PIPE FITTING Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004604363 Cornell University Library TJ 415.S67 Pipe fitting charts ^.jJSS^iJj^nff 3 1924 004 604 363 ™ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME . FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Hctirg W. Sage X891 A-fOp^.*? 13.trll A 5931 Pipe Fitting Charts For Steam 6# Hot Water Also Galvanized Iron Piping For Fan and Indirect Systems By William G. Snow Appendix Relating to Piping, Containing Reprints of Articles from the "Metal Worker" and other publications. DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY 239 WEST THIRTY- NINTH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. 19 12 Copyright, 1912, by David Williams Company THE • PLIMPTON ■ PRESS ■ NORWOOD • MASS • U ■ S ■ A PREFACE In response to numerous requests, the articles by the author relating to piping connections, which have appeared in the Metal Worker have been rearranged, added to and put in the form herewith presented, which it is hoped will be found convenient for reference. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the elemen- tary systems of piping for steam and hot water, illustrated in many treatises on heating. This book deals with piping details, not with general heating layouts. It has not been attempted to illustrate to any extent the methods of piping in patented or proprietary systems of heating, as the manufacturers of the devices used in con- nection with these systems as a rule publish abundant lit- erature illustrating and describing methods of application. While in no sense complete, the charts given on these pages will doubtless suggest methods of piping to accomplish cer- tain ends, and in connection with the appendix will, it is hoped, form a useful addition to the literature on the subject. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Piping for Hot Water Heating 1 II. Piping for Steam Heating 30 III. Boiler, Engine, and Pump-Room Connections, Castings, etc. 122 IV. Drawings of Piping and Apparatus 196 V. Galvanized Iron Work 212 VI. Reprints of Portions of Miscellaneous Articles Relating to Piping . 252 Index . . . • 281 PIPE FITTING CHARTS CHAPTER I Piping for Hot Water Heating Figs, la and 16 show the plan and side elevation of a cast iron sectional hot water boiler. The connections on the top may be made more easily with the main at one side than when placed directly over the outlets, which may happen to be tapped crooked. The main return at the rear enters an equalizing pipe con- nected near the middle of each side. It is practically as well to connect at the rear of the boiler, except in the case of unusually long ones, which should have the returns con- nected near the middle to secure a fairly uniform flow through the sections. A hot water thermometer should be connected with the flow pipe. The water supply connection for filling or replenishing the system is made as indicated in the main return near the boiler. A plug cock should be placed at the lowest point in the system and connected with a drain or left with a hose nipple. A damper regulator, controlling the draft and check dam- pers, is a desirable addition, to a hot water boiler, the operation of the regulator being effected by a difference in tempera- ture of the water. One type of regulator is shown in Fig. lb. PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING 1 U I £ 2 3ZT ¥ Fig. la. — Plan, Hot Water Boiler Fig. 16. — Elevation, Hot Water Boiler PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 2a and 2b show the plan and side elevation of a pair of hot water boilers connected so that either or both may be used. A relief or safety valve with a non-corrosive seat should be placed on each boiler. These valves may be either the spring or weighted lever pattern. The dotted lines represent the overhead returns with which the cold water pipe is connected at some point outside of return valves, the supply being controlled by a cock or a lock shield globe valve, to prevent any tamper- ing by persons not in charge of the apparatus. Cold water to make up any deficiency in the system is generally admitted to a return line, where it will not tend to retard the flow. A thermometer is indicated at end of top drums in elevation. A damper regulator, though not shown, should be used. PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING SAFETY VALVE -WATER SUPPLY Fig. 2a. — Elevation, Hot Water Boilers GATE VALVE, N MAIN RETURN Fig. 26. — Plan, Twin Hot Water Boilers PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 3 represents a group of fittings used in hot water heat- ing. A shows a long turn elbow which offers consider- ably less resistance than the standard elbow. B shows a long turn twin elbow which guides the water with very little resistance. C shows an O/S distributing tee, very com- monly used in risers, more particularly the supply lines. D and E show a quick opening valve and a union elbow, and F a separable bulb thermometer. All pipes should be reamed to remove rough, sharp edges; otherwise the flow will be much impeded. Pipe joint lubricant or filling should be applied to the male thread only. It is a great mistake to swab the threads of the fittings with this ma- terial, for it is then pushed into the pipe when the joint is made up. In Fig. 4, showing several branch connections, A shows the manner in which branches near the boiler or those leading to upper floors should be connected with the main. B and C show how branches should lead from the main to radiators on lower floors. The connections shown in C favors the flow of water to a radiator somewhat more than the method shown in B. It makes but little differ- ence whether the returns are connected with the side of the mains, with the top or at 45 degrees. The supply mains should, if possible, pitch upward in the direction of flow 1 inch in 10 feet PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING Fig. 3. — Hot Water Valves, Fittings and Thermometer , FLO W A B C Fig. 4. — Branch Connections PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 5 shows the method of connecting with main the branches to radiators in different locations as to height or dis- tance from the boiler. Fig. 6 shows a branch connection with riser fitted with a valve and a drip cock. This arrangement is especially good in systems of considerable extent, as in case of a leak or changes only a small part of the system would have to be shut down, where otherwise all the water might have to be drawn off. The stop valve, gate pattern, is located between the 45 degrees elbow and the drain cock. PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING 9 TO 1ST FLOOR RADIATORS TO RADIATORS ON 2ND & 3RD FLOORS TO INDIRECT RADIATORS Fig. 5. — Supply Branch Connections DRAIN COCK Fig. 6. ■ — Riser Connection 10 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 7 shows branch connections which may be concealed in floors. The pipes leading to the left are to radiators on the lower floor, those to the right leading to floor above. It will be noted that the lower floor is favored by being taken from the run of the tee, as the water flowing up the riser tends to continue in a straight line. Fig. 8 shows an application of the connections illustrated in Fig. 7. A quick opening valve with union is placed near the bottom of the radiator, in which case a retarder or wooden plug is often placed in the lower nipple between the first and second sections of the radiator to cause the water to rise to the top of the first section, thence through the nipples connecting the sections at the top. A union elbow is shown at the opposite end of the radiator. The air valve on hot water radiator is always located at the highest point and should preferably be of the key pat- tern. PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING 11 *-o> Fig. 7. — Riser Branch Connections Fig. 8. — Riser Connections 12 PIPE PITTING CHARTS Fig. 9 shows very simple radiator connections with a quick opening valve at the top and a union elbow at the bottom at opposite end. This location of valve is more convenient than that shown in Fig. 8 but is rather conspicuous for radi- ators in finely furnished rooms. Fig. 10 shows connections with a "stack" or "bench" of indirect radiators. One valve is all that is necessary to give control, but it is well to use two to provide for making repairs without shutting down too large a part of the sys- tem, assuming that it is divided into sections by main valves. To save expense and avoid danger from freezing, both valves are, in many jobs, omitted, the control of the heating being secured by means of the register. For hot water beating deep sections should be used to insure the proper heating of the air. Particular care must be paid to air venting indirect sys- tems. PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING 13 Fig. 9. — Radiator Connections Fig. 10. — Indirect Radiator Connections 14 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 11 shows a manifold coil and connections with distri- buting tee in a down-feed riser, the water from the coil returning to the same riser. Connections may be made larger than in the case of return-bend coils. The valve shown is union gate pattern. The air vents up the riser. Fig. 12. — This type of radiation is adapted only to rela- tively small units, since if the surface exceeds the capacity of the pipe the lower lines will be cool and inefficient. The valve shown is a union gate. PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING 15 [Al rar R. & L. 3C 3C 3L 3L 3C m ^5n=3J EC rar Fig. 11. — Manifold Coil Connections Gf^ =u& 5> 1O1 -nOtr ttOti cO. Fig. 12. — Return Bend Coil Down-Feed Connections 16 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 13 shows a "return-bend" or trombone coil con- nected with an up-feed system. A quick opening supply valve with union, a right and left coupling and air valve are shown. PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING 17 u d2c R. & I. ^r > Fig. 13. — Return Bend Coil Up-Feed Connections with Quick Opening Union Valve 18 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 14a and 14& illustrate the ordinary two-pipe up-feed system, with concealed risers and branches and quick open- ing union valves. The risers must be thoroughly tested and covered before being closed in. In the better class of residence work this method is commonly employed. PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING 19 Fig. 14a. — Elevation, Radiator Connections, Up-Feed k T(5)R •.