..^ iy t^SM^, ^^ ^A ■ is known. (c) the subject ) 2. To show what the library has (d) by a given author (e) on a given subject (f) in a given kind of literature. 3. To assist in the choice of a book (g) as to its edition (bibliographically). (h) as to its character (literary or topical). MEANS. 1. Author-entry with the necessary references (for a and d). 2. Title-entry or title-reference (for b). 3. Subject-entry, cross-references, and classed subject-table (for c and e). 4. Form-entry and language-entry (for r). 5. Giving edition and imprint, with notes when necessary (for g). 6. Notes (for h). REASONS FOB CHOICE. Among the several possible methods of attaining the objects, other things being equal, choose that entry (1) That will probably be first looked under by the class of people who use the library; (2) That is consistent with other entries, so that one principle can cover all; (3) That will mass entries least in places where it is difficult to so anange them that they can be readily found, as under names of nations and cities. This applies very slightly to entries under first words, because it is easy and suffi- cient to arrange them by the alphabet. * Note to second edition. This statement of Objects and Means has been criticized; but as it has also been frequently quoted, usually ■without change or credit, in the prefaces of catalogs and elsewhere I suppose it has on the whole been approved. DEFINITIONS. 13 DEFINITIONS. There is such confusion in the use of terms in the various prefaces to catalogs — a confusion that at once springs from and leads to confusion of thought and practice- that it is worth while to propose a systematic nomenclature. Accession (verb), to enter in an accession book. Accession hook, the business record of books, etc., added to a library in the order of receipt, giving a condensed description of the book and the essential facts in its library history. . A chronological arrangement of the book bills, more or less annotated, can be economically substituted for this book. Accession nutnher, the number given to a volume in the order of its addition to a library. Accession stamp, a numbering stamp used in printing accession num- bers in books, on cards, etc. Added edition, another edition of a work already in the catalog. Added entry, a secondary entry, i. e., anj"^ oth* than a main entry. Alphahetic subject catalog, a catalog arranged alphabetically by subject heads, usually without subdivisions. The term is also used to include alphabetico-classed catalogs. Alpkabetico-classed catalog, an alphabetic subject catalog in which the subjects are grouped in broad classes with numerous alphabetic subdivisions. It may also include author and title entries in the same alphabet. Analysis, the registry of part of a book or of a work contained in a collection. (See §§ 193-196.) Anonymous, published without the author's name. Strictly a book is not anonymous if the author's name appears anywhere in it, but it is safest to treat it as anonymous if the author's name does not appear in the title. Even when the author's name is given in the second or a later volume the work is to be treated as anonymous if the first volume does not give the author's name. Note that the words are "in the title," not "on the title-page." Sometimes in Government publications the author's name and the title of his work do not appear on the title-page but on a page immediately following. Such works are not to be treated as anonymous. Appended; a work which has a title-page, but is connected with another work by mention on its title-page as part of the volume, or by continuous paging or register, is said to be appended to that work. Asyndetic, without cross-references. See Syndetic. 14 DEFINITIONS. Aiuthor, in the narrower sense, is the person who writes a book ; in a wider sense it may be applied to him who is the cause of the book's existence by putting together the writings of several authors (usually called the editor, more properly to be called the collector). Bodies of men (societies, cities, legislative bodies, countries) are to be considered the authors of their memoirs, transactions, journals, debates, reports, etc. Author card, a card bearing an author entry; usually the main author card. Author catalog, an alphabetic catalog" of author entries, and entries under editors, translators, etc. It also usually contains titles, but is then more properly called an author and title catalog. See also Name catalog and Personal catalog. Author entry, an entry (main or added) under the name of the author (whether personal or corporate) or some substitute for it. (See §§ 1-119.) Bihliographee, one wha is the subject of a bibliography. See note under Biographee. Bibliography, a list of the books of a particular author, printer, place, or period, or on any particular theme; the literature of a subject. See also Catalog. Binder's title, the title lettered on the binding of a book. Biographee, one who is the subject of a biography. In general