Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029412883 Cornell University Library BX3705 .M62 1845 Jesuits. Translated from the French of M olin 3 1924 029 412 883 THE JESUITS. TRANSLATED FROM <\> ] THE FRENCH OF MM.Q MICHELET AND QTJINET, TBOFESSOBS IN THE COLLEGE OF FRANCE. EDITED BY C* EDWARDS LESTER. NEW YORK: . GATES & STEDMAN, 114 WILLIAM STREET. 1845. CORNELL [UNIVERSITY! LIBRARY Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, BY GATES AND STEDMAN, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York. PREFACE. The Society of Jesuits is not extinct. It is not confined to Europe. Its mode of operation is the same as it ever was. That system which has long been proverbial, the very name of which has long been a synonyme for deception and dou- ble dealing, is still in force in the world. The Roman Catholic Church, by undertaking to defend it, has rendered itself an accomplice of it, and in some degree become identified with it. And per- haps it might have acquired a yet firmer hold, even upon the enlightened mind of the nineteenth cen- tury, had not the extraordinary influence it had ob- tained in Europe during the last few years led it into a measure of startling audacity. This meas- ure was an attempt, in the name of liberty, to get the control of education in France. But it was not to be supposed that such an attempt, however masked, could succeed, and the result has proved that it was a rash and almost suicidal one. The IV PREFACE. thinkers of France have been roused. The men to whom it belongs to give a tone to the public mind have spoken. A controversy has been lighted up, the results of which cannot as yet be computed. One effect of it, however, is already manifest. The Society of Jesus has left, or is leaving France. And it is not too much to say that this is mainly the work of two men, MM. Michelet and Quinet, whose joint work, of which this is a translation, to- gether with the work of the latter, The Roman Church and Modern Society, have given the most powerful direction to public sentiment, against the Order. To give the reader some idea of the impor- tance attached to this work, it should be mentioned, that it passed through seven editions in the space of eight months, and that since its first appearance, more than two hundred volumes have been pub- lished for and against it. Such a work cannot fail to be of universal interest. It must of necessity form the basis of all discus- sions in relation to the Society of which it treats. How soon such discussions may spring up in our own country, no one can predict. It is well known that the Order has its ramifications here, as every where where it has not been driven out by the pub- lic authorities. With our free institutions it is doubtful if the power exists to compel the members of it to leave the country, in case they should prove PREFACE. to be the curse they have uniformly been in other lands. For this very reason they would naturally choose this country as the scene of their operations. For this reason, too, it is indispensable that the pub- lic should be put upon its guard against an enemy which always works in the dark, and which scru- ples not to make use of any means to accomplish its ends. We know not how far they may have progressed already. Let us, then, take care that public opinion is well informed as to their character, designs, and methods of operation. New York, Nov. 19, 1845. CONTENTS. Pago Preliminary to Miohklet, 1 Lecture I. — Modern Mechanism, 19 II. — Reactions of the Past, 26 III. — Education, Divine and Human, ... 36 IV. — Liberty — Fecundity, 46 V. — Free Association — Fecundity, ... 53 VI.— The Spirit of Life— The Spirit of Death, . 60 Preliminary to Quinet, 81 Lecture I. — Of Liberty of Discussion in Religious Matters, 93 II. — Origins of Jesuitism — Ignatius Loyola, . .114 III. — Constitutions. Christian Phariseeism, . . 138 IV.— Missions, 159 V. — Political Theories — Ultramontanism, . . 179 VI. — Philosophy — Jesuitism in the Temporal Order — Conclusion, 203 LECTURES OF M. MICHELET. What the future has in store for us God only knows ! But I pray that if we are to be struck, it may be with the sword. The wounds that the sword makes are fair and open ones, which bleed and are healed. But what must be done with those shameful wounds which one conceals, which grow old and go on ever in- creasing 1 Of these wounds, the most to be dreaded is the spirit of police in the affairs of God, the spirit of pious intrigue, of holy detraction, the spirit of the Jesuits. God give us political tyranny, military tyranny, and all other tyrannies ten times over, rather than that such a police should sully our France ! Tyr- anny has this that is good in it, that it often awa- kens the national sentiment, and we destroy it, or it destroys itself. But feeling once extinct, the gan- grene once in your flesh and your bones, and how will you drive it out 1 Tyranny contents itself with the external man, it only constrains actions. This police would extend to the thoughts. The very habits of thought changing little by little, the soul, altered in its very depths, would at length become of another nature. 