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SflntuEt Veterinary library 
 
 FOUNDED BY 
 
 ROSWELL P. FLOWER 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
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COPYRIGHTED BY 
 
 ALEXANDER EGER, 
 
 1897. 
 
SYNOPSIS 
 
 OF 
 
 V J.^ Prof=. BHKeR'S LECTURES 
 
 ' '- -■ ^' h (Chicago Vet. College) 
 
 ON 
 
 THEORY AND PRACTICE 
 
 OF 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE 
 
 AND 
 
 SURGERY. 
 
 1900 
 
 ALEX EGEK, 
 
 Chicago. 
 
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE 
 
 OF 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE 
 
 AND 
 
 SURGERY. 
 
 The practice of medicine is looked upon as a science and as an art. 
 As a science it treats of the nature, existence, condition and causes of 
 disease; as an art it is directed to the recognition, prevention and treat- 
 ment of diseases; cause of diseases is the most principal. Surgery is 
 classified in the same way. 
 
 Practice of medicine is practically experimental. Females require 
 smaller doses than males; the smaller the animal the smaller the dose; 
 the climate as between heat and cold also governs, a larger dose is used 
 in summer than in winter. 
 
 MORBID ANATOMY — STRUCTURAL CHANGES PRODUCED BY DISEASE. 
 
 Disease is the opposite of health: health is the normal condition of 
 an animal: an animal is in normal condition when the organs perform 
 their functions regularly and rythmetically with each other. 
 
 The vital organs are the heart, lungs, abdominal viscera, etc. If 
 one gets out of order thej' are not working regularly with each other. 
 
 Di.sease is either organic or functional: organic when unnatural 
 changes take place in the structures; functional' when there is a derange- 
 ment in the function without changing the structure — for instance, the 
 irregular pulse. 
 
 PATHOLOGY. 
 
 Pathology is the doctrine of disease. It is divided into general or 
 special: general pathology treats of disease in general without reference 
 to any particular di.'^ease: special refers to individual diseases. 
 
 General pathology includes: 
 
 Etiolog}', which treats of the cause of disease. 
 
 Semeiology, which treats of the symptoms of disease. 
 
 Pathogeny, which treats of the generation, production and development of 
 disease. 
 
 Nosology, which treats of the classification and nomenclature. 
 
 Diagnosis, which treats of the recognition of disease 
 
 Prognosis, whichtreats of the probable termination. 
 
 Hygiene, which treats of the prevention of difease. 
 
 Therapeutics, which treats of the cure of disease by the use of drugs. 
 
 There are two causes of disease — predisposing, which originates with- 
 in the body, and is heredifar}? ; and exciting or extraneous, which origi- 
 nates outside of the body, such as overwork, bad food, bad water, ex- 
 posure to extreme changes in temperature, etc. 
 
 Diseases are divided into four classes, viz: contagious or infectious, 
 epizootic, enzootic and sporadic. 
 
J-' i'ii'EOiiV' AJN'D fRaCI'ICK"- 
 
 Diseases are contagious when they are communicable from one ani'- 
 mal to another. 
 
 Epizootic aifects- animals without any local- cause-, and is not con-- 
 fined to any one district, but usually covers a large territory (Grippe., 
 influenza.) 
 
 Enzootic disease affects animals in r, comparatively small' di-strict. 
 with a local cause. (Mud fever). 
 
 Sporadic diseases occur only in sing-le or isolated cases: this '-over^ 
 all our common diseases not included in the first three. 
 
 Influenza is a typical example of the epizootic. (1872);, 
 
 THE BLOOD. 
 
 I'he blood in its normal condition is the vital fluid of the body, 
 without it no animal can live, in health the blood as .seen passing; 
 through a microscope is colorless, but when outside, the arterial bloodl 
 is rud, and the venous blood is blue. 
 
 eoMFOSITlON of THE BI^GOB. 
 
 '.Vater .- - . 784 parte' 
 
 Corpuscles 131 "' 
 
 Albumen , • 70 "" 
 
 Extracted matter 5. 77 ' 
 
 Saline 603 " 
 
 Fibrin ■ s.i " 
 
 Total, 1.000 
 
 This piopomoi,' varies but little in htalth, but does in disease :. 
 water can be down to 700 or up to 800, without producing nny iT.aterial 
 diseased condition. 
 
 Fibrin decreases during pregnancy and increases after: it can he 
 separated from the blood by whipping with twigs, and will slmw ;i, 
 grayish white matter. Fibrin i.s formed instead of helping to form any- 
 thing ; it plajs the part in the blood of thickening it so as- not to allow 
 it to ooze out of the blood vessels ; in emaciated animals it i.s .sometime-'- 
 increased and sometimes decreased, when the animal dies from the want 
 of food the Fibrin is materially increased, but when the animal dies or 
 is emaciated by fever, the Fibrin is decreased. In all local infl.imations, 
 the Fibrin is increased causing congestion of the blood ; or Hypera-mia. 
 When Fibrin is out of the blood, the power of coagulation of the blood 
 is diminished ; in influenza and in death from suffocation, carbolic acid 
 or ammonia, Fibrin is much decreased. 
 
 In Plethora the solid matter is increased, and there is a want of the 
 water .supply in the blood. When the blood is proportionately rich, as 
 in diarrhcea or diabetes, the water is withheld and the proportion will be 
 less than 7S4 parts. 
 
 During Anemia or bloodless condition, Ha?niagoblin or coloring 
 matter is diminished. So in proportion to the decrea.se of corpu.scles in 
 the blood the water increases. 
 
 In Plethora We find everything just reversed, and is due to high 
 feeding or on concentrated food. In this disease there is an increase in 
 the corpuscles and a decrease in water. 
 
 Texas fever has its home in the red corpuscles and leaves the blood 
 in an impoverished condition. This is true of any fever. We can tell 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 5 
 
 this condition of the blood bj' observing the color of the mucous mem- 
 brane in the lining of the mouth, eyelids and nostrils. 
 
 Albumen varies considerable in many cases. In debility the quantity 
 is comparatively small ; in plethora we find an increased quantity of 
 albumen in the corpuscles, consequently the amount of water is decreased. 
 
 Albuminuria water in cattle or where there is a dropsical condition 
 it denotes a want of albumen in the blood. 
 
 THE PULSE- 
 
 The pulse is the most important feature to the physician and sur: 
 geon in the diagnosis of the animal. 
 
 The pulse is defined as the evidence of the circulation of the bl"od. 
 We get the pulse by pressing the finger on an artery. We find that the 
 blood passes through an arterj' at about the sjaeed of ninety feet per 
 minute. 
 
 Circulation of the blood is produced and regulated by the sym- 
 pathetic nervous system. Every disease produces a greater or less irregu- 
 larity of the nervous system. 
 
 The nervous system is the key: by it we can tell the condition of the 
 animal: it is to the physician and surgeon what the compass is to the 
 mariner. In death the nervous svstem is the last to die in the body. 
 
 The pulse is the means we have of measuring the circulation of the 
 blood, the character of the beat indicates the condition of the nervous 
 system: otlier means are only corroborative. 
 
 The normal beat of the horse is from 33 to 40. Occasion all)' the 
 beat of the draft horse is as low as 28, and rareh- as low as 25. This 
 variation of the pulse depends upon the temperament of the animal. 
 Exercise increases the frequency of the pul^c: or, arntliing exciting will 
 increase the pulse. 
 
 The horse is the most excitable of all aninrals, therefore, we .should 
 take the pulse a second time before arriving at a conclusion as to the 
 condition of the animal 
 
 The pulse of the horse is usually taken from the subm.ixilliary 
 artery, located near the lower jaw or from the brachial artery, in the 
 arm near the body; also from the coccygeal artery, about three inches 
 from the tail. 
 
 Relationship of Circiilaiiou to Rispiration. 
 
 There are three and one-half beats of the heart to one respiration. 
 The force of the pulse lies in the expansion and colrtraction of the heart: 
 diastole is the expansion, and systole the contraction. 
 
 The normal pul.se of the ox is from 40 to 50. On account of the 
 thickness of the skin, and the arteries being located deep, the pulse of 
 the ox is difficult to take; the most convenient place being the carotid 
 arterjf just above the sternum. 
 
