Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924091890594 THE CENTURY DICTIONARY AND CYCLOPEDIA A WORK OF UNIVERSAL REFERENCE IN ALL DEPARTMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE WITH A NEW ATLAS OF THE WORLD IN TEN VOLUMES VOLUME II PUBLISHED BY CJje Centurg Co. NEW YORK Copyright, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, By The Century Co. All Rights Beserved. PUBLISHERS' NOTE ON THE COMPLETED WORK With the publication of the Atlas which is incorporated in the present edition The Century Diction- ary and Cyclopedia was brought to completion. As the Cyclopedia of Names grew out of the Dictionary and supplemented it on its encyclopedic side, so the Atlas grew out of the Cyclopedia, and serves as an extension of its geographical material. Each of these works deals with a different part of the great field of words, — common words and names, — while the three, in their unity, constitute a work of reference which practically covers the whole of that field. The total number of words and names defined or other- wise described in the completed work is about 450,000. The special features of each of these several parts of the book are described in the Prefaces which will be found in the first, ninth, and tenth volumes, it need only be said that the definitions of the common words of the language are for the most part stated encyclopedically, with a vast amount of technical, historical, and practical information in addition to an unrivaled wealth of purely philological material; that the same encyclopedic method is applied to proper names — names of persons, places, characters in fiction, books — in short, of everything to which a name is given; and that in the Atlas geographical names, and much besides, are exhibited with a completeness and serviceableness seldom equaled. Of The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia as a whole, therefore, it may be said that it is in its own field the most complete presentation of human knowledge — scientific, historical, and practical — that exists. Moreover, the method of distributing this encyclopedic material under a large number of headings, which has been followed throughout, makes each item of this great store of information far more acces- sible than in works in which a different system is adopted. The first edition of The Century Dictionary was completed in 1891, that of The Century Cyclopedia of Names in 1894, and that of the Atlas in 1897. During the years that have elapsed since those dates each of these works has been subjected to repeated careful revisions, in order to include the latest information, and the results of this scrutiny are comprised in this edition. THE CENTURY DICTIONARY AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, Ph.D., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHED BY Cije Century Co* NEW YORK Copyright, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, by The Century Co. All Rights Reserved. By permission of Messrs. Blackie & Son, publishers of The Imperial Dictionary by Dr. Ogilvie and Dr. Annandale, material from that English copyright worit has been freely used in the preparation of The Century Dictionary, and certain owners of American copyrights having claimed that undue use of matter so protected has been made in the compilation of The Imperial Dictionary, notice is hereby given that arrangement has also been made with the proprietors of such copyright matter for its use in the preparation of The Century Dictionary. THE DEVINNE PRESS. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. a., adj adjective. abbr abbreviation. abl ablative. aoc accusative. accom accommodated,accom- modatlon. act active. adv adverb. AF Anglo-French. agrL agriculture. AL Anglo-Latin. alg, algebra. Amer American. anat anatomy. anc ancient. antiq. antiquity, aor. aorist. appar apparentty. At Arabic. arch architecture. archeeol archseology. arith arithmetic. art. article. AS Anglo-Saxon. astrol astrology. aatron astronomy. attrib. attributive. aug. augmentative. Bav Bavarian. Beng. Bengali. biol biology. Eohem Bohemian. bot. botany. Braz. Brazilian. Bret ; Breton. bryoL bryology. Bulg. Bulgarian. carp carpentry. Cat Catalan. Cath, Catholic. caus causative. ceram ceramics, cf. L. comfer^ compare. ch church. Chal Chaldee. chem chemical, chemistry. Chin Chinese. chron chronology. coUoq. colloquialgCoUoquially, com. commerce, commer- cial. comp. composition, com- pound. compar. comparative, conch conchology. conj conjunction. contr. contracted, contrac- tion. Com Cornish. craniol craniology. craniom craniometry. crystal crystallography. D. Dutch. Dan Danish. dat dative. del definite, definition. deriv. derivative, derivation. dial dialect, dialectal. difl. different. dim diminutive. distrib distribatire, dram dramatic. dynam dynamics. E East. E English (tinutJIj/iitean- itif^modem English), eccl., eccles, ecclesiastical. econ economy. e. g I. 'exempli gratia, for • example. Egypt. Egyptian. E. Ind East Indiaa elect. electricity. embiyol embryology. Eng. English. engin engineering, entom entomology. Epis Episcopal. equiv. equivalent. esp especially. Eth Ethiopic. ethnog. ethnography. ethnol ethnology. etym etymology. Eur. European. exclam exclamation. t; tern feminine. F French (mually mean- ing modem French). Flem Flemish. fort fortification, freq frequentative. Fries Friesic. fut future. G. German(i(««iZ?ymean- ing New High Ger- man). Gael Gaelic. galv. galvanism. gen genitive. geog. geography, geol geology, geom geometry. Goth Gothic (Moesogothic). Gr. Greelc gram grammar. gun gunnery. Heb Hebrew. her. heraldry. herpet. herpetology. Hind Hindustani, hist history. horol horology. hort horticulture. Hung Hungarian. hydraul hydraulics. hydros hydrostatics. Icel Icelandic (usually meaning Old loe- l&nS.i(i,otherwi8ecaM- ed Old Norse), ichflL ichthyology. i. e 1j. id est, that is. impers, impersonal. impf. imperfect. impv. imperative. improp improperly. Ind Indian. ind indicative. Indo-Eur. Indo-European. indef indefinite. inf. infinitive. instr. instrumentaL interj interjection. intr.,intrans. ..intransitive. Ir. Irish. irreg irregular, irregularly. It. Italian. Jap, Japanese, L, Latin (umaUy m/ean- ing classical Latin). Lett, Lettish. LG. Low German, lichenoL lichenology. lit. literal, literally. lit. literature, Lith Lithuanian. lithog lithography. lithol lithology, LL Late Latin. m.,masc masculine. M Middle, mach machinery, q, mammal mammalogy. manof. manufacturing, math mathematics. MD Middle Dutch. ME Middle English (ottov m read whence; i. e., from which is derived. + read and; i. e., compounded with, or with sufBx. = read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. •/ read roof. *. read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form. t read obsolete. SPECIAL EXPLANATIONS. A superior figure placed after a title-word in- dicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus : back! (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. backi (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. back^ (bak), V. To furnish with a back, etc. backi (bak), adv. Behind, etc. backet (bak), n. The earlier form of 6a«2. back^ (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc. Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " No." for number, "st." for stanza, "p." tor page, "1." for line, ^ toT paragraph, "ioVior folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference to the follow- ing plan : Section only $5. Chapter only .- xiv. Canto only xiv. Book only iii. Book and chapter Part and chapter Book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page Volume and chapter Part, book, and chapter II. Part, canto, and stanza II. Chapter and section or IT vii. § Volume, part, and section or IT . .1. i. § Book, chapter, and section or IT. .1. i. § iii. 10. 11.34. IV. iv. iv. 12. iv. 12. or IT 3. orK 6. or 116. Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distin- guished by the Roman numerals I., II., III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransi- tive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or con- junctions, etc. The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discrimi- nated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or defi- nitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower- case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbre- viations [cap.] for "capital" and [I. c] for "lower-case" are used to indicate this varia- tion. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoologi- cal and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capi- talized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uni- formly italicized, in accordance with the pres- ent usage of scientific writers. uexticize Celticize, Eelticize (sel'-, kel'ti-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. Celtioized, Kelticized, ppr. Celticizing, Keltieizing. [< Celtic, Keltic, + -i«e.] To render Celtic. The Norse element in the upper end of the island has been thoroughly Celtidzed in speech and social habits. The American, IX. 101. Celtis (sel'tis), n. [NL., < L. celUs, an African species of lotus.] A genus of trees of several species, natural order Urticacece, nearly related to the elm, but bearing a small fleshy edible drupe instead of a winged samara, c. australie, the nettle-tree or tree-lotus, is a native of the Mediter- ranean region. The principal American species is C. ocei- dcnialis, the hackberry. Several species occur in northern Asia. See nettle-tree and hackberry. Celtish, Keltish (sel'-, kel'tish), a. [< Cem, Kelt, + -isU.'] Celtic. [Rare.]' Celtism, Keltism (sel'-, kel'tizm), n. [< Celii-, Kelt, + -ism.'] Same as Celticism. Celtist, Keltist (sel'-, kel'tist), re. [< Celfi-, Kelt, + -«'«*.] One engaged or versed in the study of Celtic language, literatvire, antiquities, etc. Celtomania, Keltomania (sel-, kel-to-ma'- ni-a), n. ■ [= F. celtomanie, < L. Celtce (see CeWi) -I- mania, madness.] A strong tendency to ex- aggerate the antiquity and importance of Cel- tic civilization, language, and literature, and to derive the words of various languages from Celtic originals. Oelto-Boman (sel"t6-r6'man), a. Relating to the mixed population of Celts and Romans in southern and western Europe. celuret, celer^t, celler^t, n. [Early mod. E. also cellar (also dllerie, cilery, q. v.), < ME. ce- lure, cylure, seler, sylure, < OP. *celeiire, < L. ccelatura, ML. also celatura (> ME. celature : see celature) and celura, carving in relief, later sculptured or painted decoration, < cwlare, ML. also celare, carve in relief, later of other orna- mental work, < ccelum, a chisel, graver, < cmdere, cut : connected with ceil, n. and v., and ceilimg, in which are confused the notions of ornamen- tal carving or vaulted work (ult. < L. cceliim, a chisel) and ornamental hanging or canopy (ult. < L. coBl/um, the sky): see ceil and ceiling.'] X. Carved work in relief; sculptured decoration for the walls or ceiling of a room; wainscot- ing. Sylure of valle [var., of a walle] or of a nother thynge, celatura, celamen. Prom/pt. Pa/rv., p. 466. 2, A canopy ; a ceiling. Vnder a seler of sylke -with dayntethis dijte. Anturs of Arthur, st. 27. Hur bede was oft aszure. With testur and celure, With a brygt bordure Compasyd ful clene. SirBegrevant, 1. 1474. celuredti «• f < ME. *celurecl, sylured; < celvre + -ed^.] CeUed; canopied. cembalist (sem'ba-list), n. [< cembalo + -«s<.] A performer upon a cembalo, usually a harpsi- chord or a pianoforte. cembalo (sem'ba-16), n. [It., orig. a cymbal : see cymbal.] 1. A musical instrument of the harp family ; a dulcimer. Formerly a general name for many instruments having several wire strings which were struck with hammers. The term doubtles^ is de- rived from the bell-like tone thus produced. 2. Such an instrument played by means of keys or digitals ; a harpsichord, and, later, a piano- forte or organ keyboard: snort for clavicembalo. cement (sf-menf or sem'ent), n. [Early mod. E., and later also ciment, < ME. ciment, cyment, syment, <.0F. ciment, cement, P. oiment = 'Pt. cimen = Sp. Pg. It. cimento, cement, < L. cce- mentum, a rough stone, rubble, chippings of stone, prop, contr. from *c P. encensoir), < incensare, burn incense : see incense"^, and cf. cense^.] 1. A vessel in which incense is burned before an altar. Cen- sers are now usually made of metal in the shape of a cup with a perforated cover, and contain burning charcoal or other material capable of producing sufficient heat to bum the fragrant gums used as incense. The censer is swung in the hand by chains. In ancient Roman usage incense was carried to the altar in a square box called an acerra, from which it was taken and sprinkled on the flame. A similar practice prevailed among the Greeks. The eccle- siastical term for a censer is thurible. The only distinct biblical precepts regarding the use of the censer are found in Num. iv. 14 and Lev. xvi. 12. According to Bingham, neither incense nor censers were used in the Christian church during the first three centuries. They are now used in the Greek Church, the Roman Catholic Church, the Catholic Apostolic Church, and in some Anglican and other churches. Ther be also iij grett Sensurys of gold as hye as the Chalys ys. Torldngton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 11. Antonius gave piety in his money, like a lady with a censer before an altar. Peacham, Compleat Gentleman. Like two streams of incense free From one censer, in one shrine. Tennyson, Eleanore. 2t. A fire-pan in which perfumes were burned to sweeten the atmosphere, having its lid per- forated, and sometimes decorated with figures and designs in open-work. And other two after hem with scncers soone. Set with riche stones ; and a viole of sence. Joseph of Arimathie (E. E. T. S.), p. 10. censer^t (sen'ser), n. [< cense^ -(- -erl.] One who formerly paid cense-money. See censure, n., 5. censionf (sen'shon), n. [< L. censio(n-), < cen- sere, value, tax: see census.] A rate, tax, or assessment. Bp. Hall. censitaire (F. pron. son-si-tar'), "■ [F., a copy- holder, < ML. * censitarius, < L. census, tax: see cens, cense^, census.] In French-Canadian law, a tenant holding under a seignior by virtue of payment of cens. censo (Sp. pron. then'so), n. [Sp. : see cerise^.] In Spanish-American law, a ground-rent; an annuity charged upon specific prop'erty; the right to a periodical payment out of a particu- lar fund or estate. censor (sen'sor), n. [L. (> Gr. Kijvaap), a Ro- man magistrate, a rigid judge of morals, < cen- sere, pp. census, tax, assess, value, judge, con- sider, etc.] 1 . One of two superior magistrates of ancient Rome, who in the latter half of the fifth century B. c. succeeded to certain powers which had before been exercised by the consuls. Their functions included— (a) the keeping of a register (census) of all Roman citizens, with the amount of their property, for the ends of taxation, and for the classification of the citizens according to their possessions, from the rank of senator down ; (&) the disciplinary control of manners and morals, in which their power was absolute, both in sumptuary matters and in the degradation of any citizen from his proper class for reasons affecting the moral or material welfare of the state, or in the imposition of fines at will upon those deemed by them to be offenders ; (c) the practical administration of the public finances, in- cluding the control under the senate of both direct and indirect taxation, the determining of the expenditures of the state other than fixed charges, the letting of pubUc contracts, and the supreme direction of public works. The magistracy of the censors was inteimpted at the time of the civil wars, and under Augustus and succeeding empe- rors was reestablished at various times, but with greatly diminished powers. 2. An officer empowered to examine manu- scripts, books, pamphlets, plays, etc., intended lor publication or public performance, in order to see that they contain nothing heretical, im- moral, or subversive of the established order of government. See censorship. Formerly called The oldest mandate for appointing a book censor is, as far as I know at present, that issued by Berthold, Arch- bishop of Mentz, in the year 1486. Beekmann, quoted in Introd. to Hales's ed. of Milton's [Areopagitica, p. xvii. 3. One who censures, blames, or reproves ; one addicted to censure or faultfinding ; one who assumes the functions of a critic. Ill-natur'd censors of the present age. Roscommmi. Let me tell my youthful censor that the necessities of that time required something very different from what others then suggested. Burke. 4. (a) In old universities, the title of certain masters chosen by the nations to visit the col- leges and reform the administration, discipline, and instruction. (6) In the university of Cam- bridge, a college officer whose duties are similar to those of dean; at Christ Church, Oxford, one of two fellows having similar functions, called senior and junior censor. — 5. In China, one of a body of officials stationed at Peking, under the presidency of a Chinese and a Man- chu, who are charged with the duty of inspect- censor ing the affairs of the empire, and, if need be, of censuring any of the officials, and even the emperor himself, for any act which they con- sider illegal, extravagant, or unjust. They are called the "eyes and ears" of the emperor. — Council of cenBOrs, a council provided for by the Con- stitution of Penuaylvania from 1776 to 1790, and by tliat of Vermont froip 1790 to 1870, to be elected once in seven years, for the purpose of inquiring into the conduct of State officers and into violations of the Constitution. censorate (sen'sor-at), ». licensor + -aieS.'\ A body of censors ; specifically, in China, the col- lege of censors stationed at Peking. See cen- sor, 5. censorial (sen-so'ri-al), a. [< censor + -ial; = F. censorial.'] 1. Belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals : as, the censo- rial ofSoe in ancient Rome. The authority of the Senate, the dignity of the eques- trian order, and the manners of the people in general, were guarded, and in a great measure preserved, by the integrity and strict exercise of the censorial power. J. Adams, Works, IV. 635. 2. Pull of censure; censorious; severe: as, "censorial declamation," T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, iv. 6. [Rare.] censorian (pen-s6'ri-an), a. and n. [< L. cen- sorius (< censor, censor) + -an.] I. a. Pertain- ing to a censor; censorial. The censorian power. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 64. II. n. A censor; a critic. But thus it is when petty priscians Will needs step up to be censorians. Marston, Satires, iv. censorious (sen-so'ri-us), a. [< L. censoring, Pertaining to a censor, < censor : see censor.] . Addicted to censure ; apt to blame or con- demn ; severe in commenting on others or on their actions, manners, writings, etc. ; captious ; carping: as, a censorioiis critic. A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be censorious of his neighbours. Watts, Improvement of Mind. 2. Implying or expressing censure : as, cen- ^sorious remarks. My imperfections, which haue no helpe but the shrine of your glorious Name to be sheltered from censorious condemnation. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 58. =Syn. Hypercritical, faultfinding, carping, captious. censoriously (sen-so'ri-us-li), adv. In a cen- sorious manner. It is often said, censoriously, to be a great advantage possessed by the clergy, that no one can answer them. Gladstone, Might of Eight, p. 152. censoriousness (sen-s6'ri-us-nes), n. The qual- ity of being censorious or faultfinding; disposi- tion to blame or condemn ; the habit of censur- ing or severely criticizing. Censoriousness and sinister interpretation of things, all cross and distasteful humours, render the conversation of men grievous and uneasy. Tillotson. censorship (sen'sgr-ship), n. [< censor + -ship.] The oflfioe or dignity of a censor; the time during which a censor holds his ofSce Censor- ship of the press, a regulation which formerly prevailed in most countries of Europe, and is still in force in some, according to which manuscripts, printed books, pamphlets, plays, and newspapers are examined by officials, civil or ecclesiastical, appointed for the purpose, who are empow- ered to prevent publication or suppress any parts of the text if they find anything in such books or writings ob- noxious to the prevailing political or religious system. A general censorship of the press was established by the Ro- man Catholic Church as early as 1515, and is still enforced so far as its authority extends. In England there were ' ' licens- ers" of books, who were for the most part bishops ; a gen- eral system of censorship, established by a decree of the Star Chamber in 1637, remained in force during the civil war, and was confirmed by act of Parliament in 1643. Against this act Milton protested in his " Areopagitica : a speech for the liberty of Unlicensed Printing." The censorship, or license system, was abolished in England in 1694. In France a general censorship of the press existed from the introduction of printing till 1789, "when it was abolished ; and it has since been several times restored with various ameliorations and again abolished, finally in 1830, though a modified censorship of newspapers was afterward estab- lished and still exists. In Russia there is a very rigid censorship of the press. In Spain the censorship was abolished by the Constitution of 1837. In Germany, after great vicissitudes, the censorship has remained abolished since 1848. There is no authoritative censorship in Nor- way, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, or Belgium, but penalties are imposed upon those who offend through the press. In the United States the press is, and always has been, absoluteljr free from any form of political or ecclesi- astical censorship. censualt (sen'sho-al), a. [= P. censuel = Sp. censual = Pg. censiial = It. censuale, < L. eensii- alis, < census, census.] Relating to or contain- ing a census. ^ A censual roll or book. Sir W. Tenvple, Int. to Hist. Eng., u. 674(OrdMS.). censurable (sen'shor-a-bl), a. [< censure, v., + -able.] Deserving censure ; blamable ; cul- pable ; reprehensible : as, a censurable person ; censurable conduct or writings. 883 censurableness (sen'shor-a-bl-nes), n. The state or quality of being censurable or blam- able ; fitness to be censured. This, and divers others, are alike in their censurableness by the unskilful, be it divinity, physic, poetry, etc. Whitlock, Manners of Eng. People, p. 498. censurably (sen'shor-a-bli), adv. In a censur- able manner ; in a maimer worthy of blame. censuralt (sen'shor-al), a. [< censure, n., 5, + -al.] Of or pertaining to a cense, valuation, or assessment : as, a censural book or roll. E. Phillips, 1706. censure (sen'shor), n. [= p. censure = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. censura"= B. censuur = G. Dan. Sw. censur, < L. censura, the ofl&ce of a censor, a judgment, opinion, a severe judgment, in ML. also tax, assessment, < eensere, judge, etc. : see censor, and of. cense^.] If. Judgment ; opinion. Take each man's ccTisure, but reserve thy judgment. Shak., Hamlet, i. 3. Your charitable censures I beseech. Middleton, More Dissemblers Besides Women, i. 2. This work and myself I humbly present to your approved censure, it being the utmost of my wishes to have your honourable self my weighty and perspicuous comment. Webster, Ded. to Duchess of Malfi. 2t. Judicial sentence ; formal condemnation. To you, lord governor. Remains the censure of this hellish villain ; The time, the place, the torture. Shak., Othello, v. 2. 3. Eccles., a penalty imposed upon an offender. It may consist in public rebuke or in temporary or perma- nent suspension from communion or from ofQce. See dis- cipline. The time being expired that Mr. John Lyford's censure was to take place, he was so far from answering their hopes by amendment, as he had doubled his evil. N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 122. 