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834. 
 
 MEMOIRS OE THE t^EOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 T HE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTEY AEOUND 
 
 EASTBOURNE. 
 
 (Explanation of Sheet 334.) 
 
 BY 
 
 Clement Eeid, F.L.S., F.G.S. 
 
 FUBLZSHBD BY OBDEE OF TBE LORDS OOMMISSIONSBS OF HER MAJESTY'S IKBASITSY. 
 
 LONDON ; 
 
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 1898. 
 Price Sixpence. 
 
LIST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Thb Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, geologically coloured by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, under 
 the Superintendence of Sir Akoh. OBrsiE, D.G.Ij., LL.D., F.ILS., Director General. 
 
 (For MapB, details of Sections; and Hemob-s issued by the Geological Survey, <ee " Catidogue.") 
 
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 SW\ SEt, 67 Nt, (St), 68 Et, (NWt),SWt, 71 to 76, 76 (N), S, (77 M), 78, 79, NW*, SW, NB* SE», 80 NW*, SW», NE», 
 SE», 81 SW*, SW, NB, SE, 82, 83* 87, 88, NW, SW*, HE, SE, 89 NW*, SW*, ITE, SE*, 90 (NB*), (SB*), 91, (NW*), (SW*), 
 KB*, SE*, 92 NW*, SW* SB, SB, 93 NW, SW, NB*, SB*, 94 NWt, SWt, (NBt), SEt, 95 NW*, NB* (SB*), 96 SW», BW», 
 NB*, SB*, 97 NW*, SW*, NE*, SB, 98 NW, SW, NE*, SE, 99 (HE*), (SB*), 100* 101 SE, NB*, NW*, SW*, 102 KW*, NB», 
 SW* SB*, 103*, 104*, 105 WW*, SW*, (NE*), SB*, 106 NW*, SW», NE*, SB*, 107 SWt, NE*, SB*, 108 SW*, NB*, SE*, 109 NW*, 
 SW* SE*, 110 (NW*), (NB*), 8E«, SW*. 
 
 ITtw Series.— I. of Man*, 36, 46, 46, 66, 67, 84. ed. I, of Wight, with Mainland* 330, 331, 344, 346, 8«. id. 232*, 249*, 263*, 
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 QXm&BAL UAF :-r(Scale 4 miles to 1 inch.) 
 
 ENGLAND AND WAI,ES.— Sheet 1 (Title), 2». ; 2 (Northumberland, Ac), 7«. ; 3 (Index of Colours), S>. ed. ; 4 (I. of ManX 
 
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 HOBIZONTAL SECTIONS. 
 
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 VERTICAL SECTIONS. 
 
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 COMPIiETEp COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES, on a Scale of 1 inch to a mUe. 
 Sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked t are illustrated by General Ik^emoirs. 
 
 ANGLESEVt,— 77 N, 78. 
 
 BBDrOB,D8HIBB,-46 NW, NB,,SWt, SEt, 62 NW, NE, 
 
 SW, SE. 
 BEEKBHIHB,— 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34* 45 SW*. 
 BRBCKNOCKSHIEEt,— 36, 41, 42, 56 NW, SW, 67 NE, SE. 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIKB,— 7*, 13*, 45* NE, SE, 46 NW, SWt, 
 
 62 SW. 
 CABKMABTHBNSHIRBt,— 37, 38, 40, 41, 42 NW, BW, 56 BW, 
 
 67 SW, SE. 
 CABRNABVONSHIKEt,— 74 NW, 76, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW, 
 
 SW. 
 CAMBEIDGESHIKEt,— 46 NB, 47*, 61*, 62 SE, 64*. 
 OARDIGANSHIREt,— 40, 41, 56 NW, 57, 68, 69 SE, 60 
 
 SW. 
 CHESHIRE,— 73 NB, NW, 79 NE, SB, 80, 81 NW», BW*, 
 
 88 SW. 
 CORNWALLt,— 24t, 26t, 26t, 29t, SOt, 31t, 32t, & S3t. 
 CUMBERLAND,— 98 NW, SW*, 99, 101, 102, NE, NW, SW*, 
 
 106 SB, BW, NW, 107. 
 DENBIGHt,— 73 NW, 74, 76 NB, 78 NB, SE, 79 NW, SW, SB, 
 
 80 SW. 
 DERBYSHIEBt,- -62 NB,-63 NW, 71 NW, SW, SB, 72 NB, 
 
 72 SE, 81, 82, 8S SW, SE." 
 DEVONSHIBEt,— 20t, 21t, 22t, 23t, 24t, 26t, 26t, & 27t. 
 DOESBTSHIEE,— 16, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. 
 DURHAM,— 102 NB, SE, 103, 105 NB, SB, SW, 106 SB. 
 ESSEX,- 1*, 2* 47*, 48*. . 
 FUNTSHIREt,— 74 NE, 79. 
 
 GLAMORGANSHIEBt,— 20, 36, 37, 41, (Sir 42 SB, SW. 
 GLOUCESTERSHIREt,— 19, 34*, 36, 43, NE, SW, SE, 44*. 
 HAMPSHIEB,— 8t, 9t, 10* lit, 12*, 14, 16, 16. 
 HEREFORDSHIRE,— 42 NB, SE, 43, 65, 66 NE, SE. 
 HERTFORDSHIRE,- It NW, 7* 46, 47*. 
 HUNTINGDON,— 61 NW, 52 NW, NE, SW, 64* 65. 
 KENTt,— It SW & SB, 2t, 3t, 4*, ef. 
 LANCASHTRE,- 79 NE, 80 NW*, NE, 81 NW, 88 NW, BWt, 
 
 89, 90. 91 92 SW 98. 
 