 The pulse of the sheep is from 70 to So taken from the brachial 
 artery inside the arm, and the femoral, inside the thigh. 
 
 The normal pulse of the dog is from 72 to 90, according to the con- 
 dition of the animal. The pulse of the dog is much similar to that of 
 the human. 
 
 The character of the pul.se is first measuring the frequency or in- 
 frequency in a given time: .seco.nd, measurement of the quick or slow 
 
6 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 pulse in a given time by each individual beat: third, the large or small 
 pulse, this measures the dilatibility: fourth, the compressibility, hard or 
 soft. Quick pulse is caused by the sharp sudden contraction of the 
 heart; jerky pulse is an aggravation of the quick pulse. Slow pulse 
 usually indicates some disease of the brain, produced by pressure. 
 
 In plethora the pulse is strong and full; in anaemia, small. 
 
 Slow pulse as seen in enteritis is due to the contraction of the mus- 
 cular coating of the walls of the arteries. 
 
 In laminitis we have a hard, full pulse, and strong. This disease is 
 often mistaken for lung diseases from the pulse. 
 
 Double pulse indicates a feeble condition of the heart. 
 
 The temperature of warm blooded animals is a mystery. No mat- 
 ter what the surroundings may be, as regards heat and cold, the tempera- 
 ture is maintained. That of cold blooded animals is the same as their 
 surroundings in which they are living. 
 
 In case of disease we have a change in temperature. A rising in 
 temperature indicates fever: loss of heat or lowering temperature below 
 the normal, indicates a waning vitality. 
 
 In cases of simple fever, the temperature is in proportion to the 
 amount of fever — a rise from loi to 104 — but in pleuropneumonia it rises 
 to 106, and even to 107, when it is extremely dangerous. In sunstroke 
 it rises higher than in this disease, and in hysteria still higher, when it 
 is nearly always fatal. 
 
 We may take it as the rule, that when the temperature of an animal 
 reaches 104 it is sick, 105 very sick, 106 and upwards dangerously, and 
 at 108 in nearly ever}' case fatal. 
 
 The temperature of an animal is always higher at night than in the 
 day time. 
 
 When the temperature remains for forty-eight hours at 106 or above, 
 as a rule it always proves fatal. In sunstroke it may run to 109, and 
 even to no, and if it remains so about two hours the animal will die. 
 
 THE THERMOMETER. 
 
 The use of the thermometer is to ascertain the true temperature of 
 the animal. 100 is normal in the hone, and is taken by inserting the 
 thermometer into the anus in males and either into the anus or vagina 
 of mares. Always turn the instrument to one side so as to press against 
 the sides of the bowels, and leave in about five minutes. In this wa}^ 
 you will be sure to get the best results. Getting the temperature of 
 animals in any other way than by the use of the thermometer is purely 
 gue.ss work, and are not reliable. 
 
 The temperature is even more important than the pulse, if there 
 were any choice to be made, because it may be that in .some cases the 
 pulse may not show much change, and yet the temperature be much 
 higher and the animal be very sick. 
 
 In severe sickness the temperature should be taken about twice a 
 day, but in cases of less seriousness once a day will be sufficient. 
 
 The temperature of the ox is liable to great variations, more so than 
 any other animal, according to the surroundings, changing from loi to 
 103, and often when the ox has been standing in the sun for a con- 
 siderable time, the temperature may often be as high as 104 and even 
 ig6 without any sickness. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 7 
 
 NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS. 
 
 -. „ Ger. Eng. G«r. En«. Oer. 
 
 Man, gS.etoioo Hog, 103.4 100 Fowls, 106 to in 
 
 Horse, 99.9 100 Fox, 102.5 Dove. 109.4 
 
 Ox, 103.40 100 to 102 Ape, 100.5 Swallow, in. 2 
 
 Sheep, 103 loi Guinea Pig, 102.4 Goose 107 
 
 Dog, 102 101.5 Rabbit, 103.19 
 
 The high temperature of fowls accounts for their exemption from 
 specific diseases. 
 
 The temperature of animals may sometimes get as low as 78.8 and 
 the animal live, but as low as 75 they die. 
 
 CONGESTION OR HYPEREMIA 
 
 is an increased flowing or determination of blood to a part. There are 
 two kinds, healthy and unhealthy. Unhealthy may be active or passive. 
 
 Healthy congestion is an increased flow of blood to an organ or to a 
 part, as a natural physical effort to assist in its functions, for instance the 
 flow of blood to the penis at the time of copulation, also in parturition in 
 congestion of the mammary glands. 
 
 Active congestion is confined to the arteries and arterioles. 
 
 Passive to the veins and capillaris, the passive is sometimes spoken 
 of as the mechanical congestion. There are two causes for active con- 
 gestion : Increased blood pressure and diminished arterial resistance. 
 The increased blood pressure is due to an obstruction in some of the 
 arteries causing increased flow of blood to the part through a series ol 
 arteries. An instance of the danger in this ma}' be given if a horse 
 having become very warm from exercise is left standing in the cold rain it 
 ma}^ cause the superficial blood vessels to contract and force the blood 
 internally and may cause congestion of the lungs, and, if not attended to 
 in time this will cause pneumonia, or the blood may be forced to the 
 heart, stomach, spleen or some other organ and cause some serious 
 disease. 
 
 The second cause of active congestion, diminished arterial resistance. 
 This is primarily a nerve disease, caused by the temporary paralysis oJ 
 a part of the vasomotor nerve systeLn, or by diminished tonicity of thif 
 system. The effect of that is serious. The blood accumulates in the 
 dilated part and sometimes causes a stoppage of the flow in that part, 
 and the fact that arterial blood, if stopped for the shortest time, change? 
 its nature, make it serious. When an artery becomes plugged the white 
 corpuscles begin to force out of the vessel and into the .surrounding cel- 
 lular substance, causing soreness, etc. A sudden interruption of the 
 flow of blood in the vessels often cause gangrene. 
 
 This forcing out of the blood vessels of the white blood corpuscle? 
 and other substances is called transudation. 
 
 Passive congestion is sometimes called the chemical congestion, ane 
 of itself is confined to the veins and capillaris. The smallest kind of thi.' 
 is produced by tying a string or bandage tightly arcund a part, thu: 
 causing congestion by mechanical means. The commonest cause of pa? 
 sive congestion is the forming of the clot or thrombus in the vein: th< 
 disease from this is called thrombosis. Sometimes we get a thrombosi: 
 in the arteries, and this passing on to a small part of the vessel cause: 
 a plugging of it, called emtoks, producing embolism. 
 
8 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 There are four more complicated conditions of passive congestion, 
 first IS diminished cardiac power, or diminished heart force, as seen m 
 late case:, of debilitating diseases. The heart becomes weak and the 
 circulation correspondingly weak: the pulse becomes intermitting and 
 irregular, this permits the forming of the ante mortem clot. This often 
 causes congestion of the lungs through diminished cardiac power. 
 
 Second, that of gravitation. This cannot occur except as the result 
 of some other cause, as seen in puerperal fever. 
 
 Third, altered condition of the blood, as seen in certain special 
 cases such as black leg in cattle or sheep, also in anthrax. Defective 
 secretion is also a very common cause. 
 
 Fourth, defective nutrition, as seen in the inactivity of the kidneys, 
 liver, bowels, and sometimes the skin. These organs become toipid in 
 their action through overwork or other causes. In the kidneys there 
 may be a retention of the urine causing urinary troubles, and in the 
 bowels causing constipation. 
 
 The results of active congestion are redness, heat, throbbing of the 
 affected parts, then as a local condition we find that the arteolas are 
 enlarged, and a tendency to thickening of the walls, and if continued any 
 length of time there is an altered function, especially to the near nerve 
 center. After the congestion has been in existence for a few hours extra- 
 vasation may take place into the cavities of serum or from a rupture of the 
 capillaris, or an exudation of the watery portion of the blood into the 
 surrounding tissue. If the capillaris are ruptured, or exudation takes 
 place, then also extravasation, also there is a tendency to coagulate 
 
 Petechia is where the extravasation takes place in minute spots. 
 