4. The act of criticizing, especially of finding fault ; criticism ; expression of blame or disap- probation; faultfinding; condemnation; ani- madversion. What ever the actions of Princes are, they are liable to the censures of the people. StUlingfleet, Sermons, I. vii. (1670). To 'scape my censure, not expect my praise. Pope, Epil. to Satires, ii. 113. In minds unstrengthened by right culture there is a perverse belief that they can only raise themselves by lowering whatever stands beside them. Therefore, when all the world turned critical before the schoolmaster was well abroad, censure, that simply meant expression of opinion, with a sense even of some admitted value to be ascertained, came to mean chiefly or only condemnation. J. Morley, 5t. A custom which formerly prevailed in sev- eral manors in Cornwall and Devonshire, Eng- land, by which all the inhabitants above the age of sixteen were summoned to swear fealty to the lord of the manor, to pay eleven pence per poll, and a penny a year ever after as cense- money or common fine. The persons thus sworn were called censers. E. Phillips, 1706. — Ahsolution from censures. See absolution. =SYn, i. Admonition, Monition, etc. (see admonition), stricture, reprobation, disapproval, reflection, dispraise, reproval. censure (sen'shor), V. ; pret. and pp. censured, ppr. censuring. '[< censure, «.] I. trans. If. To estimate; reckon; regard; consider. Should I say more, you well might censure me (What yet I never was) a flatterer. Fletcher (and another). Elder Brother, i. 2. But Scalinger censureth our Sibyls to be counterfeit. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 41. 2t. To judge; adjudge; pas's judgment on; sen- tence. Censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses, that you may the better judge. Shak., J. C, iii. 2. Quoth Roberto, I tooke you rather for a Gentleman of great lining, for if by outward habite men should be ceii- sured, I tell you, you would bee taken for a substantiall man. Greene, Groats-worth of Wit. Some were censured to the whipping post, some burned in the hand, but two were condemned to die. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, II. 164. 3. Eccles., to discipline by ;publio rebuke, etc. See,censure,n.,3. — 4. To criticize, especially ad- versely; find fault with and condemn; blame; express disapprobation of : as, to censure a man, or his manners or conduct; to censure a book. Shee is a maine derider to her capacitie of those that are not her Preachers, and censures all Sermons but bad ones. £p. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Shee Precise Hypocrite. We laugh at vanity oftener than we censure pride. Bucknmister. Clarendon censures the continental governments with great bitterness for not interfering in our internal dis- sensions. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist. =Syn. 4. Reprove, Rebuke, Reprimand, Cetisure, Remon- strate with, Expostulate with, Reproach, chide, reprehend, take to task, rate, berate, scold, upbraid, lecture. To re- prove is to admonish with disapprobation. To rebuke is to reprove strongly or sharply. To reprimand is to reprove cent. officially ; it is the act of one having authority. To censure is to express an unfavorable opinion ; it is less personal than the previous terms. Rctnmistrate with and expostu- late u*ith are more argumentative and imply more of ad- vice than either reprove or censure ; they also apply only to acts now taking place or about to take place, while cen- sure applies only to what is past. To reproach sl person is to lay blame upon him in direct address, and with feeling, to endeavor to shame him with what he has done. The words advance in the degree of likelihood that the person reproved, etc., does not admit the fault for which he is taken to task. See the distinction of corresponding nouns under admonition. Il.t intrans. To pass an opinion, especially a severe opinion; judge: followed by of or on. Amongst the rest that ce-nsured of her curious fauours, there was one Signer Bernardo. Greene, Never too Late (Dyce ed.), Int., p. xxi. 'Tis a passing shame. That I, unworthy body as I am. Should censure thus on lovely gentlemen. Shak., T. G. of V., i. 2. censurer (sen'shor-er), n. One who censures. A statesman, who is possessed of real merit, should look upon his political censurers with the same neglect that a good writer regards his critics. Addison. census (sen'sus), n. [L., a registering and rating of persons and property, a census, a cen- sor's list, registered property, wealth, < eensere, tax, rate, assess. Cf. censei.] 1. laSom.an- Mq. : (a) A registered statement of the particu- lars of a citizen's property for the purposes of taxation. (6) An enumeration and register of the Roman citizens in their appropriate classes, with reference to tribe, family, children, slaves, freedmen, etc. (c) The drawing up of such a register. See censor, 1. — 2. In modem times, an official enumeration* of the inhabitants of a state or country, with details of sex and age, family, occupation, possessions, etc. a census has been taken by the United States once in ten years, be- ginning with 1790 ; and many of the States take an inter- mediate census. The flrst actual enumeration of the peo- ples of England and Scotland was made in 1801. Since then a census, including Ireland, has been taken every ten years. In some countries a census is taken at intervals of three, five, or six years. By the first census, taken in 1790 — three years tffter the call — the population of the United States amoimted to 3,394,563. Calhoun, Works, I. 170. census-paper (sen'sus-pa^'per), n. A schedule or form left with the head of each household on an occasion of taking the census, to be filled up with the names, ages, occupations, etc., of all the members of the household, and to be given up to the enumerators on the statutory day. cent (sent), n. [< ME. cent, < OP. cent, P. cent = Sp. Giento = Pg. It. cento, < L. centum = AS. hund, hund-red, E. hund-red, q. v.] If. A hun- dred. And broght with hem many stout cent Of greet lordynges. Octavian, 1. 1463. 2. [Cf. centavo, centime.] The hundredth part of a dollar, a rupee, or a florin ; especially, in the United States, a coin of copper, or copper and nickel, whose value is the hundredth part of a dol- lar, or about the same as an English half- penny; other dollars are divid- ed in the same way, as the Span- ish dollar, duro, or piastre, though not in Spain ; also, the Dutch fiorin and the East Indian rupee in Ceylon and the Mauritius. Abbreviated c. or ct. 3t. An old superficial measure of Belgium, the hundredth part of the bonnier, Simmons. — 4+. An old game at cards : so called "because 100 was the game" (Jsfares). Also spelled sant and saint. — Bar cent, in the early federal coinage of the United States, a cent the reverse of which was simply United states Cent, size of the original. Link Cent, size of the original. marked with horizontal bars. — T.ink cent, a cent coined by the United States in 1793, the reverse of which bore a circular device of a chain of thirteen links. - cent. An abbreviation of Latin centum, a hun- dred : used in per cent, for per centum (in or by the hundred) : as, interest at 10 per cent. ; fifty per cent, of the population. centage centage (sen'taj), n, [< cent + -age. Cf. per- centag€.'\ Rate by the cent or hundred; per- centage. [Rare.] cental (sen'tal), a. and 71. [< L. eentumy = E. hundred, + -rt/.] I, a. Pertaining to or con- sisting of a hundred ; reckoning or proceeding by the hundred. II. ». A weight of 100 pounds avoirdupois, used at Liverpool for corn, and proposed to be generally adopted in the trade and commerce of Great Britain, centaur (sen'tar), n. [< L. centaurus^ < Gr. Kev- ravpog'^ of uncertain origin.] 1. In Gr.myth.j a monster, half man and half horse, descended from Ixion and Nephele, the cloud. The myth is probably of Eastern origin. The cen- taurs, supposed to have inhabited Thessaly, were rude and savage beings, embodying the de- structive and un- governable forces of nature. Chiron, the wise instructor of Achilles, and Pholus, the friend of Hercules, were beneficent cen- taurs. In art the centaur was origi- n ally represented as a complete man, to whose body were attached, behind, the barrel and hind quarters of a horse ; later this ungainly combination was abandoned, and was universally re- placed by the form in which the human 884 the heavens in order of brightness. These two stars are situated near each other on the parallel of 60° south, a little east of the Southern Cross. Centaurus has, besides, Centaur. — Museo Capitolino, Rome. body to the waist toolc the place of the head and neck of the horse. Examples of the primitive type of centaur survive on archaic painted vases, in a few small bronzes, terra-cottas, etc., among the reliefs from the temple of Assos, and in certain wall-paintings. Come, come, be every one officious To make this banquet, which I wish may prove More stern and bloody than the Centaury' feast. Shak., Tit. And., v. 2. 2. \_cap.'] The constellation Centaurus. — 3. In her. See sagittary. Centaiirea (sen-tS,'re-a), n. [Nli. , < L. centauria, -emn, -ion, < 6r. Kevraiipeiov, -lov, -Irj, -ea, -i(, cen- taury, < KivTavpog, centaur; feigned to have cured a -wound in the foot of the centaur Chi- ron.] 1. A very extensive genus of herbaceous plants, natural order Compositce, allied to the thistles. The species are annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves and single heads, all the florets of which are tubular. They are found in Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa, with a single species in the United States, and two or three in Chili. The annuals, C Cyanus (corn- bluebottle), C. inoschata (purple or white sultan), and C. suaveolens (yellow sultan), are sometimes cultivated in gar- dens, aa are also some perennials especially for their foli- age ; but the species in general are of very little impor- tance, and many are mere weeds. 2. [I. c. ] A plant of this genus. centauress (sen't§/-res), n. [< centaur + -ess.'] A female centaur. His [Zcuxis's] picture of a centauress suckling her young, the spectators of which forgot the painter in the subject. JEncyc. Brit., II. 363. centauriau (sen-ta'ri-an), a. [< centaur + -ian.'] Pertaining to a centaur. C. 0. Muller, Manual of Archfeol. centauriet, "• An obsolete form of centaury. centaurize (sen'ta-riz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. cen- tuurized, ppr. centaurizing. [< centaur + -ize.] To act like a centaur ; make a brute of one's self. Toinig. [Rare.] centauromachia (sen-t&"ro-mak'i-a), n. [L.] Same as centauromachy. The seventeen known antique illustrations of this cen- tauromaahia. J. T. Clarke, Archseol. Investigations at Assos, 1881, p. 108. centauromachy (sen-ta-rom'a-M), «. [< L. Centauromacliia, name of a poem, < Gr. Ksvravpo- lULXM, < Kev-avpoc, centaur, + /i&xv, fight, con- test.] In art and archmol., a contest in which centaurs take part; especially, a fight between centaurs and men; in Ch'. myth., a battle be- tween Hercules and the centaurs, or between the Lapithse, aided by the Athenians, and the centaurs. Centaurus (sen-t&'ms), n. [L. : see centaur.] An ancient southern constellation, situated be- tween Argus and Scorpio, pictured to represent a centaur holding a Bacchic wand, its brightest star, a Centauri, is the third brightest in the heavens, being a quarter of a magnitude brighter than Arcturus ; it is of a reddish color. Its second star, ^, a white star, is about as bright as Betelgeuse, and is reckoned the eleventh in The Constellation Centaurus. two stars of the second magnitude and seven of the third, and is a splendid constellation. centaury (seu'ta-ri), «. [< ME. centaurie, cen- tury (Chaucer), < L. centauria: see Centaurea.] The popular name of various plants, chiefly of the knapweed, Centaurea nigra. The greater cen- taury of the old herbals was a gentianaceous plant, Chlora perfoliata, and the lesser centaury was Erythrcea Centau- rium. In the United States the name is given to species of the genus Sabbatia. centavo (Sp. pron. then-ta'vo), n. [Sp., < L. centum, a hundred: see Itundred.] A cent, or hundredth part of a dollar or peso, in Chili, Paraguay, Venezuela, Manila, etc. centen (Sp. pron. then-tan'), n. [Sp. centSn, < L. centeni, pi., a hundred each: see centenary.] A Spanish gold coin, the doblon de Isabella, first struck in 1854, and worth $5.02 in United States gold. centenaar (sen'te-nar), n. [D., = 6. Dan. Sw. centner, < L. centenarius, of a hundred : see cen- tenary, centner, and cf. cantar and quintal, all ult. identical.] The Amsterdam hundredweight or quintal, equal to 109 pounds avoirdupois. See centner. centenarian (sen-te-na'ri-an), a. and n. [= P. centenaire = Sp. Pg. It. centenario, < L. centena- rius : see centenary and -an.] I. a. Of or per- taining to a centenary, or to a person one him- dred years old. II. n. A person a hundred years old or older. These [census] lists are revised at irregular intervals, and all males alive at the time of the " revision," from the new-bora babe to the centenarian, are duly inscribed. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 123. centenarianism (sen-te-na'ri-an-izm), n. [< centenarian + -ism.] The condition or state of living to the age of one hundred years or more. Facts concerning centenarianism are still more abun- dant in the nineteenth century [than in tlie eighteenth]. Pop. Sci. Ma., XX. 100. centenarii, «. Plural of centenarius. centenarious (sen-te-na'ri-us), a. [l. [NL., < Cente- tes + -ince.] The centetids as a subfamily of ErinaceidcB. Also Centetina. 886 centiare (sen'ti-ar ; F. pron. son-tyar')) «• [^-i < L. centum, a hundred, -1- area : see are^, ».] A square meter ; the hundredth part of the French are, equal to 1.19 square yards. centicipitous (sen-ti-sip'i-tus), a. [< L. centi- ceps (centidpit-), hundred-headed, < centum, a hundred, + caput, a head.] Having a hundred heads. Smart. [Rare.] centifldous (sen-tif 'i-dus), a. [< L. centifidus, < centum, a. hundred, -I- findere (-/ *fid), cleave, = E. 6»fe.] Divided into a hundred parts. [Rare.] centifolious (sen-ti-fo'U-us), a. [< L. *centifo- lius (in fem. centifolia (sc. rosa), a hundred- leafed rose), < centum, a hundred, -1- folium, a leaf.] Having a hundred leaves. Johnson. [Rare.] centigrade (sen'ti-grad), a. [< F. centigrade = Sp. centigrado = Pg. It. centigrado, < L. centum, a hundred, -I- gradus, a degree : see grade.] 1. Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts : often placed after the noun which it qualifies, like troy, avoirdupois, etc. — 2. Pertaining to the scale which is divided into a hundred degrees : as, a centigrade degree. Its abbreviation is C. : as, 35° C. Centi^ade thermometer, a thermometer introduced by Celsius, and imiversally used by physicists, which di- vides the interval between the freezing- and boiling-points of water into 100°, the zero of the centigrade thermometer being placed at the freezing-point. Five degrees centi- grade are equivalent to 9° Fahrenheit, and the point marked 10° on the centigrade scale corresponds to the point marked 60° on the Fahrenheit scale. The simplest rules tor redu- cing a temperature noted on one scale to the corresponding number of degi-ees in the other are as follows ; To reduce a temperature on the centigrade scale to Fahrenheit — Sub- tract 10° from the given temperature, subtract from the remainder one tenth of itself, double the last remainder, and add 50° to the product. To reduce a temperature on the Fahrenheit scale to centigrade — Subtract 50° from the given temperature, divide the remainder by 2, multiply the quotient by 10, divide the product by 9, and add 10° to the last quotient. See thermoTneter. centigram (sen'ti-gram), n. [= Sp. centigramo = Pg. It. centigrammo, < F. centigramme, < L. centum, a hundred, + F. gramme : see gram'^.] A measure of weight in the metric system, the hundredth part of a gram, or 0.15432 grain troy. See gram"^. Also spelled centigramme. centiliter (sen'ti-le-ter), n. [= Sp. cenUlitro = Pg. It. ceyitilitro, < P. centilitre, < L. centum, a hundred, -f- F. litre : see liter.] A liquid mea- sure in the metric system, the hundredth part of a liter, a little more than three fifths of a cubic inch. Also spelled centilitre. centillion (sen-til'ion), n. In the French enu- meration, used in the United States, the hun- dredth power of 1000 : in England the hundredth power of 1,000,000. centiloouyt (sen-tU'o-kwi), n. [= Sp. centilo- quio = Pg. centiloqny, < L. centum, a hundred, + loqui, speak. Cf. soliloquy.] A hundred say- ings : as, the Centiloquy of Ptolemy, a work containing a hundred astrological aphorisms. Burton. centime (F. pron. son-tem'), n. [F., < L. cen- tesimus, hundredth : see centesimal.] In the French system of coinage, the hundredth part of a franc, or about one fifth of a United States cent. Its abbreviation is Centiped (Scci- lofendra bour- bonica). Obverse. Reverse. Centime of Napoleon III.. British Museum. (Size of the original.) C. Coins of a sin- gle centime have been struck in copper and bronze, though little used. There are also coins of 2, 3, 5, and 10 centimes. centimeter (sen'ti-me-ter), n. [= Sp. centime- tro = Pg. It. centimetro, < F. centimbtre, < L. centum, a himdred, + F. metre, a meter: see meter^.] In the metric system, a measure of length, the hundredth part of a meter, equal to 0.3937-1- of an English inch: that is, one inch equals 2.54 centimeters, as nearly as possible. Also spelled centimetre, and abbreviated cm. — Ceutimeter-gram-seoond sjfstem, a system of physical units introduced in 1874, in which the centimeter is taken as the fundamental unit of length, the gram of mass, and the mean solar second of time. In this system the dyne is the unit of force, the erg of work, etc. See unit. . It is abbreviated to c. g. s. system. centinelt, n. A former spelling of sentmel. centiped, centipede (sen'ti-ped, -ped), u. [< L. centipeda or centupeda, a worm (also called millepeda or multipeda), < centum, a hundred, -f- pes {ped-) = E. foot.] The popular name of an articulated arthropod animal of the class My- riapoda and order Chilopoda: so called from having many legs (indefinitely called a hun- central dred), there being a pair to each segment or somite of the body. Species of the temperate coun- tries are mostly small and quite harmless, but in tropical regions some of the centi- peds attain great size and are very poison- ouSj as those of the genus Scolopendra, which are sometimes uearly a foot long. — House centipede. See Scutigera. centipedal (sen'ti-ped-al), a. [< cenUped + -al.] Of or pertaining to the eentipeds. centnar (sent'nar), n. [Pol., = G. centner, etc., < L. centenarius: see centner.] The Polish centner, equal to 89.4 pounds avoirdupois. centner (sent'ner), n. [= G. Dim. Sw. centner = D. centenaar = Pol. centnar, < L. centenarius: see cen- tenary.] 1. In metal, and assay- ing, a weight divisible first into a hundred parts and then into small- er parts. Metallurgists use a weight divided into a hundred equal parts, each being equal to one pound, calling the whole a centner; the pound is divided into thirty-two parts or half-ounces, the half- ounce into two quarters, and each of these into two drams. But the assayers use different weights ; with them a centner is one dram, to which the other parts are proportioned. 2. A common name in many European coun- tries for a hundredweight, it is now fixed at 60 kilos or 110.23 pounds avoirdupois throughout Germany, Austria, Sweden (after Jan. 1, 1889),' Denmark, and Swit- zerland. The centner was generally 100 local pounds ; but this was not always the case. Thus, the Cassel light cent- ner was 108 light pounds, or 111.1 pounds avoirdupois; the old Prussian centner was usually 110 pounds, or 118.3 pounds avoirdupois ; the Hamburg centner was 112 pounds, or 119.6 pounds avoirdupois ; and the Bremen centner was 116 pounds, or 127.2 pounds avoirdupois. See cen- tenaar, cantar, and quintal. • The British cental has also been called centner. See cental. The Liverpool corn measure of 100 lb., called a centner, he proposes as the unit of measure. Standard (London), March 30, 1881. cento (sen'to), «. [= F. centon = Sp. centon = Pg. centdes = It. centone, < L. cento^n-), patch- work, a cento, prob. for *centro(n-), < Gr. Kh- rpuv, patchwork, a cento, < Khrpov, a pin, point, etc.: see center^.] It. A patchwork. His apparel is a cento, or the ruins of ten fashions. Shirley, Witty Fair One, ii. 2. It is a mere cento of blunders. Jefferson, Correspondence, 1. 190. Hence — 2. In music and literature, a compo- sition made up of selections from the works of various authors or composers; a pasticcio; a medley. I have laboriously collected this Cento out of divers writers. Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Evader, p. 20. It is quilted, as it were, out of shreds of divers poets, such as scholars call a cento. Camden, Remains. A cento primarily signifies a cloak made of patches. In poetry it denotes a work wholly composed of verses or passages promiscuously taken from other authors, only disposed in a new form or order, so as to compose a new work and a new meaning. Ausonius has laid down the rules to be observed in composing centos. The pieces may be taken either from the same poet, or from several, and the verses may be either taken entire, or divided into two, one half to be connected with another half taken else- where, but two verses are never to be taken together. /. D' Israeli, Curios, of Lit., I. 392. centoculated (sen-tok'u-la-ted), a. [< LL. cero- toculus, having a hundred eyes (< L. centum, a, hundred, -I- oculus, eye), -I- -ate^ -t- -ed^.] Hav- ing a hundred eyes. centoist (sen'to-ist), n. [< cento + 4st.] One, who compiles centos ; a compiler. Edinburgh Bev. [Rare.] centont, «• [P. : see cento.] A patched coat. Coles, 1717. centone (it. pron. chen-to'ne), n. [It., < L. cen- to{n-), a cento: see cento.] A musical cento. centonism (sen'to-nizm), n. [< L. cento{n-), cento, -t- -ism.] The practice of constructing centos, or making compilations from various authors. Mallam. [Rare.] centonizing (sen'to-ni-zing), n. [Verbal n. of *centonize, < ML. centonizare, < L. cento(n-) : see cento.] The practice of compiling; specifical- ly, in music, the practice of adapting songs to music already known. [Rare.] centra, n. Plural of centrum. centrad (sen'trad), adv. [< L. centrum, center, + -ad^.] In zool. and anat., to or toward the center; from the periphery or surface to the center or an interior part. centradiaphanes (sen"tra,-di-af 'a^nez), n. [NL., < Gr. KevTpov, center, -1^' a- priv., -f- Suupav^;, transparent: aee diaphanous.] In.pathol.,o&ta,- ract caused by opacity of the central portion of the crystalline lens of the eye. central (sen'tral), a. [= F. Pr. Sp. Pg. central = It. centrale, F. cen- turiateur = Pg. centuriador), < L. centuriare, divide into hundreds: see centuriate, v.'] One of the writers of the Protestant ecclesiastical history known as the Centuries of Magdeburg. Also centurist. The centuriators of Magdeburg were the first that dis- covered this grand imposture. Ayliffe, farergon. centuried (sen'tu-rid), a. [< century + -ed^.] Lasting for a century or centuries ; centurial. His centuried silence to those hearers frank With joy he broke. C. Be Kay, Vision of Nimrod, ii. Centurio (sen-tu'ri-6), «. [NL. (J. B. Gray, 1842): see centurion.'] A genus of American phyl- lostomine bats, notable in its family for the absence of a distinct nose-leaf, but having various extraordi- nary excrescences upon the face, which produce a most grotesque physiog- nomy. Csenea; is the type. centurion (sen-tu'ri-on), TO. [< ME. centurion = P. centurion = Sp. cen- turion = Pg. centuriao = It. centurione, < L. cen- turio(n-), < centuria, a company of a hundred: see century'^.] In Bom. antiq., a military officer who commanded a century or company of in- fantry. The centurion was appointed by the commander-in-chief, and corresponded to the captain in modern military service. centurist (sen'Ju-rist), TO. [< century'^ + 4st.] Same as centuriator. Centurus (sen-tu'rus), to. [NL. (Swainson, 1837), prop. Centrurus, < Gr. mvrpov, a spine, -I- ovp6., tail.] A genus of banded woodpeckers of Centurio senex. ££r Red bellied Woodpecker {Ceniur is carolinus). the warmer parts of America, of which the red- bellied woodpecker, C. carolinus, is the type: so called from the acute tail-feathers. They are also known as zetra-AJooodpeckers, from the transversely striped plumage, centuryi (sen'tu-ri), TO. ; T^\. centuries {-viz). [< F. centurie = Sp. Pg. It. centuria, < L. centuria, an assemblage or division consisting of a hun- dred units, as a company of a hundred soldiers, a division of the people, etc. (not in the sense of 'a hundred years,' for which sceculum was used: see secular), < centum = E. hundred.] 