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THE PRUSSIAN RACE 
 
 ETHNOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 
 
 TO WHICH IS APPENDED 
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BOMBARDMENT OF THE 
 
 MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, ETC., BY 
 
 THE PRUSSIANS IN JANUARY, 1871. 
 
 BY 
 
 JEAN -LOUIS ARM AND DE (^UATREFAGES, 
 
 MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE (ACADEMY OF SCIENCES) ; 
 PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND ETHNOLOGY AT THE MUSEUM, ETC. 
 
 Translated by ISABELLA INNES. 
 
 LONDON : 
 VIRTUE AND CO., 26, IVY LANE, 
 
 PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 1872. 
 
LONDON ; 
 
 PRINTED BY VIRTUE AND CO., 
 
 CITY ROADi 
 
This little work first appeared in the form of an 
 Article in the Revue des Deux Mondes* May it help to 
 destroy some errors and prejudices which, after having 
 rendered France what it is at present, threaten all 
 Europe with a new Thirty Years' War ! 
 
 De Quateefages. 
 
 * February, 1871. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 GHAFTEB PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION 1 
 
 I. THE SOIL AND THE CLIMATE 7 
 
 II. THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS 10 
 
 lU. ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS 07 THE PINS . . . 22 
 
 IV. MIXTURE OF PINNIC AND ARYAN RAGES . . . .34 
 
 V. CHANGE OF LANGUAGE 38 
 
 VI. ARRIVAL OP THE GERMANS IN THE TWELFTH AND THIR- 
 TEENTH CENTURIES 43 
 
 VII. FRENCH IMMIGRATIONS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY . 50 
 
 Vni. INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS . . .60 
 
 IX. FUSION OP RAGES. — ACTION OP SURROUNDINGS. — THE 
 
 PRUSSIAN RACE 61 
 
 X. EOMBABDMENT OP THE MUSEUM 65 
 
 XI. THE PRUSSIAN WAR . • 80 
 
 xn. CONCLUSION . . 83 
 
THE PEUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I HAVE always opposed the application of anthropology 
 to politics ; such applications rest almost always upon 
 error. Doubtless the diflFerence of race is evident 
 between whites and negroes. And the English and 
 Hindoo, also, could scarcely be confounded ; for their 
 Aryan blood is more or less mingled with that 
 flowing from very different sources: they separated 
 ages ago, are both modified by almost opposing condi- 
 tions of existence, and isolated by the foundations of 
 their civilisation and faith. They are very excusable 
 for forgetting their parentage, although it is now put 
 beyond a doubt. But when they treat each other as 
 strangers, both may rightly appeal to anthropology. 
 
 It is not, however, the same with the other Euro- 
 pean nations. 
 
 Here the ethnical elements all belong to the same 
 
2 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 shoots, of the same branches, of the white stem.* 
 Agitated and brewed, as it were, in the vat of events, 
 they have been placed in juxtaposition, mixed with, 
 and melted into one another so completely, that there 
 remain but few groups nearly pure. Every political 
 subdivision, founded on ethnology, immediately leads 
 to absurdity. Thus, when any one has tried to invoke 
 considerations of this nature, he has been inevitably 
 led to falsify the most evident anthropological facts, 
 and give the lie to the most certain historical notions. 
 
 The application of anthropology to politics is not 
 only a source of error, but is, above all, big with nearly 
 inevitable perils. Far from preparing the universal 
 peace promised us in its name, it can only engender a 
 spirit of hatred, only render war eternal. 
 
 Between peoples, nations, and states, ambition may 
 be curbed by the spirit of generosity, or at least by 
 the justice which reciprocal esteem engenders ; the 
 struggle, whether diplomatic or armed, may remain 
 
 * Considered in its entirety, humanity presents only three really 
 distinct types — the white, yeUow, and black. These are the funda- 
 mentary stems of the hunmn stock. The first alone, we know, peopled 
 Europe. It divides into three secondary types or branches ; that is to 
 say, the Aryan, the Semitic, and the AUophylio branch. The Semitic 
 race hardly set foot in Europe ; and, formerly, we regarded all its 
 populations as having an exclusive Aryan origin, Now, we must 
 acknowledge, more and more, that the AUophylio race has nearly 
 everywhere furnished an element of inoontestible importance. I shall 
 return to this question in the sequel. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 courteous, permit a sincere reconciliation, and prepare 
 a durable peace. It cannot be so wben between races 
 one . generally attaches to tbia idea something pri- 
 mordial or inevitable, so to say. Let two races, equal 
 in some respects, but dissimilar in a few, come to 
 blows, and each will regard itself as having a right 
 by birth to superiority. Triumphant, it will piti- 
 lessly crush the people it despises ; vanquished, its 
 heart's depths will hoard up indelible resentments 
 ever ready to explode. Entire history, that of our 
 own days, that of Europe itself, shows only too weU 
 what are wars of races. 
 
 This is what I have said; what I have often 
 repeated; but when I used this language, I was far 
 from thinking that events were soon about to briag it 
 a terrible confirmation. Thanks to the idea of the 
 antagonism of races, set going and worked with 
 Machiavelian skill, the- whole of Germany rose. In 
 the name of Pan-GTermanism, they declared they would 
 reign over the Latin races ; and seeing in France the 
 highest exponent of these races, they hurled themselves 
 on our country with the loudly-proclaimed intention of 
 reducing it to irremediable impotency. Served by an 
 unheard-of concurrence of events, as much as by their 
 slowly and skilfully trained forces, they conquered. 
 The world knows how they made war and used 
 victory. 
 
4 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 Certainly wlieii, imder pain of death, they forced 
 the French peasantry to dig trenches under the fire of 
 our besieged places ; when, hy their military rules, 
 they burnt our yillages for a few gun-shots not fired 
 by the inhabitants ; when the targets for their shells 
 were our public edifices, our libraries,* our scientific 
 
 * To justify my statement it is sufficient to recall what passed at 
 Strasburg. Every one acquainted with this city, knows that the 
 buildings forming the library, the Protestant Church of Temple Neuf, 
 and the Protestant Seminary, formed a large isolated block, to which 
 was attached only a very small number of private houses. This, 
 which is marked in all the plans, was assuredly known to the 
 Gei-mans, to the Badeners especially. They very well knew where the 
 fire burst out, and they voluntarily rained shells with redoubled 
 alacrity on these scientific treasures, on this church and college, be- 
 longing to those of their own faith. In fact, the Germans obeyed the 
 orders of the Prussians ; and to attack the monuments of a besieged 
 city, in order to shock men's minds and terrify the inhabitants, is 
 quite a Prussian tradition. On this subject there is testimony, it is 
 well to remember, in an English author. " Frederick the Great, when 
 he besieged Prague, seems to have set his heart on the destruction of 
 the cathedral, against which the fire of his artillery was peculiarly 
 directed. ■ What his motive was, it would be difficult to say. He could 
 scarcely think that the garrison of 60,000 men would surrender to 
 him for the sake of saving the cathedral. It could not be zeal for 
 Protestantism that impelled Frederick to vow the destruction of an 
 ancient Catholic church, without regard to its beauty, its antiquity 
 and the numberless objects of art which it contained. I should like 
 to know whether Frederick, in any of his works, has attempted 
 to justify this barbarous treatment of the Hradsbin Church, or 
 whether any one has ever cited him before the tribunal of public 
 opinion on account of it. The impartial Bohemian historian, Petzel, 
 gives a very detailed enumeration of aU the balls, bombs, and shells 
 that were hurled against this admirable specimen of ancient architec- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 establishments ; * when they re-vived the barbarous law 
 of hostages ; when, not content with plunder systema- 
 tically collected, and hierarchically distributed, they 
 exacted such an indemnity that the figure at first 
 frightened the financial world ; when, trampling under 
 foot all their pretended principles, they took from us, 
 with the tract of Grerman- speaking country, a city 
 exclusively French, our only defence in face of their 
 so formidably armed frontiers, the Germans could not 
 hope to prepare a future of international good feelii^g 
 and peace. 
 
 Does the victory, at least, secure the supremacy of 
 their race ? Not at all. Called to this crusade by 
 
 ture by the merciless order of Frederick. On the 5th of June the 
 building served as a target for 537 bombs, 989 cannon balls, and 17 
 carcasses; of which, however, it must not be supposed that all, or 
 indeed anything like half, of them hit the mark they were fired at. 
 On the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th the town was complimented with 7,114 
 bombs, 14,821 balls, and 111 carcasses, of which the majority were 
 aimed at the cathedral. During those four days the building was 
 thirty times on fire, and each time it was saved from entire destruction 
 by the vigilance and exertion of the canon, John Kaiser. The roof 
 was perforated by no less than 215 balls ; and when, after the can- 
 nonade, the church was cleared of the rubbish that had meanwhile 
 accumulated 'there, no less than 770 balls were collected, from different 
 parts of the edifice. Napoleon, when he entered Moscow, sent a guard 
 to protect the children in the great Foundling Hospital. Why did 
 not Frederick, when he fired his first gun against Prague, grant a 
 similar protection to the cathedral, on the Hradshin, by ordering his 
 artiUeryinen rather to fire on any object than that?" — Eohl's 
 "Austria," p. 23. 
 • A little further oa I will put this fact beyond doubt. 
 
6 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 Prussia, they have accepted the sway of this power, 
 and resuscitated for it the German Empire. Prussia 
 Avill not let herself be deposed. 
 
 Now the ethnological elements of this nation are 
 quite different from those which gave birth to the 
 truly German people. Special climacteric conditions 
 have maintained and accentuated the original differ- 
 ences. In reality, from an anthropological point of 
 view, Prussia is almost entirely a foreigner to 
 Germany. 
 
 This is what I wish to show in this Kttle work. 
 And to attain my end I need to make no hypothesis, 
 nor even to cite new or ill-known facts. In reality, I 
 have merely to recall notions that are almost common ; 
 facts that have been long accepted by men of study in 
 every nation ; which, although forgotten under the 
 empire of momentary passion, remain not the less 
 true. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE SOIL AND THE CLIMATE. 
 
 The physical and ethnological history of Prussia 
 is mixed up with that of all the countries situated to 
 the south and south-east of the Baltic Sea.* 
 
 All this region was still a part of the bottom of the 
 Frozen Sea at a period when men had for a long time 
 inhabited Central and Southern Germany, France, 
 Belgium, &c. Slowly emerging when the present 
 geological period had its birth, this bottom formed an 
 immense and more or less imdidating plain, extending 
 from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea. The ridge 
 line of the two basins is so little elevated that, during 
 the annual inundations of the spring and autumn, the 
 Pipetz, an affluent of the Dnieper, communicates with 
 the Bug, an affluent of the Vistula, and with the 
 Memen. 
 
 * This kind of combination extends, in reality, a great deal further, 
 and embraces a much larger numh^r of countries and nations than I 
 point out here. I have been obliged to restrain myself, and give 
 account only of that which bears immediately upon the object of this 
 work. 
 
8 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 The tract nortL, of this plain is essentially composed 
 of sand, and strewn witli erratic blocks, whicli attest 
 the mode of its formation.* Argillaceous slime, distri- 
 buted in large patches, fertilises it in parts, leaving 
 vast spaces covered with sterile land and inexhaustible 
 turf pits, which indefatigable labour alone can trans- 
 form into cultivated fields. On this scarcely sloping 
 soil water collects in ponds and innumerable lakes, 
 often fed, or put into communication one with another, 
 by streams or rivers with sinuous bed, slow course, and 
 rarely limpid water. A generally damp climate is the 
 natural consequence of this state of things. The 
 winds from the north-east adding to the influence of 
 the latitude, prolong the winters and render them 
 ■rigorous ; nowhere is felt the moderating action of the 
 
 * " The line which limits the extension of the erratic blocks," says 
 M. d'Archiao, " starts from the Gulf of Tcheskaia, on the borders of 
 the Frozen Ocean, follows the western declivity of the chain of the 
 Timans to their junction with the Oural Mountains, and departing 
 from this point descends, south-south-west, to Voroueje ; remounts 
 northwards, towards Kalouga, to descend anew, and gain, on the 
 north-east, the marshes of Pinsk, where one loses sight of it. One 
 finds it beyond, on their western boundary. Afterwards, winding 
 round the woods of KUce, Cracow,. and Galatz, it passes the Vistula, 
 to the south of Breslau, continues, to the north-west, on the limits of 
 Prussia and Saxony, skirts the north foot of the Harz Mountains, 
 traverses Hungary, and comes to an end at the Island of Urk, in the 
 Zuyderzee." The erratic blocks comprised within these limits, as 
 regards Russia, come from the crystalline rocks of Finland. Those 
 found in Poland and Northern Germany are from the Scandinavian 
 Alps. — (" Cours de PaUontologie.") 
 
THE SOIL AND THE CLIMATE. . 9 
 
 sea. Almost continuous forests, of whicli seyeral 
 countries have preserved magnificent remains, seem to 
 have coTered almost all this region. 
 
 If one follows the shores of the Baltic from east to 
 west, starting from the Gulf of Finland, one meets 
 successively Esthonia, Livonia, Courland, the two 
 Prussias (Eastern Prussia and Western Prussia), Pome- 
 rania, Mecklenburg, and Holstein. To the south of 
 this first zone come Poland (Russian Poland and 
 Prussian Poland), Brandenburg, and Hanover.* 
 
 Such is the theatre in which the facts I am going to 
 relate aU came to pass. 
 
 * I repeat, there is here no question of a rigorously exact limita- 
 tion. Thus I do not include Silesia within the line of reckoning ; though 
 its eastern part, at least, should, in almost every point of view, he 
 united with the countries indicated. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS. 
 
 I. The Slaves and the Goths. — As far as classic 
 tistory ascends, two great races of tlie Aryan stock 
 seem to divide the lands watered by tlie Baltic, of 
 whicli we now treat. Hardly do tte writers of Greece 
 or Rome mention a third element, of wMcli we, how- 
 ever, shall have to give some account. 
 
 In the west, the German family* was represented by 
 the Saxons and Angles, who occupied the sea-shore, 
 Hanover, Holstein, and a part of Mecklenburg. 
 History tells that armed colonists quitted these coasts 
 
 * The German family, if we take account, especially of its anatomi- 
 cal and physical characteristics, comprehends three distinct groups. 
 The Scandinavians form the first ; the Germans of the north and west 
 the second ; the Germans of the south and east the third. Prichard, 
 adopting the conclusions of Zeuss on this subject, divides the Ger- 
 mans into four groups, and regards the Scandinavians as perfectly 
 distinct from the Germanic people of the centre. All these distinctions 
 rest on philological reasons, consequently, on that order of considera- 
 tions of which German patriots make so strange an abuse in order 
 to reclaim, as belonging to Germany, States which ardently desire 
 independence, but which have the misfortune to speak a language 
 akin to that of their conquerors. 
 
THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS. ii 
 
 to establish themselves in Great Britain, where they 
 mingled with the primitiye inhabitants, and, later, 
 were confoimded with them under the common name 
 of Britons. 
 
 Others, of the same tribes as these conquerors, 
 directed their course northwards, and landed in 
 Sweden. Everything proves that the Scandinavian 
 peninsida was not then an uninhabited land. Two 
 races, one very short, the other, on the contrary, 
 remarkable for lofty stature, had already disputed for 
 its possession. Both, according to the illustrious and 
 venerable Nilsson,* were of Finnic race. (We shall 
 see, in the sequel, what is to be understood by this 
 expression.) The second got the upper hand, but were 
 evidently in their turn subdued by the Anglo-Saxons, 
 who forced them to speak their language. The people 
 were not annihilated on that account, and the 
 conquerors intermarried with these lotnes. This was 
 not, indeed, an isolated fact. Latham remarks, that 
 in the Scandinavian regions, language and blood do 
 not always coincide, f This must have been the 
 
 * " Lea Hatitanta Primitifa de la ScandinaTie." 
 
 t " Elements of Comparative Philology." According to Latham 
 Scandinavia was, in primitive times, Oiigrian. This author also 
 confines the primitive Germanic area in a very remarkable manner. 
 However this may be, the Gotha have always been regarded as very 
 distinct from the Germans properly so-called. And it is evident that 
 this distinction is ahsolutely unquestionable ; for, inita most ambitious 
 
12 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 beginning of the population that, under the name 
 of Ooths, has left so many traces in history, and 
 whose name must be borrowed (according to the 
 learned Englishman) from the country invaded by 
 the Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 In the basin of the Oder, the Germanic race clashed • 
 with the Slaves. From this contact undoubtedly 
 sprang the Yandals,* a tribe of mixed blood, who in 
 the second century of our era occupied the upper 
 course of the Elbe, and whose name has become 
 historical, with a signification which it is almost 
 useless to recall. 
 