 Ecch^aiiosis where it takes places in large places. Petechia are 
 about the size of a pin head; ecchymosis as large as the palm of the hand. 
 
 Result of passive congestion. We find a tendency from the blood 
 or transudation of serum, this flows into the cellular tissues and forms 
 dropsical conditions: when it flows into cavities there are special names 
 applied. This condition of passive congestion does not tend to 
 coagulation, while the exudation of active congestion does, because it 
 contains more albumen and usually more of the coloring matter of the 
 blood. Active congestion in connection with extravasation we have two 
 kinds of: hemorrhage — hemorrhage by rheres and hemorrhage by dia- 
 pedesis. Hemorrhage by diapedesis is where the blood oozes through 
 the blood vessels. Active congestion often terminates in gangrene: that 
 is death to the part and often to the animal, this being due to the ob- 
 struction of the circulation, 
 
 Passive congestion of itself never causes death. 
 
 IRRITATION. 
 
 Irritation is a disturbance produced by an irritant: that is, anything 
 that produces first, a local disturbance, and then, if severe and long 
 continued produces a constitutional disturbance. Irritation causes con- 
 gestion, and if continued, runs into inflammation. The eflfect of inflam- 
 mation may not be necessarilly local, but may be carried through the 
 body. This is called reflex action, and is carried through the sympa- 
 thetic nerve system. 
 
 Con.stitutional effects of irritation are largely produced by pain, and 
 pain is the local effect of irritation on the nervous system. An example 
 
YETERINAKY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 9 
 
 of constitutional disturbance is worms in the intestines, causing the 
 animal to get hide bound, staring coat, pot bellied and ill-natured. In 
 dogs, worms generally cause fits. 
 
 The topical e ffects of local irritation are pain, heat, swelling, ten- 
 sion and redness. Pain is due to the wounding of the nerve. 
 
 Heat is produced by increased deiermination of the blood to the part. 
 
 INELAMMATION. 
 
 Inflammation is derived from the Latin word Inflctnmatio, and means 
 / burn. An altered condition of nutrition of a part, usually congestion, 
 and causes a dilation of the arteries and artioles, then, as a result of 
 this yoa get a plastic condition of the blood in the affected parts. This 
 is the first important condition ot the inflammation the red corpuscles 
 creep together, adhere to the walls of the vessels and interrupt the flow 
 of blood, aid after this is caused, exudation sets in: at the time this is 
 taking place white blood corpuscles pass oui of the blood vessels, and 
 with the serum causes a local inflammation, fibrin increases very materi- 
 ally and rapidly, and this has the effect of causing coagulation of the 
 material that passes out of the blood. 
 
 The process of inflammation first starts as a cause of the applica- 
 tion of an irritant. This upsets to a greater or less extent the nervous 
 system, and so alters the tonicity of the blood vessels and allows them 
 to dilate This causes congestion, and this has a tendency to make the 
 blood thick with more or less clogging of the blood vessels: the red cor- 
 puscles gather, and the plastic matter and the white corpuscles exude into 
 1 he surrounding tissue. Those exudites are serum hmph and aglutenous 
 matter. 
 
 The topical results are pain, swelling, heat, redness, tension and sore- 
 ness. 
 
 The results of inflammation are variable. First resolution is when 
 the inflam.:natory process stops short and the matter is absorbed, leaving 
 behind no trace of the inflammation. 
 
 Second, effusion which means pouring out into the tissues or cavities 
 of serum. Serum is the product of inflammation; it is the more watery 
 portion of the blood, having but little albumen or fibrin in it. 
 
 Dry stage is the first stage; that is when the part is hot, dry and 
 tense. After this lasts from three to thirty hours then comes the second, 
 or wet stage- This always follows the first. 
 
 Suppuration is the third stage. This is the stage in which we get 
 the formation of pus. Induration and hardening of the exude in sup- 
 puration often forms permanent tumors which often stay with the animal 
 during life. Neoplasm is a formation of new tissue. The new tissue is 
 produced by the increase in cells. This neoplastic tissue, along with the 
 exudite, becomes permanent tumor. 
 
 Neoplasm is usually white fibrous tissue. We often find new blood 
 vessels formed in this new cell tissue. 
 
 Adhesion. This is the direct result of inflammation, as the word 
 indicates, two parts growing together. This follows suppuration. 
 
 Gangrene. This is the last and fatal termination of inflammation. 
 Gangrene and necrosis usually mean the same thing, though there is a 
 difference: gangrene is the death of a large part, necro.sis the death of a 
 part of a tissue or of a bone. 
 
lO THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Ulceration iu the soft tissues isinolecular death; in the bone, necrosis; 
 in a large part is gangrene. 
 
 In inflammat>r>' process the local activity is either iacreased or de- 
 creased, that is, of the part involved: usually in the earlier stage it ii^- 
 increased, in the second diminished. 
 
 The function of an organ may be entirely destroyed by inflammation. 
 
 Pus is the result of suppuration: liquor puris is the fluid, and pus 
 cells is the solid pus. Some scientists recognize pus germ as the cause 
 of the formation of pus, but in the case of deep tumors there must 
 be a disturbance of the circulation of the blood to the part, and so 
 alters its functions, bringing on inflammation and the disorganiza- 
 tion of the organs, the breaking down cells becoming decomposed and 
 liquified. 
 
 Laudable or healthy pus is thick, creamy and usually colorless, that 
 is, it has no offensive odor, niavs'kish to the taste, and has no tendency 
 to putrify, but rather to dry up, It is putrid pus when it comes from an 
 abscess, this is due to the necrosis of the part involved. 
 
 It is saneous when it is bloody pus. 
 
 Sanies is pus flowing from an abscess, and is particularly offensive 
 and streaked with blood; this is, due to the presence of decomposing 
 animal matter flowing into it. 
 
 Specific pus comes from .specific diseases. 
 
 Pus is ichoris when it scalds the part it flows over. 
 
 Gangrene occurs in two forms; the moist and the dry: the moist is 
 caused by the sudden shutting off of the circulation, and of course shut- 
 ting off the nutrition. As soon as death occurs decomposition sets in, 
 the part turns black and the red line of demarkation is plainly visible 
 between the dead and the living tissue: dry gangrene occurs from a 
 slowly interrupted circulation, in which case the part dies from lack of 
 nutrition, the part becomes dried up and chalky, pale and mummifies. 
 
 Death is the cessation of life, and after death the body decomposes. 
 Nature abhores death, and resists it to the last. The nerves are the last 
 part of the body to die. All the lower animals show on their counten- 
 ance the fear of approaching death. 
 
 In the subject of death we divide the body into three separate vital 
 functions. 
 
 First, the circulatory system; this includes the heart and all the 
 blood vessfls, as through these organs nutrition is carried to all parts of 
 the body for its nourishment. We find where a clot has formed and has 
 lodged in some of the arteries the effect of it is almost instantaneous, 
 producing coma and death. 
 
 Second, the pneumatic apparatus, the lungs and the air passages, 
 this being used to supply the blood with oxygen, and to carry away the 
 carbonic acid gas, thereby purifying the blood 
 
 Third, the controlling power over these two systems: we have the 
 nervous sy.stem: its main benefit is in its irritability and sensibility. The 
 nerves carry the ide-i of life, being the propelling, and at the sam^ time 
 the controlling power or governor. 
 
 Syncope is sudden death beginning at the heart. When it occurs 
 from syncope there are no premonitory symptoms. Sometimes, in some 
 cases, syncope occurs without any known cause; the heart simply loses 
 its irritability. In such cases the heart will be found to be large and full. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. II 
 
 When' an animal dies from tonic spasm of the heart, then, in autopsy, 
 you will find the heart small, hard, contracted and empty. 
 
 Asthenia is slow death, beginning in the heart. In asthenia there 
 are premonitory symptoms, for instance; in organic diseases of the heart 
 we get s>mptoms of the approach of death. In death from asthenia 
 neither of the two extremes exist that we find in syncope. After death 
 the heart is often found full and soft. 
 
 Shock is where sudden death occurs from a fall or great fear. 
 
