij° die 
 vero xxiij. mensis Martii Folio, 207 leaves. 
 
 Lorenzo and Angelo, of Florence, are believed to have been the first 
 printers at Pisa. Their names appear for the first time in the second book 
 printed there, dated 1484. 
 
 AQUILA. 
 
 1482 Plutarco : vite degl' imperatori traducte de lat. in volgare, per 
 Bapt. Aless. Jaconello de Riete .... Stamp, per Maestro 
 Adam de Rotuvil, Alamano stampatore excellente. xvi de 
 septemb. m. cccc. lxxxii. Folio, 334 leaves. 
 
 Two other books of the same year, but without the days of the month, 
 are mentioned as having been printed at Aquila. Rotwil worked at Venice 
 in the years 1474, 1476, 1477, ^^d 1480. There is a copy in the collection 
 of the author. See plate No. 1 7. 
 
 UDINE. 
 
 1484 CoNSTiTuziONi DE LA PATRiA DE FRivoLi Epistola Pre Piero Cavretto 
 de Pordenon saluda, .... [Colophon :] Impressa in Udene. 
 Per maistro Gerardo de fiandra. Sotto il regimento del mag- 
 
AQUILA 
 
 1482. 
 
 Plate No. 17. 
 
 
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OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 47 
 
 nifico messier Luca Moro dignissimo legotenente de la patria, 
 finida a di ultimo de Luio. 1484. Quarto, 107 leaves. 
 
 Owing to a queer jumble of numerals (Mccccylvj) in a colophon to an 
 edition of the " Sermones de Sanctis of Leonard de Utino," certain writers 
 have claimed that it was printed at Udine in 1446. This is about as tenable 
 as are many other claims in relation to the invention of printing which 
 have grown out of the vanity of locality. 
 
 SIENA. 
 
 Lectura clarissimi doctoris Pauli de Castro in sextum Codicis 1484 
 .... Impressumque .... Senis per Magistrum Henricum 
 de colonia et socios Anno salutis, m. cccc. lxxxiiii, xii K1. 
 Augusti. Folio. 
 
 This Henry of Cologne must have been the chief of the vagabond 
 printers. According to Panzer, he was at Brescia in 1474, 'S, and '6; 
 Bologna, 1477, '8, and '9, 1480, 'i, '2, '3, '4, '5, and '6 ; at Siena, 1484, '5, '6, 
 and '7; Lucca, 1490 and 'i ; Nozano, 1491; and Urbino, 1493. 
 
 SONCINO. 
 
 Berachoth, sive Tractatus talmudicus de benedictionibus .... 1484 
 
 1484. Folio. 
 
 Soncino is justly celebrated in the annals of early printing for the beauty 
 of the Hebrew books which came from the presses of its Jewish printers. 
 It seems that none but persons of that race printed in that town during the 
 fifteenth century. Panzer mentions a work of Rabbi Jacob Ben Ascher, 
 dated 148 1 ; but subsequent writers give the date of 1484 as that of the 
 first book issued from a press in that town. The printers of this work, and 
 the first at Soncino, were Joshua Solomon and Israel Nathan, two persons 
 instead of one, as asserted by Cotton, who says that the printer was " Joshua 
 Solomon ben Israel Nathan." 
 
48 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 PESCIA. 
 
 1485 La Confessione di S. Bernardino da Siena volgare divisa in 
 dodici regole. [Colophon :] In Pescia per M. Francesco Cenni 
 Fiorentino 1485 a di ultimo di Febbrajo. Quarto. 
 
 Cenni probably belonged to the Florentine family, which first introduced 
 the art of printing into their native city. 
 
 VERCELLI. 
 
 1485 NicoLAi DE AuxMO Supplementum Summae Pisanellse. [Colo- 
 phon (at end of the canones poenitentiales) :] Impressum est 
 hoc opusculum Vercellis per Jacobinum de Suico de Sancto 
 Germano, m. cccc. lxxxv, die xxvii octob. Octavo. 
 
 This printer was a native of Vercelli, who fell into the vagabond habits of 
 many of his craft. We find him at his native village in 1485 ; Chiavasco i486; 
 Turin 1487, '88, '90, '91, '94, and '97; Lyons 1496 and '97; and at 
 Venice 1498. 
 
 CHIAVASCO or CHIVASSO. 
 
 i486 Angelus DE Clavasio summa Angelica de Casibus Conscientise. 
 [Colophon :] Jacobinus de Suigo de sancto Germano huius 
 impressionis auctor ad lectorem .... Impressum hoc opus 
 Clavassii anno .... mcccc. octuagesimo sexto, tertio idus 
 mail, feliciter imperatibus Innocentio octavo Pontifice Maximo et 
 Karolo illustrissimo duce Sabaudie .... Quarto. 
 
 This is the only book printed in this village during the fifteenth century. 
 A copy is in the author's collection. See plate No. 18. 
 
CHIVASCO OR CHIVASSO 
 
 i486. 
 
 Plate No. 18. 
 
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OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 49 
 
 VOGHERA. 
 
 Alexandri de Imola Postillae ad Bartholum. [Colophon:] i486 
 Jacobus de Sancto Nazario impensa Domini Augustini Dutheri ; 
 Dominique Andrese Sillee impressii diligentissime in lucem edidit 
 Viqueriae Kal. Junii m. cccc. lxxxvi. Folio. 
 
 No other book is known to have been printed at Voghera before the end 
 of the fifteenth century. In 1489 we find this printer at Milan. 
 
 CASAL MAGGIORE. 
 
 Machasor seu compendium precum pro synagogis Italicis, cui i486 
 Cantic. cantic, Ruth, Threni et Ecclesiastes miscentur. [Colo- 
 phon:] Fuit autem initium aedificii hujus libri per nos soninates in 
 urbe soncini mense Tisri anno cc xlvi sexti millenarii [Sept. 1485] 
 eumque absoluimus hie casale majori feria 11, hebdomadae, die 
 XX mensis Elul anno quinquies millesimo ducentesimo quad- 
 ragesimo sexto a creatione mundi [Aug. i486]. 2 parts, folio, 
 319 leaves. 
 
 Two of the Hebrew printers of Soncino established the only press at 
 Casal Maggiore during the fifteenth century, and issued this one book. 
 
 GAETA. 
 
 FoRMULARio Di EPiSTOLE vulgare missive et responsive .... 1487 
 composto per Cristophoro Landini citadino di Firenze .... 
 7 
 
50 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 [Colophon :] Explicit Formulario .... Impresso nella 
 alma et inclyta cita de Gayeta per mi. A. F. m cccc lxxxvii. 
 Quarto. 
 
 Andre Fritag, a German, was the first printer at Gaeta. We find him 
 again at Rome in 1492, '93, and '96. 
 
 VITERBO. 
 
 1488 Maurus Servius Honoratus. Libri duo, de ultimarum Sylla- 
 barum Natura et de centum Metrorum Generibus .... 
 Viterbo, m. cccc. lxxxviii, lanuarii xii. Octavo. 
 
 I have not been able to discover even a suggestion concerning the 
 name of the printer of this book, which is the only one issued at Viterbo 
 before the year 1501. 
 
 GRADISCA. 
 
 1488 II Testamento di Giorgio Sommariva, Cavalier Veronese, in 
 verso .... Gradisca, 1488. Twelvemo. 
 
 Panzer and Hain describe this work, but do not refer to its printer, and 
 I have not been able to ascertain that he has been named by other 
 bibliographers. 
 
 PORTESIO. 
 
 1489 Statuta Civilia Coinunitatis ripperiae Benacensis. [Colophon :] 
 Actum Portesii opera Bartholomei Zanni impressoris: et im- 
 pensa Angeli cozalii dictae coinunitatis riperiae Syndici : Serenis- 
 
OP THE PIPTEENTH CENTURY. 5 1 
 
 simo Venetoru Duce Augustino barbadico : . . . . Coeptum 
 
 vero fuit anno .... millesimo quadringentesimo octuagesimo 
 
 nono : idibus octobris : et perfectum anno proxime sequent! xiii. 
 
 Kalendas Septembris .... Folio, 88 leaves. 
 
 Bar, de Zannis was a printer at Venice from i486 to 1500. It seems he 
 brought out this one book at Portesio at the request of the Syndic of 
 that place. 
 
 NOZANO. 
 
 TuRRETiNi Pauli disputatio Juris. [Colophon:] Impressa est 1491 
 
 hec solemnis Disputatio apud Nozanum Lucensis agri Cas- 
 
 tellum . . . Anno salutis m. cccc. xci. Magistro Henrico de 
 
 Colonia et Henrico de Harlem Impressionis auctore .... 
 
 Folio. 
 
 This is the only known book printed at Nozano during the fifteenth 
 century. Henry, of Harlem, was at Bologna 1482, '85, '87, and '88 ; 
 Venice, 1483 ; Siena, 1488, '90, '91, '92, '93, '94, '95, and '99 ; and at Lucca 
 and Nozano in 1491. 
 
 URBINO, 
 
 Tancredus de Corneto. Summa qusestionum compendiosa. 1493 
 [Colophon :] Impressum Urbini per magistrum Henricum de 
 colonia Imperante inclito duce Guido Ubaldo CU5 Illustri Domino 
 Octauiano Ubaldino in nobili domo galloru5 in valle bona anno 
 .... M. cccc. Lxxxxiii, die xv mensis maii. Folio, 75 leaves. 
 
 Marchand, Panzer, Santander, and Hain give the date of 1481 as that of 
 the first printing at Urbino. Several of the later bibhographers have 
 designated 1493 as the correct year. Acting upon the theory that this 
 change of opinion must have been based upon the discovery of some new 
 facts, and for the purposes of this list, the latest conclusions are adopted. 
 
52 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 ACQUI. 
 
 1493 Opus Alexandri grammatici pro eruditione puerorum. [Colo- 
 phon:] Doctrinale Alexandri Galli, vulgo de Villa Dei, 
 grammatici, feliciter explicit .... Anno Domini, 1493. 
 Folio, 30 leaves. 
 
 This is the only known book issued at this place during the fifteenth 
 century. The name of its printer is not known. 
 
 SCANDIANO. 
 
 1495 Appiani Alexandrini Sophiste Historia. [Colophon:] Dili- 
 
 gentis ac ingeniosi calcographi Peregrini Pasquali .... cura 
 
 haec Candidi ex Appiano .... traductio Scandiani Camillo 
 
 Bojardo Comite impressa est anno .... m. cccclcxv. iiii 
 
 Iduum lanuarii. Folio. 
 
 Here we have another puzzling misprint of a date. Several authors 
 have asserted that 1475 was the year intended, while others contend for 
 1495 ; the latter interpretation is probably correct. Pasquali was at 
 Venice and Treviso before he went to Scandiano. A copy is in the 
 collection of the author. See plate No. 19. 
 
 FORLI, 
 
 1495 Ferettvs (Nicolaus). De Elegantia linguae latinse in epistolis et 
 
 orationibus componendis servanda prsecepta. [Colophon :] 
 
 Opera et impesa Pauli guarini de guarinis Foroliuiensis et 
 
 loanis lacobi de Benedictis Bononiensis Impressoris et socii : 
 
 hoc opus est Impressum Forliuii : . . . . anno .... m. cccc. 
 
 Lxxxxv. XVI. Kledas Mail. Quarto, 30 leaves. 
 
 Another edition of this work was printed at Forli in the same year, but 
 without the day of the month being mentioned in the colophon. 
 
SCANDIANO 
 
 X495- 
 
 Plate No. 19. 
 
 Mors Pgai' 
 
 nacis. 
 C.Caefar 
 Mithridatis. 
 
 pgamen? 
 
 M* Ant^nius 
 Auguftus»G, 
 
 Potus^cuxius 
 ^'yrtcs. 
 
 Cyrene. 
 Apionrex La 
 ginorum 
 
 LIBER 
 
 /bltisegregielpugudnstanderautius extiac^us efl quinquageiitnueutis 
 ages annu cu Bofphori regnu p.v.SC.x.anno&ceuiflet. In hiic igi€ moda 
 Phamaces regnoideddit:quod.C.Cafar Mithridati Pergamcno tradidit: 
 ob id 5? ftrenue cu illo in Aegypto depugnailet ; nuc uero dome/lica Ro 
 manis rcgfia poti 6C By thinia: efieda funtiad quf: fingulis annis ptor mit 
 ti^.Cacfar quae Popeiustradidifletcu lis qaccepiiletabeo quxllus q^co 
 tra fecum Pompeio gefliflent beiJum fibi afciuit : excepto eo quod coma 
 nis facris feruabatunquod ab Archelao ad Nicomedem tranfluiic.Ea ncro 
 no multp poHiiSC hxc ipfa^Caius Ca^far ^.Marcus Antonius ^liis haben 
 datradidere:quaeabAugttn;odemu Caefaread ptoriicura tranllataiunc 
 cu^AegyptiJ recepiflfet modica deinccps occafioe ad fingulos iqdigentib>* 
 Romais Jtac^ principatu eo^ Mithndatico bello ad potum ufcp huxinu: 
 8i ad Syrtes fupra Aegyptu:fluuiumc]^ Euphratem ad hiberos 6C hcrcu 
 leas colunas propagato rice h^c uidoria magna:dC imperator Pompeius 
 tnecito magnus appellari debuit.lpfis au{ LibXa tenetibus : quj^^ad Cyre 
 nes u% pcrrinet Cyrebe Apion lagion^i rex!genere nothus ex foedere iM 
 tradidit. Aegyptus in circuitu maris:quod interius e nundu ilHs ceilit. 
 
 Dilig^is:ac ingeniofi Calchogfaphi Peregrini Pafqqa 
 li exadifljma;tum oper a:tum cura Hjec candidi ex Ap 
 piao hiftonco 8C Sophifta tradudb'o Scadiani Camfllo 
 Boiardo Comite Imprefla eft Anno a natali Ghriftu 
 I M.CCCCLCX V JIILXdau lanuarii. 
 
 ABCDEFGHXKLMNt Oes funt temipraetcr N qui eft quatemus. 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 53 
 
 BARCO. 
 
 Selicoth : seu preces pro remissione peccatorum. [Colophon:] 1497 
 Hodie feria V. die VIII, mensis TisrI [Oct. and Nov.] anni 
 ccLVii. Sexti millenarii [a.d. 1497], absolvimus, Deo dante, 
 Selicoth juxta ordinem .... fuit autem finis earum hie Barci 
 quod est in provincia Brixiana per manum minimi typographorum 
 Gersom filii sapientis R. Mosis fel. mem. qui appellatur ger- 
 manice Mentzlen Sontzin, quem Deus custodiat .... Folio. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been issued from a press at Barco 
 during the fifteenth century. These printers were two Hebrews, who had 
 previously exercised their art at Soncino. 
 
 CARMAGNOLA. 
 
 Pacini Tiberg^ in Alexandrum de villa dei interpretatio .... 1497 
 Carmagnolae. 1497. 
 
 The brief notices of the existence of this work are seemingly founded 
 upon tradition rather than upon personal observation. I cannot ascertain 
 that any of the bibliographers who describe it ever saw a copy. No other 
 book is mentioned as having been printed at Carmagnola before the year 
 1501. 
 
BOHEMIA. 
 
 PI LSEN. 
 
 Trojanska Historie : Tuto se pocina pnedmluwa dospSleho 
 Gwidona z Columny Mezanske na kroniku Trojansku. [Colo- 
 phon :] Skoniwa se tuto kronika Trojanska o torn slawnem 
 meste Trojanskem a o bojech, kterez jsu se staly i o jeho dobyti 
 I. 1469 pred prowodem welikonoenim per me Laurentium de 
 Tyn Horsi. W. Pizni, 1468. Quarto, 196 leaves. 
 
 There can be no possible doubt about the correctness of this date. A fine 
 copy of this work is in the Library of the National Museum at Prague, with 
 the date printed in Roman characters. Whether or not it relates to the 
 translation of the book or to the completion of its printing, learned Bohe- 
 mians who are versed in their language must decide. I incline to the 
 belief that it refers to the printer rather than to the translator, and so 
 assign to Bohemia the third place among the countries which recognized 
 the value and importance of the great discovery. 
 
 1468 
 
56 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 PRAGUE. 
 
 1478 Statuum utraquisticorum articuli in Comitiis Nimburgensibus 
 
 conclusi .... Pragae, 1478. Folio. 
 
