LE J 3602 1595 1913 VV15\ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library LB3602 .1595 1913 Addresses and proceedings Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030605277 OFFICERS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF STUDENTS, Right to Left : George W. Nasmyth, president ; Carlos Locsin, Chairman, Congress Committee ; Louis P, Lochner, Secretary. ■7> "Hi Floral Tribute Placed on Washington's Tomb at Mount Vernon by the L,atin American Students of the Congress. On the wreath was a card bearing the following inscription : "To the Founder of a Republic whose history has been an example and inspiration to Latin America, this tribute is paid by the students of Latin America to the Eighth International Congress of Students, 1913. The New Officers of the Central Com- mittee OF THE "CORDA FraTRES" International Federation Left to Right : Dr. John Mez, president ; Miguel A. Munoz, secretary. I'^ml w 5 3 u o « o w u < 1-T < 13 « K « O M w w w o 2 o P4 M Sntfrnattnnal Olnttgrpaa 0f ^t«b]^ttt0 AbJir^BB^a attlt Prnr^pbtnga ^ubltBlfpii £ar tift (Hatnell (Hastxtopolitan OUub Augwat ZS-^eiptsmber 19. 1313 LB / President Woodrow Wilson's Address To the International Congress of Students, at the Executive Office of the W^hite House, Washington, D. C, September 11, 1913. " Gentlemen : I have only to extend to you a very simple but a very hearty word of welcome. Just a few minutes ago, I took part in a little meeting w^hich indicated a different sort of international intercourse, by presenting a cup won in a yacht race ; but even more interesting than the interna- tional competition in sport is the international competition in mind and in character. " I feel that the modern world is engaged in a sort of com- petition to see which will produce not only the greatest manufacturers and the most extended trade but the men of most elevated and capable character and intellect. '■ / think that this little gathering represents one of the most promis- ing things of modern life, namely, the intimate intercourse of men who are engaged in studying those things which have nothing' to do with international boundaries but have only to do with the elevation of the mind and the spirit. "I am sincerely obliged to you for giving me this pleasure." Foreword. The Eighth International Congress of Students of the World is over. Already a large part of the Congress has been forgotten, and the names and faces of the acquaintances that we made there are fad- ing away. It was a great inspiration to have lived, for a little while, in that atmosphere of international brotherhood of which we have always dreamed, to have found that men of such widely different tastes, of such dissimilar natures, are at heart brothers. Shall this inspiration fade away and be forgotten also, as the more material part of the Congress will ? It is the hope of the editors that this little book, as it goes to the far corners of the earth, may carry not only the material records of the Eighth International Congress, but may bear within its covers something of the spirit of those never-to-be-forgotten days when in Cornell's halls of learning true Corda Fratres met to-gether and felt in their hearts that "Above all Nations is Humanity." i/ouis p. lochner George W. Nasmyth Albert F. Coutant Editors. Contents. FAQB President Woodrow Wilson's Welcome ^ Foreward 3 Table of Contents 4 Impressions of the Congress t>y G. W. Nasmyth 6 The Congress at Buffalo, Philadelphia, Washington and New York, by Harry O. Sandberg 13 Part I. Reports of Officers and Committees, Minutes AND Resolutions. Report of the President for 1911-13 by George W. Nasmyth 17 Report of the Secretary for 1911-13 by Louis P. Lochner 30 Minutes of the Congress 35 Minutes of the Meeting of the Central Committee (at New York, Sept, 19)— 47 Members of the New Central Committee, 1913-15 49 Report of the Committee on Students' Problems 51 Report of the Committee on Publications 52 Resolutions adopted by the Congress 54 The New Constitution 56 The Original Fundamental Articles of the " Corda Fratres " 57 Principles Governing the International Relations of the Associations Adher- ing to "Corda Fratres", I.F.O.S. 58 Articles Fondamentaux de la " Corda Fratres" 60 Principes qui Inspirent les Relations Internationales des Associations Adherantdela "Corda Fratres", F.I.D.E. 61 Part II. lyisT OF THE Members and Delegates to the Congress. Members of the Eighth International Congress of Students 64 Part III — Chapter I. Messages of Welcome. Address of Welcome by President Crane 76 Welcome by Suh Hu 79 Address of Secretary of State Bryan 81 Letters and Cablegrams of Greeting to the Congress 84 Chapter II. Papers on the Corda Fratres Movement. Mouvement de la " Corda Fratres " en Italie by Prof. Raymond Falci 85 Corda Fratres in Hungary by Dr. Zoltan de Hindy 89 The Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs by Pres. Tsoerun L. Ling 93 The International Student Movement in Switzerland by Alfred Knapp 94 A ' ' Corda Fratres ' ' Movement in Russia — a Possibility, by A. L. Trachtenberg 97 Possibility of a Branch in China by Cheng Fu Wane 100 Contents. 5 Chapter III. Discussion on Future Organization of "CORDA Fratres." Some Suggestions for the Future Development of the International Federation by Edgar Herzog 102 An International Bureau of Students by President Charles F. Thwing 106 Corda Fratres and an Universal System of Education by Cezar Zelaya 108 Some Tasks Before Us by Francisco Carvalho no Suggestions for Future Corda Fratres Congresses.. by Dr. Walter Berendsohn 114 Financial Possibilities of Our Student Publications by Wm. W. Welsh 115 Chapter IV. Papers on Students Bodies not yet Affiliated with Corda Fratres. The International Polity Clubs in Great Britain by B. N. Langdon-Davies 118 The German Freie Studentenschaft by Dr. Herbert Kiihnert 127 The International Student Movement and the German Student Body, by Dr. Walter A. Berendsohn 130 The World Chinese Student Federation by S. K. Tsao 142 Chapter V. Public Addresses by Invited Speakers. The New Day of Cosmopolitanism by Prof. Frank A. Fetter 147 The Scholar and the United World by Edwin D. Mead 149 The Hague Conference and the Federation of the World, by Prof. Nathaniel Schmidt 155 Relation of "Corda Fratres " to the World's Student Christain Federation, by Dr. John R. TMott 163 Chapter VI. Miscellaneous Papers by Members OF the Congress. The Educative Work of the Finnish Students by Dr. Henry Hartman 165 The Mission of the Student for International Peace by Jiuji G. Kasai 168 Just a Hint on Internationalism by Manuel Ochoa 177 The Pan-American Union by Harry O. Sandberg 180 I/a vie dans une University hongroise by Dr. Zoltan de Hindy 183 The Question of Pacifism by Mario Marini 189 Le Br&il de concert avec les autres nations americaines by A. Carvalho 190 Informe de D. Arturo Capdevila 197 Protest of the Brazilian and Argentine Delegates 199 Chapter VII. Letters of Greeting to the Congress. Ex-President Roosevelt 201 Ex-President Taft 201 The Founder of Corda Fratres 202 The President of the Rome Congress 204 Wiener Akademischen Monistenbund 205 Bureau International de laPaix 206 Simplified Spelling Societi 206 Ciostudenta Asocio 207 Uniono Por La Linquo Internaciona 210 The Minister of Argentine 211 Impressions of the Congress. By George W. Nasmyth. "This little gathering represents one of the most promising things in modern life ' ' said President Woodrow Wilson to the delegates to the Eighth International Congress of Students, and this is the impres- sion which remains uppermost in the minds of those who were privi- leged to take part in this historic event. The Proceedings of the Congress are before us, and though we can catch something of the in- spiration of the Congress and the wonderful spirit of devotion to the ideals of humanity from the addresses of the great speakers, it seems worth while to try to put into words some of the impressions of the Congress and to take a bird's eye view of the event as a whole. The first fact which stands out is that it was preeminently a Congress of vision. It looked backward and forward. Looking backward, it surveyed the advance which has been made in the international student movement in all countries and in all times. The souvenir book which was published for the Congress delegates, ' ' The Students of the World and International Conciliation " is the best history of this movement which has yet been printed, and the reports presented to the Congress by the delegates gave a cross section of the movement in the world at the present time. lyooking forward, it laid effective plans for propa- ganda and constructive work reaching far into the future and em- bracing all student organizations in all the continents. The Congress was the largest ever held by the International Federa- tion of Students. A photograph of the Sixth International Congress at the Hague in 1909 shows about 45 delegates from half a dozen countries. The Rome Congress in 191 1 was attended by about 70 delegates from 12 countries. The Ithaca Congress, with 200 repre- sentatives from 30 countries shows a remarkable increase and is an outward sign of the growth and progress of the Corda Fratres move- ment and the Cosmopolitan ideal in the past two years. The three largest delegations at the Congress were from countries which have not been represented at previous congresses, or have been represented by very small numbers. The large attendance of the Chinese students, ^numbering more than 50, marks the first expansion of the international movement to the continent of Asia, and we mav 6 Impressions of the Congress. 7 look forward in the future to important contributions from the increasing participation of these Chinese student organizations in the international work of the Federation. The number of delegates from I^atin America was almost as large, and is also of great significance for the progress of our movement in the future. In no part of the world has the growth of international ideas been so marked in recent years as in South America. The I^eague of American Students, which has recently become a part of the Corda Fratres Federation, has organized a remarkable series of Congresses " to emphasize the unity of ideals and the community of interest of America's new generation " ; the study of international law has been increasingly popular in the South American universities and international currents of all kinds have increased in force in recent years. It is noteworthy as a mark of the recognition which the work of the International Federation of Students is bringing to the Federa- tion in official circles, that a large proportion of the I^atin American students were government delegates, sent to the Congress with ap- propriations made by the Parliaments of their respective countries. The selection of South America as the place of the next Congress, and the election of a Latin American as secretary of the Central Com- mittee of the Federation, were tributes paid by the Congress to the strength of the growing international movement in Latin America. The German delegation of 35 was one of the largest and was im- portant as an indication of the strong international movement in Germany. This movement is in large part a direct outgrowth of the work of the Cosmopolitan missionaries who have gone to Germany from America, and have not only built up an influential group of international clubs, but have succeeded in interesting the German student societiies in international work. The quality of the delegates was no less remarkable than the quan- tity. Practically every student leader of the world who has made important contributions to tbe cause of international friendship and peace took part in the proceedings of the Congress and contributed to the plans for the international student movement in the universities of the world on a comprehensive scale. Among the most noted of these was John R. Mott, the general secretary of the World's Student Christian Federation since its foundation in 1895. Although Mr. Mott's work has been entirely in the Christian movement, and. he is known as one of the greatest ecclesiastical statesmen of the age, the broad interpretation which he has given to the Christian work and his 8 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. deep interest in the cause of peace has made his work for international conciliation almost as important as for Christianity. Among the others of the American delegation whose influence for internationalism and peace has been felt in the student field of many- countries was Ivouis P. Lochner, the secretary of the Congress, and of the Federation during the past two years. Mr. lyochner was the first president of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, and he has been the editor of the Cosmopolitan Student since its foundation. It was Mr. Ivochner who brought about the union of the Cosmopolitan and the Corda Fratres movements at the Hague Congress in 1909, which has been a source of strength to both organizations and marked the beginning of a new era in the progress of the international movement among the students of the world. Dr. John Mez, the new president of the Central Committee, was only the first in a large group of remarkable student leaders furnished by -the German delegation. Dr. Mez was the founder of the International -Student Club at Freiburg and is now president of the International Student Club at Munich. He is already known throughout Germany as a rising figure in the new generation, and has had an important part in the organization and work of almost every modern international movement in Germany. Edgar Herzog, the president of the German Association of International Student Clubs and editor of ' ' Zur Inter- national en Kultur-Bewegung," the propaganda organ of the German movement, contributed some of the most valuable suggestions for the future work of the Federation at the Congress, and his constructive work led to his election, with Dr. Mez, to membership in the Central Committee. Paul Baumgarten, the former president of the German Association and editor of " Vaterland und Welt " was another delegate who made his influence widely felt in the international movement in Germany. Among the delegates from the Freie Studentenschaft, a student organization which has been taking an increasing interest in international relations, Dr. W. A. Berendsohn, who is in charge of the Office for Study Tours in Foreign Countries established by this organi- zation at Hamburg, and Dr. Herbert Kuehnert, the founder of a group for the study of Sociology, including the peace movement, at the Uni- versity of Munich. Besides his acknowledged position as a leader in the progressive South German branch of the Freie Studentenschaft, Dr. Kuehnert is known throughout Germany by his books and pam- phlets on University reform, advocating especially the teaching of Sociology, the establishment of university settlements and the moderni- Impressions of the Congress. 9 zation of the German university curriculum in accord with the needs of the present. From the Swiss international student movement came Alfred Knapp, the president of the International Student Club of the Corda Fratres at Zurich and recognized as a leader in all modern and international movements in Switzerland. From Italy came Mario Marini, the organizer of the Seventh International Congress at Rome, and Dr. Raimondo Falci, the editor of the Palermo Corda Fratres of the splendid Corda Fratres Revista. Hungary sent Dr. Soltan de Hindy, who has been associated with the Corda Fratres movement since its beginning in 1898. From England came Mr. Langdon-Davies, a leader in the splendid work which the International Polity Clubs and War and Peace Societies are doing, under the direction of Norman Angell to create a better understanding of international relations among the students in the British universities, and Mr. Smith from the Cambridge University War and Peace Society. The Chinese delegation furnished many leaders who have demon- strated their organizing ability and international interest both within and without the Cosmopolitan movement. The vice president of the World Chinese Student Federation, S. K. Tsao of Shanghai, brought the International Federation into direct contact with the student organizations of Asia for the first time. The president of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, Mr. Suh Hu, and the president of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, Mr. Tsoerun Iv. Ling are both Chinese and have worked with power and effectiveness for one movement. Mr. I/oy Chang and Mr. W. P. Wei were two of the most prominent leaders of the Chinese Student Alliance who attended the Congress. Mr. Jiuji G. Kasai, former president of the Chicago Cosmopolitan Club, the only Japanese at the Congress, has become well known for his efforts in behalf of a better understanding between the United States and Japan, and for his prize winning oration on " The Mastery of the Pacific." President A. I^. Trachtenberg of the Yale Cosmo- politan Club, the only Russian delegate to the Congress, is also well known as a leader in all modern and progressive movements among the Yale students. Among the delegates from I^atin America the newly elected secretary of the Central Committee, Miguel A. Mufioz of Porto Rico, was one of the most prominent, lending his influence always on the side of wisdom and conciliation when misunderstandings arose, and pleading the cause of human brotherhood with power and eloquence. This lo Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. devotion to the ideals of humanity and brotherhood showed itself especially strongly in the Argentine delegates, Senor Vinas, the president of the Federacion Universitaria of Buenos Aires and Senor Capdevila of the University.of lya Plata. These Argentine delegates had the true interests of the international student movement at heart, like the Carvalho Brothers from Brazil, who contributed many valuable suggestions to the Congress, and it was only the difficulty of language which gave rise to the misunderstanding which occurred between some of these delegates and the rest of the members of the Congress, over the question of the method of voting. The Uruguayan delegates Senor Escudero and Senor Bacigalupi presented the claims of Monte- video and the devotion of the Uruguayan students to internationalism so convincingly that the next Congress was awarded to them. The lyatin American group includes so many leaders that it is difficult to make a selection, but no account of the Congress would be complete without a mention of Senor Portocarrero-Galvez of Guatemala ; of the Chilean delegates, Cesar Zelaya and I/Uis Ossa ; and of the contribu- tions of the delegates from Peru, Cuba, and Colombia. The repre- sentative of the Pan American Union, Mr. Harry O. Sandburg, whose influence was very great among the L^atin American student leaders, contributed much to the fine spirit and practical work of the Congress. The whole organization of the Congress was the work of a student leader from the Philippines, Carlos ly. Locsin, and though his modesty kept him in the background, the Congress paid its tribute of high praise to him for his devoted work on every possible occasion. This remarkable character of the international congress as a gather- ing of student leaders from all countries to consider and plan the inter- national work for the future is one of its most significant features. These are men who will have a large part in shaping the public opinions and the policies of the nations during the next generation, and this constitutes one of the most important aspects of the Congress as a force for international conciliation. Possibly the things that will live longest of the events of this Congress will be the remarkable series of addresses made by the invited speakers. Previous Congresses of the Corda Fratres have been remarkable for addresses by great leaders of human thought such as Passy and W. T. Stead, and the Eighth Congress did not fall short in this regard. The short address of President Wilson at Washington, though entirely extemporaneous, was like a jewel in the clear-cut' perfectly polished expression of the inner significance of the Congress! Impressions of the Congress. 