 Hemorrhage. DeUh from this occurs moreor less sudden, accord- 
 ing to the size of the vessel ruptured. In case of internal hemorrhage 
 the animal often dies from bleeding, when there is no trace of blood to 
 be seen, because it flows into the abdominal cavity. 
 
 We find in approaching death the most important symptoms are in- 
 variably the gradually increasing pallor of the mucous membrane as the 
 blood flows and the animal suffers, the extremities grow cold, and finally 
 the whole surface of the body, that is when death is comparatively .slow. 
 But in sudden deaths these symptoms do not occur. Also in death by 
 slow hemorrhage the mouth grows cold as death approaches and there 
 is a cold clammj' sweat exuding from the body, the eyes become dim 
 and staring and insensible. If the animal is down and unable to rise 
 there will be convulsive struggles. When death occurs in the breathing 
 apparatus it maj- occur in any of the parts from the nostrils to the 
 lungs. 
 
 Dyspnoea is inability to breathe, and because of the ab.sence of oxygen 
 nutrition is suspended. 
 
 Third, death beginning in the brain, spoken of as coma, or stupor. 
 In death from the brain a comatose condition is always developed before 
 death. The nerves presiding over the vit-nl organs have their origin in 
 the floor of the fourth ventricle. The best way to produce death is by 
 the brain so as to reach the fourth ventricle. 
 
 Some pathologists recognize a fourth: — 
 
 Necromia is death beginning in the blood: that is due to blood 
 poisoning or septsemia, caused by a germ getting into the blood as in 
 anthrax and purpural-hjemorrhagica. This germ gets into the red 
 corpuscles and destroys them. In death by necromia the body decom- 
 poses very fast. 
 
 The horse will stand till the last; but cattle, sheep and dogs will lie 
 down, sometimes for weeks before death occurs. 
 
 Nosology — the classification of disease is best based upon the charac- 
 ter of the organ involved. Diseases are of two kinds: constitutional and 
 local. 
 
 Constitutional are those which affect the whole system, primarily, 
 and if they locate in any particular organ they do so secondarilj^: for 
 instance, in glanders, blood poisoning is secondary in the lungs and 
 nose, producing pneumonia. The constitutional diseases are often 
 spoken of as blood diseases. Constitutional diseases are of two kinds; 
 exogenous and endogenous. 
 
 Exogenous are those arising from external influences, or from with- 
 out. 
 
 Endogenous are those arising within the body, due to .some con- 
 tagious disease; those of an epizootic or enzootic nature belong to the 
 exogenous. 
 
12 theorv and practice 
 
 Hereditary diseases are classed as endogenous, also such cases as 
 rheumatism or those influences inducing them, and arise in the body. 
 
 To the local belong all the sporadic diseases, and comprise all those 
 we might get in everyday practice, which do not come under the head 
 of constitutional. 
 
 We classify diseases according to Robertson and Williams as follows. 
 
 Fir.st, of the respiratory system. 
 
 Second, of the digestive apparatus. 
 
 Third, circulatory, that is, heart and blood vessels. 
 
 Fourth, urinary apparatus, as kidneys. 
 
 Fifth, brain — nervous system. 
 
 Sixth, reproductive — ^generative organs. 
 
 Seventh, locomotary apparatus. 
 
 Eighth, cutaneous, or skin diseases. 
 
 Diseases should be treated rationally, sensibly and scientifically, 
 that is, treated according to the requirements or conditions. 
 
 A term used in medicine is vis medicatrix natura, that is, the power 
 nature has to restore or repair her own damage, so all the doctor can do 
 is to give nature a chance by assisting her. 
 
 Diseases are divided into acute, sub-acute and chronic; 
 
 Acute diseases are those that develop suddenly and severely, run a 
 rapid course and usually are of short duration, and are inclined to termi- 
 nate fatally. Acute sometimes subdue, then come on again, and run into 
 chronic. 
 
 Sub-acute are those that come on more slowly, are less severe, and 
 are inclined to terminate favorably. 
 
 Chronic cases are of long duration. In this there may be deposits 
 in some part which become permanent enlargements, and generally come 
 from acute or sub-acute. They cannot be cured quickly. 
 
 Acute requires as a class prompt, heroic and vigorou.s treatment. 
 Sub-acute do not require so severe treatment, but milder and .smaller 
 doses. In chronic, the treatment requires to be strong sometimes, but 
 applied more slowly than in -ither of the other two cases 
 
 There is a term in the trearment of inflammatorjr diseases referred 
 to as antiphlogistic, that is applied to the cooling of the fever. This i.s 
 practiced in nearly all inflammatory diseases. 
 
 Ephemeral fever is a simple febrile condition, and has its origin or 
 existence due to some internal influence; no special organs are involved, 
 and there is no specific disordered conditions. 
 
 Etiology. — 'Overwork and excessive fatigue, exhaustion, exposure 
 to wet anr cold and bad food, etc. 
 
 Semeiology.- — This fever comes on more or less suddenly. The 
 .symptoms usually commence b,' rigor, shivering; but in very mild cases 
 this rigor may not be perceptible, only showing a staring coat. In this 
 ri'j'ir the nose, ears and limbs are cold, the breathing is increased in 
 frequency and more or less noisy, a sort of feeble roar. We can often 
 tell the presence of chill by this roaring. When the plainer effects are 
 passed the nostrils are not much dilated, rather inclined to be flat. As 
 a rule we never get this sort of breathing in any other case. While 
 this chill is going on there is a congestion of blood to the internal 
 organs; the nervous system is disturbed, particularly the sympathetic 
 system, causing the temperature to rise. In a moderate chill you will 
 find the temperature to run to 104 and 105, in severe cases to 106. 
 
VBTKRIN'ARY IMEDICINK ANll SfkGERY. 13 
 
 The pulse will run up from 50 to 70 during the chill. A character- 
 istic of the pulse, in addition to its frequency, is it is quite hard in com- 
 parison to its normal beat, strong though small. 
 
 In the course of ordinary events the rigor will subside, and the 
 warmth will return. In some excessively severe cases the legs of horses 
 have been kni)wu to remain cold ever after during life. 
 
 After the chill subsides, if the fever remains, nervous prostration re- 
 sults, produced first, by the chill, second by the disease. If the fever be 
 high there will be loss of appetite as a rule: if the fever is as high as 
 say 104 after it has run forty-eight hours there is an alteration in the 
 faeces, which is increased and covered with a sort of slime, the urine is 
 high colored and scanty, and there is great lassitude, and the mucous 
 membranes become injected and thirst increases; ordinarily the fever will 
 subside of its own accord. 
 
 Prognosis, is your opinion as to the probable termination of the 
 disease, so never be ready to give a definite prognosis or you may be de- 
 ceived and your reputation injured just so much. 
 
 Treatment of ephemeral fever:— The chill is the first thing to bear 
 in mind, and there is also a sudden elevation of temperature, the pulse is 
 rapid, hard, the surface of the body is cold, but the temperature taken 
 from the rectum shows an elevation in temperature. Stimulants are 
 wliat is [lovV needed, given to increase the force of the beats of the heart 
 and i'lcrsase the circulation. In chill we find it best to combine a stimu- 
 lant and a sedative, as whisky and aconite; the whisky stimulates the 
 action of the heart, and has a tendency to increase or produce an increase 
 of the blood flowing to the surface and aconite in moderate doses al- 
 lays the irritability of the heart, and by the use of the.=e two drugs we 
 get a return of the pulse to its normal condition. The aconite has no 
 effect, that is. no bad effect, if given in small doses and if given fre- 
 quently, and if given in sufficient quantities will give a diathretic result. 
 Sweet spirits of nitre is also a good stimulant, also carbonate of the 
 aromatic spirits of ammonia. Asa rule we generally rely on whisky: 
 in regard to the dose we give, horse, half-pint whisky and 2 oz. each 
 subsequent dose, that is, with the aconite, say about seven to ten drops, 
 repeat everjr ten minutes or every fifteen, but not oftener than every ten. 
 In addition to the treatment hygieae plays an important part. Pile on 
 four or five blankets and robes, put men at the neck and legs and make 
 them rub well (the rubbing at the neck to be always downward) con- 
 tinue tlie rubbing and applying the medicine for two hours, or till the 
 chill subsides The chill should be stopped as quickly as possible, as 
 the shorter the chill can be cut, the quicker the horse will be cured. 
 