1 PRELIMINARY. A lying and nattering soul, trembling and wicked, which despises itself, is it still a soul? A change worse than death itself. Death only kills the body ; but the soul being killed, what remains 1 Death, in killing you, lets you live in your chil- dren. Here you will also lose both your children and the future. Jesuitism, the spirit of police and of impeachment, the low habits of the scholar informer, once trans- ported from the college and the convent into the whole of society, what a hideous spectacle ! A whole people like a house of Jesuits ; that is, from top to bottom occupied in denouncing each other. Treason at the very hearth, the wife a spy upon the husband, the child upon the mother. No sound, but a sad murmur, a rumbling of people confessing the faults of others, tormenting and quietly gnawing one another. This is not, as one may suppose, a picture of the imagination. I see from here such a people whom the Jesuits are daily thrusting down deeper into this hell of eternal misery. "But is it not to distrust France, to fear such a danger for her ? For a thousand Jesuits that we have to-day — "* * According to a person who thinks himself well informed, there should be now in France more than 960 ; at the moment of the revolution of July, there were 423. At that period they were concentrated in a few houses ; now they are scattered through all the dioceses. They are spreading themselves everywhere at this moment. Three have just passed over to PRELIMINARY. Three thousand men have in twelve years ac- complished a prodigious thing. Beaten down in 1830, crushed and sunken, they have raised them- selves up again, without any one suspecting it. And not only raised up ; but while it was questioned if there were any Jesuits, they have carried away, without difficulty, over thirty or forty thousand priests, have made them lose ground, and are lead- ing them, God knows whither ! " Are there Jesuits ?" A man asks this question, whose wife they already govern by a confessor of their own — the wife, the house, table, hearth, bed. To-morrow they will have her child.* Where, then, is the clergy of France? Where are all the parties that made the life of it under the Restoration 1 Extinct, dead, annihilated. What has become of that Jansenism, little indeed, but so vigor- ous 1 I seek for it, and I see but the tomb of Lanjui- nais. Where is M. de Montlosier, where are our loyal Algiers, and many into Russia. They cause themselves to be asked for of the Pope, through Mexico and New Granada. Masters of the Valais, they have just obtained possession of Lucerne and the Lesser Cantons, &c. &c. * Let it be known, once for all, in spite of the eternal repe- titions of the Jesuits, who designedly deceive upon all this matter, that the question of liberty of instruction, and what they call the monopoly of the University, has nothing to do here. Not a word thereupon will be found in this volume. I have very dear friends in the University, but since 1838, 1 have no longer the honor of belonging to it. 4 PRELIMINARY. Gallicans, who wished for the harmony of the State and the Church ? Disappeared. They have forsaken the State, which forsook them. Who is there, at the present day, who would dare to call himself Gallican, to make use of the name of the Church of France ? The timid Sulpician opposition (little Gallican) has kept silence. St. Sulpice has shut itself up in the instruction of priests in its seminary routine, leaving the world to the Jesuits. It would seem to have been for their satisfaction that St. Sulpice was established ; for as long as the priest is brought up there, they have nothing to fear. What can they desire better than a school which neither teaches nor wishes others to teach? The Jesuits and St. Sulpice now live well together ; the bargain has been tacitly made between death and emptiness. What is done in the Seminaries, so well shut against the law, we hardly know except by the nul- lity of their results. What is also known of them is, their books of instruction, superannuated books, trash, abandoned everywhere else, but always in- flicted upon the unfortunate young priests.* How * To the great danger of their morality ; I admire what- ever these young priests, elevated in this casuistry, preserve of honesty. — " But see you not," says a bishop, " that these are books of medicine ?" There is a certain part of medicine that is infam ous ; that which, under pretext of a malady for- gotten at the present day (or even imaginary and physically impossible), soils the patient and the physician. The cynical assurance with which they defend all this, shows how closely PRELIMINARY. «5 can we be astonished if they come out as great strangers to science as to the world 7 They feel, at the first step, that they bring nothing with them that ought to be brought ; the most judicious keep silence ; if an occasion to appear presents itself, the Jesuit arrives, or the envoy of the Jesuits, and ob- tains possession of the desk ; the priest hides him- self. Yet it is not talent that is wanting, nor courage. But what would you have 1 Every thing now-a- days is against them. They feel this but too deep- ly, and this sentiment helps to place them beneath themselves. Having the ill-will of every body, ill treated by his own, the parish priest (see him walk- ing in the street) moves along sadly, his air often timid and more than modest, taking always the out- side of the walk ! But would you see a man ? Observe the Jesuit passing by. Why do I say a man ? There are many men in one. His voice is gentle, but his step is firm. His manner says, without his speaking, " I am Legion.'' Courage is aji easy thing for him who feels that he has an army to sustain him, who sees himself defended and urged on, both by the great body of Jesuits and by a world of titled people, and beautiful women who at need will move the world for him. He has made a vow of obedi- ence — in order that he may reign, be pope with the the law should watch these great shut-up houses, where no one knows what is passing. Certain convents have been transformed into houses of correction. 