1 1 Secretary Bryan's address revealed in like manner the importance of the student world in the unofficial foreign policy of the government. At the Ithaca sessions, four great addresses stand out. One who seeks the real spirit and meaning of the Congress will find it in these addresses : the prophecy of Professor Fetter in ' ' The New Day of Cosmopolitanism"; in the call to service by Edwin D. Mead (to whose efforts the success of the Congress was largely due), in " The Scholar and the United World"; in the emphasis on the sources of power by John R. Mott ; and in the words of the seer. Professor Nathaniel Schmidt on ' ' The Hague Conferences and the Federation of the World." The new ideals which are stirring in the hearts of men in all countries found expression in these great speeches, and without them the Congress would have fallen far short of the heights which it attained. Besides the increased loyalty to the cause of humanity and the re- newed devotion to the work of the Federation which the Congress created, the practical work consisted in the survey of the student field of many countries which it made possible ; in many concrete arid valuable suggestions for the propaganda and future activities of the international student movement, and in two important actions, the definition of the principles governing the international relations of the adhering movement and the creation of an International Bureau of Students. The original fundamental articles now apply only to those national groups which have formally ratified them. The new Principles mark the transition from a Federation composed of individual students to a Federation composed of student organizations, each retaining its autonomy and financial independence, and bound together in a rela- tionship of cordial cooperation. The new statement of the objects : to unite student organizations throughout the world ; to promote in- ternational friendship among students, to encourage the study of in- ternational relations and problems, to facilitate foreign study, etc., provides opportunity for a comprehensive program of practical activities in behalf of international conciliation. Membership in the Federation has been thrown open, without reserve, by the new clause : " Every student organization which ratifies this constitution has the right to become a member of this Federation without regard to the race, na- tionality, religious or political belief or social condition of its members. ' ' The International Bureau of Students, which has already begun its work at 40 Mount Vernon St., Boston, Mass, where it has at its com- mand the registers and bulletins of information of practically every 1 2 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. college and university in the world, will be a powerful influence in strengthening the organization of the Federation and extending its influence in facilitating foreign study and in increasing the inter- national interest among the 400,000 students of the world who are not yet reached by the Federation. Plans for publicity and the organization of study tours to the South American Congresses are already being projected, and as soon as the funds can be raised the various activities of the Bureau will be de- veloped. Among these the most effective from the point of view of propaganda for the international movement, will be the publication of the projected International Student Review, which will carry the news of the International Federation and the modern international ideas into all the corners of the student world. Even this rapid survey of the work of the Congress reveals its sig- nificance as an event in the marvelous international development of the present age. But we cannot afford to rest on our oars. With this great congress added to the history of the international student move- ment, a preliminary committee has already been appointed for the organization of the next Congress, and with the strength and the ex- perience gained in the work of the past, our eyes are turned towards Montevideo and the coming Ninth International Congress of Students, August 15-30, 191 5. The Congress at Buffalo, Philadelphia, Washington and New York; By Harry O. Sandberg. From Ithaca the members of the Congress traveled to Buffalo, the first city to be visited on the round of sightseeing and entertainment which followed the heavy work of the business sessions at Cornell. The days here (September 3-5) passed quickly with a series of luncheons, receptions, automobile tours, and inspection of commercial and industrial plants. The citizens' committee of arrangements at Buffalo was headed by John B. Olmstead, president, and Frank F. Williams, secretary of the Buifalo Peace and Arbitration Society. The hosts included the Young Men's Christian Association, the Uni- versity, Saturn and Twentieth Century Clubs, the Larkin Company and the I,ackawanna Steel Company. Saturday, September 6th, was spent at Niagara Falls, where the wonders of nature awed and delighted the visitors. The great hydro-electric power houses were inspected, and a special car took the party around the Gorge Route. At Niagara the party temporarily separated, some remaining over Sunday at the Falls, while others enjoyed the attractive trip across lyake Ontario to Toionto. From Buffalo the Congress proceeded to Philadelphia. The recep- tion and entertainment which awaited the delegates in the City of Brotherly I,ove will long live in the memory of all those who par- ticipated in them. From the moment that the reception committee welcomed the delegates at the train until the departure from that city it was one continuous whirl of festivities. There was not an idle moment during the two-day stay. It would take pages to describe the various receptions and lunches, baseball game and theater parties, brilliant dinners, automobile trips, inspection of historic places, and withal the cordial hospitality which characterized the visit to that city. Among the hosts at Philadelphia were the University of Pennsylvania, and Edgar F. Smith, LL.D., provost of the university ; Hon. John Wanamaker, ex- Postmaster General of the United States ; Hon. Rudolph Blankenburg, mayor of the city ; the University Club ; and the management of Keith's Theater and of Shibe Baseball Park. Congratulations are due to Joseph R. Wilson, chairman of the com- 'Partly reprinted from the excellent illustrated article in the Bulletin of the Pan American Union, October 1913. The illustrations in this volume are used through the courtesy of the Pan-American Union. 13 14 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. mittee of citizens, and George E. Nitzche, chairman of the University of Pennsylvania committee, for the splendid manner^ in which their delightful program was carried out. The many individual attentions and courtesies which they bestowed upon the guests are also worthy of special mention. Baltimore, the next point on the itinerary, was reached early fore- noon of Wednesday, September lo, and though but one day was allotted to the Monumental City the committee in charge had ar- ranged a busy day. A luncheon at the Germania Club, a motor trip through the city and its parks, and inspection of public buildings, kept the party moving lively until the afternoon, when a visit was made to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. Here an enjoyable dinner brought the day to a close. Dr. Julius Hofmann, chairman of committee on arrangements at Baltimore, was the re- cipient of praise for the eventful day he had arranged. From Anpapolis the party traveled to Washington. At the National Capital an interesting program had been arranged by the committee, with Arthur Deering Call, executive secretary of the American Peace Society, as president, and Myron Jermain Jones, secretary. In the ofiScial atmosphere of Washington " Corda Fratres" proclaimed with great ceremony its broadened constitution, and received the valued prestige of official recognition from the President of the United States and from the Secretary of State of the United States. Thursday, September 1 1 , will always be a memorable date in the history of the organization. It was on that day that President Wilson laid aside the numerous cares of a great Nation to receive the foreign delegates at the White House and to express words of welcome and encouragement to them. Director General Barrett made the presenta- tions. Earlier in the day a reception was held at the State Depart- ment, where the Secretary of State, Hon. William J. Bryan, delivered an address to the visitors. In the evening Mr. Barrett entertained at a reception and garden party in compliment to the visiting delegates. Assisted by the Secre- tary of State and Mrs. Bryan, the minister of Costa Rica and Mme. Calvo, the host received several hundred guests in the brilliantly lighted Hall of the Americas. The gallery of flags and patriots, the stately hall, and the governing board room were all appropriately deco- rated with palms, ferns, and flowers. Between the dances which fol- lowed the reception the guests strolled out into the Aztec Garden, which, with its building, pool, and landscape decorations, is reminis- The Congress at Buffalo. 15 cent and suggestive of the aboriginal art of Latin America, the most beautiful of its kind reembodied in modern construction. A full moon added to the beauties of the scene, so strange and weird, yet possessing that wondrous charm of distant tropical splendor. The soft lights from the bronze standards upon the stairways of the marble terrace and the bluish light cast upon the old tiling in'the triple-arched loggia of the Annex, reflected in the large lily pool over which presides a replica of the Aztec statue, the Sad Indian, the most precious relic of that period. In the patio, with its illuminated fountain and tropical plants, a number of macaws spread their gorgeous plumage. The whole effect was poetic and beggars description. With such a setting and in the presence of many hundred guests, including members of the Cabinet and diplomatic corps, Senators, Congressmen, and social leaders, the new constitution of " Corda Fratres ' ' was proclaimed by Mr. Lochner, the secretary of the federa- tion. Reading the laws in the Hall of the Americas recalled the fact that 15 years ago the first constitution of that federation was pro- claimed from the Forum Romanum, thus giving historic settings to the two distinct stages in the progress of that organization. Addresses were also made by Secretary Bryan ; Minister Calvo ; Dr. Nasmyth, the retiring president ; Dr. Mez, president elect ; Sr. Mufioz, secretary elect ; Signor Falci, editor of the Corda Fratres Revista, and Dr. Walter A. Berendsohn, leader of the German Study tour. The rest of the program in Washington consisted of sight-seeing trips about the city, to Arlington, Fort Myer, Mount Vernon, and other points of interest. I,uncheons were tendered by the Young Men's Christian Association and the American Peace Society. The University Club gave an enjoyable reception on Saturday night, and the Collegiate Club entertained the delegates on Sunday night. A feature of the trip to Mount Vernon on Saturday, September 13, was the placing of a large wreath of roses and orchids on the tomb of Washington by the .student delegates from the Latin American countries. On the wreath was a card bearing the following inscription : To the founder of a Republic whose history has been an example and inspiration to Latin America this tribute is paid by the students of Latin America to the Eighth International Congress of Students, 1913. The presentation was made by Francisco Galvez Portocarrero, of Guatemala, who delivered a stirring address in Spanish. He spoke of the glorious history of George Washington and his inspiring struggles for the independence of the United States, which furnished the in- i6 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. centive and courage to the other countries of the Western Hemisphere to fight for their hberty. He drew attention to the similarity in the histories and constitutions of the American nations, and said that it was particularly fitting that this homage should be paid by the youth of I^atin America, which loves its liberty and freedom as do the young people of this country. The United States of North America, he con- tinued, proclaimed the ideals of freedom, and the other republics of the Western Hemisphere have endeavored to follow those ideals. He concluded with the hope that all the countries of North and South America might ever live in peace and harmony. From Washington the congress adjourned to New York for the final week of the tour. In the great metropolis party trips were made to Ellis Island, Blackwells Island, municipal lodging houses. Wall Street, and other places which offered opportunity for sociologic and economic studies. Skyscrapers were also visited and views of the city were enjoyed from various points of vantage. Complimentary lunches and dinners were given to the delegates, visits were paid to the different colleges and universities of New York, and a reception by Mayor Adolph L. Kline was also arranged. The most important event in the New York program, however, was a splendid dinner given in honor of the foreign members of the congress by the board of international hospitality of the New York Peace Society, Thursday evening, September i8, at the Hotel Astor. Cooperating in tendering the banquet were the Alliance Francaise, American Scandinavian Society, China Society, German-American Peace Society, Japan Society, Verein Alter Deutscher Studenten in Amerika, Verein Deutscher Schriftsteller in Amerika, Mexico Society, and the Pan American Society. To William H. Short, the secretary of the New York Peace Society, is due much praise for the arrange- ments which made this dinner one of the most notable and enjoyable given in honor of the congress. Among the speakers of the evening were William Frederick Dix, chairman the board of international hospitality ; Prof. William W. Sloane, of Columbia University ; Ham- ilton Holt, editor The Independent ; president elect of the student congress, John Mez ; secretary elect, Miguel A. Muiioz ; N. B. Lang- don-Davies, student delegate from England ; Juiji G. Kasai, from Japan ; Suh Hu, from China ; Walter A. Berendsohn, from Germany; and the retiring president, George W. Nasmyth. After the dinner the delegates and their hosts were guests at a special midnight performance of " When Dreams Come Ttue," given in their honor by one of the leading theaters in the city. In appre- ciation of this courtesy the congress presented the clever star of the play, Joseph Santley, with a handsome loving cup. This novel mid- night entertainment was indeed a fitting climax to the weeks of fes- tivities, receptions, and dinners which greeted the delegates on their tour, and brought to a close one of the most cosmopolitan and inter- national gatherings ever held in the United States. Part I. — Reports of Officers and Committees, Minutes and Resolutions. ®I|? Jntf ntattfltial ^tuJn? nt ilntj^m^nt. Report of the President of the International Central Committee of Corda Fratres for the Biennium 1911-13. 01 By Gborge W. Nasmyth. The Significance of the International Student Movement. . I HE International Federation of Students is the representative in Al the Universities of the world of one of the greatest movements of the Twentieth Century, — the movement for friendship and understanding between nations and for the organization of the world in justice and peace. The legislation of all countries for the next fifty years will be concerned chiefly with problems of social reform, but these problems cannot be solved until international conditions have been greatly improved. Barriers of race prejudice and national hatred must be broken down, fallacious theories of social Darwinism in international relations must be subjected to -the search light of modern science, and the essential solidarity of the human race must be proclaimed and emphasized in a thousand forms before the way can be prepared for the union of the creative and productive forces of all nations in the cause of the progress and the welfare of humanity. This is a work for which the students of the world are eminently fitted ; it is the work which the international student movement, at first without a clear conception of its goal, but guided by a sure in- tuition and the high ideals of youthful aspiration, has already begun. In recent years this great spiritual force, arising simultaneously among the students of many countries, has received a scientific foundation and powerful intellectual support from the works of Jean Finot on Race Prejudice, from that of Novicow on Social Darwinism and other subjects in Sociology, and from that of Norman , Angell on the Economic Interdependence of Nations in his epoch-making work, " The Great Illusion " . With these new forces and the wealth of material which is constantly becoming available, a new science of international relations is growing up, destined to replace the old ideas of international cannibalism by new principles of international coop- eration, emphasizing the community of interest and the essential i8 Report of the President. 19 unity of the entire human race, and leading to the organization of the world in justice, law and peace as the foundations for the further advance of civilization and national welfare. It is from this point of view of the welfare of humanity, with which, as we are now beginning to recognize, the welfare of every nation is bound up, that we must consider the growth and plan the future of our international student movement. At the beginning, two great functions of the International Federation stand out in bold relief, — functions which one who seeks for realities beneath the form of sym- bols will find in the hemispheres joined in friendship and the torches of learning of the Cosmopolitan seal. These aims may be thus expressed : 1. To unite student movements and organizations throughout the world, to facilitate foreign study, and to promote among all students closer international relations, mutual understanding and friendship. 2. To encourage the scientific study of the facts of international relations, and to spread a knowledge of these facts among the students of all nations. It is possible to follow these aims without "furthering or opposing any special political, religious or economic principles," trusting to the power of the truth and the logic of the facts, once they are known, to bring about the intellectual revolution in the commonly accepted ideas of international relationships which alone can permanently assure better international conditions for the human race. From our advance towards a true science of international relations we shall receive much aid in our work for international friendship among students, and in both these effort^ we shall gain deep satisfaction from the fact that we are rendering a great service to humanity, and that it is our high calling to help lift a heavy burden of poverty and suffering from the shoulders of millions of workers and to prepare the way for a new era in which a nobler humanity shall take possession of a united world. Growth and Progress of the Past Two Years. The two years since the Rome Congress in 191 1 have witnessed an unprecedented expansion of the movement. The adherence of student associations of four new countries of Europe and of all the countries of South America has .been obtained, and the way has been prepared for a further expansion into other countries of Eu- rope and Asia by the sending out of a large quantity of literature and a number of Corda Fratres missionaries, by tours of propaganda, per- 20 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. sonal letters and articles in student publications. While Secretary lyochner has strengthened the movement in America and built up the organization of the international movement by correspondence, I have visited the universities of a score of countries in Europe, establishing International Student Clubs, addressing student audiences, and con- ventions, conferring with student leaders, writing articles for student magazines and striving in every possible way to extend the movement and to create a better understanding of our aims. The details of the activities of the American members of the Central Committee have been published in the series of circular letters. A brief summary of these activities and the chief results attained is all that is necessary here. During the past three years I have been' studying in the German and Swiss Universities of Berlin, Goettingen, Heidelberg and Zurich, and have taken advantage of the vacations to visit the universities of other European countries in the International Student cause. In the spring of 1912, following my election as president, I made a tour to many of the universities of England, Holland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Roumania, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Switzerland and France, conferring personally with practically all the members of the Central Committee, and planning the work of organization and propaganda for the two following years. This tour, in addition to strengthening the movement in the countries in which it existed, resulted in the formation of new centers of activity, and the establishment of valuable relations for the later development of the work. Following my visits to the universities of Prague and Helsingfors the Association of the Czecho-Slavic Students {,Svaz Cesko-Slovanskeho Studentstva) and the Student Corps of Finland joined the International Federation. During March and April, 1913, I made a tour of propaganda through the universities of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, and returning, visited the chapters of the Corda Fratres at Berlin, Leipzig, Munich, Heidelberg and Freiburg. In the conferences held with the leaders of student bodies, and as a result of the addresses delivered to student organizations, I have found the deepest interest and sympathy for the international ideas of the Corda Fratres. A better knowledge of the aims of the Federation has been spread among the students in these lands and a wide interest in the International Congress of Students at Ithaca was aroused by the large amount of literature dis- tributed and by the special articles written for the student magazines of Copenhagen, Christiania, Upsala, Helsingfors, and St. Petersburg. Report of the President. 