 Bohemia, determined upon not being out of the race in which Holland 
 and Italy were engaged, also put in a claim to the invention of printing 
 with metal types, and designated Paul, of Prague, a writer upon the inven- 
 tion, as the inventor, and Gutenberg as his follower, student, or adepte. 
 This claim is probably about as well founded as either of the other two. 
 Very little, or rather nothing, is known of the first printers of Prague. 
 Their names seem to have been Ian Pytlik, Seweryn Kramar, Ian od Capu, 
 et Matej od bileho Iwa. 
 
 WINTERBERG. 
 
 1484 Alberti Magni summa de Sacrosancte Eucharistie sacramento. 
 
 [Colophon :] Impressus in Winterperg per lohannem Alacraw 
 
 Anno domini Millesimo quadringentesimo octuagesimo qrto. 
 
 Sabbato die Sancti Galli Confessoris Folio, 108 leaves. 
 
 Alcraw was one of the first to set up a press at Passau, where, in 1482, he 
 used the types with which this book was printed. I have an edition of " St. 
 Augustini Summa Soliloquiorum animae ad Deum," issued by this printer 
 at Winterberg the same year as the above, with the same types. It may 
 have been the first production of his Winterberg press. See plate No. 20 
 (page of my book). 
 
 KUTTENBERG. 
 
 1489 BiBLj CeskA Na horach Cutnach, Skrze mne Martina z 
 
 tissnowa, 1489. Folio, 612 leaves. 
 
 This is one of the very rare editions of the Bible of the fifteenth century. 
 I know of but one copy, which is in the University Library at Prague. If 
 history is truthful, this printer, soon after the completion of this Bible, was 
 honored with two degrees from that University, and made Dean of the 
 theological faculty, and after issuing one other book, retired from the occu- 
 pation of printing in 1497. 
 
WINTERBERG. . .1484. 
 
 Plate No. 20. 
 
 B 3 9 s' 
 
 3 "« 3 ^ C G 
 
 s |- -^ ^ -^ 
 
 
 Q 5 JI. » 5t S* 
 
 liilff 
 
 ar ^ ;3, Cf 3 » 
 
 _£. rri'pi & iQ & 
 
 iT ^ *3 J=% *^* 
 
 §5 fill 
 
 TO Hi "^ G I^ «i 
 
 Ravi's a 5 
 
 X «n a f% Jn V 
 
 . c o f «%»« 
 
 n 
 
 S^ 2 3 O » C 
 
 O W «"■ 
 y ^ o 
 
 2 3 >^ n> 
 
 «^ *3 c ;3 2 <% p 
 
 ^^ f^JSi s^S :? 
 = P 8 3 5 » § 
 
 ai O 3 ^ 
 
 f^ » 
 
 R s Of 5 ja 3 g 
 o a5"3 S-g §■ 
 3,'H- S is S. 8 ?> 
 
 54 3§'^S&« 
 
 sr J^ is =? i 5 *= 
 
 » 3 r> ^£ S 3 
 3 *? O » S?" 3 
 
 •3 
 
 «i 
 
 3^ 
 
 @§ 
 
 o o 
 3 M 
 
 3 J 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 BALE. 
 
 S. Gregorii M. Moralia in librum Job. Beatus gregorius papa 
 librum Job, petente sancto Leandro etc. In fine Registri : 
 Explicit registrum moraliaum gregorii pape, S. L. S. A. 
 (Balileae, Bertholdus Ruppel, circ 1468.) Folio, 48 lines, 
 421 leaves. 
 
 In the National Library at Paris there is a copy of this work, printed with 
 the well-known characters of this printer, which contains a note stating 
 that it was purchased in 1468 by Joseph de Vegers, a priest of the Church 
 of St. Hilary, at Mentz. I have examined this note, and am inclined to 
 admit its truthfulness, which leads me to believe that this work was issued 
 from a press at Bale as early as 1468. I therefore give it the first place in 
 the history of printing in that city. We first hear of this printer as Berthold 
 von Hanau, November 6, 145 S, when the trial took place between Guten- 
 berg and Fust in the convent of the bare-footed friars at Mentz, where he 
 appeared as a friend, or assistant, of Gutenberg. He seems to have been 
 traced from Mentz to Strasburg, and thence to Bale, but the dates of his 
 migrations have not been ascertained. 
 
 At the time the work was issued from the press. Bale was independent, 
 and governed by a few patrician families and a bishop, and did not join the 
 8 
 
 i468(?) 
 
58 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 Swiss confederation until 1501. For many years it had been a close ally 
 of the towns in that country which were engaged in pushing the Reforma- 
 tion ; and as early as 1444 the battle of St. Jacob, which has always been 
 considered a Swiss battle, was fought upon its soil. Since for so many years 
 it had been Swiss in spirit, I must now, for bibliographical purposes, take 
 the liberty of making it so geographically. The catalogue of the Caxton 
 exhibition of 1877, issued under the authority of Mr. Bullen of the British 
 Museum, I find has taken a similar liberty with the geographical history of 
 that city. 
 
 BEROMUNSTER. 
 
 1470 Mammotrectus seu expositio vocabulorum quae in Bibliis occur- 
 runt. [Colophon :] Explicit Mamotrectus siue primicerius arte 
 inprimendi seu caractarizandi per me Helijam Helize alias de 
 LloufFen canonicum Ecclesie ville Beronensis in pago Ergowie 
 site absq3 calami exaracione Vigilia sancti Martini Episcopi sub 
 Anno .... Millesimo Quadringentesimo Septuagesimo. 
 
 There is some little authority for asserting that Gering, Crantz, and 
 Friburger, the first printers in France, were employed at the monastery at 
 Beromunster before they went to Paris. The fact seems to be admitted 
 that Helyas Helye, alias de Louffen, was a canon at this monastery, under 
 whose protection and patronage printing was carried on; and if it is a 
 fact, as asserted, that he was over seventy when the first book was issued 
 bearing his name, it would give color to the theory that he employed others 
 to do the shop-work, and that he had not learned the art himself Up to this 
 time it has not been ascertained who they were. Against a part of this theory 
 are the facts that we find Gering, Crantz, and Friburger at Paris in 1470, 
 the year of the first book of Beromunster, and that the date of the last book 
 issued at that monastery is 1473. It is evident, therefore, if those three 
 printers went away, others were left who continued the art of book-making. 
 None of the types known to have been used for the first Paris books 
 resemble the fonts of Beromunster. There is a copy in the National 
 Library at Paris, and another in the City Library at Zurich. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 59 
 
 GENEVA. 
 
 Le LivRE DES SAINS ANGES .... Compile par frere Fran5oys 1478 
 eximines . . . [Colophon :] Cy fine le liure des sains anges, 
 imprime a Genefve Lan de grace Mil cccc. Lxxviij, le xxiiij' iour 
 de mars. Folio, 198 leaves. 
 
 The name of Adam Steynschawer appears at Geneva the first time in 
 1480. There is no doubt, however, but that he printed three books at 
 Geneva in 1478. There is a copy in the National Library, Paris, and a 
 second in the University Library, Geneva. 
 
 PROMENTOUR, or PROMENTHOUX. 
 
 Le Doctrinal de Sapience. [Colophon:] Cy finist le Doctrinal 1482 
 
 de Sapience imprime h Promentour par Maistre Loys Guerbin. 
 
 Lan de grace mil. cccc. Lxxxij. le ij. iour daoust .... Folio, 
 
 104 leaves. 
 
 This is the only Promentour book of the fifteenth century. This Louis 
 Cruse, surnamed Garbin, was probably a workman with Steynschawer at 
 Geneva, and used the types of his master in printing this book. 
 
 LAUSANNE. 
 
 Missale in usum Lausannemsem. [Colophon:] Impressa Lau- 1493 
 sanne urbe antiquissima impensa arte et industria solertis et in 
 geniosi viri Magistri lohannis Belot insigni civitate Rothomag, 
 ortum ducentis : Nulle calami exaratice scilicet quandam arti- 
 ficiosa character izandi ac imprimedi invetioe Missalia Summa 
 cum diligentia feliciter finiunt. Anno Salutis nostre m.cccc 
 nonagesimotercio Kalendas decembris. Folio, 2 columns, 36 
 lines, 235 leaves. 
 
60 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 There are many statements about this Jean Belot, who, several authorities 
 assert, was a native of Rouen and a printer at Lyons, Lausanne, Grenoble, 
 and Geneva. It is certain that some one who signed himself J. B.,in 1498, 
 issued from a press at Geneva a Missal, with characters like those of the 
 Missal of Lausanne. This was probably Jean Belot. I have not been able 
 to find any testimony to sustain the theory that he ever had presses at 
 Lyons and Grenoble. The one described was the only known book of 
 Lausanne during the fifteenth century. There is a copy at the National 
 Library, Paris. 
 
 TROGEN. 
 
 1497 Cronick vnd History uss den Geschichten der Romern. [Colo- 
 phon :] Hie liat ein end die History von den Ssyben wysen 
 Meysteren die do gedruckt sind vnd geendet zic clein Troyga, 
 in dem jar do man zalt noch Crysty geburt. M. cccc. Lxxxxvii. 
 Quarto, 63 leaves. 
 
 Very little is known of the first press at this place ; only three authors 
 mention this work. It has been stated that the Heber collection contained 
 a book printed at Trogen as early as 1478. 
 
 SURSEE, or SURZE. 
 
 1500 NicoLAus ScHRADiN. Chronic dieses Krieges. Chronigk diss 
 Kriegs gegen dem AllerdurchlUchtigisten hern Romischen 
 Konig .... [Colophon :] Gedrugkt vnd volendet inn der 
 loblichen Statt Surse im Ergow, vff zinstag vor Sant Anthengan 
 tag, im xc [1500] Jar. Quarto, 56 leaves. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been printed at Sursee in the 
 fifteenth century. It is exceedingly rare. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 Gasparinus Barzizius Pergamensis. Epistolse. [Colophon :] Foelix 
 Epra[rum] Gasparini finis .... 
 
 Primos ecce libros, quos hoec industria finxit 
 
 Francorum in terris, sedibus atque tuis. 
 Michael, Vdalricus, Martinusqg magistri 
 Hos impresserunt : ac facient alios. 
 Quarto, ii8 leaves. 
 
 In 1469 Guillaume Fichet and Jean de la Pierre, two professors of 
 theology at the Sorbonne, were instrumental in bringing to Paris three 
 German printers : Ulrich Gering, a native of Constance, Martin Crantz, 
 possibly a native of Mentz, and Michael Friburger, of Colmar. Several 
 writers refer to them as having been sent from the Monastery at Bero- 
 munster to these professors by their friend Joost de Sillinen, provost of 
 
 1470 
 
62 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 the Chapter at that Abbey. The important fact seems to be well settled 
 that they set up a press at the Sorbonne, and finished their first book in 
 1470. Gering's career as a printer closed two years before his death, 
 which took place in 1510. His two companions abandoned the occupation 
 of printing in 1477. Two copies are at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 LYONS. 
 
 1473 Reverendissimi Lotharii dyaconi .... Compendium breve. 
 [Colophon :] Lugduni p magistru guillermu regis hujus artis 
 
 ipressorie expertu Bartholomei buyerii dicte ciuitatis 
 
 ciuis iussu et suptibus ipressus Anno .... m. cccc Lxxiii. 
 Quitodecio Kal. Octobres, Quarto, 82 leaves. 
 
 Buyer, the first printer at Lyons, was a native of that city, and is said to 
 have come of a distinguished family. It is not known where, or from whom, 
 he learned the art. The early Lyons printers were noted for their many 
 illustrated books, and ornamental bindings calculated to attract public atten- 
 tion. A copy is in the British Museum. 
 
 ANGERS. 
 
 1476 Marci Tullii Ciceronis Rhetorica Nova. [Colophon :] Anno 
 .... M. cccc. Lxxvi die quita mensis febroarii fuit hoc opus 
 completum Andegaui, per lohanem de turre atq3 morelli im- 
 pressores. Quarto. 
 
 Santander mentions an ordinance of Louis XL, of April 21, 1475, given 
 in favor of Conr. Hanequis and Pierre Schoiffer, which points to their having 
 had a maker, factor, or agent at Angers ; but it is not known that they 
 or their agent had any connection with the first printers, who were Jean 
 de Turre and Jean Morelli. A copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 63 
 
 TOULOUSE. 
 
 Repetitio solemnis de fide instrumentorum, edita per .... 1476 
 Andream Barbatiam, Siculum Messanensem. [Colophon :] 
 .... Tholose est impressa, xii Calendas julii m. cccclxxvi, .... 
 Quarto, no leaves. 
 
 The earliest name of a printer at Toulouse is that of Jo. Parix de Ale- 
 mania, who appears for the first time in 1479. It is not known who printed 
 this book of 1476. 
 
 CHABLIS. 
 
 Le liure des bonnes meurs faict et compose par fi-ere Jacques 1478 
 Legrant. [Colophon :] A Chablis Par moy Pierre Lerouge, le 
 premier iour dauril Ian de grace mil cccc Lxxviij. Folio, 51 
 leaves. 
 
 Pierre le Rouge is the only printer known to have had a press at ChabHs 
 during the fifteenth century. He was established at Paris from 1487 to 
 1 49 1. A copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 VIENNE (DAUPHINlfe), 
 
 Spurcissimi Sathan^ litigacionis ifernalisq3 nequicie pocuratoris, 1478 
 Cotra genus humanum Coram dno nostro Jhesu cristo. [Colo- 
 phon :] Vienne, per magistrum Johannem solidi huius artis 
 impressorie expertum, Anno . . m. cccc. Lxxviij. Quarto, 
 14 leaves. 
 
 Nothing is known of this printer, except that his name appears in two 
 books issued at Vienne in 1478. A copy is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
64 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 POITIERS. 
 
 1479 Breviarium Historiale [auctore Landulpho Sagace de Columna.] 
 [r. of 8* leaf:] Explicit tabula huius libri pictauis ipressi ppe 
 sanctum hilariii. in domo cuiusde viri illustrissimi canonici eiusd' 
 ecclesie beatissimi hilarii. Vigilia assiaptionis beate marie Anno 
 dni M. cccc. lxxix. Quarto, 322 leaves. 
 
 Nothing definite is known of the first printer at this town. Several 
 writers have stated that an ancestor of Jean de Marnef, a sixteenth 
 century printer, was the first. Santander mentions Joh. Buyer and Guill. 
 Bouchet as the only ones at Poitiers during the fifteenth century. There is 
 a copy in the National Library, Paris, and another at Poitiers. 
 
 CAEN. 
 
 1480 Epistole HoRATii. [Colophon :] Impressum Cadomi per magis- 
 tros Jacobum Durandas at Egidiii qui ioue Anno Domini 
 Millesimo quadringentesimo octogesimo mense Junio die vero 
 sexta ejusdem mensis. Quarto, 40 leaves. 
 
 This is the earliest known dated book of Normandy, and the first edition 
 of Horace printed in France. The first printers, Jac. Durandas and Gilles 
 Quijone, are described as "artistes passagers et ambulants " — strolling 
 printers. There is a copy in the National Library, Paris. 
 
 ROUGEMONT. 
 
 148 1 Fasciculus Temporum. [Colophon :] Chronica que dicitur 
 fasciculus temporum edita in alma Vniuersitate Colonic Agrip- 
 pins .... A quodam deuoto Cartusiensi [Wernero 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 65 
 
 Rolewinck] finit feliciter .... Cum quibusdam additionibus 
 per .... frem Heinricum Virczburg de Vach monachum in 
 prioratu rubei mentis, ordinis cluniacen. Sub lodovico gruerie 
 comite magnifico anno dfii mcccclxxxi Folio. 
 
 French bibliographers do not agree in their statements as to the place of 
 printing, nor do they venture any decided opinions concerning the date or 
 the name of the printer of this book. Deschamps mentions three abbeys of 
 Cluny. One, twelve miles from Macon, the jchief of the order founded in the 
 year 910; a second, in the diocese of Constance, founded in 1221 ; and a 
 third, founded in Paris in 1269. He attributes this book to the second, 
 which he claims was situated at Rougemont. The diocese of Constance was 
 one of the largest, and contained Swabian, French, Burgundian, and Swiss 
 territory, and probably had jurisdiction over this particular Rougemont, 
 which is now in the Department of the Cote d'or, not far from the Swiss 
 border. I accept the theory of M. Deschamps, having no better to substitute 
 in its place. Peignot had probably seen a copy of the work described, and 
 to him we are indebted for most of our information concerning it. 
 
 CHARTRES. 
 