1* PRELIMINARY. pope, have his part in the great kingdom of the Jesuits, spread abroad in all kingdoms. He follows its interest by a confidential correspondence, from Belgium to Italy, and from Bavaria to Savoy. The Jesuit lives in Europe, yesterday at Fribourg, to- morrow at Paris : the priest lives in a parish, in the little damp street which runs along the wall of the church ; he resembles but too much the sad, sickly gilly flower which he raises in his window. Let us see these two men at work. And first let us observe which way that thoughtful person will turn who arrives upon the great square and seems to hesitate yet. — To the left is the parish ; to the right, the house of Jesuits. On the one side what would she find? An honest man of feeling, perhaps, under that stiff and awkward form, who labors all his life to stifle his passions, that is, to be more and more ignorant of the things upon which people come to consult him. The Jesuit, on the other hand, knows beforehand what is the matter ; he divines the previous occur- rences, finds without difficulty the extenuating cir- cumstance — he arranges the affair on the part of God, sometimes on the part of the world. The priest carries the Law and the decalogue like a leaden weight ; he is slow, full of objections, of difficulties ! You talk to him of your scruples, and there occur to him yet more of them ; your affair seems bad enough to yourself, and he finds it still worse. You find yourself far advanced towards him. It is your fault. Why do you not rather go PRELIMINARY. into that Italian chapel ? A chapel, ornate, elegant ; even though it should be a little sombre, have no fear, enter, you will soon be reassured and well comforted. Your case is a trifling affair ; here is a man of mind who will prove it so. Why talk of the Law ? The Law may reign over yonder, but here reigns grace, here the Sacred Heart of Jesus and of Mary. — The good Virgin is so kind !* There is, besides, a great difference between these two men. The priest is bound in many ways, by his church, by the local authority ; he is under guardianship like a minor. The priest fears the curate, the curate the bishop. The Jesuit fears nothing. His order only asks of him the advance- ment of the order. The bishop has nothing to say to him. And where would be found the bishop, now-a-days, bold enough to doubt that the Jesuit is himself the rule and the law 1 The bishop does no harm, and is of considerable use. It is through him that they have a hold upon the priests ; lie holds a rod over them, which, man- aged by a young vicar-general_ who wishes to be- come a bishop, will be a rod of iron. * The Jesuit is not only the confessor, he is the director, and as such consulted upon every thing; as such, he considers himself in no manner bound to secresy, so that twenty direc- tors who live together may put together, examine, and com- bine the thousands of souls which are open to them, and which they see through and through. Marriages, wills, all the acts of their penitents of both sexes, can be discussed and prepared in the secret councils! 8 PRELIMINARY. " Take good care, then, priest. Woe to you if you stir — preach little, write never ; if you write a line I — without any form we may suspend you, inter- dict you ; no explanation ; if you had the impru- dence to ask it, we would say, 'An affair of morals,'" — It is the same thing for a priest as to be drowned with a stone about his neck. It is said that there are no more serfs in France. There are forty thousand — I advise them to be si- lent, to wipe away their tears and try to smile. Many would accept silence and vegetating in a corner — but they will not let them off so. They must speak, and bite, and in the desk they must damn Bossuet. We have seen some of them forced to repeat a sermon against a living author whom they had never read. — They were let slip, and set on, like miserable fighting dogs, to snap at the legs of the astonished passenger, who asks the reason why. Oh miserable situation ! Anti-Christian, anti- human ! They who do this to them laugh at it, but their loyal adversaries, those whom they attack and whom they think their enemies, will weep at it ! Take a man in the street, the first that passes, and ask him, " What are the Jesuits ?" and he will answer, without hesitation, " The counter revolu- tion." Such is the firm faith of the people ; it has never varied, and you cannot change it. If this word pronounced at the College of France, has sur- PRELIMINARY. prised some persons, it must be that by force of mind we have lost the sense of it. Great minds, who blush