 Say we take 108 for the temperature of the horse. There is a term 
 we call anti-phlogistic, and as we said before, is applied to a cooling off 
 of the heat. As regards the fever, various schools have various ways of 
 doing this, so have various practitioners, but the first is: nature has a 
 power to repair her own damages. Remove the cause of the fever and 
 nature will do the rest. The character of the pulse is the most important 
 thing you want to note in examining a fever patient. 
 
14 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 The mixture we use is as follows; 
 
 R Aconite fl. ex- i (ir, 
 
 Belladona fl. ex. 2 dr. 
 
 Gentian Rad. fl. e%:. < ox. 
 
 Ether Nit sps. 2 oz. 
 
 Animon. Cbl. l oz. 
 
 Potass. Nit, Vz oz. 
 
 Aqua, ad. QS l6oz. 
 
 Give a twoounce dose every hour for the first five or six then every 
 two hours till the fever subsides, or every hour until the tempera- 
 ture reaches 104, then every two hours till it reaches 102, then three 
 times a day until it is normal. 
 
 If a severe fever remains with the horse for thirty-six hours a more or 
 less serious inilamtiiation is sure to result; that is why we should try to 
 stop the chill as quickly as po.ssible. If the chill is of short duration 
 and there are no .serious complications in inflammation we should be able 
 to stop it in a short time, but you want to remember it is an important 
 point to bear in mind not to reduce a fever too quickly, otherwise you 
 may cause serious nervous prostration. That is why we prescribe small 
 doses. The following is the mixture recommended by prof Robertson. 
 
 R Potass. Chlor or Nit. 3 drg. 
 
 Sps. Ether Nit. i oz, 
 
 Liq. Ammon. Acet. 4 oz. 
 Aqua ad. Q S one pint 
 
 Give as a drink all in one dose, repeat two or three times a day. 
 If given only twice a day, trive in addition four to six drs. of the nit. or 
 chlor of potash in the drinking water twice a day. Large doses are 
 liable to give a shock so we recommend small doses often repeated. We 
 believe we get better results by giving smaller doses and often than to 
 give large doses and less frequent, as is recommended in the old country; 
 this is particularh' true vv hen con-;idering canine practice, because dogs 
 are more susceptible to drugs than most other animals, especially to 
 poisons. There is very little danger of giving too small doses or under 
 dosing; there is greater dans^er of over dosing; for instance, the animal 
 requires a purgative, you give him a dose, and nature does not respond 
 soon, then you give him another dose in a short time, the first dose be- 
 gins to work, and then the .second dose comes on also to act; the chances 
 are that as a result suppuration sets in and likely there will be a dead 
 horse. 
 
 Antipyrin may be given in fever, but always remember to give a 
 stimulant with it, and give close attention that there is no danger from 
 heart failure; this is why the stimulant is recommended, as it strengthens 
 the heart's action Remember, that when the fever is diminished to stop 
 the medicine, for if you continue you may only cause heart or kidney 
 complications to arise. Sulphate of iron is a good tonic to give, also 
 the vegetable drugs, gentian and nux 
 
 Hygiene. — ^In the first place never confine a sick horse, give him a 
 loose stall and plenty of nice, clean bedding; straw and a little sawdust 
 make a good bed. It is a good idea to bandage the legs with flannels, 
 it helps to maintain the temperature, water the patient, sa^' two qtiarts 
 every ten or fifteen minutes until his thirst is quenched, then place a 
 bucket before him and let him drink as much as he will, for water is a 
 good thing in case of fever. 
 
VETBRINARV medicine and StJRGERY. IJ 
 
 The food should be soft and easily digested. Slop bran is good, 
 and after a few days you may add a little oats, mixing with hot water, 
 as this softens and rather cooks the oats. Do not give any dry food. 
 Often the horse will go four or five days without eating, then find out 
 what he might fancy and give it to him often. He will like to nibble 
 on the ear corn, give him about three ears at a time, but no more. Re- 
 member that in fever if you give too much food it may cause vomiting, 
 especially if you feed too much carrots, never give more than one or two 
 ■of them at a time, then after a few hours give a few more. Always give 
 plenty of fresh air, but arrange your ventilation so there will be no draft, 
 but will circulate around without coming in direct contact with the horse 
 from without. All fever patients require perfect rest, so do not exercise 
 at all so long as the fever lasts; during convalescence give him gentle 
 €xercise, _ In the start of fever give a liberal amount of clothing and 
 take off, little by little, as he recovers until entirely well. 
 
 The rule now is, and especially in this climate, not to give a laxa- 
 tive, but let the bowels relieve themseh'es, but if you do give one, let it 
 be a small dose of sulphate of soda, or a small dose of linseed oil. 
 
 Breathing apparatus, — In every case there are certain phenomena. 
 The ph3'sical signs are to be observed through means of examination. 
 These methods are, first, inspection; second, mensuration; third, palpa- 
 tion; fourth, auscultation; fifth, percussion; .'-ixth succus.sion. 
 
 Inspection means all that we can take in with the eye. taking in the 
 general condition: first, in the movement of the chest, the abdominal 
 muscles, particularly those of the flank, position of elbow, position of 
 the feet and of the head, expression of the countenance, extent of the 
 dilation of the nostrils, and see if there is any discharge from the nose, 
 and if so, its character, and appearance of the coat. 
 
 Mensuration is little used in veterinary, but is in human practice 
 The process is measuring the chest to ascertarn the expansion and con- 
 traction, and to make a comparison one side with the other. 
 
 Palpation is anything that can be felt, for instance, we feel of the 
 surface to see if it is hot or cold, at the same time we can tell the condi- 
 tion of the hair, whether it is coarse; rough coat also tells as to the 
 soreness, or by pushing the animal we can judge of the power of resist- 
 ance he has left, we also get the surface temperament of the body, and 
 we can judge of the impulse given the body by the act of breathing. 
 We also take the pulse bj' touch. 
 
 Auscultation, that is bj' the application of the ear to ascertain whether 
 sounds are natural or unnatural, particularlj' in the chest diseases. The 
 . stethoscope is an instrument used to get the sounds, and it makes the 
 sound much louder than the natural. They are not much used in our 
 practice but are in the physician's practice. Where there is dirty sur- 
 face to apply the ear to, veterinarians usually lay a handkerchief on such 
 a surface, then apply the ear, as it is generally believed that a surer 
 opinion can be formed than with the instrument But, in case you 
 use the stethoscope be sure to always make allowance for the friction 
 sounds. 
 
 Percussion is the act of tapping or striking the surface of the body 
 at the point to be examined, this is done to get the density of the af- 
 flicted parts. This is very important, especially in examination of the 
 chest. In hydrothorax we get a dull solid sound, indicating great 
 
1 6 THEOKY AND PRACTICE- 
 
 densitj^ where it should be drum like If the chest sounds drum-like it 
 indicates a healthy condition in that respect. In chronic catarrh we get 
 a solid sound. 
 
 Succussion is the means by which we find out the soreness in the 
 smaller animals by grasping them with both hands and shaking them. 
 This is only possible in the small animals. 
 
 There are some phenomena of diseases of the respiratory system, 
 they are, grunting, coughing, dyspnoea, roaring, whistling, mucous 
 rales, crepitation, friction, sneezing snoring and wheezing 
 
 The grunt may indicate either acute or chronic diseases of the chest. 
 If associatcrd with acute disease it indicates soreness; a painful condition 
 iiin acute pleurisy. In the horse the grunt sometimes indicates heaves, 
 and when it is in acute the grunt alwavs comes at the end of the expira- 
 tion. If the grunt comes when struck at, it is generall)' chronic; as an 
 example of the last is chronic disease of the larynx. In acute pneu- 
 monia moving the horse and bringing out a grunt is a sure sign he h;is 
 tleveloped pneumonia, in cattle we must make allowance for they often 
 grunt like man when there is nothing wrong with them, we find theni 
 grunt in abdominal troubles as well as those of the chest. 
 