 Breviarium ad usum ecclesiae Carnotensis. [Colophon:] Con- 1483 
 sumatia adsolutuq3 est hoc psalterium Carnoti anno dfii m cccc 
 octauogesimo tertio quarto decima die mensis aprilis i domo 
 venerabili Canonici mgri Pitri Plume orate pro eo. Quarto, 
 356 leaves, 2 columns, 56 lines. 
 
 This title and colophon is from Deschamps, who obtained it from a copy in 
 the Mazarine Library. In the "Notice des objets exposes," at the National 
 Library in Paris (No. 305 bis), the same book is (probably) mentioned under 
 the title of " Missel a I'usage de Chartres," but the date given is 1482. I 
 accept the year of 1483, for the reason that the colophon seems to have 
 been copied verbatim from the work described. 
 
 9 
 
66 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 CHALONS-SUR-MARNE. 
 
 1483 DiURNALE ad usum ecclesiae Cathalaunensis. [Colophon:] Hoc 
 1493 presens diurnale impressum fuit Cathalauni per Arnulphum 
 Bocquillon. impressorem. Anno Domini millesimo quadriggtesimo 
 tercio Vicesima quarta mesis julii. Sixteenmo. 
 
 No other book is known to have been printed at Chalons-sur-Marne 
 during the fifteenth century. Fragments of another are said to exist, which, 
 one or two authors believe, was issued there as early as the one described. 
 The authorities at the National Library in Paris, who have under their 
 charge the only known copy of this work, have not ventured to express a 
 positive opinion concerning its date. 
 
 TROVES. 
 
 1483 Breuiarium secundum Ecclesie Trecensis vsum. [Colophon:] 
 Explicit breviariu .... usii bene visum necnon correctu. 
 Impressumq[ue] trecis atqz completu vicesimaqnta mesis sep- 
 tembris. Anno dfii millesimo quadringentesimo octuagesimo 
 tertio. Duodecimo, 355 leaves. 
 
 One author makes printing commence at Troyes as early as 1464; 
 another gives the title of a book issued there in 1480. The one described 
 is probably the first with a date, and printed by either Pierre or Jehan Le 
 Rouge. The National Library at Paris possesses the only copy known. 
 
 RENNES. 
 
 1484 CousTUMEs DE Bretagne. [Colophou :] Lan de grace mil iiii. 
 cccc. quattre vingtz et quatre le xxvi= iour de mars deuat pasqz 
 .... A estoy paracheue dimprimer ce present volume de 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 67 
 
 coustumes correctees .... par maystre nicolas dalier, maistre 
 guillaume racine et thoas du tertre aduocat .... par lindustrie 
 [et] ouuraige de maistre pierre bellesculee et Josses. Et fut en 
 
 la villa de Renes pres leglise de saint-germain Octavo, 
 
 252 leaves. 
 
 A copy of this rare work, printed by Pierre Bellesculee et Josses, is at the 
 National Library, Paris. 
 
 LOUDlfcAC. 
 
 Le Trespassement Nostre-Dame. [Colophon:] Cy finist .... 1484 
 imprime au moys de decembre Ian mil mi", iiii vingts et 
 quatre. Quarto, 7 leaves. 
 
 Robin Foucquet and Jehan Crez, the first known disciples of the art at 
 Loudeac, are believed to have been the printers of this book. There is a 
 copy at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 TREGUIER, or LANTREGUET. 
 
 CouTUMES DE Bretagne. [Colophon ; at end of the i^' part {les 1485 
 coustumesy] Cy finist le texte du corps des coustumes de Bre- 
 taingne Emprime en la cite de lantreguer le xvii iour de may, 
 la mil nil" nil"' et cinq. [At end of the 2^ part (^les constitutions)\ 
 Cy finissent les costumes o les constitucions establissemens de 
 Bretaingne .... Imprimees en la cite de Lantreguer par J a. 
 P. le iiii^ io"^ de iuing I'an de grace mil iiii" 1111'°' & v. Octavo, 
 236 leaves. 
 
68 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 The name of " Ja. P.," the printer of this book, has never been ascertained, 
 and no author with whom I am acquainted has speculated upon prob- 
 abiHties. The name of the person who issued the second book (1499) 
 at Tre'guier was Jehan Calvez. There is a copy of the second at the 
 National Library, Paris. 
 
 SALINS. 
 
 1485 MissALE secundum usum ecclesiae Bisuntinse. [Colophon :] Divinis 
 exactum auspiciis claro Salinensi oppido .... opus clarissi- 
 mum caracteribus impensa Joannis de Pratis diligenter correctis. 
 Olympiadibus Domini millesimo cccc lxxxv. Folio. 
 
 This very rare work is the only one known to have been issued at Salins 
 before the close of the fifteenth century. It is not known that Jean Despres 
 (or Desprels) had a press at another place. 
 
 ABBEVILLE. 
 
 i486 La Somme rurale, compillee par Jehan Boutillier. [Colophon:] 
 cy fine la somme rural .... Et imprime en la ville dabbeville 
 p pierre gerard Ian mil. cccc. Ixxx [et] vi. Folio, 253 leaves. 
 
 In i486 an edition of " La Cite de Dieu Mise en fran9oys par Raoul de 
 Praesles " was issued from a press at Abbeville by Jehan Dupre and Pierre 
 Gerard. This book has, by several authors, been given the first place in 
 the history of printing at that town. M. Claudin maintains that " La 
 Somme Rurale " was the first, and that to Gerard must be given the credit 
 due to the first printer. He has a copy in his collection. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, 69 
 
 ROUEN. 
 
 Chroniques DE NoRMANDiE. [Colophon :] Cy finissent les cron- 1487 
 iques de normedie imprimeez ■z acoplies a rouen le quatorzieme 
 
 iour de may mil cccc. quatreuingtz -r sept N. D. H. 
 
 Folio, 140 leaves. 
 
 This book was issued by Noel de Harsy, whose initials are placed at the 
 end of the colophon. A copy is in the National Library at Paris. Panzer 
 and several other authors assign a press to Rouen as early as 1483 ; but 
 the later writers seem to agree upon 1487 as the date of the first book 
 from a press in that city. 
 
 BESAN9ON. 
 
 Regimen Sanitatis cum tractatu epidemic seu pestiletie .... a 1487 
 magistro Arnaldo de villa nova Cathalano. [Colophon :] 
 Impressus Bisuntii. Anno dili millesimo quadringentesimo octua- 
 gesimo septimo. Quarto, 83 leaves. 
 
 Nothing definite is known of the first printer in this town. Several writers 
 believe it was Jehan Despres, the same who established the first press at 
 Salins, while others assert that it was Jean or Fran9ois Comtet. A copy 
 is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
 Since writing the above, I have learned from M. Claudin that during a 
 visit made by him, in 1882, to the Public Library at Besan9on, he inspected 
 a copy of the book above described. At the end of the colophon he found 
 the signature of F. Comtet, who has often been named as the printer of this 
 work. To the existence of this signature alone we are probably indebted 
 for the oft-repeated assertions that its owner was a printer at Besan^on. 
 
 Soon after M. Claudin had communicated the result of his examination to 
 me, I compared, at the Bibhotheque Nationale, the first books of Besangon, 
 Dole, and Dijon, and ascertained to my own satisfaction that Peter Metlin- 
 
yo FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 ger must have been the first to set up a press in each of these towns. I 
 found that the books of Besan9on and Dijon were printed with the same 
 fonts of types, and the one of Dole with those of the second size used in 
 printing the other two. M. Claudin is of the opinion that MetHnger, before 
 he went to France, was a workman with John Amerbach at Bale. See plate 
 No. 21. 
 
 ORLEANS. 
 
 1490 Manipulus Curatorum, traslate de lati en fracoys, [Colophon :] 
 Cy finist le liure dit Manipulus Curatorum translate de latin en 
 francoys par .... Maistre Guis du Mont Rocher .... 
 Imprime a Orleans par Maistre Mathieu Vivian .... Ian 
 mille quatre cens quatre vings et X. le dernier iour de mars. 
 Quarto, 244 leaves. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been printed at Orleans before the 
 year 1500. A copy is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
 GRENOBLE. 
 
 1490 Decisiones Guidonis Pare. [Colophon :] Hoc opus decisionu 
 excellentissimi parlameti dalph. fuit Gracianopoli per Stephanu 
 foreti .... ante ecclesiam sancte clare impressum et finitu 
 die penultima mens^" Aprilis. Anno Dni mm° cccc. lxxxx. 
 I. D. V. Folio, 400 leaves. 
 
 At least one author has asserted a belief that a printing-press was in 
 operation at Grenoble as early as 1489 ; but it is certain that up to this 
 time no book of that town with a date earlier than 1490 has been 
 discovered. 
 
BESANgON 
 
 1487. 
 
 Plate No. 21. 
 
 49e3temiffijeft 
 
 Tcgcvbi populus iTracliticus liccntiamf 
 arcgedtoreucrti confuciiit'ad pjopzia* 
 'Jtcm ite mifla eft ky cbziftus.^h milTa 4) 
 Defunctis t)icirur.'tf\equiercantm pace 7 
 optamrci0 rcquicsctcrna^f^iDic^t plat 
 peptics in Dielaudcm tiji tibi. piopter 
 q'6 ccclcfia conftimitfcptem bojasDice-' 
 ^as vel Iaude9.*{|^iimatcm3mferta no 
 tiamvefperascomplctonu^tmatutmaf 
 ipatntinale ofFicium pjopter earner t)0/ 
 icandam t pxo pfalterio Icgcndo a fanctC 
 patribuemftitutinn eli^uia ricutt)i,cit 
 lEccf.jtjcq'.'^i'gilia oculo:u5 tabefcitcaro* 
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 7 landateqni babitarisin potuere. quia 
 ro6»zc,5f^m ad cojonam g!oa< obtincn 
 oam.^njcta iUud.j|l»5on fit vobigvannm 
 furgereanrelucem.quia pzomifit oomi-^ 
 nu.9cozonani vigilanfibus.pumam t)ici 
 mus.quia mncofculatus fuit oominus 
 a5ttda.tcrtiam qoiatunclmguis iudeo 
 rum mo:ti ftiitadindicatne^Km i bqia 
 tcr^ia fpiritttflanctus ad apoft. Dcfccndit 
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 DeipofitU0ftiitDe<rnaXonipIetozittm. 
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 careo:cco:dc7opere. ^deo trib' modis 
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 no0.aU'e vero perocns m adiutoxmtn.Do 
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 02W t>iamr.t)eu0 in adintozium contra 
 peccatnm opensXonnme no0; j>trapec 
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 rae "oiei Dicittjr Dens inadiittozimn,CDo 
 B4cbi vcro xncmtinmQtutim pw^o^ 
 
 in adiuto:ium«7 potTea Domic labia mcs 
 mca apcnea.qma fineaujcilio Dei nee coi 
 nee labia ad eiuslaudem pofTuntaperiri 
 3o.rv.^incmc nil poteftis faccre. bym 
 nudfignificat Iaudem.pralmu& bonam 
 7~^Dininam operationem.anttpbona eba 
 ritatia copulam«capitu lum ejtboitatioej; 
 bonioperis.rcrponfoiium bonnm opu5, 
 verficulnsfrnctus boni operis.Oio mifc 
 rieoadiam Dei lignificatflpcedit7rttbre| 
 qm'tur boinincm in bonis cperibus* 
 
 jfinitfpecttlum ecctefi'e vna cum alqs tra 
 ctatibus "^mpxcirum ^Qifuntq. ilnno 
 Domini £9ilelTmo quadringentdimo oc 
 tuagefimo fcptimo.pzima Dicmartq* 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 7^ 
 
 DOLE. 
 
 Les Ordonnances du Roy Louys XP, pour la comte de Bour- 1490 
 gongne .... imprime a D61e le premier mai 1490, chez 
 Pierre Metlinger. Quarto. 
 
 In 1492 a second book, a work of Joh. Heberling, was issued from a 
 press at Dole, which has been attributed to Metlinger, who may have 
 returned to that city from Dijon, finished this book, and then ended his 
 career as a printer. 
 
 GOUPILLIERES. 
 
 Heures de Goupilleres. Les presetes Heures furent Iprimees a 1491 
 
 Goupilleres le viii" iour de may Ian mil quatre cent quatre vingts 
 
 [et] onze : par honorable home messire Michel adrieu prestre. 
 
 Octavo. 
 
 The National Library at Paris possesses, in a fragmentary condition, the 
 only known copy of this book. One author has asserted as his beUef that 
 a little personal vanity on the part of Michel Andrieu, pretre, led him to 
 have this work printed in some other place, and to attach his name to it in 
 such a manner as would leave the reader to infer that he was the printer. 
 
 ANGOULEME. 
 
 Auctores octo continetes libros videlicet Cathonem Facetum 1491 
 
 Theodolum de conteptu mundi. Floretum Alanum de parabolis 
 
 Fabulas esopi Thobiam. [Colophon :] Felix libello[rum]. finis 
 
 quos auctores vulgo appellat correcto[rum] impresso[rum] q3 
 
 engolisme die xvij. mensis Maii. Anno dni mcccclxxxxj. 
 
 Quarto. 
 
 The name of the printer of this book is unknown. A copy is in the 
 National Library, Paris. 
 
^2 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 DIJON. 
 
 1 49 1 CoLLECTio PRiviLEGiORUM ordinis cisterciensis. [Colophon:] 
 Opera .... dni lohanis abbatis cistercij .... hoc opus 
 .... emedatissime [et] integerrime impressum Diuione p 
 magistru Petru Metlinger Alemanu. Anno dni M. CCCC. 
 nonagesimo primo iiij Nonas lulias .... Quarto, 197 leaves. 
 
 No other printer than Metlinger is known to have had a press at Dijon 
 during the fifteenth century. There is a copy in the National Library, 
 Paris, and another in the collection of the author. See plate No. 22. 
 
 LANTENAC. 
 
 1491 Le Doctrinal des nouuelles mariees. [Colophon:] Imprime k 
 Lantenac, le cincquiesme iour doctobre Ian mil quatre cens 
 quatre vigns XI. Jehan Cres. Quarto, 6 leaves. 
 
 This exceedingly rare book is the only one known to have been issued 
 at Lantenac in the fifteenth century. Jean Cres was, without doubt, the 
 same who assisted in estabhshing the first press at Loudeac. 
 
 TOURS. 
 
 1493 Breviaire DE Tours. [Colophon:] Ad laudem dei omnipotetis 
 eiusq2 intemerate genitricis totiusqa curie celestis. Hoc opus 
 ad usum insignis ecclesie patriarchalis Beatissimi martini turoneii. 
 Exaratum elaboratumq3 est ppulchre ac artificiose turonis per 
 Symonem pourcelet eiusde civitatis oriundu. In intersignio 
 
DIJON . . . 149I. 
 
 Plate No. 22. 
 
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OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, 73 
 
 pellicani comorantem. anno grade dni millesimo quadringentesimo 
 nonagesimotercio. Die vero decima mensis Februarii. Deo 
 
 GRATIAS. Octavo. 
 
 A book with an undoubted spurious date of 1467 has been attributed to 
 Tours, and a Missale Turonense of 1485 has, by several writers, been as- 
 signed to that place. M. Claudin is of the opinion that this latter work was 
 printed at Paris by Jean Dupre, while others believe it came from the press 
 of Martin Morin at Rouen. An edition of the Miracles of St. Martin, of 
 1496, has for a long time been accepted as the first book with a date printed 
 in that city. A copy of this Breviaire is said to exist in the possession of a 
 citizen of Tours. 
 
 MACON. 
 
 DiuRNALE Matisconense. [Colophon :] Explicit compendiu diurni 1493 
 scd'm ordinem ecclesie sancti Vincetij Matisconesis .... im- 
 pressum, in ciuitate Matisconesi. per Michaelem Vensler de 
 
 Basilea. Impesis honesti viri Mercator Matiscon. 
 
 — Anno diii. m. cccc. Lxxxxiij. Sexto Idus Marcij. Octavo, 
 390 pages. 
 
 No other book is known to have been issued at Macon before the year 
 1 501. Wensler appears again this year, at Cluny, as its first printer. A copy 
 is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
 NANTES, 
 
 Jehan Meschinot. Cy comence le liure appelle les lunettes des 1493 
 princes auecques aulcunes balades de plusieurs matieres coposees 
 par feu Jeha meschinot, seigneur de mortiers .... [Colo- 
 10 
 
74 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 phon:] Imprime a Nantes le xv iour dapuril en Ian Mil cccc. 
 iiiixx et xiii, par Estienne Larcher imprimeur et libraire a present 
 demourant a Nates en la rue des Carmes pres les changes. 2 
 parts, quarto, no leaves. 
 