^e»t — ; <£ c5~|@ i -I U o & M I. o l-H ] 78 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 59 illustrates a wall coil in a schoolroom. The coil is shown broken to save space, but is intended to extend along both walls of the exposed sides of the room. A dia- phragm valve in connection with a temperature control system is shown at the left, the return being carried inde- pendently to the basement, where a check valve is placed below the water line. These coils are chiefly used in con- nection with a fan system of tempered air supply, the coils preventing down drafts along the windows and tending to equalize the temperature of the room. Steam is kept on the coils at night when the fan system is shut down, giving direct heating, the least expensive of any. The coil near the return header is intended to be sup- ported on expansion plates. (Fig. 63.) PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 79 80 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 60 represents an ordinary miter coil used in over- head heating. These coils are generally located not less than 9 or 10 feet from the floor and 3 to 4 feet from the outside walls. If much nearer the floor than the distance stated the radiant heat is uncomfortable to persons working beneath them, and if placed too close to the outer walls the circulation is retarded. The success of this type of heating depends on the cooling action of the glass and walls pro- ducing a downward current combined with the upward current produced by the heat of the coils. By these two forces the warm air is circulated along the outer walls from ceiling to floor. When properly installed this system gives good results, even when there are no belts or moving machinery to stir up the air. (The supports shown under short pipes near the elbows are unnecessary.) The air valve should be connected with a J-inch pipe extending inside the header about to the middle. For very long coils a bleeder with valve through which the air may be blown out is advisable. PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 81 $ .^ * 1 * TuJ- ^ :,, ^ Pj jj ^; — g-ff rf * A y QVM- ™(© ®M «y^ '8 O oj •s > o 1 o CO d §||| rm^ *Tmr I II 1 < 82 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 61 shows a convenient method of connecting a return-bend coil with a single pipe system. The check valve insures the heating of the coil through the supply- valve only, preventing any backing up of steam or water hammer. Figs. 62 and 63 show hook plates and expansion plates, the latter used where the movement of the pipes is other than longitudinal. Expansion bolts should be used to hold the hook plates against the wall, wooden battens being placed between the wall and hook plates as shown. PIPING JOR STEAM HEATING 83 SWING CHECK VALVE^. OR SIPHON LOOP SUPPLY AND RETURN Fig. 61. — One-Pipe Coil Connection with Check Valve as Return 3 4' Of 1 a ' Q: \ Q: d 4 FLOOR < ! mw///Mmmw^m%wiv; it Fig. 62. — Hook Plates Fig. 63. — Expansion Plates 84 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 64 shows a somewhat unusual hanger for wall coils, these hangers being made of punched bar-iron suspended from eye-bolts set in the wall. PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 85 r ; BAR IRON-' PUNCHED o o b G o f i ; Fig. 64. — Support for Wall Coil 86 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 68 illustrates a method of hanging overhead coils to prevent the sagging of the rods supporting the rolls on which the pipes rest. Fig. 69 shows a convenient cast-iron support for short bolt passing through the vertical eye-bolt, holding these firmly in place. With this type of hanger a single rod takes the place of two, as shown in Figs. 65, 66, and 67. Hangers or supports for coils are placed 10 to 12 feet apart. Several types are here shown. Overhead coils should be hung with J-in. rods 10 feet on centers. The horizontal rods which carry the pipe rolls should be rir-in. diameter steel to avoid sag where the coils have more than 6 lines of pipe. The hanging rods may have an eye in each end and be fastened at top with |-in. lag screw in side of beam or may have gimlet point at upper end. The latter looks neater and permits an adjustment. Gimlet point should enter wood about 3 in. Where beams are not present a casting to hold |-in. nut may be used. Casting to be screwed up with |-in. or f-in. lag screws. PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 87 I Q Q n o o n „ Fig. 66 g> s* O EILINO RAILING FLANGE \% PIPE ^ROLLEH Fig. 67 Hangers for Overhead Coils r. Fig. 69. — Support for Overhead Coil ^ Fig. 68. — Support for Overhead Coil PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 70a and 706 show one method employed for anchor- ing a riser to an I-beam. Figs. 71a and 71b illustrate a method of anchoring a steam main to a wall. The smaller the angle between the wall and the irons the more rigid the anchorage. PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 89 PLAN Fig. 70a rr<^ q£ *&t&ZZ2_ f X"DIA, r~~7^ ' K ~~-^ . ELEVATION y Fig. 706 Plan and Elevation of Anchor for Riser ^r Wx». uj r^. I S 5 ft ?' ^ o c C < a a C Ph 90 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 72 shows a simple hanger, which by giving the ver- tical bar a quarter turn may be used when the beam and the pipes are at right angles. Fig. 73 shows a hanger somewhat similar to the one illustrated by Fig. 72, the principal difference being the detail of construction of the beam clamp. PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 91 vmr 9). ! BOLT MX 1M"BAR «a^2P ?» BOLT % x \H ii BOLT 10"PIPE FREE FIT Fig. 73 A Variety of Pipe Hangers 92 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 74a and 746 show two views of a very simple hanger that may sometimes be used when the pipe is to be run at right angles to the beams. This form serves very well for hanging pipes from trusses, but is of little use when the nuts are to be covered by flooring, since this renders the hanger incapable of adjustment. Fig. 75 shows a hanger possessing certain advantages. The clamp at the top is made of two pieces, having eyes through which the vertical bolt passes. PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 93 A^fe Fig. 74a Fig. 74& ^|p^3> 'lift 2- _DRILL HOLES FOR FREE FIT Ji'' ROUND IRON UP TO 8"p|PE A : '■ m FOR 10'' j, LJ 1" •' li i, 12" m .?£ BOLT AND1 PIPE UP TO 10"OVER lO'-!* BOLT ANDljfPIPE Fig. 75 94 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 76a and 76& show a hanger neat in design and of pleasing appearance when in place, the necessary adjust; ment being secured by means of the turnbuckle. Fig. 77, from the Valve World, shows a type of hanger used at the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company, Calumet, Mich., for carrying a large steam main. PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 95 w 1" Fig. 76a l\\ VJ Q Fig. 766 I- BEAM Fig. 77 96 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 78 and 79 show hangers for small and large pipes. Hangers of these types are not infrequently used in United States Government buildings. The ones shown are for use in connection with concrete floors, but by substituting beam clamps for the plates they make equally good I-beam hangers. Fig. 80 shows a hanger similar to Fig. 79, but designed to clamp to the pipe. PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING 97 rfli , Kx 3"PLATE CONCRETE FLOOR (S ¥" "x-1%? Fig. 78 ^..-^S" PL ATE r^ CONCRETE FLOOR « P rse» Fig. 104. — Section, Horizontal Tubular Boiler and Connections Fig. 105.— Water Columb Fig. 103. — Horizontal Tubular Boiler, Front Connections 124 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 106a and 1066 show boiler front connections with a pair of 72 in. flush front boilers. Crosses with brass plugs are used in the feed pipes and in the lower connections with the water columns. These have quick closing gauge cocks operated by chains and lever pattern try cocks. The check valves have a valve each side of them to pro- vide for overhauling. BOILER FEED AND WATER CONNECTIONS 125 1k' TO TOP OF BOILER MAIN 2 FEED PIPP 3l=tt» I «*& -;r_ " - " — ^rzz^3S^^«^ Fig. 106a. — Pair of Horizontal Tubular Boilers with Trimmings Z O O! = J xJf'GAGE CONNECTION STEAM GAGE-. 1 ' v ■■■ "■'■":■ ' ' -. . . .'