the word "subject" expresses the meaning as well and being shorter should be used in preference. BooTc nurriber, one or more characters, used to distinguish an individual book from all others having the same class, shelf, or other generic number. Bracket (noun), rectangular inclosing marks [ ]. They are used to enclose words added to a title or imprint or changed in form. Not to be confounded with curves ( ). (verb), to inclose between brackets. Broadside, a sheet of paper printed on one side only. Ex. Posters, hand-bills, Thanksgiving proclamations, etc. ^ Call-marJc, characters indicating the location of a book on the shelves and distinguishing it from all others in the library. Usually composed of class and book number, or in fixed location, of shelf and book number. Caption, the name of a book (or of part of a book) given at the head of the first page of text. Card catalog, a catalog made on separate pieces of cardboard (by writ- ing, typewriting, printing, or otherwise) and kept in drawers, trays, books, or in any other way that will allow of indefinite intercalation without rewriting. A catalog on pieces of paper is properly a slip catalog but is often included under the general name of card catalog. DEFINITIONS. " 15 Catalog^ a list of books which is arranged on some definite plan. As distinguished from a bibliography, it is a list of books in some library or collection. For specific kinds of catalogs see: Accession book Dictionary catalog Alphabetic subject catalog Name catalog Alphabetico-classed catalog Personal catalog Author catalog Shelf list Classed catalog Subject catalog. Check, a conventional mark indicating that certain work is to be or has been done, or conveying other information. Class, a collection of objects having characteristics in common. Books are classified, by bringing together those which have the same characteristics. * Of course any characteristics might be taken, as size, or binding, or publisher. But as nobody wants to know what books there are in the library in folio, or what quartos, or what books bound in russia or calf, or what published by John Smith, or by Brown, Jones, and Eobinson, these bases of classiflcation are left to the booksellers and auctioneers and trade sales. Still, in case of certain unusual or noted bindings (as in human skin or from Grolier's library) or early or famous publishers (as Aldus and Elzevir) a partial class-list is sometimes very properly made. But books are most commonly brought together in cata,logs tecause they have the same authors, or the same subjects, or the same literary form, or are written in the same language, or were given by the same donor, or are designed for the same class of readers. When brought together because they are by the same author, they are not usually thought of as classified; they form the author-catalog, and need no further mention here except in regard to arrangement. The classes, i. e., in this case the authors, might of course be further classified according to their nations, or their professions (as the subjects are in national or professional biographies), or by any other set of common characteristics, but for library purposes an alphabetical arrangement accord- ing to the spelling of their names is universally acknowledged to be the best. The classification by language is not generally used in full. There are catalogs in which all the English books are separated from all the foreign; in others there are sepa- rate lists of French books or German books. The needs of each library must deter- mine whether it is worth while to prepare such lists. It is undeniably useful in almost any library to make lists of the belles lettres in the different languages; which, though nominally a classification by language, ia really a classification by literary form, the object being to bring together all the works with a certain national flavor — the Freilch flavor, the German flavor, or it may be a classing by readers, the German books being cataloged together for a German population, the French for the French, and so on. Again, it is useful to give lists not of the belles lettres alone, but of all the works in the rarer languages, as the Bodleian and the British Museum have pub- lished separate lists of their Hebrew books. Here too the circumstances of each library must determine where it shall draw the line between those literatures which it will put by themselves and those which it will include and hide in the mass of its general catalog. Note, however, that some of the difficulties of transliterating names' of modern Greek, Bussian authors, etc., are removed by putting their original works in a separate catalog, though translations still remain to puzzle us. The catalog by donors or original owners is usually partial (as those of the Dowse, Barton, Prince, and Ticknor libraries). The catalogs by classes of readers are also partial, hardly extending beyond Juvenile literature and Sunday-school books. ♦This note has little direct bearing on practice, but by its insertion here some one interested in the theory of cataloging may be saved the trouble oJ going over the same ground. 