 Coughing is produced by a deep inspiration followed b}' a forced ex- 
 ])iration usually produced by an irritation. There are two kinds, moist 
 and dry: moist indicates the effusive stage and is in the acute; dry is io 
 the chronic. It is dry in the first stage of bronchitis; in the more acute 
 it may be either moist or dry. 
 
 Dyspnoea is difficult breathing under all conditions We find it is. 
 due to the accumulation oi mucous, blood or pus. Hydrothorax is 
 caused by an accumulation of mucous, blood, pus or such in the throat; 
 mucous ravel is the passage of air through some such as this mucotis, 
 pus or blood. 
 
 Roaring and whistling are both diseases of the throat, produced, as 
 roaring is, by paralysis of the left current nerve, and the artenoid muscle 
 falling into the passage of the artenoid cartilage. 
 
 Crepitation is the crackling sound heard in the early stage of pneu- 
 monia. This sound i,s similar to the sound caused by rubbing sheep 
 skins together. This crepitation if caused by drying of the parts in the 
 inflammation. 
 
 Friction is in the early stage of pleurisy. 
 
 Sneezing of the lower animals is no indication of dist-ase. In the 
 human their sneeze is generally the same in health as in disease, and 
 they sneeze generally to expel some foreign substance from the nostrils; 
 l)Ut in catarrh they sneeze a great deal; the mucous on the surface causes ■ 
 a tickling and they sneeze. This is seen in the case of glanders. You 
 can tell the stall an afflicted horse has been in by the amount of filthy 
 looking mucous around. 
 
 Snoring may be connected with disease or health, and so does not 
 indicate disease, though in catarrh the snore is increased. Jersey cows 
 lieing finely inbred are more nervous in their breathing, and they snore, 
 and their snore is often \ery loud. In horses, the snore is sometimes 
 produced by hazy abscesses in the nose. 
 
 Wheezing usually indicates chronic bronchitis in horses, thouo-h it 
 is sometimes heard in broken horses. It is due to the chronic thickenino- 
 of the membrane of the bronchial passage. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 7 
 
 Catarrh, in the abstract, we mean catarrhal discharge from the 
 mucous membrane or surface, and is applicable to any mucous surface, 
 for instance, catarrh of the bowels, influenza, cholera or catarrh of the 
 kidneys, and especially iu scarlet fever. Generally, we refer to catarrh 
 a- it applies to the membrane of the sinuses of the head and posterior 
 nares, this is called the Schneiderian membrane. 
 
 There are three kinds of catarrh : acute, sub-acute and chronic. 
 When it affects the Schneiderian membrane or lining- in the turbinated 
 bones it affects the trachea and large bronchii, and in very acute cases 
 extends to the lungs, In very acute or sthenic cases we find the eyelids 
 swell considerable, as seen in pink eye. With sthenic cases there is more 
 or less fever; in sub-acute, or asthenic there is seldom any fever. In 
 the sthenic form there is a tendency to run down into the lungs. The 
 horse is particularl3' susceptible to acute catarrh running ddwn into 
 his lungs from the throat. 
 
 Etiology, — Exposure to raw, cold winds when the horse i'^ exhausted 
 or overheated from exertion and is perspiring freely When the ani- 
 mal is a little out of health he is more su.sceptible then than at an^- 
 other time. About the first symptom of catarrh is sneezing, shaking of 
 the head, which indicates some pain, and then in a short time the mucous 
 membranes become red: runs then into the dry stage first, then the weX-, 
 that is, during effusion. Daring the wet there is a great discharge from 
 the nose; this discharge is at first watery and thin, and gradually be- 
 comes more raucous and starchy. In the sthenic form it runs quite 
 rapidly, that is, it produces a muco purulent discharge, and is often 
 very profuse and filthy, it is partly starchy and partly of a greenish 
 yellow color, as a rule has no odor, while the chronic is usually very 
 offensive. This discharge of the acute is very light, and can often be 
 seen floating on the water wherr the horse drinks. We never get a puru- 
 lent discharge from the sthenic but do from the chronic, and as it runs 
 along it becomes more and m.ore purulent and less mucous. In the early 
 stages of the a^ute the temperature rises, and the pulse iv ill be from 44 
 to 60, but the amount of fever depends upon the amount of surface 
 involved. If the thr'oat is involved the animal is liable to have a cough, 
 when the eyelids swell they will subside as the fever subsides. In the 
 acute you will find often a mucous accumulation in the corner of the 
 e\-t-s and the submaxillar^' lymphatic glands often are swollen. 
 
 Prognosis, it is favorable usually, seldom ever fatal that is, if 5'ou 
 can confine it to the throat, and not let it run to the lungs, and even 
 then it need not be considered necessarily dangerous. When the mucous 
 follicles in the membrane become inflamed it is at first stimulated, then 
 temporarily suspended, then comes on the wet stage, when it again 
 becomes stimulated, shortly followed by a mucous discharge and sup- 
 puration. The temperature in catarrh is usually 104, pulse 60. 
 
 Treatment of the acute — First thing to do is to look after the hygiene 
 then give a mild stimulant combined with a heart sedative, as there is a 
 little of heart irritation we give a little nitrate or acetate of pota.sh or 
 something cooling, locally, the application of chlorate of potash is good, 
 especially if the throat is involved, medicated steaming is good in some 
 ca.ses, medicate the water with carbolic acid, iodine, etc., do this two or 
 three times a day, this is seldom done except in severe cases, and some- 
 
iS THKORV AND PRACTICE. 
 
 times r.istead, the nasal douche is given. In giving the douche use a 
 mild solution of chlorate potash, aqua solution of iodine, common ^^j^^' 
 borax, etc. A good nasal douch is : i % solution of common salt, }4% 
 solution of carbolic acid, 2% solution of boracic acid, equal parts. Use 
 nasal douch if discharge does not stop in the course of ten days. 
 
 For the treatment of the cough use camphor, belladonna, glycyrr- 
 hiza. I find in many cases that counter irritants are good, the following 
 is sometimes used: R Aqua ammon., ol. terebinth, ol. lini., equal 
 parts We usually leave out the ammonia, this last recipe is to be 
 appled externally on the surface of the face, rub in well the first time, 
 bin if you have to apply again, rub gently or it will take off the hair 
 and blister, it is best to apply it hot. 
 
 During convale.-,cence you can dry up the discharge by giving^ iron 
 tonic internally, and to prevent it running into chronic, you can give it 
 either in Tinct. or in Sulph., this iron is usually given two or three 
 times a day tor a week or ten days. 
 
 In sub acute, which is mild, you can give the same treatment as in 
 the acute, but in a milder form. 
 
 Chrcmic this disease is sometimes spoken of as ozena, old authorities 
 called it nasal gleet. Chronic is developt-d as a .sequel to the acute and 
 especially where the acute is neglected. 
 
 Phenominas of chronic catarrh are quite characteristic, in the first 
 place there is no fever and the temperature is normal, in the second 
 there is an intermittant discharge, this is a well marked sign of chronic, 
 at times the pus dries, then again it is running freely, this may be due 
 to its getting lodged in the sinu,ses for a time, thiii a fresh discharge 
 causes it to run again, and if long lodged in those sinuses it will be very 
 offensive, and tnis character of chronic catarrh has often made persons 
 mistake it for a case of glanders. This discharge in addition to being 
 offensive often comes in chunks. In chionic sometimes necrosis of the 
 turbinated hones occur. Acute is usually seen in both nostrils, some- 
 times only one, in sub acute generally in one, in chronic always in one. 
 In chronic the bones of the face bulge on account of the bone becoming 
 thin and the sinuses being filled, and sometimes the nerves on the side 
 affected are paralyzed and the muscles become twisted off to one side. 
 Give soft feed, gentle work. 
 
 LARYNGITIS. 
 
 An inflamm tion of the mucous lining in the larynx. When it 
 extends to the pharynx it is called laryngo pharyngitis. 
 