 The Slaves settled on the Vistula at a pre-historic 
 period, and possessed its entire basin. About three 
 centuries before Christ, they were attacked by the 
 Goths,, and lost the mouth of the river, with a part of 
 its bed ; but four hundred years afterwards they took 
 their revenge, and expelled the invaders. Pursuing 
 their conquests, they took possession of all the 
 neighbouring states, and hurled the population 
 (whether of pure or mixed Germanic origin) upon 
 the Roman Empire. In the fifth and sixth centuries, 
 
 reveries Pan-Germanism has never dreamed of claiming the Scan- 
 dinavian states as belonging to the Fatherland. 
 
 * " The Vandals have been sometimes traced to a Germanic, and 
 sometimes to a Slavic, root. The etymology of the word at least 
 indicates the predominance of the latter ethnological element." — 
 A. Maury. 
 
THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS. I3 
 
 a part of Courland on the east, of Mecklenburg on the 
 west, with all the intermediate countries — the two 
 Prussias, Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Silesia, as 
 well as Poland and its dependencies* — belonged to 
 the Slaves. 
 
 The physical characteristics of the Goths, which are, 
 besides, nearly identical with those of the other 
 Germanic races, are well known. Many writers, 
 both of classic and of later times, haye described 
 their lofty stature, their robust limbs, their fair com- 
 plexion, and their flaxen, flowing hair.f 
 
 * I have been unable, here, to treat of the other countries possessed 
 by the Slayes, or of the extension of this race in every direction. The 
 reader interested in the question has only to consult two curious maps, 
 published by M. Duchrnski, as an appendix to M. Viquesnel's work, 
 " Coup-d'oeU sur quelques Points de I'Histoire gen&ale des Peuples 
 Slaves." Among the other historians, linguists, geographers, and 
 anthropologists whose opinions I sum up in the course of this work, 
 it suffices to mention Cantu, H. Martin, Amedee Thierry, A. Maury, 
 Latham, Malte-Brun, Prichard, Prnner-bey, &c. No one, I think, 
 will doubt the authority of these writers, or the impartiality of the 
 conclusions arrived at by them many years before the events of the 
 Prussian War could be divined. 
 
 t Let us remark, in passing, that the same writers almost always 
 depict the Gauls with characteristics so similar, that some learned 
 men of our day have reckoned them as descended from the German 
 stock. On the other hand, relying on testimony deduced from 
 ancient writers, &om medals and monuments, others make the 
 inhabitants of Gaul a, type very different from the preceding. 
 (See, amongst other works, " L'Ethnog^nie Gauloise," by Baron 
 Eoget de Belloguet.) What I have to say, presently, as to the 
 part played by the AUophylic races in the formation of the different 
 
14 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 Tlie testimonies are much less abundant and precise 
 on the question of the Slayes. The Eomans, in their 
 days of glory, did not know them as they knew the 
 Germans. It was different with those of the latter 
 empire, and to those we must address ourselves to get 
 some account of the external characteristics of these 
 people. Thus, Am^dee Thierry, giving a r^sum^ says, 
 " the Antes, the Slovenes, the Wends, with flaxen hair 
 and long supple bodies."* A passage of Procopius, 
 quoted by Prichard, makes one think that amongst the 
 Antes the hair was most frequently reddish. However 
 incomplete these documents may be, they serve to 
 show that the primitive Slaves differed from the 
 Germans and Celts, their brethren by origin, only 
 by very slight shades. Such is the conclusion of 
 Prichard. Recent researches, of quite another nature, 
 have fully confirmed his view. 
 
 Skulls of ancient Slaves show the oval and har- 
 monious form of the purest Aryans.f The magnificent 
 photographic album published by the Society of 
 Natural History of Moscow shows, amongst certain 
 modem Slaves, most characteristic traits of the races 
 
 European peoples, easily explains this difficulty, whioh was formerly 
 so embarrassing. 
 
 * " Fils et Suocesseurs d'Attila.'' JFourth. article. Remu dea Dem 
 Mondes, t. ii. 1856. 
 
 t " Notice sur les Cranes Slaves," par le Docteur Copernicki. 
 
THE. PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS. 15 
 
 of the, same branch. ; and it might be regarded as illus- 
 trating the accoimts of some old travellers. 
 
 Lastly, there is one entire population which, pre- 
 served undoubtedly by their place of habitation from 
 mixtures which have altered the primitive type, 
 seem to have retained the essential features of 
 their ancestors. These are the Gorales, or moun- 
 taineers of Galicia. Malte-Brun thus describes them 
 after a modern traveller : * " They appear to form 
 a peculiar race, distinguished from other Slavic 
 types by a slighter figure, a more marked physiog- 
 nomy, a longer nose, and thinner lips. Their 
 small eyes and prominent zygomatic bones connect 
 them, nevertheless, with the Slaves.f More lively, 
 more agile, more robust, more docile, and more 
 cunning than the Slaves of the plaia, they hate 
 the latter with a hatred inherited from their fore- 
 fathers." X 
 
 On the other hand, descriptions due to different 
 observers, which we may confirm for ourselves, con- 
 trast singularly with the preceding. We may all 
 know individuals who are generally considered as 
 
 * Schultes. 
 
 t These two characteristics evidently announce a certain mixture 
 of Finnic blood. 
 
 + All these physiological or moral characteristics answer completely 
 to what history tells us of the Slaves. 
 
1 6 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 Slaves, and who regard themselves as such ; but are, 
 nevertheless, little of stature, have dark eyes and 
 hair, and complexion bordering on brown ; their bony 
 structure being sometimes very delicate and slim; 
 sometimes stronger, but associated with a robust and 
 rather squat form. Evidently, these are not the his- 
 toric Slaves — ^the men of " flaxen hair and long supple 
 bodies," spoken of by AmM^e Thierry. Although 
 living in their country, and speaking the same 
 language, their physical characteristics attest the 
 presence of a difierent ethnological element, for 
 which we have to seek. This we propose to do, 
 guided by history and by the best works on anthro^ 
 pology. 
 
 II. The J^ns.-^The people of whom we are about to 
 speak, have left very few traces in history. Neverthe- 
 less, Tacitus speaks of Fenni, whom M. A. Maury 
 places, without hesitation, at the mouths of the 
 Vistula. The Phioni and the Zoumi, or Suomes, 
 of Strabo and Ptolemy, inhabited part of Poland; 
 the Esths of Jornandes were established much to 
 the south of the present Esthonians when, towards 
 the middle of the twelfth century, the Bremens landed 
 at the mouth of the Dwina, and set up some factories 
 on the neighbouring coasts. Here they met a savage 
 people, speaking an unknown jargon, who called them- 
 selves Livonians, Letts, Wends, Cours, Semigals, and 
 
THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS. 17 
 
 Esths* These were, evidently, tlie descendants of 
 those of whom the classic authors spoke. But these 
 historians, probably, only considered them as a 
 colony, and by no means the representatives of a 
 race which was fundamentally different from the 
 surrounding population. Modern researches alone 
 have, by degrees, discovered the characteristics which 
 isolate them from the Aryans — their number, their 
 importance, and the relationships which unite them. 
 
 Comparative philology has, in this point of view, 
 rendered immense services, and aU the progress 
 accomplished in this direction has been due for a long 
 time, almost to it alone. From the first it has 
 demonstrated that the dialects spoken by these people 
 belong to a form of language differing essentially from 
 those spoken by the Aryan and Semitic races. All 
 are agglutinative languages, and by their secondary 
 characteristics are boimd one to another in such 
 a manner as to form a distinct lingual group, which 
 is generally designated by the title of the Finnic 
 lingual family. \ Hence, one has been able to recognise, 
 without much difficulty, the extent and limits of the 
 
 * Cantu. 
 
 t The languages spoken by mankind are divided into three funda- 
 mental groups. Those most perfect are called Icmguages of flexion. 
 They are spoken exclusively by the Aryan and Semitic whites ; that 
 is to say, by the races that have attained the highest degree of civili- 
 sation. The agglutinative languages form the intermediate group. 
 
 C 
 
1 8 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 human groups which distinguish themselves from 
 their neighbours by sufficiently marked characteristics. 
 Now this study has shown us the people of whom we 
 are treatiug, though cut up into about twenty little 
 tribes, not numbering together four million souls, 
 and almost all geographically isolated, and distri- 
 buted in clumps among the Aryan whites and the 
 yellows.* 
 
 The study of external characteristics permits us to 
 take another step forward. It shows modifications in 
 the physical type of people speaking a Finnic dialect, 
 which connect them with the surrounding races. 
 "•The North- Altaian," says M. Beauvois, "is con- 
 nected with the Mongol beyond the Oural, with the 
 Turk on the banis of the Volga, and with the Aryan 
 white in the basin of the Baltic." From these facts 
 alone, one might conclude that the -Fins must have 
 formerly occupied a more considerable tract of 
 country, and that their small mmiber and present 
 
 They are used ty the Allophylio whites, hy a large number of the 
 yellow tribes, and by all the black races. The native American 
 dialects, although presenting many particular characteristics, are 
 intimately allied to this group. Lastly, the monosynahic tongues 
 represent the lowest form of language. Correctly speaking, the 
 Chinese alone merits this epithet ; but the dialects of the Himalaya, of 
 Thibet, and of the peninsula of Farther India, are allied to it, and by 
 gradual transition connect monosyllabism with agglutination. 
 
 * " Etudes sur la Race Nord-AItaique." Par M. E. Beauvois ; 
 Revue Orientale.et Americaine, t. is. 
 
THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS. 19 
 
 isolation arise, at least ia great degree, from inter- 
 marriages, that turned out to tlie profit of the nations 
 that have, as it were, submerged them. 
 
 This conclusion appears stiU more justifiable if we 
 reverse the terms of the problem studied by M. 
 Beauvois, and instead of keeping to the influence of 
 the Aryan or Mongol races upon the Fins, we inquire 
 into what they have exercised around themselves, 
 taking the Fins themselves as the term • of compari- 
 son. "We shall then very quickly acknowledge that 
 numerous populations, differing from them in lan- 
 guage, are closely allied to them in characteristics 
 much less subject to change — ^that is to. say, by 
 stature, features, complexion, &c. Let us here quote a 
 striking example. 
 
 In the region which we are considering, the 
 Esthonians form the most compact and the best 
 studied Finnic group. Simuning up the descriptions 
 given of them by different authors, one finds that 
 these people are of middle height. Their bust is long ; 
 their legs short, and the region of the pelvis large in 
 proportion to that of the shoulders. The features, 
 especially in youth, are agreeable. The eyes, how- 
 ever, are generally deeply set ; the nose^ straight and 
 but little rounded, is often too small for the width of 
 the cheeks, and the space separating it from the 
 mouth is too short. In complexion and colour of hair 
 
20 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 tlie Esthonians present two types. Some have a clear 
 skin and light yellowish or reddish hair ; others black 
 hair and brown complexions.* The Esthonians, in 
 general, lead a very rude life, and are habitually 
 thin. "Nevertheless," adds an anatomist quoted by 
 Prichardjf " they fatten quickly, as soon as they 
 enjoy a little competency and an abundant regimen ; 
 but they are never either very strong or very active." 
 Some of the most characteristic of these traits are 
 found amongst another people, who are neighbours of 
 the preceding, but who always held to be distinct 
 from them on account of their language. I speak of 
 the Letts, whose tongue has given a name to a 
 whole group of Slavic dialects, and who, on this 
 accoimt, have been always classed among the Slaves. 
 " The Letts of Livonia," says a traveller, % " are 
 generally of very low stature ; the women especially 
 so. One might take some of them for dwarfs. They 
 would be plump if they were weU fed. The Lettish 
 peasants have rarely as much strength . as the 
 Grermans, especially for raising and carrying weights." 
 In Courland, the Lettish race, which forms almost all 
 the population of the province, is superior, and yields 
 in nothing to the Esthonians. They are becoming 
 
 * " Atri capilli, cum subfosca facie." — Baer : quoted by Priohard. 
 
 t Flueot. 
 
 J De Storch : quoted by Malte-Brun. 
 
THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS. 21 
 
 more robust and capable of enduxing longer fatigue. 
 But tbey do not, howeYer, approach tbe Aryan 
 types of wbicb we have spoken above, and are 
 comparatively small and squat. 
 
 Evidently, no anthropologist would accept the 
 Letts as brothers either of the historical Slaves 
 of AmM^e Thierry, or of the Gorales of Malte- 
 Brun. Any one who has in the slightest degree 
 given himself to anthropological studies, will, on 
 the contrary, see in them the brothers of the 
 Esthonians, led by no matter what circumstances 
 to adopt a foreign language, without, on that account, 
 losing the physical characteristics which betray their 
 real affinity. 
 
 To conclude, the Esthonians are neitjier Germans 
 nor Slaves; this is a universally acknowledged fact. 
 The Letts are no more so than they are. Although 
 speaking an Aryan language, they belong, with the 
 former, to the group of races named by turn Tchudes, 
 Mongolians, Turanians, and North Ouralians ; but they 
 are more generally known under the name of Finnic 
 races, and belong to the Allophylic branch of the white 
 stem. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE FINS. 
 
 Thus, in the midst of a people called Slaves, and 
 hitherto accepted as such, we find a tribe, as pure 
 as one can expect to meet with in Europe at the 
 present day, of quite an alien blood. This is a very 
 important fact, and will serve to explain many others. 
 But before proceeding on this track we must approach 
 a question which has mtich importance. 
 
 "We know pretty well whence come the Slaves and 
 Grermans. We are certain, in any case, that they 
 belong to that group of races which we call Aryan ; 
 and that they were scattered, even in barbarous 
 times, between the banks of the Granges and the 
 shores of the Atlantic. But whence come the Fins ? 
 How were formed those islets in the sea of humanity, 
 that seem lost in the midst of other races which every 
 day encroach upon them ? Formerly it was very 
 difficult to answer these questions. One can do so 
 now, thanks to the recent researches in pre-historic 
 archaeology and human palaeontology. 
 
ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE FINS. 23 
 
 In nearly every part of Europe that has been 
 examined, traces have been found of the existence of 
 pre-historic man. Some lived in those geological 
 periods which preceded the one in ■which we exist. 
 Their presence, then, is attested by the products of 
 their industry, which was undoubtedly rudimentary, 
 but in which we can also sometimes trace the germ of 
 high instincts almost ready to develop themselves. 
 Every artist wiU admire what is correct, firm, and true 
 in some of the designs, graven with mere flints upon 
 plates of mammoth teeth and upon reindeer horns, 
 which have been taken out of the caves of the Made- 
 leine, of Langerie-Basse, &c. ; the ivory handles of 
 poignards, found in the caverns or covers of Bruniquel, 
 are worthy of our best modern ornamental sculptors. 
 Unhappily, these workmen of palseontological times 
 are known to us ordinarily by their works alone. 
 Human fossils are still very rare. But, nevertheless, 
 from the whole of the observations collected up to the 
 present time, arise some very clear conclusions, the 
 importance of which cannot be denied. 
 
 When the rhinoceros and the elephant, the reindeer 
 and the musk-ox, Hved in France ; when the Frozen 
 Ocean covered at least .all the lands which are strewn, 
 up to the present day, with erratic blocks ; and 
 extended, perhaps, far beyond ; the part of Europe 
 then existing had already its inhabitants. These 
 
24 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 primitiTe people resembled eacli otter by proper and 
 common osteological characteristics. Certain details, 
 of less importance, established distinctions among tbem, 
 analogous to those which in our time separate nations, 
 sprung from the same stem. They were divided into 
 two yery distinct types ; one very tall, the other 
 diminutive, or, at most, of middle height. Each 
 of these types seems to have been again subdivided into 
 two minor types, each characterised by some secondary 
 modification.* When the mere skeletons show dis- 
 tinctions of this nature, it is quite permitted to us to 
 imagine that the exterior characteristics, such as the 
 features, hair, and complexion, would present still 
 more salient differences analogous to those that we 
 meet with amongst ourselves. 
 