 LEICESTERSHIRE,— 53 NE, 62 NE, 63* 64*, 70*, 71 SB, 
 
 SW. 
 LINCOLNSHIREt,— 64*, 66*, 69, 70*, 83*, 84*, 86*, 86*. 
 MERIONETHSHIBEt,— 59 NB, SE, 60 NW, 74, 75 HE, 
 
 SB. 
 MIDDLESEXt,— It NW, SW, 7* 8t. 
 MONMOUTHSHIRE,— 35,- 36, 42 SE, NB, 43 SW. 
 MONTGOMBRYSHIREt,— 66 NW, 69 NE, SE, 68, 74 SW, 
 
 SE. 
 NORFOLKt,— 50 NW* HE* 64* 65* 66*, 67», 68*, 89. 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRB,— 64* 45 NW, NE, 46 NW, 52 HW, 
 
 NB, SW, 63 NE, SW, & SE, 63 SE, 64. 
 NORTHUMBERLAND,— 102 NW, NE, 106, 108, 107, 108*, 109 
 . 110, NW* SW*, NE*, SE. 
 NOTTINGHAM,-70*, 71* NE, SE, NW, 82 HE* SE*, SW, 88 
 
 86, 87* BW. 
 OXFORDSHIRE,— 7*, 13* , 84* 44* 46* 53 SE*, SW. 
 PEMBROKESHIREt,— 38, 89, 40, 41, 58. 
 RADNORSHIRE,— 42 NW, NE, 56, 60 SW, SE. 
 RUTLANDSHIRE,— this county is wholly included within 
 
 Sheet 64*. 
 SHROPSHIRE,— 55 NW, NE, 66 NE, 60 NE, SE, 61, 62 NW, 
 
 73, 74 NE, SE. 
 SOMERSBTSHIREt,— 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 35. 
 STAFFORDSHIRE*,-64 NW, 55 NE, 61 NE, SE, 62, 63 NW, 
 
 71 SW, 72, 73 NB, SB, 81 SE, SW. 
 SUFFOLK,— 47* 48*, 49* 50* 51*, 66* SB*, 67". 
 SURREY,— 1 SWt, 6t, 7* 8t, 12t. ' 
 
 SUSSEX,-^*, 6t, 6t, 8t, 9t, lit. 
 WABWICKSHIRE,— 44* 46 NW, 53*, 54, 62 NB, SW SE 
 
 63NW, SW, SE. , 
 
 WESTMORLAND,-97 NW* SW*, 98 NW, NE*,'sE*, 101 
 
 SB*, 102. 
 WILTSHIRE,-12», 13*, 14, 16, 18, 19t, 34* and 36t. 
 WORCESTERSHIEB,-43 NE, 44*, 54, 66, 62 SW, SE 
 
 SE. 
 YORKSHIRBt,— 86-88, 91 NE, SE 92-87* 98 HE* SB*, 102 NE 
 
 SE, 103 SW, SE, 104*. 
 
334. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY AEOUND 
 
 EASTBOURI»^E. 
 
 (Explanation of Sheet 334.) 
 BY 
 
 Clement Eeid, F.L.S., F.G.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDER OP THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OP HER MAIESTY'S TREASURY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 PKINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 BY WYMAN & SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, B.C. 
 
 And to be purchased, either du-ectly or through any Bookseller, from 
 
 EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, EAST HARDING Street, Fleet Street, E.C, and 
 
 32, Aeinbdon Street, Westminster, S.W. ; or 
 
 JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, HANOVER Street, Edinburgh, and 
 
 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow ; or 
 
 HODaES, FIGGIS, & Co., Limited, 104, Grapton Street, Dublin. 
 
 1898. 
 
 /'rice S^xpence, 
 
 £.V,. 
 
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ZLoZ 
 EI3R35 
 
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Ill 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The ground' described in the following pages includes a length 
 of about 20 miles of the coast of Sussex, in which Beachy Head, 
 Eastbourne, Newhaven, and Seaford are the chief places. It is 
 contained in Sheet 334 of the New Series of the Geological 
 Survey Map of England and Wales. 
 
 This part of the country was long-ago brought to the notice 
 of geologists, especially by Mantell and Dixon, who gave an 
 account of the strata with illustrations of their fossil contents. 
 Topley, in the Geological Survey Memoir on the Geology of the 
 Weald (pp. 158, 159), supplied additional information, and made 
 reference to the writings of previous observers. The Chalk cliffs 
 between Seaford and Eastbourne have subsequently been described 
 by Mr. Whitaker in further detail. The zonal subdivisions of the 
 Chalk, first indicated in this district by Dr. Barrois, have since 
 been more fully worked out by several zealous observers. 
 
 The district to which the present pamphlet is an explanation 
 was originally mapped for the Geological Survey by the late 
 H. W. Bristow (in Sheet 5 of the Old Series, 1864), but the 
 superficial deposits were not then represented. During the 
 
 general revision of the Geological Survey Maps of the South of 
 Ingland the ground was re-examined by Mr. W. A. E. Ussher, 
 who in 1884 mapped the superficial deposits on the New Series 
 1-inch Map, the Secondary rocks being afterwards re-surveyed by 
 Mr. Clement Reid on the 6-inch scale in the years 1889 and 
 1890. A complete series of these 6-inch maps has been made 
 and deposited in the Office for public reference. 
 
 The present Explanation has been prepared by Mr. Reid. It 
 is intended only as a general guide to the use of the Map, until 
 a more detailed, account of the whole surrounding region can be 
 issued. The Cretaceous rocks will be more fully described in a 
 monograph on the Upper Cretaceous Formations, by Mr. 
 Jukes-Browne, now in preparation. 
 
 This part of the Sussex coast is a favourite residential district, 
 more noted for its healthiness than for its mineral wealth. The 
 applications of geology, therefore, are there mainly such as bear 
 on the desirability of building-sites, materials for building, and 
 water-supply. Minerals for use outside the district are almost 
 unknown. 
 
 ARCH. GEIKIE 
 
 - Director-General. 
 
 Geological Survey Office, 
 
 28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. 
 
 5th July, 1898. 
 