1^ DEFINITIONS. Of course many subject classes amount to the same thing, the class Medicine being especially useful to medical men, Theology to the theologians, and so on. Classification by subject and classification by form are the most common. An example will best show the distinction between them. Theology, which is itself a subject, is also a class, that is, it is extensive enough to have its parts, its chapters, so to speak (as Future Life, Holy Spirit, Regeneration, Sin, Trinity), treated sepa- rately, each when so treated (whether in books or only in thought) being itself a subject; all these together, inasmuch as they possess this in common, that they have to do with some part of the relations of God to man, form the class of subjects The- ology. Class, however, is applied to Poetry in a different sense. It then signifies not a collection of similar subjects, but a collection of books resembling one another in being composed in that form and with that spirit, whatever it is, which is called poetical. In thfe subject-catalog class it is used in the first sense— collection of simi- lar subjects; in the literary-form catalog it is used in the second — list of similar books. Most systems of classification are mixed, as the following analysis of one in actual use in a small library will show: Art, acience, and natural history. Siibrject. History and biography. Subject. Poetry. Form (literary). Encyclopaedias and books of refer- I^yrm (practical), ence. Travels and adventures. Subject. (Has some similarity to a Form-class.) Railroads. Subject. Fiction. Form. {Novels, a subdivision of Fiction, is properly a Form-claas; but the differentia of the more extensive class Fiction is not Its form, but its untruth; imaginary voyages and the like of course imitate the form of the works which they parody.) Relating to the rebellion. Svbjeet. Magazines. Form (practical). General literature, essays, and re- A mixture: 1. Hardly a class; that is to say, it probably is a coUec- llgious works. tion of books having only this in common, that they will not fit ' .l^^ifito att^ of the other classes; 2. Form; 3. Subject. Confining ourselves now to classification by subjects, the word can be used in three senses: 1. Bringing books together which treat of the same subject specifically. That is, books which each treat of the whole of the subject and not of a part only. 2. Bringing books together which treat of similar subjects. Or, to express the same thing differently: Bringing subjects together so as to form a class. A catalog so made is called a classed catalog. 3. Bringing classes together so as to form a system. A catalog so made should be called a systematic catalog. The three steps are then 1. Classifying the books to make subject-lists. 2. Classifying the subject-lists to make classes. 3. Classifying the classes to make a systematic catalog. The dictionary stops in its entries at the first stage, in its cross-references at the second. The alphabetico-classed catalog stops at the second stage. The systematic alone advances to the third. Classification in the first sense, it is plain, is the same as "entry; " in the second sense it is the same as "class-entry;" and in the third sense it is the same as the " logical arrangement " of the table on p. 17, under "Classed catalog." It is worth while to ascertain the relation of subject and class in the subject-cata- log. Subject is the matter on which the author is seeking to give or the reader to obtain information; Class is, as said above, a grouping of subjects which have char- DEFINITIONS. 17 acteristics in common. A little reflection will show that the words so used partially overlap,* the general subjects being classes t and the classes being subjects, t but the individual subjects § never being classes. Class-entry, registering a book under the name of its class; in the sub- ject-catalog used in contradistinction to specific entry. E. g.,a, book on repentance has class entry under Theology; its specific entry would be under RepentEmce. Class-mark, one or more characters showing the class to which a book belongs. In a relative location this also shows its place on the shelves. Classed catalogs are made by class-entry, whether the classes so formed are arranged logically as in the Systematic kind or alphabetically as in the Alphabetico-classed. A dictionary catalog contains class-headings, inasmuch as it contains the headings of extensive subjects, but under them there is no class entry, only specific entry. The syndetic dictionary catalog, however, recognizes their nature by its cross-refer- ences, which constitute it in a certain degree an alphabetico-classed (nota systematic) catalog. Moreover, the dictionary catalpg, without ceasing to be one, might, if it were thought worth while (>vhich it certainly is not), not merely give titles under specific headings