 Judging from the immense number of arms, tools, 
 and utensils that have been collected, these ancient 
 peoples must have been, in space at least, as dense as the 
 vocation of hunters woidd permit. One can trace them 
 
 * The discoveries of archaeology and palseontological anthropology 
 ■were scattered through a host of collections and isolated puhlications, 
 when Dr. Hamy, already well-known by several interesting works on 
 these difficult and complex questions, had the good idea to unite and 
 arrange this collection of data in a work entitled Frkois de JPaUonto- 
 logie Humaine, which is found, as an appendix, at the end of the second 
 edition of Sir Charles Lyell's " Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of 
 Man." By this, Dr. Hamy has rendered true service to science It is 
 to he desired that this work should be republished separately, with all 
 the developments of which it admits. 
 
ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE FINS. 25 
 
 throughout all the different phases of the quarternary 
 period, and follow them to the beginniag of modern 
 geological times. Most certainly their descendants 
 were the first to occupy the soil of Europe as it is 
 now; and, without doubt, they multiplied the more 
 the conditions of existence became, in the main, more 
 favourable, even during the transformations, and 
 whilst they caused a perturbation in those primitive 
 societies of which we can still find the trace.* 
 
 The quarternary men certainly did not people 
 Europe alone. They were spread much more widely 
 over the earth in those ancient times. But they 
 were the ancestors of out AUophylic whites, who all 
 seem to have certaiQ comcmon anatomical features ; 
 and all, at any rate, speak dialects pertaining to the 
 second form of language, f 
 
 * Dr. Hamy has rightly insisted on this fact, that the art and 
 industry of the latter quarternary period indicate a real decline. 
 
 t " M. Pruner-hey, who first published conclusions almost identical 
 with these, was encountered with a furious opposition. Undoubtedly 
 there were certain exaggerations and unconneotable gaps in the 
 opinions first formed by the eminent anthropologist, as was natural in 
 the then state of science. Facts enable us now to set these aside, 
 while we render justice to the author of them ; and some writers who 
 most combated his ideas seem now ready to adopt the most essential 
 of them. (See Dr. Hamy's work.) Besides, it is ever to be under- 
 stood that in expounding here what I believe to be the general mean- 
 ing of the notions actually acquired, I make express reserve as to 
 corrections which may hereafter result from the progress of science." — 
 De Quatrefages. 
 
26 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 Such is the great human formation that the 
 Aryans inTaded at different epochs, the greater 
 numher of which are hidden from us in the night of 
 time. We have no historical or traditional documents 
 that can teach us what passed in Europe when the 
 two groups clashed one against another. Perhaps pre- 
 historical archaeology may, one day, throw some ray 
 of light into this ohscurity of ages. But, meanwhile, 
 we may judge of the general results from what has 
 passed in historical times, and almost in our own days. 
 
 The Allophylic races were conquered ; they must 
 have suffered greatly ; but they were not exterminated. 
 
 To cause a race or nation entirely to disappear, 
 exceptional circumstances are needed. The struggle 
 must take place in a limited and bounded territory ; 
 as in an island, for example. Thus the Spaniards 
 were able to aimihilate the Caribbean race in certain 
 isles of the archipelago in the Gulf of Mexico; but 
 in that case, even, there were exceptions. Besides, 
 the Caribbeans were scarcely reckoned among the 
 populations of that quarter of the globe. On the 
 continent it was quite different. In spite of the 
 massacres perpetrated by the conquerors, the local 
 races still form the base of the population in Spanish 
 and Portuguese America. And this, notwithstanding 
 antagonism of race, and a war in which quarter 
 was unknown, but also, on the side of Europeans, 
 
ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE FINS. 27 
 
 superiority of ■weapons, the force which, civilisation 
 gives, and the disdain which it inspires for the life of 
 the savage, or of men whom it calls such. 
 
 Between the Aryans and the Allophyles there did 
 not exist so marked a difference. The means of attack 
 and defence were nearly the same. The untilled and 
 forest-covered land afforded safe retreats for the primi- 
 tive inhahitants. The invaders could not possibly 
 have destroyed all the people whom they found occupy- 
 ing France, even had they wished to do so. The two 
 races necessarily Kved in the neighhourhood at least 
 of one another, and must have had more or less inter- 
 course. They would thus form alliances, and the pro- 
 duction of a mixed population would become inevitable. 
 In fact, the very lawlessness of a barbarous conquest 
 produces these unions. Time, in due course, would 
 cabn hatred and soften repugnance ; and the Aryans 
 and Allophyles would mingle the more easily as the 
 conquerors were certainly not much above the con- 
 quered in a social point of view.* Thus began the 
 populations with mixed characteristics, which are to 
 be found everywhere. In some places the races 
 settled down in juxtaposition, so to speak ; occupying 
 
 * What we know of the burial-place of Solutre, studied with so 
 much care by M. de Ferry from an arohEeological point of view, and 
 by M. Pruner-bey in relation to anthropology, justifies all that has 
 been said. 
 
28 THE PRUSSIAN RACE, 
 
 the same country, and probably mingling in some 
 degree, but -without becoming entirely confounded. 
 Hence would be left those clumps of a separate 
 race, which, as mentioned before, are to be found 
 in many parts of Europe, particularly in the 
 regions round about the Baltic — the objects of our 
 study. 
 
 The Esthonians, the Livonians, the Fias of Courland, 
 and all the populations which resemble them physi- 
 cally, and which speak, like them, a Finnic language, 
 are the descendants of the race of little men who lived 
 in Europe during the quarternary period.* 
 
 This is a fact which will certainly come out more 
 and more by a comparison between the bones of fossil 
 races and of persons lately dead. Even noW it is 
 
 * Here I have nothing to do with the quarternary races oharacter- 
 iaed hy a lofty stature, and by a stull projecting ia front and behind 
 (the dolichocephalic race). I ■will only remark that the existence of 
 these races permits one to solve, at least, in a plausible manner, some 
 of the difficulties which have been raised] in these latter years of 
 vehement discussion. It explains the mixture of types presented by 
 the Basque population. In this, too, one finds the origin of the lotnes, 
 or Knnic giants, of M. Nilsson. I may add that I think I have 
 discovered among certain inhabitants in the heart of our Landes 
 Bordelaiaes plain characteristics of one of these races (race of Cro- 
 Magnon). Unfortunately I have not yet been able to procure some 
 skulls, the study of which is necessary to confirm or disprove this 
 conception, which is, however, founded upon an attentive exami- 
 nation of exterior characteristics. As to the great fossil race which 
 once peopled the basin of the Danube, it is as yet too little known to 
 permit any comparison with existing poople. 
 
ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE FINS. 29 
 
 difficult to entertain any remaining doutt when on*e 
 is confronting tlie three skulls of modern Esthonians 
 (generously presented to the Museum of Paris by the 
 Cabinet of Natural History at St. Petersburg) with 
 certain hutman remains found in France and Belgium,* 
 The lower jaw of two of them present, in the highest 
 degree, the remarkable peculiarities which characterise 
 the jaws discovered by M. Boucher de Perthes in the 
 quartemary soil of Moulin- Quignon, and of some of 
 those which M. Dupont dug out of the caverns 
 so skilfully explored by him. The third offers alto- 
 gether a no less striking resemblance to the fossil 
 human heads found in the same cavern by the learned 
 Belgian. Amongst other points of resemblance, the 
 fossil heads and the heads of our contemporaries 
 present ia different degrees, but in each case in an 
 extremely marked manner, that projection of the 
 front teeth called prognathism, and which has been 
 long regarded as characterisiag the negro races. 
 Besides this, the fossil remains seem to indicate the 
 existence of two types among the primitive population 
 differing but little from one another, exactly as we 
 find the two among the Esthonians of modem times, 
 which is a very remarkable coincidence. 
 
 * I have elsewhere shown the most palpable anatomical features 
 which these skulls present, and the connections to which they lead, in a 
 note of ancient date. — ("Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie," 
 2e s6rie, t.i.) 
 
30 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 In tlie present state of our knowledge, everything 
 tends to show that the Allophyles of the Baltic regions 
 are really the direct descendants of the men who lived 
 in France and Belgium when elephants and reindeer 
 roamed in these countries. 
 
 Whoever conceives a just idea of the signification of 
 the word race— whoever admits, as I do myself, the 
 modifying power exercised over all living beings by 
 the whole of the conditions of existence, or, in 
 other words, of one's surroundings, will demand 
 perhaps how the Esthonians can stiU. resemble their 
 fossil ancestors. Here we are in presence of a lapse 
 of time as yet impossible to compute by years, but 
 which ascends far beyond the most distant memories of 
 humanity. Duriag this long course of ages Europe 
 has been the theatre of most important modifications 
 in the soil itself, but still more in the climate. One 
 has a right to ask if it be really possible that men can 
 have passed through such revolutions without losing 
 their race characters. 
 
 The geological and palaeontological facts which 
 suggest this objection, fiimish at the same time the 
 means of answering it. 
 
 The Esthonians, the Letts, and their kindred 
 have lived under the empire of general conditions of 
 existence that have differed but little between those 
 distant ages and the present century. The soil and the 
 
ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE FINS. 31 
 
 climate remain for them pretty mucli what they were 
 for their forefathers. The latter inhabited, it is true, 
 what are now the temperate parts of Europe ; but they 
 lived at the glacial epoch. K^ow, at that time, as I have 
 already remarked, the sea, covered with floating ice- 
 bergs, flowed over a large portion of our present con- 
 tinent, running up into the inhabited portions by 
 numerous and deep gulfs. Other causes, still un- 
 known, added to the first, the temperature was 
 strangely low. Enormous glaciers coated all our 
 chains of mountains and filled the valleys which now 
 separate the Alps from the Jura. The fauna and 
 flora were in harmony with this state of things. The 
 elephants and rhinoceroses (which have long dis- 
 appeared) were covered with thick fleece ; the musk- 
 ox, that has now retreated beyond the sixty-fourth 
 parallel of latitude, inhabited Perigord; the reindeer 
 descended as low as the Pyrenees. In fact, even in 
 Southern France the climate was damp and cold, and 
 consequently very similar to that of the present Baltic . 
 regions. 
 
 When a new geological period began ; when the 
 bottom of the sea heaved itself up, to give our conti- 
 nent that relief which we are now enjoying ; when 
 the temperature increased, the plants and animals for 
 which it became too high, accompanied the ice, which 
 receded towards the north, and peopled the lands just 
 
32 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 uprisen. Many tribes of men would surely follow 
 these, enticed also by habits, by the attraction of* 
 a new world opening before them, or by the neces- 
 sities of the chase, as the E,ed-skins of America 
 are in our days. Perhaps, also, the first Aryan 
 invasion drove a number of the Allophyles into the 
 rude solitudes of the basia of the Baltic, where 
 they enjoyed liberty, until the flood of the Slaves 
 overflowed them.* 
 
 * This manner of comprehending the origin and the migrations of 
 the Fins of the Baltic is not in aooord with the view of some writers of 
 great merit, who regard them as having come from the north-east. 
 Without entering into a discussion which would lead me too far, I 
 confine myself to remarking that my opinion rests principally upon 
 the data — certain, though recently acquired — on the subject of the 
 climacteric modifications which our hemisphere has gone through. 
 At the time when the quarternary man lived in France, the Tundras 
 of the Jenissei and all analogous localities did not exist, or were unin- 
 habitable. But perhaps on directing their course towards the north, 
 after the quarternary period, these people approached the point of the 
 primitive departure of their race. We know now that man lived in 
 France and in California even in the tertiary period. He must have 
 occupied, at least, a certain number of intermediate points. At this 
 epoch the mammoth and the rhinoceros with divided nostrils lived in 
 Siberia. (Murohison, De Vemeuil, Keyserlink, and D'Archiac.) The 
 reindeer, which M. Lartet regarded as of Asiatic origin, was doubt- 
 less their companion. These animals arrived in our latitudes nearly 
 together, during the short period of transition which separates the 
 tertiary from the glacial period. It is evident they fled before 
 the cold, as the reindeer, the now sole survivor, fled in later 
 ages before the heat. iMan, who had been very well able to live 
 amongst them in Upper Asia, must have been obliged to follow 
 them in their migrations for the same reasons, and to obey his instinct 
 
ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE FINS. 33 
 
 HoweTer this may be, retiring, step by step, before 
 the changes in their first conditions of existence, and 
 constantly placed in a medium climate Yery analogous 
 to that which they had quitted, the inhabitants of 
 primitive Europe could not help preserving their cha-_ 
 racteri'stic traits so long as no crossing with another 
 race occurred to alter them. This is why the 
 Esthonians of our time have all the osteological essen- 
 tials of the quarternary men of France and Belgium. 
 
 for hunting. Of course, all this is oonjeotuie ; hut it at least agrees 
 with many other facta. Prehistoric archaeology may perhaps teU, 
 some day if it be really well founded. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 MIXTURE OF FINNIC AND ARYAN RACES. 
 
 That the AUophyles preceded tlie Aryans into Europe 
 is incontrovertible ; that its present populations re- 
 sulted from the mixture of these two elements is, I 
 repeat, what will become more and more evident, ac- 
 cording as one studies the question more closely. 
 
 In expressing myself thus, I know that I approach 
 deKcate ground, and touch on a question obscured by 
 one of those errors that I pointed out above, and by 
 prejudices that I would fain combat. 
 
 In consequence of political struggles, and swayed by 
 sentiments worthy of the most serious sympathy, but 
 which have led them astray, some clever men have 
 admi'tted the existence of a radical antagonism between 
 the Aryan and Finnic races. Iran and Turan, they 
 say, have ever been at feud ; they could not dwell on 
 the same soil in peace, stiU. less unite and mingle in 
 one people. A little attentive observation suffices 
 to refute these exclusive theories. Even in Paris one 
 
MIXTURE OF FINNIC AND ARYAN RACES. 35 
 
 can, witliout mucli trouble, point out marked traces of 
 Finnic blood. The fact is stUl more evident in cer- 
 tain parts of Frencb territory — in tbe soutbem part of 
 Basse-Bretagne, for example. I have found there even 
 the women that are nearly dwarfs, of whom I spoke 
 just now. We have no cause to blush for the results 
 of the mixture. However depressed we may be at this 
 present moment, the enemy will not be able to erase 
 the French name from any page of history ; and, 
 verily, the sons of our old Armorica have shown them- 
 selves brave enough, in every way, for us to be able to 
 accept, without repugnance, a certain commonness of 
 ancestry with them. 
 
 Let us connect these facts which concern us with 
 those which the shores of the Baltic and the basin of 
 the Vistula present. Without having recourse to 
 migrations of which history must have lost all trace, 
 we shall easilj' explain a fact noticed by M. Duchinski. 
 "The distinctive characteristics of the Armoricans, 
 traced by Ceesar, have," says this author, "much 
 analogy with those of the Lithuanians. All Poles 
 who have sojourned in Bretagne agree in finding 
 innumerable points of resemblance between the present 
 Bretons and their fellow-countrymen, especially those 
 who border on Lithuania." This is because the mix- 
 ture of Finnic and Aryan blood has worked in both 
 countries. Only, in the basin of the Baltic the Alio- 
 
36 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 pHylic lias united witi tte Slavic race ; among us 
 it has crossed with the Celts. 
 
 Traces of this mixture are to be found everywhere 
 in the countries we are talking of. Malte-Brun, 
 speaking of the Samogitians, expresses himself thus : 
 " It appears there were two races in Samogitia, one 
 of lofty stature descending from the Goths or the 
 "Wends, who occupied these countries in very ancient 
 times ; the other short and squat, but hardy and 
 robust, like the Letts."* Samogitia is only an 
 ancient province of Lithuania, so the inhabitants of 
 the two could scarcely differ, and one is not surprised 
 to find Malte-Brun regarding them as the same peoplej 
 Herberstein, an old German traveller, quoted by 
 Prichardjt characterises the population of Prussia by 
 saying it is composed of giants and dwarfs. The 
 diversity of races is here plainly notified, though 
 by an exaggeration of the author. Anthropologists 
 would not apply the term race of dwarfs either to the 
 Goths or the Slaves. 
 
 "We have now seen that, north-east of the area we 
 are studying, there exist some Finnic groups that 
 are almost pure. If indications do not mislead us, we 
 shall find more elsewhere. Although perhaps a little 
 
 * Malte-Brun, t. vi. 
 
 t Herberstein, "Eesearohea into the PhyBioal History of Man- 
 kind," t. iii. 
 