 Larcher had the only press at Nantes during the fifteenth century. A 
 copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 CLUNY. 
 
 1493 MissALE Cluniacense. [Colophon :] Reuerendissimus .... 
 Dominus Jacobus de Amboysia abbas — praesens Missale 
 ordinare fecit. Quod tandem industriosus ingeniosusque vir 
 magister Michael Wensler, civis Basiliensis, plus affectu de- 
 votionis quam lucrandi causa, impressit in Cluniaco, anno Domini 
 millesimo quadringentesimo nonagesimo tertio, die nona mensis 
 julii. Folio. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been printed at Cluny in the fifteenth 
 century. Michael Wensler stands third on the list of printers at Bale. A 
 copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
 LIMOGES. 
 
 1495 Breviarium ad usum ecclesise Lemovicensis .... Impressum in 
 Castro Lemovicensi per Johannem Berton. 1495. 2 parts, 
 octavo. 
 
 Jean Berton was the only printer at Limoges during the fifteenth century, 
 and this is the only book known to have been issued from his press. A 
 copy is at the National Library, Paris. 
 
AVIGNON . . . 1497. 
 
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OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 75 
 
 PROVINS. 
 
 La reigle des marchans nouuellement translatee de latin en 1496 
 francoys. [Colophon :] Cy finist la Regie des marchans Im- 
 primee a Prouins, par Guillaume Tauernier A la requeste de 
 Jaquette Lebee, veufue de feu Jehan Herault. Le premier iour 
 Doctobre. Ian. Mil. cccc quatre vingtz et seze. Quarto, 52 
 leaves. 
 
 This was the first book issued fi-om a Provins press with a date. Guil- 
 laume Tavernier was probably the only printer there during the fifteenth 
 century. A copy is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
 AVIGNON. 
 
 LuciANi Palinurus, Scipio Romanus, Carmina heroica in Amorem, 1497 
 Asinus Aureus, Bruti et Diogenis Cynici epistolae. [Colophon :] 
 Hec opuscula castigatissima emendata impressa sunt Auinione 
 impensa Nicolai Tepe ciuis Auinionensis, m. ccc. xcvii, idibus 
 octobris. Quarto, t^'] leaves. 
 
 This is the first of the only two books known to have been printed at 
 Avignon in the fifteenth century. A copy is in the National Library, Paris, 
 and a second in the collection of the author. See plate No. 23. 
 
 PERIGUEUX. 
 
 Lapide (Joh. de). Resoluturia duboi^- circa celebratione mis || arum 1498 
 occurentiu. per Venerabile patre dii5 || Johanne de lapide doc- 
 torem. Theologum || parisiensem. ordinis cartusiensis, ex sacro^ 
 
76 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 11 canonum probatorumq3 doctorum senten || tiis diligenter 
 collectum. [Colophon :] Impssum petragori-sensis per magis- 
 tru Johanne carant. Anno domi || ni. Millesimo cccc. xcviii. 
 Finit feliciter. In — 8, goth, 24 leaves. 
 
 The above title and colophon were taken from item No. yy of the 1883 
 part of the Didot catalogue. I saw the book and gave it a careful examina- 
 tion, and found no reasons for doubting the statements contained in its 
 colophon. I therefore do not hesitate to assign a printing-press to this 
 town before the close of the fifteenth century. This copy came from the 
 collection of M. Peignot, is now in the National Library at Paris, and no 
 other is known. See plate No. 24. 
 
 PERPIGNAN. 
 
 1 500 Breviarium Elnense. Incipit breuiarium secudu vsum Elne . . , 
 [Colophon :] . . . impressa sunt feliciter ppiniani. Per Joanem 
 rosembach Germanu de Handelberg Anno . . . Millesimo. 
 ccccc. Octavo, 500 pages. 
 
 This is the only book printed at Perpignan in the fifteenth century. 
 Rosembach was master of a press at Barcelona in 1494. 
 
 VALENCIENNES. 
 
 1500 Jehan Molinet. La resource du petit peuple. [Colophon:] 
 
 Valenchienes. [1500. J 
 
 The above, with four other small quarto tracts, of four, six, four, and ten 
 leaves respectively, are believed to have been printed at Valenciennes 
 during the year 1500. A copy of the one with ten leaves, printed by Jehan 
 de Liege, is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
per6gueux. . .1498. 
 
 PlATE No. 24. 
 
 
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HOLLAND. 
 
 UTRECHT. 
 
 Petrus Comestor, Scolastica hystoria super novum testamentum 
 cu additionib^ ^tqs incidentij^' Incipit felicit,^' .... [Colo- 
 phon :] Impressa I traiecto inferior! per magistros Nycolaum 
 ketelaer et Gherardu de Leempt m" cccc° lxxiij°. Folio, 144 
 leaves. 
 
 No other Holland book has been discovered with an earlier printed date 
 than this. Mr. Henry Bradshaw, of the University Library at Cambridge, 
 England, attributes an undated edition of the " Speculum Humanse Salva- 
 tionis " to a press established at Utrecht as early as 1471-1474. Under the 
 title of " La Prototypographie Neerlandaise," Mr. Campbell gives a list of 
 eighteen books, which, with a query, he attributes to Utrecht. Several of 
 the works mentioned in this list have, by the advocates of the " Haarlem 
 Legend," been assigned to the press of Coster. A copy is in the National 
 Library at Paris. 
 
 1473 
 
yS FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 DELFT. 
 
 1477 Bible mit horen boecken. [Colophon:] Deese ieghenwoerdighe 
 bible .... was gemaectte delf in hollant mitter hulpen gods 
 ende bij ons Jacob Jacobs soen en mauricius yemants zoen van 
 Middelborch. 1477. 10 dach der maent Januarius. 2 volumes, 
 folio, 642 leaves. 
 
 This is the first Bible in the Dutch language, and the only book in which 
 the names of these two printers appear together. Copies are in the Uni- 
 versity Library, Cambridge, England ; the National Library, Paris ; and in 
 the author's collection. 
 
 GOUDA. 
 
 1477 Epistelen ende evangelien vanden Gheheelen Jsere. [Colophon :] 
 Dit is voleyndet int iaer ons here m. cccc. ende Lxxvij op die 
 pinxter auont .... Folio, 137 leaves. 
 
 Campbell and other reliable authorities have assigned this book to the 
 press of Ger. Leeu, who, it is believed, was the first printer at Gouda. 
 Copies are in the Pubhc Library of Gouda, and at the Hague. 
 
 DEVENTER. 
 
 1477 Petri Bertorii Reductorium morale figurarum Bibliorum. [Colo- 
 phon :] Explicit Apocalipsis. liber .... vltimus reductorij 
 
 moralis dauetrie diligenti correctione emendatus 
 
 puctuatus et tabulatus atz impressus Anno . . . Millesimo 
 quadrigentesimo septuagesimo septimo per Richardu paffroet de 
 Colonia. ciuem dauetriesez . . . Folio, 468 leaves. 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 79 
 
 Campbell mentions two other books which may have been issued from a 
 press at Deventer in 1476. Mr. Bradshaw gives 1477 as the date of the first. 
 This printer had at least one singular peculiarity: he evidently did not 
 know how to spell his own name, since we find that he printed it thirteen 
 different ways. He was also the most prolific Dutch printer of the fifteenth 
 century. 
 
 ST. MARTINSDYKE. 
 
 Der zyelen troeste. [Colophon:] Finis adest libri sit gloria 1478 
 cuctipotentl. Ac componenti collatus ad ethera Summl. Jstius 
 tytulum consolatio die animarum. Anno dni M. cccc. Ixxviii. 
 
 mesis nouebris Jtem der ziele troest dy es gheprint 
 
 Ter eeren eii ter weer dicheyt der ghebode gods. By my pyeter 
 werrecoren wonedetsente mertensdyck in Zeelant .... Folio, 
 88 leaves, 2 columns of 39 lines. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been issued from a press at St 
 Martinsdyke in the fifteenth century. There is a copy at the Abbey of 
 Averbode, Belgium, and no other is known to exist. 
 
 NIMWEGEN, 
 
 Engelberti Cultificis Epistola breuis ac putilis. de symonia 1479 
 
 vitanda in recepcoe nouicio[rum] et nouicia[rum] ad religione. 
 
 [Colophon :] Explicit epistola breuis coUecta p 
 
 .... Engelbertu cultificis Anno diii. m° cccc° 
 
 Lxxix". Mesis Julij. die ix. in Nouimagio Atq3 ibide eode ano 
 
 diligenter impressa die xxiij. Mensis Augusti. Quarto, 87 
 
 leaves. 
 
 This book may have been issued by Gerard Leempt, one of the first 
 printers at Utrecht. 
 
8o FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 ZWOLLE. 
 
 1479 VocABULARius Ex QUO. [Colophon :] Et sic est finis deo laus r 
 gloria trinis Presens hoc opnsculu non stili aut penne suffragio 33 
 noua artificiosaqg inuencione quada ad eusebia dei idustrie 
 zwollis est cosumatu Sub ano Natiuitatis. M. cccc. Ixxix feria 
 
 quinta ante festu Natiuitatis dominici Quarto, 232 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Mr. Bradshaw mentions an edition of the " Modus Confitendi " (22 Dec, 
 1479), which he must have had sufficient reasons for believing to be the first 
 book of Zwolle. I have not been able to find a detailed description of it, 
 unless it be No. 1230 of Campbell, and consequently am compelled to give 
 the first place to one of the three or four dated books of that year. Mr. 
 Campbell names as the printer Joh. de VoUenhoe. 
 
 HASSELT. 
 
 1480 Die Epistelen en Evangelien 't heele jaar door 
 
 Hasselt, 1480, P. B. Quarto. 
 
 The initials of P. B. probably stand for Peregrinus Barmentlo, a Neapoli- 
 tan printer of 1476, and the first known at Hasselt. Mr. Bradshaw seems 
 to give the first place to an edition of " Gesta Romanorum," which I 
 cannot find described by any bibliographer with whose work I am 
 acquainted, and again I am compelled to accept the earliest date I have 
 been able to find. Campbell, No. 824, describes an edition of the " Gesta 
 Romanorum," printed at Hasselt in 148 1, but does not mention an earlier 
 one from a press at that place. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 8l 
 
 CULEMBOURG. 
 
 BoEC VAN DEN HouTE. [Colophon :] Dit is ghemaect in die goede 1483 
 stede van culenborch Int iaer ons heren M, CCCC. en Ixxxiij. 
 opten sesten dach van maerte by my ian veldener. Quarto, 
 34 leaves. 
 
 This printer appears for the first time at Louvain in 1473 or 1474. 
 Several authors assert that he was at Cologne before he went to 
 Louvain. There is a copy at Althorp, and a second in the Public Library, 
 Brussels. 
 
 LEYDEN. 
 
 Die cronike of die historic va hollant va zeelant ende vrieslant 1483 
 ende vande sticht van vtrecht. [Colophon :] Dit boec is voleint 
 te Leyden in hollant Int iaer ons heren. M CCCC ende Ixxxiij 
 Opten negenden dach van iulio. Quarto, 90 leaves. 
 
 This first known book of Leyden is said to be the work of Heynricus 
 Heynrici, who, it is believed, was the first printer in that city. 
 
 HARLEM. 
 
 Lyden ende die passi ons Heeren ihesu Christi, ende die teykenen 1483 
 ende die miraculen die hij dede, .... [Colophon :] dit bouck 
 is voleyndet tot Haerlem in Hollant anno 1483, den 10 dach in 
 decembri. Quarto, 86 leaves. 
 
 This book is attributed to Jacob Bellaert, who had the first known press 
 at Harlem, and is probably the first book printed at that city. 
 II 
 
82 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 BOIS-LE-DUC or S'HERZOGENBUSCH. 
 
 1484 TuNDALUs. Boeck van Tondalus vysioen. [Colophon:] Hier 
 
 eyndet dat boeck va Tondalus vysioen. ende hoe dat sijn ziele 
 
 wt sijn lichaem ghenomen was. Gheprent tots hartogtenbosch. 
 
 M. cccc. Ixxxiiij. Quarto, 32 leaves. 
 
 This book is believed to have been issued by Gerard Leempt, one of the 
 first printers in Holland. A copy is in the Library of the University at 
 Louvain. 
 
 SCHOONHOVEN or KLOSTER HEM. 
 
 1495 Breuiarium Traiectense. [Colophon :] .... copletu atq3 in 
 fine usq3. suma cu diligetia elaboratu correctu sil' r emendatu 
 est hoc phs breuiariu extra mufos oppidi scoenhouien. ptiu 
 holladie traiecteh dyoces'. Anno salutis Millesimo quadringen- 
 tesimo nonagesimoquito. vltima februarij. Folio, 314 leaves. 
 
 This work is attributed to the canons of the Monastery of Saint Michel, 
 the only known printers at Schoonhoven in the fifteenth century. It has 
 been stated that these worthy canons (monks ?) went into the business of 
 book-making for the purpose of obtaining money to repair their monastery. 
 
 SCHIEDAM. 
 
 1498 JoANNis Brugman Vita Lydwinse Sciedammitse. [Colophon :] 
 
 Hoc opus .... expletuz sciedamis Anno M° CCCC° xcviij". 
 
 Ad indiuidue trinitatis honore necno alme Vginis Lijdwie scieda- 
 
 mite pcipue impssu .... Schiedam Jn Hollandia. Quarto, 
 
 124 leaves. 
 
 Whoever issued this book is considered the first who had a press at 
 Schiedam. Up to this time the name or names of the fifteenth century 
 printer or printers at this place have not been discovered. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 ALOST. 
 
 Speculum conuersionis peccatorum magistri dyonisii de leuuuis 1473 
 alias rikel ordinis Cartusiensis. [Colophon :] Impressum. 
 Alosti. in Flandria. Anno. m° cccc° lxxiii°. Quarto, 28 leaves. 
 
 Another book, an edition of " De duobus amantibus Eurialo et Lucretia 
 opusculum " of .iEneas Silvius (Pius II.), was issued at Alost in 1473 ; 
 but as neither gives the day of the month when completed, there is no way 
 of deciding which is entitled to the first place. The one described is 
 believed to have been printed by John of Westphalia and Thierry Martens. 
 
 LOUVAIN. 
 
 Petri de Crescentiis liber ruralium commodorum. [Colophon :] 
 Presens opus .... extitit hac littera vera modernata. abscisa 
 [et] formata : impressum. p loannem de vvestfalia Paderborneii 
 
 1474 
 
84 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 dyocesis. In alma .... vniuersitate Louaniesi residente. 
 Anno M° cccc° Lxxiiii" mensis Decembris die nona. ."..."... ^ . . 
 Folio, 196 leaves. 
 
 Panzer and Hain both state that printing commenced at Louvain in 1473. 
 The former names two books issued in that year. Campbell does not 
 mention either, but is doubtful about the date of an edition of a work of 
 Zambarellis, which he thinks may have been printed by Jean Veldener in 
 1473-74. 
 
 BRUGES. 
 
 1475 Le Jardin de deuotion, auquel lame deuote quiert son amoureux 
 Jhesuchrist. [Colophon :] Primum opus impressum per Col- 
 ardum Mansion, Brugis [i475-] Folio, 29 leaves. 
 
 Mansion was one of the most notable of the fifteenth century printers. 
 Caxton, England's first printer, practiced his art with this master. The 
 first books in the EngHsh and French languages were probably from a 
 press at Bruges. Examples of Mansion's handiwork are seldom found in 
 the hands of an auctioneer or book-seller ; but, when they are, large prices 
 are realized for them. A copy of his " Lestrif de fortune," in the first part 
 of the Didot sale, brought 21,500 francs, or $4,300. 
 
 I give the date of the work described upon the authority of a number of 
 most reliable bibliographers. Their assertions as to the exact year may be 
 arbitrary ; but the presumption, in this particular instance, is that there are 
 good reasons for having made them. The first book of Bruges with a certain 
 date is of 1476. 
 
 A copy of the work described is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 1476 Arnoldus Geilhoven de Hollandia de Rotterdam. Ordin . S. 
 Augustini. Gnotosolitos sive speculum conscientiae. [Colo- 
 phon :] Presens hoc speculum .... Arte ipssoria multipli- 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 85 
 
 catu. & qtu huana suffecit idustria satis sollert elaboratu. 
 Bruxelle opido brabacie finitu feliciter anno dni M". cccc". Lx. 
 xvi°. XXV mensis maij. 2 parts, folio. 
 