 1278, Wt. 7090, 500—11/98. Wy7&'S7 A 2 
 
IV. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface by the Director-General 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Weald Clay 
 
 Lower Greensand 
 
 Gault 
 
 Upper Greensand 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Woolwich Beds and London Clay - 
 
 Clay with Flints 
 
 Valley Gravel or Coombe Rock 
 
 Alluvium and Shingle 
 
 Disturbances and Surface Erosion 
 
 Water Supply and Economics 
 
 page 
 
 iii 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 Fossils of the Middle Chalk 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 1. Pecten asper, Lam., >; 
 
 r, -El -a I Fossils of the Upper Green- 
 
 „ 2. Exogyra comca, Sow., y , ^^ 
 
 „ 3. Vermiculariaconcava, Sow., J 
 
 ,, 4. Ammonites rotomagensis, ■> 
 
 Brong., I 
 
 K ,,„™„„„ a„,„ ^ Fossils of the Lower Chalk - 
 
 ,, 5. varians, oow., 
 
 ,, 6. Scaphites sequalis, Sow., j 
 
 „ 7. Echinoconus subrotundus, 
 Mant., 
 
 „ 8. Terebratulina gracilis, 
 Sohloth., 
 
 „ 9. Holaster planus, Mant., 
 
 „ 10. Inoeeramus mytiloides, 
 Mant., 
 
 „ 11. Rhynchonella Cuvieri, 
 d'Orb., 
 
 ,, 12. Micraster coranguinum, n 
 Leske., 
 
 ,, 13. Marsupites ornatus, Miller, 
 
 ,, 14. Rhynchonellaplicatilis(var. 
 octoplicata). Sow., 
 
 „ 15. Echinocorys vulgaris, 
 Bregnius, 
 
 ,, 16. Ostrea Bellovacina, Lam., ^ 
 
 T„ ri -c • a ■ Fossils of the Woolwich 
 
 ,, 17. Cyrena cuneiformis. Sow., )■ t> j 
 
 ,, 18. Melania inquinata, Defr., j 
 Map of part of the Foreshore near Beachy Head 
 
 Fossils of the Upper Chalk - 8 
 
 9 
 12 
 
[ 1 ] 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY AROUNB 
 
 EASTBOURNE. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 SfitfiET 334 of the Geological Survey Map takes in an area of 
 45 square miles in Sussex, including the eastern termination of 
 the South Downs and the coast from Eastbourne to Seaford and 
 Newhaven. The whole of this country, except the alluvial flats 
 and a small spread of low gi'ound north of Eastbourne, consists of 
 undulating Downs, with a bold escarpment facing east-north-east, 
 vertical sea-cliffs facing south, and intricate winding valleys, now 
 quite dry. Willingdon Hill reaches a height of 665 feet, and at a 
 few other points heights of 600 feet are attained ; but most of 
 these Downs are of considerably lower elevation, the highest cliff 
 at Beachy Head being 525 feet. Two tidal estuaries break the 
 line of vertical Chalk cliffs. That of the Ouse forms the harbour 
 at Newhaven, and is navigable for a considerable distance inland ; 
 that of the Cuckmere is much smaller, and is now almost blocked 
 by a bar of shingle. North of Eastbourne the large alluvial flat, 
 known as Willingdon Level, would often be flooded at spring- 
 tides were it not for the enormous accumulation of shingle-beach 
 which forms Langney Point. An attempt will be made in the 
 following pages to explain the meaning of these various features. 
 
 The formations represented on Sheet 334 are the following : — 
 
 -r> , rShinele. 
 
 Kecent < ,,, °. 
 
 (^Alluvium. 
 
 Pleistocene {ciay iS Fitts. 
 -r^ /London Clay. 
 
 \Woolwicli Beds. 
 
 {Upper Chalk. 
 Middle Chalk. 
 Lower Chalk. 
 Upper Greensand. 
 Gault. 
 liOwer /Lower Greensand. 
 Cretaceous XWeald Clay. 
 
 The successive outcrops of these formations when traced on 
 the Map show that the area belongs to the southward slope of the 
 exeat Wealden anticline, where this anticline is passing into the 
 Tertiary syncline of the Hampshire Basin. Most of this synchne, 
 however, is here beneath the sea, and the abrupt change of strike 
 which takes place between Eastbourne and Beachy Head 
 suggests that we may there have reached its eastern limit. 
 
2 GEOLOGY 01' EASTBOURNE. 
 
 Little of the land is of much agricultural value, great part of 
 it being in the state of rough pasture, either alluvial meadow or 
 open Chalk Down. The large extent of the open downs is one of 
 the principal attractions of the district ; the Chalk slopes being 
 famed also for their healthiness and the perfect dryness of the 
 houses built on them, During the late autumn and winter 
 months the higher Downs are, however, often capped with low 
 clouds, the condensation from which supplies numerous dew- 
 ponds. It should not be forgotten, therefore, that there may be 
 a considerable difference in the winter climate and amount of 
 sunshine between Eastbourne and the Downs less than two 
 miles away, though the difference in the level may be no more 
 than 200 or 300 feet. 
 
 Weald Clay. 
 
 Within the area here dealt with there is a very small exposure 
 of the Lower Cretaceous rocks, and they are entirely unfossi- 
 liferous. 
 
 The Weald Clay occupies an area of a quarter of a square mile 
 at Langney, but no actual surface-section was visible. The for- 
 mation was met with, however, in some experimental borings 
 lately made by the Eastbourne Water Company, one withm 
 Sheet 334 being at the Pumping Station on the marsh north of 
 Eastbourne. At this point a boring penetrated 201 feet into 
 mottled red and grey clays without any sign of change. Though 
 I washed and examined, microscopically various samples of the 
 clay, no fossils could be found, and we are still without any 
 means of accurately estimating the thickness of this division. 
 Mr. Whitaker thinks that the samples are more like lower than 
 upper Weald Clay. The boring, though an entire failure from 
 the point of view of water-supply, was of great scientific interest, 
 and must be referred to more than once. I will, therefore, here 
 give details of the strata passed through, from a record and 
 samples cornmunicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff, my own 
 notes being inserted in brackets : — 
 
 Boring at Eastbourne. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 [Alluvium, /0% 5 5 
 
 30 ^-'^l- \Blueclay 22 30 
 
 fGreen sand and clay [glauconitic] 29|- 59J 
 
 [UpperGreensand,^r'^'*°"'^ fel^™tH ,- . . , . * ^^ 
 35i feet! \ ^^ ^ '^^^^^ ^^^'^ [whitish and 
 
 ^ J' glauconitic] 2 62 
 
 ^Sandstone [glauconitic] 3| 65^ 
 
 Stony clay [hard, dark, sandy clay\ „ „ki 
 
 —junction beds ?]- / ^ °'2 
 
 Gault 171 238| 
 
 \ Septarium J 339 
 
 Gault and fossils [/wocgramMS swZca^Ms] 102^ 341| 
 
 Gault, green veins and fossils [^m-\ ,^ okii 
 
 *- monites lauius] ) '' ^2 
 
 [Gault, 
 286 feet]. 
 