1. In a general sense, a hundred; anything con- sisting of a hundred in number. And when With wild wood-leaves and weeds I ha' strew'd his grave. And on it said a century of prayers, Such as I can, twice o'er, I'll weep and sigh. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. How many of the century of graduates sent forth from our famous University every year . . . are able to read with moderate relish and understanding one of ^the Tus- culan Disputations'; Br. J. Brovm, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 44. Specifically — 2. In Bom. antiq. : (a) A division of the people (originally so called, probably, with reference to the approximate number of its members, though there was no fixed limit), instituted by Servius Tullius, formed with ref- erence to taxation and to the election of magis- trates and enactment of laws. All the citizens were divided into classes according to their wealth, and each of the classes was divided into from 10 to 40 senior and junior centuries, according to age, in all 193 or 194. Each century had one vote in the comitia centuriata, the wealthier classes voting first and generally controlling the others. (6) A subdivision of the legion, corre- sponding to a modem military company of in- fantry, and consisting nominally of a himdred men. Prior to the rule of Marius the century was half of a maniple, and contained normally 100 men, each cen- tury having in addition 20 light-armed troops. After the military reform of Marius the old distinctions of arms in the legion were abolished ; the century was still the half century of the maniple, but its normal quota of men was increased. Under the empire the regulai- force of the century was 110 men. .see legion, Mac. Know you what store of the prffitorian soldiers Sejanus holds about him for his guard? Lac. I cannot the just number ; but I tliink Three centuries. B. Jonson, Sejanus, v. 3. (c) An allotment of land of varying size ; espe- cially, the area of land allotted to soldiers in a conquered country. — 3. A period of one hun- dred years, reckoned from any starting-point: as, a ceil tury of national independence ; a cen- lunj of oppression. Specifically, one of a number of hundred-year periods, recl^oued either forward or back- ward from some recognized era. Thus the fir&t century of the Christian era began with the year A. D. 1 and extended to the end of the year 100 ; the third century began with 201 and ended with 300 ; and the eighteenth century^ began with 1701 and ended with 1800, the year completing the hundred-year period in each instance giving name to the century. When used absolutely, without explanatory ad- junct of any kind, the centuries of the Christian era are always meant. The centuries before Clu-ist are reckoned backward in their order from the Christian era, and those after Christ are reckoned forward ; as, the fourth century B. c. (from 301 B. 0. backward to 400). One crash, the death-hymn of the perfect tree. Declares the close of its green century. Einerson, Woodnotes, i. Centuries of Magdeburg, a title given to an ecclesias- tical history of the first 1,300 years of the Christian era, in which the records of each century occupy a volume, com- piled by a number of Protestants at Magdeburg. It was published at Basel, 1660-74. century^t, n. An oTjsolete form of centaury. •century-plant (sen'tu-ri-plant), n. A name given to the .Amerlc'a'n aloe. Agave Americana, which was formerly supposed to flower only after the lapse of a century. See Agave. -centussis (sen-tus'is), n. [L., < centum, a hun- dred, -t- as (ass-), an as.] An ancient Eoman unit of weight, consisting of 100 asses. See as*. P. cive, > E. cive, q. v.] The common onion, the Allium Cepa of botanists. <;epaceous (se-pa'shius), a. [< cepa + -aceous."] Alliaceous ; having the odor of onions. ■cepevorous (se-pev'o-rus), a, [Prop. *cepivo- roui, < L. cepa, cepe', an onion, + vorare, eat, devour.] Feeding on onions. [Eare.] CephaellS (sef-a-e'lis), n. [NL., < Gr. Kei. ; pi. cephalwmatomata (-ma-ta). [NL., a7J], head, +^'NL. meningitis, q. v.] In patliol., inflammation of the membranes of the brain : distinguished from spinal meningitis. cephalometer (sef-a-lom'e-tfer), n. [< Gr. KE- oq, a crest.] An extensive genus of African antelopes, with short conical Duyker, or Impoon {.Cephalophus mergens^, horns set far back, a large muzzle, and a crest- ed poll. It contains such species as the duyker or im- poon, C. mergens; the roodebok or redbuck, C. natalen- sis; and the philantomba, coquetoon, and many others, which are much hunted for their hides and flesh. Also ivritten more correctly Cephalolophus, and incorrectly Ce- cephalopod(sef'a-lo-pod or se-fal'6-pod), a. and «. I, a. Pertaining to or resembling the Cepha- lopoda. Also ceplialopodan, cephalopodous. Il, n. A member of the class Cephalopoda. Also cephalopodan, cephalopode. Cephalopoda (sef-a-lop'o-da), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. Kt^alii, head, -(- novg (ttoo-) = E. foot."] A class of the Mollusca, the highest in organiza- tion in that division of the animal kingdom, characterized by having the organs of prehen- sion and locomotion, called tentacles or arms, attached to the head. They are divided into two sections, Tetrabrmichiata and Vibratichiata. The nauti- lus and the fossil genera Orthoceras, Ammonites, Gonia- tites, etc., belong to the Tetrabranchiata, in which the animal has an external shell. The dibranchiate group in- cludes the argonaut, the octopus or eight-armed cuttlefish, and the ten-armed forms, as the calamaries, the fossil be- lemnites, etc. The shell is in all these internal, in some rudimentary, but the female argonautids develop an egg- case as a sort of external papery shell. The fossil Cepha- lopoda are multitudinous. See cuts under Dibranchiata and Tetrabranchiata. cephalopodan (sef-a-lop'o-dan), a. and n. [< Cephalopoda + -an."] Same as cephalopod and cephalopodous. cephalopode (sef'a-lo-pod or se-fal'o-pod), n. Same as cephalopod. cephalopocQc (sef"a-16-pod'ik), a. [< cephalo- pod + -?c] Same "as cephalopod. cephalopodous (sef-a-lop'o-dus), a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the Cephalopoda. The apparent resemblances between the cephalopodous and the vertebrate eye are merely superficial and disap- pear on detailed comparison. Huidey, Anat. Invert. , p. 452. Oephaloptera Cephaloptera (sef-a-lop'te-ra), ». [NL. (Risso, 1826), fern, of cepfialopterus": see cephalopter- ous.^ The typical genus of the family Cepha- IppteridcB : so called from having a pair of pro- jections like horns npon the head. Also Cepha- Inpterus. Cephalopterae (sef-a-lop'te-re), n. ph [NL., pi. of Cephaloptera. i^' Same as Cephalopteridw. Miiller and Henle, 1841. cephalopterid (sef-a-lop'te-rid), n. A selachian of the family Cephdlopteri'dce. Cephalopteridse (sef"a-lop-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cephaloptera +'-id(B.'\ A famUy of ob- Uque-mouthed fishes, of the group Satoidei, or rays, typified by the genus Cephaloptera. They have very broad, laterally pointed, wing-like pectorals, dis- tinct cephalic fins, subterminal month, and fine teeth in one or both jaws, or none at all. The largest of the rays belong to this family, and among them is the devil-flsh, Manta Inrostris, of the American seas. cephalopteroid (sef-a-lop'te-roid), a. and n. [< Cephaloptera (^Cepfialoptefus, 2) + -oid.l I. a. Resembling or pertaining to the Cephalop- teridcB. II, n. A cephalopterid. cephalopterous (sef-a-lop'te-ms), a. [< NL. cephalopterus, < Gr. "neipaXrij head, + impdv, wing.] Having the head alate; provided ■with wing-like cephalic appendages ; specifically, pertaining to or having the characters of the Cephalopteridos. Cephalopterus (sef-a-lop'te-rus), n. [NL. (Isid. Geoffroy, 1809):' see cephalopterous.^ 1. A remarkable genus of South American osciae passerine birds, of the family Cotingidce and subfamily Oymnoderince, including those fruit- crows which are known as umbrella-birds : so called from their singular crests. There are three species, C. omaius, C. peTididiaer, and C. glabricol- lU. They are related to the bell-birds or arapungas. 2. Same as Cephaloptera:. cephaloracMdian (sef"a-lo-ra-kid'i-an), a. [< Gfr. KE^aA^, head, + />dx'S iP<^X'^-)> spine, + -ian.'i In anat., pertaining to the head and spine. cephalostegite (sef-ar-los'te-jit), n. [< Gr. KE- ^aAri, head, + ariyoQ, a roof, 4- -ite'^.'] In Crus- tacea, that part of the carapace which covers the head ; an anterior division of the carapace, in any way distinguished from the posterior di- vision, or omostegite. See Apus, 2, and Daph- nia. cephalot, cephalote (sef'a-lot, -lot), n. [< Gr. /ce0a/U)T(if, headed, with a head, < Ke^ali], head.] A yellow, elastic, fatty substance, insoluble in alcohol, but soluble in ether, obtained from the brain. It is probably oerebrin in an impure state. Also cerebrot. Cephalotaxus (sef " a - 16 - tak ' sus), n. [NL., < Gr. liEipalii, head, -I- rafof (< L. taxus), a yew- tree.] A genus of coniferous trees, resembling and nearly related to the yew, but with clus- tered inflorescence and large j)lum-like fruit. There are four species, of China and .Japan, two of which attain a height of about 10 feet, and the others of 60 and 60 feet. They are sometimes planted for ornament, and are easy of cultivation. cephalote, n. See cephalot. cephalotheca (sef'a-lo-the'ka), n. ; pi. cephalo- theccB (-se). [NL.,"< Gr. KefaXfj, head, + df/Kri, a case: see fheca.'] In entom., the head-ease, •or that part of the integument of an insect- pupa which covers the head. cepnalothecal (selfa-lo-the'kal), a. [< cephalo- theca + -al.'i Casing or sheathing the head; having the character of a cephalotheca. cephalothoracic (sef "a-lo-tho-ras'ik), a. [< cephalothorax (_-rac-) + -ic] In anat., pertain- ing to or situated on the cephalothorax. — Cephalothoracic scutum or slileld, the plate covering the cephalothorax. See cut under Eurypterida. cephalothorax (sef " a - 16 - tho ' raks), n. [= F. cephalotluyrax, < NL. cepHalotlwrax, < Gr. KcfaTJi, head, -t- 6i>pa^, a breastplate : see thorax."] The anterior divi- sion of the body in arthropods, as crustaceans, spiders, scor- pions, etc., con- sisting of the head and thorax blended toge- ther. The term is also applied to the Anterior part of Cephalothorai of the entire anterior di- Crawtish [Astacus /luijiQiilis),'m y&^cal vision of the body longitudinal section. of members of the a, rostrum : *. oplitlialmite ; c, antennute ! genus LimvZug, by d, antennae; e, labmm; /, metastoma; f, fh^co va\in y^r.M\ tho mouth; A, proceplialic process; ,-, ophthall ,,, °t^T/;?„°i„J^„, mic sternite; /sf antennulaiy sternite ; I, Viewof Its morphol- antennaiy sternite, or epistoma. Ogy thus implied. 892 Cephalothricidae, Cephalothrichidae (sef'a- lo-thris'i-de, -thrik'i-de), «. pi. [NL., prop. Cephalotrichid(e,< Cephalothrix (-trich-) + -i(hc.] A family of rhynchoocBlous turbeUarians, typi- fied by the genus Cephalothrix, having an in- distinct head elongated and pointed, and no cephalic slits or lateral organs. .Also Cephalo- trichidas. Cephalothrix (sef-a-loth'riks), m. [NL. (Ce- phalotricli-), < Gr. kz^oMi, head, -I- dpi^ (rpix-), hair.] The typical genus of the family Cepha- lothricidw or Cephalothrichidce. C. bioculata is an example. -Also Cephalotrix. cephalotome (sef 'a-lo-tom), n. [■= P. ciphalo- tome, < Gr. Ke(pa7tA)T'dfidc, cutting (off) the head, < Kei^alri, head, -I- ro/i(5f, cutting, < refiveiv, ra/ielv, cut.] In ohstet. , an instrument for cutting into the fetal head as a preliminary to its forcible compression in order to facilitate delivery. cephalotomy (sef-a-lot'o-mi), ». [= P. cipha- lotomie = Sp. cefatotomia, < Gr. Ks^aXfi, head, + TOfifi, a cutting, < rc/iveiv, ra/ielv, cut : see anat- omy,_ and of. cephalotome.1 1. In anat., the dis- section or opening of the head. — 2. In ohstet., the act or practice of operating with the ceph- alotome. cephalotribe (sef a-lo-trib), n. [= P. c6pha- lotribe, < Gr. KZa.'^, head.] 1. Having a head: opposed to acephalous. — 2. Per- taining to or resembling the Ceplmlata: as, the A.KtralianHtcher-plant(C»- cephalous Mollusca. Cephalus (sef'a-lus), m. [NL. (Shaw, about 1804), < Gr. K£^a7Jj, head: see cephalic.] A ge- The Constellation Cepheus. placed with these three among the stars.] 1. One of the ancient northern constellations, preceding Cassiopeia, it is figured to represent the Ethiopian king Cepheus wearing a tiara and having his arms somewhat extended. Its brightest stars are of the third magnitude. 2. A genus of moss-mites, or acarids of th& family OribaUdce. Koch, 1835. Cepola (sep'o-la), n. [NL. (in ref . to the resem- blance of the fish to the leaves of the plant), < ML. cepola, also cepula, a little onion, dim. of L. cepa : see cepa and cibol.] The typical genus of the family Cepolidce, instituted by Linnssus in 1766. A species of this genus is C rubescens, found on> the British coast, and known in England by the names reS band-fish and red snake-fish. cepolid (sep'o-lid), n. A fish of the family Ce- polidce. Oepolidse (se-pol'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cepolw + -idee.] A family of aeanthopterygian fishes, represented by the genus Cepola, to which vary- ing lira its have been assigned by ichthyologists. In Glinther's system of classification the Cepolidce form a family of his Aeanthopterygii blenniiformes, and are char- acterized by the elongated band-like body, which is much compressed ; by the absence of a bony stay for the preoper- culum ; and by the thoracic position of the ventral flns, which are composed of a spine and five soft rays. The species are called ribbon-fish, band-fish, and sometimes snuke-fish, in allusion to their elongated and attenuated form. Some other forms of the family name are Cepolidi, Cepolidia, and Cep'olini. cepoloid (sep'6-loid), a. and n. [< Cepola + -oid.] I. a. Resembling or pertaining to the Cepolidce. II. n. A fish of the family Cepolidce; a eep- oUd. Cepphi (sep'fi), ti. pi. [NL., pi. of Cepphus, q. v.] A group of diving birds: an inexact synonym of Pygopodes or Urinatores. cepphic (sep'fik), a. [< Gr. /ceTr^of, a light sea- bird, prob. the stormy petrel; hence, a feather- brained simpleton, a booby: see Cepphvs.'i "Very light; trifiing. [Rare.] Cepphus (sep'fus), n. [NL., < Gr. K^Tr^of, a light sea-bird, prob. the stormy petrel.] In ornith. : (at) A genus of diving birds, the loons: sy- Oepphus nonymouswith Colymbuaov UHnator. Moehring, 1752. (6) A genus of Alcidce founded, by P. §. Pallas in 1769, now commonly called Vria; the l)laok guillemots. Tliere are several species, inhabit- ing the North Atlantic, Korth Pacific, and Arctic oceans. The common black guillemot is 0. grylle ; the pigeon- gnillemot is C. columba ; the sooty guillemot is C. cm-bo. (c+) A genus of altrioial grallatorial 'birds, the umbrettes: now called /Scopiw. J. Wagler, 1827. cera (se'ra), «. [L., wax: see cere.] Same as cere. cera-. See cerato-. Gerabranchia (ser-ar-brang'M-a), n. pi. Same as Ceratohranohia. ceraceous (se-ra'shius), a. [< NL. ceraceus, < L. cera, wax: see cere.] In6oi.,waxy: applied to bodies which have the texture and color of new wax, as the pollen-masses of many orchids. cerago (sf-ra'go), n. [NL., < L. cera, wax.] Bee-bread, a substance consisting chiefly of the pollen of flowers, used by bees as food. cerain (se'ra-in), ni [< L. cera, wax, + -»»2. cf . eerin.'] That portion of beeswax which is spar- ingly soluble in alcohol and is not sapomfied by potash. ceral (se'ral), a. [< cera + -oZ.] In ormth., of or pertaining to the cere. Coues. cerambycid (se-ram'bi-sid), n. A beetle of the family Cerambycidce. Cerambycidse (ser-am-bis'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cerambyx (-bye-) -i- -idm.'] A family of phy- tophagous Coleoptera, with antennse having a diffused sensitive surface, the tarsi generally di- lated and spongy beneath, the submentum not pedunculate, the antennss usually long or great- ly developed, frequently inserted upon frontal prominences, the front often vertical, large and quadrate, and the tibial spurs distinct. Cerambycinae (se-ram-M-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Cerambyx {-bye-) -H -jnes.] 'The typical sub- family of Cerambycidce, in which the prothorax is not margined, the palpi are not acutely pointed, and the fore tibiae are without grooves on the inner side. cerambycine (se-ram'bi-sin), a. Of or per- taining to the Cerambyoinai or Cerambyddce. Gerambyciui (se-ram-bi-si'ni), n. pi. [NL., < Cerambyx {-bye-) -i- 4ni.'\ In La- treille's sjrstem of classification, a prime division of fongiooru beetles, approximately equivalent to the modern family Cerambycidx. Cerambyx (se- ram ' biks), n. [NL., < Gr. Kep&fi- ySnf, a kind of homed beetle, perhaps < ndpajioc, a beetle, with simulation of Kt- pag, horn.] A ge- nus of longicom beetles, typical of the family Ceram- bycidce, formerly of great extent, but now restricted to the typical musk-beetles. ceramia, n. Plural of ceramium, 2. CeramiaceSB (se-ra-mi-a'sf-e), n. pi. [NL., < Ceramium + -aeece.] The rose-tangles consid- ered as a natural order: same as Ceramiem. ceramic, keramic (se-, ke-ram'ik), a. [= F. cSramique = Sp. eerdmieo = Pg. It. ceramico, < NL. ceramicus, < Gr. KepajUK6q, < Kepa/^ioc, potters' clay, a piece of pottery, jar, etc.] Of or belong- ing to pottery or to the fictile arts ; pertaining to the manufacture of porcelain, stoneware, earth- enware, and terra-cotta : as, ceramic decoration. ceramics, keramics (se-, ke-ram'iks), n. [PI. of ceramic, Jceramic: see.-ics.] The fictile arts collectively ; the art or industry of making jars, vases, etc., from clay which is molded and baked; also, collectively, the things so made. See ceramic. ■ceramidium (ser-a-mid'i-um), n. ; pi. eeramidia (-a). [NL., < Gr.' Kepa/itStov, dim. of icepa/iig, a vase, a tile, < Kspa/ioc, potters' clay, pottery: see ceramic.^ In bot., an ovate or urn-shaped con- ceptacle found in certain algse, having an apical pore and containing a tuft or pear-shaped spores arising from the base. Harvey. Ceramiese (ser-a-mi'f-e,) ». pi. [NL., < Cera- mium -(- -ece.'] A suborder of seaweeds or algse, consisting of thread-like jointed plants of a Musk-beetle {Ceratnbyx tnoschata). natural size. 893 red or brown-red hue; the rose-tangles. The spores are in masses surrounded by a gelatinous envelop. Also, classed as an order, Ceramiacece. ceramioid (se-ram'i-oid), a. [< Ceramium -(- -oid.J Having the character or appearance of algse of the suborder Ceramiece. ceramist (ser'a-mist), n. [< ceram-ic + -i«*.] A person devoted to the ceramic art, whether as a manufacturer, a designer and decorator, or as a student or connoisseur. Archeologists, ceramists, musicians. Science, IX. 534. Ceramium (se-ra'mi-um), n. [NL. (so called from the incurved tips of the forked filaments, which resemble the handles of a pitcher), < Gr. Kepd/iiov, a jar or pitcher, dim. of Kepa/jog, pot- ters' clay, pottery, a jar.] 1. A large genus of delicate red algoa, typical of the suborder Ceramiem. The plant consists ol branching filaments, each having a single row of cells and a cortical band at the nodes. The tips of the filaments are incurved. In some species, as the common Ceramium rubrum, the cor- tical layer extends throughout. 2. II. c. ; pi. ceramia (-a).] An ancient liquid measure, in Egypt under the Ptolemies it was equal to tlie ai-tab, or 39.4 liters ; later, to the cube of a Roman cubit, or 88.6 liters. In Greece the name was used for the Eoman amphora. ceramographic (ser"a-mo-graf 'ik), a. [< cera- mography + -ic; = P. ciramographique = Sp. ceramogrdfico.'] Pertaining to eeramography. ceramograpby (ser-a-mog'ra-fi), n. [= F. ce'- ramograpMe, < Gr. kspa/xog, pottery, + -ypa^ia, < ■ypd(peiv, write.] 1. The study of ceramics; a description of ceramic ware, as of porcelain or terra-cotta. — 2. 'Decoration of fictile ware, as pottery, porcelain, etc. Painting, or rather colouring, as it would be more prop- erly described in its earliest pliase, in which it was entirely subservient to architecture and eeramography, is said to have been first elevated to an art by Cleanthes of Corinth. Eneyc. Brit., II. 353. There is no progress and no promise in Cyprian eera- mography; it would seem to have mechanically repro- duced the same patterns, century after century. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 227. Cera^hrou (ser'a-fron), n. [NL., said to be < Gr. nepag, a hom'(antenna), -f- a(j>puv, senseless, < a- priv. -t- ^p-f/v, mind.] A genus of pupivo- rous hymenopterous insects, of the family Proc- totrypidce, of minute size and parasitic habits. Some of them prey on injurious insects. C. pimilus lives on the larvae of bark-boring beetles. It is calculated that not more than one in ten escapes these enemies. C. carpen- teri deposits its eggs in female plant-lice. About 60 spe- cies are described. Ceraphroninse (ser^'a-fro-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Ceraphron + -ince.'i A subfamily of Frocto- trypidce, typified by the genus Ceraphron, and characterized by the two-spurred front tibiffi. CerapilS (ser'a-pus), n. [NL., < Gr. icepac, horn, -1- novg — B. foot.'} A genus of amphipod crusta- ceans which live in a tube, like the caddis-worms among insects ; the caddis-shrimps. They belong to the family Corophiidce. C. tubularis is a species which is found among sertularians on the Atlantic coast of the United States. cerargyrite (se-rar'ji-rit), «. [< Gr. Kspag, horn, -I- apyvpiTijg, of silver, < apyvpog, silver.] Na- tive silver chlorid, a mineral occurring crystal- lized in cubes, also more commonly massive. It looks a little lilce wax, and is so sectile that it may be cut with a knife ; hence it is called horn-silver. The color is nearly white when fresh, but on exposure to the light it darkens and becomes brown. It is an important ore of silver. Also written kerargyrite. ceras (ser'as), n. ; pi. cerata (-a-ta). [NL., < Gr. Kepag, a horn, akin to L. corriu = E. horn, and the source of carat : see horn, carat, cerato-, etc.] In zool., a horn, or a horn-Uke part, pro- cess^ or organ; speciflcally, one of the dorsal papillae or false gills of a pygobranchiate or notobranchiate mollusk, as a sea-slug. These diverticula extend usually one into each of the dorsal papillae or cerata when these are present. E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 659. cerasin (ser'a-sin), n. [= F. cSrasine = Sp. ce- rasina, < NL'. cerasina, < L. eerasus, a cherry- tree: see Cerasus, cherry'^.'} A kind of gum which exudes from cherry-trees andplum-trees. It is distinguished from gum arable by being insoluble in cold water. cerasine (ser'a-sin), a. [< Gr. K^pag, horn, -f- -jwei.] In mineral., homy; corneous. Often herasine. cerasinous (se-ras'i-nus), a. [< L. cerasinus, < Gr. *icepdawog, pertaining to the cherry, < Kepaadg, cherry: see Cerasus, cherry'^.'] 1. Pertaining to or containing cerasin. — 2. Cherry-colored; deep-red. [Bare.] cerasite (ser'a-sit), n. [< L. cerasus, a cherry- tree, + -jfe2.]' A cherry-like petrifaction. cerastes (se-ras'tez), ». [= P. cSraste = Sp. cerasta, eeraste, cerastes = Pg. It. cerasta ceratiid cerastes, < Gr. Kepaarrig, a homed serpent, prop, adj., homed, < mpag, horn: see ceras, cerato-.] 1. Some horned viper. Cerastes horn'd, hydrus, and elops drear. Milton, P. L., A. 626. 