but repeat them under certain classes or under all classes in ascend- ing series, e. g., not merely have such headings as Kose, Geranium, Fungri, Iiilia- cesB, Phsenogamia, Cryptogamia, but also under Botany include all the titles which appeared under Bose, Geranium, etc. ; provided the headings Botany, Cryp- togamia, Fungi, etc., were arranged alphabetically. The matter may be tabulated thus: Specific entry. (Common diet, catnl. ) Specific entry and class reference. ( Bost. Pub. Lib., Boston Athenseum.) Alphabetical ar- Specific and class entry. (No example.) rangement. | ■ Class entry with specific or class sub- entry. (Noyes.) Class entry with chiefiy class subentry. (Abbot.) Dictionary catalog. Alphabetico-classed catalog. Form Clas Subjects ses.„ 1 Individual jecta. t The subjects Animals, Horses. Plants are classes, a fact which is per. haps more evident to the eye if we use the terms Zoology, Hlppology, Botany. The subdivisions of Botany and Zoology are obvious enough; the subdivisions of Hlppology may be themselves classes, as Shetland ponies, Arabian coursers. Barbs, or individual horses, as l.ady Suffolk- Justin Morgan. X Not merely the concrete classes, Natural history, Geography, Herpe- tology. History, Ichthyology, Mineralogy, but the abstract ones. Mathe- matics, Philosophy, are plainly subjects. The tact that some books treat of the subject Philosophy and others of philosophical subjects, and that others treat in a philosophical manner subjects not usually considered philosophical, introduces con- fusion into the matter, and single examples may.be brought up in which it seems as if the classifica- tion expressed the form (Crestadoro's "nature") or something which a friend calls the "essence" of the book and not its subject, so that we ought to speak of an " essence catalog" which might require some special treatment; but the distinction can not be maintained. It might be said, for example, that "Geology a proof of revelation " would have for its subject-matter Geology but for its class Theology— which is true, not because class and subject are incompatible but because this book has two subjects, the first Geology, the second one of the evidences of revealed religion, wherefore, as the Bvidenoes are a subdivision of Theology, the book belongs under that as a subject-class. § It is plain enough that Mt. Jefferson, John Milton, the Warrior Iron-clad are not classes. Coun- tries however, which for most purposes it is convenient to consider as individual, are in certain aspects . ^ -aes; when by the word " England " we mean " the EnglLsh " it is the name of a class. 31425—04 2 18 DEFINITIONS. Logical arrange- ment. Class entry. (Undivided classed catal.) Class entry and subentry and finally spe- cific subentry. catal. ) (Subdivided classed Systematic catalog. Alphabetical arrangement. Specific headings in alphabetical order. Specific headings arranged logic- ally in classes. Classes in alpha- betical order. Classes in logical order. Logical arrangement. A, Specific dictionary. B, Specific diet, by its cross-references and its form-entries. Alphabetico-classed catalog. J C, Classed catalog without subdivisions. I D, Classed catalog with subdivisions. 2. A, B are alphabetical. I C, D are classed. ; A, B, D contain specific subjects. ^ B, C, D contain classes. The specific entries of A and the classes of B, though brought together in the same cata- logs (the class-dictionary and 'the alphabetico- classed), simply stand side by side and do not unite, each preserving its own nature, because the principle which brings them together— the alphabet— is external, mechanical. But in D the specific entries and the classes become intimately united to form a homogeneous whole, because the prin- ciple which brings them together — the relations of the subjects to one another — is internal, chemical, so to speak. Collation, in library work ascertaining, usually by the examination of signatures or of the page numbers, whether a copy of a book is perfect; in the catalog of a library the statement of the number of volumes, pages, illustrations, maps, etc. , of the library's copy of a book; in printed cards for general use the statement of these details as they exist in a perfect copy of the book. Collector, one who makes a work by putting together several works or parts of works. Often called editor. (See §§ 98-107.) Colon abbreviatimis, abbreviations for the most common forenames formed of the initial followed by : for men and ■• for women. (See Appendix III.) Colophon, title and imprint or imprint alone at the end of the book. Conjoint authorshij). See Joint authorship. Continuation, any part after the first of a publication issued in parts at different times, whether a serial, an irregular publication, or a book. Cross reference, reference from one subject to another. Curves, the upright curves ( ) used to mark off an interjected explana- tory clause or qualifying remark; marks of parenthesis; also used to indicate inclusion, as {In his Soldiers of fortune. 