[Gault and Lowei- 
 
 Greeiisand (?) 
 
 80J feet]. 
 
 GEOLOGY OF EASTBOURNE. 3 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Gault and sand [coarse, loamy sand,\ , ^ „„„■, 
 
 mixed black and green, at 360] / "" 2 
 
 Sand [moderately coarse, with glau-\ „, o,^ 
 
 conitic grains, at 367] / ^ 
 
 Gault ■ [clay] and sand [coarse sand] 
 
 and small phosphatic nodules \ 65 432 
 . with glauconitic grains at 4001 J 
 'Weald clay [light-grey sandy clay,^ 
 at 432. Dark-grey clay at 436. 
 [Weald Clay, / Eed-mottled clay to 510. Whit- 1 .,q, „„., 
 201 feet]. ish silty clay, 6-inch seam, at 575. j 
 
 Red mottled clay at 586 (no 
 ^ change to bottom)] -' 
 
 Another boring, in Jevington parish, but just beyond the limits 
 of the Eastbourne map, penetrated 63 feet into Weald Clay of 
 similar character. 
 
 Lower Greensand. 
 
 Though, following the original survey, a small outcrop ol 
 Lower Greensand is shown on the map at Langney, it is by no 
 means certain that the formation is represented near Eastbourne. 
 West of Lewes, Lower Greensand is undoubtedly present, and 
 several divisions can be traced in it ; but eastwardTit seems to 
 disappear, so that Gault rests either directly on Weald Clay, or 
 is only separated from it by beds of sandy and gravelly clay, 
 perhaps representing the Folkestone Beds. There has been a 
 considerable amount of erosion between these formations, and 
 this circumstance makes the thickness of the Weald Clay near 
 Eastbourne still more difficult to estimate. 
 
 Gatjlt. 
 
 This formation occupies about a square mile of the area north 
 of Eastbourne, and is also exposed on the foreshore between 
 Eastbourne and Beachy Head. The ledges on the foreshore 
 represent, however, only some 50 feet of the higher beds, the 
 lower deposits north of Splash Point being hidden under the 
 beach. No good inland sections are to be seen, though occa- 
 sional excavations show Gault at St. Anthony's Hill, Horsey, and 
 Hydneye. Our knowledge of the formation within the East- 
 bourne map must, therefore, be derived from the trial-boring at 
 the Waterworks, ajid from the upper beds exposed on the 
 greatly disturbed foreshore below high-water mark. 
 
 If the sandy clay coloured on the map as Lower Greensand is 
 included, the total thickness of the Gault in the boring will be 
 366| feet. Taking,' however, the clay-bed with Ammonites 
 lautus as the base, we reduce the thickness to 286 feet ; but it 
 should not be forgotten that A. lautus is a fossil usually 
 found in a zone at some height up in the Gault, suggesting that 
 part at least of the beds described by the well-sinker as " gault 
 and sand" belong to the true Gault. 
 
4 GEOLOGY OF EASTBOTJENE. 
 
 The deposits seen on the foreshore consist of blackish sandy 
 clays, sparingly fossiliferous but highly pyritised. They are 
 brought in by a series of very curious overthrust faults, so that 
 in at least one place Gault can be seen actually to overlie Lower 
 Chalk. These disturbances will be again referred to (see p. 11). 
 
 Upper Greensand. 
 
 The Gault passes upward into a thick bed of sand or sand-rock 
 full of grains of glauconite and usually fossiliferous. This Upper 
 Greensand is well exhibited at the base of the cliff and on the 
 foreshore between Eastbourne and Beachy Head,* but is there 
 very difficult to measure, owing to the numerous folds and sharp 
 faults which coincide in direction with the coast-line. It should 
 be observed also that the coast-section is deceptive, for, besides 
 faulting, there is a sharp dip inland, which makes the strata 
 appear much thinner than they really are. By piecing together 
 the evidence collected on the coast from certain inland well- 
 sections, I have obtained a probable thickness of 45 or 50 feet for 
 this division. The Upper Greensand towards the top becomes 
 lighter coloured, calcareous, fine-grained and hard, and contains 
 scattered phosphatic nodules. In this condition it is very similar 
 to the basal beds of the Chalk, which also contain scattered glau- 
 conitic grains. The exact boundary of the formation can only be 
 ascertained by a reference to the fossils, though the sections of the 
 junction-beds seen on the foreshore near Beachy Head are 
 
 Fossils of the Upper Greensand. 
 
 Fig. L Pecten asper, Lam. 
 
 (§ natural size.) 
 
 riG..3. Vermicularia concava,<Sow. 
 
 (b. enlarged.) 
 
 * See also W. Topley, "Geology of the Weald." Memoirs of the Geological 
 burvey, 1&75, pp. 158, 159. 
 
GEOLOGY OF EASTBOURNE. 5 
 
 perfectly clear. Among the fossils of the Upper Greensand 
 may be mentioned Pecfen asper (Fig. 1), which, however, 
 has not yet been recorded from Eastbourne, Ex-ogyfn conica 
 (Fig. 2), and Verrniculdrin. ooncava (Fig. 3). The green 
 beds are also full of curious cylindrical cavities filled with 
 material differing somewhat from the surrounding matrix. 
 These are perhaps holes made by some boring animal, though 
 the horizontal position and closed ends often suggest rather the 
 •disappearance of buried sand-eating holothurians. 
 
 Chalk 
 
 The Chalk, which occupies the greater part oi the area of the 
 Eastbourne Map, is about 900 feet in thickness, and has been 
 ■divided into three well-marked groups of distinct lithological 
 ■character. These are indicated on the map ; but each group or 
 stage is also divisible into zones, which are characterized by 
 .special assemblages of fossils. The zones recognizable in the 
 ■Chalk of Sussex are as follow : — ■* 
 
 Zones. 
 ^ ' ! Belemnitella quadrata. 
 