21 In Finland the invitation to adhere to the Federation was enthusi- astically received by the Student Corps, an organization which in- cludes all the 3,200 students of the University of Helsingfors, and at the general meeting following my visit it was decided that the Student Corps would unite with the International Federation. In Russia I visited the Universities of St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw, addressing various groups of students on the aims of the Corda Fratres movement, and meeting everywhere a most sympathetic and enthusiastic response. In St. Petersburg my appeal to the Russian students was published in the " Russian Molva," and in the student magazine of the Technical College. On account of the pro- hibition which the Russian government enforces against the organiza- tion of student organizations of any kind, it was not possible, tempori- ly, to form chapters of the Corda Fratres, but I appointed representa- tives of the Central Committee who will prepare the way for closer relations with the Russian students in the future. The greatest expansion of the movement has been in Germany, which now represents, next to the United States, the strongest national group in the Federation. The two Internationale Studenten Vereine of Berlin and I,eipsic, which declared their adhesion to the Interna- tional Federation in February, 191 1, doubled their number by the ad- dition of Clubs at Munich and Goettingen before the time of the first Convention, held at Goettingen 1912, July 30-August i. At this con- vention a Verband der Internationaleji Studenten Vereine an deutschen Hochschulen, (" Corda Fratres"") was formed. At the second conven- tion, held at Leipzig, 1913, May 14-18, theaumber had almost doubled again by the addition of clubs at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Freiburg. The following month the number of clubs was in- creased to eight by the addition of the ' ' Corda Fratres ' ' , Interna- tionaler Studenten Verein Zurich in German-speaking Switzerland. The remarkable activity maintained by these clubs is shown by their detailed reports published in the propaganda organ ' ' Zur Interna- tionalen Kultur-Bewegung " which is distributed in an edition of 12,- 000 copies to the students of the German universities at the beginning of each semester. The German movement has created also a monthly organ, " Vaterland und Welt " which serves as a bond of unity and stimulus between all the member^ of the individual clubs. The mental horizon has been widened and a better understanding of the people and civilizations of foreign countries has been spread among the Ger- man students by hundreds of "National Evenings" held by these 22 . Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. clubs. A great stimulus to the study of international problems in the German universities was given by a lecture tour of Norman Angell, during which 40,000 copies of an " Open Letter to the German Stu- dents ' ' pleading for a scientific study of international relations on the lines laid down in his epoch-making book, "The Great Illusion." Prizes have been offered for essays on the economic interdependence of nations and an intellectual ferment has been produced which has led to a renewed interest and reexamination of international problems in the light of modern facts. At the annual convention of the "Deutsche Freie Studentenschaft," held at Weimar, May 13-14, 1913, I extended a cordial invitation to this powerful student organization, which has 34 chapters in the Ger- man universities and technical colleges, and which publishes a large number of student magazines, to adhere to the Corda Fratres move- ment on the basis of the Rome platform, and to elect official represent- atives to the Congress at Ithaca. This invitation met with a warm response, and two delegates were elected to attend the Congress and report at the next convention at Weimar, June 2-5, 1913. It was also decided that the "Freie Studentenschaft" in coopera- tion with the " Verband der Internationalen Studenten-Vereine," the German student societies "Freischar," "Freibund," the Abstinence Student Club and the Secretaryship for Social Work in Munich-Glad- bach, should organize a study tour of the United States in connection with the International Congress of Students and in this tour 35 German students are enrolled. The conquest which tlje Corda Fratres movement has made in South America is due to the tireless work of Ricardo d'Alessandro of the Central Committee and his colleagues at Buenos Aires, who have now succeeded in uniting the " Liga de los Estudiantes Americanos" including the student organizations of all South American Universi- ties, with the International Federation. The Liga has accomplished much in the three International Congresses of American Students which it has held at Montevideo, (Uruguay), Buenos Aires, (Argentine)and Lima, (Peru) in the past six years, and the broaden- ing of its international work from a continental to a world scale, which the union with the International Federation inaugurates, will be of deep significance for the future development of international currents in South America. Of greatest significance for the future are the relations which have been opened up with the students of Asia. With the aid of members Report of the President. 23 of the Cosmopolitan Clubs and the Internationale Studenten Vereine from Japan, China and India, relations of correspondence have been entered into with student organizations in these three countries, and the way is being prepared for the last step in the progress of the International Federation of Students towards a world movement — its extension to Asia. My experience in the Russian universities has convinced me that a great future awaits the international student movement in this country, so important for the future of the world. At the universities of St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw, where I addressed various groups of students on the Corda Fratres movement I met with a most sympathetic and enthusiastic response. The Russian students, shut out from political activity and unable to throw themselves into re- ligious work on account of the superstition and the alliance with the forces of reaction of the Orthodox Russian Church, are seeking an outlet for the idealism of their nature and are ready to throw them- selves without reserve into a great movement, neutral in religious and political principles but fraught with promise for the future of Human- ity. Great changes are impending in Russia, and this student field should be a center of concentration for our most earnest efforts during the next few years. Austria is another strategic position for the international student movement. Torn by the .internal dissentions among its nationalities which make this country the storm center of Europe and prevent the rise of a democratic movement, Austria presents a field of special diffi- culty for an international student movement. But a beginning is being made which will have the support of all thinking men of Austria, for a successful entrance of the Corda Fratres movement in Vienna and the other leading universities, pointing the way towards a union of all the progressive forces in the cause of humanity and progress, would bring untold blessings to this distracted country. The same conditions prevail in all South Eastern Europe and the efforts which had been begun in the universities of the Balkans just before the war must be taken up again as soon as conditions will permit. In Turkey the Cosmopolitan Club established at Robert College in April, 1912, is in the direction in which the only possible hope for this empire lies, the reconciliation of the different races and religions and the union of all progressive forces, and it is hoped that the opportunity will soon open to extend the movement to the other colleges of the Near East. In Great Britain a remarkably effective work which has been started 24 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. by the International Polity Clubs in several of the universities will be the subject of a special paper at the Congress. The work accomplished by the Cosmopolitan Clubs in America and by the branches of the Corda Fratres movement in other countries will be treated in special reports submitted by Secretary lyochner and other members of the Central Committee at the Congress. From present indications the Ithaca Congress will be the largest and most successful ever held by the Federation. The 200-300 delegates will include practically all of the student leaders of the world who are contributing to the work of international conciliation, and plans will undoubtedly be made at the Congress for future work on a more com- prehensive scale than ever before. Much of the credit for the success of the Congress is due to the devoted work of the chairman of the Congress committee, Mr. Carlos L. Locsin, who has given a year of his time and his exceptional organizing ability to the task of prepara- tion. The Congress committee has been greatly aided in its under- taking by a subvention of $3,000 from the American Association for International Conciliation, and has raised nearly $2,000 additional for the expenses of the Congress. Many of the Central and South American governments have appropriated funds for the expenses of delegates to the Congress and this ofi&cial recognition of the Federation is due largely to the efforts of Secretary Lochner. As the importance of the International Student Movement in an enlightened foreign policy becomes more widely known, it will be possible to obtain funds from government sources and stronger support from the university professors and authorities. Noteworthy beginnings in this direction have been made by the five governments of South America which have made appropriations for the expenses of delegates to the Ithaca Congress, and in the official aid which several American universities have given the Cosmopolitan Clubs. The Task of the Ithaca Congress. One of the chief tasks of the Ithaca Congress will be the reorgani- zation of the Federation along the lines laid down in the program sub- mitted by the American delegates at the Rome Congress in 191 1. With the marvelous growth which the movement has experienced, a complete change in the character of its membership, which no longer consists chiefly of individual students, has come about. This has rendered necessary a new determination of the principles which shall Report of the President. 25 •govern the international relations of the Federation, whose most im- iportant elements now consist of adhering national groups of organiza; tions. In the following proposal for reorganization, the relations of the individual student members in the Federation are not considered, but it is sought to establish the relation among the adhering associa- tions on the basis of complete outonomy, together with a cordial co- operation which will insure effective organization for the attainment of the high aims of the movement. (Here follow the " Principles to Govern the International Relations of the Adhering Associations " which were adopted, with some addi- tions, by the Congress, and are printed under the title, "The New Constitution.") This plan of reorganization is based on the recommendation of report of the American delegates to the Rome congress, and in accordance with the following resolution of the Fifth Convention of the C F., A. C. C: "Resolved, That at the next International Congress these four articles with any necessary modifications constitute articles of confederation under which, however, both the C. F., F. I. D. E. and the C. F., A. C. C. shall preserve their own constitutions." The plan is here extended from a relationship between the two organizations -to a general international plan for the relations of all the adhering associations. Under this plan the older Federation would remain unchanged and individual members desiring to join the Federa- tion directly would sign the Fundamental Articles as before. The adhering associations, however, would be bound only by the new principles, the relation being one of cordial cooperation, with complete autonomy and financial independence. The few changes which have been made in the principles have been the result of experience since the Rome convention. There has been a general objection to the aim of international friendship and understanding alone, the object originally suggested, unless a common ideal, common interests and common work are added to serve as a basis upon which friendship and understanding can be founded. The Board of Representatives mentioned below has been added in the effort to establish more direct relations between all the individual organizations in the different countries. With the growth of the Central Committee due to the entrance of new countries it will become necessary to have a smaller executive committee to carry on the active work, and I sug- gest a consideration of this question as well as that of the by-laws 26 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. governing the practical working of the movement and the organization qf the Congresses. In order to strengthen the organization and to reach effectively the students of the world, I recommend also that the following steps be taken. International Bureau of Students. A Director and Secretary of an International Bureau of Students shall be elected by the Congress, charged with the task of establishing, with the cooperation of the members of the Central Committee, a permanent international bureau of students with branches in all countries for which the necessary financial support can be found, for the purpose of carrying out the ob- jects of the Federation. Board of Representatives. Each local branch of an adhering associa- tion shall be entitled to elect a member of the Board of Representa- tives who shall act as corresponding secretaries of the International Bureau of students and cooperate in the carrying out of the objects of the Federation. International Student Review. The Federation will seek to estab- lish an international student magazine and to publish editions in all the languages of the adhering associations, in so far as ways and means can be found. The international standard size. World Form IX, i6 X 22.6 cm. shall be adopted for all publications of the International Federations of Students. The International Bureau of Students is the most essential feature in the plan of reorganization if the growth and progress of the past two years is to be maintained in the future. From the point of view of the best interests of the movement, I would urge the establishment of the Central Ofiice of Administration and Propaganda in America, where devoted workers can be obtained to give their time and energy to the task, where funds can be raised for the expenses of the OfiBce and for the carrying on of the work on an adequate scale, and where the advantages of a neutral ground in a Republic on terms of friendship with all the nations of the world presents a most favorable center for international effort. A Central Ofiice of Administration and Propaganda should be only one side of the activities of such an International Bureau of Students, however. The Bureau .should seek to serve the cause of Interna- tionalism in every possible way, to be of assistance to students con- templating foreign study even though they have no connection with the Federation, to furnish a means by which students can be kept Report of the President. 27 informed concerning international movements and encouraged to study international problems, and to provide a medium by means of which students of similar subjects, such as Sociology and Political Economy, may be placed in correspondence with students of similar subjects in other countries. This work would soon lead to the formation under conditions of cordial cooperation with the Federation of other inter- national student organizations based on special interests, such as an International Association of Students of Political Economy, or an International Association of Student Abstinence Clubs for which stu- dent societies exist is a dozen countries without having found as yet a medium for international contact. The need for such a Bureau has already been felt in many places, and a number of institutions are already in existence having similar aims. Montevideo, for example, has an International Bureau of Stu- dents founded by the Uruguayan government, London has a Bureau of the Association for the International Interchange of Students ; at Berlin and L,eipsic Universities Bureaus of Information are especially designed for the aid of foreign students going to the German univer- sities ; at Chengtu in China a Bureau of Information is being estab- lished to aid the Chinese students going to America or Europe. From nearly all of these Bureaus assurances of cordial cooperation with the project which I have outlined for the Federation have been received. As a basis for discussion I submit the following : Preliminary Plans for an International Biu'eau of Students. The International Bureau of Students is created in the service of the students of all nations, and seeks to establish the unity of ideals and the community of interests of the world's new generation. Its aims are : I . ) To unite student movements and organizations throughout the world and to promote among them closer international contact, mutual understanding and friendship. 2. ) To encourage the study of international relations and problems in the universities and colleges. 3. ) To encourage the study of the culture, problems and intellectual currents of other nations. 4. ) To facilitate foreign study, and to increase its value and fruit- fulness. 28 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. The International Bureau of Students endeavors to further these ob- jects by the following activities : I. ) Cooperation in the arrangements for (a) International Congresses of Students ; and (b) International Visits of Students. 2. ) The publication of an International Student Magazine. 3.) Arranging for correspondence and exchange of publications be- tween student organizations indifferent countries and between students devoted to the same branches of study. 4. ) The collection and distribution of information concerning the requirements for admission and degrees, fees and cost of living, special advantages offered in various fields by the different universities, schol- arships, fellowships, and all other subjects of interest to students con- templating foreign study. 5.) Suggesting the appointment of advisers for foreign students and the establishment of university bureaus of information. 6.) The provision of lecturers on international relations and problems. 