.'"7, RETURN FLUE MJi" WATER COLUMN CONNECTION -ij-%" DRAIN VALVE Fig. 1066. — Side View Boiler Front Trimmings 126 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 107 shows a longitudinal drum water tube boiler with simple boiler feed and water column connections. BOILER FEED AND WATER CONNECTIONS 127 1% WATER COLUMN CONNECTIONS TURN r TOWARD BOILER FRONT, WITH FLANGES OR UNIONS IN SAME. 7 Fig. 107. — Water Tube Boiler Front Showing Fittings 128 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 108a and 1086 show front and side elevations of typical boiler feed and water column connections of a 300-hp Babcock & Wilcox type water tube boiler. The branch feed line from the main boiler feed header terminates in a combined stop and check valve at the front head of each drum. The water column is connected by 1J in. connections, with flanges or with a flange union for the top connection and a right and left coupling for the bottom one. The small pipe connections with water gauge, water column, and steam gauge are made up with right and left couplings or with ground brass unions. Practice varies in different sections, owing to the charac- ter of the water, as to the use of iron size brass or extra heavy wrought iron pipe for the principal connections, the former being most commonly used in New England. BOILER FEED AND WATER CONNECTIONS 129 MAIN BOILER FEED 6 s ! Fig. 108a. — Water Tube Boiler Front with Fittings Fig. 1086. — Water Tube Boiler Fittings Side View 130 PIPE FITTING CHARTS The water tube boiler shown in Figs. 107, 108a, and 108&, termed longitudinal drum type take up more height than can be secured for a given horse-power in some basements. In such cases recourse is had to the cross drum type shown in Fig. 109, the drum running crosswise of the boiler at the rear where space is available. Water column connections should be made directly with the drum as the distance is too great to bring the connec- tions forward to the boiler front from fear that the pipes might become clogged. The blow-off connections are made as usual with the mud drum at the rear. MAIN STEAM CONNECTIONS WITH BOILERS 131 132 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 110 shows a type of boiler, the "Stirling," in which capacity may be secured in the height where that dimension is ample and floor space may be lacking. The steam supply is taken from the middle drum, water column connections being made with front one and feed water connection with the drum at the rear. The blow-off connection is also shown. The front and middle drums are joined both above and below the water line by curved tubes just below the brick work as shown. The middle and rear drums are connected in a similar manner above the water line. The course of the gases is shown by the arrows, the smoke connection being made on top near the rear or in the rear wall as may be most convenient. A number of illustrations are presented of commonly used boiler connections. Many others could be shown, but it is unnecessary to present these, provided the fitter bears in mind that water pockets should be avoided and that expansion must be provided for. In case the conditions are such that the piping must be arranged so that water may collect at certain points, these points must be properly dripped. In addition to expansion strains, others may be brought about by a settling of the boilers, a sagging of trusses or beams from which the pipes are suspended or from other causes. With ample length in the various connections the spring of the pipes will go far to relieve the strain on the fittings. MAIN STEAM CONNECTIONS WITH BOILERS 133 134 PIPE FITTING CHARTS One of the most common methods of making the main steam connection with a boiler is shown by Fig. Ill, a flanged angle valve being placed as indicated to shut against the steam pressure in the boiler so that the valve may be re- packed without taking the pressure off the boiler. When there is a battery of boilers the writer favors placing the valve where indicated in Fig. 112, arranged to shut against the steam in the header. This valve may be packed with full steam pressure in the header, the boiler controlled by this valve to be shut down at such times. For a first class job the arrangement shown in Fig. 113 is recommended, each boiler in the battery being double valved. With a pair of valves between the boiler and the header it is pretty safe to put water pressure on one of the boilers for testing while steam pressure is on the header. MAIN STEAM CONNECTIONS WITH BOILERS 135 Fig. Ill ~J>imiimihmi/f(/(Mu/MfMiuhM/r,i,ii>,,/m7f. Fig. 133. — Heater with "Preference" Connections 164 PIPE FITTING CHARTS In addition to Figs. 132 and 133 showing heater connec- tions Fig. 134 is given showing what is termed a preference connection for open type heaters having a single exhaust steam connection. The outboard exhaust connection is taken from the outlet of tee, the heater being connected with the run of the tee. FEED WATER HEATER CONNECTIONS 165 Fig. 134. — Heater with Preference Connections 166 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 135 shows one method of supporting cast iron cover- ing plates for ducts, the rails along the top of the duct being held in place by anchors, as illustrated. With concrete walls it is well to build up to within an inch or an inch and a half of the bottom of the rail, setting this in place with the top level with the floor line, grouting in the space under the rail. COVER PLATES FOR DUCTS AND PITS 167 Fig. 135. — Cast Iron Trench Plates and Rails or Borders 168 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Other types of rails or border bars are shown in Figs. 136 and 137. Ordinary steel tee bars are often used along the top of the duct walls, as indicated in Fig. 138. These are anchored by f-in. irons turned at right angles at each end, as shown. The bars are punched for these irons at intervals of about 3 ft. A variety of styles of markings are shown, the diamond pattern being perhaps the most common, with the fluted plates a close second. The cast iron plates should be heavily ribbed underneath to insure strength. At intervals they should be provided with holes for inserting a hook to facili- tate their removal. COVER PLATES FOR DUCTS AND PITS 169 Fig. 136 CONCRETE TLOOR -"? Fig. 137 mr^TE, END_XURNED AT ANCHOR RIGHJ .ANGLE ^ nh. 'y.y$i %W"'y<#~<--.,/M. Fig. 138 170 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Plates about 3 ft. square make a good flooring in front of boilers, when supported on tees and angles, as illustrated in Fig. 139. When using fluted pattern plates for this service they should be set with the groove perpendicular to the boiler front to facilitate shoveling. Pressed steel plates are now very commonly used for duct covers and for boiler room flooring. Care must be taken in their use, however, to avoid trouble from warping. In the better class of plants it has become the custom to use cast iron combined bed plates and drip pans under the pumps. See Fig. 140. These take the place of copper or zinc pans and make a satisfactory finish for the top of the foundation. Concrete foundations are, perhaps, more commonly used than brick. With the latter, if the corners are laid up with "bull nose" or "jamb" bricks and the radius of the pump pan corners is made to correspond, the effect is pleasing. COVER PLATES FOR DUCTS AND PITS 171 concrete'floori "pUte 1 PfATE' -BOILER " FRONT/ yXEEt TEB &titikE. JRON> Fig. 139. — Cast Iron Floor Plates for Boiler Rooms Y\\\\\ SO \\\\\\ 35 \\\\\\ 40 \ v\\ \ \ Fig. ] 46 \Y\\ \ \ 60 \\\\ \ \ 65 \\\ \ \ \ 60 \\\\ \ \ 66 \\\ \ \ \ 70 \ \\ \ \ \ 75 \ \\ \ \ \ 80 \ \\ \ \ w " 85 \ \\ \ \ 90 \ \\ \ \ 95 \ \\ \ \ 100 \ \\ \ 22 " 105 \ \\ \ 110 \ W \ 116 \ W \ 120 \ W \ 126 \ \ \ 26 ISO \ \\ 135 \ W 140 \ \ \ 146 \ \ \ 160 \ \ 32" 165 \ \ 54. — D B 44" 38" mension Chart for Three Column Rad Scale, \ in. to the foot 198 PIPE FITTING CHARTS left. The line for 38 in. radiators is made heavier than the others, as it is most often referred to, corresponding as it does to radiators of standard height. The width of a three column radiator is represented by the figure at the top of the chart. Common distances to allow for space occupied by angle valves are as follows: 1 in. valve 4 in. 11 in. valve 4J in. 1 J in. valve 5z in. 2 in. valve 6 in. If the radiators are bushed add \ in. for each bushing. To illustrate the use of the chart, suppose it is desired to lay out a 120 sq. ft. radiator 38 in. high. Take a pair of dividers and on the horizontal line just below the number 120 take the distance from line A B to the heavy line marked 38 in. Prick this distance on the plan in the desired loca- tion, after the manner shown in Fig. 155, and for the width take the distance across the radiator shown in plan at the top of the chart. The radiator should be marked on the plan 24 s — 3 c — 38 in. = 120 sq. ft. for example, meaning 24 section, 3 column radiator 38 in. high. DRAWINGS OF PIPING AND APPARATUS 199 With drawings having radiators so indicated it is a simple matter for men to properly distribute them. It is well to state the square feet of surface in each radiator for convenience in estimating, using the conventional sign to represent square feet. The scale of the chart must of course agree with that of the drawing. Charts drawn to scales of f in. and f in. to the foot will correspond with the common scales used by architects. The time spent in preparing such charts for radiators commonly used by a given concern will be quickly repaid by the greater convenience they afford over the common method of consulting catalogues for the necessary dimensions. Fig. 155. — Plan of Radiator, showing Application of Chart 200 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 156 is drawn to the scale of § in. to 1 ft., a scale that shows most piping very clearly. Charts drawn to other scales may very easily be prepared from this one, those to the scale of \ in. to the foot being specially useful when working on architect's drawings. Such charts are great labor savers over the common method of referring to trade catalogues for these dimensions, and will doubtless suggest the making of dimension charts of other materials or appara- tus frequently shown on drawings in different lines of engineering work. DRAWINGS OF PIPING AND APPARATUS 201 ro 0) n o a * *+ o 5 V a o -^ ^ \ 111 o & \ o .a \ 111 **-H *■* _ C\j , , \ 1 "J \ \ \ \ I / \ \ \ \ / o a \ \ \ \ / ** o \ \ / .s ° c*, \ \ \ 1 f 1 ' r ** .9 \ \ \ / "- \ \ \ oT a) \ \ \\ "3 | \ \ \ \ / / / 02 " \ \ \ \ 1 / 1 ° CO J-. **-< \ 1 1 fc>0 rt .