 " Freres de la Vie Commune," the Brothers of Common Life, were the 
 first who had a press at Brussels. Before the introduction of printing, the 
 various chapters of this brotherhood held special rights, which had been 
 granted to them, in relation to writing, copying, and illuminating — hence 
 their readiness to accept and take advantage of the newly discovered art. 
 Several writers have fixed upon 1472, while others have named 1473 and 
 1474 as the years of the first printing at Brussels. Up to this time, however, 
 no book with a date anterior to 1476 has been discovered. 
 
 AUDENARDE or OUDENARDE. 
 
 Hermanni de Petra de Scutdorpe sermones L super orationem 1480 
 Dominicam. [Colophon :] Pressum Aldernardi per me Arnoldum 
 Caesaris meosque sodales dominice incarnationis supra M. CCCC. 
 anno LXXX .... Folio, 136 leaves. 
 
 Arnoldus Caesaris, or Arend de Keyser, after printing at Audenarde for 
 three years, went to Ghent, where, in 1483, he issued from his press the 
 first book of that city. 
 
 ANTWERP. 
 
 Den Spieghel ofte een reghel der Kersten ghelove ofte der 1482 
 Kersten eewe. [Colophon :] Ende es gheprent tantwerpen bi 
 mi Mathijs vander Goes Jnt Jaer ons heren. M. CCCC. ende 
 Ixxxij. opten. xxix. dach van April. Quarto, 42 leaves. 
 
86 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 There is a work of Antwerp which bears the date 1472, but a majority 
 of bibliographers believe it to be at least ten years too early. Panzer 
 mentions six books printed at that city before 1482 ; but as there seems to 
 be considerable doubt about the dates of those mentioned by Panzer, 
 I accept the " Speighel " as the earliest example I can find with a date 
 about which there can be no misunderstanding. Campbell (No. 54) 
 describes a book ("Rudolpki Agricolce Opuscula" ), of 1476, which several 
 authors have placed to the credit of Antwerp. He, however, does not 
 believe in its existence. 
 
 GHENT. 
 
 1483 Traite de paix et de mariage .... Fait a francise alias arras 
 le xxiij^ iour de decembre Ian. Mil quatrecens quatre vingt et 
 deux et publie le xxiiij^ iour dud' moys en leglise nostre dame 
 en le cite le3 led' arras. [Colophon :] Le traictie de la paix 
 Jmpresse a gand deleg le belfroij par Arnoul de Keysere le viij' 
 iour dapuril Ian Mil. cccc. quatre vingt et trois. Folio, 12 
 leaves. 
 
 The only copy of this Treaty known is in the Library of the University 
 at Ghent. 
 
HUNGARY. 
 
 BUDA. 
 
 Chronica Hungarorum ab origine ad coronationem Regis 1473 
 Mathiae. [Colophon :] Finita Bude anno Dni m. cccc. lxxiii, 
 in vigilia Penthecostes per Andream Hess. Folio, 6"] leaves. 
 
 This and one other book, which is without date, constitute the only 
 known products of the Buda press of the fifteenth century. It is not known 
 that Andreas Hess had a press elsewhere. 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 VALENCIA. 
 
 Bernardo Fenollar. Certamen poetich, en lohor de la Concecio. 1474 
 .... En Valencia, 1474, Quarto. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been printed at Valencia in 1474. 
 It was probably the work of a German printer, Lambert Palmart, whose 
 name appears for the first time in 1477. 
 
 SARAGOSSA. 
 
 Manipulus curatorem compqsitus a Guidone de Monteroteri. 1475 
 [Colophon :] .... Clero et populo impressio perutilis utriusque 
 ope sed Matthei Fland' industria felici termino clausa est Ara- 
 12 
 
90 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 gonensium regia in urbe Cesaraugusta xv octobris anno salutis 
 millesimo quadrigentesimo septuagesimo quinto. Folio. 
 
 Neither Panzer, Santander, nor Hain mention this book or its printer. It 
 is a very great rarity, and I do not know where a copy can be found. 
 
 SEVILLE. 
 
 1477 Clemente Sanchez de Vercial. Sacramental. [Colophon :] 
 .... A instancia e mandado del .... Padre D. Pedro 
 Fernandes de Solis .... e . . . . Don Pero Gonzales de 
 Mendoza, .... Arzobispo de Sevilla, .... En el dicho 
 Arzbispado fue impresa esta obra en la .... Cibdad de 
 Sevilla por los diligentes e discretos maestros Anton Martines 
 e Bartholome Segura e Alphonso del Puerto. E acabose en 
 primero dia del mes de Agosto. Afio . . . . de M. cccc. lxxvii. 
 afios del pontificado del .... santo Padre Sixto Papa 
 quarto ano sexto .... Quarto, 168 leaves. 
 
 There is an undated copy of this work at the National Library in Paris, 
 which the catalogue-makers of that institution beheve was printed at Seville 
 in 1475, by the same printers who executed the edition of 1477. They give 
 no reasons for such a behef, but simply state it. 
 
 BARCELONA. 
 
 1478 Sancti Thome de Aqvino in libris Ethicorum Comentvm .... 
 Pere Bruno y Nicolau Spindeler, Alemanijs. xv Junii, 1478. 
 
 There is said to exist a book of Barcelona dated 1468. M. Bernard 
 has proved that the year intended was 1498. Several authorities cite 
 another of 1475, but I have not been able to find any description of it 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CEKTURY. 9I 
 
 which gives a certain year ; so I infer that if it exists at all it is without 
 date. There is no doubt of the existence of the one described. It was 
 printed by Pere Bruno and Nicolas Spindeler, and is probably the first book 
 from a press at Barcelona. 
 
 LERIDA. 
 
 Breviario Illerdense. Breviarium opus secundum Illerdensis i479 
 ecclesie consuetudinem .... emendatum per dominum 
 Laurentium Fornes .... Antonius Palares campanarum 
 eiusdem ecclesie pulsator propriis expensis fieri fecit. Im- 
 pressitque venerabilis Magister Henric5' Bote! de Saxonia 
 aleman,9 vir erudite' huic clarissimo opere in urbe Illerde xvi 
 Augusti anno . . . m. cccc. lxxviiii. Quarto. 
 
 A copy of this exceedingly rare book is in the library of the Carmelite 
 Convent at Barcelona. 
 
 SEGORBE. 
 
 CoNSTiTUTiONES SYNODALES Bartholomaei Marti, Cardinalis et 1479 
 Episcopi Segobricensis .... Segobricse, 1479. 
 
 This book is by an unknown printer, and is the only one which is claimed 
 to have been issued at Segorbe in the fifteenth century. It was first 
 mentioned by Caballero, and by him assigned to Segorbe, and is given a 
 place in this list because several careful writers have partially accepted his 
 statement. 
 
 TOLEDO. 
 
 Leyes originales de los Reyes de Espafia registradas por D. 1480 
 Diego Vasquez Chanciller. S. L. 1480. Quarto. 
 
g2 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 Don Dion. Hidalgo, Don Earth. J. Gallardo, and other Spanish bibliog- 
 raphers have examined a copy of this book in one of the provincial 
 libraries of Spain, and for good reasons, which their examinations disclose, 
 agree as to the date and place of printing. They also compared it with the 
 heretofore supposed first book of Toledo, printed by Juan Vasquez in i486, 
 and found that the types used for printing both books were the same. 
 
 SALAMANCA. 
 
 1 48 1 .^Lii Antonii Nebrissensis Introductiones latinse explicatae. 
 [Colophon :] Salmanticae anno ... m. cccc. lxxxj. ad 
 xvij. K. Februarii . . . Folio. 
 
 A copy of this rare work can be found in the Royal Library at Madrid. 
 Arnaldo, or Arnao Guillen de Brocar and his son Juan are believed to have 
 been the first to establish a printing-press at Salamanca. 
 
 ZAMORA. 
 
 1482 Proverbios de Seneca por el Dr. Pero Diaz. [Colophon:] Esta 
 obra se acabo en la cibdad de ^amora sabbado a tres dias del 
 mes de Agosto ano . . de mil e quatrogientos e ochenta e 
 dos afios. Anton de Centenera. Folio, 85 leaves. 
 
 M. Deschamps claims priority for this book over an edition of the " Vita 
 Christi." The latter, before his discovery, was believed to have been the 
 first book printed at Zamora. His claim, as he states it, seems to be well 
 founded. A copy is in the Royal Library at Madrid. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 93 
 
 GERONA. 
 
 Memorial del pecador remut. La primera part del libro apellat 1483 
 memorial .... compilat per .... Phelip de Malla .... 
 [Colophon :].... la primera part .... impressa a despeses 
 de Matheu Vendrell mercader en la ciutat de Girona, dilluns a 
 XVII. de noembre lany de . . . . mil cccc lxxx, y tres. Folio. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been issued at Gerona before the 
 end of the fifteenth century. Mathew Vendrell, its printer, estabHshed a 
 press at Barcelona in 1484. At least one author is of the opinion that he 
 never was at Gerona, but executed the work described at Barcelona. 
 
 BURGOS. 
 
 Arte de Gramatica de Fray Andres de Cerezo. Andreas Guter- 1485 
 rius Cerasianus .... Domino Ludovico Acuna .... salutem 
 plurimam dicit. [Colophon :] Mense martio duodecima die 
 anno . . . 1485 .... 
 
 The first printer at Burgos was Frederick de Bale, who possibly learned 
 the art from Berthold Ruppel. This is believed to be his first book. 
 
 PALMA. 
 
 JoHANis DE Gersono tractatus, qui stringit conclusionum processu : 1485 
 fere totam theologiam et moralem. [Colophon :] .... opera 
 et impensis Reuerendi Bartholomei Caldentem . . . Impressii 
 est : Arte uero et industria ingeniosi Nicolai Califati balearici 
 in maiori ex balearibus imprimentis Anno salutis M CCCC 
 LXXXV die uero XX mensis lunii. Quarto, 30 leaves. 
 
94 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 Nicolai Calafati was the only printer at Palma before the end of the 
 fifteenth century. He left two books bearing his name. His press was 
 not known to the earlier bibliographers. Don Joaquin Maria Bover, the 
 historian of the Balearic Isles, was the first to discover the work described. 
 
 XERES. 
 
 1485 CoNSTiTUTiONES SYNODALES urbis vel Ecclesiae Xericanse, auctore 
 Bartholomaeo Marti .... Xericae, 1485. 
 
 All knowledge of this book seems to have been derived from the assertions 
 of the Abbe Caballero. Subsequent Spanish bibliographers neither repeat 
 nor deny his statements. Deschamps questions the accuracy of his geograph- 
 ical knowledge. The work described is given a place in this list, for the 
 reason that in its description I find the name of a town and a date which 
 probably refer to the place and time of printing. 
 
 MURCIA. 
 
 1487 CopiLACiON DE LAS Batallas campalcs que son contenidas en las 
 estorias escolasticas e de Espafia .... [Colophon :] .... 
 Fue este libro .... en la .... cibdad de Murcia por 
 manos de maestre Lope de la Roca Aleman Impressor de 
 libros lunes xxviij dias de mayo afio de mil e cccc. Lxxxvij. anos. 
 2 parts, folio. 
 
 This printer. Lope Joh. or Juan de Roca, was the only one who had a press 
 at Murcia in the fifteenth century. It is not known that he issued more 
 than two books. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, 95 
 
 SAN CUCUFAT or SAN COLGAT DES VALLES. 
 
 YsAAC DE RELiGiONE. [Colophon :] Finitus hie Libell' apud 1489 
 sanctu Cucufatum vallis Aretane. xxix nouebris anni D. m. cccc. 
 Lxxxix. Quarto, 123 leaves. 
 
 Several of the earlier writers doubt the propriety of assigning this book 
 to San Cucufat. The Spanish bibliographers, however, including Mendez, 
 agree as to the correctness of the date and place of printing. Of the printer 
 nothing is known. 
 
 CORIA. 
 
 Blason general de todas las insignias del universo. Dedicado al 1489 
 .... rey de Portogal. Hecho en la universitad de Salamanca 
 Por un gallego hijo del dicho estudio renombre Gracia dey. 
 [Colophon :J inpresso y entallado an la cibdab de coria por 
 maestro Bartoleme de lila flameco afio de mil cccc l xxxix. 
 Quarto. 
 
 This is the only book issued at Coria before the close of the fifteenth 
 century. Of Bar. de Lila, its printer, beyond the mention of his name in 
 this work, nothing is known. 
 
 PAMPLONA, 
 
 Pedri de Castrobel. Commentarii in Symbolum Apostolicum 1489 
 .... Pampilone, 1489. Quarto. 
 
 Hain (No. 4656) gives the above title and date; Reichhart repeats it. 
 The Spanish bibliographers do not mention this edition, but give the date 
 of the first book at Pamplona as of 149S, when the name of Arnaldo Guillen 
 de Brocar, the earliest known printer there, first appears. 
 
96 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 TOLOSA. 
 
 1489 MosEN Diego de Valera. Coronica de Espana .... Tholosa. 
 Henricus Mayer. 1489. Folio, 179 leaves. 
 
 The history of early printing in this city seems to be in some manner so 
 interwoven with that of Toulouse, France, that up to this time it has not 
 been possible to arrive at any satisfactory solution of perplexing historical 
 difficulties. Panzer, Hain, and Santander give 1479 as the date of the first 
 book of Tolosa. The later writers discard this date and agree upon 1489 
 as the correct period. I am inclined to side with these later authorities, 
 several of whom have made early printing in Spain a subject of special 
 investigation. 
 
 VALLADOLID. 
 
 1492 Tractado breve de Confession. [Colophon :] Esta obra se fizo 
 en Valladolid .... Ano de mil [y] quatrocietos [y] xcii. Anos. 
 A. III. de febrero. Quarto. 
 
 It is not known who was the printer of this book. The name of Juan 
 de Froncourt, the earliest known at Valladolid, appears for the first time 
 in 1493. 
 
 CAGLIARI. 
 
 1493 Speculum Ecclesi^. Comensa la robriqua || de aquest libre 
 apellat || speculum ecclesie so esa || dir espileho mirall de la || 
 
 santa hesgleya qui es so || bre la missa [Colophon :] 
 
 Acabada la pset hobra apelada specutuz eclesie || stapat e la 
 ciutat y castil || de callar p lo honorable || e Salvador de boloya 
 me II stre de stapa a reqsta de || mestre nicolau dagreda || aragones 
 al p mer de oct || ubre del ay mil. ccccxciii. 
 
OP THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 97 
 
 M. Mutaner, the librarian of the Municipal Library at Palma, has dis- 
 covered in the collection under his charge the only known copy of this 
 work. Of Nicholas Degrada, of Arragon, its printer, there is no mention 
 outside of this colophon. No other book was issued at Caghari before the 
 end of the fifteenth century. 
 
 MONTEREY. 
 
 MissALE. [Colophon :] Hoc opus Misarum, seu liber Misale totius 1494 
 anni .... explicit .... suina cum diligentia correctum et 
 emendatum, impressum arte, et expensis Gundisalvi Roderici de 
 la Passera, et Johannis de Porres sociorum. Cui finis datur 
 Monti Regio D. D. Francisco de Zuniga .... anno 
 M. ccccxciiii. tertio nonas februarii. 
 
 This is probably the only book from the press of de la Passera and de 
 Porres, and is believed to be the only one printed at Monterey during the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
 GRANADA. 
 
 Francisci Ximenii. Primer volumen de vita Xpi .... cor- 1496 
 regido y afiadido por el Argobispo de Granada. [Colophon :] 
 Fue acabado y empresso este primer volumen de vita cristi de 
 fi-ay fi-acisco ximenez : en la .... cibdad de Grenada en el 
 postrimero dia del mes de Abril . Afio . . . de mill. cccc. xcvj. 
 Por Meynardo Ungut e Jhoanes de Nureberga alemanes, por 
 madado y expensas del .... Don Fray Fernando de 
 Talauera primero argobispo .... de Granada. Folio. 
 13 
 
98 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS 
 
 Several authors mention one or two unimportant books which may have 
 been printed at Granada earlier than the one described. The Spanish 
 bibliographers agree that this was the first. Meynard Ungut and Joh. of 
 Nuremberg were established at Seville in 1490 and 1491. 
 
 TARRAGONA. 
 
 1498 Liber Hymnorum. [Colophon :] Expliciunt hymni cum suis 
 expositionibus Terracone nouiter impress!. Regnante Fer- 
 dinando secundo hyspaniaru rege. per ma-gistru iohannem 
 rosembach Alemanu. An-no incarnationis millesimo quad- 
 ringentesimo nonagesimo octauo. Die vero decimo oc-tauo 
 mensis Septembris .... Quarto, 48 leaves. 
 