7.) Cooperation with organizations having similar objects in all countries. One of the most useful instruments in the work of the Central Office and International Bureau would be an International Students Review, which would serve as a bond of union between all branches of the International Federation and a powerful medium for the spread of our ideas and our movement. The plans for this Review, which might be called " The International Student " should be worked out with careful consideration for cooperation with the existing publica- tions of the movement ; ' ' The Cosmopolitan Student ' ' of the Xs- sociation of Cosmopolitan Clubs ; the excellent " Corda Fratres Re- vista " of the Italian Consulates, the two periodicals " Vaterland und Welt " and " Zur Internationalen Kultur-Bewegung " of the German International Clubs ; as well as the " Akademische Rundschau" of the Freie Studentenschaft, which has shown an increasing interest in and sympathy with the aims of the international student movement. The relationship to the publications which serve as mediums of com- munication to the French st,udents, "I/'Universitede Paris" and to the South American students, the " Revista " of the Federacion Uni- versitaria at Buenos Aires, should also be carefully considered in this connection. The adoption of a standard international size, World Form IX., 16 x 22.6 centimeters, would greatly facilitate the exchange of cuts and the insertion of monographs, reports and special messages Report of the President. 29 and articles in all the publications of the movement, and would con- tribute to the solution of many of the problems of an international publication. From the preliminary work already undertaken I am convinced that such a Bureau can be financed in America, and that it will be the most powerful instrument. yet created for the spread of the ideas for which the International Federation of Students stands. The plans for the future of the movement will occupy a large share of the time of the Ithaca Congress, and these should be laid with the greatest care and a statesmanlike view of the future. The dates and places for the next two International Congresses, in 1915 and 191 7, should be determined, and committees appointed which should begin the work of preparation at once. Committees should be appointed also to prepare exhaustive reports on the moral, economic, hygienic and social reform problems common to the students of all nations in- cluded under the practical objects of the Ithaca Congress. Returning students should be commissioned to work for the international cause in new fields. I,astly, student leaders of proved ability and executive power should be chosen for the work of organization and propaganda for the future, leaders devoted to the ideals of the International Fed- eration and on fire with the passionate desire for service to Humanity. " Report of the Secretary of the International Central Committee of Corda Fratres for the Biennium 1911-13." By IvOuis p. Lochner. General Progress. The biennium 1911-13 has been one of constant growth of the Corda Fratres Movement. I shall not go into details as to the progress made in the various countries of Europe, South America, and North America, and even Northern Africa. President Nasmyth, because of his direct personal contact with student associations throughout the continent of Europe is much better qualified to present this phase. Besides, his circular letters to the consulates and adhering associations have de- scribed in detail the results of his visits to numerous countries. I can- not fail to rejoice for a moment, however, over the union of the German "Internationale Studentenvereine " into a national organization and the adherence of this body to the Corda Fratres Movement, over the spread of the Corda Fratres Movement into Greece, Turkey, and Bohemia, and over the ultimate triumph of our Argentinian conferes in finally securing the adherence of the " I/iga de los Estudantes Americanos" to the Corda Fratres Movement. These are forward steps of tremendous portent. They have made the Corda Fratres movement more international in character than it has been for some time. A Federal Organ. It has been the sincerest hope of the American members of the Central Committee to see an international review established which should serve as the world organ of the Corda Fratres Movement, pub- lished at least in French and in English, and in as many additional languages — especially German, Italian, and Spanish — as advisable and practicable. However, the Qorda Fratres Central Committee has no definite income that can be used to finance a problem of this kind. President Nasmyth and I were willing to assume any reasonable risk, but we desired to see at least a partial guaranty in the way of sub- scription pledges. In order to arrive at something tangible and definite, I addressed a circular letter, dated April, 1912, to the consulates, adhering associa- tions and individual members, and laid before them the question of .supporting the projected International Review. Appended to this appeal, which was sent broadcast throughout the world, was a sub- scription blank, to be signed and returned to me. 30 Report of the Secretary. 31 I am exceedingly sorry to say that our hopes were sadly disappointed, in that scarcely 100 members agreed to subscribe. No doubt there are many more members and organizations that were in favor of the project. No doubt, also, many subscribers would enroll after the appearance of the first number. But the result of this referendum convinced the President and myself that the psychological moment had not yet come, and that more missionary work must be done before the cherished pro- ject can be realized. The following steps seem to me imperative : Suggestions for its Establishment. First, this congress should officially endorse the project of establish- ing a world Corda Fratres Review, and every delegate present should pledge himself to work among the bodies which he represents toward the enrollment of the greatest possible number of subscribers. If every delegate present were to promise to secure 15 subscribers for a period of three years, I feel confident that the venture could be safely launched. Secondly, the members of the next Comite Central should make it their special duty to work in their constituent bodies for the enlarge- ment of the subscription roll. I regard their cooperation along these lines as paramount to any service that they can render at this juncture in our history. Thirdly, we should interest men of wealth in the project, so that they may supply a working capital during the first few years of the Review, during which, as is the almost universal experience of university maga- zines, the expenses usually exceeds the income. More than that, this congress should specifically authorize the next Comit6 Central to solicit aid of this kind. It is well enough for us to argue that a venture of this kind should be self-supporting. That is no doubt the ideal toward which to strive. But we must face the facts as they exist — and as far as I can see, the only manner in which we can ever establish a common medium for the interchange of experiences, news, and problems is by soliciting the financial assistance of wealthy friends of the movement. Publicity Through National Orgauis. But, though we failed to realize our fondest hope of establishing a world students' organ, I am gratified to report that more organized publicity has been given the Corda Fratres movement than perhaps ever before. 32 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. The "Corda Fratres Rivista Internazionale di Scid^ize, Lettere ed Arti," published b5' our indefatigable Italian confreres, has been a most serviceable medium for transmitting to the Italian students the circular letters issued by President Nasmyth and myself. It has published accurate information regarding the Eighth Congress, and has also been the medium for publishing a detailed report of the Seventh Congress. The " Cosmopolitan Student" has rendered a similar service to the American consulates. Scarcely a month has passed but that new light was shed upon the Corda Fratres Movement through this medium. In Germany there has been established an organ of the " Interna- tionale Studentenvereine " which bids fair to become a tremendously useful magazine. " Vaterland and Welt" gives every evidence of painstaking editorial leadership and of a most conunendable sympathy for all world movements. Our comrades in Argentina have availed themselves of the existence of the organs of the various " Ceutros de los Estudiantes " to .spread the gospel of world brotherhood among students. Especially the organs of the Engineering and L,aw " Centres " are full of information regarding the Corda Fratres Movement. In Hungary our esteemed colleagues on the Central Committee have given space to the progress of the movement in the " Egyetemi Lapok." It is evident from this brief survey that the Corda Fratres ideals have, been systematically spread. Add to this the publicity that wa& given the movement through the three Congress Circulars, which have been sent broadcast through the world, and we can truthfully record that progress has indeed been made. Individual Contributions to the Press. Comrade Nasmyth has embraced every opportunity to use the columns of European journals, especially student publications, for spreading a knowledge of the Corda Fratres Movement. I have supple- mented his work by contributions to the English, French and Spanish editions of the "Bulletin of the Pan-American Union," to "La Vie Internationale," published at Brussels, to "International Concilia- tion," to the Pamphlet Series of the World Peace Foundation, to the "Peace Day Bulletin" of the U. S. Bureau of Education, to the " Advocate of Peace," to " Die Friedenswarte", to the " Hochschul- nachrichten " , both published in Germany, and to the " Cosmopolitan Student." I have also had the honor to present our movement in an Report of the Secretary. 33" address before the Fourth American Peace Congress, held at »St. Louis last May, and in a paper sent to the " Congres Mondial des Associa- tions Internationales," held at Brussels in June last. Mr. Nasmyth and I have also had occa.sions to spread information of a corrective nature in the case of a certain German periodical, which condemned the movement for alleged anti-German tendencies. I am glad to state, however, that the editor met us in a splendidly courteous and open-minded manner, and upon our presentation of the real facts in the case became a supporter of the movement. Correspondence by the Secretary. •A great portion of my time was given to assisting in the work of organizing the present congress. What time I have given, however, is infinitesimal as compared with the heroic labor of my esteemed col- league Locsin and his Cornell co-workers, who have given more than a solid year to the preparations for the Congress. It fell to my lot to engage in correspondence with all the foreign offices represented at Washington. Almost every reply from ambas- sadors and ministers was a hearty endorsement of this congress and a promise of cooperation and support. Similarly encouraging was my correspondence with a number of ministries of education, and with the noted men who have done us the honor of serving on our " Comite d'Honneur". In addition to the correspondence incident to the congress there has also naturally been much correspondence affecting Federation affairs. Periodic circular letters were sent to the members of the Comite Central and to our representatives in England, Tunis, Bohemia, Turkey, Greece, Sweden, and France. The work of the secretary along the lines of correspondence was considerably relieved by the fact that President Nasmyth was able to visit the student bodies of so many European countries personally. Without -these travels the progress that has been made would have been impossible. A Statistical Survey. One further matter should be mentioned. In our first circular letter to the consulates and adhering associations, the President and I re- quested that a statistical survey be made of the movement, so that we might know exactly how many active members there are in the various consulates and societies. We also requested the individual members to fill out a blank that was attached, which was to serve as the basis 34 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. for compiling a Corda Fratres Directory and wiiicli was' not only to enable the members to get in touch directly with any fellow member or any association in the Federation, but which was also to give in- formation as to professional degrees and particular interests with a view to encouraging correspondence between members from different countries. The same thing that applies to the returns on the question of estab- lishing an international students' magazine applies here : the replies received were not sufficient to merit the publication of a Directory. The explanation is to be found partly in the unfamiliarity of our members and associations with a scheme of this kind, and partly in the limitations upon the number reached through our circular. The establishment of an international medium will immeasurably facilitate the working out of a Directory, for such a medium can be used to exhort the members from month to month to supply the necessary statistical material regarding themselves. I am therefore not in the least discouraged over the failure of this first attempt at a statistical survey to bring satisfactory results. A Permanent Bureau. To sum up : the Corda Fratres Movement during the last biennium has expanded and grown in a most satisfactory manner. What is now needed is internal organization and strengthening. This can best be accomplished by a common medium of intercommunication, and through the establishment, as I pointed out at the Fourth American Peace Congress, of a permanent bureau, or clearing house of informa- tion. I repeat what I said on this latter point on that occasion : Should not the coming world congress of students be utilized for calling into life an International Institute of Universities, which shall act as a clearing house, as a central repository for information affecting the entire scholastic world ? I have in mind a bureau which shall be instrumental in promoting international congresses of scholars and students, in organizing international visits between students and pro- fessors of different countries, in publishing an international students' magazine. I have in mind a bureau which shall collect and distribute data concerning the requirements for admission and degrees, fees and cost of living, special advantages offered in various fields by different universities, and all other subjects of interest to students contemplating matriculation abroad. I have in mind a bureau which shall act as the press agent for distinguished scholars who visit other countries on lecture tours, and which shall cooperate in arranging for the itinerary of these lecturers. Ivimitations of space forbid a detailed discussion of the many uses to which such an Institute could be put. Suffice it to say that it would serve, as nothing yet devised, to unite and unify the numerous forces now at work in the scholastic world for hastening the day of complete world organization. The machinery is provided in the organizations which I have sketched. Who will furnish the motive power? Minutes of the Eighth International Congress of Students. Opening Session, 1913, August 29, 4.30 P. M. The Congress was opened by an outdoor reception in the Quadrangle of Cornell University, President George W. Nasmyth of the Interna- tional Central Committee of Corda Fratres presiding. The address of welcome in behalf of the University was delivered by its Acting President, Dr. T. F. Crane.* President Suh Hu of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club extended the . greetings of that society. The response in behalf of the visiting delegates was made in French by Sig. Mario Marini, of Italy. The opening session was closed by the reading of messages of greet- ing from President Woodrow Wilson and Secretary-of-State William Jennings Bryan, by Secretary Louis P. Lochner of the International Central Committee of Corda Fratres, and by the presentation of cable- grams from Dr. Efisio Giglio Tos (Italy), founder of Corda Fratres, and Modesto Quiroga (Argentina), founder of the Cornell Cosmopoli- tan Club. First Business Session, August 29, 7.15 P. M. The meeting was called to order in Sibley Dome by President Suh Hu of the Cornell Chapter. President Nasmyth presented his biennial report. Mr. I^ochner followed with his biennial report as secretary of the Central Committee. The Congress then adjourned to hear an address by Dr. John R. Mott, executive secretary of the World's Student Christian Federa- tion, on "The Relation between the Corda Fratres Movement and the World's Student Christian Federation." Meeting of the Comite Central. Following Mr. Mott's address, the members of the Comite Central present at Ithaca met at the Cosmopolitan Club House. The com- mittee was augmented by several invited guests representing adhering associations whose members of the Comite Central were absent, asso- *The principal addresses delivered at the Congress are printed in Part III of the Proceedings. 35 36 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. ciations not yet adhering to the Corda Fratres, the organization com- mittee of the Ithaca Congress, etc. The committee took the following action : It voted to recommend the election of Messrs. Nasmyth, Lochner and T. E. Oliver as president, English and French secretary re- spectively of the Congress. It voted to recommend the adoption of the Congress Rules as printed in Circular No. 2 of the Congress. In order to avoid any misunderstanding concerning the rules for voting as printed in the Congress Circular the committee recommended the adoption of the following interpretation of Article 13, (which reads : ' ' The vote shall be taken by members present and not by nations represented.) " In questions affecting the constitution and policy of the Corda Fratres, International Federation of Students, the precedent of the Rome Congress shall be followed, viz., each consulate or chapter repre- sented by delegates at the Congress and each adhering association represented shall have one vote. ' ' In questions affecting resolutions and the like, the members of the congress shall vote as individuals. ' ' The courtesy of the Congress shall be extended to all who wish to speak, whether they are members of the Federation or not. " In all ordinary cases the decisions of the chair shall govern the d.eliberations of the Congress, but an appeal may be taken at any time, which appeal must be sustained by a two-thirds majority before the chair is over- ruled." It voted to recommend the adoption of the following ruling with reference to vice-presidents of the Congress : That there be elected as vice-presidents of the Congress one repre- sentative of each country affiliated with or adhering to the Corda Fratres movement ; that there be elected as honorary vice-presidents one representative of each country not yet affiliated with the Corda Fratres movement, but represented at the Congress ; and that all vice- presidents be elected by their respective delegations." The committee ruled that the following fifteen countries were then in the Corda Fratres movement : Argentina, Bohemia, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Peru, Switzerland, United States and Uruguay. The committee elected Messrs. Nasmyth, I^ochner, and Oliver as a committee of three on program. Minutes of the Eighth International Congress. 37 Second Business Session, August 30, 9.30 A.M. The meeting was opened by Dr. Nasmyth, who requested the secretaries to read the recommendations of the Comiti Central. Messages of greeting were then read from ex-Presidents Roosevelt and Taft, from the president of the Rome Congress, Dr. Angelo I,andra, from the Wiener akademischer Monistenbund, the Bureau International de la Paix at Berne, the Simplified Speling vSosiete of London, the Universal Students' Association (Esperanto), and the Union for the International Language (Ido. ) Dr. Nasmyth then announced the appointment of the following committee on credentials : Alfred Knapp (Switzerland), chairman, Carlos L. Locsin (Philippines), Mario Marini (Italy), T. L. Ling (United States). He also announced that the paper on " The International Student Movement in South America " would be postponed until the arrival of the Argentine delegation. The following papers were then presented : " The Corda Fratres Movement in Italy," by Dr. Raimondo Falci. Translated from the Italian into English and French by Mr. Alfred Knapp. In making his report. Dr. Falci presented a beautiful Corda Fratres banner to the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. " Student Life in Hungary, and Some Historic Facts Concerning Corda Fratres," by Dr. Zoltan de Hindy. Paper submitted in French. " The work of the Cosmopolitan Clubs in the United States," by Mr. Tsoerun L. Ling. It was then moved, seconded and carried that the recommendations of the Comit6 Central, as read earlier in the session, be adopted by acclamation. The President then announced a brief recess for taking a photo- graph of the Congress. The following three papers, read by their authors in English, con- cluded the second business session. " The International Student Movement in Germany," by Dr. Walter A. Berendsohn. ' ' The Educative Work of the Finnish Students, and its Suggestions for Student Organizations in Other Countries," by Dr. Henry Hartman. " The Work of the Internationale Studentenvereine in Germany," by Paul F. Baumgarten. 