 Upper Chalk. — Soft white chalk, usually | Marsupites. 
 
 with bands of flint. 1 Micraster coranguinum. 
 
 [ „ cortostudinarium. 
 
 (Chalk Eook) Holaster planus. 
 
 Middle Chalk. — Hard, rubbly white \ 
 
 chalk, with a few flints near the [ Terehratulina gracilis. 
 
 top, and at the base a hard rock j Ehynchonella Cuvieri. 
 
 (Melbourne Rock) j 
 
 1 
 
 Lower Chalk. — Bedded marly grey 1 tj i „ -t n i 
 
 ^, , I A i ii, i / ° 1 iselemnitella plena. 
 
 Chalk. At the top soft marl I tt.i -j. L 1 L 
 
 (Belemnitella Marl); at the base f ■ -, ° . 
 
 ; -, jj , ■, '■'-, 1 ., Ammonites varians. 
 
 hard flaggy beds with glaucomte. j 
 
 The Lower Chalk consists of well-bedded massive grey Chalk 
 alternating with bands of softer marl, which in the disturbed 
 ■cliff-section have been so squeezed out as to make the thickness 
 of this division appear to be considerably less than inland 
 measurements would indicate. Dr. Barroisf speaks of only 
 120 feet ; but the true thickness is perhaps fully 180 feet. The 
 lowest bed is hard and grey, with phosphatic nodules, fine sand 
 and grains of glauconite, It contains many fossils, including 
 Mawiilus IcBvigatus, Turrilites Morrisi, Avicvia gryjjhmoides, 
 Terebratula biplicata, Stauronema Carteri and Ammonites 
 
 * Many fossils from the Chalk are figured in Dixon's " Geology of Sussex,'' 
 2n(i edition, 4to, London, 18S8. 
 
 t Kecherches sur le Terrain Cr6tac6 Superieur le I'Angleterre et de I'lrlande. 
 Mem. Soc. Giol. du Nord, Lille, 1876. See also note by the Rev. H. E. 
 Maddock, published by A. J. Jukes-Bro*ne, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 
 Vol. xxxi.,p 271; and F. G. Hilton Price, in Dixon's "Geology of Su.ssex," 
 2nd edition, p. 136, and W. Whitaker, Geol. Mag., 1871, p. 198. 
 
 1278 A 8 
 
GEOLOGY OF EASTBOURNE 
 
 Fossils of the Lower Chalk. 
 
 Fig. 5. Ammonites varians,. 
 Smv. 
 
 (I natural size.) 
 
 Fig. 4. Ammonites rotomagensis, £ro 
 
 (Young specimen.) 
 
 Fig. 6. Scaphites sequalis,. 
 Sow. 
 
 vao'ians (Fig. 5), and is apparently equivalent to the Chloritic 
 Marl of other districts. Next follow alternating hard and soft 
 beds , of grey naarl, full of sponges in the lower part, and 
 yielding Ammonites rotomagensis (Fig. 4), Holaster subglobosws, 
 Scaphites cequalis (Fig. 6), and other fossils of the Chalk Marl. 
 The top of the Lower Chalk consists of about 10 feet of soft grey 
 marl containing Beleninitella 23lena. This marl is impervious,. ■ 
 and can easily be found on the coast by the line of springs which 
 are thrown out just above it, especially near Holywell. 
 
 The Middle Chalk consists of about 200 feet of hard rubbly white 
 chalk with irregular partings of grey clay, and a few flints in the 
 upper 50 feet. Towards the base it becomes still more indurated,, 
 and forms a hard rock — the " Melbourn Eock " — which can be 
 followed as a distinct ledge for many miles along the face of the 
 escarpment overlooking the Weald. The lower nodular beds are 
 full 01 InocerciTnus m,ytiloides (Fig. 10), and Rhynchonella Cuvieri 
 (Fig. 11); above these come strata with Echinoconus subrotundus 
 (Fig; 7), and Terebratultna" gracilis (Fig. 8); at the top, or 
 forming the base of the Upper Chalk, is the zone of Holaster 
 planus (Fig. 9), equivalent to the Chalk Eock of other districts,, 
 and yielding the same peculiar fossils, though here no harder 
 and no more conspicuous than the rest of the Chalk. It forms- 
 no recognizable feature in the escarpment. 
 
geology of eastbourne. 
 Fossils of the Middle Chalk. 
 
 Fig. 7. Echinoconus 
 subrotundus, Mant. 
 
 Fig. 8. Terebratulina 
 gracilis, Schloth. 
 
 (thrice natural size.) 
 
 Fig. 9. Holaster 
 planus, Maiit. 
 
 Fig. 10. Inoceramus mytiloides, Mant. 
 
 (lialf natural size.) 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 Khynclionella 
 Cuvieri, <XOrb. 
 
 (twice natural size.) 
 
 The Upper Chalk is abovit 500 feet thick. It has been 
 described by Dr. Barrois, but Mr. Jukes-Browne finds himself 
 compelled to differ from that observer on some points, and the 
 following account is by my colleague. 
 
 The lowest zone, that of Micraster cortestudinariv/in, is from 
 70 to 75 feet thick ; near the base it contains some nodular 
 layers, but the higher part consists of soft white chalk with 
 many cavernous mnts. The zone of Micraster corangwinutn 
 (Fig. 12) is much thicker than Dr. Barrois supposed; the lower 
 116 feet contains frequent layers of flints, both solid and cavernous, 
 and at the top of this part is an indurated yellowish layer which 
 Dr. Barrois regarded as identical with a similar layer at the base 
 of the Marsupite zone near Margate. The chalk above, however, 
 does not yield Marsupites, and contains many layers of flints 
 for nearly 100 feet higher, and it is 138 feet before chalk with 
 few flints is reached. The zone of M. coranguinum is certainly 
 over 200 feet thick, and may be 254 feet. It occupies the 
 greater part of the cliffs between Beachy Head and Cuckmere 
 Haven; Micraster coranguinum, Echinoconus conicus, and 
 Rhynchonella plicatilis (Fig. 14) are found in it. 
 