« \ ittin obe \ char % \ 1 % ~ <0 <0 Ives, F e and gl n in the ib * 1 \ * * < "> s-t is m 1 1 1 1 1 "> ?> +2 0) 1 p" L t-i a> ^ 1 (rt 1 ^ s "Icy o3 A o ^ > Cl B 1 C ^ % 5 ° ^ \ ° rk y 0; 1 1 ■ M* t S »> 8 rt a H^ a> -^ O o % ■8 .s a ° rt « g 1 " V d 1 i> r" U 1" t -8 Ifc 3L V > * -2 8 < 1 'Hi, o P 1 "Itxj 1 a «> g o >o ® 1 -is ">1 s I „, •£ -o -S S '6 fo 1 v. § 2 | PR .2 T3 % -5 £ * |«0 s (0 Eh ") "3 1 O 202 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Piping, Valves, Fittings Fig. 156 will be found of great convenience in the office of the engineer or contractor in laying out piping, with fittings and valves. The chart is practically self-explana- tory. A pair of dividers should be used, with which take the distance from the horizontal line to the line representing the valve, fitting or flange desired. For example, to lay off a standard 10-in. flanged tee with elbow on one side and a gate valve on the other, as shown in Fig. 157, take the dis- tance on the vertical line marked 10 in., from the horizontal line to the one marked flanged fittings - — center to face — and lay off A, B and D. Then lay off C and E in the same manner by referring to the proper lines on the chart. The valve is shown in the conventional way by an X, and the location of the valve wheel is indicated. DRAWINGS OF PIPING AND APPARATUS 203 n^ Fig. 157. ■ ■ Application of Chart No. 2 to Drawings. Scale, i in. to the foot 204 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 150 serves to show the clearness with which the arrangement of all apparatus and piping may be shown in one view by means of an isometric drawing. By this method the horizontal lines of an object are drawn to scale at an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal. The vertical lines of the object are so indicated on the isometric drawing, also to scale. To fully represent by regular mechanical drawing a box 2 X 3 X 6 ft., for example, would require three views, plan, side or front and end elevations. It could be shown equally well if not better by an isometric drawing as illus- trated in Fig. 158. To draw a circle isometrically, inscribe it in a square the sides of which are of the same length as the diameter of the circle, then connect the points midway of the length of each side by a curved line, as illustrated in Figs. 159 and 160. This rule is useful in drawing cylinders, valve wheels, fittings, etc. This method of drawing is some- what harder to acquire than the three- view method, but is far easier for workmen to comprehend. The writer once had this illustrated when he was sent for by the operator of a pipe cutting machine, to whom had been given a drawing of some large pipe connections, shown in plan, elevation and side view. The writer endeavored to explain what was required, but the workman insisted on having the piping sketched out either "on the flat" or by the method just described, saying that if he could under- stand the kind of drawings first presented he would not be running a pipe machine; which emphasizes the desirability of having all work of this kind clearly drawn, so that the intent of the sketch can be taken in at a glance by the work- man. Always make sure that the drawing supplemented by notes includes all the ideas it is intended to convey, so that additional verbal explanations will be unnecessary. DRAWINGS OP PIPING AND APPARATUS 205 Fig. 158 Fig. 159 Fig. 160 Group of Isometric Drawings 206 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 161 and 162 and Fig. 163 illustrate further iso- metric drawing, the latter being developed from the front and side elevations of a feed water heater as illustrated in the two figures first mentioned. In Fig. 163 the merest out- lines have been shown in order to illustrate the method and to show how the flanges appear when shown isometrically. It is often puzzling to the beginner how to show circles iso- metrically. It is hoped that illustrations, Figs. 159, 160 and 163, will be of assistance. DRAWINGS OF PIPING AND APPARATUS 207 Fig. 161. —Front View Feed Water Heater w Fig. 162. — Side View Feed Water Heater Fig. 163. — Isometric View Feed Water Heater 208 PIPE FITTING CHARTS To illustrate the use of Figs. 159 and 160, Fig. 165 is pre- sented. The top and end flanges shown in Fig. 164a are developed isometrically, the points a, b, c, and d in these figures corresponding. The same is true of points e, f, g, and h, shown in Figs. 164c and 165. The distance from the center to all these points is the same. The face to face di- mension measures the same in Figs. 164a and 165. DRAWINGS OF PIPING AND APPARATUS 209 Fig. 1646 Side Elevation, Tee Fig. 164c End Elevation, Tee m .-& Fig. 164a Plan, Tee Fig. 165 Isometric, Tee 210 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Plans intended to show boiler, engine and pump connec- tions, etc., can hardly be drawn with much clearness to scale smaller than \ in. to the foot, although with the single lines shown in Fig. 166& very good results can be obtained on f in. scale drawings. It is well to use two and sometimes three plans, according to the complexity of the system, one for the overhead piping, one for the piping near the floor and one for underground pipes. Two of these may be combined for simple layouts, but it is confusing to attempt to show all the pipes on a single plan. The pipes for different services are represented by lines varying in character, a key being placed on the drawings to identify them. Different engineers use different keys, no standard, so far as the writer is aware, having been adopted. Fig. 166b shows a series of lines used by the writer which were found pretty satisfactory in practice. In connection with the single line drawings, based on Fig. 1666, stop valves may be shown either like A in Fig. 166a for flanged valves and B for screwed ones, or they may be shown with the wheel, as in C. Swing check valves may be shown as in D and globe check as in E. The single line drawings are recommended for general layout and estimating purposes, it being more satisfactory to make the working drawings showing large pipes with double lines spaced the diameter of the pipe apart with fit- tings drawn in with face to face dimensions and flanges to scale. See Fig. 156 for dimensions of valves and fittings. DRAWINGS OF PIPING AND APPARATUS 211 — MH -flXh -Kg*- B. C. D. E. Fig 166a HIGH PRESSURE STEAM SUPPLY MEDIUM " •< ■• HIGH •• DRIP MEDIUM " f " LOW " '• GREASY DRIPS FROM BED PLATES, ETC. WATER SUPPLY AND PUMP SUCTIONS PUMP DISCHARGE TO BOILERS -•+* — •— "— • •• •■■ — — — ■ «— H I •«*- BLOW OFF FROM BOILERS OVERFLOW AND DRAIN. STEAM KEATING SUPPLY " " " RETURN EXHAUST PIPE , VAPOR Fig. 1666 CHAPTER V Galvanized Iron Work This chapter treats of various methods commonly em- ployed in the construction of ducts and flues used with the fan systems of heating and ventilation, and will take up details of dampers, hangers, etc. Tables of the weights of round and rectangular pipes will be given, together with extracts from specifications dealing with gauges and methods of construction. Although such work is used chiefly with fan systems the following will apply equally well to large gravity systems : Round Pipes Longitudinal seams in round or oval pipes are generally made with the usual lock edges, as shown in Fig. 167a on all gauges up to and including No. 20 iron. After the edges are locked the pipe is placed on a mandrel and the seam is set down with a hand groover of the proper size and is then set down flat with a hardwood mallet, making a finished seam, as shown in 1676. The cost of these operations can be materially reduced if one of the various styles of hand or power machine groovers now on the market is used. Pipe jointed in this manner meets all the requirements of a first- class job and does not need additional soldering. Piping of No. 18 and heavier gauges should be made with riveted lap joints. Rivets should be spaced about 2 or 2J in. on centers, and buttoned down on surface of metal with a rivet set of proper size. The total lap should never be less than 1 in., as shown in Fig. 168. 212 GALVANIZED IRON WORK 213 Fig. 167a Fig. 1676 Fig. 168 214 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Round Pipes — Ring Seams Figs. 169 and 170 show two methods of making joints in round or oval piping, and can be either soldered or riveted, as desired. Fig. 169 shows a single bead on the small end of the joint, which is made to fit snugly in the large end of adjoining joint of pipe. Fig. 170 shows a bead on the small end of joint fitted to the large end of the adjoining joint. These beads serve to stiffen the pipe, and sometimes several are used close together for this purpose. Fig. 171 shows a plain lap joint, having a lap of about 2 in., and can be either soldered or riveted, or both, as required. Joints are marked out allowing for an outside diameter on small end of joint and inside diameter on the large end of joint. When the proper allowance is made the small end should make a tight joint with the adjacent one, when the lap allowed has been reached. Fig. 172 shows a method of using either cast or wrought angle iron flanges in making up joints on piping of heavy gauges or piping run in a vertical position on the exterior of a building. Angle iron flanges are generally riveted on each end of a length of piping, about 12 or 14 ft., which has intermediate riveted lap joints. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 215 Fig. 169 Fig. 170 Fig. 171 $P Fig. 172 Galvanized Iron Work for Fan Systems 216 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 173 shows a special flanged connection used on work that must be absolutely tight. Special angle flanges are recessed at A to receive the ends of the pipe section, which are flanged over. A collar about 3 in. long, made of a straight piece of iron rolled to diameter of the flange, is riveted to the small end of the pipe and extends beyond the joint. Such joints are used on pressure work, but are not required for ordinary heating and ventilating systems. Elbows, Branches and Tapehs Elbows should have the internal radius at least equal to the diameter of the pipe with which they connect. Even in the smaller sizes they should be made up of not less than five pieces, those about 8 in. usually having seven pieces. See Fig. 174. All elbows, except those of No. 18 gauge and heavier, are grooved and locked. Heavier elbows are riveted and soldered. In blower work of good construction the branches are carefully designed somewhat as shown in Fig. 175. Tapers to reduce from one size to another are generally made in a length of not over 36 in. They are either straight or offset to suit conditions. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 217 £$■ HP E I F : -^~r- ; -*-Ht 1 Fig. 173 Fig. 174 Fia. 175 Galvanized Iron Work for Fan Systems 218 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Longitudinal Seams in Ducts Longitudinal seams on rectangular piping are made in various ways, and should be modified to meet the condi- tions of cutting sheets to make the various sizes of piping, also to suit the means of handling various sizes of piping in the shop. Fig. 176 shows one of the most common ways of making a longitudinal seam. This is done by bending the single edge at right angles to the piping. The double edge is turned over and locked over the single edge, and the single and double edges are then bent over flat as shown. Fig. 177 shows another method of making longitudinal seams which is very popular in many shops; this is simply the ordinary groved seam, and can be located at whatever point desired. This is an advantage, since the sheets can then be cut with a minimum of waste material. The seam is made in the manner described for round pipes. Where a hand or power machine groover is available, these joints can be made very quickly and at small cost, especially when piping is made up in 8 ft. in. joints. When large sizes of pipes are to be shipped to a distance, they can be made up in this manner, with seams left open during shipment to be put together by hand on the job. This facilitates handling, permits nesting during shipment and saves in the cost of transportation. Less damage is likely to occur during ship- ment than where the pipe is shipped made up. Sheets can be taken from the bundle of iron, squared up in the shears and then taken to the cornice brake and edged on both sides, also making the right angle bend all at one handling. This method can be used on all gauges up to and including No. 18, if the iron used is of a good grade. If poor iron is used it would be wise not to make this seam on gauges over No. 20, as when edges are turned over in the brake they often crack open, and the whole piece must then be taken out, a costly proceeding. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 219 Fig. 176 Fig. 177 Longitudinal Seams in Ventilating Ducts 220 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 178 shows the method of making longitudinal seams on piping of heavy gauges. They are ordinary lap seams and can be placed in almost any position. The lap on these seams should never be less than 1 in. and rivets spaced about 2 or 2J in. on centers, and in about \ in. from side of sheet, making rivet line in center of lap. When an especially neat job is required, regardless of expense, it is probably better to make the lap at the corners of the pipe, as shown in Fig. 179 and place the lap on the inside. The raw edge of metal can be rounded over the corner, making a very neat" and serviceable job. Riveted joints should be made up very carefully and rivets buttoned down on the metal with a rivet set of the proper size. Fig. 180 shows a general method of constructing ducts of heavy plate metal when metal is too heavy to readily make a right angle bend on a sheet of ordinary length. Angle irons about \\ — \\ — -fa in. are cut the exact length of sheets, and about /5-in. holes punched about 3 in. on centers. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 221 Fig. 178 Fig. 179 Fig. 180 Longitudinal Seams in Ventilating Ducts 222 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Gibth or Circular Joints for Rectangular Ducts The following shows approved methods of making up joints of rectangular piping into lengths as occasion requires: Fig. 181 shows a method of making up joints for the lighter gauges of iron, say from No. 30 to No. 26, and is known as a double seamed joint. A single edge is turned up on one end of the joint of pipe, and a similar edge on the abutting end is slipped over it. Then both edges are brought over flat with a smooth mallet. This seam should be dented by means of a good prick punch in order to avoid the joint slipping out while handling the finished length. Fig. 182 shows a joint much used on good work and known as the slide joint. Edges are bent almost flat on the pipe, and a double edged flat piece is slipped over these edges. This makes a very neat and serviceable job, and has the advantage of being utilized in almost any tight corner, besides enabling the duct or casing to be taken apart for cleaning. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 223 -F^ Fig. 181 Fig. 182 Girth Joints for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts 224 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 183 shows a form of slip joint used where particularly neat work is required. The slip proper is made up separate from the piping, and outside edge wired with about t\ or f-in. round rod, then formed up with solid corners and riveted to small end of the duct, where provision has been made for its reception by cutting out the corner of the duct for the length of the slip. Then the large end of adjoining joint is placed into this slip as shown. Slips of this character should not have less than 2-in. lap, and outside section of slip should be about 1 in. wide. Fig. 184 shows the same pattern of slip joints as the foregoing, but without the wired outside edge, and in place of it a hem edge turned inside of slip, thus doing away with the raw edge of metal that would otherwise be exposed. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 225 Fig. 183 Fig. 184 Girth Joints for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts 226 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 185 shows a joint used by some blower manufac- turers for their rectangular ducts. The sleeve B, into which the end of section C slips, is about 2 in. long. This joint gives the appearance of good workmanship in a system of ducts connected by this method. Fig. 186 shows a method of making up joints that has been used where a very Deat job is desired. About f-in. edges are bent up at an angle of 45 degrees on large and small ends of the piping. They are then placed together and a §-in. brass tube previously slotted is slipped over the edges, mitering the corners of the tubing. This method of making joints is often used for cylinder lagging. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 227 r c \ B a --- o j :■ □ ^ A 1 Fiq. 185 Fig. 186 Girth Joints for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts 228 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Figs. 187 and 188 show a joint used on large rectangular piping. This joint is practically a standing seam joint, makes a strong, firm joint and also serves to stiffen the pip- ing. When these joints are made about 36 in. long it makes a very rigid length of piping without the additional bracing generally necessary on piping of large sizes. The joint is made by bending a single edge about 1 in. at right angles to the side of the piping, and on the adjoining edge a double edge is bent, bending down nearly tight on three sides of the duct, allowing one side open in order to slip single edge into position. Then all sides are gone over and hammered down tight and riveted or bolted through the standing lock. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 229 Fig. 187 Fig. 188 Girth Joints for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts 230 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 189 shows angle irons arranged to make a joint between lengths of piping. The angles should be either 1, 1| or \\ in., according to the size of the pipe. They should be riveted securely, making either a miter or butt joint on the corner of the piping. Bracing of Rectangular Ducts On rectangular ducts having a width of about 30 in. or over it is generally necessary to provide some means of bracing the wide sides of the ducts. Fig. 190 shows a popular and cheap method of bracing with bar iron braces, suitable to use on ducts up to 36 in. wide. Braces can be made of about 1J X A-in. bar iron and bent up in Z form, as there is no tendency for the brace to turn sideways. Only one rivet is used on each end in riveting to duct. Fig. 191 shows a method of bracing ducts by means of bent strips of about No. 18 iron, riveted to the ducts as shown. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 231 Fig. 189. — Girth Joints for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts Fig. 190 Fig. 191 Bracing Rectangular Ducts and other Details 232 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 192 shows a duct braced with angle iron, which makes a thoroughly substantial job. Angle iron should not be less than 1 X 1 X f in. on ducts up to 40 in. wide, and using larger angle iron on sizes above this. Rivets should be spaced about 6 in. on centers and braces spaced about 32 in. apart. Fig. 193 shows a method of using wooden strips incased in galvanized iron and fastened to the ducts by wire nails, clinched on the inside. Strips of hemlock or almost any soft wood, about 2\ X f in., with the ends tapered wedge shaped for a distance of about 4 in., are completely incased in a covering of about No. 26 galvanized iron, allowing a small tab for riveting to the side of the duct at each end of the brace. The rough edges of the iron are left on the under- side of the brace, which is then set on the duct and 3-in. wire nails are driven through the brace and duct, then clinched over by the helper on the inside. This makes a cheap form of bracing, but is barred out by many specifica- tions. Fig. 194 shows a very good method of bracing rectangu- lar ducts, and can be used on all sizes. Angle irons are cut for all sides, and an allowance equal to the width of the angle iron is made on each angle on each end. By setting angle irons on adjacent sides of the duct in an opposite position, we will have angle irons meeting back to back at the corners, then having a hole in each they can be bolted or riveted together, forming a complete frame around the duct. This feature is made use of in erecting them on a length of piping, as the necessary number of braces can be bolted around the piping, then all riveted to the piping at one time, thereby saving labor in handling. Angle irons should be 1 X 1 X | in. on smaller sizes of piping requiring bracing and lj X ljX A in. on ducts of larger dimensions. Space rivets about 6 in. on centers and space braces about 32 in. on centers. Fig. 195 shows a method of joining corners of this brace in larger detail. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 233 Fig. 192 Fig. 193 Fig. 194 - ^ Fig. 195 Bracing Rectangular Ducts and other Details 234 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Transformation Pieces Transformation pieces are made in a variety of forms from rectangular to square or to a rectangular shape of different dimensions. It is important in the case of the latter that the piece be of ample length, so that the change from one shape to another will not be too abrupt, thus interfering with the passage of air. A transformation from rectangular to round is shown in Fig. 196. Bends in Rectangular Piping In making rectangular bends it is always advisable to make them as easy as possible. Good practice determines that bends shall have an inner radius or radius in the throat equal to the diameter of the side of duct in the direction of the bend as shown in Fig. 197. GALVANIZED IRON WORK 235 Fig. 196 Fig. 197 Bracing Rectangular Ducts and other Details 236 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Gauges of Galvanized Iron As to gauges of galvanized iron commonly used the fol- lowing is taken from the United States Government specifica- cations : Round pipes up to 13 in. in diameter No. 24 gauge Round pipes 14 to 30 in. in diameter No. 22 gauge Round pipes 31 to 48 in. in diameter No. 20 gauge The following are taken from the specifications of promi- nent engineers: Round pipes smaller than 12 in No. 26 gauge Round pipes 13 to 20 in No. 24 gauge Round pipes 21 to 24 in No. 23 gauge Round pipes 25 to 30 in No. 22 gauge Round pipes 31 to 44 in No. 20 gauge Round pipes 45 in. and larger No. 18 gauge Round pipes smaller than 26 in Nos. 24 or 26 gauge Round pipes 26 to 36 in No. 22 gauge Round pipes 37 to 48 in No. 20 gauge Round pipes 49 in. and larger No. 18 gauge One prominent blower company uses these gauges: Round pipes 3 to 8 in No. 28 gauge Round pipes 9 to 14 in No. 26 gauge Round pipes 15 to 20 in No. 25 gauge Round pipes 21 to 26 in No. 24 gauge Round pipes 27 to 25 in No. 22 gauge Round pipes 36 to 46 in No. 20 gauge Round pipes 47 to 60 in No. 18 gauge Round pipes 60 in. and larger No. 16 | Weight of Galvanized Iron Sheets in pounds per square foot, United States Government Standard: Gauge 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 Weight in pounds 0.78 0.91 1.16 1.41 1.66 2.16 2.66 The following table is reprinted from the author's treatise on Furnace Heating: GALVANIZED IRON WORK 237 Table I. — Weight op Galvanized Iron Pipe, the Areas and Circumferences of Circles Diameter Approx. Area Circum- ference Weight of Pipe per Running Foot Pipe v[o.2S ^Jo.26 No. 24 No. 22 No. 20 No. 18 No. 16 Inches Sq. inches. Inches ( Uauge jauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge 1 .... 0.7854 3.14 2 .... 3.1416 6.28 3 .... 7.07 9.42 0.7 4 .... 12.57 12.56 1.1 5 .... 19.64 15.70 1.2 1.4 1.8 — — — — 6 .... 28.27 18.84 1.4 1.7 2.1 — — — — 7 .... 38.49 22.00 1.7 2.0 2.5 The heavy faced figures indi- 8 .... 50.27 25.13 1.9 2.2 2.8 cate the weight of pipes com- 9 .... 63.62 28.27 2.1 2.4 3.1 monly built of the gauge 10 .... 78.54 31.41 2.3 2.7 3.4 stated at the head of the 11 .... 95.03 34.55 — 2.9 3.7 column in which they occur. 12 .... 113.10 37.70 — 3.2 4.1 — — — — 13 .... 132.73 40.84 — 3.4 4.4 — — — — 14 .... 153.94 44.00 — 3.7 4.7 — — — — 15 .... 176.72 47.12 — — 6.0 6.1 — — — 16 .... 201.06 50.28 — — 5.4 6.5 — — — 17 .... 226.98 53.41 — — 6.7 6.9 — — — 18 .... 254.47 55.54 — — 6.0 7.3 — — — 19 283.53 59.69 — — 6.3 7.7 — — — 20 .... 314.16 62.83 — — 6.8 8.2 — — — 22 .... 380.13 69.11 — — 7.3 8.9 — — — 24 .... 452.39 75.39 — — 8.0 9.7 11.5 — — 26 530.93 81.68 — — 8.7 10.6 12.4 — — 28 .... 615.75 87.96 — — 9.4 11.4 13.4 — — 30 .... 706.86 94.24 — — 10.0 12.2 14.4 18.7 — 32 .... 804.25 100.53 — — — 13.0 15.2 20.0 — 34 .... 097.92 106.81 — — — 13.9 16.3 21.2 — 36 1017.88 113.00 — — — 14.6 17.2 22.4 — 38 .... 1134.12 119.38 — — — 15.6 18.2 23.7 — 40 .... 1256.64 125.66 — — — 16.2 19.1 24.9 30.7 42 .... 1385.45 131.94 — — — — 20.1 26.1 32.2 44 .... 1520.53 138.23 — — — — 21.0) 22.0 5 27.4 < 33.7 1 35.2 46 .... 1661.91 144.51 — — — — 48 .... 1809.56 150.79 — — — — 22.9 29.8 36.7 50 .... 1963.50 157.08 — — — — 23.9 31.0 38.2 52 .... 2123.72 163.36 32.2 39.7 54 .... 2290.23 169.24 The diameter squared X 0.7854 33.6 41.4 56 .... 2463.01 175.93 = area of a circle. 34.9 43.0 58 .... 2642.09 182.21 The diameter X 3.1416 = cir- 36.1 44.5 60 .... . 2827.74 188.49 cumference of a circle. 37.4 46.0 238 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Weights and Thicknesses of American Tin Plates It is of interest to compare the weights of galvanized sheets stated in Table 1 with those of tin plates given in Table II, which is reprinted from the Metal Worker of August 25, 1900. In regard to rectangular pipe, custom varies considerably in the gauges used; if properly stiffened lighter gauges may be used than for round pipes of the same area. The following is taken from a United States Government specification: Rectangular ducts not exceeding 40 in. in Table II. — Weights and Thicknesses op Tin Plates Denomination Pounds Weight per Box of 112 Sheets, 14x20 Inches. Pounds Approximate Weight per Square Foot in Decimals of Pound Thickness in Deci- mals of an Inch 55 60 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 108 136 156 176 196 216 0.252 0.275 0.3 0.321 0.344 0.367 0.39 0.42 0.436 0.46 0.5 0.625 0.71 0.8 0.9 1 0.00625 0.00638 65 70 0.0075 0.008 75 0.0086 80 0.0092 85 0.0098 90 0.0105 95 0.0109 100 0.0115 IC 0.0125 Ix 0.0156 IXX 0.0178 IXXX 0.02 IXXXX IXXXXX 0.0225 0.025 width are to be made of No. 24 gauge; those wider than 40 in. to be made of No. 20 gauge. All surfaces of ducts 24 to 39 in. wide are to have V-shaped stiffening ribs, riveted in place outside of the ducts, spaced not over 30 in. apart. All ducts having a surface of 40 in. or over in width or depth must have 1 X 1 X iVm. angle iron frames around them riveted to the ducts and spaced not over 30 in. apart. The ends of the various sections of ducts are to be finished with GALVANIZED IRON WORK 239 1| X li X i-in. angles. All ducts must be practically air- tight when finished. A specification for one of the largest department stores in the country states: Galvanized iron ducts 4 ft. square and greater are to be made of No. 22 gauge, smaller ones of 24 gauge. All joints are to be riveted airtight. All stiffening frames are to be of angle iron, painted. No wood con- struction allowed. Ducts must be thoroughly stiffened with 1-in. angle irons spaced not more than 4 ft. apart. Estimating the Weights of Rectangular Piping The accompanying table, compiled by W. G. Holmes, re- printed from the Metal Worker of July 8, 1899, is of great value for quickly figuring weights of rectangular piping. The weight of elbows can be estimated quickly by com- puting the weight of a length of straight pipe equal to that of the center line of the elbow. The weight is given in pounds per running foot, and the table covers all sizes from 2X2 in. to 60 X 60 in. The outer lines of figures are dimension figures; all other figures denote weights in pounds. It is obvious that all pipes having the same circumference must be of the same weight, pro- vided, of course, that they are made of the same gauge of metal. Therefore, to avoid a repetition of figures diagonal lines are drawn across the sheet, each line representing a certain weight, which weight is indicated at each end of the line at intervals throughout its length. To find the weight of a rectangular galvanized iron pipe of any size, find one dimension in inches in one of the horizon- tal (top or bottom) lines of figures, and the other dimension in one of the vertical side lines of figures; at the