38 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. Third Business Session, 3 P. M. The meeting was called to order by President Nasmyth. Alfred Knapp presented a paper on ' ' The International Student Movement in Switzerland." The United States Commissioner of Education, Dr. Philander P. Claxton of Washington, was then conducted to the rostrum to present the greetings of the Government. He delighted the Congress with an address on " Education and Peace." The next order of business was the presentation of papers on student organizations not yet affiliated with the Corda Fratres movement, as follows : "The World Chinese Student Federation," by S. K. Tsao. "The International Polity Club Movement and the Garton Founda- tion in Great Britain," by B. N. Langdon-Davies. ' ' The Work of the Freie Studentenschaf t, ' ' by Dr. Herbert Kuehnert. The afternoon session was concluded by an address on Brazil, read in French by Alvardo de Carvalho and briefly summarized in English by Professor Oliver. Evening Session, August 30. In the evening the delegates listened to an address by Mr. Edwin D. Mead of Boston, executive director of the World Peace Founda- tion, on " The Scholar and the United World." The address took place in Sibley Dome. After the address the delegates adjourned to an informal rendezvous at the Lyceum Theater, by invitation of the Manager, Mr. Gutstadt. On Sunday morning, August 31, a special train took the Congress to Freeville, the seat of the George Junior Republic, where Mr. George explained the principles underlying the Republic, and where guides conducted the members in smaller groups through the Republic. Various excursions to points of interest in and about Ithaca were arranged for the afternoon. Fourth Business Session, September 1 , 1 A. M. The meeting was called to order by President Nasmyth. A paper on the ' ' Possibilities of a Corda Fratres Movement in Rus- sia," was presented by Alexander L. Trachtenberg. The discussion on the future organization of the Corda Fratres movement was then taken up, with introductory papers by Dr. John Mez, Mario Marini, and Edgar Herzog. Minutes of the Eighth International Congress. 39 The special question of an international students' bureau was pre- sented in an introductory paper by President Charles F. Thwing of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, entitled, " The Estab- lishment of an International Bureau of Students, with its Best Means of Support and Organization." The address was briefly summarized in French by T. E. Oliver. A short recess followed. Before the discussion of the future organization was resumed, the Argentine delegates, who had arrived late, were welcomed by the President. Alberto Viiias presented the greetings of the Argentines. He was followed by Diego L,. Molinari, who gave the report of the Argentine members of the Comite Central for the biennium 1911-13. Mr. Cheng-Fu Wang presented a paper on "Possibilities for Ex- tending the Corda Fratres Movement in China.'' In the discussion on the future organization of Corda Fratres, the following took part : Messrs. Walter A. Berendsohn (Germany), Alexander L. Trachtenberg (Russia), Edgar Nelson (United States), and William W. Welsh (United States). The meeting then adjourned. Sectional Meetings, September 1, Afternoon. In the afternoon a joint meeting of the committees on organization and constitution was held, in which several articles of the constitution were discussed. The committees adjourned at 4.30 p. m. to attend a reception tendered the Congress by ex-President and Mrs. Andrew D. White of Cornell University. The sessions of the committee were resumed at 8 p. m. and continued until after midnight. The result of these meetings was the drafting of Articles I to V of the new constitution and their adoption by the committees. Fifth Business Session, September 2, 10.30 A. M. The meeting was called to order by President Nasmyth. Papers were presented as follows : "Greetings from Chile," Cesar Zelaya. " The Mission of the Student for International Peace," G. J. Kasai (Japan). "A Suggestion from Peru," Manuel F. Ochoa. 40 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. The partial report of the Committee on Resolutions was then pre- sented by Chairman Hu, and the various resolutions of thanks adopted. The partial report of the Committees on Organization and Constitu- tion was then read, embracing the five articles drafted by these com- mittees. No action was taken by the Congress on this report, as the chairman declared that the sixth and seventh articles, as well as the preamble, had not yet been approved in their final form. The report of the Committee on Student Problems was then pre- sented by Chairman Berendsohn and adopted by the Congress. The meeting adjourned. Picnic at Rogues' Harbor. Three chartered cars, furnished by courtesy of the Cornell Cosmopoli- tan Club, took the delegates and visitors in the afternoon to Rogues Harbor, where an outdoor picnic, followed by an outdoor supper, was held. During the picnic the Committees on Constitution and Organiza- tion met with Prof. T. E. Oliver as chairman, in the absence of Dr. Mez, to adopt Article VI of the constitution, adding to Article V, Section a, the words, "Each Congress shall designate the time and place of the next Congress and may suggest the time and place of succeeding Congresses," and to reconsider and amend the Preamble. These modifications having been agreed upon unanimously, the com- mittee voted to adopt the whole constitution and preamble. The committee informally approved the proposal that the new con- stitution be promulgated during the session of the Congress at Wash- ington. The committee also passed a resolution endorsing the plan of es- tablishing an international students' review, and calling upon the President of the Congress to appoint a committee to work out the details. Address by Professor Schmidt. At 7.30 p. M., in Sibley Dome, Professor Nathaniel Schmidt of the Cornell Faculty, addressed the delegates and visitors on the subject "The Federation of the World." Sixth Business Session, September 2, 9 P.M. Following Professor Schmidt's address, the Congress was convened in business session. Minutes of the Eighth International Congress. 41 Dr. Humbert Fernandez Davila presented the greetings of the Uni- versity of Cuzco, Peru. Braulio de Ipola presented the greetings of the University of La Plata, Argentina. Arturo Capdevila presented the greetings of the University of Cordoba, Argentina. Francisco F. de Carvalho presented the greetings of the students of Brazil, and made a plea for the establishment of an international student's bureau. The new constitution was then taken up section by section. The preamble was unanimously adopted by acclamation. Article I was adopted by acclamation. The motion was made to drop the words " Corda Fratres " in the official name, but was defeated with practical unanimity. Article II was adopted by acclamation, after the amendment had been passed to add the phrase ' ' to study student problems of every nature ' ' after ' ' world ' ' in paragraph i . When Article III was presented, the motion was made and seconded to amend it by adding the words "which ratifies this constitution" after "every student organization.'' At this point Mr. Molinari of the Argentine delegation moved that in voting upon the adoption of this amendment, the vote be taken by national delegations, and not by chapters and adhering societies. The President explained that the rules of the Congress provided for the voting by members present and not by nations represented, that these rules had been ratified both by the Comite Central and by the Congress, and that the practice of Corda Fratres congresses hereto- fore had been to vote by consulates or chapters and adhering associa- tions. The French Secretary added that since Mr. Molinari' s objection to this manner of voting was in the nature of an appeal from the de- cision of the chair, the question should be put on supporting the chair. The chair accepted the interpretation of the French Secretary and called for a vote by ayes and noes, on sustaining the ruling of the chair. The Congress appeared to sustain the chair, but as the President noticed that the Argentines were voting " aye," and as the question was raised as to who were actually voting delegates, he ordered a vote by ballot. 42 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. Mr. MoHnari and Mr. Carvalho, of the Brazilian delegation, de- manded that the vote on the proposed method of voting be taken by national delegations, and not by chapters and adhering associations, as- provided in the rules of the Congress. An animated discussion ensued, in the course of which French Sec- retary Oliver moved a brief recess and adjournment to the Cosmopoli- tan Club House, which motion prevailed. Secretary I,ochner announced to the chair that the vote was 14 ayes to 2 noes in support of the ruling of the chair. When the Congress reconvened at the club house, the chair pleaded with the members to leave for the present the question of the manner of voting, and rather to take up the rest of the constitution, on which it appeared everybody was agreed, and to adopt it section by section by acclamation. Mr. Molinari then moved that the vote be taken by national delega- tions, and not by chapters and adhering societies. A long discussion ensued in which it was apparent that those supporting Mr. Molinari desired to vote on his motion by nations, a totally impossible parli- amentary procedure, since it was necessary to vote by the method already adopted on any motion to change that method. Mr. Ivochner moved to refer the question of the manner of voting to the Committee on Constitution. Mr. Molinari moved that the. Congress adjourn until the next morning. The motion was lost. The French secretary then proceeded with the reading of Article III of the constitution as amended. The Argentine and Brazilian delegates left the meeting. Article III as amended was then adopted. Article IV was read and its adoption proposed. It was moved, seconded and carried to amend this article by substituting the word " member " for " national group " in sections a and b. The article as amended was adopted by acclamation. Articles V, VI, and VII were then read and adopted by acclamation. The motion was made, seconded and carried to adopt the whole con- stitution as amended. It was moved, seconded and carried to refer the question of the manner of voting to the Committee on Organization, which committee was to report to the Congress the following morning. Adjournment was taken at 2 A. m. Minutes of the Eighth International Congress. 43 Meeting of the Committee on Organization, September 3, 3.30 A. M. The Committee on Organization passed the following resolutions, and recommended their adoption by the Congress : Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting that any scheme of voting devised shall hold only until a permanent solution shall have been found. Resolved, That, in order to facilitate as much as possible the busi- ness of this short closing session, there shall be no reconsideration in this meeting of the matters heretofore decided, and the method of voting be as follows : a. The vote shall be taken by national delegations. b. Each national delegation shall have a maximum of four votes. c. If in any national delegation less than four university student organizations are represented, this national delegation shall have as many votes as it has universities, afiBliated with the Corda Fratres, personally represented. Resolved, That the choice of the constitutional method of voting be left to the next Congress. Resolved, That an international bureau of students be established, that the director and secretary of this bureau be elected by this Con- gress, and that these two officers work out the details in cooperation with the Comite Central. Resolved, That the question of the " Corda Fratres Indipendente " of New York be referred to the A. C. C. for decision at the Iowa Convention. Final Business Meeting of the Congress. September 3, 10 A.M. After the meeting of the Committee on Organization, the President convened the congress in informal session, and explained what com- promise the Committee on Organization had agreed upon with a view to satisfying all parties concerned. Mr. Capdevila of Argentina expressed the regret of the Argentine delegation at the incident of the night before, and intimated that certain currents prevailed in the congress which refused to allow voting by nationalities. These currents he alleged to be due to a lack of re- spect for the South American nations. The President explained that there was no such current actually in existence, but that the delegates were here as representatives of 44 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. student orgauizations of universities, and not as the representatives of their respective governments and, nations, according to the text of the invitation to the Congress. Secretary Oliver supported the statements of the president, expressed regret that misunderstandings had arisen, and urged that they be now forgotten in the interest of a successful Congress. The President then called the Congress officially to order, and re- quested the French secretary to read the decisions of the Committee on Organization, to which the matter of voting had been referred the night before. Messrs. Molinari and Carvalho objected to this procedure, and when the French secretary stood on his Parliamentary right to the floor by consent and request of the President, the Argentine and Brazilian de- legations left the Congress. It was moved, seconded, and carried that the report of the Com- mittee on Organization, as read by the French secretary, be adopted. Mr. Munoz then rose to declare that, while the delegates from Argentine and Brazil had withdrawn from the Congress, the other South American students still remained and intended to remain. The Committee on Resolutions presented the second half of its re- port. The resolutions were unanimously adopted. Chairman Welch of the Committee on Publications presented the re- port of his committee. It was moved, seconded and carried that the report be accepted and referred to the proper committee. It was then moved, seconded and carried that the Congress pro- ceed to the selection of the place for the next Congress. The presi- dent announced that invitations had had been received from Buenos Aires, Munich, San Francisco, Tunis and Zurich. At this point a protest from the Argentine and Brazilian delegates was handed to the president. In order to determine whether the in- vitation from Buenos Aires should still be considered to stand, the President requested the French Secretary to glance through the pro- test to find whether or not it contained a withdrawal of the Buenos Aires invitation.* The French Secretary announced that it did not contain such with- drawal, and that Buenos Aires was therefore still to be considered. A verbal invitation to hold the next Congress at Montevideo, Uruguay was then presented by the Uruguayan delegation. *The protest in full of the Brazilian and Argentine delegates will be found in the original French in Chapter VI of Part III of the Proceedings. Minutes of the Eighth International Cofigress. 45 Short speeches were made in favor of Munich, Zurich, Montevideo, and San Francisco. The vote stood as follows : each country casting as many votes as it was entitled to under the ruling just adopted upon the recommenda- tion of the Committee on Organization : Italy — at first voted for Zurich, 3 votes, but later requested to abstain. Hungary — i vote for Munich. Germany— I vote for Zurich, i for Munich, 2 for Montevideo. Switzerland — r vote for Zurich. Uruguay — 3 votes for Montevideo. Peru-p4 votes for Montevideo. Porto Rico — I vote for Montevideo. Chile — I vote for Montevideo. Guatemala — 2 votes for Montevideo. Finland — i vote for Montevideo. Cuba — I vote for Montevideo. United States — 4 votes for Montevideo. Columbia — i vote for Montevideo. Tunis — I vote for Montevideo (by proxy) Holland — i vote for Munich (by proxy) It was moved, seconded and carried to make the selection of Montevideo unanimous. Moved, seconded and carried that the date of the 191 5 Congress be August 15-30. Moved, seconded and carried that Zurich be suggested by this Con- gress as the seat of the 1917 Congress. The Congress then proceeded to the election of a. nominating com- mittee, and chose Messrs. Mez, chairman, De Hindy^ Munoz, Knapp, Hartman, Escudero, Latour, Ling, and Falci as members. A five minute recess was then taken. When the Congress reconvened, the committee, through its chair- man, presented the names of Messrs. Nasmyth and Lochner for presi- dent and secretary to succeed themselves. Mr. Lochner nominated Dr. Mez for pre.sident; Dr. Nasmyth nominated Mr. Muiioz as secretary. Both outgoing officers advocated the election of Dr. Mez and Mr. Munoz in the interests of the future of the movement. The four nominees then left the room, and Mr. Knapp took the chair. Messrs. Mez and Munoz were by acclamation elected president and secretary respectively, and on the nomination of Mr. Hu, Messrs. Nasmyth and I/Ochner were unanimously elected Director and Secre- tary, respectively of the proposed International Bureau of students. 46 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. Messrs. Mez and Muiioz were then called upon for short speeches of acceptance. Dr. Berendsohn presented a report embodying suggestions for the programs of future Congresses of Corda Fratres. The election of members to the Comit^ Central formed the next order of business. The following were elected by acclamation : Argentina — Alberto Viiias and Senor Sampaio. Austria- Hungary — Bohemia, Josef Hanzik and F. S. Jezek. Hungary — Dr. Etienne de Zsembery and Dr. Zoltan de Hindy. Brazil — Alvaro C. de Carvalho and Francisco F. de Carvalho. Columbia — Leonidas Uribe Olarte and Juan A. Bonilla. Cuba — Luis A. Baralt and Julio B. Latour. Chile — Ivuis Iv. Ossa and Cesar Zelaya. France — Marcel Viard and Jean Gerard ;,Tunis, D. Funaro and Is. Abeasis. Germany — Edgar Herzog and John Mez. Greece — Dr. C. Piperidies and G. Manghaghi. Guatemala — Francisco Galvez Portocarrero and Arturo Angel Rivera. Holland— C. L. Torley-Duwel. Italy — Raimondo Falci and Signer Abbate. Peru — Dr. Humberto F. Davila and Manuel F. Ochoa. Russia-Finland — Dr. K. S. Laurila and Dr. P. J. Stynninen. Switzerland — Alfred Knapp and Bernhard Greuter. United States of America — United States, Louis P. Lochner, George W. Nasmyth ; Philippines, Carlos L. Locsin ; Porto Rico, Miguel A. Munoz ; Heliodoro Bianco-Morales. Uruguay — Washington Escudero and Senor Olanda. A vote of thanks was then extended to all the Congress committees. Mr. Portocarrero by vote of the Congress was empowered to act as propagandist for' Corda Fratres in Central America, and Drs. de Zsembery and de Hindy for Southeastern Europe. Dr. de Hindy presented a beautiful Hungarian flag to the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. After a few closing remarks by President Suh Hu of the Cornell Club, the business session of the Congress was adjourned sine die by President Nasmyth. Respectfully submitted, Louis P. Lochner, The English Secretary. Thomas E. GivIver, The French Secretary. Minutes of the Meeting of the Central Committee of the Corda Fratres, International Federation of Students, Held at Hartley Hall, Columbia University, New York, September 19, 1913. In order to take advantage of the last opportunity before the close of the Congress to discuss the plans for propaganda during the coming two years, the members of the Central Committee present in New York on the last day of the Congress were invited to attend a meeting, held at Hartley Hall, Columbia University, on September 19, 1913. It was decided that Secretary Munoz would undertake the pre- liminary organization of the Ninth International Congress at Monte- video, Uruguay, and that the International Bureau of Students would relieve him of as much as possible of the administrative work of the Central Committee for the present. President Mez was charged to give especial attention to the propaganda in Europe. It was decided that Bernhard Greuter, member of the Central Com- mittee for Switzerland, should be charged to extend the Corda Fratres movement to the Universities of Portugal. It was decided that for the present the International Bureau of Students should be located at 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Massa- chusetts. At the suggestion of President Nasmyth of the Eighth Interna- tional Congress a preliminary committee of arrangement for the Ninth International Congress of Students, to be held at Montevideo, Uru- guay, August 15-30, 1915, were appointed, with Secretary Mufioz as Chairman. On this Committee were appointed those men who had especially valuable experience in organizing the Eighth International Congress or who were in a position to render special services toward the organization of the coming Congress. The members of the Central Committee not especially named were made ex-officio members of the Preliminary Committee for the coming Congress. George W. Nasmyth. 