1876,), (Arundel Society). Not to be confounded with brackets [ ]. A dash (an en dash) between numbers (as 16-20) means "to and including"; following a number it is equivalent to etc., sqq., or foil. An em dash before a title takes the place of the previous i heading; an em dash followed by an en dash takes the place of a heading and a subordinate heading or a title. (See § 219.) DEFINITIONS. . 19 Dictionary catalog, so called because the headings (author, title, subject, and form) are arranged, like the words in a dictionary, in alpha- betical order. Dictionary and other alplmbetical catalogs. These are differentiated not, as is often said, by the dictionary having specific entry, but (1) by its giving specific entries in all cases and (2) by its individual entry. Even the classed catalogs often have specific entry. Whenever a book treats of the whole subject of a class, it is specifically entered under that class. A theological encyclopaedia is specifically entered under Theologfy, and theology is an unsorbordi- nated class in many systems. The alphabetico-classed catalogs have specific entry ^in many more cases, because they have many more classes. Professor Ezra Abbot has such headings as Ink, Jute, Lace, Leather, Life-savers, Locks, IVEortars, Perfumery, Safes, Salt, Smoke, Snow, Varnish., Vitriol. Mr. Noyes has scores of similar headings; but neither of them permits individiial entry, which the diction- ary-catalog requires. The alphabetico-classed catalog enters a life of Napoleon and a history of England under Biography and History; the dictionary enters them under Napoleon and England. This is the invariable and chief distinction between the two. (Since this was written the only alphabetico-classed catalog in existence has arranged its individual biography in the same alphabet with its authors, so far destroying the distinction between itself and the dictionary catalog.) Duplicate., a second copy of a book identical with the first in edition, contents, and imprint (binding and paper may differ). Edition, a number of copies of a book, published at the same time and in the same form. A later publication of the same book unchanged is sometimes styled a different edition, sometimes a, new issue, sometimes a different thousand (4th thousand, 7th thousand). Title edition, one distinguished from another edition of the same book only by a change on the title-page, usually a change of date. Editm'. See Aut?ior. Entry, the registry of a book in the catalog with the title and imprint. Author-entry, registry with the author's name for a heading. (§ 119.) Added ev.try, any other than the main entry. Title-entry, registry under some word of the title. (§§ 120-160.) First-word-entry, entry made from the first word of the title not an article. (§§ 120-143.) Important-word or catch-word entry, entry made from some word of the title other than the first word and not indicative of the sub- ject, but likely to be remembered and used by borrowers in asking for the book. (Not recommended in these Rules.) Main entry, the full or principal entry. (See Main entry.) Series entry, entry of a number of separate works published under a collective title or half-title or title-page caption. Such are "The English, citizen" series and "American statesmen." The head- ing is the first word of the name of the series or its collector's name. Suhject-word-entry, entry made under a word of the title which indicates the subject of the book. (§ 151.) 20 DEFINITIONS. Siibject-entry, registry under the name selected by the cataloger to indicate the subject. (§§ 162-188.) A cataloger who should put "The insect," byMichelet, under Entomology would be making a subject-entry; Duncan's "Introduction to entomology" entered under the same head would be at once a subject-entry and a subject-word-entry. Form-entry, registry under the name of the kind of literature to which the book belongs. (§§ 189-192.) Fixed location, system of marking and arranging books by shelf and book marks so that their absolute position in room, tier, and on shelf is always the same. Fold symbol, a symbol indicating the number of leaves into which a sheet is folded, and thereby approximately the size of the page. Form, applied to a variety of classification founded on the form of the book classified, which may be either Practical, as in Almanacs, Dic- tionaries, Encyclopaedias, Gazetteers, Indexes, Tables (the form in these being for the most part alphabetical), or Literary, as Fiction, Plays, Comedies, Farces, Tragedies, Poetry, Letters, Orations, Sermons (the latter with the subdivisions Charity, Election, Funeral, Instal- lation, Ordination, Thanksgiving, etc.) There are certain headings which belong both to the Subject and the Form family. "EncyclopaBdias," inasmuch as the books treat of all knowledge, is the most inclu- sive of all the subject-classes; inasmuch as (with few exceptions) they are in alpha- betical form, it is a form-class. Form (French ybrma^), the designation