 Pathology. — We get sometimes in the excessive wet stage extensive 
 >£dema, in which the tumefaction is so great as to materiall}' interfere 
 with the respiration ; occasionally cedema seems to confine itself to 
 oarticular parts; this is the rima glottidis. When the artenoid cartilages 
 are affected and there is a sudden closing of the throat, it is called cedema 
 glottidis, this is the pathological condition when death takes place 
 suddenly as in asphyxiation, the mucus forms very quickly and often 
 chokes the animal. .\s a result of the inflammation around the larynx 
 we often find a diphteric condition, but this is not diphtheria. 
 
 In sphacelation the li.ssue shjughs off, and this part that sloughs off 
 is called sphacelusthis, is in the latter stage of acute laryngitis. This 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I9 
 
 diphtheric condition often extends forward more or less through the 
 trachea, and as a result of this condition the animal usuallj^ dies after 
 four, five, or six weeks in spite of all you do, thty usually die from 
 exhaustion or blood poisoning. 
 
 Etiology. — The causes are about the same as that producing acute 
 catarrh. We find the most common cause is the placing of horses in cold 
 brick or stone stables after they have worked hard all daj', and are 
 heated and exhausted, it sometimes comes with a chill during the night 
 in such cases. 
 
 Semeiology. — There is always more or less constitutional disturb- 
 ances and high fever, rapid, full, strong pulse, jerking up of the head, 
 poking his nose out, inability to swallow and if he can swallow it is pain- 
 ful, sometimes swelling is very rapid in the throat, sometimes when the 
 horse swallows or tries to, the whole of it runs out of the nose, this dis- 
 charge or flow is principally saliva, which accumulates very rapidly in 
 the mouth due to the inflammation in the throat, which is so close to the 
 carotid glands. There is an increased quantity of blood to the part and 
 more heat, so the glands become stimulated, and so the flow of sali\'a 
 increases. This flow of saliva is sometimes so great that it can be seen 
 on the floor of the stall. The breathing in all such cases is more or less 
 labored, and in severe cases there is a wheezing, and before death there 
 is a sort of roaring sound. As dj^spncea increa.ses the eyes begin to bul.ge, 
 the breathing more rapid, tears flow down the cheeks and finally the 
 pulse becomes weaker and weaker and more rapid and at last the animal 
 drops and dies asph3'xiated. 
 
 Prognosis. — If the severer signs are present and have run a long 
 time, and swelling is very great, and inability to swallow has been for 
 five or six days, or where there is much sloughing off or gangrene set in, 
 you should be guarded, as this is unfavorable. 
 
 Treatment in this case should be, prompt and vigorous and not long 
 delayed on account of the rapid swelling that often occurs in this case 
 through cedema. Steaming is good for about y'l an hour at a time, and 
 medicate your water with carbolic acid or iodine, and it is well to put on 
 a poultice, we use mustard, and renew every six hours. For internal 
 treatment, if they can swallow, give belladonna glycyrrhiza, hemp and 
 hydrastis canadensis, the best way to apply this last, is in the powder in 
 the form of an electuary. Camphor is a special anodyne for the throat, 
 allaying irritation and soreness. In making your poultice see that they 
 are well on the sides as well as on the front of the throat. Small doses 
 of aconite are good, not to affect the heart, but locally as a relief to the 
 throat, two or three drops at a time makes a good anodyne. It is well 
 to give with it such as nitric ether, sulph. ether, etc. These stimulants 
 should not be omitted. Chlorate potash may be given every hour or 
 two. In very mild cases tinct. iron i oz., chlor. potash )4 oz., makes a 
 very nice gargle if given in the start of the trouble, also may be applied 
 during convalescence from severe cases. Never force a horse to hold up 
 his head to take medicine when suffering from these troubles, as it is 
 painful and harder for him to swallow, keep drinking water before him 
 all the time, as he will be thirsty and cannot drink much. You can also 
 apply the following ammoniacal liniment: Aqua ammonia i oz., ol. 
 terebinth i oz., ol. lini 2 oz., mix and apply to throat around base of ear 
 
20' THBORY AND PRACTICE'. 
 
 on a space about four inches wide. In case you find the dyspticea vef>' 
 bad and dangerous don't put off using the tracheotomv tubes. Cut about 
 six inches below the larynx and in the center of the throat a cut about 
 two incjies long, then cnt a section from the cartilage, a round piece 
 about the size that your tube will fit in nicely, cut it from two sections 
 of the cartilage, the tube should be cleaned twice each daj'. 
 
 Subacute laryngitis is usually very easily handled, and the same 
 treatment as for the acute, though in a milder form will do. 
 
 Chronic in this we have to diagnose all the chronic cases of the throat 
 including wheezing, roaring, etc. 
 
 Ktiologv.— The most common cause is the acute, which the chronic 
 follows on account of the organization of the exudates and on account of 
 neglect or improper treatment during the acute stage, and often this is 
 followed by some incurable trouble that remains with the animal as long 
 as he lives. Chronic often follows long continued anaemia, indigestion, 
 worms, these produce a chronic cough. Decayed and irregular teeth 
 operating as they do cause indigestion by inability to masticate properly, 
 in most i^f these cases, especially in those troubles ihat follow acute there 
 is a chronic thickening of the lining of the larynx, and i.'^ liable to remain 
 so during life. Under the head of chronic we may class all the conditions 
 under which we get noisy breathing, particularly roaring. Roaring is a 
 loud hollow sound heard when the muscles are paralyzed on the left side 
 of the larynx, some cases may be so acute as to cause the disease causing 
 roaring and to choke down the horse. It is claimed by some that roaring 
 may be hereditar\-. 
 
 Special pathology.— The larynx is composed of five cartilageous 
 muscles, two arytenoids, one thyroid and two cricoid, one being the 
 cricoideus posticus. In roaring the muscles controlling the arytenoid 
 cartilages are paralyzed and the vocal cord drops down, we trace this 
 paralysis to t'ae nerve becoming paralyzed that is generally the left 
 recurrent laryngeal nerve as gi\en off from the pneumogastric nerve. 
 The five muscles mentioned are red in health, in disease in this case of 
 paralysis there is a fatty degeneration and gets quite yellow. Roaring 
 is only heard during inspiration, in severe cases there is often a chronic 
 cough, and this cough can be called out by pretending to strike on the 
 ribs or throat. This roaring is sometimes intermittent in the early 
 stages, and the best way to, find out a roarer is to run liim yourself. 
 Abscess in the false nostril often causes roaring, other causes are : Con- 
 strictions of the trachea, distortion of the same and of the larjmx, 
 produced by accidents, such as a kick from an other horse. 
 
 Treatment is as a rule very unsatisfactorv, the first thing to do is to 
 ascertain the cause, if caused by paralysis of the nerve no internal or 
 external treatment will do any good. 
 
 Arytenectomy is practiced with some success as follows : Fir^t thing 
 lay your horse down, then administer chloroform, then turn him on his 
 back, wash the throat thoroughly, then make your incision immediately 
 underneath the larynx, making a slit three or four inches long, then 
 insert the tracheotomy tube, and also fix a dam so as to prevent the 
 blood from running down into the throat, then hold open the sides of the 
 incision and you can see the working of the arytenoid cartilage, and you 
 can tell the affected cord by it being relaxed and not working, so there is 
 no need of ever making a mistake as to the one affected, now cut out the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 21 
 
 affected arytenoid cartilage, if possible down to the articulation with the 
 fayoid bone. There is only one artery that you will sever so there is not 
 niuch danger of hemorrhage. Always use cold water to stop the hemorrhage, 
 be sure it is pute. After removing the cartilage give antiseptic dressing, 
 iodoform and tannic acid combined are good. It is best to leave the cut 
 open so as to allow any food that may go down the trachea to escape, 
 especially water, which is sure to run out while drinking. After first 
 treatment use a hollow powder blower to get your antiseptic dressing on. 
 Give notliing to eat for the first twenty-four hours, then soft food for 
 three or four days, then your hay. 
 
 Fees. — We charge $ioo, I50 down and the balance when cured. 
 