MIXTURE OF FINNIC AND ARYAN RACES. 37 
 
 taller than the Letts, or the Esthonians, the Pome- 
 ranians must he nearly related to them, judging from 
 what several persons have told me who saw this por- 
 tion of the Prussian army with their own eyes* 
 
 * Among others I may mention M. Rochet, my colleague at the 
 Anthropological Society, whose testimony has double weight, thanks 
 to his skill as an artist and the special direction he has given to his 
 studies. 
 
CHAPTEE V. 
 
 CHANGE OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 The area wliicli I attribute to tlie Finnic races is, it 
 will be seen, mucb more extensive than tbat generally- 
 assigned to tbem. This is because I take physical 
 characteristics for my guide, while, up to the present 
 time, little else has been listened to but the teachings 
 of language. In the study of the hiunan. race, the 
 first have, incontestably, greater value and importance. 
 
 Invasions can do nothing, or scarcely anything, to 
 change the stature, features, and complexion of a popu- 
 lation. Even the mixture of races partly respects 
 these physical characteristics ; owing to atavism, they 
 reappear from time to time in their first integrity, even 
 in what has been a mongrel breed for centuries. 
 
 Not so with lingual characteristics. These may 
 disappear rapidly enough ; but are then effaced with- 
 out the power of recovery. In case of conquest, the 
 victorious race by the end of a certain time always 
 imposes its language upon the vanquished. The 
 
CHANGE OF LANGUAGE. 39 
 
 history of Europe, and indeed of the whole world, is 
 replete with examples of this kind. 
 
 "When the remembrance of this kind of change is 
 lost, however recent it may have been, strange mis- 
 takes are liable to arise. Populations speaking the 
 same language are referred to the self-same root, and 
 regarded as sisters ; those whose language is effaced 
 are declared annihilated. Researches, which are often 
 difficult, are then necessary to recover traces of the real 
 origins, and demonstrate the united presence on a some- 
 times very limited territory, of very different ethnologi- 
 cal elements. Thus the general adoption of Spanish by 
 the descendants of the Guanches, made people believe 
 in the extinction of this race, until M. Sabin Berthelot 
 revealed its existence, showed that most of the Canaries 
 belong to it, and that there are still many families 
 whose direct ancestors fought against Bethencourt and 
 his companions.* Something quite similar, but accom- 
 plished on a much vaster scale, evidently came to pass 
 in the countries of which we treat. The Slavic 
 dialects superseded those of the Fins, because the first 
 were spoken by the conquering race. But physical 
 characteristics betray this usurpation. Samogitia, 
 the Lithuanian province where the two types are 
 still so very distinct, is at the same time that in 
 
 ■,* " Memoire sur les Gruanclies " [Memoires de la, Soeiite ^ Ethnohgie, 
 t. i., et " Histoire Naturelle des Canaries). 
 
40 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 which one hears the purest Lithuanian ;* that is to say, 
 the Aryan language, as it most approaches the Sanskrit, 
 The Borussian, or old Prussian, which was still spoken 
 towards the end of the seventeenth centuryf by the 
 population composed of "a mixture of giants and 
 dwarfs" was, strictly speaking, only a dialect of 
 the Lithuanian. Besides, Thunmann (whose ideas 
 Malte-Brun seems to have adopted) thinks there are 
 numerous traces of Finnic in this language, as well 
 as in that spoken by the Letts. Here, then, philo- 
 logy itself confirms conclusions already justified by the 
 study of physical characteristics. J 
 
 When colonisation succeeds. to conquest, the indi- 
 genous population, always more numerous than the 
 invaders, for a long time forms groups, into which the 
 strange element penetrates but very slowly, in which 
 the language, as well as the physical characteristics, 
 is preserved. This came to pass also in the reigion of 
 
 * "The chief locality for the chief dialect of the Lithuanian is 
 Samogitia." — Latham, "Elements of Comparative Philology.'' 
 
 t " Malte-Brun gives the date 1683 as that of the extinction of the 
 old Prussian language." — De Quatrefages. 
 
 X I ought here to remark that Adelung has contested some of these 
 results. According to him there do not exist any Finnic words in 
 the Lithuanian languages, excepting among the Letts, who border 
 on the Livonians. Thunmann and Adelung also admit Gothic elements 
 into Lithuanian. But Malte-Brun, who has made this language his 
 special study, thinks that these resemblances may well arise from the 
 common hase of all the Lido-Germanic tongues. 
 
CHANGE OF LANGUAGE. 41 
 
 whicli we treat. According to Thuamanii, a Finnic 
 group of this kind still existed in Eastern Prussia 
 about 1259* The Livonians, the Esthonians, the 
 Courlanders of our day are nothing else. 
 
 But in the long run the ascendancy of the dominant 
 race necessarily sweeps all before it. The Finnic 
 language has totally disappeared from Prussia. It 
 will do so sooner or later in Livonia, Esthonia; and 
 Courland. As late indeed as 1862 there remained 
 only about two thousand individuals in the latter 
 province who spoke one or other of the two Finnic 
 dialects formerly in use. In Livonia twelve individuals 
 alone speak the language of their forefathers.! A few 
 years hence any one, guided by philology alone, will 
 clearly think himself justified in affirming that the 
 Livonians have disappeared. 
 
 This is the cause of the error into which both 
 Adelung and Prichard have fallen. Each has taken 
 account solely of data connected with language ; and, 
 finding a certain number of Gothic words in the 
 Lithuanian dialects, they have concluded that from 
 the Vistula to the Memel the inhabitants derived their 
 origin from a mixture of Slaves and Germans. It is 
 certain that no physiologist, no one at all acquainted 
 with the phenomena of crossings, would adopt this 
 
 * Malte-Brun. t Latliam. 
 
42 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 view. It is not from the union of two tall races tliat 
 a race of giants and dwarfs could spring. 
 
 We know now where the dwarfs came from; but 
 whence sprung the giants? Philology now recovers 
 all its advantages. It shows us, in the different 
 Lithuanian dialects, some that are entirely Slavic, 
 mixed only with some words from the Grothic. It 
 teaches us, that the tall races of these countries is 
 probably itself a mixed product, in which the Slavic 
 element forms by far the principal base. The 
 Gothic element has only entered in a slight degree, 
 and plays an entirely subordinate part. The study 
 of language, therefore, confirms, in all points, the 
 historical data which show the Goths as having been 
 expelled by the Slaves. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 ARRIVAL OF THE GERMANS IN THE TWELFTH AND 
 THIRTEENTH CENTURIES. 
 
 We tave seen that Fins, and after them Slaves, more 
 or less pure, m.ore or less mixed, were, until the middle 
 of the twelfth century, the only ethnological elements 
 throughout the whole region, extending from Esthonia 
 to Mecklenburg. Undoubtedly the Slavic race was 
 dominant, and to it belonged the great majority of 
 the wild aristocracy which ruled these tribes.* At 
 most, some Goths and some few Vandals stayed be- 
 hind ; and, accepting the yoke of the Slaves, may 
 have mingled their blood with the latter. As to the 
 German element, properly so called, it announces its 
 presence by no appreciable sign, and history is 
 absolutely mute on the subject. 
 
 Commerce, and religion as it was then understood, 
 went to modify this state of things. 
 
 * Malte-Brun has already made a similar observation. This author 
 insists, at different times, but unfortunately in a general manner, on 
 the points of difference which distinguished the Pruozi chiefs from 
 their vassals. 
 
44 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 In 1158 a ship from Bremen, freighted for tlie Isle 
 of Gothland, was driven by the winds to the mouth of 
 the Dwina.* The merchants on board found tribes on 
 these coasts living very much like the savages of the 
 pres^it day ; and, like them, very willing to exchange 
 rich furs for salt, common cloth, and other things 
 required by society when in its infancy. The Han- 
 seatic traders, hastened to this new mart, to share ia 
 the benefits of a commerce resembling that now carried 
 on with the Red Indians of North America. In the 
 same manner they sent agents to establish themselves 
 at the most favourable points, and built a fort at each 
 for the protection of their persons and merchandise 
 from native aggression, and from Danish pirates. 
 
 Thus the German race gained a footing upon the 
 land of the Slaves. In any case, they would scarcely 
 have forsaken the coast if they obeyed merely the 
 impulse produced by co m mercial interests. A more 
 powerful motive ere long led them into the interior of 
 the country. St. Adalbert, Archbishop of Prague, 
 tried, in 997, to introduce Christianity amongst the 
 Pruczi or Prutzi ; a people that history mentions for 
 the first time about this period, as occupying nearly 
 the present Eastern Prussia, and consisting of numerous 
 tribes, which seemed bound together by a common 
 sacerdotal organisation. It is clear that these primitive 
 * Cantu, Malte-Bnm. 
 
ARRIVAL OF THE GERMANS. 45 
 
 Prussians were zealous for their religion ; for, wten 
 Adalbert penetrated into the sacred precincts of their 
 sanctuary, called Romow or Romowe, he was mas- 
 sacred, as having committed sacrilege. Ahout a 
 century passed without any other attempt at con- 
 yersion. 
 
 In 1106 a monk, named Maynard, joined the mer- 
 chants, and resumed this interrupted work, addressing 
 himself to the Livonians. When these threatened 
 him, he built several forts, sending for all the 
 materials by sea. The title of Bishop of Yakiill 
 rewarded this active and conquering zeal. Maynard 
 was succeeded by two warlike prelates ; men, who, in 
 the ardour of proselytism, were willing to forget the 
 horror which the Church professes at the effusion of 
 human blood. The first, Berthold, a Saxon by origin, 
 was expelled by force of arms; but returned at the 
 head of an army, defied the Livonians, and was himself 
 killed whilst in their pursuit. The second, Albert 
 of Asseldern, aided by the Emperor and the King of 
 Denmark, put himself at the head of a crusade, landed, 
 with twenty-three vessels on the northern banks of 
 the Dwina ; and there, in 1200, built the city of Riga, 
 where he occupied the episcopal throne for twenty- 
 eight years. 
 
 To secure less precarious assistance than that of 
 crusades, the warlike bishop called some German 
 
46 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 nobles around Him, and distributed tbe conquered lands 
 amongst them, subject to tbe tenure of military service. 
 He also founded the order of Sword-beaxiag Knights, 
 who subdued the Esthonians. 
 
 Christian, the Apostle and Bishop of Prussia, followed 
 the example of Albert, and instituted the Brothers of 
 the Militia of Christ. But in a battle, which lasted 
 two days, the Prussians slew all the knights of this 
 order but five. Then Christian called upon the Teu- 
 tonic Knights (who were already illustrious through 
 their combats against the infidels in the East), im- 
 ploring them to succour his propaganda. Eagerly did 
 they obey the call; and, uniting with the Sword- 
 bearers, whose identity was soon lost in theirs, they 
 began a bloody war upon the pagans of the Baltic, 
 into which Poland was often dragged, as she was also 
 threatened by the invading body of knights, and was 
 often called by the Prussians to their aid. 
 
 We have not to relate all the turns of fortune in 
 these struggles. Suffice it to record, that in the begin- 
 ning of the fifteenth century the Teutonic order pos- 
 sessed Esthonia, Livonia, Courland, Samogitia, Prussia, 
 Pomerania, and Posen; in other words, they were 
 masters of the greater part of the territorial area that 
 we are now studying. 
 
 In their struggles with the natives the knights were 
 aided by colonists, called from all parts, but especially 
 
ARRIVAL OF THE GERMANS. 47 
 
 from Germany, who established themselves as citizens 
 in the towns, while the open country was left to 
 the Slavo-Finnic race. The great majority of the 
 knights were Grermans. Thus, in every place which 
 the fortune of war gave them, they, by violence, 
 imposed the Christian religion, their laws, and the 
 German language.* This is how the German race 
 penetrated into the heart of the local populations. This 
 is, . above all, how their language, the tongue of the 
 conqueror, dispossessed the different Slavonic dialects 
 in Prussia, Brandenburg, &c., and how it penetrated 
 more and more into Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland. 
 If the victory of Tannenberg, gained by the Poles in 
 1410, had not stopped the development of the Teutonic 
 power ; if Poland had been subdued, as were the 
 countries bordering it on the north, no doubt the 
 Polish language would have disappeared in the same 
 manner, and the country of the JageUons would now 
 be proclaimed German territory. 
 
 The accession of the reigning house of Prussia must 
 have given activity and extent to the transformation, 
 the causes of which we seek. In 1411 Frederick, 
 Count of HohenzoUern and Burgrave of Murberg, ob- 
 tained the March of Brandenburg and dignity of 
 Elector from the Emperor Sigismund of Hungary for 
 the price of four hundred thousand golden florins. 
 
 * Cantu, Malte-Brun specially insist upon this last fact. 
 
48 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 One of his descendants, Albert, Grand Master of the 
 Teutonic Knights, took up with Luther's Reformation, 
 and secularised the Military Order that had chosen 
 him for its chief. As a reward he was recognised 
 hereditary Duke of Eastern Prussia, under the sove- 
 reignty of Poland. In 1618, by his daughter's mar- 
 riage with John Sigismund, this fief returned to the 
 reigning house of Brandenburg, whilst Western Prussia 
 remained a PoKsh province. I need not relate how 
 successive divisions have upset this arrangement. 
 
 Thus disappeared the empire foimded by the Teu- 
 tonic Knights, after having lasted nearly three cen- 
 turies; thus began the new empire that now weighs 
 upon the destinies of France.* One sees how Cantu 
 could with justice say that the history of Prussia, at its 
 beginning, was a consequence of, or rather an episode 
 in, the history of the crusades. 
 
 In parsing actually into the hands of a German prince, 
 while keeping, with the title of " noble," the greater 
 number of the old knights of the same origin, the 
 country necessarily became Germanised more and more 
 in the upper classes, whilst the basis of the population 
 remained the same. Indeed the Slavo-Finnic ele- 
 ment that first conquered it was far from having dis- 
 appeared, even among the nobility. The ancient aris- 
 
 * The Peace of Cracow, which ratified these great changes, was 
 signed in 152a. 
 
ARRIVAL OF THE GERMANS. 49 
 
 tocracy of tlie Pruczi did not struggle for their inde- 
 pendence witli the perseTerance and tenacity mani- 
 fested ty the people. Malte-Brun several times returns 
 to this point, and Cantu confirms his general ideas 
 by a number of details. Some of the early native 
 chiefs accepted the yoke of the Teutonic Knights. 
 Several even entered their ranks. Their descendants 
 thus necessarily took place, side by side, with the secu- 
 larised German Knights and their offspring. Without 
 doubt this was the origin of more than one noble 
 Prussian family ; and genealogical researches, made 
 with this point in view, would have a real ethnological 
 interest. 
 
CHAPTEE VII. 
 
 FRENCH IMMIGRATION IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 I WILLINGLY acknowledge that the first cause of all 
 crusades has been a desire to propagate the Christian 
 faith in some form of belief — strangely interpreted, it 
 is true. HoweYer, in their course they always stirred 
 up, and satisfied, purely terrestrial passions, ambition, 
 and the love of lucre. The warlike orders which they 
 brought forth — ^the Teutonic in particular — were soon 
 distinguished for being swayed by them.* Other 
 religious events and purer motives introduced into 
 Prussia, and especially into Brandenburg, an ethno- 
 logical element very difierent from those we have 
 been considering. 
 
 As early as 1614 the Margrave, John George, re- 
 
 * The pride and luxury of the Teutonic Knighta yielded in no 
 degree to all that has been said of the Templars. At a dinner given 
 in 1363 by the Grand Master, Wallenrod, to a dozen of the most dis- 
 tinguished knights in his army, the repast consisted of no less than 
 thirty courses. The guests sat under canopies of cloth of gold. They 
 were served in gold and silver vessels, changed at each course, and at 
 the conclusion each guest was presented with 'those he had used. 
 