of a book by the fold of the sheet, often called "size." Folio when the sheet is folded once, quarto when it is folded twice, octavo when it is folded three times, 16mo or 12mo when folded four times. Form-entry, registry of a book under the name of the kind of litera- ture to which the book belongs. (See §§ 189-192.) Guide card, a projecting labelled card inserted in a card catalog to aid in finding a desired place or heading. Half-title. See Title. Hanging indention. See Indention. Heading, the word by which the alphabetical place of an entry in the catalog is determined, usually the name of the author, of the subject, or of the literary or practical form, or a word of the title. Imprint, the indication of the place, date, and . form of printing. (§§257-275.) _ Indention, the setting in of a line by a blank space at the beginning or left hand, as in the first line of a paragraph. Hangmg indention, the reverse of this, setting out the first line and indenting the following lines, as in the present list of definitions. Individual entry, entering a book under the name of a person or place as a subject heading; e. g. a life of Napoleon under Napoleon, not under Biography; or a history of England under England, not under History. (See Specific entry.') DEFINITIONS. 21 Initial, Initials, a letter or letters used as a substitute for the author's name; e. g., H. H. for Helen Hunt. Joint authorshijp, writing a book in conjunction, with specification of the part written by each. (§§ 3-4.) Lower case letter, a small letter as distinguished from a capital. Main entry, the full or principal entry; usually the author entry. In Full it consists of the author's name, the title, and the imprint. In a printed catalog it is distinguished from the added entries by having the/«H contents, which may be abridged or omitted in the subject entry, and all the bibliographical notes, most of which are left out in the added entry. In a printed-card catalog the entries are of course all alike. Main entry in that case means the one on which is given, often on the back of the card, but sometimes by checks on the face, a list of all the other entries of the book (author, title, subject, reference, and analytical). Name catalog, a catalog arranged alphabetically by names of persons and places, whether used as authors or subjects. A title catalog may be included in the same alphabet. Name reference, a reference to the form of a name selected for use in the catalog from alternative forms. Periodical, a work issued at intervals which are usually regular; it is generally written by many contributors. (For fuller discussion see §§ 133, 192.) Personal catalog, one which gives under a person's name both the books 5y ^ud those about him. jB. g. the "author" part of the Harvard University Library's catalog, and of the catalog of the Public Library of New South Wales at Sydney. Pseudonym, a fictitious name assumed by an author to conceal his identity. Polygraphia, written by several authors. Polytopical, treating of several topics. Will the convenience of this word excuse the twist given to the meaning of rojcoi in its formation? Polygraphic might serve, as the Frenclj use polygraphe for a mis- cellaneous writer; but it will be well to have both inotAs,-— polygraphic denoting (as now) collections of several works by one or many authors, poZj/iopicoZ denoting works on many subjects. The question marlc ? following a word or entry signifies " probably." Pecto, the right-hand page of an open book; the opposite of verso. Rectos bear odd, versos even numbers. Reference, partial registry of a book (omitting the imprint) under author, title, subject, or kind, referring to a more full entry under some other heading; occasionally used to denote merely entries without imprints, in which the reference is implied. The distinction of entry and reference is almost without meaning for Short, as a title-a-liner saves nothing by referring unless there are several references. In a printed-card catalog added entries often take the place of references, because one thereby gives more information with less work. 22 DEPISriTIONS. Analytical-reference, or, simply, an analytical, the registry of some part of a book or of some work contained in a collection, referring to the heading under which the book or collection is entered. (See §§ 193-196.) Cross-reference, reference from one subject to another. Heading-reference, from one form of a heading to another. First-word-reference, catch-word-reference, s'ubject-word-reference, same as first- word-entry, etc., omitting the imprint, and referring. Register, the series of signatures of a printed book. Relative location, an arrangement of books according to their relations to each other and regardless of the shelves or rooms where they are then placed. Kelative location, like a card catalog, admits indefinite intercalation; the books can be moved to other shelves or rooms without altering the call numbers. Alphabetic arrange- ment on the shelves