47 48 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. The Personnel of the Committee is as follows : Preliminary Committee of Arrangements for the Ninth International Congress of Students to be held by the " Corda Fratres " International Federation OF Students at Mont*evideo, Uruguay, South America, August 15-30, 191 5. MIGUEL a. MUNOZ, P. O. Box 1112, San Juan, Porto Rico, Chairman. (Secretary of the Central Committee of the Corda Fratres, F. I. D. E.) HARRY O. SANDBERG, Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. Dr. JOHN MEZ, Schwindstr. 30, Munich, Germany. (President of the Central Committee of the Corda Fratre, F. I. D. E.) FERNANDO GOMEZ AIDO, Office International des Etudiants, Montevideo, Uruguay. (President of the L,iga de los Estudiantes Americanos, Member of the Central Committee of the Corda Fratres). FRANCISCO GALVEZ PORTOCARRERO, Guatemala City, Guatemala. (Delegate from Guatemala to VII [ International Congress of Students). K. S. TSAO, Y. M. C. A. Bldg., Shanghai, China. (Delegate from China to VIII International Congress of Students). MARIO MARINI, Via Elena 23, Naples, Italy. (Chairman of Organization Committee of the VII International Congress at Rome. Delegate to the VIII International Congress of Students). ISABURO NAGAI, 79 Yocho-Nachi, Ushigome, Tokyo, Japan. (Member of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club). SUH HU, President Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, Ithaca, N. Y. (Delegate to VIII International Congress of Students). CARLOS L. LOCSIN, Silay Occ. Negros, Philippine Islands. (Chairman of the Organization Committee of VIII International Congress). LOUIS P. LOCHNER, 612 South Brearly St., Madison, Wis. (Secretary, VIII International Congress of Students and of the International Bureau of Students). Dr. GEORGE W. NASMYTH, 40 Mount Vernon St., Boston, Mass. (President of the VIII International Congress of Students and Director of the International Bureau of Students). THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, 1913-15. "CORDA FRATRES", INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF STUDENTS. ARGENTINE. SENOR SAMPAIO, Federacion Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentine. ALBERTO VINAS, Federacion Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentine. AtrSTBIA— HTJNGABY. Bohemia. JOSEF HANZIK, Svaz Cesko-Slovansk^o Studeutstva, Spalena ulice 20, Prague, Bohemia. F. S. JESEK, Svaz Cesko-Slovanskeho Studentstva, Spalena ulice 20, Prague, Bohemia. Hungary. Dr. ZOLTAN de HINDY, Damjanich 28/b, Budapest VII., Hungary. Dr. ETIENNE de ZSEMBERY, Nador utca 22, Budapest V., Hungary. BBAZIL. ALVARO de CARVALHO, Gracia 709, Bahia, Brazil. FRANCISCO F. de CARVALHO, Gracia 709, Bahia, Brazil. CHILE. A. VONDER HEYDE, Santiago de Chile. CESAR ZELAYA, 346 W. 23rd St., New York City. COLOMBIA. JUAN A. BONILLA, Michigan Cosmopolitan Club, Ann Arbor, Mich. LEONIDAS OLARTE, Carrera 7, Numero 252, Bogota, Colombia. CUBA. LUIS A. BARALT, Jr., Linea 122, Habana, Cuba. JULIO BERNARDO LATOUR, Sn. Nicolas 74, Habana, Cuba. EBANCE. MARCEL VIARD, Maison des Etudiants, 13-15 rue de la Buhnerie, Paris, France. JEAN GERARD, Maison des Etudiants, Nancy, France. Tunis. IS. ABEASIS, 67 rue de Naples, Tunis, N. Africa. D. FUMARO, Avenue de Paris, Tunis, N. Africa. GEBMANY. EDGAR HERZOG, Brandvorvperk Str. 38, Leipzig, Germany. Dr. JOHN MEZ, President, "Die Bruecke", Schwind Str. 30, Munich, Germany. 49 50 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. GREECE. Dr. CONSTANTIN PIPERIDIES, Thermopylon 5, Athens, Greece. G. MANGHAGHI, care of Dr. C. Piperidies, Thermopylon 5, Athens, Greece. GUATEMALA. FRANCISCO PORTOCARRERO-GALVEZ, Guatemala City, Guatemala. ARTURO ANGEL RIVERA, Guatemala City, Guatemala. HOLIiAND. C. L. TORIvEY-DUWEL, Plantage 81, Delft, Holland. ITALY. Prof. RAIMONDO FALCI, Via Bandiera 69, Palermo, Italy. Aw. G. M. ABBATE, care of Raimondo Falci, Via Bandiera 69, Palermo, Italy. PEBU., Dr. HUMBERTO FERNANDEZ DA VILA, Gallos 254, Lima, Peru. MANUEL F. OCHOA, Cuzco, Peru. BTJSSIA— FINLAND. Dr. S. K. LAURILA, Museigatan 5, Helsingfors, Finland. Dr. p. J. STYNNINEN, Neue Studentenhuset, Helsingfors, Finland. SWITZERLAND. BERNHARD GREUTER, Affoltern Str. 545, Hoengg, Zurich, Switzerland. ALFRED KNAPP, Bolley Str. 56, Zurich, Switzerland. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. LOUIS P. LOCHNER, 612 S. Brearly St., Madison, Wis., U. S. A. GEORGE W. NASMYTH, 40 Mount Vern,on St., Boston, Mass., U. S. A. Philippine Islands. ■CARLOS L. LOCSIN, Silay Occ. Negros, Philippine Islands. Porto Rico. HELIODORO BLANCO-MORALES, 8 Allen Street, San Juan, Porto Rico. MIGUEL A. MUNOZ, Secretary of the Central Committee, P. O. Box 1112, San Juan, Porto Rico. TTRTTGUAY. FERNANDO GOMEZ AIDO, President, Liga de los Estudiantes Americanos, Montevideo, Uruguay. WASHINGTON ESCUDERO, Calle Suarez No. 80, Montevideo, Uruguay. Please send all changes or corrections to the International Bureau of Students, 40 Mount Vernon Street, Boston, Mass., U. S. A. Report of the Committee on Students' Problems. Note. — The members of this Committee were Messrs. Walter A. Berendsohn (Germany), chairman; S. K. Tsao (China), F. Galvez Portocarrero (Guatemala), Humberto Fernandez Davila (Peru), and Henry Hartman (Finland). As mutual understanding and mutual assistance in the striving towards similar ideals are the aims of the Federation, the Committee has compiled the following list of twenty-five students' problems, without being of the opinion that this list is in any way exhaustive. The members of the committee regard these problems as proper subjects for discussion in our future congresses and in the publications of the Federation. They believe that these discussions will promote mutual understanding and will in many cases fertilize the student's life and activities in the different countries. I. I. Educational ideals. 2. Studying abroad and intercourse with foreign students. 3. Moral problems (sexual life, etc.). 4. Religious problems. 5. The student and the arts. 6. The student and politics. II. 7. The freshman. 8. Relations between students and professors. 9. Discipline (regulations, etc.). 10. Public opinion and its expressions (newspapers, magazines, traditional ideas, etc.). 11. Students' reading rooms for newspapers and magazines. 12. Libraries supplementary to university libraries (modern literature, etc. ). 13. Social functions (dancing, etc.). III. 14. physical education (sport, athletics, etc. ). 15. Hygienic problems. 16. Students' walking hours. IV. 17. Organizations (fraternities, clubs, etc.). 18. Representative council of students. V. 19. Social conditions (financial problems). 20. Lodging, board, students' homes and inns. 21. Scholarships. VI. 22. Insurance against diseases (hospital, etc.). 23. Insurance against accidents. VII. 24. Social work outside the University, and University Settlements. VIII. 25. Long vacation. 51 Report of the Committee on Publications. NoTB. — The members of the Committee on Publications were Messrs. W. W. Welsh (United States), chairman; Raimondo Falci (Italy), Paul F. Baumgarten (Germany), Edgar Herzog (Germany), and Messrs. Nasmyth, Oliver, and Loch- ner, ex-officiis. Owing to the fact that so much time was necessarily spent in the Constitutional Committee and that the majority of the members of the Publication Committee were also members of the Constitutional Committee, we are unable to submit as comprehensive and detailed a report on the subject of the International Student Review as we might wish. We have found ourselves agreed, however, on several general propositions which may be helpful in the establishment of an ofiScial organ for the International Federation of Students. We beg to submit the following Recommendations : I. That" this Congress authorize the establishment of -an Inter- national Student Review which shall be the official organ of the Inter- national Federation of Students and as such shall promote the objects of the " Corda Fratres " F. I. D. E., as set forth in its constitution ; namely, a. To unite student movements and organizations throughout the world, to study student problems and to promote among students closer international relations, mutual understanding and friendship. b. To encourage the study of international relations and problems. c. To stimulate a sympathetic appreciation of the character, pro- blems, and intellectual currents of other nations. d. To facilitate foreign study and to increase its value and fruit- fulness. The movement is neutral in all special religious, political and economic principles. II. That the magazine be published quarterly in World Form IX, i6x 22.6 cm. in one edition ; the articles appearing in English, French or German depending upon the wishes of the author or the judgment of the Board of Directors. III. That the location of the magazine be at the headquarters of the International Bureau of Students. IV. That the organization of the magazine be divided into two divisions : (a) editorial, (b) business. 52 Report of the Committee on Publications. 53 (a) The editorial management shall concern itself with the securing and publishing of all articles and reading material appearing in the publication. It shall consist, first, of an editor-in-chief elected by the Congress, who shall have full charge of the editorial management ; second, departmental editors who shall be appointed by the editor-in- chief with the approval of the Congress and who shall have charge of the different departments of the editorial work ; third, news editors, selected by the different organizations adhering to the International Federation of Students and who shall act as reporters and representa- tives of their respective organizations. (b) The business management shall devise ways and means for financing the magazine. The following sources of revenue are sug- gested : first, subscriptions; second, advertising; third, subsidy. The subscription of the Review ought to be not less than $1.00 per year and the business manager should reserve the right to change the sub- scription price in accordance with the best interests of the publication. For the first year or so we cannot hope to raise much revenue from the subscriptions and it may be necessary that we seek aid from those who are interested in the promotion of the ideals of this organization. The business manager should strive, however, through advertising to place the magazine on a self-supporting and independent basis. In arriving at this last end the committee urges the recommendation that the student publications of the world organize among themselves an association whereby the}' mutually agree to accept from every other student publication in the world advertisements at a stated reduction of their current rates. Such an association would enable not only the international review but all other student publications to be put upon a sound business basis. Appended to this report is a detailed explan- ation of the plans for such an association. V. The committee recommends the appointment of a standing com- mittee on publication to proceed with the organization and establish- ment of an International Student Review, following as far as it deems it advisable the recommendations submitted by this committee. Note : The contribution on "The Financial Possibilities of our Stu- dent Publications," by Wm. W. Welsh, referred to in this report, appears in Part II of the Proceedings. — Ed. The Resolutions Adopted by the Congress. Note. — The Members of this Committee on Resolutions were Messrs. Suh Hu (China), chairman, Alfred Knapp (Switzerland), Miguel Munoz (Porto Rico), Henry Hartman (Finland), Washington Escudero (Uruguay), and Messrs. Nasmyth, Ivochner, and Oliver, ex-officiis. 1 . The Congress congratulates the students of Finland and Russia upon their work for the uplift of their people by leading campaigns of education against illiteracy, alcoholism, tuberculosis, unsanitary living, etc., and wishes them success in the continuation of the splendid mission they have set before themselves. It also expresses its hope that the students of the world may be fired with zeal to carry on the work of the cultural, social, political, and economic uplift of the people of their respective countries. 2. While the Congress greatly admires those students of the European states who during the recent wars have so nobly fought and died for their fatherlands, it expresses its sincere hope that in the near future the movement of internationalism may reach these countries and bring to them good tidings of understanding, goodwill, and peace among the nations ; and that it may in the future prevent the necessity for such sacrifices of the best minds of a nation. 3. The Congress declares itself in cordial sympathy with the aim and work of the " Union des Associations Internationales " at Brussels, and recommends the entrance of the " Corda Fratres", International Federation of Students, into this Union. 4. The Congress declares itself in hearty sympathy with the aims of the International Institute for Organizing Intellectual Work, ' ' Die Bruecke", Munich, Germany. 5. The Congress declares itself in hearty sympathy with the plans for a World Center of Communication created by the architect, Hendrik P. Andersen. 6. The Congress expresses its opinion that in order to facilitate international communication and correspondence the postal rates should be reduced and the world penny postage for letters be adopted. 7. The Congress declares itself heartily in favor of an auxiliary language and expresses the earnest hope that the adherents of Esperanto and Ido (reformed Esperanto) may unite in a common effort to secure the appointment of an official commission for the purpose of thoroughly studying the problem, and adopting an official international auxiliary language. 54 The Resolutions Adopted by the Congress. 55 8. The Congress expresses its sincere gratitude to those nations and institutions that have made appropriations to enable their delegates ta attend the Congress. 9. The Congress expresses its deep gratitude for the many attentions,- privileges, and hospitality bestowed upon it by the authorities of Cor- nell University, and also for the heartfelt sympathy and cooperation shown by Acting President Crane of Cornell University. 10. The Congress expresses its thanks and appreciation to President Wilson, Secretary-of-State Bryan, ex-President Roosevelt, ex-President Taft, and many others for their encouraging greetings ; and especially to Dr. Andrew D. White for his hospitality, and to Hon. Philander P. Claxton, Mr. Edwin D. Mead, Mr. John R. Mott, President Charles F. Thwing, and Prof. Nathanael Schmidt for having honored the Congress with their presence and message. 1 1 . The Congress expresses its warmest gratitude to the members of the local Committee on Organization, especially Chairman C. L. I/Ocsin, for their zealous and well-conducted work, to which the success of the Congress is largely due ; to the special committees of the cities of Boston, New York, Buffalo, Washington, Philadelphia, and Balti- more for their assistance and hospitality ; and also to those organiza- tions and individuals that have rendered help and extended courtesies to the German students on their study-tour. 12. The Congress expresses its gratitude and appreciation to Presi- dent Nasmyth and Secretary IvOchner for the work they have done for the Federation and for the Congress ; and to Mrs. Nasmyth for her hearty and energetic cooperation. 13. The Congress expresses its profound gratitude and appreciation to the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club for the very kind hospitality it has extended to the delegates and for the splendid work which its com- mittees have done for the Congress. 14. The Congress urges the chapters, consulates, and adhering associations to exchange publications with one another. (The two resolutions which follow were recommended for adoption by the committees on organization and constitution, and were unanimously passed.) 1. Resolved, That an International Bureau of Students be estab- lished, that the director and secretary of such bureau be elected by this Congress, and that these oflScers work out the details in coopera- tion with the Comite Central. 2. Resolved, That there be established an International Student Review, and that a committee be appointed by the President of the Congress to work out the details. The New Constitution. Note. — The new Corda Fratres Constitution was drafted by the Committees on Organization and Constitution meeting in joint session. The former consisted of Messrs. John Mez (Germany), chairman, Alberto Viiias (Argentina), T. L. Ling (United States), Alexander L. Trachtenberg (Russia), Mario Marini (Italy), Edgar Herzog (Germany), and Messrs, Nasmyth, Lochner and Oliver, ex-officiis; the latter of Messrs. John Mez (Germany), chairman, Zoltan de Hindy (Hungary), Raiinondo Falci (Italy), Diego L. Molinari (Argentina), Paul F. Baumgarten (Germany), Mrs. Beatrice Mekota (United States), Messrs. Nasmyth, Lochner and Oliver, ex-officiis, and Mr. B. N. Langdon-Davies (England), guest. The meetings of these committees were presided over by Messrs. Mez and Oliver. Preceding the adoption of the new constitution, the joint committee recommended the adoption of the following resolutions, which resolu- tions were unanimously passed : ''Resolved, That a new constitution be created for the Corda Fratres Movement. The Fundamental Articles adopted at Turin in 1898 apply only to those national groups which have formally ratified them, and shall be printed as an historical document preceding the new constitu- tion. ' "Resolved, That the following Principles shall govern the Interna- tional Relations of the associations adhering to the ' Corda Fratres ' , International Federation of Students." The constitution as originally drafted by the joint committee is identical with the final text as given below, with the following four exceptions : Article II (paragraph i) did not contain the words "to study stu- dent problems of every nature." In Article III the words "which ratifies this constitution" were not included. In Articles IV (a and b), and V (paragraph i), the words "national group" were used instead of "member." The last sentence in Article VI (a) was missing. The final text as printed below is that adopted by the ■Congress in full session. 56 The Original Fundamental Articles of the "Corda Fratres" International Federation of Students. The fundamental articles were approved at the first International Congress of Students, (Turin, Italy) November 12-20, 1898. I. The name of the Federation is : Federation Internationale des Etudiants, translated into the national language of the section and preceded by "Corda Fratres" as the motto of the Federation. II. The principal aim of the International Federation of Students is to support and spread the idea of unity and brotherhood among students. III. Every student registered in a university or in an institution of higher instruction has the right to become a member of the Federa- tion, without regard to the religion or political belief which he pro- fesses. IV. Each member on entering the Federation pledges himself upon his honor, to use without ceasing the means which his social position, his ability and his work furnish him, to further cordial relations be- tween the youth of different nations, and to support all manifestations which he believes useful in order to dissipate in all classes of persons, the prejudices, rancor and hatred which cause states to be recipro- cally hostile and on a permanent war basis. V. The International Federation of Students purposes also to support, with all the means in its power, the work of peace and arbi- tration between nations. VI. The aim of the Federation is also to place students in cor- respondence with each other, and in particular those who are devoted to the same branches of science, in order to facilitate the exchange of information and scientific researches of which they may have need be- fore and after taking the doctorate degree. VII. To secure hosts and friends in distant cities on the occasion of voyages of individuals or parties to foreign lands, in order that these voyages may be more easily undertaken and accomplished. Vm. These fundamental principles having been unanimously adopted, shall govern the Federation. IX. They cannot be modified. 