FRENCH IMMIGRA TION. 5 1 
 
 nounced tlie tenets of Lutlier and embraced those of 
 Calvin. His successors remained firmly attached to this 
 branch of Protestantism. But Prussia was the only 
 great Calvinistic Court in Germany. When, forgetting 
 his promises and the opinions of his youth, Louis XIV. 
 began to persecute the French reformers, some of 
 them emigrated to the opposite banks of the Rhine. 
 Being badly received by the Lutheran princes, they 
 applied to those who held the same doctrines with 
 themselves. Frederick WilUam, then reigning in 
 Brandenburg, comprehended the importance of this 
 movement, and immediately set everything in train 
 to lead an honest, hard-working people into his 
 states, perceiving that they would bring with them 
 elements of prosperity unknown in the North, and 
 would fill up the gaps left by the Thirty-years' War, 
 and by the conflicts with Poland. This intelligent 
 policy bore abundant fruit. As early as 1672 a French 
 community existed at Berlin which was authorised 
 to perform these religious services in their mother 
 tongue, and one of their number was grand equerry to 
 the sovereign.* 
 
 Hardly had Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, 
 when the Elector replied by the Edict of Potsdam, f 
 
 * Charles Weiss, "History of the French Protestant Refugees ; 
 from the Eevooation of the Edict of Nantes to our Times." 
 
 t The Eevooation of the Edict of Nantes was signed October 22ud, 
 1685 ; the Edict of Potsdam is dated the 29th of the same month. 
 
52 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 vrhicli opened a Fatherland, in the fullest extent of the 
 term, to the French emigrants. His representatives in 
 other states received orders to smooth for them all the 
 difficulties of the journey. The goods they brought 
 were freed from all rights and customs. To the 
 agriculturists were given the houses and lands whose 
 possessors had disappeared, and their property was 
 exempted from taxes for six years. To mechanics he 
 granted, at the first onset, the right of citizenship in 
 the towns, and entrance into the trade corporations. 
 To gentlemen he secured the rights and prerogatives 
 of the native nobility. Special commissioners were 
 created to superintend the carrying out of these 
 measures. Institutions were founded to lend money, 
 to provide for their first wants, and to prepare for the 
 future. The refugees were allowed to have, as in 
 France, their courts of justice, consistories, and synods. 
 Lastly, all business concerning them was transacted in 
 French.* 
 
 * " The example of the Elector was followed by almost all the 
 princes connected with the house of Brandenhvirg. Among them one 
 ought to mention Charles I., Landgrave of Hesae-Cassel. Without 
 even waiting for the Edict of Revocation, he offered an asylum to the 
 persecuted Huguenots. The town of Casael, then numbering only 
 eighteen thousand inhabitants, received three thousand, and the 
 Landgraviate five or six thousand, of whom about one hundred and fifty 
 were heads of famOies belonging to the nobility." — Charles Weiss, 
 *' History of the French Protestant Befugees, from the Eevooation 
 of the Edict of Nantes to our Time^." 
 
FRENCH IMMIGRATION. 53 
 
 It is not surprising that, attracted by sucli great 
 advantages, tlie French Protestants pressed -in crowds to 
 Brandenburg. Their conscientious historian, Charles 
 Weiss, estimates their number at twenty-five thousand 
 men, without reckoning those who did not wait till the 
 last moment. 
 
 This is a high figure when compared with the 
 native population. At the death of the Elector, Prussia 
 reckoned only a million and a half iohabitants. 
 Evidently -the refugees must have brought a great in- 
 crease of prosperity to these provinces, arriving, as they 
 did, just after the latter had been depopulated by war. 
 History represents them as, almost unaided, rebuilding 
 the towns destroyed by TiUy and his rivals, and 
 erectiag new, and the finest, quarters in the capital. It 
 tells that they founded colonies, repeopled whole 
 districts, and cleared large tracts that had been 
 abandoned for forty years.* 
 
 Besides, to appreciate at its just value the part 
 played by the Huguenots in Brandenburg, it is not 
 enough to number them : we must remember the 
 services they rendered their adopted country, and the 
 position it has been able to acquire through the same. 
 
 * Among other examples of this kind, C. Weiss mentions the 
 Grafschaft of Buppin, which had scarcely any inhabitants left, and 
 was brought agaia into cultivation by French labourers. Buppin is in 
 the very heart of Brandenburg, and only some leagues firom Berlin. 
 
54 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 We cannot here enter into details, but refer to C. 
 Weiss' s work, as well as to the Grerman writers from 
 whom he has drawn his facts. It will he easy to 
 become convinced that this new element, imported from 
 a country which was more advanced in every respect, 
 gave the entire Prussian nation an unexpected impulse. 
 Almost all the sources of public welfare were renewed 
 and considerably increased — from the culture of flower 
 and kitchen gardens to that of the fields ; * from the 
 manufacture of common stuffs to weaving and dyeiag 
 silk and brocade ; from button-making and hat-making 
 to jewellery ; from the art of digging metals out of the 
 earth to that of working in them. Thanks to the 
 fugitives that she had welcomed, Prussia escaped the 
 most of the taxes she had formerly paid to other states 
 to provide for her consumption, and rendered them 
 tributary in their turn. 
 
 It must be confessed that Prussia knew how to 
 recognise the services thus rendered her. In conse- 
 quence of the Kberal arrangements of the Edict of 
 Potsdam, no refugee sunk into the lowest classes of the 
 population. The most humble were free colonists, 
 and soon became cultivators, in easy circumstances ; or 
 they took their places among small shopkeepers, and 
 were not long in rising, through their intelligence and 
 
 * Among cultures iniroduoed into Brandenburg by the French, one 
 may mention that of tobacco. 
 
FRENCH IMMIGRATION. 55 
 
 industry. A great many established themselves, from 
 the begianing, in the first rank of extensive com- 
 merce and large manufactures, which from them re- 
 ceived quite a new impulse. At the same tiiae, the 
 court, diplomacy, the army, and the magistracy, were 
 thrown open to a number of French families, several of 
 whom have left historic names. Others rendered 
 themselves illustrious in science, literature, and the 
 arts. Many of their families are still in existence ; I 
 could not mention aU, the Kst would be too long. 
 There are some, however, like those of AnciUon and 
 Savigny, which are universally known. In our time, 
 the colony has worthily sustained its old reputation 
 in every respect. But I will abstain from recaUing 
 origins, which the owners seem to wish should be 
 forgotten.* I will only remark that, in consequence 
 of alliances contracted with local families, France can 
 claim .her part in the ethnological origin of many 
 illustrious persons bearing names that are quite 
 German. It is sufficient to mention the two Hum- 
 boldts — Prussian on their father's, French on their 
 mother's side. 
 
 The whole of France was represented in the Pro- 
 testant emigration to Brandenburg. But the provinces 
 
 * A great numter of these families have disguised and Germanised 
 their names, either by changing the spelling, or by translating those 
 that had any meaning : such as Lacroix, Sauvage, &c. 
 
S6 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 of tlie centre and south fumislied the larger part. 
 Metz and her territory sent, it is true, about three 
 thousand refiigees, who nearly all settled in Berlin. 
 But, although leaving the city that Grermany has 
 taken from us, these last were, in no respect, 
 Germans. Their names, which have been preserved, 
 aU testify to a French origin. Anjou, Poitou, the Isles 
 of France, Beam, and Orange, each gave a considerable 
 contingent. It seems, also, that Upper and Lower 
 Languedoc were represented in a special manner in 
 this exodus ; thanks to the efforts and activity of two 
 brothers, Francois and Jacques de Gaultier. There 
 were the workmen of Nismes, Montpellier, Beziers, 
 and their environs, who carried with them the art of 
 weaving different woollen stuffs; and Pierre Labry, 
 a native of Vigan, introduced the kind of stocking- 
 weaving LQto Prussia which is still popular in our 
 Cevennes. 
 
 Thus the purest French blood has penetrated every- 
 where throughout the province of Brandenburg, the 
 very heart of the kingdom of Prussia. At the present 
 day this blood flows in the veins of the upper and 
 lower citizens, in the upper and lower nobility.* 
 By searching well, we should find, withont doubt, that 
 the great majority of those composing the upper ten 
 
 • The reigning funily has even some drops of French blood ; for 
 Frederick William married the granddaughter of onr Coligny. 
 
FRENCH IMMIGRATION. 57 
 
 thousand have receiyed a share, either In a direct or 
 indirect line. 
 
 This community of race has not awakened sympathy 
 for us in Prussia — quite the contrary, perhaps. Pure 
 or mixed,. these descendants of the refagees from the 
 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes are quite as Prussian 
 in heart and sentiment as are their fellow-countrymen 
 of Slavic, Finnic, or German origin. They proved 
 this at the time of the invasions of Napoleon and the 
 "War of Independence ; they loudly proclaimed it at 
 the beginning of the recent war by some of their most 
 distinguished representatives. 
 
 France must feel pain at finding that the descend- 
 ants of her own sons are her enemies. But she must 
 own that she has no right to reproach them. In 
 days of yore, she, with very rare exceptions, associated 
 herself fally in the great fault, the great crime of 
 Louis XIV. ; she hunted out the Huguenots by refine- 
 ments of persecution and cruelty such as the very 
 executioners of pagan Rome did not invent. She met 
 them, soon after, on the battle-field — on it she has now 
 again found their descendants. Verily, they are not 
 the least formidable of our adversaries. In those 
 anathemas which pietist Prussia has hurled against 
 Ca;tholic France, there is, without the least doubt, a 
 distant echo of our old religious wars ; and one knows 
 too well what an inexhaustible source of wrath and 
 
58 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 hatred men have made of that teaching which its 
 Foimder condensed into two precepts : — Fear God ; 
 Love your neighhour. 
 
 In spite of their too just resentments, the French 
 of Prussia preserved the language of their mother- 
 country and spread it everywhere. The interested 
 partiality of Frederick II. came to their aid in this 
 point of view. French replaced Latin in the academy 
 at Berlin; it was long the only language used in the 
 colony ; it penetrated into the most distant provinces 
 with the new arts, industries, and methods of agri- 
 culture. For a moment one would believe that this 
 peacefiil conquest would go on to its end, and that the 
 German would submit to the same fate that it had 
 imposed on so many other languages. But a quick 
 reaction, which had its source in sentiments which we 
 recognise to be just and true, soon restored superiority 
 to the tongue of the Fatherland. The wars of the 
 Empire helped on this movement. The descendants of 
 the refugees, espousing in everything and for every- 
 thing the sentiments of the population that had so 
 hospitably received their ancestors, were inclined more 
 and more to mix themselves up with them. They 
 added the language of their adopted country to that 
 which they inherited from their forefathers. KeHgious 
 usages clearly helped on the progress of this revolution. 
 Until 1819, Berlin possessed seven churches where 
 
FRENCH IMMIGRATION, 59 
 
 service was performed exclusively in French. After 
 that year, they preached alternately in French and 
 German. Since 1830, German has prevailed. In 
 many large towns which formerly had a French 
 church, they now preach in French only once a year. 
 In the smaller towns and villages, the French lan- 
 guage has heen long suppressed.* 
 
 But, at the same time, the tradition of the French 
 language is not yet lost in families. This explains a fact 
 which hecame of great moment in the recent war, and 
 in the events which immediately followed it. Men were 
 to be found only too easily in aU ranks of the Prussian 
 population and army who spoke French purely and 
 without a German accent. These had no difficulty in 
 passing themselves off as Frenchmen, in slipping in 
 everywhere, in surprising and betraying what it was 
 most important for us to conceal, and in preaching 
 undiscipline and insurrection. In truth, if Linnaeus 
 had lived in our time, he would not have failed to 
 inscribe the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and the 
 consequences which this act has brought upon France, 
 in his "Nemesis divina." f 
 
 * C. Weiss. 
 
 t Linnseus admitted the doctrine of pumshment of the fathers in 
 their children in all its rigour. He thus explains the misfortunes 
 which, personally unmerited, overtake hoth individuals and families. 
 (See a curious article by M. GefEroy, in the ReviM des Dmx Mondes.) 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 There is a class of characteristics less easy to define 
 tlian those which, until now, we have been examining ; 
 and which are not the less real. I mean the instincts, 
 aptitudes, good qualities, and faults, which give to 
 each phase of civilisation, to each human society, its 
 physiognomy, and its historical significance. In cases 
 of crossing, these characteristics fare as do the others. 
 Each race brings his share to the common fiind, and 
 the mongrel race cannot refiise its heritage. It is 
 therefore important to iaquire, from this point of view, 
 what elements are now more or less iu fusion among 
 the Prussians.' 
 
 The Fin of the Baltic, as history paints him, and as 
 he is still ia our time wherever his race is preserved, is 
 hard-working enough; moderately industrious; patient, 
 but obstinate ; hospitable, but not very familiar with 
 strangers. Endowed with poetical, and especially with 
 musical instincts, he was, and is still, very much 
 attached to his traditions and to his religious or 
 
INTELLECTUAL CHARACTERISTICS. 6i 
 
 superstitious tenets. Loving independence, he lias 
 courageously resisted conquest, has often revolted, and 
 ■although reduced almost everywhere to the harshest 
 serfdom, he has generally preserved a certain personal 
 pride. Unhappily aU the good in this picture is 
 marred by a quality which seems to be thoroughly 
 national. The Fin never pardons a real or supposed 
 offence, avenges it on the first opportunity, and is not 
 fastidious in his choice of means. Thus is explained 
 the , frequency of assassination in Finland amongst the 
 peasants.* 
 
 Nothing indicates that the spirit of conquest has 
 ever animated the Finnic . populations ; but, on the 
 other hand, this spirit has shown itself strongly among 
 the Slaves, as among all the Aryans that have. appeared 
 in Europe.- Like all his kindred, the Slave arrived a 
 barbariapi ; he had the good qualities and the faults of 
 savage life, very well depicted by M. A. Thierry, f 
 He was always distinguished by his manner of fight- 
 ing. His war was that of ambuscades. He excelled 
 in lurking behind a rock, in crawling amid long 
 grass, in hiding himself for whole days, waiting 
 
 * See Prichard and Malte-Brun, also an article by M. Gefifroy — 
 " La Finlande .et le Kaleyala " (Revue des Deux Mondea, Jan. 15, 1871). 
 The greater number of these traits of character answer perfectly to the 
 little we know of the Pruczi or primitive Prussians. 
 
 t See " Les Fils et Successenrs d'Attila " {Revue dea Deux Mondea, 
 Nov. 1, 1854). 
 
62 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 for the enemy, to liurl at him unawares a poisoned 
 javelin. 
 
 I do not here intend to speak of the German and 
 French races. Under existing circumstances, I should 
 be accused of injustice and partiality. I confine myself 
 to pointing out the different parts played by each in 
 the country which they occupy. The Grermans entered 
 Prussia as ruthless conquerors, and imposed a yoke on 
 the population which excited numerous and terrible 
 revolts. It was by fire and sword they secured their 
 rule. The French introduced an infinitely superior 
 civilisation, arts, industry, and many other elements of 
 peaceful progress. The difference of age and circum- 
 stances is evidently the priacipal cause of this contrast. 
 I am the first to confess that French crusades would 
 scarcely have been conducted otherwise than were 
 those of the Teutonic Knights. But, whatever may 
 have been the causes, the facts are undeniable, and it 
 is not without interest to state them. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 FUSION OF EACES. ACTION OF SUEEOUNDINGS. THE 
 PEUSSIAN EACE. 
 
 It is generally belieYod that when two or more 
 races of the same species cross, the offspriag is at first, 
 and always, intermediary between the parents. This is 
 a great mistake. The phenomena of crossings are very 
 differently multiplied and complicated. 
 
 In repeated luiions between races, each of the primi- 
 tiye types may preponderate in turn, and announce its 
 ascendency in very different proportions. 'Besides, 
 from the combination of different features, qualities, 
 and aptitudes, new characteristics are every moment 
 produced, much in the same manner as green results 
 from the mixture of yellow and blue. Often, also, 
 atavism steps in, however complete the mixture, and 
 resuscitates the first elements ia some manner. In the 
 long run, however, all are drawn together, in a way 
 referring more or less to the original stems, while it 
 imposes a special imprint, and the crossed or mongrel 
 race ends by constituting a new type. 
 
64 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 These phenomena are necessarily accomplislied in 
 Prussia, as well as everywhere else ; and necessarily 
 the higher classes of society, as well as the citizens, 
 have receded from the Germanic races, of which they 
 claim to form part. Then, again, in man, as in 
 animals, blood is not cTerything in the constitution of 
 a race ; surroundings never lose their rights. Always, 
 and everywhere, they stamp their impress on organised 
 and living beings subject to their influences. Man 
 cannot escape this law. 
 