is one form of relative location. Running title. See Title. Searcher, the person who ascertains whether books proposed for pur- chase are already in the library, or already ordered. Serial, a publication issued in successive parts, usually at regular intervals, and continued indefinitely. Series entry, an entry using as heading the first word of the name of a series, or its collector and title, followed by a list of the books in the library belonging to the series. Series note, name of series to which a book belongs, either editor and title or title alone; according to these rules, written incurves ( ) after the imprint. Shelf list, a brief inventory of the books in a library, the entries arranged in the order of tiie books on the shelves. It is generally for official use only. It forms a subject catalog of the library but without analysis. Shelf mark, in fixed location a letter or number indicating the location of a special shelf; also used as a synonym for call or location mark. Signature, a distinguishing mark, letter, or number placed usually at the bottom of the first page of each form or sheet of a book to indicate its order to the folder or binder. Hence, the form or sheet on which such a mark is placed, considered as a fractional part of a book; as, 'the work is printed in 20 signatures'. Size letters, a series of abbreviations, chiefly single letters, to indicate the sizes of books. Adopted for the use of the A. L. A. in 1878. (Library journal, 3:19.) See Appendix 3. Size mark, one or more characters to designate the size of a book. The most common ane the fold symbol and the size letter. Size ride, a metric rule on which are stamped the size letters and the corresponding fold symbols. Specific entry, registering a book under a heading which expresses its special subject as distinguished from entering it in a class which includes that subject. S DBFINITIONS. 23 ^- 9-> registering "The art of painting" under Painting, or a description of the cactus under Cactus. Putting them under Fine arts and Botany would be class- entry. "Specific entry," by the way, has nothing to do with "species." Subject, the theme or themes of the book, whether stated in the title or not. It is worth noting that subjects are of two sorts: (1) the individual, as Goethe, Shakespeare, England, the Middle Ages, the- ship Alexandra, the dog Tray, the French Revolution, all of which are concrete; and (2) general, as Man, History, Horse, Philosophy, which rnay be either concrete or abstract. Every general subject is a class more or less extensive. (See note on Class.) Some mis- takes have also arisen from not noting that certain words. Poetry, Fiction, Drama, etc., are subject-headings for the books written about Poetry, Fiction, etc., and form- headings for poems, novels, plays, etc. Subject-entry, Subject word entry. See Entry. Sxihject catalog, a catalog of subjects, whether arranged in classes or alphabeted by names of subjects. Svhject entry, registry of a book under its subject. (See §§ 161-188.) Subject heading, the name of a subject used as a heading under which books relating to that subject are entered. Subject reference, a reference from one subject to another, either a synonym, an allied heading, a more minute division of the sub- ject, or a more general subject. Syndetic, connective, applied to that kind of dictionary catalog which binds its entries together by means of cross-references so as to form a whole, the references being made from the most compre- hensive subject to those of the next lower degree of comprehen- siveness, and from each of these to their subordinate subjects, and vice versa. These cross-references correspond to and are a good substitute for the arrangement in a systematic catalog. Refer- ences are also made in the syndetic catalog to illustrative and coordinate subjects, and, if it is perfect, from specific to general subjects. (§§ 187-188.) Title in the broader sense includes heading, title proper, and imprint; in the na^rrower (in which it is hereafter used) it is the name of the book given by the author on the title-page. In this sense it is divided into two parts, the title proper, and the second part of the title, which begins with ' ' By " and contains the name of the author, editor, translator, if any, statements about illustrations, appendixes, etc. The name of the book or the subject of a portion of the book which is put at the top of each page is called the running-title. The name of the book put on the leaf preceding the title-page is called the half-title, or sometimes bastard title; half-title is also applied to lines indicating subdivisions of the book and following the title; the name given at the head of the first page of text is the caption. That given on the back of the book (the binder's title) should never be used for main entry in a catalog which makes the slightest pretensions to carefulness. The title proper must be followed very closely in cataloging (§ 223) ; the second part of the title may be treated with much more freedom, the author's name being omitted, omissions not signified by dots, and words abbreviated. 