2. leap.] [NL. (Laurenti, 1768).] A genus of very venomous African and Indian serpents, Homed Viper ( Cerastes vtjiera or hasselquisti). the horned vipers, of the suborder Solenoglypha and family Viperidce, having a horn over each eye, and the tail distinct from the body. C. vi- pera or hasselquisti is the horned viper of north- ern Africa, a species known to the ancients. Cerastium (se-ras'ti-um), n. [NL. (so called from the horn-shaped capsules of many of the species), < Gr. Kkpag, a horn.] A genus of plants, natural order Caryophyllaeece, consisting of pu- bescent herbs with small leaves and white flow- ers, the petals bifid, and the cylindrical capsules ;, < L'. Branch of Mouse-ear Chickweed { Cerastium nutans), with flower and dehiscent capsule on larger scale. (From Gray's "Genera of the Plants of the United States.'*) often curved, opening regularly by twice as many teeth as there are styles. The species, known as mouse-ear chickweed and field-ehickweed, are numerous and widely distributed, but are of no economic value. A few are cultivated for ornament, and several are very com- mon weeds in all temperate and cool regions. Cerasus (ser'a-sus), n. [NL., < L. eerasus, < Gr. Kepaaog, the cherry-tree: see cherryT^.] A for- mer genus of trees, natural order Bosacew, now considered a section of the genus Prunus. See cherry^. cerata, n._ Plural of ceras. cerate^^ (se'rat), a. and n. [< L. ceratus, pp. of cerare, wax, < cera, wax: see cere,'] I. a. In ornifh., cered; having a cere. II. n. [< L. eeratum, prop. neut. of ceratim, pp.] A thick ointment composed of wax, lard, or oil, with other ingredients, applied external- ly for various medical purposes— simple cerate Same as cerotam.— Turner's cerate, cerate composed of prepared calamin, yellow wax, ar.d olive-oil. cerate^ (ser'at), n. [< Gr. nfpag (Kepar-), horn : see ceras.] Chlorid of silver ; horn-silver. See cerargyrite. Also kerate. cerated (se'ra-ted), a. [< L. ceratus, pp. of cerare, cover with wax : see cerofei.] Covered with wax. ceratheca (ser-a-the'ka), n. [NL.] Same as ceratotheca. ceratia, n. Plural of ceratium, 1. Ceratiaceae (se-ra-ti-a'sf-e), n.pl. [NL., < Ceratium -h -acea.'] A division of Myxomycetes, containing those which have the Plasmodium fused and exosporous. Van Tieghem. ceratiaceous (se-ra-ti-a'shius), a. Of or per- taining to the Ceratiacece. Oeratias (se-ra'ti-as), n. [NL. (Kroyer, 1845), < L. eeratias, < Gr. Keparlag, < Kipag (Kepar-), a horn.] A genus of pedioulate fishes, typical of the family Ceratiidce. ceratiid (se-ra'ti-id), a. and n. I. a. Of or pertaining to the CeraUidos. II, n. A fish of the family Ceratiidce. Ceratiidse ,Ceratiida3(ser-a-t5'i-de), n.pl. [NL.,< Ceratias + -idx.] In Gill's system of classification, a fam- ily of pediculate fishes, with the branchial aper- tures in or behind the inferior axilla of the pectoral fins, the anterior dorsal rays superior, mouth opening more or less upward, lower jaw generally projecting beyond or closing in front of the upper, and pseudobrachia with three ac- tinosts. It is one of the most characteristic of the deep- sea types of fishes, and unusual variation occurs among its representatives. ceratin, ceratine^ (ser'a-tin), n. [< Gr. Kipas (Kepar-), horn, + -in^, -iiie^.'] The proper sub- stance of horn or homy tissue ; the organic substance of the ceratina, entering largely into the composition, of epithelial or cutieular struc- tures, as horns, hoofs, nails, etc. Also keratin, heratine. ceratina (se-rat'i-na), re. [ISTL., < Gr. nepdnvo^, of horn, < aiipaq (Kspar-), horn: see ceras.'] 1. lu anat., the horn-plate or horn-layer of the skin; the epidermis or cuticle: in the most general sense including all epidermal parts or Ceratobranchial (ser''a-t6-brang'M-al), a. and 894 ordinary siliqua of the Cruciferw, but without a septum, and having the lobes of the stigma alternate with the placentse, as in Corydalis. — 2. [cap.] A genus of flagel- late infusorians, related to Peridinium, by some refer- red to a family Peridiniidw. C. tripos is an example : so called from the three pro- cesses besides the flagel- lum . F.von Paula Schrank, 1793. cerato-. [NL., etc., also by oontr. cera-, cerao-, cero- ceraimm tnpps. , "^ ■, . ' '. greatly magnified. (and irreg. ceras-, cen-, ce- rio-), in some words also or more commonly with initial k, kerato-, etc., before a vowel cerat-, cer-, kerat-, < Gr. nepaTo- (rarely also nepo-), combining form of Kipag {Kepar-), horn, a horn : see ceras.'] An element in many compound words of Greek origin, meaning horn, or a part likened to a horn. See the following words. ceratoblast (ser'a-to-blast), n. [< Gr. Ktpaf (nepar-), horn, + fiXaarog, a germ.] A spongo- blast (which see). Also keratohlast. The spongoblasts of Schultze, which should, we think, be styled keratoblasts, Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1884, p. 83. Ceratobranchia (ser"a-to-brang'ki-a), n.pl. [NL., < Gr. K£pa? {nepaT-'), horn, + fipayxta, gills.] A group of nudibranchiate opisthobranohiate gastropods, having the branchias cylindrical, fusiform, or club-shaped, whence the name. Also CerairancMa. structures, as horns, nails, hoofs, claws, etc. 2. leap.] Inzool.: (a) A genus of bees, family Apidm and subfamily Dasygastrince. C. dupla is an example. Latreille, 1804. (6) A genus of arachnidans. Menge, 1867. ceratine^ (ser'a-tin), a. [< Gr. Kep&nvog, of horn. n. [< Gr. Kspag (/cepaT-)J'horn, + ppdyxici, gills, + -al.'] I. a. Noting the principal and median piece of a branchial arch in fishes. II. n. It. In Owen's nomenclature of the parts of a hyoid bone, that bone which, in ver- tebrates below mammals, is borne upon the end < /cepaf (fc£par-)'J horn.] Epidermal; cutieular; of thehypobranchial, and, inabirdforinstanoe. consisting of or pertaining to ceratina, ceratine^ (ser'a-tin), a. [= P. ceratine, < L. ceratina, < Gr. icepariv?!g, the name of a sophisti- cal dilemma (the Horns) celebrated among an- cient rhetoricians, < Kepdrtvog, of a horn, < idpag (Kspar-), horn. The dilemma is thus stated: in Greek, Et n ovk airEJiakeg, tovto cxsig • ickpara 6i OVK aTTcfiaXeQ • idpara apa Ix^'i (Diogenes Laertius, 7, 187); in Latin: Quod non perdidisti, liahes ; cornua non perdidisti ; habes igitur cor- nua (GelHus, 18, 2, 8) ; that is: 'What you have forms the terminal portion of the greater cornu of the hyoid, the hypobranchial and ceratobran- chial together forming the so-called thyrohyal, which curves up behind the skull, in fishes it contains on its convex margin most of the gill-filaments, and on the concave one most of the rakers. Now called epibrarwhial. 2. In later nomenclature, same as the apohyal of some authors and the Jiypobranchial of Owen. ceratobranchiate (ser"a-to-brang'M-at), a. [< Ceratohranchia + -ofel.] Of or pertaining to the Ceratobranchia. not lost, you have; you have not lost horns; ceratocele(ser'a-t6-sel),re. [i*'k*3'>--~ iSak.iM!' monoecious flow- ers, without calyx or corolla. It is common in pools or slow streams over a great part Hornwort {Ceratofihytlum demersttm), of the world. Ceratophyllum (ser"a-to-firum), n. [NL., < Gr. dpag (Kepar-), a horn, + ^7Jm> = L. folium. 895 a leaf.] The only genus of plants of the natural order Ceratophyllacece. Ceratophytat(ser"a-to-fi'ta), n.pl. [NL. (orig. Keratophyta — Cuvier, 1817), < Gr. Kepag (Kepar-), horn, + (pvrMi, a plant.] In Cuvier's system of classification, a tribe of corticate Corallifera, having an interior fibrous axis resembling horn in substance and texture. It includes such genera as Antipathes and Gorgonia. ceratophytet (ser'a-to-fit), ». A member of the Ceratophyta. Also keratopkyte. ceratoplastic (ser"a-to-plas'tik), a. [< cerato- plasty + -ic] Pertaining to or of the nature of ceratoplasty. Also keratoplastic. Ceratoplasty (ser'a^to-plas-ti), n. [< Gr. Kipag (Kepar-), horn, + Tr/taorrff, verbal adj. of irTMaaeiv, form, mold.] In surg., the artificial restora- tion of the cornea by replacing it by one taken from an animal. Also spelled keratoplasty. Ceratoptera (ser-a-top'te-ra), n. [NL. (Mul- ler and Henle, 1837), < Gr. 'liepag (Kepar-), horn, -I- irrepdv, wing or fin.] A genus of rays with cephalic fins developed as hom-Uke appen- dages toward the front of the head, typical of a group Ceratopterina. Ceratopterina (ser-a-top-te-ri'na), n. pi. [NL., < Ceratoptera 4- ■mil.'] Hi Giliither's system of classification, a group of Myliobatidce, char- acterized by the very small size of the teeth and the development of cephalic fins, forming a pair of separated appendages of the head in front of the snout : synonymous with Cephalop- teridce. Ceratorhiua (ser"a-to-ii'na), n. [NL. (Bona- parte, 1828, in the form Ceratorhyncha), < Gr. K^pag (Kepar-), a horn, -t- pig, l>iv, nose.] 1. A ge- nus of auks, of the family Alcidce : so called from the large deciduous hom which surmounts the base of the bill. The type and only species is the rhi- noceros auk, C. irumocerata, of the northern Pacific ocean. Also Ceratorhyncha, Cerorhynca, Cerorhina, Cerorhyncha, Cerorhinca. 2. [Spelled Ceratorrhina.'] A genus of coleop- terous insects. Westwood, 1843. Ceratorhyncha (ser"a-to-ring'ka), n. [NL., < Gr. Kepag (Kepar-), horn, -f- piryxog. Snout.] Same as Ceratorhina, 1. Bonaparte, 1828. Ceratornis (ser-a-tdr'nis), n. Same as Ceriornis. Ceratosa (ser-a-to'sa), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of ceratosus : see ceratose.] 1. The homy or fibrous sponges ; the Ceratoda. Also Keratosa. Bowerbank. — 2. As restricted by Lendenf eld, a suborder of sponges, of the order Cornacu- spongiw, supported by a skeleton of spongin (exceptionally without any skeleton at all), the fiber without spicules proper, but with or without foreign bodies. In this sense it is com- posed of the families Spongidce, Aplysinidie, SircinidcB, Spongeliidce, ApTysillidw, and Hali- sarddcB. Also Kerqtosa. ceratose (ser'a-tos), a. and n. [< NL. ceratosus, < Gr. Kepag (Icepar-), hom, + -osus: see -ose."] I. a. Horny. "When the living matter is removed from a Ceratose sponge a network of elastic horny fibres, the skeleton of the animal, remains behind. Bncyc. Brit., XXII, 428. II. n. Same as ceratode. Also keratose. ceratosilicious (ser"a-t6-si-lish'ius), a. [< Gr. Kepag (Kepar-), a horn', + L. siliceus, silicious.] Containing or composed of mixed homy fibers and silicious spicules, as a sponge. Also kera- tosilicious. ceratosilicoid (ser'^a-to-siri-koid), a. [As cer- atosilic-4ous + -aid'.'] Same as ceratosilicious. Also keratosilicoid. Ceratosilicoidea (ser'^a-to-sil-i-koi'de-a), n. pi. [NL., < Cerato(idea) +"SiUcoidea.'] An order or other group of sponges, intermediate between the Ceratoidea on the one hand and the Silicoi- dea on the other; the siLieiceratous sponges. They have skeletons of mixed ceratose fibers and silicious spicules. Most sponges are of this character. Also Zero- tosilicoidea. Ceratospongi8e(ser"a-to-spon'ji-e), n.pl. [NL., < Gr. Kipag (Kepar-), a horn, + andyyog, a sponge.] In Claus's system of classification, the second order of the class Spongiw; the horny sponges, for the most part branched or with massive sponge-stocks, with a framework of horny fibers in which grains of silex and sand are embedded. Also Keratospongiw. ceratospongian (ser"a-to-spon'ji-an), a. and n. I. a. Of or pertaining to the Cerdiospongice. II. n. A member of the Ceratospongim. ceratostoma (ser-a-tos'to-ma), n. ; pi. cerato- stomata (ser"a-to-st6'ma-ta). [NL.,< Gr. K^pag ((cepar-), a hom, + ardftd, a'mouth.] 1. In bot., cercaria a perithecium with an elongated neck, occur- ring in certain fimgi. — 2. [cop.] A genus of pyrenomycetous fungi. ceratotheca (ser"a-to-the'ka), Ji. [NL., < Gr. Kepag (Kepar-), horn, -I- S^ki;, case : see theca.] In entom., an antenna-case, or that part of the in- tegument of a pupa which covers and shows the outline of the antenna. Kirby and Spence called it ceratheca. ceratothecal (ser"a-t9-the'kal), a. [< cerato- theca + -al.] Of or' pertaining to a cerato- theca ; casing antennss. ceratotome (se-rat'o-tom), n. [< Gr. Kepag (Ke- par-), hom, + rofidg, cutting, < re/iveiv, rajielv, cut.] In surg., a kind of scalpel used in opera- tions for cataract for making incisions in the cornea. .Also keratotome. ceratotomy (ser-a-tot'o-mi), n. [< Gr. Kepag (Kepar-), horn, -I- rojiij, a cutting : see anatomy, and cf. ceratome.] In surg., an incision in the cornea. Also keratotomy. ceratum (se-ra'tum), n. [L. : see cerate^, ».] The phamiacopoeial name for simple cerate, consisting of 30 parts of white wax and 70 of lard ; ceratum adipis. ceraunic (se-r^'nik), a. [< Gr. KepamSg, a thun- derbolt, thunder and lightning, + -jc. ] Pertain- ing to or accompanied by thunder and lightning. ceraunics (se-ra'niks), «. [PI. of ceraunic: see ^cs.] That branch of natural philosophy which investigates the laws and describes the phenomena of heat and electricity. [Bare.] ceraunite (se-rS,'nit), n. [= F. ceraunite, < Gr. Kepamilrrig (so. Aidog, stone), a kind of precious stone, lit. a thunder-stone, < Kepawdg, a thun- derbolt.] Same as belemnite. ceraunoscope (se-r§,'no-sk6p), n. [Cf. Gr. KepavvodKOTTia, the observation of thunder and lightning in divination, < Kepavvdg, thunder and lightning, -I- ammelv, view.] An apparatus or instrument used in the mysteries of the an- cients to imitate thunder and lightning. Cerbera (ser'be-ra), n. [NL., after the fabled dog Cerberus, in allusion to their poisonous qualities.] An apoeynaceous genus of small trees, consisting of four maritime species of Madagascar, tropical Asia, and the Pacific. Those best known are C. Odollam and C. Tanghin, the fruit of which is a violent poison, and was formerly used in Madagascar in ordeals. Cerberean (ser-be're-an), a. [Also Cerberian, < L. Cerbereus, pertaining to Cerberus.] Relat- ing to or resembling Cerberus. A cry of hell hounds never ceasing bark'd With wide Cerberean mouths full loud. Milton, P. L., ii. 655. cerberin, cerberine (ser'be-rin), n. [< Cerbe- ra + -in^, -4ne^,'\ A vegetable principle found in Cerbera Odallam. Cerberus (ser'be-rus), n. [L., < Gr. KepjSepog.] 1. In class, myth., the watch-dog of the infer- nal regions, the offspring of the giant Typhaon and the serpent-woman Echidna. He is usually rep- resented with three heads, with the tail of a serpent, and with serpents round his neck. 2. [NL.] In lierpet., a, ge- nus of East Indian ser- pents, related to the py- thons, having the head entirely covered with small scales. — 3. A con- stellation of Hevelius, formed out of four small stars of the constellation Hercules, and now obso- lete. cerca (ser'ka), «.; pi. cerccB (-se). [NL.] An incorrect form of cereus. cereal (ser'kal), a. [< cercus + -al.] 1. Of or pertaining to the tail; caudal; coccygeal. [Little used.] Specifically— 3. Of or pertain- ing to the cerci of an insect. cercarj n. See sircar. cercaria(s6r-ka'ri-a),»i.; pl.cercanl. [NL., < Cercoleptes + -idee.'] A family of carnivorous mammals, of the arctoid series of the order Ferce, related to the Frocyonidce or racoons, and to the Bassarididce. They have well-developed auditory buUse with a short bony floor in the auditory meatus ; short, blunt paroccipital processes ; a very stout mandible with high coronoid process and extensive sym- physis ; 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 2 molars, above and below on each side, the last upper premolar and first lower molar tuberculous ; the snout short and declivous; the tail long and somewhat prehensile; and the alisphenoid canal wanting. The only genus is Cerco- leptes. See Hnkajou. Also, eiToneously, Cercoleptididoe. Oercoleptinse (ser"k9-lep-ti'ne), n. pi. [ISTL., < Cercoleptes + -ince.] The Cercolsptidce regaTded as a subfamily of Frocyonidce. Also CercolepUna. cercomonad (ser-kom'o-nad), «. A member of the genus Cercomonas ; one of the Cercomona- didce. cercomonadid (sfer-ko-monVdid), n. A mem- ber of the Cercomonddidce. Cercomonadidas (ser"k6-mo-nad'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Cercomonas (-nad-) + -idw.] A family of monomastigate flagellate Infusoria, named by Saville Kent from the genus Cercomonas. These animalcules are naked, either free-swimming or ad- herent, with no distinct oral aperture, one teiminal vihra- tile fla^ellum, and a permanent or temporary caudal fila- ment. There are several genera, species of which inhabit both fresh and salt infusions. The many species of Bodo are parasites in the intestines of various animals, B. hoTni- nis being found in the dejections of persons suffering from cholera and typhoid fever. Cercomonas (ser-kom'o-nas), n. [NL. (Dujar- din, 1841), < Gr. KepKog, tail, + jwvdg, unit : see monad.] A genus of flagellate infusorians, of the i&imij Monadidce, having a long caudal fila- ment : sometimes made the type of a family Cer- comonadid^. C. intestinalis is an example. cercomyd (sfer'ko-mid), n. [Prop, cercomyid, < Cer corny s + -id^.] An animal of the genus Cercomys. E. Blyth. Cercomys (ser'ko-miis), n. [NL. (P. Cuvier, 1829), < Gr. Kepaog, tail, -1- /ivg = E. mo^tse.'] A genus of South American rodents, of the fam- ily Octodontidai and subfamily Fchinomyince. C. cunicularius of Brazil is curiously similar to the com- mon house-rat, having a long scaly tail and no spines in the pelage. Cercopidae (s6r-kop'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cer- copis + -idee. ] A family of the order Hemip tera, founded by Leach in 1818 upon the Pabrician . genus Cercopis, characterized by prominent front of head, two conspicuous oeeUi, six-sided or trapezoidal prothorax truncate in front, membranous apical area and thick or leathery basal area of wing-covers, stout legs, and one or two stout teeth on hind tibiae, it is a very exten- sive and wide-spread family, including several genera and numerous species known as cuckoo-spits and frog-hoppers. Cercopis (ser-ko'pis), n. [NL. (Pabrieius, 1776), < Gr. KepKUTJj (jispttuw-), a long-tailed mon- Mona Monkey ( Cercofithecus mona). Cerdale key, one of a fabled race of men-monkeys, < Kspnog, tail, -I- atj), appearance.] The typical ge- nus of the family Cercopidm. Cercopithecidse (s6r"k6-pi-the'si-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cercopithecus + -idcB.] A family of old-world catarrhine quadrumanous quadru- peds, taking name from the genus Cercopithe- cus. Now usually called Cynopithecidce. cercopithecoid (s6r"k9-pi-the'koid), a. and n. [< Cercopithecus + -oid.] I. a. Pertaining to the family Cercopithecidee ; belonging to that group of catarrhine Quadrumana which con- tains the tailed monkeys of the old world. II. n. One of the Cercopithecidee. Cercopithecus (ser"ko-pi-the'kus), n. [NL. (Erxleben, 1777), < L.' cercopithecus, < Gr. Ktp- Koividtjicog, a long-tailed ape, < nipKog, a tail, + TcilhiKog, an ape.] A ge- nus of African monkeys, with long tails, well - develop- ed thumbs, cheek - pouch- es, and ischial callosities. The species are very agile, and are of- ten prettily varie- gated. Among them is the mona monkey, Cercopi- thecus mona. See cut under Catar- rhino,. cercopoda(s6r- kop'6-da), n. pi. [Ni:;'.,e Quincey, Style, i. Daily intercourse among the lowest savages, whose small loose groups, scarcely to be called social, are with- out political or religious regulation, is under a consider- able amount of ceremonial regulation. B. Spencer, Prin. of SocioL, § 343. Specifically — 3. Pertaining to the forms and rites of the Jewish religion: as, the ceremonial law, as distinguished from the moral law. There is no elaborate imitation of classical antiquity, no scrupulous purity, none of the eerenwnial cleanness whick characterizes the diction of our academical Pharisees. Macaulay. 3t. Observant of forms; precise in manners; formal: as, "the dull, ceremonial tv&ok," Dry- den. [Ceremonious is now used in this sense.] Very magniflcal and ceremonial in his outward com- portment. Sir E. Sandys, State of Religion. = Syn. 1. Ceremonious, Formal, etc. See ceremonious. II. ». 1. A system of rites or ceremonies enjoined by law or established by custom, as in religious worship, social intercourse, etc. ; rites, formalities, or requirements of etiquette, to be observed on any special occasion. I have known my friend Sir Roger's dinner almost cold before the company could adjust the ceremonial, and be prevailed upon to sit down. Addison, Country Manners. The next year saw me advanced to the trust and power of adjusting the ceremonial of an assembly. Johnson, Rambler, No. 109. The forever-fickle creeds and ceremonials of the paro- chial corners which we who dwell in them sublimely call The World. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 172. Specifically — 2. The order for rites and forms in the Roman Catholic Church, or the book con- taining the rules prescribed to be observed on solemn occasions. ceremonialism (ser-f-mo'ni-al-izm), n. [< cere- monial + -ism.] Adherence' to or fondness for ceremony; ritualism. In India, as elsewhere, we find an elaborate and debas* ing ceremonialism taking the place of a spiritual religion. Faiths 0/ the World, p. 27. ceremoniality (ser-e-mo-ni-al'i-ti), n. [< cere- monial + -ity.] Ceremonial cJiaracter. The whole ceremoniality of it is confessedly gone. Jer. Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium, i. 287. ceremonially (ser-e-mo'ni-al-i), adv. In a cere- monial manner ; as regards prescribed or rec- ognized rites and ceremonies : as, a person cere- monially unclean ; an act ceremonially unlawful. ceremonialness (ser-e-mo'ni-al-nes), n. The quality of being ceremonial. ceremonious (ser-f-mo'ni-us), a. [= P. c^6- monieux = Sp. Pg.'lt. ceremonioso, < LL. asri- moniosus, < L. ccerimonia, ceremony: see cei'e- mony and -oms.] If. Consisting of or relating to outward forms and rites ; conformable to prescribed ceremony. [In this sense ceremo- nial is now used.] God was . . . tender of the shell and ceremonious part of his worship. South. 2. Pull of ceremony or formality ; marked by solemnity of maiLger or method. O, the sacrifice ! How ceremonious, solemn, and unearthly It was i' the oflfenng ! Shak. , W. T. , Iii. 1. They [the Puritans] rejected with contempt the ceremo- nious homage which other sects substituted for the pure worship of the soul. Macaulay, Milton. 3. According to prescribed or customary for- malities or punctilios ; characterized by more elaborate forms of politeness than are common- ly used between intimate acquaintances; for- mal in manner or method: as, ceremonious phrases. Addison. Then let us take a ceremonious leave, And loving farewell, of our several friends. Shak., Rich. II., i. 3. In her own circle, it was regarded as by no means im- proper for kinsfolk to visit one another without invita- tion, or preliminary and ceremonious warning. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, iv. Very reverend and godly he [Winthrop] truly was, and a respect not merely ceremonious, but personal, a respect that savors of love, shows itself in the letters addressed to him. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 246. 4. Observant of conventional forms; fond of using ceremony; punctilious as to outward ob- servances and ceremonies. ceremonious You are too senseless-obstinate, my lord, Too cereTnonious and traditional, Shak., Rich. III., iii. 1. =SyiL Ceremonious, Ceremonial, Formal. Ceremonious, full of ceremony, fpndof ceremony; ceremonial, consisting in or having the nature of ceremony, or bearing upon cere- monies : as, ceremonious manners, persons ; ceremonial law, rites, uncleanness. Formal differs from ceremonious in that a formal person tries too hard to conform to rule in his whole bearing as frell as in his bearing toward others, while a ceremonious person magnifies too much the conventional rules of social intercourse ; thus both are opposed to natural, formal to easy, and ceremonious to hea/rty or friendly. The French are open, familiar, and talkative ; the Italians stiff, ceremonious, and reserved. Addison. The Itoman ceremonial worship was very elaborate and minute, applying to every part of daily life. J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, viii. § 3. Especially [ceremonies] be not to be omitted to strangers and formal natures. Bacon, Ceremonies and Respects. ceremoniously (ser-e-mo'ni-iis-li), adv. In a ceremonious manner; formally; with due forms : as, to treat a person ceremoniotisly. After this great work of reconciling the kingdom was done most ceremomMusly in the parliament. Strype, Queen Mary, an. 1554. ceremoniousness (ser-e-mo'ni-us-nes), n. The quality of being ceremonious ; the practice of much ceremony; formality: as, ceremonious- ness of manners. ceremony (ser'e-mo-ni), ». ; pi. ceremonies (-niz). [< ME. cerimome = D. G. ceremonie = t)an. Sw. ceremoni, < OP. ceremonie, F. c&r6mo- nie = Pr. eeremoma, cervmonia = Sp. Pg. cere- monia = It. ceremonia, cerimonia, cirimonia, < L. ccerimonia or cwremonia, later often cerimonia, saoredness, reverence, a sacred rite; perhaps akin to Skt. karman, action, work, < y Tear, do ; cf. L. creare, create, etc. : see create and Ceres.'] 