to listen to the popular voice, address yourselves to science, study, and I pre- dict that at the end of ten years passed upon the history and books of the Jesuits, you will find there but one meaning : The death of Liberty. * # * # # Amid the weakness of parties, in the more or less disinterested reconciliation of many men of different opinions, it seems as if at present there were but two parties, as there are but two spirits : the spirit of life and the spirit of death. A situation quite otherwise great and dangerous from that of late years, though the immediate shocks are less to be feared. What would it be if the spirit of death, having overcome religion, should go on gaining the mastery over society in politics, litera- ture, and art,— in all that is living in it ! The progress of the men of death will stop, let us hope. — The light of day has shone into the sepul- chre. We know, and we shall know more, how these spectres have travelled in the night. — How, while we were asleep, they had with wolves' steps surprised defenceless people, priests and women, and religious houses. It is hardly conceivable how many good people, simple minds, humble brothers, charitable sisters, have been thus misled. — How many convents have opened the door to them, deceived by that gentle 10 PRELIMINARY. voice ; and now they take a high tone there, and the people are afraid, and tremblingly smile, and do whatever they say. Show me a rich work, in which they have not had a principal influence, when they do not cause to be given as they please and to whom they please. It has therefore become necessary for every poor cor- poration (missionaries, lazarists, benedictines even) to go to them for the word of command. And now this is all like a great army which the Jesuits are leading to the conquest of the age. Astonishing, that in so short a time they should have brought together such forces ! However high an opinion one may have of the skill of the Jesuits, it will not suffice to explain such a result. There is a mysterious hand there. She, who well directed, has, from the creation of the world, quietly effected miracles of artifice. A feeble hand which nothing re- sists, the hand of woman. The Jesuits have em- ployed the instrument of which St. Jerome speaks : " Poor little women, all covered with sins !" We show a child an apple to make it come to us. Well ! they have shown to women pretty little fem- inine devotions, holy play-things, invented but yes- terday ;- they have arranged for them a little idola- trous world. — What signs of the cross would Saint Louis make, if he should return and see? He would not remain two days. He would prefer to re- turn into captivity among the Saracens. These new modes were necessary to gain the wo- men. Whoever woidd catch them, must sympa- PRELIMINARY. 11 thize with their little weaknesses, their little arts, often also the taste for falsehood. What has made the fortune of .these people with some of them, in the commencement especially, is precisely this indis- pensible lie, and this mystery ; a false name, abode little known, visits in hiding-places, the piquante necessity of lying on their return. She who has felt much, and who at length finds the world monotonous and insipid, seeks willingly, in the mixture of contrary ideas, for a certain bitter savor. 1 have seen at Venice a picture, in which, upon a rich, sombre carpet, a beautiful rose was withering away near a scull, and in the scull moved about at pleasure a graceful viper. This is the exception. The simple and natural means which have generally succeeded is to catch wild birds by means of tame ones. I speak of the Jesuitesses,* polished and gentle, adroit and charm- ing, who, always going before the Jesuits, put every where oil and honey, smoothing the way. They have delighted women by making themselves sisters, friends, whatever they wished, but especially mothers, touching the tender point, the poor maternal heart. * The ladies of the Sacred Heart are not only directed and governed by the Jesuits, but since 1823, they have the same constitutions. The pecuniary interests of these two branches of the order must be common to a certain extent, since the Jesuits, on their return after the Revolution of July, were aided from the chest of the Sacred Heart. They have ex- pressly revoked the prohibition laid upon the Jesuits by Loy- ola to direct houses of women. 12 PRELIMINARY. From true friendship, they consent to take the young girl ; and the mother, who otherwise would never have been separated from her, confides her very readily to these gentle hands. She finds her- self much more free for it ; for, in short, the lovely young witness was a constant embarrassment, espe- cially if, becoming less young, she saw flourishing near her the dear, adored, but too dazzling flower. All this is done very well, very quickly, with ad- mirable secresy and discretion. The Jesuits are thus not far from having, in the houses of these ladies, the daughters of all the influential families in the country. An immense result — only it was ne- cessary to wait a while. In a few years these little girls will become wives, mothers. Whoever has the women, is sure to have the men in the long run. One generation was enough. These mothers would have given their sons. The Jesuits have not had patience enough. A few successes in the pul- pit and the saloons have made them giddy. They have quitted these prudent allurements which have been the cause of their success. The able miners, who went on so well under ground, have set to wishing they could work under the open sky. The mole has quitted his hole to walk in full sunshine. It is so difficult to isolate one's self from one's own times, that those who had the most to fear from noise, have themselves begun to cry out. Ah ! you were there ! Thanks, many thanks, for having awakened us ! But what do you want ? PRELIMINARY. 