 The only book known to have been issued at Tarragona in the fifteenth 
 century. Rosembach, the printer of this work, was established at three 
 other cities — Barcelona, Perpignan, and Montserrat — before the close of the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
 MONASTERIO DE NUESTRA SENORA DE 
 MONTSERRAT. 
 
 1499 LiBRO DE LAS MEDiTACiONES de N.-S. J.-C. [Colophon :] Ex- 
 pliciunt meditationes quas sanctus scripsit Bonaventura de vita 
 et passione domini nostri Jesu Christi .... in Monasterio 
 beate Marie de Monteserrato .... Impressum per Johannem 
 Luschner alemanum. Sub impensis ejusdem monasterii. Anno 
 Dili. M. cccc° Lxxxxviiij. xvj. mensis Aprilis . . . Octavo. 
 
 There were six books issued from the press of Luschner, at this mon- 
 astery, in 1499. Of those which bear the day of the month, this is the 
 earliest. It is not known that he exercised his art at any other place, and 
 it is believed he was the only printer at Montserrat in the fifteenth century. 
 
OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, 99 
 
 MADRID. 
 
 Leyes hechas par los muy altos . . . principes ... el Rey 1499 
 Don Fernando e la Reyna Dona Isabel .... por la brevedad 
 e orden de los pleytos. Fechas en la Villa de Madrid ano . . . 
 de mil. cccc. xcix. [At end of the ordinances :] Dada en . . . 
 Madrid a xxj. dias del mes de mayo ano de mil e cccc. xcix. 
 anos. Yo el rey. Yo la reyna. Yo Miguel perez dalmazan 
 
 secretario [Privilege :] Por quanto Fernando de 
 
 Jahen, librero, quedo e ofrecio de par estas leyes ... en 
 precio iusto . . . mandaron los senores Presidente e Oidores 
 de la audiencia de sus altezas que residen en .... Valla- 
 dolid, que Folio. 
 
 Of the history of early printing at Madrid very little seems to be known. 
 Those authors who have anything to say about it agree that the book 
 described was printed in that city in 1499. One or two are of the opinion 
 that Fernando de Jahen combined the art of book-making with the occupa- 
 tion of book-selling, and that he may have been the printer of this work. 
 
 JAEN. 
 
 Petri de Gui tractatus de differentiis. [Colophon :] Finitus hie 1500 
 liber de differentia editus a Magistro Petro Dagui in urbe 
 Giennensi anno . . . m. ccccc. die vero 20 mensis maii. 
 
 Several writers assert that the date (1500) refers to the completion of the 
 composition. The majority of bibliographers, however, are of the opinion 
 that it must refer to the time of printing. 
 
AUSTRIA. 
 
 TRENT, or TRIENT. 
 
 Geschichte des zu Trient ermordeten Christenkindes. [Colo- 
 phon :] Und das hat ghedruckt Albertus Duderstat von 
 Eiksvelt zu Trient in dem iar . . . . tausend vier hundert 
 vnd fiinf vnd sibuz iar an dem mitwuchen vor unser Heben 
 frauwen tage der purt. FoHo, 14 leaves. 
 
 This is the first book known to have been printed in Austria. Albrecht 
 Kune, of Duderstadt, its printer, in 1482 established the first press at 
 Memmingen. 
 
 1475 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 Tractatus Distinctionum. [Colophon:] Explicit Manipulus 1482 
 distinctionum Lectoris lohannis Meyger impressum Wienne 
 anno domini m. cccc. lxxxii. Ouarto, 1 1 leaves. 
 
102 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 Six books, by an unknown printer, were issued from a press at Vienna in 
 1482. The name of Johannes Winterberger, the first known printer in this 
 city, appears for the first time in 1492. A copy is in the Imperial Library 
 at Vienna. 
 
 KLOSTERNEUBURG. 
 
 1484 Bulla Canonizationis Sancti Leopoldi Marchionis : Innocentius 
 Epus seruus seruo [rum] dei. Ad ppetuam rei memoria .... 
 [Colophon :] Datu Rome Apud sanctu petrz. Anno .... 
 Millesimo quadrigetesimo octuagesimo quarto. Octauo Idus 
 Januarij potificatus nostri. Anno primo. Quarto, 4 leaves. 
 
 The late M. Tross, of Paris, was the first to discover and indicate the 
 place where this bull was printed. He mentions another book from 
 the same press. A copy is in the collection of the author. See plate 
 No. 25. 
 
 BRUNN. 
 
 (Moravia.) 
 
 i486 Agenda secundum chorum Olomucensem Brunae, i486. 
 
 Quarto. 
 
 The name of the printer of this book is unknown. Conrad Stahel, who 
 commenced issuing books at Passau about 1480 or '82, is the first men- 
 tioned at Briinn; but his name does not appear there until 1491. 
 
KLOSTERNEUBURG. . .1484' 
 
 Plate No. 25. 
 
POLAND. 
 
 CRACOW, or CRACOVIA. 
 
 Johannes de Turrecremata. Ad sanctissimum ac beatissimum 
 dum Pium Scdm pontificem maximum editio in librum psalmo 
 [rum] que alij soliloquiu dicunt incipit feliciter. Sabinensi epo 
 ac sacte romane eccie cardiali sacti Sixti vulgariter nucupato 
 edita. [Colophon :] .... explanacio i psalteriii finit. Cracis 
 impssa. [1475.] Folio, 149 leaves. 
 
 1475 
 
 Several authors who have written upon early printing at Cracow have 
 advanced separate theories. Various years, from 1465 to 1500, have been 
 given as the date of the first book. The discovery that the work described 
 was printed with types which, they believed, had been used by Gunther 
 Zainer at Augsburg, has led several bibliographers to express a belief that 
 he was the first printer at Cracow ; and later writers now agree in asserting 
 
104 
 
 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 that this edition of Turrecremata was issued as early as 1475. It seems to 
 be quite clear, however, that a book of Hours of 1491 was the first with 
 a date, as well as the first book known to have been printed in the Slavic 
 language, and that Sweybold Veyl was its printer, and not Jean Haller, who 
 has often passed for the first printer in this city, where he was a book-seller, 
 and not a book-maker. 
 
ENGLAND. 
 
 WESTMINSTER. 
 
 The Dictes and Sayinges of Philosophres. Which Boke is 
 translated out of Frenshe into Englyssh by the Noble and 
 
 puissant lord Antoine Erie of Ryuyers [Colophon :] 
 
 Emprynted by me William Caxton at Westminstre the yere of 
 our lord m. cccc. Ixxvij. Folio. 
 
 In 147 1 Caxton (who was then at Bruges) translated from the French and 
 soon after, probably with the aid of Colard Mansion, issued this transla- 
 tion of " The Recuyell of the Historeys of Troye," the first book ever printed 
 in English. The second, "The Game and the Playe of the Chesse," Mr. 
 Blades believes, was also from a press at Bruges. The first edition in 
 French of the " Receuil des histroies de Troyes " is also supposed to have 
 been printed at Bruges, in 1476. 
 
 In the introduction to the Catalogue of the Caxton Exhibition of 1877 I 
 find it stated, without qualification, " That to Caxton belongs the honor of 
 having printed not only the first book in English, but the first in the 
 
 14 
 
 1477 
 
I06 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS, 
 
 French language." Upon page 8 of the same catalogue there is a note to 
 the title of the last-named work, which reads : " This is the first book 
 printed in French, and is believed by many English bibliographers to have 
 been printed by Colard Mansion." Here we find a qualification of the 
 former unqualified statement, and a fair illustration of the general value of 
 bibliographical speculations. It is possible that some one may discover that 
 all the books which have been attributed to Caxton while he was at 
 Bruges, were worked off from the press of Mansion, and that the latter 
 assisted the former in printing each of these works. Three copies of the 
 " Dictes " were at the Caxton Exhibition, — one of them from Althorp. 
 
 OXFORD. 
 
 1478 Exposicio S. Ieronimi in Symbolum Apostolorum. [Colophon:] 
 Explicit exposicio .... ad papam laurecium Impressa Qxonie 
 Et finita Annodomini. m. cccc. Lxviii. xvij. die decembris. 
 Quarto, 42 leaves. 
 
 It has been conceded that the date of this book is erroneous, a majority 
 of the bibliographers agreeing that the year 1478 was intended by the 
 printer. Theodoricus Rood, a native of Cologne, was the first printer at 
 Oxford. There is a copy at Althorp, and another in the National Library, 
 Paris. 
 
 SAINT ALBANS. 
 
 1480 Rhetorica nova Laurencii Guilelmi de Saona. [Colophon :] 
 Compilatum autem fuit hoc opus in alma universitate Canta- 
 brigie, anno Domini MCCCCLXXVIII .... impressum fuit 
 .... apud villa Sancti Albani. Anno Domini M CCCC 
 LXXX. Quarto. 
 
 To the press of the " School-master at St. Albans," whoever he was, are 
 attributed eight books, issued from 1480 to i486. No other press is 
 known to have existed at that town during the fifteenth century. There 
 is a copy at Althorp, and a second in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. 
 
SAVOY. 
 
 ALBI. 
 
 loHANNis DE TvRRECREMATA Contemplaciones. [Colophon:] Im- 1481 
 pressae Albie, anno domini M° CCCC°, octuagesimo primo et 
 die xij. mensis nouembris. Quarto, 30 leaves. 
 
 Probably the first book printed at Albi with a date, and one of the first 
 illustrated with engravings on n:ietal. M. Claudin, of Paris, published in 
 1880 a work entitled " Origines de I'imprimerie a Albi en Languedoc 
 (1480— 1484)," in which he gives a most carefully prepared account of the 
 wanderings of John Neumeister, companion of Gutenberg, and has made a 
 strong, if not conclusive, case in favor of his having been the printer of this 
 book,, and probably the first at this place. A copy is at the National 
 Library, Paris, and a second in the collection of M. Claudin. 
 
I08 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 CHAMB:feRY. 
 
 1484 Exposition des Euangiles. [Colophon :] Cy finist lexposition 
 des euuagilles et des epistres de tout Ian translatees de nouueau 
 de latin en fran9oys, Imprimees A chambery Par Anthoine 
 neyret. Ian de grace m cccc Lxxxiiij, le vi. iour du moys de 
 iuillet. Folio. 
 
 Several authors give precedence to an undated book entitled "Le Livre 
 de Baudoyn." The work described, however, is the first known to have 
 been printed at Chambery. Neyret combined the art of engraving upon 
 wood with printing. A copy is in the National Library, Paris. 
 
DENMARK. 
 
 ODENSEE. 
 
 GuiLHELMi Caorsini de ■ Obsidione et bello Rhodiano. [Colo- 1482 
 phon :] Per Venerabilem virum Johannem Snel artis impres- 
 sorie magistrum in Ottonia impressa sub anno Dni 1482. 
 Quarto. 
 
 The University at Upsal possesses the only known copy of this book. It 
 is believed that Snel was the only printer at Odensee up to the close 
 of the fifteenth century. 
 
 SCHLESW^IG. 
 
 MissALE Sleswicense. Missale secundum Ordinarium et ritum i486 
 Ecclesia; Sleswicensis. [Colophon :] Per Jacobum Hortsman 
 
no FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 formatum, emendatum et correctum, impressumque in Sleswick 
 arte et ingenio Stephani Arndes. i486. Folio. 
 
 This is the only book known to have been issued at Schleswig during 
 the fifteenth century. Arndes was at Perusia in 148 1, and at Lubeck in 
 1492 and 1496. 
 
 COPENHAGEN. 
 
 1493 Regul^ emendate correcteque Hafnye de figuratis Construction- 
 ibus grammaticis, ex diversis Passibus Sacre Scripture ac 
 Poetarum. [Colophon :] Impresse Hafnye per Gothefridum de 
 Ghemen. Anno 1493. Quarto. 
 
 Gouvaert van Gheman, a native of Holland, had a press at Gouda before 
 he went to Copenhagen. He continued to issue books at the latter place as 
 late as 1508, and was the only printer at Copenhagen before the end of the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
SWEDEN. 
 
 STOCKHOLM. 
 
 DiALOGUS Creaturar[um] Moralizatus. [Colophon :] Impressus 
 per Johanem snell artis impssorie mgrm. in Stockholm inceptus 
 et . . . . finitus est. Anno dni m. cccc. Lxxxiij. Mensis decebris 
 In vigilia thome. Quarto, 156 leaves. 
 
 1483 
 
 This Johanem SneU was probably the 1482 printer of Odensee. It is 
 beheved that he issued two other books from his Stockholm press, under 
 the name of Johannes Fabri. Two copies of the work described are in the 
 Library of the University of Upsal. 
 
112 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 WADSTEN. 
 
 1495 Breviarium ad usum coenobii Wadstenensis, de ordine S. Brigit- 
 tae [Colophon:] Wadstenis, typis monasterii, anno Domini 
 MCDXcv. Octavo. 
 
 This is the only book with a date printed at the Monastery of Ste. Brig- 
 gitte during the fifteenth century. Several authors are of the opinion that 
 one other work was issued from that press as early as 149 1 ; but they give 
 no reasons for such a belief 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 Lexicon hebraicum .... 1488. 
 
 The earlier bibliographers who mention the subject of early printing in 
 Turkey, were skeptical about a press having existed there before the end of 
 the fifteenth century. Later writers seem to have settled upon 1488 as the 
 date of the first book issued in that country, and they accord the honor due 
 the first printer to Rabbi Gersom, a son of one of the Jewish printers at 
 Soncino. 
 
 1488 
 
 15 
 
PORTUGAL. 
 
 LISBON. 
 
 R. Mosis BEN Nachman. Commentarius in Pentateuchum. [Colo- 
 phon :] Nomen Dei .... qui .... adiuvit eum, ut perficeret 
 scriptum hoc . . . . et quidem perficeret perpulchra impressione, 
 rectaque correctione, Ulyssipone, mense Ab anno Miserabor 
 ludae, videlicet ccxlix. iudaico [A. D. 1489], in sedibus Rabbi 
 Zorba et Raban Eliezer. Two parts, folio, 300 leaves. 
 
 Several early authorities were of the opinion that at least one book was 
 issued from a Lisbon press as early as 1485. Later writers cite the above 
 as the first with an authentic date. The printers were Rabbi Samuel 
 Zorb(r)a and Raban (Rabbi) Ehezer. 
 
 1489 
 
I I 6 FIRST BOOKS AND PRINTERS. 
 
 LEIRIA. 
 
 1492 Proverbia Salomonis, cum Chaldaica paraphrasi et comment. 
 Rabbi Levi Gersonidis et Rabbi Menachem Meiri. [Colophon :] 
 In domo egregii Don Samuelis Dortas. e regione longinqua, 
 
 opera intelligentis filii ejus Abrahami, jussu et sumptibus 
 
 R. Salomonis Kolodri, absoluta denique I. die mensis av, anno 
 et venient vel Sion in cantico son V. cclii. [A. D. 1492. J 
 Folio, 226 leaves. 
 
 In the colophon of this work, the place of printing is not mentioned ; but 
 it is generally conceded by bibliographers that it is the first book of the 
 Leiria press, and that Abraham, son of Don Samuel Dortas, was its 
 printer. 
 
 BRAGA. 
 
 1494 Breviarium Bracharense. [Colophon:] Impressum in Augusta 
 Bracharensi civitate, per magistrum Joannem Gherlinc alema- 
 num, anno . . . . m cccc xciv. Folio. 
 
 No other book is known to have been printed at Braga during the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
MONTENEGRO. 
 
 CETINGE. 
 
 Okoih iliti osmoglasnik .... Cetinge, Macario, 1494. Folio, 1494 
 270 pages. 
 
 A Dalmatian by the name of Macario was probably the only printer of 
 Montenegro before the end of the fifteenth century. From the fact that his 
 types resemble those which had been used by several printers who had 
 presses at Venice, it has been inferred that he learned his art there. Two 
 other books bearing his name were issued at Cetinge in 1495. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 No. of Plate. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 No. of Cities, etc. 
 
 I. Laugingen 
 
 
 • 1473 
 
 .10 
 
 2. Ulm 
 
 
 1473 • 
 
 II 
 
 3. Breslau . 
 
 
 1475 
 
 . IS 
 
 4. Rostock 
 
 
 1476 . 
 
 18 
 
 5. ElCHSTADT 
 
 
 • 1478 
 
 . 21 
 
 6. Memmingen . 
 
 
 1482 . 
 