1. A religious observance ; a solemn rite. Bring her up to th' high altar, that she may The sacred ceremmiies there partake. Spenser, Epithalamion, 1. 216. There I heard them in the darkness, at the mystical cere- rnony. Loosely robed in flying raiment, sang the terrible prophet- esses. Tennyson, Boadicea. 2. The formalities observed on some solemn .or important public or state occasion in order to Tender it more imposing or impressive : as, the ceremony of crowning a king, or of laying a foundation-stone; the ceremony of inaugurat- ing the President of the United States. A coarser place, Where pomp and ceremonies enter'd not, Where greatness was shut out, and highness well forgot. Dryden, Fables. 3. A usage of politeness, or such usages col- lectively; formality; a punctilious adherence to conventional forms ; punctilio. When love begins to sicken and decay, It useth an enforced ceremony. There are no tricks in plain and simple faith. Shah., J. C, iv. 2. She made little ceremony in discovering her contempt of a coxcomb. Sviift, Death of Stella. All ceremonies are in themselves very silly things ; but yet a man of the world should know them. Chesterfield. I met the janissary Aga going out from him [the Bey], and a number of soldiers at the door. As I did not know him, I passed him without ceremony, which is not usual for any person to do. Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 37. 4t. A ceremonial symbol or decoration^ No ceremony that to great ones 'longs, Not the king's crown, nor the deputed sword. The marshal's truncheon, nor the judge's robe, Become them with one half so good a grace As mercy does. Shak., M. for M., ii. 2. Disrobe the images. If you do find them deck'd with ceremonies. Shak., J. C, i. 1. 5t. A sign or portent; a prodigy. For he is superstitious grown of late ; Quite from the main opinion he held once Of fantasy, of dreams, and cerenwnies. Shak., J. C, ii. 1. Master of ceremonies, to) A person who regulates the forms to be observed by the company or attendants on a public occasion ; specifically, an officer of the royal household of England who superintends the reception of ambassadors. (6) An officer in many European cathe- drals whose business it is to see that all the ceremonies, vestments, etc., peculiar to each season and festival are observed in the choir.— Military ceremonies, stated military exercises, such as guard-mounting, inspections, parades, reviews, funeral escorts and honors, color escorts, eto.=Syn. 1. Form, Ceremony, Bite, Observance. Form is the most general of these words ; it is impossible to join in worship without the use of some forms, however sim- ple ; we speak of legal forms, etc. Ceremony is a broader word than rite, in that a rite is always solemn and either an act of religion or suggestive of it, as marriage-rito, the rites of initiation, while ceremony goes so far as to cover forms of politeness. A rite is generally a prescribed or customary form, while a ceremony may be improvised for an occasion : as, the ceremony of laying a corner-stone or opening a new bridge. Observance is primarily a com- pliance with a requirement, as in religion, where the word was applied to the act of compliance : as, the observarwe of the sabbath. 899 Heavy persecution shall arise On all who in the worship persevere Of spirit and truth ; the rest, far greater part, Will deem in outward rites and specious forms Religion satisfied. MUlmi, P. L., xii. 634. Nay, my lords, ceremmiy was but devis'd at first To set a gloss on faint deeds, hollow welcomes, Recanting goodness, sorry ere 'tis shown ; Put where there is true friendship, there needs none. Shak.,T. ofA., i. 2. Little as we should look for such an origin, we meet with facts suggesting that fasting as a religious rite is a sequence of funeral Htes. B. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 140. With the [Hebrews'] advance from the pre-pastoral state, there was probably some divergence from their original observances of burial and sacrifice. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 138. ceremonyt, v. t. [< ceremony, ».] To confirm or join by a ceremony. [Eare.] Or if thy vows be past, and Hymen's bands Have ceremonie your unequal hands. Annul, at least avoid, thy lawless act. Quarles, Emblems, v. 8. Cereopsinse (se'''re-op-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Cereopsis + -ince.'] A subfamily of Anatidce, represented by the genus Cereopsis. G. M. Gray, 1840. Cereopsis (se-re-op'sis), n. [NL., < L. cereus, waxen, < cera, wax (> E. cere, q. v.), -I- Qr. btjii^, appearance.] 1. A genus of Australian geese, of the family AnaUdm and subfamily Anserinm, having a small and extensively membranous bill, and notably long legs, bare above the suf- frage. They are so named from the remarkable size of their cere. There is but one species, C. novce-hollandice, sometimes called the pigeon-goose. It has been made the type of a subfamily Cereopsince. 2. A genus of coleopterous insects. — 3. A ge- nus of ccelenterates. cereous (se'rf-us), a. [< L. cereus, of wax, < cera, wax : see cere, Cereus, cerge.] Waxen ; like wax. [Eare.] What is worth his observation goes into his cereous ta- bles. Oayton, Notes on Don Quixote, ii. 5. Ceres (se'rez), n. [L., the goddess of agricul- ture, esp. of the cultivation of grain; prob. from the root of creare, create : see create. Cf . ceremony.] 1. In class, myth., the name given by the Eomans to the Greek goddess Demeter, whose worship they adopted with some subor- dinate differences. She was the mother of Proser- pine and, according to some phases of the myth, of Bac- chus. She was the goddess of the earth in its capacity of bringing forth fruits, especially watching over the growth of grain (whence the adjective cereal). The Romans cele- brated in her honor the festival of the Cerealia. Ceres was always rep- resented fully draped. Her at- tributes were ears of corn and poppies, and on her head she sometimes wore a corn-measure. Her sacrifices consisted of pigs and cows. 3. An aste- roid discov- ered by Piaz- zi at Paler- mo, Sicily, in 1801. It is the first discovered of the telescopic planets or aste- roids which re- volve between the orbits of Mars and Jupi- ter. It is very much smaller than the moon, and it presents the appearance of a star of between the seventh and the eighth magnitude. ceresin,ceresine(se 're-sin), TO. [Irreg.< L. cera, wax, + -in^, -ine^.'] 'A white waxy substance consisting of a mixture of paraffins prepared from the mineral ozocerite, and used as an adulterant of and substitute for beeswax. Cereus (se'rf-us), n. [NL. (so called from the resemblance of some species to a wax torch), < L. cereus, a wax candle, orig. an adj., of wax: see cereous, cerge, cere.] 1. A large genus of cactaceous plants, of the tropical and warm regions of America, including 200 species, 30 of which are found in the United States. They are oval or columnar plants, with spiny ribs or angles, large tubular funnelform flowers, and small black exal- buminous seeds. They vary greatly in form and habit, the columnar species being either erect or climbing, and the flowers are often very large, as in the night-blooming cereus group, C. grandifiorus, C. Macdonaldice, etc., which is well known in cultivation. The old-man cactus, C. se- nilis, is so called from the long gray hairs covering the top of the stem. The most remarkable species are those with tall columnar stems, from 26 to 50 feet high, found chiefly in northwestern Mexico and Arizona, some of lU-paintin^ from Pom l^IazionaTe, Naples. Ceriphasiidae them bearing large edible fruit. The best-known of this group is the giant cactus, C. giganteus, of Arizona. See cuts under Cactacece. 2. II. c] Any plant of the genus Cereus. — 3. In sool., a genus of sea-anemones, of the fam- ily Actiniidce. cere'Vis (ser'f-vis), a. [< L. cerevisia, beer.] The small cap worn by members of students' societies in German universities, it is a low cloth cylinder, too small to flt the head; the society's mono- gram is usually embroidered on the crown. cere'Tisia, »■ See cervisia. cerfoilt, »■ See chervil. cerge, serge^ (s6rj), n. [< ME. cerge, serge, cierge, < OP. cerge, cierge, sierge, drge, P. cierge = P*. ceri = Sp. Pg. cirio = It. cerio, ceri, now cero, < L. cereus, a wax candle, taper, prop, adj., of wax, < cera, wax : see cereous and cere.] In the Bom. Cath. Ch., a large wax candle burned before the altar. Ceriai (se'ri-a), n. [NL., appar. irreg. < Gr. icepa(, horn.] " 1. A genus of dipterous insects, of the family Syrphida, having elongate anten- nse with a terminal style. — 2. [I. c] An old name of some cestoid worm. ceria^t (se'ri-a), n. [L. ceria or cerea, also celia : same as cerevisia, beer. Cf. cerevis.] A drink made of corn ; barley-water. M. Phillips, 1706. cerialf, a. An obsolete form of cerrial. ceriama (ser-i-a'ma), n. Same as seriema. Oeriantheae(ser-i-an'the-e), K.pZ. [NL.,< Ceri- antlms + -ece.] A group" of Actiniaria, with nu- merous unpaired septa and a single ventral esophageal groove. The septa are longest on the ven- tral side, and gradually diminish toward the dorsal aspect ; the two septa attached to the bottom of the esophageal groove (directive septa) are remarkably small, and are dis- tinguished in this way from the other ventral septa. Also Cereanthece. Cerianthid8e(ser-i-an'thi-de), ii.pl. [NL.,< Ceri- anthus + 4dce.] A family of malacodermatous aetinozoans, represented by the genus Cerian- tUus. It contains hermaphrodite forms of sea-anemones, the skin of which secretes a glutinous mass filled with neraatocysts or a kind of membrane. Also Cereanthidce. Cerianthus (ser-i-an'thus), n. [NL., < Gr. Kepag, a horn, mod. tentacle, + auBog, a flower. The allusion seems to be to the circles of ten- tacles.] A remarkable genus of hexamerous Anthozoa, having two circlets of numerous ten- tacles, one immediately around the mouth, the other on the margin of the disk, and one pair of the diametral folds of the mouth much longer than the other and produced as far as the pedal pore usually found on the apex of the elongated conical foot. The larva at one stage is tetramerous, with four mesenteries. The genus is typical of the family Cerianthidce, and belongs to the same order (Malaeoder- 7nata) as the sea-anemones. Also Cereanthus. eerie (se'rik), a. [< cer(ima) + -ic] Containing cerium as a quadrivalent element: as, eerie oxid, Ce02. ceriferous (se-ri£'e-rus), a. [< L. cera, wax, + ferre = E. bear"^.] In iot., bearing or pro- ducing wax. cerin, cerine (se'rin), n. [< L. cera, wtix, -f- -in^, -ine^.] 1. The name given to that portion of beeswax (from 70 to 80 per cent, of the whole) which is soluble in alcohol. That part of cerin which is not saponified by potash was formerly called cerain. Probably cerin is merely impure cerotic acid. 2. A waxy substance extracted from grated cork by digestion in alcohol. — 3. An ore of ce- rium, a variety of the mineral allanite. Cerinthian (se-rin'thi-an), n. One of a sect of early heretics', followers of Cerinthus, a Jew believed to have been bom before the cruci- fixion, and one of the first heresiarchs in the church. The Gospel of John is by some supposed to have been written against his system, which was a mixture of .Tudaism and Gnosticism. Ceriopora (ser-i-op'o-ra), n. [NL., appar. ir- reg. < Gr. idpa(, horn, + ndpoq, a passage.] The typical genus of the family Cerioporidae. Cerioporidae (ser'i-o-por'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ceriopora + -idee.] A family of cyclostoma- tous polyzoans, of the order Gymnolcemata. Ceriornis (ser-i-dr'nis), n. , [NL. (Swainson, 1837), irreg. < Gr. idpag, horn, + 6pwf, a bird.] A genus of pheasants, of the family Phasiani- dce, the tragopans or satyrs, of which there are several species, as C. satiyra and C. melano- cephala of the Himalayas, C. temmineki and C. caboti of China. More correctly Ceratomis. ceripta, n. See serif. Cenphasia (ser-i-fa'si-a), n. [NL., < Ceri- (thium) + Gr. (j>aaic, aspect.] The typical genus of the Ceriphasiida. More correctly Ceriphasis. Swainson^ 1840. Ceriphasiidae (ser'''i-f a-si'i-di),, ». pi. [NL., < Ceriphasia + -ddce.] A family of fresh- water Ceriphasiids gastropods, typified by the genus Ceripliasia. The species are closely related to the Mdaniidm, but the luargiu ol the mantle is entire, and the females are ovipa- rous. The shell varies from an elongate tiirreted to a sub- globular form. The operculum is subspiral. About 500 species have been described, all of which are inhabitants of North America and the West Indies. Ceriphasis (se-rif' a-sis), n. Same as Ceri- pliasia. cerise (se-rez'), n. and a. [F., < L. cerastts, a cherry-tree : see cherry^.'] I. n. Cherry color. II. a. Cherry-colored. cerite^ (se'iit), «. [< cer(imn) + -ite^.'] A rare mineral, a hydrated silicate of ceriimi, of a pale rose-red or clove-hrown color, and having a dull resinous luster, occurring only in an abandoned copper-mine at Riddarhyttan in Sweden, it is the chief source of cerium, and is the mineral from which that metal was first obtained. It con- tains also lanthanum and didymium. cerite^ (se'rit), n. [< Ceritium, Cerithium, q. v.] A gastropod of the genus Cerithium or family CeritliiidcE. Cerithiidae (ser-i-thi'i-de), n. pi [NL., < Ceri- thiuvi + -idw.'i A family of holostomatous tsenioglossate pectinibranchiate gastropodous mollusks, or sea-snails, typified by the genus Cerithium, to which different limits have been assigned; the club-shells. As now generally under- stood, it includes mollusks with a short muzzle, eyes on short pedicles connate with the slender tentacles, and with shells elongate, turreted and having a short, wide anterior spout to the aperture or a sinuous anterior mar- gin. The species are very numerous and mostly of small size. They are generally distributed, but most abundant in tropical seas. Also written Cerithiadce, See cut un- der Cerithium. cerithioid (se-rith'i-oid), a. and n. [< Cerithium + -aid.'] I. a. Pertaining to or resembling the genus Cerithium. II. n. One of the Cerithiidw. ceritlliopsid (se-rith-i-op'sid), n. A gastropod of the family Cerithiopsidw. CeritMopsidse (se-rith-i-op'si-de), ». jjZ. [NL., < Cerithiopsis + -idee.'] A family of gastropods, typified by the genus Cerithiopsis. They have shells very similar to those of the Cerithiidce, but the ani- mal has a retractile proboscis. The few species are mostly confined to the northern seas. Cerithiopsis (se-rith-i-op'sis), n. [NL., < Ce- rithium 4- Gr. oi/)if, aspect.] The typical genus of the family Cerithiopsidce. CerithiuiU (se-rith'i-um), n. [NL., also Ce- ritium ; a modification of Gr. ncpircov, a little horn, dim. of nipac, a horn.] The typical genus of club- shells of the family Cerithiidm. The species are numerous. C. obtusum- is an example. Cerium (se'ri-um), n. [NL.,, named by Berzelius in 1803 from the planet Ceres.] Chemical symbol, Ce ; atom- ic weight, 140 ; specific grav-i ity, ^.5. A metal discovered in 1803 by Klaproth, Hi- singer, 4,nd Berzelius inde- pendently. It is a powder of lamellar texture, malleable, of a Sp. cierto = Pg. certo = Pr. cert = OP. cert : see cert, certes), fixed, determined, of the same origin as cretus, pp. of cernere, separate, perceive, decide, = Gr. Kpivciv, separate, decide, akin to leel. slcilja, sep- arate: see slcill. Prom the same L. source come also ascertain, concern, decern, decree, dis- cern; from the Gr., critic, diacriUc, etc.] I. a. 1. Fixed; determinate; definite; specified; prescribed; settled beforehand: as in the phrase "at a time certain." Alle the bretheren and sisteren paien a certein somme of seluer to leghte of Trinite. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 116. The people shall go out and gather a certain rate every day. Ex. xvi. 4. In France a person is compelled to make a certain dis- tribution of his property among his children. Brougham. 2. Indefinite in the sense of not being specifi- cally named; known but not described: applied to one or more real individual objects or char- acters, as distinguished from a class of objects or an order of characters ; coming under par- ticular observation, but undefined, as to Mnd, number, quantity, duration, etc.; some particu- lar : as, a lady of a certain age. Therby in the rokkes be certayne Caues where the apos* telles hyd theyni in the tyme of the passyon of our Lorde. Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 34. We retumyd to the Mounte Syon to reffressh us and ther restyd us for a Certeyn tyme. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 34. Then came a certain poor widow. Mark xil 42. The priests and monks concluded the interview with cer- tain religious services. Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 145. About everything he wrote there was a certain natiual grace and decorum. Macaulay. certain [Tormerly some was occasionally used before certain in this sense with a plural noun. And now, forsooth, talces on him to reform Some cei'tain edicts, and some strait decrees. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3.] 3. Some (known but unspecified) : followed Certain also o/ your own poets have said. Acts xvii. 28. The count of Cifuentes followed, with certain of the chivalry of Seville. Irving^ Granada, p. 85. 4. Bstablislied as true or sure ; placed beyond doubt ; positively ascertained and known ; un- questionable ; indisputable. 'Tis moat certain your husband's coming. Shak., M. W. of W., Hi. 3. Virtue, that directs our ways Through certain dangers to uncertain praise. DrycUn. It is certain that, when Murat and Poncet were retiirned from Abyssinia, there was a missionary of the minor f liars who arrived in Ethiopia, had an audience of the king, and wrote a letter in his name to the pope. Brace, Source of the Nile, II. S21. This is the earliest certain mention of the place. B. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 45. 5. Capable of being depended on; trustworthy. Nothing so certain as your anchors. SAa*.,W. T., iv. 3. What they say, is certaine : but an oath they hate no lesse then periury. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 146. 6. Unfailing ; unerring ; sure ; positive : as, a certain remedy for rbemnatism. Such little arts are the certain and infallible toliens of a superficial mind. Steele, Tatler, No. 138. 7. Assured ; free from doubt regarding : used absolutely, or with, of, and formerly sometimes with on. And, brethren, I myself am certain of you, that also ye ben full of love. Wyelif, Rom. xv. 14. Be certain what you do, sir ; lest your justice Prove violence. Shak., W. T., ii. 1. I am certain on't. Shak., A. and C, li. 2. A prophet certain of my prophecy. Tennyson, Geraint. 8.- Sure : with an infinitive : as, he is certain to be there to-morrow. Were it fire. And that fire certain to consume this body, If Caesar sent, I would go. Beau, and Fl., Valentinian, iv. 2. =S3^. 4. Undeniable, unquestionable, undoubted, in- dubitable, indisputable, incontrovertible, inevitable. — 7. Sure, Positive, Certain, Confident, etc. (see confident) ; un- hesitating, undoubting. Il.t M. 1. A definite but unstated quantity. Of unces a certain [a certain number of ounces]. Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 223. 2. Certainty. Whereof the certaine no man knoweth. Gower, Conf. Amant. (ed. Pauli), I. x. In this massacre, about 70 thousand Ilomans and thir associats in the places above-mention'd, of a certaine, lost their lives. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii. 3. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., prayers said daily at mass for specified persons, as for the members of a guild unable to keep a priest of its own, but who paid so much to a church to have a daily remembrance. Also certainty. A certain consisted of saying, for certain persons, every day, at or after Mass, those same prayers which by the use of Sarum each parish priest was enjoined to put up to God, on Sundays, for all souls departed. Bock, Church of our Fathers, III. i. 127. For certain, certainly; of acertainty: now only colloquial: as, I do not know/or certain. [A phrase still current] For certain. This is of purpose laid by some that hate me. Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 2. In certaint, with certainty ; with assurance. Chaucer. To know in sertayn ho fourged and wrought Eoial lesigne[n], the noble castell. Bom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), Int., 1. 134. In good certaint, certainly ; beyond all doubt. In goodcertain, madam, it makes you look mostheavenly. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Kevels, ii. 1. certaint (sfer'tan), adv. [< ME. certain, -tayn, etc., adj. as adv.] Certainly; assuredly. And elles certeyn were tliei to blame. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 375. 'Tis certain so ; — the Prince woos for himself. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1. certainly (s^r' tan- li), adv. [< ME. certainly, certeinliche, etc. ; < certain + -ly^.l With cer- tainty; without doubt or question; in truth and fact; without fail; inevitably; assuredly; un- doubtedly; unquestionably; of a certaihty. He said, I will certainly return unto thee. Gen. xviii. 10. For certeynly he that hathe a litille there of upon him, it helethehim of the fallynge Evylle. Mandemlle, Travels, p. 69. The discontented Whigs were, not perhaps in number, but certainly in abiUty, experience, and weight, by far the most important part of the Opposition. Macaulay, William Pitt. 901 certainness (s.6r'tan-nes), ». Same as certainty. certainty (ser'tan-ti), n. ; pi. certainties (-tiz). [< ME. certeinte, eerteynte, < OF. certainete (= Pr. certanetdt = OSp. certanedad), < certain, certain.] 1. The quality or fact or being cer- tain, fixed, determinate, or sure; the posses- sion, as by a judgment or proposition, of cer- tain marks which place it in the class of true propositions ; exemption from failure or lia- bility to fail; infallibility; inevitability: as, the certainty of an event, or of the success of a remedy. Nature assureth us by never-failing experience, and rea- son by infallible demonstration, that our times upon the earth have neither certainty nor durability. Raleigh, Hist. World, I. 54. The certainty of punishment is the truest security against crimes. Ames. Certitude is a mental state : certainty is a quality of propositions. J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 331. 2. A clearljr established fact, truth, or state ; that which is positively ascertained, demon- strated, or intuitively known, or which cannot be questioned. Know for a certainty that the Lord your God will no more drive out any of these nations. Josh, xxiii. 13. I speak from certainties. Shak., Cor., i. 2. But I haue little certaintie to say of him. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 81. Certainties are uninteresting and sating. Landor. 3. That which is sure to be or occur ; an assured event or result ; an unerring forecast. An event had happened in the north which had changed the whole fortune of the war [the American revolution], and made the triumph of the Revolution a certainty. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv. 4. Full assurance of mind; exemption from doubt; certitude. Such sober certainty of waking bliss, I never heard till now. Milton, Comus, 1. 263. I therefore share Augustine's repugnance to Probabil- ity as the sole goal of human truth-search, -and believe with him that the human reason is destined to attain posi- tive indubitable certainty. J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, I. 358. Certainty is not in sensation, though sensation is so con- stantly our means of acquiring it. Certainty Ijelongs to thought and to thought only. Self-conscious, reflective thought is then our ultimate and absolute criterion. Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 46. 5t. Same as certain, 3. The vicarye of the forsayde chirche of seynt Clement schal haue iiij. s. and iiij. d. for his certeyntee of messes. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 278. Demonstrative (or derivative) certainty, that which is produced by demonstration : opposed to intuitive cer- tainty. — Empirical certainty, certainty founded on ex- perience.— Esthetic certainty. See esfAeiic.— Imme- diate certainty, the certainty of what is undemonstra- ble. — Intuitive certainty, certainty depending upon intuition. — Moral certainty, a probability sufficiently strong to justify action upon it : as, there is a moral cer- tainty that the sun will rise to-morrow. — Principle of certainty, in logic, the formula "A is A," whatever logi- cal term A may be ; the principle of identity.— Rational certainty, certainty founded on reason.— Subjective certainty, firm confidence in a belief. certes (sSr'tez), adv. [< ME. certes, certeg, cer- tis, certys, < OF. certes, F. certes (prop. fem. pi., as in phrase A certes, par certes) = Pr. OSp. cer- tas, < L. certas, fem. ace. pi. of certus, certain: see cert, certain."] Certainly ; in truth ; verily. But therof certes nedid noght haue doute, All redy was made a place ful solain. Ram. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 863. Owe! certes! what I am worthely wroghte with wyr- schip, i-wys ! York Plays, p. 4. Certes, Madame, ye have great cause of plaint. Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 62. CertMa (ser'thi-a), n. [NI/., formerly also ccr- tliias, certhius (Gesner, 1555), < Gr. Kipdmg, a lit- tle bird, the common tree-creeper.] 1. An old Linnean genus of birds, of inde&iite charac- ter, containing many small slender-billed spe- cies later referred to different families and or- ders. — 2. As now restricted, the typical genus of the small family Certhiidce. The type is the common tree-creeper of Europe, Asia, and America, C. familiaris. See creeper, 4 (a). Certhidea (ser-thid'f-a), n. [Nil. (J. Gould, 1837), < Certhia + -idea.'] A genus of remark- able fringilline birds, peculiar to the Galapagos islands, and related to Cactornis, Camarkynchits, and Geospiea. The type-species is C. olivacea. Certlliidse (ser-thi'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Certhia + -idw.] A family of tenmrostral oscine pas- serine birds, typified by the genus Certhia; the creepers, properly so called, it is a small group of about a dozen species and four or five genera, falling into two sections, commonly called subfamilies, one of which, TichodrominoB, contains the wall-creepers and some others, and the other, Certhiince, the typical tree-creepers of the genus Certhia and its immediate allies. Also written Certhiadce. certification Certlliinse (ser-thi-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Certhia, 2, + -inai.] The typical subfamily of the family Certhiidce. Certhilauda (s6r-thi-la'da), n. [NL. (Swain- son, 1827), prop. *Certhl'alauda, < Certhia + Alauda, q. v.] A genus of larks, chiefly Afri- can, of the taToiljAlaudidee, the type of which is C. capensis of .South Africa. There are sev- eral other species. CertMola (s6r-thi'o-la), n. [NL. (Sundevall, 1835), dim. of Certhia, q. t.] A genus of honey- creepers, of the family Coerebidce, containing about 15 species or varieties, chiefly of the West Indies. The bill is but little shorter than the head, stout at the base, but curved and rapidly tapering to the acute tip; the rictus is without bristles ; the wings are long; and the tail is short and rounded. C. fiaveola is a leading spe- cies. C. bahamensis, the Bahaman honey-creepei-, occurs in Florida. Certbiomorphse (s^r^thi-o-mdr'f e), n.pl. [NL. , < Certhia + Gr. fuip^fi, form.] In Sundevall's system of classification, the fourth cohort of laminiplantar osoine passerine birds, contain- ing the tree-creepers, nuthatches, and some others : synonymous with Scansores of the same author. certie, certy (sfer'ti), n. [Due to ME. eertis, cer- tes, certainly : see certes and cert.] A word used only in the phrases iy my certie, my certie, a kind of oath, equivalent to iy my faith, ly my conscience, or in good troth. [Scotch.] My certie ! few ever wrought for Siccan a day's wage. Scott. certificate (ser-tif 'i-kat), n. [= F. certificat = Sp. Pg. certificado = It. certificate, < ML. certifi- catus, pp. of certificare, certify : see certify.] 1. In a general sense, a written testimony to the truth of something ; a paper written in order to serve as evidence of a matter of fact. I can bring certificates that I behave myself soberly be- fore company. Addison. I wrote a simple certificate, explaining who he was and whence he came. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 28. 2. In a more particular sense, a statement written and signed (usually by some public of- ficer), but not necessarily nor usually sworn to, which is by law made evidence of the truth of the facts stated, for all or for certain purposes. Such are, for example, a certificate of discharge, issued by a bankruptcy court to show that a bankrupt has been duly released from his debts ; a certificate of naturalization, is- sued by the proper court to show that the holder has been duly made a citizen ; a certificate of registry, issued by a custom-house collector to show that a vessel has complied with the navigation laws. A certificate is the usual mode of evidencing those acts of ministerial and executive offi- cers which are done for the benefit of particular persons who may desire to possess evidence of them independently of oificial record. — Allotment certificate. See allot- mjent. — Certificate lands, in Pennsylvania, in the period ' succeeding the revolution, lands set apart in the western portion of the State which might be bought with the cer- tificates which the soldiers of that State in the revolution- ary army had received in lieu of pay. — Certificate of deposit, a written acknowledgment of a bank that it has received from the person named a sum of money as a de- posit-Certificate of origin, a British custom-house document required from importers of cocoa, coffee, spir- its, and sugar imported from any British colony, to certi- fy the place of production of the commodity in question. — Clearing-house certificate. See clearing-house.— Con- tinuous-service certificate. See continuous.— Goli and silver certificates, certificates issued by the United States government, circulating as money, on the security of gold deposited with the government for the purpose, or of silver coin belonging to itself. The smallest denomination of the former is twenty dollars, and of the latter one dollar. certificate (ser-tif 'i-kat), V. t.; pret. and pp. certificated, ppr. certificating. [< certificate, ».] 1. To give a certificate to, as to one who has passed an examination ; furnish with a certifi- cate : as, to certificate the captain of a vessel. [In this sense used chiefly in the past partici- ple.] By the 12th of Queen Anne, it was further enacted, that neither the servants nor apprentices of such ceHificated man should gain any settlement in the parish where he resided under such certificate. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, I. x. The teacher, a gentleman, was certificated for one of the lower grades. Jour, of Education, XIV. 346. 2. To attest, certify, or vouch for by certifi- cate : as, to certificate a fact. certification (ser'-'ti-fi-ka'shgn), n. [= F. cer- tification = Sp. certificacion = Pg. certificagao = It. certificasione, < ML. certificatio(n-), < cer- tificare, pp. certificatus, certify: see certify.] 1. The act of certifying or informing; notifi- cation of a fact. Of the whiche ridinge that other knight had certifica- cion. Gesta Romanorum (ed. Herrtage), p. 174. He was served with a new order to appear, . . . with this certification, that if he appeared not they would pro- ceed. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation, :L certification 2. A making sure or certain ; certain informa- tion; means of knowing. There can be no certijication how they stand. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 219. 3. An explicit or formal notice ; specifically, in iaw. a certificate attesting the truth of some statement or event; the return to a writ. — 4. The writing on the face of a check by which it is certified. See certify. certifier (ser'ti-fi-6r), n. One who certifies or assures. certify (ser'ti-Q), V. ; pret. and pp. certified, ppr. certifying. [< ME. certifien, < OP. certifier, certefier, F. certifier = Pr. Sp. Pg. certificar = It. certificare, < ML. certificare, certify, < L. cer- tus, certain, + -ficare,(. facere, make : see certain and-/!/.] I, tram. 1. To assure or make cer- tain (of); give certain information to; tell posi- tively: applied to persons, and followed by of before the thing told about, or by that before a verb and its nominative : as, I certified you of the fact. And retorne to telle how Merlin departed from the kynge Arthur, and how he certified the kynge Ban and his wif 0/ dyuers dremes that thei hadden inette. Merlin (E. B. T. S.), iii. 416. In a iournay, to certefy you all, An hundered knightes of this said centre Distroed and slain, put to deth mortall. Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4068. We sent and certijied the king. Ezra iv. 14. I go to certify her, Talbot's here. Shak, , 1 Hen. VI. , ii. 3. You are so good, 'tis a shame to scold at you ; but you never till now certijied me that you were at Casa Ambrosio. Gray, Letters, 1. 126. 2. To give certain information of ; make clear, definite, or certain; vouchfor: applied to things. This is designed to certify those things that are con- firmed of God's favour. Hammond, Fundamentals. The disease and deformity around us certify the infrac- tion of natural, intellectual, and moral laws. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 226. 3. To testify to or vouch for in writing ; make a declaration of in ■writing under hand, or hand and seal ; make known or establish as a fact. The judges shall certify their opinion to the chancellor, and upon such certificate the decree is usually founded. Blackstone. Certified check, a check which has been recognized by a competent officer of a bank as a valid appropriation of the amount of money specified therein to the payee, and bearing the evidence of such recognition. — To certify a check, to acknowledge in writing upon it that the bank on which it is drawn has funds of the drawer sufficient to pay it. This is done by writing across the face of the check the name of the ofiicer deputed by the bank for that purpose, and the word " good," or any customary equiva- lent ; when done by authority of the bank this has the same effect as the acceptance of a bill of exchange, binding the bank to pay the amount of the check, whether in funds of the drawer or not. II. intrans. To testify; declare the truth; make a certification or certificate. [Rare.] And thei seide that thei were with Julius Cezar, Em- perour of Rome, and ledde to hym that sauage man that thei hadde founded in the foreste, for to certejie of a vision that was shewed hym slepinge. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 426. The trial by certificate is allowed in such cases where the evidence of the person certifying is the only proper criterion of the point in dispute. Blackstone, Commentaries, III. xxii. 3. certiorari (s6r''''shi-o-ra'ri), n. [< LL. certiorari, be informed of, inf. pass, of certiorare, inform, lit. make more certain, < L. eertior, oompar. of certus, certain : see certain.'] In law, a writ issuing from a superior court to call up the record of a proceeding in an inferior court or before any body or officer exercising judicial power, that it may be tried or reviewed in the superior court. This writ is usually obtained upoa complaint of a party that he has not received justice, or that he cannot have an impartial trial in the inferior court or body. It is now to a great extent superseded by the appeal. certioratet (ser'shi-o-rat), V. t. [< LL. certiora- tus, pp. of certiorare, inform: see certiorari.'] To inform; assure. As I am this instant certiorated from the court at White- hall. Scott, Peveril, xli. certitude (ser'ti-tud), n. [= F. certitude = Pr. sertetut = Cat. certitut = Sp. certitud = It. cer- titudine, < ML. certitudo {-din-), < L. certus, cer- tain: see certain.'] Certainty; complete assur- ance ; freedom from doubt. The world . . . Hath really neither joy, nor tight, nor love, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain. M. Arnold. Certitude, as I have said, is the perception of a truth with the perception that it is a truth, J. H. Nmmnan, Gram, of Assent, p. 187. cert-money (sert'mun'i), n. [< ME. cert (see cert) + money] In old Eng. law, head-mone7, 902 paid yearly by the residents of several manors to the lords thereof, for the certain keeping of the leet, and sometimes to the himdred. certosa (cher-to'sa), n. [It. ; cf, Carthusian.] A monastery of Carthusian monks, especially in Italy. The most celebrated is the great establishment near Pavia in Lombardy, founded by Gian Galeazzo Vis- conti, first duke of Milan, in 1396, the decorations of which are of extraordinary architectural richness. certosina-'WOrk (cher-to-se'na-werk), n. [< It. certosina (< certosa, a convent of Carthusian monks) + work.] An inlay of wood and other materials, usually light upon dark, as ivory, satinwooQ, and the like on walnut or other dark wood. Compare tarsia. certy, n. See certie. cerulet, a. [< L. ccerulus, dark-blue : see cerule- ous.] Cerulean. Also spelled cwrule. Then gan the shepheard gather into one His stragling Goates, and drave them to a f oord. Whose cc^vXe streame, rombling in Pible stone. Crept under mosse as greene as any goord. Sterner, Virgils Gnat, The bark, That silently adown the cervXe stream Glides with swift sails. J. Dyer, The Fleece, ii. cerulean (se-ro'le-an), a. [< L. cceruleus (see ceruleom) + -a«".]" Sky-colored; clear light- blue ; blue. Also spelled ceErulean. It stands like the cerulean arch we see. Majestic in its own simplicity. Cowper, Truth, 1. 26. Blue — blue — as if that sky let fall A flower from its cerulean wall. Bryant, Fringed Gentian. Cerulean blue. See i^ue.— Cerulean warMer, Den- drceca ccerulea, a small insectivorous migratory bird of North America, 4^ inches long, belonging to the family Sylvicolidce or Mniotiltidx, of an azure-blue color varied with black and white. ceruleated (se-ro'le-a-ted), a. [< L. cceruleus (see ceruleousj + -a'te^ -f- -ed^.] Painted blue. Also spelled cceruleated. [Bare.] cerulein (se-ro'le-in), n. [< L. cceruleus (see ceruleous) -i- -in^.'] 1. Sa.-me as azulene. — 2. A coal-tar color used in dyeing, prepared by treat- ing gallein with strong sulphuric acid, it is mostly used in dyeing or printing cotton fabrics, although applicable to wool and siUc. It produces fast olive-green shades. Sometimes called anthracene green. ceruleoust (sf-ro'le-us), a. [< L. cceruleus, poet, also ccerulus, dark-blue, dark-green, dark- colored; perhaps foi*ccelulus, < ccelum, the sky: see ceil, celest.] Cerulean. Also spelled eceru^ leous. This ceruleous or blue-coloured sea that overspreads the diaphanous firmament. Dr. H. More, Conjectura Cabalistica, p. 3 b. cerulescent.(ser-o-les'ent), a. [< cerule + -es- cent.] Somewhat blue; approaching in color to blue. Also spelled ccerulescent. ceruleum (se-ro'lf-um), n. [NL., < L. ccerule- um, neut. of cceruleus, blue : see ceruleou^.] A blue pigment, consisting of stannate of pro- toxid of cobalt, mixed with stannic acid and sulphate of lime. Ure, Diet. Also spelled cm- ruleum. cerulific (ser-o-lif'ik), a. [< L. cceruleus (see ceruleous) + -ficus, < facere, make.] Of or pro- ducing a blue or sky-blue color. Also spelled coerulijic. [Eare.] The several species of rays, as the rubiflck, cerulifich, aAd others, are . . . separated one from another. N. Grew, Cosmologia Sacra, ii. 2. cerumen (se-ro'men), n. [NL., < L. cera, wax: see cere.] Ear-wax; the wax-like substance secreted by numerous glands situated in the external meatus of the ear. it is a mixture mainly of fats and soaps, with some coloring matter. It acts as a lubricant, and by its peculiar bitterness is supposed to prevent the entrance of insects. cerumenous, a. See cenminous. ceruminiferOUS (se-r6-mi-ni£'e-rus), a. [< NL. cerumen (-min-) + 'L. ferre, ="E. bear'^, + -ous.] Producing cerumen. ceruminiparous (se-rS-mi-nip'a-rus), a. [< NL. cerumen {-min-) + parere, bring forth, + -ous.] Same as ceruminiferous. cerumiuOUS (se-ro'mi-nus), a. [< cerumen {-min-) + -ous.] Re- lating to or containing cerumen. Al- so written ce- rumenous. — Ceruminous glands. See gland. Cerura (se - r6 ' ra), n. Cervicapra ovpa, tail.] A genus of arctiid moths : so called from the extensile anal appendages of the larvee. The species are known as puss-moths ; C. vinula, which feeds on the willow, poplar, and other trees, is an exam- ple. See puss-moth. ceruse (se'ros), n. [< ME. ceruse, < OP. ceruse, P. ceruse = Pr. ceruea = Sp. Pg. cerusa = It. cerussa, < L. cerussa, white lead, prob. < cera, wax: see cere.] White lead; a mixture or com- pound of hydrate and carbonate of lead, pro- duced by exposing the metal in thin plates to the vapor of vinegar, it is much used in painting, and a cosmetic is prepared from it. Lead is sometimes found native in the form of ceruse, but in this case it is generally called ceruslte. Ther was quyksilver, litarge, ne bremstoon, Boras, ceruse, ne oille of tartre noon, Ne oynement that wolde dense and lyte. That him mighte helpen of his whelkes white. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 629. lend me your scarlet, lady. 'Tis the sun Hath giv'n some little taint unto the ceruse. B. Jonson, Sejanus, IL 1. Your ladyship looks pale ; But I, your doctor, have a ceruse for you. Massinger, Duke of Milan, v. 2. Ceruse of antimony, a white oxid of antimony, which separates from the water in which diaphoretic antimony has been washed. ceruse (se'ros), v. t. ; pret. and pp. cerused, ppr. cerusing. [i cerv^e, n.] To wash with ceruse; apply ceruse to as a cosmetic. Here's a colour I What lady's cheek, though cerus'd o'er, comes near it? Fletcher (and another), Sea Voyage, v. 2. cernsite, cerussite (ser'a-sit), «. [< ceruse (L. cerussa) + -iie^.] A native carbonate of lead, PbCOs ; a common lead ore, found in England, Siberia, the Harz, etc., often in conjunction with galena or sulphid of lead, it occurs crys- tallized, fine granular, or earthy. Its color is white, yel- lowish, or grayish, and its luster adamantine. It is often derived from the decomposition of galena. Sometimes called ceruse. cervalatf, cervelatt, «. [P- cervelat, a kind of sausage, whence ult. E. saveloy, q. v.] 1.- A kind of sausage. See saveloy. — 2. An obsolete musical instrument of the clarinet kind, pro- ducing tones similar to those of the bassoon. Cer'7antist (s6r-van'tist), «. [< Cervantes + ■ist.] A student of the works of Cervantes (1547-1616), a Spanish novelist, author of "Don Quixote." Mr. Gibson's versions of the almost forgotten dramatic and lyrical works of the author of " Don Quixote " have won the applause of all true Cervantists, both In England and in Spain. Athenceum, No. 3077, p. 499. cervantite (s6r-van'tit), n. [< Cervantes, a lo- cality in Spanish GraUcia, + -ite^.] A native oxid of antimony of a white to yellow color, occurring in acicular crystallizations or mas- sive. cervelatt, «. See cervalat. cervelifere (s6r-ve-liar'), «. [< OP. cerveUere, cervelliere, < cerveau, cervelle, the brain : see cere- iellum. ] A skull-cap of steel, worn by medieval foot-soldiers. See coif, 3 (c). cervical (ser'vi-kal), a. and n. [= P. Sp. Pg. cervical = It. cerv'icale, < L. *cervicalis (only as neut. n. cervical, cervicale, a piUow or bolster), < cervix (cervic-), the neck.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the neck: as, the cervical nerves ; cer- vical -veasels; cervi- cal vertebrsB. — 2. In med., pertaining to the cervix or neck of the xt ierus : as, cervical endome- tritis. — 3. In or- nith., of or pertain- ="'" transverse process; /, parapo. in«y to tllfi paitHy P"ys>s. being the anterior or capitular mg lo Lne cervix, transverse process; d', f , so-called Serufi:, or back of '"Mercies; a, prezygapophysis; va, the neck, or to the ^"'='"''""-' f°-"=°- auchenium, just behind the nape of the neck: as, a cervical collar.- cervical fold, in Crustacea, a depression on the sides of the body, representing the union of the maxillary with the maxillipedary segments. It represents the neck of such an animal, or the demar- kation between the head and the thorax, and contains the scaphognathite, an appendage of the second maxilla.— Cervical ganglia. See ganglion.— Cervical groove, in Lrustacea, an impression on the carapace parallel with the cervical fold.— Cervical solerites, in entom., small chitinous pieces in the membrane which connects the head of an insect with the body. Huxley. See cut under Insecta. II. re. A cervical part or organ; especially, a cervical vertebra. ' Cervicapra (s6r-vi-kap'ra), re. [NL. (De Blain- ville), < Cervus + Capra,) A genus of African Third Human Cervical Vertebra. f, centrum ; s, bifid neural spine ; «/, neural lamina ; d, diapophysis proper, being the posterior or tuber- cular transverse process ; /, parapt Cervicapra antelopes, including such species as the bohor, C. hohor, and the isabelline antelope, C. isabel- Una: used synonymously with £^o6m«. See cut under bohor. Cervicaprinae (s6r"vi-ka-pri'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Cervicapra + -inie.'] A subfamily of African antelopes, including such genera as Cervicapra, Kohus, Neotragus, etc. cervicaprine (ser-vi-kap'rin), a. Combining characters of the deer and the goat; specifi- cally, pertaining to or having the characters of the Cervicaprince. cervices, ». Plural of cervix. cervicicardiac (s6r"vi-si-kar'di-ak), a. [< L. cervix (cernic-), neck, + Gr. Kapdia z= B. heart.'] Pertaining both to the neck and the heart. — Cervlcicaralac nerves, several branches from the cer- vical portion of the pneumogastric nerve to the cardiac plexus. cervicide (ser'vi-sid), ». [< L. cervus, a deer, + -cida, a killer, < ccedere, kill.] The killing of deer: as, "a wanton cervicide," B. Taylor. [Bare.] cervlciplez (s6r'vi-si-pleks), n. [< L. cervix (cer- vic-), neck, 4- plexus, q. v.] In anat., the cervi- cal plexus of nerves. See plexus. [Rare.] cervicispinal (s6r"vi-si-spi'nal), a. [< L. cervix (cervic-), neck, + sjaina, spirie, + -al. Of. spi- nal.] Of or pertaining to the cervical region of the spinal column, or to vertebrae of the neck. cervicitis (s6r-vi-si'tis), «. [NL., < L. cervix (cervic-) + -itis.'] In pathol., inflammation of the neck (cervix) of the uterus. cervicobrachial (s6r"vi-ko-bra'ki-al), a. [< L. cervix (cervic-), neck, -1- b'raoMum,"axm, -I- -al.J Pertaining both to the neck and the arm. CervicobrancMa (s6r"vi-ko-brang'ki-a), n. pi. [NL., < L. cervix (cervic-), neck, -I- oranchia, gills.] A suborder of heteroglossate scutibran- ' chiate gastropods, with lamellar gills in a sin- gle row on the side of the gill-cavity at the back of the neck, and the shell conical and symmetri- cal. It was framed by Gray for the families Tec- turidce, Lepetidw, and Gadiniidw. [Not in use.] Cervicobranchiata (sfer'vi-ko-brang-ki-a'ta), n.pl. - [NL., neut. pi. of cervicobranchiatus : see cervicobranchiate.] In De Elainville's system of classification, an order of Molliisca forming a subclass, Paracephalophora hermaphrodita, and including two families, Betifera and Bran- chifera. [Not in use.] cervicobranchiate (s6r"vi-ko-brang'ki-at), a. [< NL. cervicobranchiatus, < L. cervix (cervic-), neck, + NL. branchia, gills.] Having cervical branchiss or gills ; of or pertaining to the Cer- vicobranchia or Cervicobranchiata. cervicodynia (s6r"vi-ko-dia'i-a), n. [NL., < L. cervix (cervic-), neck, '+ Gr. odivr/, pain.] In pathol., myalgia or cramp of the neck. cervicofacial (s6r"vi-ko-fa'shial), a. [-a7i= MGr. larapaii; of Eastern origin.] The scaly fern or miltwaste, Aspleni- um Ceterach, a native of Europe and western Asia One of the most usual is the penthe- The remaining examples show different cesuras in the ceteris paribus (set'e-ris par'i-bus). [L.: cete- '' ' "' TO, abl. pi. of cetej-MTO, neut. of ce „ r/r-., ..iS-rn,. o -mliolo ., ,, . / _,,,. -,-#. V A £..4. ;j.