 Between this haven and Seaford the beds curve down to the 
 Vilest acquiring a dip of 8° or 10°. This brings in higher beds 
 which consist of chalk with very few flints and with frequent 
 seams of soft grey marl ; these beds are about 60 feet thick and 
 
geology of eastboubne. 
 Fossils of the Upper Chalk. 
 
 Via. 12. ilicraster coranguiuiim, 
 Lesk. 
 
 Fig. 13. Marsupites 
 ornatus, Miller. 
 
 Fig. 14. Kliynchonella 
 
 plicatilis (var. 
 
 octoplicata), Sow. 
 
 Fig. 15. Ecliinocorys 
 
 vulgaris, Breynius. 
 
 (f natural size.) 
 
 are believed to represent the zone of Marsupites (Fig. 13), though 
 no plates of that fossil have yet been found at this locality in 
 spite of careful search for them. 
 
 Above this in Seaford Cliff are about 130 feet of chalk con- 
 taining layers of flints at intervals of 6 or 7 feet. This chalk 
 contains Offaster 2nllula in some abundance, a species which 
 seldom occurs below the zone of Belemnitella quadrata. This 
 chalk is continued in the Newhaven Cliffs where B. quaclnitu 
 has been found by Mr. Rhodes. 
 
 Woolwich Beds and London Clay. 
 
 Outliers of Woolwich Beds, capped in two places by a little 
 London Clay, occur at Newhaven and Seaford. The sections are 
 now obscure; but before the fort at Newhaven was made 
 Prestwich and Mr. Whitaker were able to measure a clear 
 exposure in the sea-cliff. 
 
GEOLOGY OF EASTBOURNE 
 
 The following notes are condensed from their description* 
 Section of the cliff, Castle Hill, Newlmven. 
 
 feet. 
 10 
 
 (iravel 
 /'G-rey clay 
 London) Yellow sand 
 Clay. I Thin-bedded grey and brown clay 
 
 VFlint-pebbles in grey clay and yellow sand 
 Laminated grey-clay 
 Clayey, hard, oyster-bed 
 Shelly clays 
 
 Grey and brown clay, with bed of shells 
 Sand and seams of grey clay — traces of 
 
 plants 
 Grey clay, with leaves and shells 
 Sandy bed with lignite 
 Grey, brown, and lilac clay 
 Light-coloured sand 
 
 Greensand, with green-coated and iron- 
 stained flints 
 Chalk with flints 
 
 obtained the following 
 
 Woolwich 
 
 Beds, 
 
 60 feet 
 
 or more. 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 20' 
 
 shell-beds, Prestwich 
 
 From the 
 species : — 
 
 Dreissena serrata 1 
 
 Unio. 
 
 Cyrena cuneiformis (fig. 17), 
 
 intermedia ? 
 
 Psammobia Condamini. 
 Hydrobia Parkinsoni ? 
 
 Cerithium variabile. 
 Melania inquinata (fig. 18). 
 Melanopsis buooinoidos. 
 Ostrea Bellovacina (fig. 16). 
 
 Cypris ? 
 
 Fossils of the Woolwich Beds. 
 
 Fig. 17. Cyrena 
 
 cuneif oralis, .SV;(/'. 
 
 (tall variety.) 
 
 Fig. 16. Ostrea Bellovacina, Lam. 
 
 {% natural size.) 
 
 Fig. 18. Melania 
 inquinata, Defr 
 
 * Preatwich " On the Structure of the Strata between the London Clay and 
 the Chalk in the London and Hampshire Tertiary Systems. Part II. — The 
 Woolwich and Reading Series." Quart. Joui-n. Oeol. Soc, vol. x., pp. 83-84 (1854). 
 Whitaker " On the Cliff-sections of the Tertiary Beds ... at Newhaven 
 in Sussex," Ibid., vol. xxvii., pp. 265-268 (1871). 
 
10 GEOLOGY OF EASTBOURNE. 
 
 Dr. Mantell and Mr. Starkie Gardner have obtained also numerous 
 leaves, but these have not yet been described. 
 
 The moUusca are estuarine forms, such as occur at Woolwich, 
 and the strata also are of the Woolwich type. Towards the west 
 these pass into deposits of the Reading type — red-mottled clays 
 with ngnite — as they do in the London Basin, and moUusca 
 become very rare. The London Clay of Newhaven has yielded 
 no fossils. 
 
 Clay with Flints. 
 
 All the higher flat-topped Downs within the area here 
 described are covered by a thin sheet of red or black clay, full of 
 unworn flints or of Tertiary debris. This deposit is of indefinite 
 date, being here formed principally from the gradual destruction 
 of Eocene outliers, which have become mixed with a certain 
 proportion of flints set loose by the slow dissolution of the Chalk 
 below. It always contains a large percentage of rounded quartz 
 grains, such as could not be derived from the Chalk below. 
 
 Valley Gravel or Coombe Rock. 
 
 Eastbourne is built mainly on a deposit of Chalk rubble, like 
 that known at Brighton as the Coombe Rock or Elephant-bed. 
 This cannot now be examined, except in occasional excavations 
 for foundations, but Prestwich describes it as yielding teeth 
 and bones of Elephas prim,igenius, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, 
 Hippopotamus major, Bos and Equus* He was also told that 
 at a mile east of Eastbourne " beneath the bone-bed they came, 
 at a depth of 15 or 16 feet, upon a bed of sand with sea-shells." 
 But " one mile east of Eastbourne " (Old) would mean a locality 
 at the edge of the marsh, which was an estuary within the 
 historic period. The marine beds, therefore, may be of modern 
 date ; but this point can only be cleared up by the opening of 
 new pits. Should Prestwich's informant be correct, this is the 
 only trace of Pleistocene marine deposits yet- found within the 
 Wealden area; though near Brighton a "raised beach" underlies 
 the Coombe Rock. 
 
 At Birling Gap an excellent section of the Coombe Rock is 
 exposed. It is fully 30 feet thick, and extends below mean tide- 
 level. Up this valley, but not in the gravel, several Palseolithic 
 implements have been found. Similar chalky rubble has been 
 mapped in some of the dry Chalk valleys, as well as along the 
 courses of the Ouse and Cuckmere. 
 