13 " We have the daughters ; we want the sons too ; in the name of liberty, give up your children." Liberty ! They love it so much, that in their zeal for it, they wanted to begin by stifling it in the highest places of instruction. Happy presage of what they will do in the secondary instruction ! Since the first months of the year 1842, they sent their young saints to the College of France to dis- turb the lectures. We patiently endured these attacks. But, what we supported with more difficulty was, the bold at- tempts they made under our eyes to corrupt the schools. On this side there was no longer either precaution or mystery ; they worked in full daylight, they in- veigled men upon the public square. Excessive competition, and the disquietude it brings after it,* gave fine play there. Such and such a suddenly made fortune spoke loud enough, — miracles of the new church very powerful in their effects upon the heart. Certain men, hitherto of the firmest, began to reflect, to understand the ridicule of poverty, and they walked with their heads down. Once shaken, no time was given to breathe ; the affair was briskly led on, each day with more bold- ness. The successive steps that they lately observed were, little by little, neglected. The neo-Catholic * The lassitude of men's minds, after so many political dis- appointments, would have induced a serious return to religious ideas, if the speculators in religion had not hastened to profit by this situation of affairs. 2 14 PRELIMINARY. stage continued to shorten itself. The Jesuits did not want more than a day to make a complete con- version. They no longer trained the adepts upon the old preliminaries.* They pointed boldly to the end. This precipitation, that may seem imprudent, is, nevertheless, easily explained. These young peo- ple are not so young that it will do to wait ; they have one foot in life, they are about to act, or they do act ; there is no time to lose, the result is near. Gained to-day, they would to-morrow deliver over the whole of society : as physicians, the secrets of families ; as notaries, those of fortunes ; as judges, impunity. Few have succumbed. The schools have resist- ed ; good sense and national loyalty have preserved them. We congratulate them on it. Young peo- ple, may you remain like yourselves, and always re- pulse corruption as you have done here, when relig- ious intrigue made an ally of it, and came to find you even upon the benches, with the seductive train of worldly temptations. No danger is greater. — He who runs blindly after the world and its joys, from the impulses of youth, will return from lassitude — but he who, the better to surprise the world, can coldly speculate upon God, and calculate how much God will be worth to him, he is dead of the death from which no one is resus- citated. [The professor here enters into an account of his * Christian art, Catholic demagoguism, &c. PRELIMINARY. 15 labors, and his plan and course of instruction in the philosophy of history, showing the principles by which he was guided and the tendencies of his teaching. He goes on :] It was in the midst of this religious labor that outrage sought me out. This took place on the 7th of April, 1842, after a very important lecture, in which I had established, against the sophists, the moral unity of the human race. The word of command had been given to disturb the course. But the indignation of the public ter- rified these brave fellows ; little organized as yet, they thought best to await the all-powerful effects of the libel the Jesuit D. was writing upon the notes of his brethren, and which M. Desgarets, canon of Lyons, has signed, confessing that he was not the author of it. I do not like disputes. I was falling back a whole year into my preoccupations, into my solitary la- bor, into my dream of the olden time. — But these men, who did not sleep, were emboldened, and thought they might with impunity come behind and strike the dreamer. It was found, however, that by the progress of my labors and the very plan of my course, I was com- ing to them. Occupied hitherto in explaining and analyzing life, I must naturally examine the false life which counterfeits it ; I must show in contrast living organism and sterile mechanism. But though I might explain life without showing 16 PRELIMINARY. death, I should regard it as a duty of the professor of morals not to decline the question which came to be imposed upon him. Our preachers, in these latter times, have touched upon every thing ; social questions, political, histor- ical, literary, medical questions ; one spoke upon anatomy, another upon Waterloo. Then taking courage, they have set themselves to preaching, as in