 In the country of which we are treating, the 
 crossing has been between two local and two immi- 
 grant races. The first two, fashioned in the lapse of 
 ages to the special influences of the basin of the 
 Baltic, had no modifications to undergo when the 
 moment came for fresh mixture. The Fin or the 
 Slave might ameliorate the conditions of his existence, 
 change his religion, cultivate his mind, and raise his 
 intelligence, but his fundamental nature must neces- 
 sarily remain the same. It could not be the same 
 with the German from Swabia, or the Frenchman 
 from the basin of the Mediterranean. Both having to 
 submit to entirely new influences would inevitably 
 modify. 
 
 Experience has long shown that, in such a case, 
 the modification always tends in the direction of the 
 
FUSION OF RACES. 65 
 
 local races.* The German and the Frenchman would 
 naturally turn into a Slave or a Fin. The particular 
 circumstances which accompanied or caused their 
 emigration would also aid this movement. The Teu- 
 tonic Knight, quite as desirous of conquering as of 
 converting the pagans, and the rude colonist whom he 
 called to his aid, would have to combat nature as well 
 as man ; the emigrants from the Revocation of the 
 Edict of If antes would have to surmoimt the difficulties 
 of their position. These conflicts took place on a 
 sterile soil, and under an inclement sky. In such a 
 school intelligence grew, the will strengthened, the 
 passions and the body acquired endurance ; but the 
 heart hardened, ambition developed itself, and religion 
 too often took a savage character. It was no longer 
 the God in Christ, the common Father of all men, 
 whom they invoked, but Jehovah, the Avenger, f 
 
 * I cannot here explain this series of propositions relative to the 
 formation and constitution of races. But I may be permitted to 
 mention that they are contained in a collection of researches that 
 have been published during a course of many years either in my 
 "Cours au Museum," or in various other periodicals. (See, among 
 others, "Eapport sur les Progr^s de I'Anthropologie," 18S7, and 
 my "Iie9ons d'Anthropologie," in the Revue des OutM-s Scientifiques, 
 1868.) 
 
 t One knows 'only too well what has been the game played in 
 Prussia for many years by the pietist party, and all that that party 
 has done to foment and envenom hatred against France. Even at 
 Berlin, a few wiser and juster minds protested several years ago 
 
 F 
 
66 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 Tlius began, and thus was constituted tlie Prussian 
 race ; a race perfectly distinct from the races of Germany, 
 both by its ethnical origin, and by its acquired charac- 
 'teristics.* Moreover, the elements which gave birth 
 ■o this new type are not as yet entirely fused. In 
 spite of a varnish of civilisation, borrowed especially 
 from France, the race is still in its middle age. This 
 will explain some of its hatreds and violence. 
 
 In expressing myself thus, I have no intention to 
 overlook or deny any of the vigorous and important 
 qualities of the Prussians. The grief of the moment 
 does not conceal from, me that there is much in them 
 really estimable, and for their friends, perhaps, reaUy 
 amiable. One gains nothing by unjustly depreciating 
 an enemy. If conqueror, one diminishes the glory of 
 the. triumph ; if conquered, one increases the shame of 
 the defeat. Besides, in any case, we ought to render 
 justice to everybody. But it is quite permitted to a 
 Frenchman to be only strictly /ws^ towards a race that 
 for more than half a ceiitury has taken up the annihi- 
 
 against such ravings. Is there one there now who would have the 
 same courage ? See an article by M. Ath. Coquerel, — " Le Parti 
 Pietiste, at Vamhagen de Ense," in HheRevm des Deux Mondes, Feh. 1, 
 1871. 
 
 * M. Godron, though only giving an account of the mixture of 
 Slaves and Germans, and considering only some traits of- their 
 characters, said, with truth, — "The Prussians are neither Germans 
 nor Slaves; the Prussians are the Prussians." 
 
FUSION OF RACES. 67 
 
 lation of France as its set task ; that has loudly pro- 
 claimed tliis aim of its ambition ; that has rendered it 
 within the limits of the possible ; partly by means on 
 which light now begins to break, and which history 
 will impugn, if even the whole civilised world does not 
 demand an account. Calumniated every day by paid 
 newspapers, and even in official documents, we are 
 quite right to protest, and to show that we are not 
 what our enemies make us, and that they are far from 
 being what they pretend to be. 
 
 The history of the siege of Paris would suffice for 
 this double task. Some day it wiU be written in 
 detail, and the time will come when more than one 
 of our present enemies will render justice to a popula- 
 tion of two millions, who from the first to the last 
 day showed "themselves equally ready to sufier and to 
 fight, and who wanted nothing but leaders. 
 
 But I must leave to others the task of tracing this 
 picture with the detail which it needs. As professor at 
 the Museum, I confine myself to sketching, by way of 
 episode, what passed in that establishment during the 
 bombardment. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 BOMBARDMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 
 
 The Museum of Paris, with tlie gardens and build- 
 ings dependent on it, forms an irregular quadrilateral, 
 bounded by a quay and tliree streets, and covering a 
 siirface of 225,430 square metres. On the south a 
 line of houses completes the Rue de Buffon, and 
 conceals a large area with which I have here nothing 
 to do, although it contains the laboratories of com- 
 parative anatomy and of vegetable physics, as well as 
 nurseries, placed in the neighbourhood of private 
 gardens and tan yards. To the east flows the Seiae, 
 which is very wide at this point. To the north is the 
 mart for wines and brandy, measuring 141,700 square 
 metres. At the west stands the Hospital of La Pitie, 
 its buildings and courts occupying 21,777 square 
 metres.* 
 
 * These figures are taken from the " Dictionnaire Administratif et 
 Historique des Eues et Monuments de Paris," by MM. F. and L. Lazare. 
 The materials for this work are taken from the most official sources, one 
 of its authors being a chief of the Yoiiie de Paris. 
 
BOMBARDMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 69 
 
 It is important to give these figures, that the facts 
 may be appreciated at their full value. la the first place, 
 they show that the Museum is completely isolated. 
 
 Add to this, that a shed, destined as a military am- 
 bulance, had been put up, from one end of the garden 
 to the other, along a path leading from the large 
 court to the quay. Another ambulance, founded and 
 served by some ladies connected with the Museum, had 
 been set up near the Rue Cuvier. The enemy, always 
 BO well informed, was certainly ignorant of none of 
 these details. They knew very well that our great 
 scientific establishment contained absolutely nothing 
 which was capable of being made useful for either 
 attack or defence, and that it had become actually a 
 branch of the Hospice de la Piti^.* 
 
 Under such conditions, it would have been very 
 allowable to have regarded ourselves safe from bom- 
 bardment. Nevertheless, in consequence of the officially 
 repeated threats and the language of the German 
 newspapers, the council of professors, charged with the 
 
 * At the beginning of the siege they had, it is true, placed a certain 
 number of oxen in the walk which skirts the Eue de Buffon, in the 
 portion comprised between the botanical gallery and the quay. The 
 governors of the Museum had in vain begged that they might be 
 taken away ; but this alimentary reserve had been exhausted a long 
 time when the fire opened upon Paris , and the Prussians knew it well, 
 for very few of their shells went in that direction. Neither had the 
 Museum, like other establishments in Paris, a depot of arms and 
 ' ammunition. Nor did it serve for an encampment. 
 
70 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 administration of the Musexun, had, from the begin- 
 ning of the siege, taken all necessary precautions for 
 the safety of its scientific riches. The nature of the 
 establishment required special measures. First of 
 all we had to ward off the danger resulting from the 
 accumulation in our halls of at least seventy thousand 
 vases or bottles, containing preparations, plants, and 
 animals, preserved in alcohol.* Servants and profes- 
 sors took the work in hand. In a few days this mass 
 of inflammable objects were in safety, in a kind of 
 crypt excavated under the great labyrinth. The most 
 precious articles, the unique specimens, the entire 
 collections, the value of which arose from their 
 being kept together, were carried down into the 
 cellar. During three months this seemed just so 
 much useless trouble. But on the 8th of January, 
 between ten and eleven o'clock at night, and without 
 any simunons, there burst upon us this bombardment, 
 which called forth a solemn protest from the neutral 
 powers. 
 
 Does not one here recognise the Slave as he is 
 painted by classic authors, and by M. Amedee Thierry ? 
 There is only the difference of age and science. In- 
 stead of the javelins of his ancestors, the Prussian sent 
 us, without notice, his shells from a long range. 
 
 * The collectioii of reptiles and fish alone amounted to about thirty 
 thousand. 
 
BOMBARDMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 71 
 
 Projectiles rained upon tlie Museum and its neigh- 
 bourhood. Professors, employes of all grades, masters, 
 servants went down into the cellars, or sought shelter 
 in the subterranean galleries contiguous to the hot- 
 houses. Without doubt, it was impossible that a 
 certain emotion should not be shown at the first 
 moment. And certainly, when two shells, bursting 
 one after the other, knocked all to pieces the orchid 
 house and the house for slips at a few metres only 
 from a crowd of women and children, there were 
 moments of agony, and cries of fright. But we soon 
 -grew accustomed to the whistling and explosion of 
 projectiles. All those who passed some nights in the 
 crypt can attest how rapidly calm was restored. They 
 will long remember the mixture of resignation and 
 indifference that reigned there : the just observations, 
 the firm and serious reflections, which issued from the 
 humblest lips in the most naive language. The 
 pietists of Berlin would most certainly have been 
 strangely surprised. Without doubt, even in those 
 terrible moments, French gaiety betrayed itself by 
 impromptu sallies. But is it a sign of demoralisation 
 and mental turpitude to be able to laugh and joke 
 under a shower of shells ? 
 
 The services of the Museum, which are always very 
 complex, went on, nevertheless, with their accustomed 
 regularity. Animals and plants were attended to as 
 
72 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 usual. In spite of his eiglity-five years, our illustrious 
 and venerable director, M. Chevreuil, walking atout 
 the establishment by day, sitting up each night in the 
 hot-houses, and only lying down to rest at dawn, set 
 us all an example which each wished to imitate. Thus, 
 in all the numerous and varied duties of the Museum, 
 there was no falling off for a single instant. The 
 moral effect, so much expected and so loudly pro- 
 claimed by the , Prussians, was absolutely nil. In 
 proof of this, it is sufficient to say that the breaches in 
 the galleries were filled up, and the highest panes of 
 glass in the hot-houses were replaced as soon as 
 broken, whilst the shells whistled over the heads of 
 the workmen. 
 
 After all, thanks to the precautions taken, the havoc 
 caused by the shells was principally in material, and 
 not very great. The hot-houses lost, it is true, some 
 choice plants, which were only cultivated by us, and 
 which would have spread through us over the whole of 
 Europe. The collections brought from Mexico were 
 smashed up, and science has to regret some specimens, 
 some new objects, the study of which had only com- 
 menced. In the cabinets of conchology some rare 
 types disappeared, and many of the drawers were 
 literally turned upside down. But the losses might 
 have been much graver and much more numerous. In 
 the galleries of zoology, a stuffed crocodile lost his 
 
BOMBARDMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 73 
 
 head, and some lizards, also stuffed, were disem- 
 bowelled. Among OUT living animals, one parrot was 
 killed. None of tlie employes were wounded. 
 
 This is the account of the hombardment of the 
 Museum. 
 
 "Was this bombardment intentional and premedi- 
 tated ? or did this scientific establishment only receive 
 some stray shells ? — to use a Prussian expression. 
 Facts will quickly answer this question, and the 
 reader shall be the judge. 
 
 From the 8th to the 25th of January, the Museum 
 and its annexes received ninety-five shells, of which 
 eighty-six reached the Jardin des Plantes, properly so 
 called ; La Piti6 had forty-seven ; five fell into the 
 street which separates "these two establishments.* 
 Thus at least 135 shells fell on a space of about 25 
 hectares.t But they were scattered over it neither in 
 a regular manner, nor by chance. Let us see how 
 they were distributed over the Jardin des Plantes. 
 
 If a line be drawn from the building used for 
 comparative anatomy to iihe eastern end of the galleries 
 of mineralogy, it will divide the grounds of the Museum 
 into two very unequal portions. 
 
 * The part of the Rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, along' -which La 
 Pitie extends, is ahout 200 metres long, and 10 metres broad. It thus 
 represents nearly 2,000 square metres, to be added to the figures given 
 at the beginning of this chapter. 
 
 t The hectare is = 2 acres. — {Translator.) 
 
74 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 The first, wliicli ends at the quay, is occupied mostly 
 by the menagerie, the school of botany, and the frames 
 for forcing. On the side of the Rue Cuvier it is 
 bordered by the lodgings of three professors, also those 
 of a certain number of employes, and by the collections 
 of anthropology and comparative anatomy united in 
 one building. It comprehends about 150,955 square 
 metres. The second contains only 74,475 . square 
 metres. In it are the lodgings of nine professors 
 and of some employes, the administration, all the 
 laboratories, and the stores of zoology, all the gal- 
 leries of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology, and 
 palaeontology, besides the hot-houses and temperate- 
 houses placed at the base of the great and little 
 labyrinth. 
 
 Of these two surfaces, one being more than double 
 the other, the larger received eighteen shells, the 
 smaller sixty-eight. 
 
 But ftirther — If, starting from the little ambulance 
 belonging to the ladies of the Museum (the old hot- 
 house), you pass between the two labyrinths* and the 
 two large hot-houses, in order to come out a little above 
 the middle of the gallery of mineralogy, you divide the 
 most injured part of the garden into two nearly equal 
 
 * Every one who has visited the Museum knows that the name of 
 "labyrinth" is given to two artificial Mils of unequal size ; the highest 
 having a pavilion at the top, which serves as a belvedere. 
 
BOMBARDMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 75 
 
 portions. Ifow of tliese, tlie parts compreli'ending the 
 little labyrinth received only twenty-two projectiles ; 
 all the others, forty in number, feU into that in 
 which the great labyrinth rises, surmounted by its 
 belvedere. 
 
 The great labyrinth alone, with the hot-houses at its 
 base, received twenty-iive shells. The houses were 
 struck as early as the night of the 8th of January ; and 
 the last shell, destined for the Museum, burst on the 
 terrace of the labyrinth on the 25th, at ten o'clock at 
 night. Let us add, that a great number of the 
 projectiles that fell short of, or beyond the same 
 structure, would have hit it, had the range not been 
 too short or too long. 
 
 These figures,' these striking particulars, will neces- 
 sarily refate the strange excuse invented by the 
 Prussian authorities and press, to explain why hospitals 
 and monuments were so often struck. It is evident 
 that projectiles, directed by those artillerymen whose 
 formidable skiU we have so often felt, did not go astray 
 in such great numbers, in a constant manner, and 
 duriag seventeen days upon one point, so well deter- 
 mined, as our great labyrinth ; being distributed 
 almost regularly around it, and becoming more and 
 more rare as they were farther away. This distribu- 
 tion was not the work of chance : it is explained by a 
 very simple observation. 
 
76 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 The artificial hill of the great labyrinth, which 
 is only separated from La Piti^ by a narrow terrace 
 and the Rue GeoflEroy-Saint-Hilaire, famished a mark 
 laid down in all plans and maps. Tlie enemy evidently 
 made use of it. To this mark he pointed his cannon ; 
 putting, perhaps, a little uncertainty in the aim, in 
 order to scatter the shots in the environs. But he 
 knew how to correct this uncertainty when needfiil. 
 Here is a proof : — 
 
 The first few days the shells fell nearly exclusively 
 south of the hill. During this period the hot-house, 
 the galleries of zoology and mineralogy, and the end 
 of the ambulance built in the great walk were struck. 
 The historical house of Bufifon, standing alone at the 
 south-west angle of the garden, and containing three 
 lodgings for professors, was literally hemmed in by 
 shells, and was only saved by a kind of miracle. After 
 the 19th, the fire was directed, in quite as constant a 
 manner, to the north of the labyrinth. Then the 
 laboratories and stores belonging to the mammals, the 
 birds, the mollusca, the zoophytes, the reptiles, the 
 fishes, the insects, were struck, besides the building of 
 the administration, partly occupied by M. Brogniart 
 and his family, the house of Cuvier, and that of 
 Jussieu, as well as the one in which M. Becquerel 
 lives. M. Deshayes was nearly struck in his labora- 
 tory. M. Edwards had his bed nearly crushed by the 
 
BOMBARDMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 77 
 
 rubbisli falling on it. A sltell burst close to M. 
 CheTrevdl's study, in such, a manner that, had he not 
 been absent, the illustrious senior of all living chemists 
 would have been killed at his work-table. 
 