inter- section of the columns headed by these figures will be found either a figure denoting the weight in pounds per running foot of a diagonal line which, when followed, terminates in a figure denoting the weight. For example, let it be required to find the weight per foot of a pipe 16 X 24 in. Find in the upper line the figure 16 and in the side line the figure 24, follow the columns and the space at their intersection is found to be 240 PIPE FITTING CHARTS crossed by a heavy diagonal line; follow this line in either direction and the figure 12.9 is found, which denotes the weight in pounds per running foot. The diagonal lines are made alternately heavy and light to aid the eye in following them. This table has been in use for the last five years by one of the larger blower com- panies, and has been found in practice to agree closely with the weight of metal used in actual installations. The following gauges are represented: From 2X2 in. to 6 X 6 in., No. 26; from 7 X 7 in. to 12 X 12 in., No. 24; from 13 X 13 in. to 20 X 20 in., No. 22; all above 20 X 20 in. No. 20. This represents about the average of the gauges used for fan work, the larger sizes requiring internal brac- ing. An allowance has been made for seams, laps, sleeves, rivets and solder, and waste when pipes are made from sheets 30 X 96 in. These weights may be readily converted into other gauges by using the usual factors. Dampers, Deflectors and Hangers Dampers for controlling the flow of air should be placed in all branch pipes and connections, for in all heating and ventilating work it is impossible to foresee all conditions that may arise in erecting a piping system. Adjustable dampers must be used to secure the desired distribution. Fig. 198 shows an approved form of adjustable damper and fittings which can be used on round or rectangular ducts. Damper braces are made of cast iron and holes for riveting to the damper and for the damper rod are cored in the casting. The top of the brace is tapped out to receive a set screw for setting down on the damper rod. Screw castings are cast with a hole for the damper rod and holes for riveting to the ducts are cored in the casting, and the hole is tapped out to receive a set screw for adjusting the damper. The damper rod is made from stock wrought rod and generally made f in. in diameter for small dampers and about \ in. for large dampers. Damper braces are also made in two sizes, for large and small dampers. 2 -.i ci T< c-> ;• -. -j ii c< :i ci it ™ n cj u ti it ci ci cj c -i => ?i £i 3>\^^^^\^\\\5\S\I« I\\\\^\\^\\\\\\^\\I\\\\\\V\\\\\\\A\Ai\\\\\\^^\\^Wi^ ^i\\\\\\\\\\\\\^i\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\i!\\\\\\\\\\W\\\\\\^ ^\\\\\\^\\\m\\\^\\\\\\\\\\\v\\\\\^\\\\\\\\^\^\\\^\i s S 3\^\\\\\\W\^\\5\3\^\\W\\\^\^\^^\\\\\\\^^\\A\S\3 S ^^\\\W\^\^\\\\^\\\I^\^\^\\\\\\\\^\\\^^\\\\\\\V\\\^\\\\^ § l^\\^\\\^\^\^\5\lA\\\^\\\\\\\\\\\\\^\\\\\^\\\^\\\\\\\Ii * 1 \\ J Y\*y^\\\ \\\\\ i \J\^\^ \w VA\ VAW i \\\\\\\\\\\\\w\\ I « ^A\\^i\^\\\^\\\S\ ; A\\^\\\\\\\\\\\^\\\S\\\i\\\\\\\^\\\^\\i, ilV\\^\\\\Vx\\\\\\\l\\\\\\\\\\^\\\\\\\\^\\\\\\\<\\\\\\\\s S ^\\\\\\\\\\\\\^\^\1\\\\\\\^\\\\\\\\\\\S\\\^\\\\\\\^\^\^\\\I S S 3$V\\$\\\\^^\^^2^<\\\\\\\\\\\\\^\\-^\^\Vx\ft\^V^S S -i\\\\i\\\\\\\\\=\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\i\\\\\\l\\\\fi|\^ £A\Y\Vx\;A\$J\\S\\I\\\W^ ^\si\^\\^^\i\^s\\\\S\\\^\^^\^\^\i\\^s\s;^\^\^\^\s\3 a s =l2 3S S5S |i3 5^-sJr.3\^\\\^\^\^\^\^\^\^A\^\\\^\\\^\S\\\^3 = S 3 3 .3 1 3 3 ^ - :. %l hW* 3 2\\S\\\\\\\N\\\\\M\2\\J\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\I 2 ^^x^^^v^Xi^^^nx^x^^vxm^^^sxxx^x^xNxxxxxXi, ^XiXi4AA\X$\X\^-\\X\X\X\^\\\X\XXX\^\XX\A\^\\XX\^\V\X\I 2 ^ja^J^xx^x^Vxy^^ £ g^\\^\K\\\\\^\ 5 5^\\\^\\\\\\\\\\\\\I\^\^\^\^\^\^\^\\i|^ $^^\\^\^\^\$^\-A\\^\\\\\\^\\\\\\\>,^\^\\\<\^\\\\\\\\l -- ^fcx\^5$\^^^\\^\\\^\\\^\\\\^\3^\^\^\\\\^\\\\\^p = 5 5 5 35 5 5 3 J 53 1 \%\\\1 1 \\\\\\W\\\ S\\\\\\\S^\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\^ = -" 5 = 5 i = 5 3 5 5 : 1K^\\\ = i \4$\\^^ W^\Wi\\ \\ W\\\ W^\X\ \\\\H = = "\\^\W\\^A$^V^\N\$^\\\<\^\^\^\\\\l3,\^\\\^\\^^\W\\S = s ^^\\\^\^-^^^\^\^\^\\\\^\^\\\\\i\^\^\\\\^^\V\\\\\I = - = W\\^$\i-3 \ va^SI s \$\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ i \\\\\\^\\\^\^\<\Ma" -~i,^^^^>^fe^\\>\l3^^^^^^\^\^^\^\^^3\^^\\^^\^\\^\55^\I- ~ = ;s:s=\^s\^\^i>^\^ ---ssaxwa^^V^^^^V^w^ . = : z : s A^\$l\\\\\\15\^^\^\^\3,\^\^\\\\^^^\^\^\3, \\^\%^ 'sn^s^W^^^I^ .--^A\\-£A^^^s5^^^\\^$^\^\^\\\^\^\^\^\\^\^\^\\ a l ,_ -rCJ TO o « C TO *■ « » 5 5 CI J ,-C «NTOJ»;2©t;2o fl" 1- °. => >^| (^ TO O O TO O <» W O 3>C4<0»»Ip/>)im >'))}} w»)JWMMW))JJM^/s/JMJM?/A SHEETS foundation i Fig. 226 A good way to prevent vibration from a high-speed motor is to build an 8-in. brick wall around the motor foundation, about 8 in. from it, and fill the intervening space with moist sand, tamped hard, as indicated in Fig. 227. Noises within the engine itself are usually caused either by a slight play of the piston upon the rod or by a looseness of the brasses, either at the wrist-pin or crank-pin. Care should be taken to use a rather light and pliable belt of good width instead of a heavier narrow one, and the joint should be lapped and cemented instead of laced. Noise and vibration within the fan may be produced by an unbal- OBVIATING NOISES IN FAN SYSTEMS 279 FOUNDATION SAND BRICK SPACE FLOOR 1 1 V -h 1 ~l~ ~l~ _ l _ 1 1 1 1 1 ' i II 1 ' 1 II >, 1 1 -' 1 .1 1 1 ■.; ;.;.' 1 ' | , jj* Fig. 227 anced fan wheel, too much end play to the shaft, or loose bolts or rivets. Attention should then be given to the sheet iron work of the duct adjacent to the fan. This should be of good weight, rarely less than No. 18 or possibly No. 20, if the duct is of moderate size, and it should be well stiffened with V strips or light angle iron, and rigidly fastened to the ceiling or walls of the basement. With vibra- tion properly eliminated from the fan and engine, and the duct well con- structed, there should be no special difficulty from vibration with the fan and duct rigidly connected. The roaring noise so commonly heard in the main distributing duct is caused by the air impinging upon the comparatively thin lower edge of the blower outlet, as in- _ ^_^^ dicated by the arrow in Fig. 228, which FAN n. represents a section through the out- outlet \ let from a fan casing. Obviously, if tS^ \ this noise can be done away with by \ changing the form of outlet, it is much I better than trying to smother it with Fig. 228 a sleeve of canvas or other flexible material, which only prevents the vi- bration from being communicated to the ironwork without reducing to any extent the noise at the fan. Fig. 229 shows a form of fan casing with a V-shaped or "vanishing" outlet. Fan casings con- structed on these lines produce but little of the roaring noise so common with the usual pat- tern. The writer knows of many fan systems in schools and churches where the fan outlet is constructed in this manner, and the sheet iron distributing duct bolted di- rectly to the casing, and in every case they operate sat- isfactorily without objection- able noise or vibration. Fig. 229 280 PIPE FITTING CHARTS Fig. 230 shows the method of connecting the duct to the fan out- let; the V piece is usually joined to the duct at an angle of about 30 degrees, as shown. Sometimes it is necessary to have the fan dis- charge into a large plenum chamber constructed of galvanized iron GAL. IRON DUCT CANVAS StEEVE. DUCT Fig. 230 Fig. 231 WOOD FRAME where there is a tendency to vibration. In certain cases of this kind it may be necessary to insert a flexible sleeve between the fan and ironwork. Usually a sleeve 8 to 12 in. in length of heavy canvas securely attached to the fan outlet and air duct, as shown in Fig. 231, is all that is necessary to break up the vibrations. The elabo- rate bellows arrangements sometimes used seem hardly necessary for this purpose. Fig. 232 shows a satisfactory way of at- taching the cloth sleeve to the ironwork. For convenience, the ends of the sleeves can first be tacked to the wooden frames, and these in turn bolted to the iron flanges." Fig. 232 Expansion of Wrought Iron Pipe Howard's tests at the Watertown Arsenal show that wrought iron expands 0.0000067302 of its length for each degree F. rise in temperature through which it is heated. On this basis if 100 ft. of pipe is made up in freezing weather for example 32° F. it will expand approximately 1.58 inches when filled with steam at 5 lbs. pressure. If filled with steam of 100 lbs. pressure the pipe having been installed at say 32° F. it will expand approximately 2.46 inches. EXPANSION OF WROUGHT IRON PIPE 281 Table showing amount in inches a pipe originally 100 ft. in length will expand when heated the number of degrees stated: len2h g ofpipe 50 ° 100 ° 150 ° 200 ° 250 ° 300 ° Amount of expansion expressed in inches 100' 0.4 0.8 1.21 1.61 2.01 2.42 Approximate steam temperatures corresponding to given gauge pressures are as follows: lib. 216° F 100 lb. 337° F 51b. 228° F 150 lb. 365° F 251b. 267° F 200 lb. 388° F 501b. 298° F 255 lb. 407° F 751b. 320° F 282 PIPE FITTING CHARTS TABLE OF DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD WEIGHT WROUGHT-IRON PIPE i i 3 a Is' II i S a H 2 • i! < •si S If ■Be 2 toe's < < o G. c 3 ego ■3s Q. 2* Ins. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Indies. Feet. Feet. Inches. Inches. Feet. Lbs. In. t O.405 0.068 0.270 0.848 1.272 14.15 9.44 0.0572- 0.129 2500. 0.243 27 A i .0.54 0.088 0.364 1.144 1.696 10.50 7.075 0.1041 0.229 1385. 0.422 18 A i 0.675 0.091 0.494 1.552 2.121 7.67 5.057 0.1916 0.358 751.5 0.561 18 A l i 0.84 0.109 0.623 1.957 2.652 6.13 4.502 0.3048 0.554 472.4 0.845 1'4 A i 1.05 0.113 0.824 2.589 3.299 4.635 3.637 0.5333 0.866 270. 