the times of the League, against such and such a person. They have found this very good. Persons, who cared for them 1 And as for social questions, one would have judged, without doubt, that in this time of sleep, there was no great danger in discussing them from the chair. Certes, it is not we who will object to that ; we accept the division. The Church occupies itself with the world, it teaches us our business. — Very well. We will teach it God ! I give here the notes that remain to me of my course. I give them nearly as they were written, on the very day of each lecture. I could not write them sooner, because from one lecture to another the situation changed, the question advanced, through the press or otherwise, till the last lecture. Some indulgence must be granted to an instruc- tion pursued in spite of the storm, and which modi- fied in form according to the phases of the polemics, still advanced with a firm step towards the end first indicated. PRELIMINARY. 17 I suppress, in these notes, many things that had reference to my previous lectures, and also such matters as could only be alluded to in a course, the object of which was general, and which another course, specially devoted to the literature of the Jes- uits, shed full light upon. 2* LECTURE I. MODERN MECHANISM. Of Moral Mechanism. In this first lecture (of the second part of my course) I first stated an important fact, viz., that since 1834, in the midst of an immense increase of material production, there has been a considerable diminution of intellectual production. This fact, less remarked here, is perfectly well known by our foreign literary counterfeiters, who complain that they have almost nothing to counterfeit. From 1824 to 1834, France nourished them rich- ly. She produced in that period literary monu- ments, which make her glory before Europe ; and not only isolated monuments, but great collections of works, cycles of histories, dramas, romances, &c. In the ten following years as much or more has been printed, but few works of importance. The books even of some extent have first appeared in small portions, cut up iiito articles, and feuilletons ; ingenious and brilliant enough, but few connected thoughts, few great compositions. What has chiefly occupied the press have been reprints, publications 20 INTELLECTUAL MACHINES, of old manuscripts, and historic documents. Blus- trated books at cheap rates, a sort of daguerreotypes, reproducing in pale images everything placed before them. The singular rapidity with which all this passes under our eyes, one thing replacing and effacing an- other, scarcely leaving any trace behind, does not permit us to remark, that among these thousand moving objects, the form varies very little. An attentive observer, and one curious to compare his recollections, would see these pretended novelties returning periodically ; he could reduce them with- out difficulty to a small number of types and for- mulas, employed by turns. Our rapid improvisa- tors are obliged, from want of time, to have recourse to these formulas ; it is, as it were, a great piece of mechanism with which they are sporting with a light hand. The mechanical genius which has simplified and aggrandized modern life in the material order, will hardly apply to the things of the spirit, without en- feebling and enervating it. From all sides I see intellectual machines which come to our aid, to enable us to dispense with study and reflection :* Dic- tionaries which allow us to learn each isolated thing, without the relations which make it clear ; Ency- clopedias in which every science, cut up into minute parcels, lies like a sterile sand ; Abridgments which * The objection is against these kinds of works, and not against any work in which the authors have shown a spirit of originality and depth. IDEA OP LULLE. — LOYOLA. 21 sum up for you what you have not learned, make you think you know it, and shut the door upon science. Old methods, and very inferior to the idea of Raymond Lulle. At the end of the middle ages, he found the Scholastics, who were exhausting themselves in deductions upon a given theme. " If the theme is completed," said he, " if the philosophy, the religion, the science is made, it suffices to ar- range it well from principles to consequences — and the deductions will be drawn of themselves. My science shall be like a tree ; one shall follow from the roots to the branches, from the branches to the leaves — going from the genus to the species, to the individual, and thence, in an inverse direction, re- turn to the deep roots of the general principles." He did as he said ; with this convenient tree, one need not look further, everything had become easy. • — Only the tree was a barren one, having neither fruit nor flower. In the sixteenth century, there was another, and bolder attempt at mechanical arrangement. Men were fighting for religion ; a valiant man, Ignatius Loyola, comprehended religion itself as an instru- ment of war, and ethics as a piece of mechanism. His famous Exercises are a manual of religious tactics, by which the monastic militia dresses itself to certain movements ; he gave in it material process- es to produce those raptures of the heart which had always been left to free inspiration ; here one prays ; there one dreams, weeps,