57 Principles Governing the International Relations of the Associations Adhering to the "Corda Fratres" International Federation of Students. I. Name. The name of the Federation is: Federation Interna- tionale des Etudiants, translated into the national language of the section and preceded by "Corda Fratres" as the device of the Federation. II. Object. To unite student movements and organizations through- out the world, to study student problems of every nature, and to promote among students closer international relations, mutual under- standing and friendship. To encourage the study of international relations and problems. To stimulate a sympathetic appreciation of the character, problems and intellectual currents of other nations. To facilitate foreign study, and to increase its value and fruitfulness. The movement is neutral in all special religious, political and economic principles. III. Membership. Every student organization which ratifies this Constitution has the right to become a member of the Federation, without regard to race, nationality, religious or political belief or social condition of its members. IV. Organization, a) Each member shall be an independent unit and as such shall preserve its absolute autonomy. b) No member shall be under any financial responsibility to any other or others. V. Cordial Cooperation. There shall, however, be the most cordial cooperation between these members in the following ways among others : a ) International Congresses. The Federation shall hold an interna- tional congress of students biennially and shall encourage international congresses of less extended groups of students, as Pan-American Congresses, Pan-European Congresses, etc. Each Congress shall designate the time and place of the next Congress and may suggest. the time and place of succeeding Congresses. b) International Correspondence. The Federation shall provide means for placing the students of different countries in correspondence with the students of the same subjects in other countries in order that they may obtain a wider knowledge of conditions and methods of tsudy. It will facilitate the international interchange of student publications 58 The New Constitution. 59 and will secure foreign correspondents for student magazines which desire them. c) International Hospitality and Interchange of Students. The Federation will assist in the organization of international student visits, and of study tours of student organizations or individual students ; it will furnish information and advice to students wishing to study in a foreign university, and will strive to make their period of study abroad as fruitful and effective as possil^le. VI. Central Committee. a) Two members elected by each country represented in the Federation, shall constitute a Central Committee whose function it shall be to extend the Federation and to devise ways and means for carrying out its objects. b) The Congress shall elect members of the Central Committee fop such countries as fail to name their representatives. These members to serve until their successors are elected by their countries. c) The members of the Central Committee shall be on the basis of equality, but two of them, known as the President and Secretary of the Central Committee, shall direct its work. d) The President and the Secretary of the Central Committee shall be elected by the biennial Congresses. VII. Amendments. These principles can only be modified in an International Congress when the proposed amendment has been sub- mitted to the members of the Federation six months in advance. Articles Fondamentaux de la "Corda Fratres" Fdddration Internationale des Etudiants. I. I^e titre de la Federation est : FM^ration internationale des Etu- diants, traduit dans la langue nationale de la section et precede par " Corda Fratres " comme devise de la Federation meme. II. I,e but principal de la ' Federation Internationale des Etudiants ' est de proteger et favoriser I'idee de' solidarite et de fraternite entre les etudiants. III. Tout etudiant a le droit de faire partie de la ' Federation ' pourvu qu'il soit inscrit dans une Universite ou dans une Ecole ou Insti- tut superieur, quelle que soit sa religion et I'idee politique qu'il prof esse. IV. Chaque confedere en entrant dans la ' Federation ' s'engage.£ur son honneur a employer sans cesse les moyens que sa position sociale, son intelligence et son activite lui fournissent pour favoriser les rap- ports internationaux entre la jeunesse, et seconder toutes les mani- festations qu'il croira utiles afin de dissiper, dans n'importe quelle classe de personnes, les prejuges, les rancunes, les haines qui rendent les Etats reciproquement hostiles et toujours sur pied de guerre. V. I,a ' Federation Internationale des Etudiants ' se propo,se aussi de seconder par tous les moyens en son pouvoir I'oeuvre de la paix et de r arbitrage entre nations. VI. Le but de la ' F6d6ration ' est aussi de mettre en correspondance les etudiants entre eux et en particulier ceux qui se vouent k la m^me branche des sciences, afin de faciliter les moyens d'informations et les recherches ssientifiques, dont on peut avoir besoin avant et apres le doctorat. VII. t)e s'assurer reciproquement des h6tes et des amis dans les grandes villes lointaines k 1' occasion de voyages individuels et collectifs a I'etranger voyages, qui seront ainsi plus facilement entrepris et accomplis. VIII. lyCs principes fondamentaux admis k I'unanimite precedem- ment r^glent la Federation. IX. lis ne pourront Stre modifies.' 'Approuv^s en ler Congrfes International des Etudiants 4 Torino (Italia) 1898 (stance 15 novembre). 60 Principes qui Inspirent les Relations Internationales des Asso- ciations Adherant a la "Corda Fratres" Fede- ration Internationale des Etudiants. I. NOM DE LA Society. Le titre de la Federation est : Federation Internationale des ^^tudiants, traduit dans la langue nationale de la section et precede par ' ' Corda Fratres ' ' , comme devise de la Fed6ra- tion mSme. II. But. lyC but de la Federation est d'unir les mouvements et organisations d'etudiants dans le monde entier, de considerer les questions de toute nature interessant les etudiants et d'etablir des relations internationales plus etroites, une entente cordiale des amities mutuelles entre les 6tudiants du monde entier. Encourager I'etude des relations et des questions internationales. Developper une intelligeute sympathie pour le caractere, les interets et les courants intellectuels des autres nations. Faciliter I'etude dans les pays etrangers et augmenter la valeur et I'utilite de cette etude. Le mouvement pratique la neutralite dans toutes les questions parti- culieres de religion, de politique et d'economie politique. III. Membres. Tous les groupes d'etudiants qui ratifieront cette constitution ont le droit de devenir membres de la Federation sans distinction de race, nationalite, croyance religieuse ou politique, ou condition sociale de ses adherents. IV. Organisation, (a) Chaque membre sera une unite inde- pendante et comme telle, conservera son autonomie absolue. (b) Aucune membre ne sera financierement responsabled'aucune autre. V. Cooperation Cordiale. II y aura, toutefois, la plus cordiale cooperation entre ces groupes, en particulier par les moyens ci-3.pres : (a) Congrls Internationaux . I,a Federation tiendra tous les deux ans un congres international d'etudiants et encouragera les congres internationaux de groupements moins considerables, tels que Congres : Pan-Americains, Pan-Europeens, etc. Chaque congres designera la date et la ville du prochain congres et pourra suggerer la date et I'endroit ou auront lieu des congres futurs. (b) Correspondance Internationale. 'LiS. Federation devra procurer le moyen de mettre les etudiants de divers pays en correspondance avec les etudiants des m^mes sujets dans d'autres pays, de sorte qu'ils 6i 62 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. acquierent une connaissance plus complete des conditions et des m^thodes de travail dans ces pays. EUe facilitera aussi I'echange international de publications d'etudiants et procurera des correspon- dants Strangers aux revues d'etudiants qui peuvent les disirer. ( c ) Hospitaliti Internationale et ^changes d' Etudiants. lya Federa- tion aidera a 1' organisation de visites Internationales d'etudiants et de voyages d'etudes de groupes d'etudiants, ou d'etudiants isoles; elle fournira des renseignements et des conseils aux Etudiants desireux d'6tudier dans une university ^trang^re et s'efforcera de rendre leur periode d'etudes a I'etranger aussi profitable et eflScace que possible. VI. CoMiTfi Central, (a) Deux membres elus pour chaque pays represent^ dans la Federation, constitueront un comit^ central dont la fonction sera d'^tendre la F^d^ration et d'etudier les moyens de realiser ses buts. (b) IvC congres elira des membres du comit^ central pour les pays qui negligeront de nommer des representants. Ces membres serviront jusqu'a ce que leurs successeurs soient elus par leurs pays respectifs. (c) I Box 113, White Plains, N. Y. CANDEE, ROBERT C. Recording Secretary Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Mem- ber General Committee on Arrangements. Address : Medical Lake, Wash- ington. CARUS, GUSTAV K. Member Wisconsin International Club. Address La- Salle, Illinois. CHASE, PHILIP H., A.B., Ing. E.C.P. University of Paris. Home address : 85 Toenne Kleber, Paris, France. CLAXTON, Hon. PHILANDER P., Ph.D. United States Commissioner of Edu- cation. Speaker. Address : Washington, D. C. COUTANT, ALBERT F., B.S. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address l 301 Bryant Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. CRANE, THOMAS F., A.M., Litt.D. Acting President of Cornell University. Speaker. Address : Central Ave. , Ithaca, N. Y. D'ONOFRIO, JOSEPH (Italy). Ordina Corda Fratres Indipendente, New York City. Naval College, Italy. Address : 2102 Second Ave., New York City. DRESSER, Rev. E. L., A.B. Princeton University. Address: Ithaca, N. Y. EDMONDS, HARRY E., C.E. Delegate Intercollegiate Cosmopolitan Club of the City of New York. Chairman of New York Committee on Arrangements, New York University. Address : 554 W. 114th St., New York City. ELMENDORF, A. President University of Illinois Cosmopolitan Club. Address : 405 E. Daniel St., Champaign, Illinois. ERDE, Herman W. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : 206 Quarry St., Ithaca, N. Y. FEINER, MARK A., C.E. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : 712 Ninth Ave., New York City. FERRARIS, FELIX. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address: 195, Bleecker St., New York City. 72 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. FETTER, Prof. FRANK A., A.B , PH.M., PH.D. Member Cornell Cosmopoli- tan Club. Speaker. Address : Princeton, N. J. GASTON, Mrs. G. D. Ithaca, N. Y. GBIvATT, ARTHUR A. Delegate Wisconsin International Club. Address : 401 S. 14th St., La Crosse, Wisconsin. HAYDEN, Miss ADA, B.S., M.S. Delegate Iowa State College Cosmopolitan Club. Address : Dept. of Botany, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. HEIZER, Rev. CYRUS W. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Member General Committee on Arrangements. Address : Ithaca, N. Y. HOPP, GEORGE, B.Chem. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address: 212 W 141 St., New York City. HOPP, PERCY P. Address : 212 W 141 St., New York City. HURREY, CHARLES W., A.B. World's Student Christian F'ederation. Ad- dress : ] 24 E 28 St. , New York City. KAUFMAN, A. Address: 112 Ferris Place, Ithaca, N. Y. LOCHNER, LOUIS P., B.A. Secretary of the Central Committee Corda Fratres, F. I. D. E. Member General Committee on Arrangements. Member Wisconsin International Club. First President, A. C. C. Delegate to Hague Congress 1909, and Rome Congress 1911. Editor of the Cosmopoli- tan Student. Address : 612 S Brearly St., Madison, Wisconsin. LOMBARDI, ANTHONY, (Italy). Delegate Ordina Corda Fratres Indipendente of New York City. Columbia University. -Address : 168 Lenox Ave., New York City. McPEAK, IVAL. Delegate State University of Iowa Cosmopolitan Club. Ad- dress : 21 N. Dubuque St., Iowa City, Iowa. MEAD, EDWIN D., M.A. Director World Peace Foundation. Speaker. Ad- dress ; World Peace Foundation, Boston, Mass. MERRITT, Dean ERNEST G., 'M.E. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club.- Address : East Ave., Ithaca, New York. MOTT, JOHN R. , A. B. , M. A. , LL.D. General Secretary World Student Christian Federation. Editor, The Student World. Speaker. Address : 124 E. 28 St., New York City. NANZ, RALPH S., B.S. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : 5 East Ave., Ithaca, New York. NASMYTH, GEORGE W., A.B., A.M., M.E., Ph.D. President of the Central Committee, Corda Fratres. Member General Committee on Arrangements. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Former President, A. C. C. Delegate to Rome Congress, 1911. Delegate Verband der Internationalen Studenten- vereine an Deutschen Hochschulen Corda Fratres. Delegate Corda Fratres, Internationaler Studenten Verein, Zurich. Address : 40 Mount Vernon St.^ Boston, Mass. NASMYTH, FLORENCE C. (Mrs. George W.) A.B. Delegate Heidelberger Internationaler Studenten Verein. Delegate Verband der Internationalen Studentenvereine an Deutschen Hochschulen Corda Fratres, Cornell Uni- versity. Address : 1131 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass. NELSON, EDGAR, B.A. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : Columbia University, New York City. List of Members and Delegates. 73 OLIVER, Prof. THOMAS E., A.B., A.M., Ph.D. Delegate Illinois Cosmopoli- tan Club. Vice-President of A. C. C. Address: 912 W. California Ave., Urbana, 111. PATTERSON, LINCOLN E. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address: Ithaca, New York. PEIRCE, PAUL S., Ph.B., Ph.D. Member State University of Iowa Cosmopolitan Club. Address : Iowa City, Iowa. RILEY, Prof. WILLIAM A., B.S., Ph.D. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : Ithaca, New York. ROBINSON, FRED. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address: Ithaca, New York. IROWLEE, Prof. WILLARD W., B L., D.Sc. Treasurer-General Committee on Arrangements. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : Ithaca, N. Y. SANDBERG, HARRY O., A.B., LL.B. Representative of the Pan-American Union. Address : Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. SCHMIDT, Prof. NATHANIEL, A.B., A.M. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Speaker. Address : Ithaca, N. Y. iSCOFIELD, J. D. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club Address : Candor, N. Y. ;SEARLES, C. K., A.B. University of Michigan Cosmopolitan Club. Address: 286 N. Main St., Canandaigua, N. Y. STEVENS, YALE. Delegate Yale Cosmopolitan Club. Address : 91 W. Union St., Wilkes Barre, Pa. THOMAS, ALLEN J., LL.B., A.B. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Ad- dress : Ithaca, N. Y. THWING, CHARLES F., A.B., D.D., LL.D. President of Western Reserve Uni- versity. Speaker. Address : Cleveland, Ohio. TREMAN, ROBERT E., A.B. Member General Committee on Arrangements. Address : Ithaca, N. Y. VARGA, HUGO E., LL.B., (Hungary). Address: 714 Rockefeller Building, Cleveland, Ohio. WATSON, HUBERT L., M.E. Delegate Purdue Cosmopolitan Club. Address: III University St., W. Lafayette, Indiana. WELSH, WILLIAM W., A.B. Delegate University of Michigan Cosmopolitan Club. Address : 213 N. Thayer St., Ann Arbor, Mich. WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON, A.B., LL.D., L.H.D., D.C.L. First President of Cornell University. Former Ambassador to Germany and to Russia. Presi- dent of American Delegation to First Hague Peace Conference. Honorary Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : Ithaca, N. Y. YOUNG, Prof. GEORGE A., B.Arch. Member General Committee on Arrange- ments. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : Ithaca, N. Y. Hawaii. HENDRY, ROBERT W. Delegate Hawaiian Students. Member Cornell Cos- mopolitan Club. Address : 1327 Pensacola St., Honolulu, Hawaii. 74 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. Philippines. CORPUS, JOSE A. V. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : San An- tonio, Zambales, P. I. LOCSIN, CARLOS L., B.S.A. Chairman General Committee on Arrangements. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Address : Silay Dec. Negros, P. I. VILLANUEVA, A. VITERBO. Member Park College Cosmopolitan Club. Ad- dress : Park College, Parkville, Missouri, U. S. A. Porto Rico. BLANCO MORALES, HELIODORO. Delegate Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Home address : 8 Allen St., San Juan, Porto Rica. MUNOZ, MIGUEL A., LL.B. Delegate University of Porto Rico. Member Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. Home address: P. O. Box 1112 San Juan, Porto Rico. URUGUAY. BACIGALUPI, ROMEO, Ing. Agron. Delegate Federacion de los Estudiantes del Uruguay. Institute de Agronomia, Montevideo. Home address : Orillas del Plata 1202 Montevideo, Uruguay. ESCUDERO, WASHINGTON. Delegate Federacion de los Estudiantes del Uruguay President of the Uruguayan Delegation. Home .address : Calle Saurez No. 80 Montevideo, Uruguay. GARMENDIA, DIONISIO. Delegate Federacion de los Estudiantes del Uruguay. Home address : Colonia 939, Montevideo, Uruguay. Geographical Summary. Argentine 6 Bohemia 2 Brazil 10 China 33 Chile 2 Colombia i Cuba 2 Denmark i Egypt . — , I England 2 Finland i Germany 34 Guatemala 2 Hungary 1 i Hawaii i Italy 6 Japan 2 Mexico I Peru 8- Philippine Islands 3 Porto Rico 2 Portugal I Russia 5, Scotland i Siam 3. South Africa 3 Spain i Switzerland 1 U. S. America (so. Uruguay 3. Part III. Chapter I. Address of Welcome by President Crane. Mr. Presidejit, Delegates to the Eighth International Congress of Students : I greatly regret that the president of the University is not here to welcome you this afternoon. As some of you may know, he has been at Athens during the last year as Minister of the United States. He went abroad to enjoy, as he supposed, a well earned vacation after twenty-six years of strenuous activity as professor and president. Unfortunately he had scarcely arrived in the country to which the world owes its greatest intellectual and artistic accomplishment be- fore war broke out and instead of scholarly leisure he has been, en- gaged in diplomatic labors and has lived in the midst of some of the most interesting events of modern history. I represent him with great diffidence today and am sorry that your Congress did not come a few days later, for he is approaching this country and will be disappointed that he has so narrowly missed the honor of being here today. However, I can extend to you as hearty a welcome on behalf of Cornell University, which places at your disposition while you are here all her facilities. It is unfortunate that your visit is made during our vacation and at a part of it when nearly all our professors are away. If you had come a few weeks sooner you would have found sixteen hundred students and a hundred professors in the Summer School, and we could have entertained you with delightful music in the chapel and with interesting conferences on educational subjects ; but in that case we could not have put Sage College at your disposal and your social life would not have been so pleasant. You have already visited a number of American Universities and will soon see more. They all have their individuality and most of them are distinguished by the beauty of their situation and the artistic character of their buildings, all erected for their particular purpose and, not as abroad, transferred to educational uses from some other destination. You will miss the venerable and picturesque structures of Europe, but you will admire I am sure the beauty of our country colleges. 76 Address of Welcome by President Crane. 