1.126 14- A l 1.315 0.134 1.048 3.292 4.134 3.679 2.903 0.8627 1.357 166.9 1.670 IH A i* 1.66 0.140 1.380 4.335 5.215 2.708 2.301 1.496 2.164 96.25 2.258 HI A n 1.90 0.145 1.611 5.061 5.969 2.37,1 2.01 2.038 2.835 70.65 2.694 Hi A 2 2.375 0.154 2.067 6.494 7.461 1:848 1.611 3.355 4.430 42.36 3.600 Hi A 21 2.875 0.204 2.468 7.754 9.032 1.547 1.328 4.783 6.491 30.11 5.773 8 A 3 3.50 0.217 3.067 9.636 10.996 1.245 1.091 7.388 9.621 •19.49 7.547 8 A 3J 4.00 0.226 3.548 11.146 12.566 1.077 0.955 9.887 12.566 14.56 9.055 8 A 4 4.50 0.237 4.026 12.648 14.137 0.949 0.849 12.730 15.904 11.31 10.66 8 A 4J 5.00 0.247 4.508 14.153 15.708 0.848 0.765 15.939 19.635 9.03 12.34 8 A 5 5.563 0.259 5.045 15.849 17.475 0.757 0.629 19.990 24.299 7.20 14.50 8 A 6 6.625 0.280 6.065 19.054 20.813 0.63 0377 28.889 ■ 34.471 4.98 18.767 8 A T 7.C25 0.301 7.023 22.063 23.954 0.544 0.595 38.737 45.663 3.72 . 23.27 8 A 8 8.625 0.322 7.982 25.076 27.096 0.478 0.444 50.039 58.426 2.88 28.177 8 A 9 9.625. 0.344 9.001 28.277 30.433 0.425 0.394 63.633 73.715 2.26" 33.70 8 A 10 10.75 0.366 10.019 31.475 33.772 0.381 0.355 78.838 90.762 1.80 40.06 8 A 11 12.00 0.375 11.25 35.343 37.69? 0.340 0.318 98.942 113.097 1.455 45.95 8 A 12 12.75 0.375 12.000 38.264 40.840 0.313 0.293 116.535 132.732 1.235 48.98 8 A 14.00 0,375 13.25 41.268 43.982 0.290 0.273 134.582 153.938 .1.069 53.92 8 A 15.00 0.375 14.25 44.271 47.124 ' 0.271 0.254 155.968 , 176.715 .923 57.89 8 A 16.00 0.375 15.25 47.274 50.265 0.254 0.238 177.867 201.062 .809 61.77 8 A 17.00 18.00 0.375 0.375 16.25 17.25 51.05 53.281 53.40 56.548 0.225 0.212 225.907 254.469 .638 69.66 20.00 0.375 19.25 59.288 62.832 0.202 0.191 279.720 314.160 .515 77.57 21.00 22.00 0.375 0.S75 20.25 21.25 63.61 66.759 65.97 69.115 0.179 0.174 354.66 380.134 .406 85.47 24.00 0.375 23.25 73.04 75.39 0.161 0.159 424.56 452.39 .339 93.37 1| and smaller proved to 300 lbs. per square inch by hydraulic pressure. 1J and larger proved to 500 lbs. per square inch by hydraulic pressure. Note: Table compiled by Walworth Mfg. Co. INDEX Air supply to concealed direct radi- ators, 70 Anchors for mains and risers, 89 Ash pit, 33 Automatic stop and check valves for boilers, 257, 258 Automatic stop valves, use of (Hersch- mann), 258 Babcock and Wilcox boiler, 129, 131 Bed plates, 171 Blow off connection, 153, 254 Blow off tank, 147, 149 Blow off valves, 143, 145 Boiler connections, high pressure, 123, 125 Boiler, horizontal tubular, 123, 125, 139 Boiler piping, Massachusetts require- ments, 252 Boiler pit, 33 Boiler rules, 252 Boiler valves (Ott), 257 Canvas joints for fan systems, 251 Check valves, 120, 121 Circles, areas of, 237 Circuit system of steam heating, 35 Corrosion, wrought iron and steel pipe, 269 Drawings of piping and apparatus, 196 Drip tank, 175 Engine connections, 155 Engines, 258 Expansion and drainage steam heat- ing, 47, 49, 53 Expansion joints, 51 Expansion loop, steam heating, 39, 41, 47, 49, 51, 57 Expansion of wrought iron pipe, 280 Expansion plates, 83 Expansion, provision for in steam heating, 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67 Expansion tank connections, 29 Fan heaters, 109, 111, 113, 115 Fan systems, obviating noises in (Hubbard), 278, 279, 280 Feed water heater connections, 159, 161, 163, 165 Filter screens, 274, 275, 276, 277 Fittings, dimension chart, 201, 203; drawings, 209 Flange joints for wrought iron pipe, 266, 267 Flanges, standard and extra heavy, 272 Flexible joints for fan systems, 251 Floor plates, 171 Dampers, deflectors and hangers for Galvanized iron pipes, rectangular, galvanized iron work, 240, 241, 243, 245 Damper regulator, 192 Direct-indirect radiators, 99, 101 Down-feed steam heating connections, 43, 45 219, 221; round, 213, 215, 217 Galvanized iron piping, estimating weight of, 239 Galvanized iron work, 213; specifica- tions, 238; transformation pieces, 235; rectangular elbows, 235; gauges 283 284 INDEX of galvanized iron for pipes and ducts, 236; weight of galvanized iron pipe, 237; longitudinal seams, 221; girth or tranverse seams, 223, 225, 227, 229; bracing ducts, 230, 231, 233 Hanger for wall coil, 85 Hangers for indirect radiators, 249; for mains, 91, 93, 95, 97; for overhead coils, 87 Harp coil, 77 Hartford S. B. I, & I, Co. recommenda- tions for blow off tanks, 151 Heater coils, 109, 111, 113, 115 High pressure boiler connections, 123, 125, 127, 129, 135, 137, 139, 141 Hook plates, 83 Hot blast heaters, 109, 111, 113, 115 Hot water boiler connections, 3, 5 Hot water fittings, 7 Hot water piping: direct radiator con- necting up-feed, 19, 21; direct radi- ator connecting down-feed, 23 overhead mains and branches, 27 return bend coil connections, 15, 17 supply connections, 9; rise con- nections, 9, 11; direct radiator connections, 13; indirect radiator connections, 13; manifold coil con- nections, 15 Indirect radiator casing, 245, 247 Indirect radiator and ducts, 103, 105, 107 Industrial plant piping, 256 Iron and steel, differences in (Howe), 269 Isometric drawings, 205, 207, 209 Loop system for high pressure steam, 141 Manifold coil, 75, 79, 81 Massachusetts boiler rules, extracts, 252 Mitre coil, 77 Non-return valves, 257 Oil separator connections, 195 One-pipe coil connection, steam, 83 Overhead coil, 81 Pipe bends, 263 Pipe joints, 256, 266, 267 Pipe lines, color scheme, 273 Pipe, wrought iron and steel, 256, 271 Pipe, wrought iron (Crane Co.), 262 Pipe, wrought iron, dimensions of, 282 Piping, drawings, 211 Pressure reducing valve connections, 157 Pump bed plates, 171 Pump connections, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 Pump regulator, 179, 181 Pumps, double deck arrangement, 173 Radiator chart, 197, 199 Radiator connections (see Steam and Hot water radiator connections) Radiators, direct concealed, 69, 70, 71, 73; wall, arrangement of, 73 Reducing valve connections, 157 Regulator for steam, 193 Reheater, 119 Return bend coil, steam, 77 Ring system of high pressure boiler piping, 141 Riser connections, steam heating down- feed system, 43 Steam heating, basement piping, 39-41 Steam heating piping, basement pip- ing, and riser connections, 37 Steam piping for industrial plants (Housman), 255 Steam piping, low pressure boiler connections, 31 Steam radiator connections, direct, 55, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67 Steam trap, arrangement of, 53 Sterling boiler, 133 Supplementary heater, 119 INDEX 285 Tanks, blow off, 147-149; deep, 175 Tank pump controller, 177 Tin plates, weights and thickness, 238 Trench plates, 167, 169 Trombone coil, steam, 77, 83 Valves (Huyette), 259; abuse of, 260; dimension chart, 201, 203 Vento radiation, 117 Wall box, 99 Wall coil, 75, 79 Wall coil support, 85 Water tube boilers, 127, 129, 131, 133 Wrought iron and steel pipe (Reading Iron Co.), 271 Wrought iron and steel pipe, dimen- sions of, 282 OTHER NEW AND STANDARD BOOKS ON APPROVED METHODS OF HEATING WITH STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM, HOT AIR, ETC PRINCIPLES OF HEATING. BY WILLIAM G. SNOW. Everyone interested in heating will find this new revised work of exceptional value. It gives the latest information and data relating to all types of heating, including Central Stations, so anyone can understand it. 219 Pages, 6x9 inches, 62 Figures, 59 Tables, Cloth Price, $2.00. PRACTICAL STEAM AND HOT WATER FITTING. BY H. C. LINCOLN. A new text-book for the student and mechanic, giving an elementary treatment of the principles in their application to the design of systems. A feature is the insertion of review questions at the end of each chapter. 200 Pages, 6x9 inches, 1 03 Figures, Cloth Price, Si.oo. FORMULAS AND TABLES FOR HEATING. BY J. H. KINEALY. Gives the German methods for figuring the heat losses of buildings, the transmis- sion of heat through walls and windows, and other heating and ventilation problems. The Tables are figured in B. T. U. Every engineer ought to have this book. 53 Pages, 4J x 1\ inches, Flexible' Leather, .... Price, $1.00. STEAM AND HOT WATER FITTERS' TEXT BOOK. BY THOS. E. McNEILL. Another practical manual, for the apprentice and student, covering the methods used in low and high pressure work. It is arranged in question and answer form, and well illustrated. Special attention is given to estimating and specification writing. 140 Pages, 5x7 inches, 86 Figures, Cloth Price, Si .00. FURNACE HEATING. BY WILLIAM G. SNOW. A thoroughly modern and complete treatise on this important branch of heating. Everything relating to the design and installation of hot air and combination systems is covered in a practical authoritative manner. The construction and setting of all types of furnaces as well as the making of their fittings is also fully treated. 216 Pages, 6x9 inches, 102 Figures, numerous Tables, Cloth Price, $1.75. CONTRACT AND ESTIMATE RECORD BOOK, FOR STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING. BY B. H. JESSUP. This is a valuable guide and time-saving book, the use of which frequently saves many times its cost on a single job. Everything required for the modern heating job is listed on a four-page form, so that all you have to do is put in the quantities and prices. There is no chance of forgetting anything and losing on that account. The book contains 100 Forms with an Index in front for listing the names of the people to whom estimates were given. Cloth, ...... Price, $1.50. Patterns for Elbows, Y Branches, Furnace Boots, etc. We can supply full size patterns for all the sizes usually made. Send for special list. OUR CATALOGUE B GIVES FULL PARTICULARS REGARDING EVERY GOOD BOOK ON HEATING, SENT FREE. SPECIAL LIBRARY OFFER — WE ALLOW 10% ON ORDERS FOR $12.50 OR MORE DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY 231-241 WEST 39TH STREET :: :: NEW YORK