 It is evident that, having heard of the immunity 
 which one-half of the condemned area had enjoyed 
 for a fortnight, the artillerymen corrected their aim. 
 
 Will they say that these shells were destined for the 
 wine-mart ; and that, for want of sufficient impulsive 
 force, they fell a little short of it ? I reply, — such was 
 not the case. 
 
 The mart, by reason of its extent, might be quite as 
 easily sighted as the Museum ; and the Prussians sent 
 its share of shells perfectly distinct. When, on the 
 night of the 17th, the brandy stores caught fire, the 
 enemy, iaformed by the blaze, very well knew how to 
 send a dozen shells there in quick succession, that not 
 only did not fall short of, but fortunately passed the 
 mark. When the fire was put out, the range was 
 again shortened, the shells fell once more upon the 
 Museum, and one burst upon the labyrinth some 
 metres from the roof of our hot-houses, already so 
 battered. The professors, who were assembled in 
 council when this happened, and those who had passed 
 the preceding night in the hot-houses — and I was 
 of that number — can confirm these statements. 
 
 Thus one sees that the declaration made by our 
 
78 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 director to tlie Academy of Sciences, is incontestably 
 true.* Tlie Museum has been bombarded. The 
 Prussians wilfully scattered their shells, armed with 
 incendiary tubes, all around our labyrinth, which they 
 made their target. 
 
 In actiag thus, our enemies had the absolute certainty 
 that they would only hit modest edifices set apart for 
 humanity or science ; would only kUl sick people, the 
 wounded, doctors, and learned men. Was this what 
 they desired ? Certainly not ! I am far from charging 
 them with such cold-blooded useless cruelty. But 
 they caught at the chance of annihilating these collec- 
 tions, which, taken as a whole, are absolutely un- 
 riYalled ; and which naturaKsts, from all parts of the 
 world, and consequently from Germany, are continually 
 obliged to come and consult. To destroy them was 
 to take from this Paris that they execrate, from this 
 Babylon that they curse, one of its elements of supe- 
 
 * These are the words of the declaration: — "The Jardin des 
 Plantes Medioinales, founded in Paris by an edict of King Louis Xm., 
 dated the month of January, 1626 ; made a Museum of Natural 
 History by decree of the Convention of June 10th, 1793; was 
 bombarded in the reign of William IH., King of Prussia — Count von 
 Bismarck being his chancellor— ^by the Prussian army, in the night 
 between the 8th and 9th of January, 1871. Until this time it had 
 been respected by all parties, and by all national and foreign powers." 
 This declaration will be engraved, sooner or later, on the entrance- 
 gate of the Museum. It is clear, however, that it ought to mention 
 the actual duration of the bombardment. 
 
BOMBARDMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 79 
 
 riority and attraction. Hence our collections were 
 doomed to perish. 
 
 It seems to me impossible to find any otlier explana- 
 tion of this bombardment of the Museum. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE PRUSSIAN WAR. 
 
 "War, as comprehended by Prussia and her partisans, 
 ever presents the same characteristics. The more one 
 dispassionately examines its motives and the means by 
 which it is carried on, the more the mind finds itself 
 involuntarily thrown back upon the past. 
 
 If one reads the article in which M. Coquerel has 
 given an abstract of what Yarnhagen de Ense wrote 
 as early as 1840 ; * if one recalls what Heine said 
 of the sentiments of his fellow-countrymen towards 
 us, one win find a key to the language used amongst 
 them in official harangues, from the pulpit, and 
 by the press. To the Prussians, the invasion of 
 France was a crusade. It was preached in terms 
 which betrayed in every word a mixture of the pitiless 
 mysticism and boundless ambition which animated the 
 old knights when they armed against the Saracens or 
 the Pruczi. 
 
 But the warlike proceedings of Prussia carry us yet 
 
 * Jievue des Deux Mondes, Feb. 1, 1871. 
 
THE PRUSSIAN WAR. 8 1 
 
 farther back into history. I will not again speak of 
 that pretended code of war which was applied so 
 inexorably to all classes of our population, to huts 
 as well as to TiUas. But what can one say of that 
 organisation, so emphatically and officially cried up, 
 which enabled Germany to crush us in two blows — to 
 deluge France with its armies ? 
 
 Is it then a new invention to hurl a whole people 
 upon another people ? What is it, if it be not imitating 
 those barbarous hordes that clashed, nation against 
 nation ; rushing the one upon the other, and all against 
 Roman civilisation, in veritable duels for life or death ? 
 
 One would have thought that a return to such a 
 state of things was impossible ; that the institution of 
 standing armies, forming a separate body in the state, 
 destined to fight for all, would leave citizens to their 
 business, the learned to their researches, the artists 
 to their studios, the labourers to their ploughs, and 
 would ameliorate a perhaps inevitable evil; that a 
 drag might be at times put upon the general march 
 of civilisation, but that it would not stop. 
 
 Thanks to Prussia, it will be thus no more. 
 
 Germany will not surprise us a second time. 
 Warned by our misfortunes, nations will arm from 
 one end to another. In France, in Europe, each man 
 will learn to fight. And when the next conflicts come ; 
 when not only soldiers, but the representatives of 
 
82 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 progress, in every kind ; when merchants, princes, and 
 poets ; when artists like Henri Regnaidt,* and philoso- 
 phers like Gustave Lambert, fall stricken on the 
 battle-plain ; men will comprehend what are war and 
 civilisation, not invented, but revived, by the Prussian 
 race. 
 
 * Henri Kegnault, the painter of Salome ; Gustave Lambert, who 
 was on the eve of departing on an expedition to the North Pole ; both 
 fell on the battle-field of Buzanval — one struck by a ball in front, the 
 other by the bursting of a shell. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 It has been demonstrated that, in the real Prussian 
 provinces; that is to say, in the two Prussias, 
 Pomerania and Brandenburg; the population, by its 
 ethnological origin, is essentially Finno-Slavian. The 
 Grermanic, more or less mixed with the French element, 
 is dominant only ia the upper classes, and among the 
 citizens of certain towns. 
 
 It is quite otherwise in Western and Southern 
 Grermany. 
 
 These countries have also undoubtedly their founda- 
 tion of Allophylic blood. The basin of the Rhine had 
 inhabitants contemporary with our Trologdytes of 
 Perigord, our hunters of the Somme, and the Hippo- 
 phagi of Belgium. In the quartemary alluvial deposit 
 of the former river, nearly opposite Strasburg, the first, 
 and one of the most ancient human fossils, was dis- 
 covered in the loess.* But this first element of all, 
 
 * This discovery is due to M. A. Bou6. In 1823, this geologist 
 found, near Lahr, in the grand-duchy of Baden, some human hones. 
 
84 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 or, »at least, of almost' all, the European nations, is far 
 from manifesting its presence here by such certain 
 signs as it does in the North. 
 
 Besides, judging from all that we know on this still 
 obscure question, the human race on the banks of the 
 Rhine was distinct, even in the quarternary period, 
 from that which gave birth to the Fins. It belonged 
 to the fossil type characterised by lofty stature and 
 the oval form of head.* 
 
 On the other hand, the Aryan race is represented in 
 Germany (properly so called) almost solely by its 
 Grermanic branch. Some few Celtic colonies came 
 from Graul and established themselves by force of arms 
 upon a small number of points, compensatiug, so to 
 speak, for the German groups that had emigrated iu a 
 contrary direction. As to the Slaves, they scarcely 
 penetrated into, and never stopped there. M. Du- 
 chinski himself places Hanover, Bavaria, and aU the 
 countries situated south and west of these two king^- 
 doms beyond the Slavic territory. 
 
 Finally, one sees why the French Calvinist emi- 
 
 the antiquity of wtioh he recognised and loudly proclaimed. At 
 Eguisheim, near Colmar, in 1867, Dr. Faudel found a portion of 
 a skull -which, compared with other pieces of hone, enabled him to 
 recognise the general group to which this palseontologioal race of the 
 Khenish basin belongs. 
 
 * See Dr. Hamy's work, appended to the second edition of Lyell's 
 " Geological Evidences of the History of Man," 
 
CONCLUSION. , 8s 
 
 grants penetrated but little into Lutheran Grermany. 
 For a stni stronger reason, they had scarcely anything 
 to do with Catholic Grermany. 
 
 Thus, in every respect, Prussia is ethnologically dis- 
 tinct from the peoples she now rules over, through the 
 plea of a (pretended) unity of race. Besides, her 
 conditions of existence, her surroundings, her alliances, 
 have transformed the few elements which ally her 
 to the genuine Grermans. Identity of language, im- 
 posed by the conquering knights, may have masked 
 this state of things ; the passions of the moment may 
 have caused it to be forgotten — it is not the less real.* 
 
 Genuine Germany has, however, accepted Prussia 
 as her sovereign. She had undoubtedly the right so 
 to do ; but she would perhaps have acted differently, 
 had she not been led astray by an anthropological 
 error. 
 
 Not content with making pure Germans subordinate 
 to Slavo-Fins, Germany has adopted the hatred and 
 worked out the instincts of those she has placed over 
 her. This is the wrong that she wQl one day bitterly 
 regret, the fault that she must expiate. 
 
 Blinded by the joy of an unexampled triumph, 
 
 * Because they have learnt the language of their masters, the 
 negroes of our colonies have not become either Englishmen or French- 
 men any more than they have become Spaniards or Portuguese ; and 
 the mulatto is never considered of pure Aryan blood. 
 
86 THE PRUSSIAN RACE. 
 
 imagming that she has now realised her own aspira- 
 tions, G-ermany will undoubtedly read in my words 
 only the expression of the resentment of the conquered. 
 And yet, can she believe the phrases addressed to her 
 from Berlin ? Can she imagine she has inaugurated 
 the reign of Justice and Peace ? 
 
 Has she really no suspicion of the formidable 
 problems she has helped to set ? 
 
 Her union with Prussia has been founded by the 
 sword and blood, cemented by war, crowned by spoil- 
 iation. How long will it last ? Will the large and 
 bmall states, flattered and spared till now, be attacked 
 in their turn in the name of historic right or of 
 common language ? Will these states be deprived of 
 their German provinces, aggrandised with everything 
 that may suit the conqueror, as we have lost Metz 
 with Alsace ; as Denmark has lost Danish with 
 German Schleswig ? Will the German race realise all 
 its dreams of dominion ? Does it believe it possible to 
 do this without fresh combats ? 
 
 Will Russia look on during this triumph of Pan- 
 Germanism without raising her voice in the name of 
 Pan-Slavism ? Will she not rather apply German 
 doctrines in her turn, and to her own profit ? 
 
 In the possible conflicts caused by these pretensions, 
 what will Prussia do? WiU she turn her cannon 
 against her formidable neighbour ? Or will she 
 
CONCLUSION. 87 
 
 invoking then the affinity of race, as she now invokes 
 the affinity of language, rivet the bonds which already 
 exist ? Will the Slavo-Finnic races wish to reign 
 altogether, over Grermans and Latins ? And would 
 the world, thus shared, suhmit in silence ? 
 
 These are some of the questions raised by the 
 dangerous theories so abruptly and so brutally passed 
 into the domain of facts, thanks to the Germane- 
 Prussian imion. The future will reply. I have con- 
 fidence in it. When nations are concerned, we have 
 a right to believe in the Nemesis dimna. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 PICTOEIAL GEOGEAPHT, 
 
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GENERAL LITERATURE. 25 
 
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 Machinery, each distinctive stage of improvement is pointed out and explained, 
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TECHNICAL AND TRADE EDUCATION. 27 
 
 TECHNICAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND TRADE 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 YEATS'S (John, LL.D.) NATUEAL HIS- 
 TOEY OF THE EAW MATEEIALS 
 OF COMMEECE. 
 
 With a List of Commercial Terms, and their Synonyms in Beveral Lan- 
 guages. Second and Bevisbd Edition. Grown 8vo, 6a. Or separately, 
 Farts 1 and 2, in 1 vol., cloth, 3b. ; Parts 3 & 4, in 1 vol., cloth. 3s. 
 
 Past 1.— Commebcial Geography of the Home Country, the adjacent 
 Continent, our Colonial Dependencies, and Poreign Trade Con- 
 nections. Past 2. Vegetable Kingdou. 
 
 Pasts 3 & 4. — Animal and Minebal Kingdoms. 
 
 " Among recent publications has been the ' The Natural History of Commerce, ' 
 by John Teats, LL.D., written with the aim of giving to the business student a 
 concise view of the commercial products of the world, and of the natural laws that 
 regulate their interchange. It is accompanied by a copious list of commercial 
 terms, and their synonyms in several languages."— Tiwibs. 
 
 " *The Natural History of Conunerce,* by Dr. John Yeats, is intended as a 
 manual of instruction upon the sources of those materials which form the staple 
 objects of commerce. The author states that his purpose is to furnish the British 
 youth, destined to follow commercial" pursuits, with information as to the real 
 nature of the materials with which they will have to deal, and he justly thinks 
 that this information is at least as important in England as in Holland and Ger- 
 many, where instruction in such matters constitutes a regular part of the education 
 communicated in commercial schools. He commences by noticing those points in 
 physical geography and geology which affect the natural productions of various 
 countries, and then describes in classified detail, the chief commercial products of 
 the vegetable, animal, and mineral kingdoms. As a whole, the work is very well 
 executed, and promises to be useful, we should add that the book includes a 
 copious fidphabetical list of names of articles of commerce, with their equivalents 
 in most European and some Eastern languages." — Wtstmxnsi&r Seview. 
 
 " The design of this book is excellent ; and it has, on the whole, been well 
 carried out. The author is well known as the principal of a large * middle-class' 
 school, who has long recognised the claims of science as an essential item in the 
 education of an English gentleman or merchant. And the information contained 
 in this volume is exactly such as ought to be fEimiUar to evei-y one who lays claims 
 to the advantages of a liberal education. . . . An exceedingly useful vocabulary 
 is appended, containing the names of natural productions in the principal Euro- 
 pean and Oriental languages ; and the volume may be safely recommended as 
 containing an immense mass of useful information on a very important subject." 
 — Nature. 
 
 "Signs are not wanting, in the pubHeations of the day, of the near approach 
 of a new era in national education, which not only promises to promote a great 
 advance in all branches of secular instruction hitherto in vogue, but even encourages 
 us to hope that the natural sciences will be admitted to form a part of the cui-ri- 
 culum both of our public and private schools. Nor can anything tend more 
 effectually to promote this much-desired object than the publication of such books 
 as the present volume, in which are set forth the advantages to be derived by the 
 mercantile community from a general knowledge of the elements and fundamental 
 
28 VIRTUE &' CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 principles of natural science, when applied even to the ordinary concerns of trade 
 and everyday Ufe. We heartily wish the author and his book all possible good, 
 and trust that the fature volumes may turn out as agreeable and readable as the 
 present one." — Geological Mag<mne. 
 
 " The work before us, the first of a series of the kind, is a valuable and exhaus- 
 tive repertory of information on every production of the animal, mineral, and 
 vegetable kingdoms that is utilised in commerce, giving a complete description of 
 every article, the countries producing it, the places where the raw stuff is manu- 
 fiictured, and the destination and uses of the maniifaetured goods. The arrange- 
 ment of the work strikes us as extremely felicitous. The first portion treats of 
 the aJl-important question to Englishmen, the geography and geology of Great 
 Britain arfd Ireland, and of her productions ; then of the adjacent Continent, our 
 colonial dependencies, and foreign trade connections ; afterwards follow chapters 
 on the commercial products of the liiree great kingdoms into which naturalists 
 divide the productions of our glohQ."— British Trade Journal. 
 
 "Although commerce has made raiormotm strides in the last quarter of a 
 century, and we carry on an immense traffic with all parts of the globe, the general 
 public, and many scientific men, are extremely ignorant of the nature of numerous 
 foreign commodities and the sources from whence we draw them. We want handy 
 works on the products of the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms ; special 
 descriptive boolffi are required on the products of the forests, of the fisheries, of 
 mining products, &c. ; and in this respect we are far behind the Continent, where, 
 with much less foreign commerce, they have many more useful works of reference 
 than we have. We nail, therefore, with pleasure the appearance of a good work 
 on this general subject from the pen of Dr. Yeats —who, as the head of one of the 
 largest private commercial schools in the kingdom, and having long devoted special 
 attention to the practical education of youth for the fields of commerce, is so well 
 able to deal with the matter. In its terse style, general arrangement, and correct- 
 ness of detail, the work is admirably carried out, and will proveinvaluable in all 
 middle schools, mechanics' institutions, and evening classes, where there is a 
 musvum or collection of commercial products at hand for illustration. The work 
 is so comprehensive in detail, that it is hardly possible to give anything like a 
 clear conception of its utility. . . . FincSXyt there is a most vatvable vocabulary of 
 ihe names of naiurtd productions and articles of commerce in the principal European and 
 Oriental languages. These have been occasionally given in commercial dictionaries, but 
 never before so systemaiicaUy or completely." — Journal of Applied Science. 
 