77 Many years ago when the distinguished English writer, Thomas Hughes, author of the famous novels of school and college life, " Tom Brown's School Days" and "Tom Brown at Oxford," visited Cornell University he was lost in amazement at the splendid prospect from the Campus, and said that Cornell was the only college he knew of built upon a hill. When he traveled more extensively in this country he found that there were many other colleges built upon hills to which he may apply the words of Scripture : " Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be, hid." When you examine all these colleges you will find a great similarity. The last twenty-five years have made profound changes in our educa- tional institutions. The exodus of our advanced students to Germany fifty years ago began the change. They brought back with them the seminar and laboratory methods and love of research. Since then the interchange of professors and the constant migration of students have entirely changed our early methods, which, like our colleges, were based upon the English pattern of Oxford and Cambridge. I think I can say with truth that you will find the American Colleges differ largely in their equipment, but are pervaded by the same enlightened spirit of true scholarship. If you had visited this country in 1868, the year when Cornell Uni- versity was opened, you would have found a very different state of affairs. There were five classes of colleges, the State Universities and the Universities endowed or supported by various church denomi- nations. The State Universities were few and only one, Michigan, at that time, was eminent. So when Cornell University, a private college in a certain sense was opened with the same provisions for religious and political freedom which later .characterized the State Universities, it was a great step in educational and intellectual pro- gress. The recognition of the equal dignity of all branches of study and wide freedom of election in the courses of instruction attached to the new University a class of earnest students and rendered possible scientific work of a high order. It was the great good fortune of Cornell University to have as its- first president Dr. Andrew D. White, the most distinguished Ameri- can citizen now living. Not only did he encourage liberal studies, but by his historical interests and wide range of knowledge he pro- moted scientific and agricultural studies as well, and later, when he became minister to Russia and minister and ambassador to Germany 78 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. he enhanced the fame of the University and brought it to public at- tention. He, as well as his successor, Mr. Schurman, have kept the University and city in touch with public affairs and encouraged the pursuit of studies which will prepare our young meu for usefulness as citizens. Very early in the history of the University one of our most dis- tinguished professors, Charles Frederick Hartt, a favorite pupil of the great Agassiz, continued his master's explorations in Brazil and after- wards became state geologist of that great Republic. Attracted by his reputation many students from Brazil came to Cornell University in the seventies, but it was not until much later that the current from foreign lands set in the direction of Ithaca, which has become one of our most cosmopolitan Universities and is thus a most appropriate place for your Congress. In an interesting article in Science for Oct. 25, 1912, Prof. Tombo of Columbia University gives some statisticsof the foreign students in American Colleges, from which we learn that in the year 1910-11 there were 1782 foreigners in thirty-seven of the most prominent Universities in this country, a small number when we consider that twenty-one German Universities attracted no less than 4,672 students from foreign countries. I can not enter into details of the foreign students at Cornell. They are numerous and earnest and we are most fortunate in having a social center like the Cosmopolitan Club to afford them a home while in a foreign land. It would be presumptuous for me to dwell upon the inception of this Club with Mr. Mott and Mr. Nasmyth in my audience. They are examples of the interest which Cornell students have taken in their fellowmen in other climes. From the very beginning, thanks to Mr. Cornell and Mr. Andrew D. White, Cornell University has welcomed students of every race and religious belief. It has trained its students to respect social, political and religious differences, and has inspired them with the true missionary spirit of carrying to the ends of the earth the benefits of our civilization. I deem the visit of the members of this Congress to this country and to Ithaca an event of supreme importance. You will see for yourselves that this great land is not absorbed in the reckless pursuit of material things. You will find all over the country towns like Ithaca and colleges like' Cornell, which are engaged in inspiring in the young devotion to immaterial things. You will find here, as in Europe, scholars devoting their lives to the accumulation and diffusion Welcome. 79 -of learning, scientists who are sacrificing their lives for the benefit of their fellowmen, and hosts of earnest men and women everywhere using their wealth and influence to increase the happiness and welfare -of their fellow citizens. You recall the famous passage in L,ucretius where he describes the pleasure we take in witnessing from the shore the storm-tossed sailor, or looking with no share of peril on the mighty contests of war, — and then he bursts into the splendid words which some of you will see graven on one of the buildings of Princeton University — " Sed nil dulcius est, bene quam munita benere Edita doctrina sapientum templa serena, but nothing is sweeter than to reach those calm, un- rufiB.ed temples raised by the wisdom of philosophers, whence thou mayst look down on poor mistaken mortals, wandering up and down in life's devious ways, some resting their fame on genius, or priding themselves on birth, day and night toiling anxiously to rise to high fortune and sovereign power." It is to these templa serena that I welcome you, not that you may look down in pride and contempt on the erring crowd, btft that you may aid us in raising them to those calm and peaceful heights which are the abode of the wise and learned. Welcome. President Suh Hu, Cornell Cosmopohtan Club. It is with the greatest of pleasure and warmest fraternal feelings that I, in the name of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, extend to you a very hearty welcome. Your presence here has a tremendous signifi- cance in the history of our movement. Your presence here celebrates the actual union of the two great forces which have been working independently, yet co-operatively for our cause of humanity in Europe and in America, — the union of the Corda Fratres and the Association 6f Cosmopolitan Clubs. More significant still perhaps is the presence of so many representatives from Asiatic and South African nations side by side with the European and American Delegates. This marks the beginning of the fast coming together of the East and the West. Indeed your presence points to the great future of our movement and its extension into the hitherto untouched fields of Asia and Africa. So in welcoming you, we congratulate ourselves for your being with us. 8o Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. This University has been destined from its very beginning to be- come a stronghold of Cosmopolitanism. Over yonder gate is hung the University Seal with these words of the Founder, Ezra Cornell : " I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study." The University has had as its President such men as Dr. Andrew D. White, one of the greatest "International Minds" that have ever existed. Perhaps of still greater interest to us Cosmo- politans is yonder stone bench which is one of the gifts to the Uni- versity from the renowned Canadian historian and scholar, Goldwin Smith. In that memorable year of 1871, when Europe was still threatened by wars and revolutions and when America was still reap- ing the evil fruits of the Civil War, — in that memorable year of 1871, Goldwin Smith placed that bench there and caused to be engraved on it these words : "Above All Nations is Humanity." It was in this favorable atmosphere that the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club was born in 1904. It was founded by Modesto Quiroga, an Argentinean student. Although the Wisconsin International Club had been founded a year before, the Cornell Club was the first one founded not as an isolated fraternity, but as a chapter or section of a larger international organization which then existed only in the imagination- of our founders and which they named "The Association of Cosmo- politan Clubs." The bold prophecies of our founders, however,, have come true. Nine years have passed and the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club is to-day not only a member of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, but also a member of the " Corda Fratres " International Fed- eration of Students. And to-day it has the great pleasure and honor to act as host of the Eighth International Congress of Students. The Committee on Organization has seized the opportunity to make the Congress, not only a mere biennial Convention of AfiBliated Consulates of the Corda Fratres, but a true congress of the students of the world. Invitations were sent out to all parts of the world, and it is very gratifying to see so many governments and organizations respond to- our call. The presence of such a splendid and representative gather- ing proves that our efforts have not been in vain. It is the sincere hope of the club that this Congress will serve to bring about and accelerate the coming of that day when "The war-drum throbs no longer, and the battle-flags are furl'd In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world." So, in the name of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, and, in the name of humanity, I welcome you. Address of Secretary of State, Hon. William J. Bryan, to the Delegates to the 8th International Congress of Students Washington, D. C, September 11, 1913. Ladies and Gentlemen : I esteem it a great privilege to meet you ; I appreciate the honor you do me in calling, although I know of course that the reason for the call is found in the oflEicial position which I occupy and not in any personal qualities that would attract you on such an occasion. I assure you that I am deeply interested in everything that tends to bring the peoples of the world into closer acquaintance with each other. I am satisfied from my observations that most of our difficul- ties arise from misunderstanding and that the better we know each other the less liable we are to engage in difficulties. In addition to my interest in everything that cultivates interna- tional acquaintance, I am especially interested in the young people, for it is to the young people that we must look for the minds of the future. And to be a young man or young woman in this age, is, to my mind, to enjoy a great opportunity. I remember when I was in college that I heard of the golden ages passed and I heard students speak of the possibilities of former times. I think sometimes we are inclined to look back and feel that if we had lived at a certain period we might have accomplished sacred things. If I had my choice of all the days in which to live I would rather live to-day than in any time of the past — Ms is the Golden Age. We inherit from the past and we are planning for a greater future than the world has known and you who are preparing yourselves intellectually in your colleges and in a more intellectual way by your acquaintance with the world are entering upon large opportunities and therefore will bear greater responsibilities. It is very pleasing to meet you. I find one young man here whom I remember to have met in Cuzco and you may be interested to know even though it embarrasses him for me to tell you that his welcome to me was of the most beautiful and eloquent that I ever had addressed to me. I have looked back over a great many speeches made as I have visited different countries, but this young man who spent, I think he said, a year and a half in the United States and was able to 82 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. use our language, was one of the four persons who welcomed us when we visited Cuzco three years ago last February and the manner in which he expressed himself made such an impression upon me that I have placed his address of welcome among the chosen few to which it has been my lot to listen, and it is a great delight to me to see him again and have his presence recall the delightful memories of that trip to that ancient historic land. I cannot refrain in speaking to students from using the privilege that an old man has in speaking to those who are younger for, while I would not want anyone else to call me an old man, I am old by com- parison. It is now thirty-two years since I left college and therefore I am so much farther advanced in years than you are that I am sure you will pardon me if I take advantage of this advance in years, of age, if I may so speak it, to give you a word of advice. You know as we grow older we become prolific in advice. I suppose it is be- cause we have less to give of other things and therefore must give more of advice to keep^up the average. Nestor, I think it was com- plained that the Gods did not give all things to a man at the same time ; that when they gave him the vigor of youth they withhold the wisdom of age and that when they gave him the wisdom of age they withdrew the vigor of youth and I suppose that as we find our physical strength has passed the maximum that we are inclined to make a larger use of whatever wisdom we have accumulated. I,et me therefore venture to give you this piece of advice and I am going to take it from the Bible because I have found no other book in which there is so much of wisdom and in which truth is so well expressed. I have found no measure of gratification except that of the Bible, and that is, service. People are great in this world not in -proportion as they receive but in proportion as they give, and life is measured not by what we get out of the world but by what we put into the world. In addition to this let me add another thought and that is that the demands upon us are measured by our opportunities. Because you have received much you must give much and everyone who has been given what has been given to you assumes an obligation. If a man refuses to pay a debt in dollars which he has contracted they call him a repudiator but there are obligations more sacred than those measured by money and everyone of us assumes a very sacred obligation be- cause we have received a great deal : — you, in your education, have received more than many of your countrymen and therefore more can rightfully be expected of you. Even this trip has added to your Address of Secretary of State, Hon. William f. Bryan. 83 obligations because it has broadened your sympathies, it has increased your knowledge and you will be repudiated if, having enjoyed these advantages, you do not feel in your hearts that you owe a larger debt to society. In so far as I am permitted to speak for this Government in its relations with other nations let me assure you that our hand is ex- tended in friendship to all the people of the world, — we have no enemies — they are all friends and we like to teach the philosophy that enables us to believe that no people anywhere can prosper without its doing good for us. Just as the individual may sincerely wish well to every neighbor without stopping to calculate how the neighbor's good will be shared by him, so every nation can, according to the same philosophy, wish well to every other nation without stopping to cal- culate how one nation's advances may bring good to other nations. I welcome you ; I greet you ; I bid you God speed ; I shall rejoice in all the advancement that comes to you individually and, speaking for the nation, I £an say we will be happy in proportion as your people are happy and prosperous. (Applause). 84 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Thb White Housb, Washington. August 4, 19 13. My dear Mr. Lochner : I am very glad to send through you a warm greeting to the mem- bers of the International Congress of Students, which is to assemble at Ithaca in September. It would give me great pleasure if I could look forward to being present. Since I cannot, let me express my deep interest in the gathering and the wish that the Congress may more than repay the interest of those who have promoted it and who are taking part in it. Cordially and sincerely yours, WooDROw Wilson. Mr. L. P. Lochner, Madison, Wisconsin. from the secretary of state. Department of State, Washington, Mr. Louis P. Lochner, July 30, 1913. Madison. Wisconsin. My dear Mr. Lochner : I regret very much that it will be impossible for me to address the Eighth Annual Congress of Students to be held at Ithaca, August 29 to September 7. I ask you to present my greetings to those assembled and say to them that while their organization has no connection with the work of this Department, I am personally deeply interested in everything of an international character and especially in organiza- tions like yours, which aim to unite the people of all lands in humani- tarian efforts. The more international friendships can be cultivated and the more international cooperation can be encouraged in the pro- motion of good, the easier will be the work of the several governments. Very truly yours, W. J. Bryan. Cablegrams. FROM THE FOUNDER OF THE CORDA FRATRES. Torino, Italy. Received at Ithaca, N. Y., Aug. 27-1 j. Cosmopolitan Club, Ithaca {N. K). Mon coeur avec vous. GiGLio Tos. 11:37 ^- '^- FROM THE FOUNDER OF THE CORNELL COSMOPOLITAN CLUB. Buenos Aires, Aug. 28th-i3. Corda Fratres, Ithaca, N. Y. I am with you brothers. Thanks, hearty greetings. Modesto Quiroga. Chapter II. PAPER ON THE CORDA FRATRES MOVEMENT. Mouvement de la "Corda Fratres" en Italie. By Professor Raymond Falci. Professor Raymond Falci, President of the Italian Delegation, gave the following report on the ' ' Corda Fratres ' ' movement in Italy. After speaking of the glorious tradition of the Federation in Italy, he recalled the figure of Efisio Giglio-Tos, the first student who conceived the grand idea which has since been received with enthusiasm by- the students of the world. He spoke of the activities of the Italian Consulates, especially those of Naples, Palermo, Rome, Messina, Catania, Portici, Bologna, and others. His report follows : I,' organisation consulaire en Italie, dit'il, est digne de tout eloge car dans toutes les occasions les consulats manifestent leur vive foi dans leur commun ideal, en s'interessant sufiBsamment de toutes les questions de la vie universitaire et sportive, des manifestation patrio- tiques et des joies ou des douleurs qui resouissent ou affligent I'humanite. v Le Consulat de Portici institua le Tennis, organisation sportive tres florissante a lequelle participent des prof esseurs, des etudiantsetl' elite des citoyeus. C'est encore au consulat de Portici qu'il faut attribuer la gloire de 1' institution du Cercle " Corda Fratres" sur le modeledes Cosmopolitans Clubs des Etats Unis d'Amerique. Pendant la guerre en lyibye les consulats italiens recueillirent des milliers de francs pour soulager les malheureuses conditions des families des pauvres morts et des blesses en guerre. lye consulat de Palerme au mois de mai dernier, en plein accord avec le maire de la ville, se constitua en comite citoyen pour honorer la memoire des deux grands musiciens : Joseph Verdi et Petrella ; et si les fetes de notre plus grand th^tre Maximus surpasserent I'attente g^nerale, il faut dire que c'est a I'activite du consulat qu'on le doit. Nous applaudimes, continue-t-il, a I'initiative du Consulat palermi- tain, parce que ces fetes commemoratives ont une haute signification, c'est-a-dire qu'elles demontrent que dans I'^me de la Jounesse il y a 85 86 Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Students. des sentiments de grand respect et de gratitude envers les grands qui savent par le g6nie de leurs oeuvres immortelles rendre honneur S, la patrie oii ils nacquirent, et a I'humanite dont ils sont les plus glorieux repr6sentants. Les solennels honneurs rendus a Bologne a la memoire de Jean Pascoli, I'illustre professeur de littdrature latine de 1' University de Bologne, le po^te glorieux, doux et bon qui donna a la Corda Fratres le magnifique poeme latin : Ut cumque dulcis limina patriae Solo exsulantes corpore liquimus, Miramur ignotis in oris Nota diu bene Corda Fratres, ecc La spontan6e et grandiose commemoration de Marius Rapisardi, senior de la Corda Fratres, le poete eclatant de I'humanite, faite ^ Catane et i Palerme, remplirent d' emotion notre ^me. Association Coloniale. La delegation estimant que la Corda Fratres devait porter le con- tribut de son activite dans le champ du travail social et concourir par la pensee et 1' action au progres civil et ^conomique des peuples, lan^a i Palerme I'idee de la constitution d'une Association Coloniale qui e