 30 
 
 7. Heidelberg 
 
 
 • I48S 
 
 • 32 
 
 8. Ingolstadt . 
 
 . 
 
 1487 . 
 
 36 
 
 9. Offenburg 
 
 
 1496 
 
 . 46 
 
 10. Munich . 
 
 
 1497 • 
 
 47 
 
 II. SUBIACO 
 
 . 
 
 • 1465 
 
 . 51 
 
 12. Venice . 
 
 
 1469 . 
 
 53 
 
 13. FOLIGNO . 
 
 . 
 
 • 1470 
 
 • 54 
 
 14. Milan . 
 
 . 
 
 1471 . 
 
 57 
 
 15. Polliano . 
 
 
 • 1476 
 
 . . 87 
 
 16. CiVIDAD Dl FrIULI 
 
 1480 . 
 
 97 
 
 17. Aquila 
 
 . 
 
 . 1482 
 
 . 103 
 
 18. Chiavasco or 
 
 Chivasso 
 
 i486 . 
 
 108 
 
 19. SCANDIANO 
 
 . 
 
 • 1495 
 
 . 118 
 
 20. Winterberg . 
 
 
 1484 . 
 
 124 
 
 21. BESAN5ON . 
 
 
 • 1487 
 
 . 151 
 
 22. Dijon 
 
 
 1491 . 
 
 157 
 
 23. Avignon . 
 
 
 1497 
 
 16s 
 
 24. P^RIGUEUX 
 
 
 1498 . 
 
 166 
 
 25. Klosterneuburg 
 
 . 1484 
 
 . 219 
 
ABSTRACT OF PLACES AND PRINTERS, 
 
 FOLLOWING THE CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE BODY OF THE WORK. 
 
 This list gives in a column of Roman numerals the total number of cities, etc., where 
 presses were established before the end of the fifteenth century, and in a separate 
 column in Arabic numerals the number of cities, etc., of each country; and also, 
 when known, the names of the earliest printers are given, and dates of the first 
 books. The pages indicated refer to the body of the work. 
 
 I. 
 
 I. GERMANY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. MENTZ. 1450-1456 (Nov. 15, 1454). 
 Johannes Gutenberg. 
 
 II. 
 
 2. STRASBURG. 1459-60. 
 Johannes Mentelin. 
 
 III. 
 
 16 
 
 3. BAMBERG. 1461. . 
 Albrecht Pfister. 
 
122 ABSTRACT OF PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 IV. 4. COLOGNE. 1466 4 
 
 Uldaricus Zell de Hanau. 
 
 V. 5. ELTVILLE. 1467 4 
 
 Heinrich and Nicklaus Bechtermiintze. 
 
 VI. 6. AUGSBURG. 1468 5 
 
 Gunther Zeiner. 
 
 VII. 7. NUREMBERG. 1470. ... 5 
 
 Joannis Sensenchmid, de Egra ; Henricus Kefer, de Moguntia. 
 
 VIII. 8. SPIRE. 1471 6 
 
 Petrus Drach, Spirensis. 
 
 IX. 9. ESSLINGEN. 1472 6 
 
 Conradus Fyner, de Gerhussen. 
 
 X. 10. LAUGINGEN. 1473. ... 6 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 XI. II. ULM. 1473 7 
 
 Johannes Zeiner, de Reutlingen (Ludovicus Hohenwang). 
 
 XII. 12. MERSEBURG. 1473. ... 7 
 
 Luca Brandis. 
 
 XIII. 13. MARIENTHAL. 1474. ... 8 
 Fratres Vitae Communis (Brothers of Common Life.) 
 
 XIV. 14. LUBECK. 1475 8 
 
 Lucas Brandis, de Schass. 
 
 XV. 15. BRESLAU. 1475 9 
 
 Cunradus Elyas, Succentor. 
 
ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 123 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XVI. i6. BLAUBEUREN. 1475. ... 9 
 
 Conradus Manc3. 
 
 XVII. 17. BURGDORF. 1475 10 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 XVIII. 18. ROSTOCK. 1476. ... 10 
 
 Fratres Vitae Communis (Brothers of Common Life). 
 
 XIX. 19. REICHENSTEIN. 1477. ... 10 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 XX. 20. SCHUSSENRIED. 1478. . , . 11 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 XXI. 21. EICHSTADT. 1478-79. • • • " 
 
 Michael Reyser. 
 
 XXII. 22. WURZBURG. 1479. . . . 12 
 Stephanus Dold, Georgius (Jeorius) Reyser, and Joh, Bekenhub. 
 
 XXIII. 23. ERFURT. 1479 12 
 
 Paulu Wider de Hornbach. 
 
 XXIV. 24. PASSAU. 1481 13 
 
 Conradus Stahel, Benedictus Mayr. 
 
 XXV. 25. LEIPSIC. 1481 13 
 
 Marcus Brand, or Brandis, or Conradus Kacheloven, or 
 
 Kachelosen. 
 
 XXVI. 26. MAGDEBURG. 1481. ... 13 
 
 Bartholomeus Ghotan. 
 
 XXVII. 27. TREVES. 1481 H 
 
 Unknown. 
 
124 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XXVIII. 28. URACH. 1481 14 
 
 Conradus Fyner, de Gerhussen. 
 
 XXIX. 29. REUTLINGEN. 1482. ... 14 
 
 Johannes Otmar. 
 
 XXX. 30. MEMMINGEN. 1482. . . . 15 
 Albertus Kunne, de Duderstat. 
 
 XXXI. 31. METZ. 1482 15 
 
 Johannes Colini, Gehardus de Noua Ciuitate. 
 
 XXXII. 32. HEIDELBERG. 1485. ... 15 
 Henricus Knoblocht3er or Freidericus Misch, 
 
 XXXIII. 33. REGENSBURGor RATISBON. 1485. 16 
 Johannes Sensenschmidt, Johannes Beckenhaub. 
 
 XXXIV. 34, MUNSTER. i486. . . . 16 
 
 Johannes Limburgus. 
 
 XXXV. 35. STUTTGART, i486. . . .17 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 XXXVI. 36. INGOLSTADT. 1487. . . 17 
 Johafies Kachelosen, or Kacheloven. 
 
 XXXVII. 37. STENDAL. 1488 17 
 
 Joachim Westfael. 
 
 XXXVIII. 38. HAGENAU. 1489. ... 18 
 
 Henricus Grau. 
 
 XXXIX. 39. HAMBURG. 1491 18 
 
 Joannes et Thomas Borchard. 
 
XL. 
 
 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 40. ZINNA. 1492. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 125 
 
 PAGE 
 19 
 
 XLI. 41. LUNEBURG. 1493. 
 
 Johannes Luce. 
 
 19 
 
 XLIL 42. FRIBOURG. 1493. 
 
 Fredericus Riedrer. 
 
 19 
 
 XLIIL 43. OPPENHEIM. 1494. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 . 20 
 
 XLIV. 44. FREISINGEN. 1495. 
 
 Johannes Schoeffler. 
 
 20 
 
 XLV. 45. FREYBERG. 1495. . 
 
 Conradus Kachelosen or Kacheloven. 
 
 21 
 
 XLVL 46. OFFENBURG. 1496. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 21 
 
 XLVn. 47- MUNICH. 1497. 
 
 Johannes Schopsser. 
 
 XLVin. 48. TUBINGEN. 1498. 
 
 Johanne Ottmar, Othmar, or Otmar. 
 
 XLIX. 49. OLMUTZ. 1500. 
 
 Conradus Bomgarten, or Baumgarten. 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 L. 50. PFORZHEIM. 1500. 
 
 Thomas Anselmus, Badensis. 
 
 23 
 
126 ABSTRACT OF PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 II. ITALY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 LI. I. SUBIACO. 1465 25 
 
 Conrad Sweynheim, Arnoldus Pannartj. 
 
 LII. 2. ROME. 1467. . . . . . 26 
 
 Coradus Sweynheim, Arnoldus Pannartj. 
 
 LIII. 3. VENICE. 1469 26 
 
 Joannes de Spira. 
 
 LIV. 4. FOLIGNO. 1470 27 
 
 Johannes Numeister, Clericus Moguntinus. 
 
 LV. 5. TREVI. 1470 27 
 
 Joannes Reynard, Alemannus. 
 
 LVI. 6. FERRARA. 1471 28 
 
 Andreas Belfortis Gallus. 
 
 LVII. 7. MILAN. 1471. . . • . . .28 
 
 Antonio Zarotho, or Zarotus. (Phil, de Lavagna.) 
 
 LVIII. 8. BOLOGNA. 1471 29 
 
 Balthesar A330guidus. 
 
 LIX. 9. NAPLES. 1471 29 
 
 Sixtus Riessinger, Presbyter Argentin. 
 
 LX. 10. PAVIA. 1471 29 
 
 Antonius de Carcano, Mediolanensis. 
 
ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 LXI. II. SAVIGLIANO. 1471. 
 
 Johannes Glim (or Chris. Beyamum). 
 
 LXII. 12. TREVISO. 1471. . 
 
 Gerardus de Lisa de Flandria. 
 
 127 
 
 PAGE 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 LXIII. 13. FLORENCE. 1471-72. 
 
 Bernardus Cennius, Aurifex Florentinus. 
 
 30 
 
 LXIV. 14. CREMONA. 1472 31 
 
 Dionysius de Paravesino, Stephanus de MerHnis, de Leucho. 
 
 LXV. 15. PADUA. 1472 31 
 
 Martinus de Septem Arboribus, Prutenus (Bartholomaeus de 
 Val de Zocchio, Patavus). 
 
 LXVL 16. JESL 1472 32 
 
 Frederico (di Verona). 
 
 LXVn. 17. PARMA. 1472 32 
 
 Andreas Portiha, Parmensis, 
 
 LXVIIL 18. MONDOVI, or MONREALE. 1472. 33 
 
 Antonius Mathias, Antwerpiensis. 
 
 LXIX. 19. BRESCIA. 1472. . . , . .33 
 
 Thomasi Ferrando. 
 
 LXX. 20. FIVIZZANO. 1472. 
 
 Jacobus Lunensis de Fivizzano. 
 
 33 
 
 LXXL 21. MANTUA. 1472 34 
 
 Georgius et Paulus de Put3bach, or Butzbach Adjuvante Columbino 
 Veronensi (et Petrus Adam de Michaelibus civis Mantuanus). 
 
128 ABSTRACT OF PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 LXXII. 22. SANT' ORSO, or SANT' URSINO. 
 
 1472 34 
 
 Leonardus Achates, de Basilea. 
 
 LXXIII. 23. VERONA. 1472 35 
 
 Johannes Veronensis. 
 
 LXXIV. 24. MESSINA. 1473 35 
 
 Mastro Rigo alamania (Heinrick Aiding). 
 
 LXXV. 25. GENOA. 1474 36 
 
 Matthias Moravus de Olmutz et Michael de Monacho. 
 
 LXXVI. 26. COMO. 1474 36 
 
 Ambrosius de Orcho, Dyonisius de Paravesino. 
 
 LXXVII. 27. SAVONA. 1474 37 
 
 Conventus S. Augustini Prater Bonus Johannes. 
 
 LXXVIII. 28. TURIN. 1474 37 
 
 Johannes Fabri Lingonensis (Jean Lefevre) et Johannes de Prato. 
 
 LXXIX. 29. VICENZA. 1474 37 
 
 Maestro Leonardo da Basilia (Joh. de Rheno). 
 
 LXXX. 30. MODENA. 1475 38 
 
 Johannes Vurster, de Campidona. 
 
 LXXXI. 31. REGGIO in CALABRIA. 1475. • 38 
 
 Abraham Ben Garton. Filius Isaac Abraham. 
 
 LXXXII. 32. PIEVE DI SACCO. 1475. . . 38 
 R(abbi) Mescultam Cognomine Kosi. 
 
ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 1 29 
 
 PAGE 
 
 LXXXIII. 33. CAGLI. 1475 39 
 
 Robertus de Fano, Bernardinus de Bergamo. 
 
 LXXXIV. 34. CASELLE, or Casale (near Turin). 
 
 1475 39 
 
 Johannes Fabri (Jean Lefevre). 
 
 LXXXV. 35. PERUGIA. 1475 40 
 
 Heinrich Clayn, Ulmensis. 
 
 LXXXVI. 36. PIACENZA. 1475. ... 40 
 
 Johannes Petrus d' Ferratis Cremonensis. 
 
 LXXXVII. 37. POLLIANO. 1476 4© 
 
 Innocens Ziletus et Felix Antiquarius. 
 
 LXXXVIII. 38. LUCCA. 1477 -41 
 
 Bartholomeus de Civitali. 
 
 LXXXIX. 39. ASCOLI. 1477 H 
 
 Golielmo de Linis de Alamania. 
 
 XC. 40. PALERMO. 1477 42 
 
 Andreas de Wormacia. 
 
 XCL 41. COLLE. 1478 42 
 
 Johannes allemanus de Medemblick. 
 
 XCH. 42. COSENZA. 1478- • • • • 42 
 Ottoviano Salamonio de Manfredonia. 
 
 XCIIL 43- TOSCOLANO. 1479- ... 43 
 
 Gabriel Petri, Tarvisinus. 
 
 17 
 
130 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XCIV. 44. PINEROLO. 1479. ... 43 
 
 Jacobus de Rubeis, Gallicum. 
 
 XCV. 45. NOVI. 1479 43 
 
 Nicalao Ghirardengo. 
 
 XCVI. 46. NONANTOLA. 1480. ... 44 
 
 Georgius et Antonius ffes d' Mischmis. 
 
 XCVII. 47. FRIAUL, or Cividad di Friuli. 1480. 44 
 
 Gerardi de Flandria. 
 
 XCVIII. 48. REGGIO in MODENA. 1480. . 45 
 
 Bartholomaeus et Laurentius de Bruschis fratres. 
 
 XCIX. 49. CASALE-CASAL di SAN-VASO. 
 
 1481 45 
 
 Gulielmus de Canepa-nova, de Campanilibus de 
 Sancto-Salvatore. 
 
 C. 50. SALUZZO. 1481 45 
 
 Martini de la Valle. 
 
 CI. 51. PISA. 1482 46 
 
 Laurentius et Angelus, Florentini. 
 
 CII. 52. AQUILA. 1482 46 
 
 Adam de Rotwil, Alamano. 
 
 cm. 53. UDINE. 1484 46 
 
 Gerardo de fiandra (Flanderia). 
 
 CIV. 54. SIENA. 1484 47 
 
 Henricus de Colonia et Socios. 
 
cv. 
 
 CVI. 
 
 evil. 
 
 CVIII. 
 CIX. 
 
 ex. 
 
 exi. 
 
 exii. 
 exiii. 
 exiv. 
 
 exv. 
 exvi. 
 
 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 55. SONCINO. 1484. 
 Joshua Solomon et Israel Nathan. 
 
 56. PESCIA. 1485. 
 Francesco eenni, Fiorentino. 
 
 57. VERCELLI. 1485. 
 
 Jacob de Suico de Sancto Germano. 
 
 58. eHIAVASCO or emvAsso. i486. 
 Jacobinus de Suigo de Sancto Germano. 
 
 59. VOGHERA. i486. 
 Jacobus de Sancto Nazario de Rippa. 
 
 60. GASAL MAGGIORE. i486. 
 Josue et Moise, filius Rabbi Israel Nathan. 
 
 61. GAETA. 1487. . 
 Andreas Fritag, Freytag, Alemanus. 
 
 62. VITERBO. 1488. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 63. GRADISCA. 1488. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 64. PORTESIO. 1489-90. . 
 
 Bartholomaeus Z,anni. 
 
 65. NOZANO. 1491. 
 
 Henrico de Colonia et Henrico de Harlem. 
 
 66. URBINO. 1493- 
 
 Henricus de Colonia. 
 
 131 
 
 PAGE 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 49 
 49 
 
 49 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 51 
 51 
 
132 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CXVII. 6^. ACQUI. 1493 52 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 CXVIIL 68. SCANDIANO. 1495. ... 52 
 
 Peregreni Pasquali. 
 
 CXIX. 69. FORLI. 1495 52 
 
 Pauli Guarini de Guarinis et Joanis Jacobus de Benedictis. 
 
 CXX. 70. BARCO. 1497 53 
 
 Gersom filii . . . R. Mosis Mentzlen Sontzin. 
 
 CXXI. 71. CARMAGNOLA. 1497. ... 53 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 III. BOHEMIA. 
 
 CXXII. I. PILSEN. 1468 55 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 CXXIII. 2. PRAGUE. 1478 56 
 
 Jan Pytlik, Seweyrn Kramar, Jan od Capu, et matej od bileho Iwa. 
 