 " Dr. Yeats has executed his task in a most careful, painstaldng- fashion, and 
 with great success. . . . Works of this description also have an effect altogether 
 beside that which is their direct and ostensible purpose. Attracting the attention 
 of those who would probably never sit down to read a professedly scientific work, 
 by offering them certain practical information on points in which they are in- 
 terested, they wiU familiarise the minds of such readers as these with certain 
 general scientific facts, and in many cases doubtless lead to a desire for further 
 information upon particular points, and thus serve as an inducement to the study 
 of science on the part of those who would never have taken it up but in some 
 such indirect feshion." — Anncds and Magadne^ of Natural History. 
 
 " The work before us is one which we hope will be gladly welcomed and largely 
 perused by those who must almost daily feel the want of a book of this nature. 
 . . . It is a stigma to our days that works of this kind are not valued as they 
 should be, whUe books of fiction and sentimental rubbish (partly the effect and 
 partly the cause of an excitable neirvous system) are read and bought with 
 avidity. We therefore congratulate the author as well as the publishers for 
 having the courage to undertake the issuing of such a work as this, which, more- 
 over, has the merit of being written with brevity as well as accuracy, and ia 
 issued at a price which renders its acquaintance by the many easy. We have 
 perused this volume with great pleasure ; it supplies a want which those who are 
 acquainted with the German and French works on what is characteristically called 
 in German * Waaren-Kunde,' will best understand. This volume will be followed 
 by others from the same author's hand." — Ohemicdl News. 
 
 " * The Natural History of Commerce,* by John Yeats, IiL.D., is an admirable 
 and useful compendium of facts relating to the products, capabilities, and com- 
 mercial state and activities of the various countries of the, world. The book is 
 intended as the first of a trio, the others dealing with the industrial and political 
 history and the technical history of commerce ; and the comprehensiveness and 
 clear arrangement of the first volume promise w^ for the usefolness of the 
 seiieB."— Daily Telegraph. 
 
TECHNICAL AND TRADE EDUCATION 29 
 
 "With regard to the present volume, we feel bound to say that it containa, 
 ■within moderate compaas, an unexampled amount of valuable, well-considered, 
 and well-arranged information on the important subjects to which it relates." 
 — ^tondard. 
 
 " It is carefolly arranged, and contains a large amount of valuable information. 
 "We cannot close our notice without directing attention to the very valuable 
 Appendix. It consists of nearly four hundred names of substances and their 
 synonyms, in twenty-four languages. It will doubtless prove a great boon, and 
 we should like to see it enlarged and pubUshed in a separate form. The book 
 Reserves success." — FkarmacevUcal Journal. 
 
 "The work wUl form an admirable addition to the libraries of commercial 
 schools, and will be of great use to junior clerks who desire to know something 
 beyond the mere routine of a counting-house."— 5rod/ord Observer. 
 
 " In four parts the book discusses raw materials generally, plants, animal pror 
 ductions, and minerals. In this disci^Bion the author gives a large am.ount 01 
 information in a clear style, and with suf&cient fulness to bring the subject 
 pleasantly * home to men's business and bosoms.' " — Freeman. 
 
 YEATS'S (Dr., LL.D.) TECHNICAL 
 HISTOEY OP COMMEECE ; 
 
 OE, SKILLED LABOtJB APPLIED TO PEODUCTION. Crown 8vo [see 
 page 6), 5b. Or separately, Parts 1 & 2, Ancient and Medieval Aht, in 
 1 vol., cloth, Ss. ; Fart 3, Modern Industbial Abt, cloth, 3s. 
 
 "To compress within the space of 430 pages a readable and useful history of 
 the rise and progress of the multifarious arts relating to food, clothing, shelter, 
 fuel, and the like, is a task requiring not only Varied reading and very extended 
 observations, but powers of discrimination and skill in condensation not fre- 
 quently met with. Yet Dr. Teats has done his work well. He gives us something 
 better than a mere desiccated preparation of encyclopsedia. Much of what he 
 introduces is entirely outside the range of existing books, and that which he 
 epitomizes bears evident marks of having passed through an observant and 
 reflMtdve mind. In the absence of diagrams, which is, perhaps, an unfortunate 
 necessity, the writer's descriptions of mechanism axe almost always clear and 
 graphic. It must be understood, however, that such descriptions are only 
 incidental. The author has not forgotten that Ms task is to record progress, 
 not to describe processes." — Educational Reporter^ Oct. 1, 1871. 
 
 "It contains in a small compass, and very compactly arranged, the essence of 
 many special reports describing the methods and statistical progi-ess of dLEferent 
 productive works all over the world." — DaUy News, Oct. 16, 1871. 
 
 "Avast amount of weU-seleoted accurate information, clearly arranged."— 
 Guardian, Oct. 11, 1871. 
 
 "We deemed it our duty to notice with commendation * The Natural History 
 of the Raw Materials of Commerce,' which has now deservedly reached a second 
 edition ; and we welcome with pleasure a companion volume from the same 
 competent hand. Cultivating a Mndred sphere of usefulness, it is almost certain 
 
 to command a proportionate popularity To the general reader, as weU as 
 
 to the aspiring yoimg artisan, we can confidently recommend this admirable 
 treatise, through whose guidance the treasures of the trade and ai-t-eollections of 
 
 the metropolis may be thoroughly studied appreciatively and profitably 
 
 The book is grac^uUy dedicated to Dr. Lyon Playfair, M.P., one of the most 
 enthusiastic and influential pioneers of the good cause."— .BWiisA Trade Journal, 
 Sept. 1, 1871. 
 
 " This will be found a highly useful manual in the hands of teachers 
 
 The information is very complete, and altogether of an interesting and instruc- 
 tive character." — PtHUc Opinion, Sept. 30, 1871. 
 
 " Dr. Yeats, in this his second volume, brings us to the consideration of skilled 
 labour appUed to production, in the mechanical, chemical, and physiological arts. 
 
30 VIRTUE ^ CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 In a coTuitry so essentially manufacturing and commercial as Great Britain, where 
 our leading merchants and manufacturers become statesmen, an,d our peers' sons 
 enter into commerce, a study of the technical history of that commerce becomes 
 important. . . . An analysis of the sub-divisions of the work under notice 
 will testify to the comprehensiveness and completeness with which the subject is 
 treated. After having, in the first part, touched upon ancient industrm art, 
 showing the origin of the useful arts and their earliest history, our author next 
 shows us thS position of mediaeval art, and then brings us down to modem indus- 
 trial art. Each separate trade and manufacture is thus traced throu^ its several 
 stages, and the details and descriptions given are as ample and sumcient as the 
 space will allow. . . . All classes of society, but especially the young, owe a 
 deep debt &f gratitude to Dr. Teats for the great research, the vast amount of 
 facts, and the useful knowledge he has condensed into this volume, for the terse 
 style in which he treats of the various arts and manufactures. . . . It is strictly 
 what it professes in the Prefece to be, a ' Manual showing the Development ana 
 Progress of the Industrial Arts,* and designed to aid those who wish to profit by 
 the trade-collections and the art-museums of the metropoUs and other towns. 
 . . . In a somewhat extended e^erienee and course of reading on this subject, 
 we know of no work at all approaching to it for sound and extensive practical 
 information. Years of patient research must have been devoted to the accumu- 
 lating and arranging the fects and information here given. We heartily recom- 
 mend it as a reading and text book in all schools and families, for no more pleasant 
 and instructive reading could be found than is contained in this volume."— tT'ownoi 
 of Applied Science, Oct. 1, 1871. 
 
 " The three parte into which it is divided review the whole history and progress 
 of industrial art. ... It is full of interesting information, and cannot be too 
 extensively recommended for giving an intelligent acquaintance with a depart- 
 ment of knowledge which is so directly associated with the advancement of the 
 great human ia.Tmly."—Bt'istol Mercury, Aug. 26, 1871. 
 
 "A perfect mine of instructive and interesting information is to be found in 
 ' The Technical History of Commerce,' by John Yeats, LL.D. It is the history of 
 ' skilled labour applied to production ; ' and its appearance is most opportune at a 
 time when the cry is that education shoidd be made to bear as directly as possible 
 upon the occupations of the people- . . - Dealt with briefly, but sumciently 
 to form a foundation of knowledge and to awaken a desire for further investiga- 
 tion." - Illustrated London News, Aug. 19, 1871. 
 
 " There is plenty of variety in ms book, with ite little sections about bakers, 
 butchers, and brewers, tailors, shoemakers, and hair-dressers, miners and colliers, 
 locksmiths and watchmakers, and scores of other trades. . . . His volume, 
 however, contains many ' things not generally known,' and which may be worth 
 knowing." -The Examiner, Sept. 2, 1871. 
 
 "Some time ago we had the pleasure to call attention to a work by the same 
 learned and industrious writer, on *The Natural History of Commerce.* The 
 present work is uniform with the former, and is one of a series of three books 
 designed to form a complete history of industry in its various relations. The 
 author tells us in his Preface that he hopes his work may be of use * to direct the 
 subject-matter of education more to the occupations of the people.' ... It 
 abounds in curious and interesting information, and is written in a style thoroughly 
 readable. The commercial tyro wUl find in these pages the materials for a founda- 
 tion of knowledge not often possessed by mercantile men in this countay." — Brtul- 
 ford Observer, Oct. 16, 1871. 
 
 *' As a very valuable and interesting collection of historical facts, and an adndr- 
 able introduction to the study of Technical History, we have much pleasure in 
 recommending it." — Glasgow Herald, Jan. 3, 1872. 
 
 " The spirit of the present day being not only commercial but educational, it 
 does appear strai^^e, as stated in the Preface, that no manual tracing the develop- 
 ment of industrial art exists in this country. To a certain extent, the present 
 volume, with that published last year, meets this defect in our literature. The 
 object which Dr. Yeate has in view in publishing these volumes is to render the 
 industrial occupations of the people more the subject-matter of education than 
 they have ever been. In the present volume he describes, in the first place, the 
 gradual advance of mankind in the industrial arts, from the pre-historic tunes 
 of the stone, bronze, and iron periods, made &miliar to us by Sir John Lubbock, 
 down to the classic ages of Greece and Rome. The second pfui; relates to medieeval 
 industry, and contains curious notices of some of the institutions and customs of 
 the Middle Ages. A third part treats of modem industrial ai't, and sketches the 
 principfd trades of the present day, and the machinery employed. Some curious 
 
TECHNICAL AND TRADE EDUCATION. 31 
 
 details are ^ven as to the customs of different trades. . ' . . Br. Yeats informs 
 lis that he wished to show, without romance or fiction, how the human family have 
 advanced from a condition of helpless dependence on the wild fruits of the earth, 
 or the spoils of the sea, to that of intelligent agriculturists, miners, manufacturers, 
 and merchants. If he has done so, it must in a great measure Tbe attributed to 
 the well-selected and properly claesined facts which he haa brought to bear upon 
 his subject." — StaTidard, Dec. 28, 1871. 
 
 " A writer of the sevrnteenth century would have called this book a ' History 
 of the Arts.' It might be described as a Technical History of Civilisation. "We 
 can only understand the use of the word ' Commerce ' in the chief place on the 
 title-page upon the supposition that Dr. Yeats appeals to a certain class of 
 students and readers for whom the word Commerce has a special attraction. 
 This is, indeed, one of a series of works by the same author treating of commerce 
 in various aspects, and it is undoubtedly a book calculated to be of very great 
 service in what is called commercial education. But when we say that the whole 
 book is comprised in three parts, whereof the first treats of 'Prehistoric and 
 Ancient Industrial Art ;* the second of ' MedieevaL Industrial Art ;* and the third 
 of 'Modem Industrisil Art ;' and when we add that there is but very little in 
 the work relating to exchange or trade, we have sufficiently guarded the reader 
 against any misapprehension that might arise &om the conspicuous use of the 
 
 teiTn Commerce in the desi^ation of the book The Committee of Council 
 
 in 1839, as Dr. Yeats remmds us, determined to direct the subject-matter of 
 education more to the occupations of the people ; and the * Technical History of 
 Commerce,' following upon the * Natural History of Commerce,' is intended to 
 assist in the fulfilment of that undoubtedly desirable object. The author found 
 the modem library deficient in this department, and he has certainly made a 
 successful effort to meet the deficiency. This is not, -we need hardly say, a work 
 of original research. It is a careful and judicious compilation, in which the 
 author has been not altogether unaided by special sources of information. 
 Dr. Yeats spent a portion of his life in the industrial institutions at Hofwyl, 
 near Berne ; he has inspected the libraries and museums of central and southern 
 Italy, and he made a short stay at the Mining Academy of Freybergj, in Saxony. 
 These experiences would help to qualify him for this task. In his introductory 
 chapter he shows a good grasp of his subject and a fine perception of its relation 
 
 to education and progress If we are to continue to make progress in the 
 
 arts of life, and if this country is to maintain its place in the great competition of 
 nations, our school children must be taught such history as this. It is the best 
 basis for technical knowledge." — School Board Chronicle, 
 
 TEATS'S (John, LL.D.) GEOWTH AND 
 VICISSITUDES OE COMMEECE. 
 
 From B.C. 1600 to a.d. 1789. Combining an Historical Narrative of the 
 Industry and Commerce of the Nations of Antiquity, of the Middle Ages, 
 and of Modem Times. "With a Succinct Review of the Chief Sources of their 
 "Wealth and Grandeur, as well as of the Main Causes of their Decline and 
 Decay. Crown 8vo, 5s. Or separately. Parts 1 & 2. — ANfiiENT and Medieval 
 Industet and Commehce, in 1 vol., cloth, 3s. ; Part. 3.— Modern Inddstbt 
 AND CouuEBCE, in cloth, 3s. 
 
 MANUAL OE MODEEN AND 
 
 EXISTING COMMEECE. 
 
 A.D. 1789 to 1872. Treating of the Development of Industry during— 
 I. Napoleon's Continental System ; n. The Conservative or Protectionist 
 Policy i ni. The Era of Free Trade. Being a Continuation of the Narrative 
 given in " The Growth and Viciasitudes of Commerce." With a Summary ef 
 the Lessons derivable from a Study of the Subject, and applicable especially 
 to the Bequirements of our future Merchants and AlanufEtcturers. 
 
 [In the J>rtst, 
 
^^ The Publishers avail themselves of permission to print the following letter 
 from a gentleman whose authority is as unquestionable in Historical Literature 
 as in the Educational World, 
 
 The London Tntemationdl College) 
 Spring Grove, Middlesex, W. 
 April iith, 1872. 
 My dear Sir, 
 
 I am very glad to see that you are publishing a series of 
 •works on commerce, for which no man, as far as I know, is more 
 competent than you, on account of your connection, in former 
 years, with the best educational establishments on the Continent, 
 and on account of your long experience as a practical teacher of 
 those subjects. 
 
 I further rejoice at the publication partly because there exist 
 no such works in the English language to assist the teacher in 
 his endeavours to impart a truly commercial education, and 
 partly because I feel sure that at the present moment, when public- 
 attention is roused to the importance of a sound and practical 
 education, your books will do much to draw attention to what 
 ought to be the education of the future merchant. 
 
 What is com,monly called com.m£rcial or industrial education 
 hardly deserves the name, and it is a matter of no small wonder 
 and surprise that England, a great commercial country, has 
 until now been without any books to serve as sound and practical 
 guides in this department, which is as capable of scientific treat- 
 ment as any other department of human knowledge. 
 
 Wishing you ail the success which your valuable works 
 deserve, 
 
 I remain, my dear Sir, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 L. SCHMITZ, LL.D., &c., 
 
 Author \of several Historical Treatises, Editor 
 o/Niebuhr's Lectures, late Tutorto iheirRoyal 
 Highnesses the Prince of Wales, PrinceA Ifred, 
 the Princes of the House of Orleans, <S^'tf. 
 Dr. John Veats.