„, ^„.^A cetotollte (se-tot 0-iit), w. L^ ^r. KffTOC, a wnale, ''«*^'^i!l^\^^l!f:*'S:!±r2l."V.-^ltf^f.^^^^^ + oi,(,:;4-an ea;r AiBo^U .tone.] ' A name of certain fossil cetaceous ear-bones, occurring by alcohol from spermaceti, and obtained by evaporating the alcoholic solution. cetiosaurian (se'''ti-o-s&'ri-an), ». [< Cetiosau^ rus. Of. saurian.] ' A member of the genus Cetiosaurus. Cetiosaurus, Ceteosaurus (se'''ti-, se"tf-6-sa'- rus), n. [NL., < Gr. K^eiog, of sea-monsters, monstrous (< KTJrog, a sea-monster, a whale: see in such profusion in the Upper Tertiary forma- tion, as the red crag of Suffolk, England, that superphosphate of potash is prepared from them on an extensive scale, and used as ma- nure for land. The ear-bones are the tympanic and pe- trosal, a characteristic and very durable part of the skull of cetaceans, readily detached from the rest. cetus), + caiipog, a lizard.] A genus of gigantic cetrarate (se-tra'rat), n. [< cetirar{ic) + -ate^.] fossil dinosaurian reptiles, the species of which A compound formed lay the combination of ce- attained a length of from 60 to 70 feet, found traric acid with another substance Ammonliun in the Oolite and 'Wealden formations. cetrarate, a compound of cetraric acid with ammonia. cetochilid (se-to-kil'id), ». A crustacean of the Cetraria (se-tra'ri-a), m. [NL. (so called from family Cetochilklce. the shape of the apothecia), < L. cetra, better Cetocnilidse (se-to-kil'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < c«ira, a short Spanish shield, prob. of Hispanic Cetochilus + -idm.'i A family of copepods, tak- ^ origin.] A genus of ing name from the genus Cetochilus. a whale, + x'^'^i, fodder, forage.] A genus of copepod crustaceans, typical of a family Ceto- chilidcB, or referred to a family Calanidm: so called iDecause a species, Cetochilus septentrio- nalis, forms a principal part of the food of whales. [< cetology + cetaceans proper: same as Cetomorpha. — 2. Same as Cete^, 1. cetacean (se-ta'shian), a. and n. [< Cetacea + -are.] I, a.'Pertaiiiing to the whale, or to the Cetacea. II. «. An animal of the order Cete; a whale, ^, . , , - ^- , ... . ■,. or one of the whale Mnd.- Herbivorous ceta- cetological (sp-to-lo] i-kal), a. - -- ceans See lierbivorous. -^cal : see logical.] Pertauung to cetology. cetaceous (se-ta'shius), a. [= Sp. cetdceo = cetologist (sf-tol'o-jist), n. [< cetology + -ist.] Pg. It. cetaceo, < NL. cetaceus, < L. cetits, < Gr. One versed m cetology. K^Toc, a whale : see ce*e2 and ceias.] Pertain- cetology (se-tol'o-ji), m. [ "^ ^f'l> look) face.] The typical genus of the family Chcenopsidce. Chaeropliylluni (ke-ro-fil'um), n. [NL., in L. chairephylum (usually ccerefolium, > ult. E. cher- vil), < Gr. xcup^v^^'") chervil : see chervil.} A genus of plants, natural order UmbelUferce, con- sisting of about 30 species, natives of the north- ern hemisphere. The more common European species are popularly called chervil (which see). Moonfish, or Porffy ^Chataiitfiterus/aber). (From Report of U. 5. Fish Commission, 1884.) A genus of chsetodontoid fishes, of the family Ephippiidce. C. faber is a species of the Atlantic coast of North America, locally known as the moonfish and porgy (but very different from the porgy of New York). C. zonattts is a species of the Pacific coast. Chaetodon (ke'to-don), re. [NL., < Gr. x^i-tv, mane (NL. chcetd, bristle), + odoiig (bdovr-) z= E. tooth,'] The typical genus of fishes of the family Chatodon lunula. rcdpinnes. By late ichthyologists it is restricted to CluiR- todontoidea, with a single entire dorsal fln, branchial aper- tures confluent below^ and the jtost-temporal bones un- divided and articulatmg by a single process with the cranium. It includes numerous tropical sea-fishes of rather small or moderate size, most of which frequent coral reefs. They are generally remarkable for the con- trast and beauty of their colors. Chaetodontina (ke"to-don-ti'na), n. pi. [NL. , < Chc8todon(t-) + -irea^.] In Giiiither's system of classification, the first group of Squamipinnes, characterized by the absence of palatine and vomerine teeth : nearly the same as the family Chcetodontidce of recent authors. chsetodontoid (ke-to-don'toid), a. and re. I, a. Resembling or having the characters of the Chcetodontoidea. II. re. A member of the Chcetodontoidea. Chaetodontoidea (ke"to-don-toi'de-a), re. pi. [NL., < Chcetodon{t-) +' -oidea.} A'superfam- ily of chsetodont fishes, it contains several fami- lies, having peculiarly modified vertebrae and basioccipi- tal bone, vertically extended lamellar upper pharyngeal bones, and a much compressed body with Its integument encroaching upon the dorsal and anal fins. chaetognath (ke'tog-nath), a. and re. I, a. Of or pertaining to the Chcetognatha ; ehsetognathous. II. re. A member of the Chcetognatha. Chaetognatha (ke-tog'na-tha), re. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of chcetognathus : see chcetognathous.'] A group of transparent animals consisting of the family Sagittidce, the aflSnities of which are still undetermined. They resemble the nematoid worms and oligochsetons annelids in structure, while their mode of development is peculiar, presenting some points of resemblance to that of brachiopods and echinoderms. The grdup is now made a separate class of the branch Vermes. chaetognathous (ke-tog'na-thus), a. [< NL. chcetognathus, < Gr. ;);aiV;?, mane (NL. chceta, bristle), + yvddoc, jaw.] Pertaining to or hav- ing the characters of the Chcetognatha. Chaetomium (ke-to'mi-um), re. [NL., < Gr. xakn, mane (NIJ. cliceta, bristle).] A genus of ascomjrcetous fimgi which grow upon paper (sometimes in books), straw, and similar sub- stances, frequently producing red or yellow spots. The fructification consists of superficially borne perithecia, clothed with hairs or minute bristles and con- taining asci a;nd spores. The asci are very delicate, and are easily raptured, so that only the spores are com- monly seen. OhaetonotUS (ke-to-no'tus), re. [NL.,< Gr. xai^^V, mane (NL. chceta, bristle), + varog, the back.] A genus of minute aquatic worm-like animals of uncertain position, referred by Ehrenberg to the rotifers, by Dujardin to the infusori- ans ; and they are placed by some writers with Ichthyidium in the order of oligochsetons an- nelids, and by others with Ichthyidium and some related genera in a separate class Gtas- trotricha. Chaetophoral (ke-tof 'o-ra), re. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of ehaitophorus : see cH'oetophorous.} In zool., a division of annelids including those which Ckatophora elegans. In one branch a zoospore is be- ii^ produced in each cell. (From Le Maout and De- caisne's *' Traits g^niral de Botaniqtie."} Chstophora move by means of setigerous feet orparapodia, or by suctorial disks, as the oligocliBBtous and po- lyohfetous forms of worms, and the suctorial forms, or leeches. The group is nearly equivalent to the class Annelida in the usual acceptation of that term. Cliaetopllora2(ke-tof'o-ra), «. [NL. , fern. sing, of chce- tophorus : see chcetoplio- rous.} In hot., the princi- pal genus of the Chcetopho- racew. Chstophoracese (kf-tof-o- ra'se-e), n.pl. [NL.",< Chw- toph'ora^ + -acece. ] A fam- ily of filamentous green fresh-water or rarely ter- restrial algss, belonging to the Clilorosporew, and characterized by bristle- like tips on terminal ap- pendages. Chcet02}hora is the principal genus, and C. elegans a common species. chsetophorous (ke-tof 'o-rus), a. [< NL. elueto- pJioriiS (ef . chcetiferoiisj, < Gr. x"'''''!, mane (NL. chceta, bristle), + -^6pog, < i^ipeiv = E. 6eo)i.] Bearing bristles ; setigerous or setiferous ; ehse- tiferous; specifically, of or pertaining to the Chwtophora. chsetopod (ke'to-pod), a. and n. I. a. Of or pertaining to the Chwtopoda. Also chcetopodous. II. ». An annelid or worm of the order CIwb- topoda. Chsetopoda (ke-top'o-da), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. XaiTii, mane (NL. chceta', bristle), + ivovg (tto^-) = E./oof.] 1. In some systems of zoological classification, a prime division or branch of a phylum of the animal kingdom called Appen- diculata, consisting of two classes, Oligochceta and PolycJuBta: in this sense contrasted with Sotifera (alone) and Gnathopoda {ArtlirojJoda indiscriminately). JS. B. Lankester. [Little used.] — 2. Ordinarily, an order or subclass of the class Annelida, with dorsal branchiae and non-suctorial mouth. They are marine worm-like annelids not distinctly segmented, and with tubular seti- gerous feet or parapodia, whence the name. There is a metamorphosis in most forms, and the sexes are generally distinct. This order is a large and important group of about 20 families, which has received many names, and to which varying limits have been assigned ; it is now usually divided into Oligochceta and Polychceta. chaetopodous (kf-top'o-dus), a. [< Chcetopoda + -ous.l Same as chwtopod. Chsetops (ke'tops), n. [NL. (Swainson, 1837), < Gr. ;fa«"^, mane (NL. chceta, bristle), + bip, eye, face.] A notable genus of turdoid passerine birds of Africa : so called from the bristly rictus which theypossess. C.frenatus is an example. Chaetopteridse (ke-top-ter'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < ChcBtqpterus, 1, -1- -ides.'} A family of annelids, usually referred to the order Chcetopoda, some- times to the Cephalobranchia. The body is elon- gated and segmented into several dissimilar regions ; tlie dorsal appendages of the middle segments are alate and often lobate, and they usually have 2 or 4 very long ten- tacular cirri. The animals live in parchment-lilie tubes, Chsetopterus (ke-top'te-rus), n. [NL., < Gr. Xo-i-Tv, mane (NL. chceta, bristle), -I- nrspdv, wing.] 1. The typical genus of the family Chcetopteridce. C. pergamentaceus is a "West In- dian species. — 3. A genus of sparoid fishes. Chsetosoma (ke-to-so'ma), «. [NL., < Gr. X"''''''/, mane (NL. chceta, bristle), -1- aafia, body.] 1. The typical genus of the family Chcetosomidce, having a double row of short knobbed rods on the ventral surface in front of the anus. — 2. A genus of coleopterous insects. Chsetosomidse (ke-to-so'mi-de), n. pi. [Nil., < Chcetosoma, 1, -I- -i'dce.l A family of marine worms of uncertain position, usually referred to the order Nematoidea, and considered to have relationship with the Chcetognatha (Sagitta). Ghsetospira (ke-to-spi'ra), n. [NL. (Lach- mann, 1856), < Gr. X"-'^''"'!, mane (NL. chceta, bristle), + airelpa, a eoil, spire.] A genus of heterotrichous infusorians, of the group of the stentors or trumpet-animalcules, having a slen- der, spirally twisted, ribbon-like extension of the anterior region, and a lateral hyaline ex- pansion along the peristome. It includes sed- entary loricate infusorians, the zooids of which are not attached to the sheath, as C. muelleri. Chsetura (kf-tu'ra), n. [NL. (Stephens, 1825), < Gr. ;i;air)?,'mane (NL. chceta, bristle), + ovpd, tail.] 1. In ornith., a, genus of swifts, of the 908 family Cypselidce ; the spine-tailed swifts: so called because the shafts of the tail-feathers project beyond the webs in a hard, shaip point Chimney-swift ( Ckatura pelagica)' or mucro. There are many species, the best-linown of which is the common black chimney-swift of the United States, ChoBtura pelagica. 2. A genus of gastrotrichous Nematorhyncha. — 3. A genus of dipterous insects. Maequart, 1851.— '4. A genus of protozoans. Chaeturinae (ke-tu-n'ne), ». pi. [NL., < Chcetum, 1, -t- -ince.'] A subfamily of non-passerine fissi- rostral birds, of the family Cypselidce or swifts; the spine-tailed swifts, differing from the typi- cal swifts or Cypselince in having the normal ratio of the phalanges (2, 3, 4, 5). The genera are Chcetura, Collocalia, Dendrochelidon, Cypse- loides, and Nephcecetes. chaeturine (ke-tU'rin), a. Spine-tailed, as a swift ; of or pertaining to the ChcBturincB. chafe (ehaf), D. ; pret. and pp. chafed, ppr. chaf- ing. [< ME. chaufen, warm, heat, < OP. chauh fer, P. changer, warm, =Pr. calfar, < L. calefa- cere, make warm, < calere, be warm, + facere, make. Of. calefacient, calefy, and see chaff^.] 1. trans. If. To heat; make warm. That the flamme upbende The celles forto chere and ehaufe olofte. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 40. 2. To excite heat in or make warm by friction ; stimulate to warmth by rubbing, as with the hands : as, to chafe the limbs. -4t last, recovering hart, he does begin To rubb her temples, and to ehaufe her chin. Sanger, F. Q., I. vii. 21. Fain would I go to chafe his paly lips With twenty thousand kisses. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. But she . . . laid his head upon her lap. And loosed the shatter'd, casque, and chafed his hands. Tennyson, Morte d'Ai-thur. 3. To fret and wear by friction ; abrade; espe- cially, abrade (the skin) by rubbing ; make sore by rubbing ; gall : as, the coarse garments chafed his skin. The ground for anchorage is of the very best kind, sand without coral, which last chafes the cables all over the Hed Sea. Bruee, Source of the Nile, I. 310. Two slips of parchment . . . she sewed roxmd it to pre- vent its being chafed. Scott. The opposite hill, which hems in this romantic valley, and, like a heavy yoke, chafes the neck of the Aar. Longfellow, Hyperion, iii. 2. 4. To irritate; annoy; vex; gall; make angry. These foughten full harde, that sore were chauffed with wrath oon a-gein a-nother. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 460. Her intercession chaf'd him so. When she for thy repeal was suppliant. That to close prison he commanded her. Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 1. Nay — yet it chafes me that I could not bend One will ; nor tame and tutor with mine eye That dull cold-blooded Csesar. Tennyson, Fair Women. 5. To stimulate, as by pungent odors ; per- fume. [Rare.] Lilies . . . Whose scent so chafed the neighbour air, that you Would surely swear Arabick spices grew. Suckling. 6t. To animate; revive; inspirit; encourage. That he wolde . . . . . . cherisch hem alle witli his cher, & chaufen her loye. Alliterative Poems (E. E. T. S.), ii. 128. =Syn. 3. To rub, wear.— 4. To gall, vex, irritate, heat, ruffle, exasperate. II. intrans. If. To be or become heated. The day be-gan to chauffe, and the Sonne was risen right high as a-boute the houre of pryme, and the duste be-gan to rise right thikke. M&rlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 283. 2. To be fretted and worn by rubbing: as, the cable chafed against a rook. — 3. To be irritated or annoyed; fret; fume. And take no care Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1. Strode about in the chamber, Chafing and choking with rage ; like cords were the veins on his temples. Longfellow, ililes Standish, iv, 4. To be in violent agitation; rage or boil; dash, as in anger ; fret. The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores. Shak., J. C, i, 2, Melancholy Rose- chafer ( Euphoria ntelancholica), nat- ural size. chaff She too is strong, and might not chafe in vain Against them. Bryant, Tlie Ages, st. Si. chafe (chaf), n. [< chafe, v.j 1. Heat excited by friction. [Bare.]— 2. An irritated mental condition arising from continued provocation or annoyance ; neated impatience or anger, especially under restraint or a sense of injury;, a fretful tendency or state ; vexation. But she, in chafe, him from her lap did shove. Sir P. Sidney, in Arbor's Eng. Garner, I, 611. Stalking with less unconscionable strides, And lower looks, but in a sultry chafe. Milton, S, A., 1, 1246. chaferi (cha'f^r), «. [< MB. '*chafer, < AS. ceafor, ceafer, a beetle (tr. of L. bruchus: see Bruchns), = D. kever = OS. kevcr (gloss.) = OHG. chevar, chevaro, MHG. keier, kefere, G. fea/er, a chafer; root uncertain ; of. MHG. kifen, kiffen, gnaw.] A name commonly 'given to several species of lamellicom beetles, Searabceidce. The melan- choly rose-chafer. Euphoria melan- cholica, a familiar example, feeds upon flowers or upon the sap exuded from wounded trees, but in the autumn, and especially in dry seasons, not infre- quently attacks and injures ripe fruit of all descriptions, as grapes, flgs, and cotton-bolls. The European cockcha- fer, Melolontha vulgaris, is in habit and position the ana- logue of the American May-beetle or June-bug, chafer^ (cha'f fer), ». l< chafe + -er^.l 1. One who or that which chafes. — 2t. A vessel for heating water, food, etc. ; a chafing-dish. Water in chafer for laydyes fre, Babees Book (E, E, T, S,), p. 314. Chafouire, to make whote a thynge, as watur, calefao- torium. Prompt. Parv. Hence — 3t. .Any dish or pan. [Bare.] A chafer of water to cool the ends of the irons. Baker, Hen, VIII,, an, 1641. 4. A small portable furnace; a chauffer. H. 5. Knight. Also chaffer. chaferyt (cha'f6r-i), n. [Early mod. E. also- chaferie, < P. (OP.) chaufferie, a forge, < chauf- fer, OP. chaufer, heat : see chafe, v.] A sort of blacksmiths' forge formerly used in manufac- turing iron in England, for reheating the blooms- intended to be drawn out into bars. chafe-wax (chaf'waks), n. [< chafe, heat, -t- obj. u-ax^. Cf. equiv. P. chauffe-cire.'\ Pormer- ly, in England, an officer in chancery who pre- pared the wax for the sealing of writs and other documents about to be issued. Also- written chaff-wax. chafeweed (chaf 'wed), n. A local English name for Giiaphalium Germanicum, the cudweed. chaffi (chaf), n. [= Sc. caff, < ME. cJiaf, caffe, < AS. ceaf= D. kctf, > MHG. kaf, G. kaff, chaff, prob. akin to OHG. cheva, MHG. *keve, G. kafe, pod, husk, G. dial. (Swiss) kefen (also kifel, Bav. Mf-erbes), green peas in the pod ; ef . MHG. kefacli, pods coUeetively.] 1. The glumes or husks of wheat, oats, or other grain and grasses, especially when separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing. Ley hem [pomegranates] f eire in chaf that never oon other Touche, and ther thai beeth save ynough. Palladius, Husbondrie (E, E. T. S,), p, 117. We shall be winnow'd with so rough a wind That ev'n our corn shall seem as light as chaff. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1. 2. Straw cut small for the food of cattle. — 3. Piguratively, paltry refuse ; worthless matter, especially that which is light and apt to be driven by the wind. Here es cury un-clene, carle, be my trowthe, Caffe of creatours alle, thow curssede wriche I Morte Arthure (E, E, T. S.), L 1064. Gods defend us ! We are chaff before their fury else. Fletcher, Valentinian, v. 4.. Not meddling with the dirt and chaff of nature. Fletcher (and another). Elder Brother, ii, 1. 4. In bot., the scales or bracts which subtend the individual flowers in the heads of many Compositm. — 5. A name among fishermen for the finer kinds of seaweed. chaff2 (chaf), V. [A dial, form of chafe, pre- serving the older sound of the a (namely a, k)^, as also in chaff.^ax for chafe-wax: see chafe, "• t-, 4.] I. trans. To assail with sarcastic ban- ter or raillery ; banter ; make game of ; ridicule ; tease; quiz; worry. [CoUoq.] JI organ saw that his master was chaffing him, Thackeray. =Syii. See taunt. II. intrans. To use bantering or ironical lan- guage by way of ridicule, teasing, or quizzing, [Colloq.] chaff chaff 2 (chaf), n. [< chaff^, v. Cf. chafe, n., 2.] Banter; sarcastic or teasing raillery. In banter, in repartee, in chaff, the almost constant trait is some display of relative superiority — the detection of a weakness, a mistake, an absurdity, on the part of an- other. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 634. chaffaret, chaffart, n. and v. Middle Englisli forms of chaffer^. chaff-cutter, chaff-engine (chaf kuf'er, -en"- jin), n. An agricultural machine for cutting up hay, straw, etc., as food for cattle. See ckaf-, 2. chaffer! (chaffer), n. [< ME. chaffere, ckaffare, chaffar, cheffare, earlier chapfare, cheapfare, bargaining, trade, merchandise (= Icel. Icatip- for, a journey), < cheap, chep, a bargain, trade, -1- fare, a going, journey, doing, affair, business : see cheap, n., and /are, «.] If. Merchandise; wares; goods; traflc. No regratour ne go owt of towne for to engrosy the chaffare, vpon payne tor to be f ourty-dayes in the kynges prysone. English OUds (E. E. T. S.), p. 363. But these Marchandes with their shippes great, And such chaffare as they bye and get By the weyes, must nede take on hand By the coasts to passe ol our England. Hakluyt's Voyages, 1. 188. 2. Bargaining; haggling in buying and selling. chafferHchaf '6r), v. [< ME. chaffaren, cheffaren, bargain, negotiate, < chaffare, etc., bargaining, trade: see chaffer^, m.] I.t trans. 1. To buy or sell ; trade or deal in. Where is the fayre Hocke thou was wont to leadQ? Or bene they chaffred, or at mischief e dead? Spenser, Shep. Cal., September. 2. To exchange ; bandy. Approchiug nigh, he never staid to greete, Ne chaff'a/r words. Spenser, T. Q., 11. v. 3. II. intrans. 1. To treat about a purchase or contract ; biirgain ; haggle : as, to chaffer with a fishwoman or a hackman. Nor rode himself to Paul's, the public fair, To chaffer for preferments with his gold. Where bishoprics and sinecures are sold. Dryden, Character of a Good Parson, 1. 70. 2. To talk much and idly; chatter: as, "the chaffering sparrow," Mrs. Browning. chaffer^ (chafer), re. Same as chafer^, 4. chaffers (chaffer), n. [< chaff^ + -eri.] One who employs chaff or light raiEery. [CoUoq.] She was considered the best chaff&r on the road ; not one of them could stand against her tongue. Mayhew. chafferer (chaf er-fer), n. One who chaffers; a bargainer ; a buyer. chaffering (chaf fer-ing), re. [Verbal n. of chaf- fer'^, «.] 1. Bargaining; trading. — 2. Wordy talk and haggling. Long ere heat of noon. From byre or field the kine were brought ; the sheep jire penned in cotes ; the chaffering is begun. Wordsworth, Prelude, viii. If the Florentines had laid aside their niggardly chaffer- inn about the price, they might have diverted the storm. J. Adams, Works, IV. 119. chafferyt (ohaf'fer-i), n. [< chaffer^ + ■y.'] Traf&c ; buying and selling. chaff-flower (chaf 'flou"6r), re. The Alternan- thera Achyrantha, a prostrate weed with chaffy flowers, common in warm regions. chaff-halter (chaf'h£ll"tfer), n. A bridle with double reins used by women. chafS.nch (chaf 'inch), n. [< ME. chaffynche, var. caffynche : so called from its delighting in chaff, or rather in grain (so the ML. name furfurio, also furfiiris, < L. furfur, bran); < chaff^ + Chaffinch {FrinsiUa caUlts). „-'[.] 1. A common European bird of the genus Fringilla, F. ccelebs, whose pleasant short and oft-repeated song is heard from early 909 spring to the middle of summer. The plumage of the male is very pretty. Chaffinches are useful in de- stroying aphids and caterpillars, though they injure va- rious kinds of garden-plants. In winter they feed mostly on seeds. Also called chaffy, beech-finch, horse-finch, shell- apple, shelly, tvnnk, spink, pink, etc. 2. A name of the Australian birds of the genus Chloebia, as C. gouldice. chafless (ch^f les), a. l Sloven, ketina), MHG. ketene, G. kette = Icel. (mod.) kedhja = Sw. kedja, ked = Dan. kjcede = W. cadwyn, cad- wen, a chain, < L. catena, a chain : see cate- na, catenary, eta., anA at. chignon.] 