24 DEFINITIONS. A title may be either the book's name (as "&c.") or its description (as "A collec- tion of occasional sermons"), or it may state its subject (as "Synonyms of the New Testament"), or it may be any two or all three of these combined (afl description and subject, "Brief account of a journey through Europe;" name and description, "Happy thoughts;" name and subject, "Men's wives;" all three, "Index of dates"). Bibliographers have established a cult of the title-page; its slightest peculiarities are noted; it is followed religiously, with dots for omissions, brackets for insertions, and uprights to mark the end of Imes; it is even imitated by the fac-simile type or photographic copying. These things may concern the cataloger of the Lenox Library or the Prince collection. The ordinary librarian has in general nothing to do with them; but.it does not follow that even he is to lose all respect for the title. It is the book's name and should not be changed but by act of legislature. Our neces- sities oblige us to abbreviate it, but nothing obliges us to make additions to it or to change it without giving notice to the reader that we have done so. Moreover, it must influence the entry of a book more or less; it determines the title-entry entirely; it affects the author-entry, and the subject-entry. But to let it have more power than this is to pay it a superstitious veneration. Title entry, registry of a book under some word of the title. (See § 120-160.) Title ma/rJc, that part of the book mark which is used to distinguish different books by the same author; e. g. the book mark for Shakespeare's Macbeth is S5ma, of which the first part, S5, stands for Shakespeare and the second part, ma, is the title mark for Macbeth. Under; an entry is said to be "under" a word when that word is used as its heading, that is, when the word determines the place of the entry in the catalog. Yerno, the left-hand page of an open book; the opposite of recto. Yolume, a book distinguished from other books or other volumes of the same work by having its own title, paging, and register. This is the bibliographic use of the word, sanctioned by the British Museum rules. That is, it is in this sense only that it applies to all the copies of an edition as it comes from the printer. But there is also a bibliopegic and bibliopolic use, to denote a number of pages bound together, which pages may be several volumes in the other sense, or a part of a volume or parts of several volumes. To avoid confusion I use "volume" in the present treatise as defined in the Eules of the .British Museum catalog and I recommend this as the sole use in library catalogs, except in such phrases as 2 v. bd. in 1, which means 2 volumes in the bibliographical sense united by binding so as to form one piece of matter. In the present treatise I am regarding the dictionary catalog as consisting of an author-catalog, a subject-catalog, a more or less complete title-catalog, and a more or less complete form-catalog, all interwoven in one alphabetical order. The greater part, however, of the rules here given would apply equally to these catalogs when kept separate. These rules, written primarily for a printed catalog, have been enlarged in this fourth edition to include the needs of a card catalog. AUTHOR ENTRY. 25 A.— ENTRY: WHERE TO ENTER. I. AUTHOR-ENTRY. A. Authors. Author, 1. Anonymous, 2. 1. Personal. a. Under whom as cmthor. Joint authors, 3, 4. Works bound together, 5. Theses, 6. Pseu- donyms, 7. Illustrators, 8. Designer, painter, cartographer, en- graver, 9. Photographer, 10. Musical works, 11. Booksellers, auctioneers, 12, 13. Commentaries, 14, 15. Continuations, indexes, 16. Epitomes, 17. Revisions, 18. Excerpts, chrestomathies, 19. Concordances, 20. Reporters, translators, editors, 21. Ana, 22. 5. Under what part of the name. Christian name, 23. Surname, 24. Title, 25, 26. Ecclesiastical dignitaries, 27. Compound names, 28. Prefixes, 29. Latin names, 30. Capes, lakes, etc., 31. c. Under what forin of the name. Vernacular, 32. . Several languages, 33. Masculine and feminine, 34. Various spellings, 35, 36. Transliteration, 37-39. Changed names, 40. Forenames, 41. Places, 42-44. 2. COEPORATE. General principle, 45. . Details, 46-95. Countries and other places, 46-58. Bodies other than countries or smaller places, 59-89. Com- mittees and other subordinates, 90-94. Rulers, 46. Legislating bodies, 47. Departments, etc., 48, 49. Laws on special subjects, 50. Calendars, 51. Works written officially, 52. Name of the office, 53. Messages transmitting, 54. Reports by non-officials, 55. Articles to be inquired of, 66. Congresses of nations, 57. Treaties, 58. Parties, sects, 59. Societies, 60-89. Corporations, 61. International societies, 62. International conferences, etc., 63. Orders of knighthood, 64. English colleges, professional schools, 65. College libraries,