 Alluvium and Shingle. 
 
 The Alluvium of the Ouse and Cuckmere, and of the Willing- 
 don Level, consists of carbonaceous mud and peat, which have 
 gradually filled up valleys flooded on the subsidence of the land. 
 
 * " The Raised Beaches, and ' Head ' or Rubble-drift, of the South of England 
 . ." Quart. Journ. GboL Soc, vol. xlviii., p. 366. (1892). 
 
GEOLOGY Ol? EASTBOURNE. 11 
 
 The greater elevation of the land in old times is shown by the 
 depth of the AlluTium, as proved by borings. Those made by 
 the Newhaven Harbour Company prove that the Alluvium 
 reaches in places at least 52 feet below the marsh-level, without 
 any indication of solid rock. In other districts submerged land- 
 surfaces, with tree-stumps rooted in the soil, are found beneath 
 low-water level ; but within the Eastbourne map there do not 
 happen to be many deep excavations, though a trench at the 
 Eastbourne Waterworks -showed peat at about mean-tide level, 
 and, a total thickness of 30 feet of Alluvium. This submergence 
 was apparently completed in prehistoric times. 
 
 Flints washed out of the Chalk have drifted along-shore to 
 the north-east, and have accumulated north of Eastbourne in 
 
 Earallel ridges till they form a beach nearly a mile in width at 
 langney Point.* There is little beach along the rest of the 
 coast, except at the mouth of the Ouse. 
 
 Disturbances and Surface Erosion. 
 
 The physical features are largely due to the disturbances which 
 the rocks have undergone ; but adequately to deal with the 
 subject needs far more space than is here available. The general 
 southward dip was caused by the rise of the main anticlinal 
 fold of the Weald ; to which also is due the shedding of the 
 water, so that the rivers flow north or south from the central 
 axis and cut across all the strata in succession. The Ouse and 
 Cuckmere are two of these ancient rivers which have gradually 
 cut lower and lower, till now they seem to have gone out of 
 their way to cut through the high Chalk Downs, instead of 
 following the easier and lower route across the plains of Gault or 
 Weald Clay to the sea. The plains, however, at the time the 
 river-valleys originated had ho existence, or were higher than 
 the present Chalk hills.f 
 
 The eastern extremity of the Hampshire Basin lies within the 
 area described in this pamphlet, for the synchnal trough runs 
 out to sea between Seaford and Beachy Head. This synchne is 
 cut in a striking way by a disturbance which runs north-north- 
 east and south-south-west along the shore from Eastbourne to 
 Beachy Head. Part of this disturbance is shown on the map 
 copied from the 6-inch survey ; but it is traceable also through 
 Eastbourne, till it is lost under the Marsh. The disturbance 
 cuts at right angles to the general trend of the anticlinal and 
 synclinal folds, and though lost beneath the sea near Beachy 
 Head, it seems to continue in the same line, for the Admiralty 
 charts mark a narrow shoal extending more than a mile further 
 and suggesting the presence of a ledge of the green sandstone. 
 The numerous minor disturbances which together make up this 
 shattered belt consist in the main of small overthrust faults, 
 
 * See " Topley, Geology of the Weald," Chapter xvii., Memoirs of the Geological 
 Survey (1875) ; J. B. Redman, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xi., p. 162 ; and 
 F. W. Bourdillon, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1885, p. 413. 
 
 t Topley, Op. cit., Chapter xvi. 
 
12 
 
 GEOLOGY OP EASTBOUaNE. 
 
 which cause Gault to overhe Greensand, and Greensand to rest 
 on Chalk in a most unexpected fashion. Wedges have been so 
 thrust in as to dupHcate the rocks and give the strata a tilt 
 
 •'. '.•••■. -V;.:.. '.•..■•; ■.■;■■..•■■?•■.•■■•■.••;•■■•>.'* 
 1^ i •. - .'\'. ■>Kv.;'V".''--i^:.:----V-v:.- >"-. i 
 *> I-'. . ■ v.. .°^>;v .•:■■■■.■;■■.•.■■.:■•<■■.•..•(...■.•.•. ;-.--.^ 4 
 
 
 
 „ ..N.«;v • 
 • •.■>.;■■.; ; 
 
 
 
 / / '■' V''.*- >'^\/'"'- ''•;'''>si'.i^-V ;■/;?■: Jif; 
 / /• •. /. v-■«;■:'''■■■^■■'■■■^;■.'0•■■-•■•■■-^■.v'^:■ v'J 
 .■■■ ,' ° . .!i//'f>V^■•■•^;■■:■•■■V/.•/!?;;;-■-•.;l^.•ilv.:J 
 
 I .' - 
 
 'A 
 •■-I. 
 
 |-.v 
 
 ConmlieltaclL 
 CIny-wiOi-FUnl. 
 Upp«T QiaJk 
 
 
 \^ lnd.UjaiiA9 tUractLon. ofDlp of Strata. 
 
 MAP OF Py^RT 
 
 OF THE. 
 
 rORELSHOREl NEAR BEACHY HEAD. 
 
 toward the west-north-west. The effect of this disturbance is 
 only felt for a very short distance inland, but eastward under 
 the sea it apparently becomes more violent, though without 
 
GEOLOGY OF EASTBOURNE. 13 
 
 submarine surveying it is impossible to say exactly what has 
 happened. The disturbance is probably a broken unicline, like 
 that of the Isle of Wight, with which it may be continuous. If 
 this is the case the Chalk of the South Downs, unlike that of 
 the North Downs, is not connected across the Channel with 
 France. Contrary to the accepted idea the escarpment curves 
 round Beachy Head and turns to the west. The bed of this part 
 o£ the English Channel may thus be a continuation of the wide 
 plain of the Weald, and forrtied like the Weald by the erosion of 
 the softer strata. 
 