1. A con- nected, series of links of metal or other mate- rial, serving the purposes of a band, cord, rope. DilTerctit forms of Chains. or cable in connecting, confining, restraining, supporting, drawing, transmitting mechanical Eower, etc., or for ornamental purposes. In eraldry the chain, as a bearing, may be borne in a single piece bend-wise, fesse-wise, or the like, or in a cross or saltier, or in a more elaborate arrangement. It is some- times represented fiat, like a bar or ribbon invected or indented on the edge, and pierced with holes. gitt there schewethe in the Koche ther, as the Irene Cheynes were festned, that Andromade a gret Geaunt was bounden with, and put in Presoun .before Noes Flode. Mandeville, Travels, p. 30. 2. Figuratively, that which binds, confines, re- strains, fetters, or draws; specifically, in the plural, fetters ; bonds ; bondage ; slavery : as, boimd by the chains of evil habit. The melting voice through mazes running. Untwisting all the chains that tie The hidden soul of harmony. Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 143. 3. In surv., a measuring instrument, generally consisting of 100 links, each 7.92 inches (see Gunter's chain, below), or, as commonly in the United States, one foot, in length. — 4. In weav- ing, the warp-threads of a web : so called be- cause they form a long series of links or loops. — 5. A series of things, material or immate- rial, linked together; a series, line, or range of things connected or following in succession ; a concatenation or coordinate sequence : as, a chain of causes, events, or arguments ; a chain of evidence ; a chain of mountains or of fortifi- cations. Nothing is so apt to break even the bravest spirits as a continual chain of oppressions. Smft, Conduct of the Allies. 6. In chem., a group of atoms of the same kind assumed to be joined to one another by chemi- cal force without the intervention of atoms of a different kind. — 7. pi. Naut., strong bars or plates of iron bolted at the lower end to the chain ship's side, and at the upper end secured to the iron straps of the wooden blocks called deadeyes, by which the shrouds supporting the masts are extended. Formerly, instead of bars, chains were used; hence the name. Same as chain-plates — Albert chain, a short chain attacMng a watch to a buttonhole, where it is secured by a bar or hook : named (1849) from Prince Albert, con- sort of Queen Victoria. — Alderman In chains. See alderman.— Aagvlax chain-belt. See ansrttto)-.— Chain- belt. See 6ei(.— Chain cable. See cable, 2.— Chain harrow. See ftan-owi.— Chain-maU. See moi!.— Chain of locks, in canaZ navigation, a series of locks contiguous one to another, the upper gate of one forming the lower gate of the one next above it.— Chain of reasoning, a series of arguments of which each one after the first uses as a premise the conclusion of the one that precedes it, or such that the conclusion of each is a premise of that which precedes it— Endless chain. See endiess.— Gunter's Cha.lTl, the chain formerly in common use for measuring land. It has a length of 66 feet, or 22 yards, or 4 poles of 5J yards each, and is divided into 100 links of 7.92 inches each. 100,000 square links make 1 acre.— TO back a Chain. See baek^. =Syn. See shackle. chain (chan), V. t. [< ME. cliaynen, cheynen, etc.j from the noun.] 1. To fasten, bind, re- strain, or fetter with a chain or chains : as, to chain floating logs together; to chain a dog; to chain prisoners. A chayne for chayne a boke, by the gefte of Mawte Kent. English Oilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 320. The mariners he chained in his own gallies for slaves. Knolles, Hist. Turks. 2. Figuratively — (a) To unite firmly; link. In this vow [I] do chain my soul to thine. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 3. (6) To hold by superior force, moral or physi- cal; keep in bondage or slavery; enthrall; en- slave. And which more blest? who chain'd his country, say, Or he whose virtue sigh'd to lose a day ? Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 147. I am chained to Time, and cannot thence depart. Shelley, Adonais, xxvi. (c) To restrain ; hold in check ; control. He could stay swift diseases in old days, ' Chain madmen by the music of his lyre. M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna, i. 1. 3. To block up or obstruct with a chain, as a passage or the entrance to a harbor. cnain-ball (chan'bUl), n. Same as chain-shot. chain-bearer (chan'bar"6r), n. A man who car- ries the chain used in surveying land; a chain- man. chain-bit (chan'bit), n. A bridle-bit in which the mouthpiece is a chain. chain-boat (ohan'bot), n. Same as anchor-hoy. chain-bolt (chan'bolt), n. 1. Naut., one of the large bolts by which the chain-plates are fas- tened to a vessel's sides. Also called ehaiii- plate bolt. — 2. A door-bolt which is held or drawn by a chain. chain-bond (chan'bond), n. In arch., a bond formed by building an iron chain, a iDar, or a heavy scantling into the masonry. Hoop-iron is often used, since it is so thin that it does not disturb the joints^ chain-bridge (chan'brij), re. A suspension- bridge in which the road^Eay is suspended by chains instead of by wire cables. See bridge''-. chain-chest (chan'ohest), re. Naut., a looker in the ohann.els for the storage of wash-deck fear. Luce, Seamanship, p. 4. ain-coral (chan'kor"al), re. A kind of fossil coral, Catenipora eschafoides. chain-coupling (chan'kup"ling), re. 1. A sup- plementary coupliag between railroad-ears, etc., used for security in ease the main cou- pling should accidentally give way or become unfastened. — 2. A hook or other device at- tached to the end of a chain for the purpose of connecting it with another chain or of fasten- ing it to any object. chain-fern (chan'f em), re. The common name of ferns of the genus Woodwardia, from the chain-like rows formed by the fruit-dots on each side of the midrib and midveins, and parallel to them. chain-gang (chan'gang), re. A gang or num- ber of convicts chained together, as during out- door labor or while in transit. I'd take my place with a chain-gang, and eat Norfolk Island biscuit. l^cmr. chain-gear (chan'ger), «. A device for trans- mitting motion by means of a chain that en- fages the cogs or sprockets of a wheel. ain-grate (chan'grat), re. A feeding-device for furnaces. The fuel is placed in a hopper, and is slowly carried forward by an endless apron formed of cross-bars attached at each end to moving chains. These l)ars form the grate. The motion is so timed that when the fuel reaches the rear of the fire-box all combustible 910 matter has been consumed, and the ashes are thrown off by the downward motion of the grate-apron aa it returns in its circuit. chain-guard (ohan'gard), re. In watch-making, a mechanism, provided with a fusee, to preventthe watch from being over-wound. M. S. Knight. chain-hook (ohan'huk), re. 1. Naut., an iron rod, with a handling-eye at one end and a hook at the other, for hauling the chain cables about. — 2. A hook which gnps a link of a chain ca- ble and serves as a cable-stopper. — 3. In surg., a light chain with hooks attached, used for re- tracting the parts in dissecting. chain-^Ot (chan'not), re. 1. A series of loops on a cord, in which each loop successively locks the one above it, and the last loop is secured by passing the cord itself through it. — 2. A knot used in splicing the loop-stitch in certain sewing-machines. chainless (chan'les), a. [< chain + -less.] Hav- ing no chains; incapable of being chained or bound down. Eternal spirit of the chainless mind. Byron, Sonnet on Chillon. chainlet (chan'let), re. [< chain + dim. -let.'] A little chain. The spurs and ringing chainlets sound. Scott. chain-lightning (chau'lit'ning), re. Lightning visible in the form of wavy or broken Unes. chain-locker, chain-well (chan'lok"er, -wel), n. Naut. , a receptacle below deck for the chain cable. The deck-pipe, through which the chain passes, is made of iron. Steam-vessels have frequently a mova- ble box on deck for this purpose. chain-loom (chan '16m), n. A loom in which patterns upon a chain control the harnesses, as distinguished from one governed by cams or by a Jacquard attachment. E. S. Knight. chainman (ehau'man), re.; pi. chainmen (-vaen). A man who carries the chain used in survey- ing land ; a chain-bearer. chain-molding (chan'moF'ding), n. In arch.. Chain-molding. — From St. William's Chapel, York, England. a species of molding cut to represent a chain. It occurs in the Romanesque style. chain-pier (chan'per), m. A pier running into the sea, supported by chains like a suspension- bridge. chain-pin (chan'pin), re. An iron pin used by surveyors for marking the length of a chain ; a measuring-pin. chain-pipe (chan'pip), «. Naut., an iron pipe or casing in the deck of a ship through which the chain cable is led. chain-plate (ehan'plat), n. Naut., one of the iron plates used for securing the shrouds of the lower rigging to a vessel's sides. Also called channel-plate. See chain, 7 Chain-plate bolt. Same as chain-holt, 1. chain-pulley (chan'pul'''i), n. A pulley having depressions in its periphery, in which lie the links or alternate links of a chain which passes over it and gives motion to or receives motion from it. E. M. Knight. chain-pump (chan'pump)j 10. A form of pump employing an endless chain, armed at intervals with buckets or with flat valves or disks, to raise water for short distances. The chain is carried over two sprock- et-wheels, one of them submerged, and turns with them. If buckets are usedj the water is lifted in them by turnmg the upper wheel^ each bucket discharging its load as it passes over the wheel. When valves or disks are employed, the chain passes upward through a tube, which discharges the water forced into it by the disks. chain-rule (chan'rol), re. A rule of arithmetic, by which, when a succession or chain of equivalents is given, the last of each being of the same kind as the fii'st of the next, a rela- tion of equivalence is estab- lished between numbers of the first and last kind mentioned. chain-sa'W (chan'sS.), re. A surgical saw, con- sisting of a chain tlie links of which have a serrated edge, used in amputations between small bones on account of its adjustability. Common fonn of Chain-purap. chair chain-shot (chan'shot), re. Two balls or halves of a ball connected by a chain, chiefly used in old naval ordnance to cut down the masts or ^^^^^^»@^||^H spars of vessels or to destroy the shrouds and rigging. It is not used with modern ordnance. In heraldi-y it is represented in various fantas- tic way?. Also called chain^ball. Thys argument, though it bee leaueld against Poetrie, yet is it indeed a chaine-shot against all learning. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. (or Poetrie. chainsmith (ohan'smith), re. One who makes chains. chain-snake (ohan'snak), re. A large harmless serpent of the United States, Ophibolus getu- lus: so called from the concatenation of its bold black and white markings. chain-stitch (chan'stich), re. A stitch used in various kinds of ornamental needlework, in ordinary sewing (in contrast with the lock- stitch) by some sewing-machines, and as the characteristic method in tambour-work. To form chain-stitches in sewing, a loop is made on the right side of the stuff, and the thread, being passed backward through the stuff, is brought out agaui in the middle of this loop, and then pulled tight ; another loop is then formed ; and so on. In tambour -work the fabric itself is formed by such stitches made with a crochet-hook.— Chain-stitch embroidery, embroidery done with a chain-stitch, whether with a needle or a hook. Some of the most ancient embroidery is of this character, and the stitch has been in use in all periods. chain-stopper (chan'stop''''6r), re. A device for holding a chain cable or keeping it from running out too rapidly. chain-syllogism (chan'sil'^o-jizm), n . A sorites. It is a complex syllogism or argumentation having more than two premises and capable of being analyzed into a series of true syllogisms: as, Bucephalus is a horse; a horse is a quadruped ; a quadruped is an animal ; an ani- mal is a substance ; therefore, Bucephalus is a substance. Also called complex syllogism. See sorites. chain-'timber (ohan'tim''''ber), n. Same as bond- timber. chain-wale (chau'wal), n. [< chain + wale^; usually contr. to channel^, q. v. ] Naut., a chan- nel. See channel^. chain-well, re. See chain-locker. chain-wheel (chan'hwel), n. 1. A wheel hav- ing sprockets or teeth which catch the links of a chain, used for transmitting power. — 2. -An inversion of the chain-pump, by which it is eon- verted into a recipi- ent of water-power. It consists .of a bucket- chain which passes over a pulley and through a pipe of such a size that the buckets very nearly fill its section. The water flows into the pipe at the upper end, and, descend- ing, carries the buckets with it, thus setting the whole chain and there- fore the pulley in mo- tion. This wheel is also chain-wheels for transmitting power. known as lamolifere's piston-wheel, the application having been first made by a French mechanician of that name. chain'wise (chan'wiz), adv. [< chain -I- -wise.] Connected in a sequence, like the links of a chain. chain-work (chan'werk), re. 1. A style of tex- tile fabric consisting of a succession of loops, used in hosiery and tambour-work. M. H. Knight. See chain-stitch. — 2. IndecoraUveart: (a) An ornament of chains meetingone another and interlinking, so as to form a sort of net. (6) Any carved or embossed work resembltag iatersecting links, or overlapping chains. Wreaths of chain work, for the chapiters which were upon the top of the pillars. 1 Ki. vii. 17. chair (char), n. [< ME. chaire, chaiere, chaere, chayre, chayere, etc., < OF. chaifre, chaere, F. chaire, < L. cathedra (with reg. F. suppression of medial consonants thsindd), a chair, a throne, < 6r. KadiSpa, a chair, seat: see cathedra. Of. chaise, a doublet of chair.'] 1. A seat having a back, and sometimes arms, intended for the accommodation of one person, chairs are usually movable, and made of wood, cane, or other light material, but are sometimes fixed, and sometimes made of stone op metal. The seats are usually and the backs frequently made of some soft material, often upholstered. The Jewes setten him in a Chayere and cladde him in a Mantelle. Mandeville, Travels, p. 14. 2. A seat of office or authority: as, the chair of a judge, a professor, the presiding officser of a meeting or an assembly, etc. Hence--(a)The chair oflice itself ; especially, the office of a professor ; a pro- fessorship : as, to hold the chair of logic or divinity ; to found a chair in a university. [In the medieval universi- ties the lecturer alone sat in a chair, and the hearers on the rushes. ] The chairs of justice Supplied with worthy men. Shak., Cor., iii. 3. Nor does it follow, even when a cliair is founded in con- nection with a well-known institution, that it has either a salary or an occupant. 0. W. Hoknes, Med. Essays, p. 87. (fe) The incumbent of a seat of authority ; a professor or the like ; now, specifically, the chairman or presiding offi- cer of an assemblage : as, to address or support the chair. Let our universities, my Lord, no longer remaine thus silent. . . . Let it not be said, your Chaires take no notice of a more pernicious plot than any that yet has alarm'd us. Evelyn, To the Bishop of Oxford. 3. One of four conventions connected with the eisteddfod of Wales, in which bardic matters are discussed and disciples trained in prepara- tion for the great gorsedd or assembly. The great day of the Eisteddfod is the chair day — usu- ally the third or last day — the grand event of the Eistedd- fod being the adjudication on the chair subject and the chairing and investiture of the fortunate winner. Erwyc. Brit, VII. 792. 4t. A sedan-chair. Think what an equipage thou hast in air. And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Popff, R. of the L., i. 46. 5t. A two-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse ; a chaise ; a gig. E'en kings might quit their state to share TJontentment and a one-horse chair. T. Warton, Phaeton. 6. One of the iron blocks forming a Mnd of clutch by which, according to a common Eng- lish system, the rails in a railroad are support- ed and secured to the sleepers or ties. A joint- chair is a chair that secures the connection of two rails at their ends — Bath chair, an invalid's chair on wheels, intended to be pushed along by an atten- dant : so called from Bath in England, where invalids are conveyed to the springs in such chairs.— Cane Chair. See canei. — Chair Of St. Peter, the see of Rome, or the office of the papacy : so called from the tradition that St. Peter was the first bishop of Rome, and hence the founder of the papacy. — ChalX of state, a throne; the seat or dignity of any chief executive : as, Washington was unani- mously called to the cAair o/ state. — Curule chatr. See cMrwie.— Easy chair. See easy-chair. — Folding chair, a chair having the seat, legs, and back hinged and jointed in various ways, so that it can be folded up into a small space when not in use ; a camp-chair ; also, a sea-chair. —Oculist's chair. See oculist.— St. Peter's Chair, the name of two Roman Catholic festivals, held on February 22d and January 18th, in celebration of St. Peter's tradi- tional founding of the episcopacies of Antioch and of Rome on those dates respectively. — Windsor Ohalr. (a) A kind of strong, plain, polished chair, made entirely of wood. He got up from his large wooden-seated wincLsor-chair. Dickens. £) A sort of low wheeled carriage. air (char), V. t. [< ehair, ».] 1. To place or carry in a chair ; especially, carry publicly in a chair in triumph. The day the member was chaired several men in Con- Ingsby's rooms were talking over their triumph. Disraeli, Coningsby, v. 2. 2. Toplaceinachairof office; install; enthrone. He took a big, grizzled, docile-looking fellow patroniz- ingly by the arm . . . and chaired him on a large cylin- der-head. T. Wvnthrop, Love and Skates. chair-bearer (char'bar''''er), «. Same as chair- man, 2. chair-bed (char'bed), n. Same as led-cMir. chair-bolt (ehsir'bolt), n. A screw-bolt used for fastening a railroad-chair to the sleeper or tie. [Seldom used in the United States.] chair-days (char'daz), n. pi. The evening of life ; the time of repose for old age. [Poetical and rare.] In thy reverence, and thy chair-days, thus To die in ruffian battle. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 2. chairman (char'man), n. ; pi. chairmen (-men). 1. The presiding officer of an assembly, asso- ciation, company, committee, or public meet- ing. — 2. One who assists in carrying a sedan- chair. Prior. Also called chair-bearer. chairmanship (char'man-ship), n. The office of a chairman or presiding officer, as of a com- mittee or board; the performance of the duties of a chairman. A great meeting was held in the Town Hall, under Mr. Carter's chairmanship. R. J. Hinton, Eng. Radical Leaders, p. 94. chair-organ (ohar'6r'''gan), «. A choir-organ. The word IS supposed to be suggested by choir-organ, with reference to the frequent location of the choir-organ di- rectly behind the organist's seat. chair-rail (char'ral), n. In carp., a board or Blate of wood fastened to a wall at the proper height to prevent the plastering from being in- jured by the backs of chairs. chair-web (ohar'web), n. A scroll-saw. E. H. 911 chaise (shaz), n. [F. ; a variant of ehaire, a chair : see chair. In the 16th century the Pari- sians in many words substituted the sound of z for that of r, and in this case, as a distinct meaning was attached to each form, the modi- fication was adopted as a new word.] 1 . Prop- erly, a two-wheeled carriage for two persons, drawn by one horse, and generally furnished with a hood or top that may be let down. In dialectal speech often shay. — 2. A four-wheeled pleasure-carriage drawn bytwo or more horses. Within the low-wheel'd chaise. Her mother trundled to the gate Behind the dappled grays. Tennyson, Talking Oak. 3. [< F. chaise, a chair, from the representation on the coin of the king seated on his throne.] A French gold coin first issued by Louis IX. in the thirteenth century, it was equal to about three United States gold dollars. The specimen illustrated weighs about 73 grains. Chaises were also coined in England in the reign of Edward III. chaiselt, «■ [ME., also chaysel, cheisel, cheysel, < OF. ckai- sel, chaimsil, cheinsil, also chamsil (> ME. chaunseV), assibilat- ed forms of cainsil, = Pr. cansil, < ML. cami- sile, < camisa, a shirt, camis : see camis and chemise.'] A fine linen used in the middle ages. chaitya (oMt'ya), n. [Skt. chaitya, any large tree in a vil- lage held in peculiar sanctity, an altar, a monument, a Buddhist temple.] Among Bud- dhists, a place or an object deserving of wor- ship or reverence. Specifloally— (a) A place ren- dered sacred by association with a Buddha, such as the spot where he was born, or attained Buddhaship, or en- tered into Nirvana, etc. (6) A relic belonging to a Buddha, such as a tooth, his girdle, alms-bowl, etc. (c) A temple, pagoda, dagoba, shrine, etc., erected in honor of a Buddha or an Arhat, or to contain relics. chaja (cha'ja), n. A name of the crested scream- er, Chauna chavaria. Also chaha. chaka (eha'ka), n. Same as ehaca, 2. chaki (cha'ki)", n. Cotton and silk piece-goods made in Egypt. chalandret, ». Ar obsolete form of calamdra. chalastic (ka-las'tik), a. and n. [= P. chalas- tigue, < Gr. ;i;a/la(tTi«;(ic, making supple, laxative, < *;t;aAao-T3f, verbal adj. of ;i;a/lav, let down, loosen, relax, slacken.] I. a. Having the property of Chaise of Philip VI., British Museum. (Size of the original.) chalcidian zi/erous membrane. ... As the egg is urged along by the peristaltic action of the tube [oviduct], it acquires a rotationabout the axis of the tube ; the successive layei-s of soft albumen it receives are deposited somewhat spirally ; and the chalaziferous membrane is drawn out into threads at opposite poles of the egg. Cones, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 222. chalazion, chalazium (ka-la'zi-on, -um), m. ; pi. chalazia (-a). [NL., < Gr. ;i;aX(iC(ov, dim. of ;fd/lafa, a sty : see chalaza.'] Inpathol., a trans- parent swelling on the eyelid, due to inflamma- tion of a Meibomian gland with obstruction of its duct. Also chalaza. chalcanthite (kal-kan'thit), m. [< L. chalcan- thum (< Gr. ;tfdAKov0oj;, a solution of blue vitriol, sulphate of copper, < xo^'^k, copper, -I- avBo;, a flower; of. the origin of copperas) + -ite^.'] Native copper sulphate or blue vitriol. Also called cyanosite. Chalcedonian^ (kal-sf-do'ni-an), a. [< L. Chal- cedonius + -an. ] Of or pertaining to Chalcedon , a city of Bithynia, opposite Constantinople, or to the council held there and its teachings — Chal- cedonian Council, the fourth ecumenical council, held at Chalcedon A. D. 461, which condemned Eutychianism, and gave distinct expression to the doctrine of the insepa- rable union, without mutation or confusion, of two perfect and complete natures, divine and human, in the one per- son of Chi-ist. This council also conferred high privileges on the see of Constantinople, confirming and extending those given by the second ecumenical council, and putting it nearly on an equality with the see of Rome. chalcedonian^ (kal-se-do'nl-an), a. Same as chaleedonic. chalcedonic (kal-sf-don'ik), a. [< chalcedony -I- -jc] Pertaining to or having the nature or appearance of chalcedony. Also spelled calce- donic. Many pines [fossils] have wood well preserved ; others are completely silicifled and chalcedonic. Science, IV. 73. chalcedonous (kal-sed'o-nus), a. [< chalcedony + -o««.] Having the character or appearance of chalcedony. chalcedony (kal-sed'o-ni or kal'se-do-ni), n. [Altered, with immediate ref. to tfie L., from ME. calcidoine, cassidoine, cassedony- {'>'&. cas- sidony^), < OP. calcedoine, F. calcedoine = Sp. It. calcedonia = Pg. chalcedonia, < L. chalcedo- nius (prop. adj. 'of Chalcedon'), chalcedony, < Gr. ;i;a/l/£)7<5