 CXXIV. 3. WINTERBERG. 1484 . , . 56 
 
 Johannes Alacraw. 
 
 CXXV. 4. KUTTENBERG. 1489. ... 56 
 
 Martina z Tissnowa. 
 
ABSTRACT OF PLACES AND PRINTERS, 
 
 133 
 
 IV. SWITZERLAND. 
 
 CXXVI. I. BALE. 1468 
 
 Bertholdus Ruppel, de Hanau. 
 
 CXXVII. 2. BEROMUNSTER. 1470. . 
 
 Helyas Helye, alias de Louffen, Canonicus. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 57 
 
 • 58 
 
 CXXVIII. 
 
 CXXIX. 
 
 GENEVA. 1478. . 
 Adam Steynschawer. 
 
 59 
 
 PROMENTOUR, or Promenthoux. 1482.' 59 
 Loys Guerbin. 
 
 cxxx. 
 
 CXXXI. 
 
 CXXXII. 
 
 5. LAUSANNE. 1493. 
 
 Johannis Belot. 
 
 6. TROGEN. 1497. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 7. SURSEE. or SURZfi. 1500. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 V. FRANCE. 
 
 CXXXIIL I. PARIS. 1470 61 
 
 Udalricus Gering, Martinus Crant3, et Michael Friburger. 
 
 CXXXIV. 2. LYONS. 1473- 
 
 Bartholomaeus Buyer, Lugdunensis. 
 
 62 
 
134 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CXXXV. 3. ANGERS. 1476 62 
 
 Johannes de Turre et Joh. Morelli. 
 
 CXXVI. 4. TOULOUSE. 1476. ... 63 
 
 Jo. Parix de Alemania. 
 
 CXXXVII. 5. CHABLIS. 1478. . . .63 
 
 Pierre le Rouge. 
 
 CXXXVIII. 6. VIENNE (DAUPHINE). 1478. . 63 
 
 Johannes Solidi. 
 
 CXXXIX. 7. POITIERS. 1479 64 
 
 Johannes Buyer, Wilhelm Bouchet. 
 
 CXL. 8. CAEN. 1480 64 
 
 Jacobus Durandas et Egidiii qui ioue (Gilles Quijone). 
 
 CXLI. 9. ROUGEMONT. 1481. ... 64 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 CXLII. 10. CHARTRES. 1483. 65 
 
 Jean Du Pre. 
 
 CXLIII. II. CHALONS-sur-MARNE. 1483. . 66 
 
 Arnolphe Bocquillon. 
 
 CXLIV. 12. TROYES. 1483 66 
 
 Pierre ou Jehan Le Rouge. 
 
 CXLV. 13. RENNES. 1484 66 
 
 Pierre Bellescullee et Josses. 
 
 CXLVI. 14. LOUDEAC. 1484 67 
 
 Robin Foucquet et Jehan Crej. 
 
ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 135 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CXLVII. 15. TREGUIER or Lantreguet. 1485. 67 
 
 " la. P." Full name unknown. 
 
 CXLVIII. 16. SALINS. 1485. 
 
 Jean Despres (or Dresprels). 
 
 CXLIX. 17. ABBEVILLE, i486. . 
 
 Pierre Gerard (or Jehan Dupre). 
 
 CL. 18. ROUEN. 1487. 
 
 " N. D. H."— Noel de Harsy. 
 
 CLL 19. BESANgON. 1487. . 
 Petrus Metlinger. 
 
 CLIL 20. ORLEANS. 1490. . 
 Mathieu Vivian. 
 
 CLIH. 21. GRENOBLE. 1490. . 
 
 Stephanus Foreti. 
 
 CLIV. 22. D6LE. 1490. . 
 
 Pierre Metlinger. 
 
 CLV. 23. GOUPILLIERES. 1491- 
 Michel Andrieu pretre. 
 
 CLVL 24. ANGOULEME. 1491. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 CLVIL 25. DIJON. 1491- • 
 
 Petrus Metlinger. 
 
 CLVIII. 26. LANTENAC. 1491- 
 
 Jehan Cres. 
 
 68 
 
 . 68 
 
 69 
 
 • 69 
 70 
 
 • 70 
 71 
 
 • 71 
 71 
 
 • 72 
 72 
 
136 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 CLIX. 
 
 27. TOURS. 1493. . 
 Symon Pourcelet. 
 
 CLX. 28. MACON. 1493. 
 
 Michael Vensler de Basilea. 
 
 CLXI. 29. NANTES. 1493. 
 
 Estienne Larcher. 
 
 CLXII. 30. CLUNY. 1493. 
 
 Michael Wensler, de Basilea. 
 
 CLXIII. 31. LIMOGES. 1495. 
 
 Johannes Berton. 
 
 CLXIV. 32. PROVINS. 1496. . 
 Guillaume Tavernier. 
 
 CLXV. 33. AVIGNON. 1497. 
 
 Nicolai Tepe. 
 
 CLXVI. 34. PfiRIGNEUX. 1498. 
 
 Johannes Carant. 
 
 CLXVIL 35. PERPIGNAN. 1500. . 
 
 Johannes Rosembach. 
 
 CLXVIII. 36. VALENCIENNES. 1500. 
 
 Jehan de Liege. 
 
 PAGE 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 11 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 VI. HOLLAND. 
 
 CLXIX. I. UTRECHT. 1473. 
 
 Nycolaus Ketelaer, Gherardus de Leempt. 
 
 n 
 
ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 137 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CLXX. 2. DELFT. 1477 78 
 
 Jacobs soen en MauriciusYemants zoen Van Middleborch. 
 
 CLXXI. 3. GOUDA. 1477. . 
 
 Gheraert Leeu. 
 
 78 
 
 CLXXII. 4. DEVENTER. 1477. 
 
 Richard Paffrord, or Rijkert Paffroet, de Colonia. 
 
 78 
 
 CLXXIII. 5. ST. MARTINSDYKE. 1478. 
 
 Pieter Werrecoren. 
 
 79 
 
 CLXXIV. 6. NIMWEGEN. 1479. 
 
 Gerard Leempt. 
 
 79 
 
 CLXXV. 7. ZWOLLE. 1479. 
 
 Peter Van Os (Job. de Vallenhoe). 
 
 80 
 
 CLXXVI. 8. HASSELT. 1480. . 
 Peregrinus Barmentloe. 
 
 80 
 
 CLXXVII. 9. CULEMBOURG. 1483. 
 
 Johannes Veldenei. 
 
 81 
 
 CLXXVIII. 10. LEYDEN. 1483. 
 
 Heynricus Heynrici. 
 
 81 
 
 CLXXIX. II. HARLEM. 1483. 
 
 Jacob Bellaert. 
 
 81 
 
 CLXXX. 12. BOIS-le-DUCorS'HERzoGENBuscH. 1484. 82 
 
 Gerard Leempt, 
 18 
 
138 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CLXXXI. 13. SCHOONHOVEN. 1494- • • -82 
 Les Chanoines Regulars du Monastere de S. Michel, dans le Hem. 
 
 CLXXXII. 14. SCHIEDAM. 1498. ... 82 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 VII. BELGIUM. 
 
 CLXXXIII. I. ALOST. 1473 83 
 
 Johannis de Westfalia, Theodoricus Martinus (Martens). 
 
 CLXXXIV. 2. LOUVAIN. 1474 83 
 
 Joannes de Westfalia. 
 
 CLXXXV. 3. BRUGES. 1475 84 
 
 Colard Mansion. 
 
 CLXXXVI. 4. BRUSSELS. 1476. ... 84 
 
 Fratres Vitae Communis (Brothers of Common Life). 
 
 CLXXXVII. 5. AUDENARDE, or Oudenarde. 1480. 85 
 Arnoldus Csesaris (Arend de Keyser). 
 
 CLXXXVIII. 6. ANTWERR 1482. ... 85 
 
 Mathias van der Goes. 
 
 CLXXXIX. 7. GHENT. 1483. .... 86 
 
 Arnoldus Csesaris (Arend de Keyser). 
 
 VIII. HUNGARY. 
 
 CXC. I. BUDE. 1473. . 87 
 
 Andreas Hess. 
 
ABSTRACT OF PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 139 
 
 IX. SPAIN. 
 
 CXCI. I. VALENCIA. 1474. . 
 
 Lambert Palomar (Palmart). 
 
 CXCIL 2. SARAGOSSA. 1475. 
 
 Matthei Fland' (Mathias of Flanders). 
 
 CXCIIL 3. SEVILLE. 1477. 
 
 Anton Martines e Bartholome e Alphonso del Puerto. 
 
 CXCIV. 4. BARCELONA. 1478. . 
 
 Pere Bruno y Nicolau Spindeler, Alemanijs. 
 
 CXCV. 5. LERIDA. 1479 
 
 Henrico Botel de Saxonia. 
 
 CXCVI. 6. SEGORBE. 1479 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 CXCVII. 7. TOLEDO. 1480. 
 
 Joannes Vasqui (Vasquez). 
 
 CXCVin. 8. SALAMANCA. 1481. . • . 
 
 Arnaldo (Arnao) de Brocar et Juan de Brocar. 
 
 CXCIX. 9. ZAMORA. 1482. 
 
 Anton de Centenera. 
 
 CC. 10. GERONA. 1483. . .^ . . 
 Matheu Vendrell. 
 
 PAGE 
 89 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 91 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 CCL II. BURGOS. 1485. 
 
 Fredericus de Basilea. 
 
 93 
 
140 
 
 ecu. 
 
 CCIII. 
 CCIV. 
 
 ccv. 
 
 CCVI. 
 
 CCVII. 
 
 CCVIII. 
 
 CCIX. 
 
 ccx. 
 
 ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 12. PALM A. 1485. 
 
 Nicolai Califati. 
 
 13. XERES. 1485 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 14. MURCIA. 1487 
 
 Lope de la Roca, Aleman. 
 
 15. SAN CUCUFAT, or San Colgat 
 
 DES VaLLES. 1489. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 16. CORIA. 1489 
 
 Bartoleme de Lila, Flameco. 
 
 17. PAMPLONA. 1489. 
 Arnaldo Guillen de Brocar. 
 
 18. TOLOSA. 1489 
 
 Henricus Mayer. 
 
 19. VALLADOLID. 1492. 
 
 Juan de Froncourt. 
 
 20. CAGLIARL 1493 
 
 Nicolau Degreda, Aragones. 
 
 CCXI. 21. MONTEREY. 1494 
 
 Gundisalvi Roderki de la Passera, Johannis de Porres. 
 
 CCXII. 22. GRANADA. 1496 
 
 Meynardo Ungut e Jhoanes de Nureberga, Alemanes. 
 
 CCXIH. 23. TARRAGONA. 1498. 
 
 Johannes Rosembach, Alemanu. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 94 
 
 95 
 95 
 95 
 96 
 
 96 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 98 
 
ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 CCXIV. 
 
 ccxv. 
 
 CCXVI. 
 
 141 
 
 PAGE 
 
 24. MONASTERIO de NUESTRA SENORA 
 de MONTSERRAT. 1499. . . 98 
 Johannes Luschner, Alemanus. 
 
 25. MADRID. 1499. 
 
 Fernando de Jahen. 
 
 26. JAEN. 1500. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 X. AUSTRIA. 
 
 CCXVII. I. TRENT, or TRIENT. 1475. 
 
 Albertus (Kunne) Duderstat. 
 
 lOI 
 
 CCXVIII. 2. VIENNA. 1482. . 
 
 Johannes Winterberger. 
 
 CCXIX. 3. KLOSTERNEUBURG. 1484. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 CCXX. 4. BRUNN. i486. . 
 
 Conradus Stahel. 
 
 lOI 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 XI. POLAND. 
 
 CCXXI. I. CRACOW, or CRACOVIA. 1475. . 103 
 
 Sweybold Veyl. 
 
 XII. ENGLAND. 
 
 CCXXII. I. WESTMINSTER. i477- 
 
 WilHam Caxton. 
 
 105 
 
142 
 
 ABSTRACT OF PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 CCXXIII. 2. OXFORD. 1478. 
 
 Theodoricus Rood. 
 
 CCXXIV. 3. SAINT ALBANS. 1480. 
 " School-master of St. Albans." 
 
 PAGE 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 XIII. SAVOY. 
 
 CCXXV. I. ALBI. 1481. 
 
 Johannes Numeister. 
 
 CCXXVI. 2. CHAMBERY. 1484. 
 
 Anthoine Neyret. 
 
 107 
 108 
 
 CCXXVII. 
 
 CCXXVIII. 
 
 CCXXIX. 
 
 XIV. DENMARK. 
 
 I. ODENSEE. 1482. . 
 Johannes Snel. 
 
 2. SCHLESWIG. i486. 
 
 Stephani Arndes. 
 
 3. COPENHAGEN. 1493. 
 
 Gouveart Van Gheman. 
 
 109 
 
 109 
 
 no 
 
 XV. SWEDEN. 
 
 CCXXX. I. STOCKHOLM. 1483. 
 
 Johanen Snell. 
 
 CCXXXI. 2. WADSTEN. 1495. • 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Ill 
 
 112 
 
ABSTRACT OP PLACES AND PRINTERS. 
 
 143 
 
 XVI. TURKEY. 
 
 CCXXXII. I. CONSTANTINOPLE. 1488. 
 
 Rabbi Gersom. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XVII. PORTUGAL. 
 
 CCXXXIII. I. LISBON. 1489. 
 
 Rabbi Zorba, Raban Eliezer. 
 
 CCXXXIV. 2. LEIRIA. 1492. 
 
 Abraham filii Don Samuelis Dortas. 
 
 CCXXXV. 3. BRAGA. 1494. 
 
 Joannes Gherlinc. 
 
 115 
 
 116 
 
 116 
 
 XVIII. MONTENEGRO. 
 
 CCXXXVI. 
 
 I. CETINGE. 1494. 
 Marcario. 
 
 117 
 
CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Marienthal, page 8. According to Campbell, the Brussels chapter of " The 
 Brothers of Common Life," between May 25, 1476, and 1487, issued 
 thirty-six books, twelve of which were dated. 
 
 Messina, page 35. Panzer, without qualification, states that Mastro Rigo and 
 Aiding were the same. He accepts as his authority an account of 
 Aiding contained in a work of J. Petrus Apulus, printed by Andreas de 
 Bruges at Messina in 1497. The first two books of that city— one of 
 1473, the other of 1478— are explicit as to the name of the printer. In 
 each he is " Mastro Rigo dalmania." If, as asserted, Aiding was the 
 printer of these books, why did he not give his German name ? Rigo 
 is the Itahan word for line, while Aiding was and is a common Ger- 
 man name ; between the two there can be no possible analogy. In the 
 third book of Messina (Psalterium, 1478), we find the name " Henricum 
 Aiding " given in full for the only time in that city. 
 
 Albi, page 107. In putting together the manuscript for the printer an 
 inexcusable blunder was perpetrated. The titles were copied by one 
 hand, and the notes written by another upon separate slips of paper. In 
 this instance the copyist took the title of the book from the work of some 
 writer who had assigned it to Albi, Savoy, while the note was written 
 from information obtained from a work of M. Claudin, giving it to the 
 first press at Albi, in Languedoc, France. This book in its correct 
 chronological position would be No. 9, of France, the number erroneously 
 given to Rougemont. According to M. Claudin, the work in question is 
 a quarto having thirty leaves and thirty-three engravings, and the 
 following title, viz. : 
 
 Meditationes Reueredissimi patris et dni dni Johanis de Turrecremata. 
 
 (Colophon:) Expliciunt Meditationes reueredissimi patris et dni dni Johannis 
 
 de Turrecremata sacro sancte Romane ecclesie Cardinalis Impresse albie. 
 
 Anno domini Mil. cccc. octuagesimo primo. Et die xvii mensis nouembris. 
 
 DeO GrAtiAS. AMEN. 
 
 Bale, page 57. Fourth line of title, for " Balileae " read Basileae. 
 
 Klosterneuburg, page 102. Omit the word " Colophon" from the title. 
 
 [ I am under obligations to Mr. T. L. De Vinne for the active interest he has taken in 
 the preparation of this work, as well as for the personal supervision he has given to its 
 execution. In many instances I have found his advice of great assistance. To Monsieur 
 A. Claudin, of Paris, who has furnished me with valuable information from his great store 
 of bibliographical knowledge, I am also very thankful.] 
 
 19 
 
Press of Theo. L. De Vinne & Co. New-York. 
 

 I 
 
 I