 Another remarkable feature in the Eastbourne district is the 
 occurrence in the Chalk Downs of numerous winding valleys, 
 now quite devoid of water and having bottoms sloping at a 
 much higher angle than that taken by the saturation-plane in 
 the Chalk far beneath. Such a feature in pervious Chalk 
 cannot be accounted for by any change in the amount of rain- 
 fall ; it points to other conditions, which have now passed away. 
 It is in all probability a relic of the Glacial Epoch, which in 
 these southern districts did not lead to an accumulation of ice, 
 but caused the rocks to freeze to a great depth, thus rendering 
 them impervious to any rain that might fall in the summer. 
 During that period the Chalk would be cut into valleys in the 
 same way as any impervious rock, instead of immediately 
 absorbing the heaviest rain, as it does at the present day. 
 
 Water Supply and Economics. 
 
 In a residential district of this character, water-supply is by 
 far the most important practical application of geology. East- 
 bourne, till quite recently, obtained its water from headings 
 driven into the Upper Greensand at the Bedford Well, north of 
 the town, and obtained so large a supply as to make the source 
 difficult to understand, for the outcrop of the Greensand is 
 apparently of insufficient area to yield so much. A dry season 
 and the consequent lowering of the water-level by pumping 
 caused, however, the influx of sea- water. The new Geological 
 Survey shows that this well is in the remarkable disturbed belt 
 which has just been described. This disturbance seems to have 
 made itself felt in two ways. In the first place, by causing 
 shattered Lower Chalk to abut against the Greensand, it let in 
 a certain amount of water from the pervious Chalk above — a 
 source which under ordinary conditions could not possibly be 
 tapped by a well in the Greensand. The chemical analysis of 
 the water and the unaccountably large supply obtained during a 
 number of years support this view. Another result of the 
 position of the well on the fissured belt was less fortunate, for it 
 allowed sea -water to travel freely for a long distance and 
 gradually to mix with the water of the well. As it was evident 
 that other sources of supply were needed, the copious springs 
 which formerly flowed into the sea at Holywell have now been 
 taken, and wells have also been sunk at Wannock (north of the 
 Eastbourne map) and at Friston. The latter of these localities 
 
14 
 
 GEOLOGY OF EASTBOURNE. 
 
 is in the middle of sparsely inhabited Chalk Downs, and ought 
 to yield a large supply of water of excellent quality. The follow- 
 ing analyses of waters from these new sources have been made 
 by Sir Edward Frankland : — 
 
 Eastbotjene. Waterworks. March 20, 1897. 
 
 
 
 Parts per 100,000. 
 
 
 (1) 
 Holywell. 
 
 (2) 
 Friston. 
 
 
 
 (3) 
 Wannock. 
 
 Total Solid Matters 
 
 33-24 
 
 37-08 
 
 25^24 
 
 Organic Carbon 
 
 •055 
 
 •041 
 
 •043 
 
 Organic Nitrogen - 
 
 •010 
 
 •012 
 
 •Oil 
 
 Ammonia 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Nitrogen as Nitrates and Nitrites 
 
 •664 
 
 •656 
 
 •096 
 
 Total Combined Nitrogen 
 
 •674 
 
 •668 
 
 •107 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 5-2 
 
 4^3 
 
 2^6 
 
 Hardness Temporary 
 
 14-5 
 
 16-9 
 
 15^2 
 
 „ Permanent 
 
 7-3 
 
 7^0 
 
 4-2 
 
 Total 
 
 21-8 
 
 23-9 
 
 19-4 
 
 (1) is from base of Middle Chalk. (2) is from Upper Chalk, 
 shattered Lower Chalk. 
 
 (3) is from 
 
 " For Chalk waters they are all of moderate hardness, the Wannock Well 
 remarkably so." 
 
 Seaford and Newhaven obtain their supply from wells in the 
 Upper Chalk ; but they also have been troubled by the influx of 
 sea-water, and have been compelled to sink a new well further 
 inland, at Poverty Bottom, in Denton.* 
 
 The mineral resources of the Eastbourne area are few. The 
 Gault, or rather its superficial weathered layers, is dug for brick- 
 making at Horsey. The Upper Greensand yields a fairly hard 
 sandstone, which was formerly taken from the reefs between 
 tide marks and used for building-purposes. A good hydraulic 
 lime is obtained from the marly Lower Chalk ; and occasionally 
 the harder beds have been employed for building, though they 
 are too soft for anything but mterior work. The Middle and 
 Upper Chalk are more pure, and burn into a lime of ordinary 
 character ; they are also used for marling the land. The higher 
 part of the Upper Chalk is so pure that it is dug at Newhaven 
 
 * For further information, see Memoir on the Water Supply of Sussex bv 
 W. Whitaker and C. Reid. (In the press.) t-r ,' > i 
 
GEOLOGY OF EASTBOURNE. 
 
 15 
 
 and shipped for use in chemical works. An analysis of this 
 Chalk from Meeching Chalk Quarry, made by Mr. Bernard Dyer, 
 gives : — 
 
 Carbonate of Lime 
 Phosphate of Lime 
 Carbonate of Magnesia 
 Oxide of Iron and Alumina 
 Silica 
 Water, &c. 
 
 97 
 
 100-00 
 
 89 
 22 
 75 
 14 
 65 
 35 
 
 In this pit the flints which are picked out are black and have 
 very thin rinds; the proportion of flints is about 1 ton to 
 130 tons of chalk. 
 
 The Tertiary deposits jdeld sand and some brickearth, and also, 
 at their junction with the Chalk, a hydrous aluminium sulphate, 
 known as Aluminite or Websterite ; but this mineral is of no 
 economic^ value. The extensive beach at Langley Point yields 
 flint gravel suitable for use in the manufacture of pottery ; and 
 certain parts of the alluvial mud of the Ouse can be used mixed 
 with Chalk for cement-making. 
 
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SHEET MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SVKVXY— continued. 
 
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 COAL-FlpLDS AND OTHER MINERAL DISTRICTS.-Scale.sijE inches to a mile. 
 
 The Coal-fields and other mineral districts of the N. of England are in part published on a scale of six inches to a mile, 
 at is. to 68. each. M.S. Coloured Copies of other six-inch maps, not intended for publication, are deposited for reference in 
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 MINERAL STATISTICS. 
 
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 THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Part I. The North and (North Midland Counties of England (0«* qf print). Part n. South StaflordShtoe. Price 1«. 
 
 Part III. South Wales. Price Is. 3d, Part IV. The Shropshire Coal-field and North Staffordshire. Is. Sd.