 Whistling is recognized as being of two kinds, dry and moist. They 
 are both produced by the air passing through the tubes contracted, that 
 is the air passages. When these passages are wet we have the moist 
 stage, and when they are dry, the dry whistling. In acute cases, as 
 diphteria, the whistle is moist; in chronic ca.ses they are usiialh dry. 
 Wheezing and whistling are due to a distortion in form or size in the 
 larynx or air passages. Wheezing is a modified whistle. In a majority 
 of cases the cause of it is fracture of the nasal bones, or on account of the 
 formation of a polypus in the nose or throat, and in case there is a dent 
 left wh'-re the fracture unites the best thing to do is to trephine as soon 
 as possible, and iu the case of the polj'pus use an ecrasure, using a piece 
 of steel wire instead of the chain, being much more convenient and as 
 safe. Wheezing is present in a.sthma. Thick wind maj^ be classed with 
 the wheeze. The causes are generally in the air passages, but it may be 
 in the lungs. In all those troubles thick wind comes first, next wheezing, 
 then roaring, due to the passages growing smaller, and in all those cases 
 in addition to the noisy 'jre-ithuig th*re is a heavini; of the flanks. 
 
 Chronic Cough is usually due to some disea.sesofthe larynx. Chronic 
 thickening and inflammation causes the mucous membrane to become 
 very much irritated. In this case there is an increased vascularity, par- 
 ticularly of the vocal cords, and the cough is recognized as being dry, 
 husky and hacking. This cough when due to laryngeal trouble is very 
 irregular, it may be only a few coughs at a time when first taken out, or 
 it may be a spell of coughing lasting- several minut> s and coming oftener. 
 This cough can be brought out by pinching the larynx, other times it is 
 necessary to speed the animal. A chronic coueh is looked upon as very 
 objectionable, and is incurable because it is difficult to reach the .seat of 
 the trouble. I think counter initation is the best thing that can be done 
 in this case and to relieve the cough give internally: camphor, belladonna, 
 glycyrrhiza, digitalis and hj^drastis, also tinct. of iron Y-z oz., chlor. 
 pota.sh ^ oz., and continue for months. For the cough Prof. Dick gave 
 a bolus composed of powdered digitalis i dr., powdered opinm i dr., 
 powdered calomel i dr., camphor i dr., given night and morning. 
 Iodide of potash is good for the thickening of the membrane 
 
 Croup in Cattle is difl^rent from in any of the other lower animals, 
 called synanche tracheolis. There is a tendency in cattle for the inflamed 
 membrane to exude more of the plastic nature than in the horse, which 
 is more mucous, this in cattle coagulates and organizes, and forms what 
 is known as false membrane, and is almost always confined to yrrung 
 animals, while in cattle something else is more likely to occur than 
 
22 THEORY AND PRACTICE'. 
 
 croup. Croup is usually seen in young cattle that are left out to sleep 
 in creek bottoms when the nights are cold and frosty, this trouble usiially 
 occurs in October and November. The false mirtnbrane that is sometimes 
 formed will become loose and is coughed up whole, but it generally 
 comes in chunks. It is of a grayish white, sometimes yellowish brown 
 color. 
 
 Semeiology. — There is a hoarse cough, with a free ropy saliva from 
 the mouth, similar to that in laryngitis, this is due in the horse to the 
 stimulation of the carro.id glands. There will be more or less swelling, 
 with some pain, dilEcult swallowing, enlargement of the parotid gl.ni is 
 and mucous glands around the throat. Pus wont differ from nther acute 
 diseases. In the cotrrse of from two to five daj^s the false membrane 
 either comes away or softens from fatty degeneration and so becomes 
 loosened. Suppuration of the mncuus membrane often occurs underneath 
 this false membrane. This is a serious condition. 
 
 Treatment. — Put the animal where it is warm and comfortable, if 
 dyspnoea is serious pr.ictice tracheotoni) same as in the horse. Give 
 internal application that will act antiseptically to this inflamed throat, 
 such as chlor. potash borax, inhalations of meiicated steaming, medicate 
 with iodine, permanganate of potash. Sometimes swabbing is good with 
 the nitrate of silver 30 gr. to i oz. water In the horse we have some- 
 thing like this, it is called qttins}' in the human and means a suppuration 
 of the tonsils. The horse cannot get this because he has no ton-ils, but 
 gets what is called deep abscesses in the throat. Quinsy in the pigs is 
 like in the human. This is called in human practice cynanche tonsilitis, 
 and often strangles the patient. 
 
 Symptoms of these abscesses in the horse are similar to those in 
 laryngitis, and usually there is some little fever. Temperature may be 
 as high as 104 while the pus is forming somewhere. For these cases we 
 usually poultice for a week or ten days, then operate on the thr'iat by first 
 locating the blood vessels, and then making an incision parallel with them, 
 so that if one of them is cut it will be lengthwise in.stead of across and so 
 be less troublesome, then cut into the abscess, and if necessary enlarge 
 the opening with a director, syringe out with antiseptics, afterwards 
 poultice, give internally camphor or glycyrrhiza, feed on soft food, dress 
 night and morning, keep up poultices for three or foirr weeks, if the skin 
 gets sore use camphorated oil instead of poultice for three or four days. 
 
 Quinsy in the pig comes on the same as croup in the calf 
 
 Treatment. — Scarify deeply and outside, give a little chlor. potash 
 in their water or feed, rub outside with turpentine oil. 
 
 Diphtheria. — This is not very well known in veterinary practice, the 
 question is whether it exists or not? Prof Williams says it does exist 
 in the dog or horse, but in this country we have never .seen any in the 
 horse, but in dogs we have seen much fever, malignant sore throat, some 
 sort of specific blood poisoning, rapid nervous prostration and death from 
 two to five days, and there is no disease we have met with that runs so 
 regular a course as this does and terminates in death, and all die. The 
 first symptoms in the dog are, attempt to swallow without success, red- 
 ness of eyes, loss of appetite, then the mouth begins to open, the lower 
 jaw drops down the inside of the mouth grows a darker red till it becomes 
 a dark brown, the throat becomes more or less tumified. the saliva is ropy 
 and the glands around the throat swollen and a nervous prostration takes 
 
VETERINAY IMKDECINE AND SURGERY, 2^ 
 
 pla\;e some hours before death. Many of these symptoms are similar to those 
 of rabies. In rabies there is however always delirium and inclination of the 
 .animal to bitf. Prof. Williams in autopsy . found the stomach full, which 
 is a strong symptom of rabies. Where we have examined we always 
 found the stomach empty. In rabies there is nervous paroxysms, and 
 always in rabies there is delirium while in this disease there is none of 
 these. In rabies the dog dies in a comatose condition, in this they do 
 not, and we have put curs in the cage with dogs affected with this disease 
 and they were not bitten, and as a rule they will bite when in delirium. 
 Dr. Lagori'" pronounced a piece of the stomach of one of those cases to be 
 similar to those of rabies, hut taken all into consideration we are inclined 
 to think it is not rabies, but are not sure. I believe a rabid dog is 
 always delirious. 
 
 Treatment, Rational. — Give quinine and stimulants and antiseptics. 
 We failed to cure a single case We concluded there is some specific 
 disease in it since it runs such a regular course, 
 
 BRONCHITIS. 
 (Itis always stands for in.flammation.) 
 
 There are three kinds, acute, subacute and chronic, it is very 
 prevalent in this climate Bronchitis is an inflammaiion of the mucous 
 membrane lining the bronchi. In the horse we seldom e\er find uncom- 
 plicated cases of bronchitis. It usually starts as bronchitis and runs 
 down into the lungs involving the throat and lungs, then called bronchial 
 pneumonia that is the form we mostlj' meet. It often also involves the 
 pleura, then called pleuro-pneumia In cattle we often havc uncompli- 
 cated forms of bronchitis and is then coifined to the bronchi, and is the 
 easiest form to treat, and easiest of recovery. When it is severe in the 
 animal it usnallj' starts in the large bronchi and extends to the smaller 
 air passages and involves the air vesicles and runs a definite course ; first, 
 irritation ; second, congestion ; third, inflammation, and may be wet or 
 dry. In ihe inflammation we get effusion and exultation. In mild oa.ses 
 there is an absorption of the exudate and rec()ver3^ in severe cases it may 
 go from suppur.ation to septaeniia and death, or terminates in the second 
 stage m occlusion and collapse of the air vesicles, and death. This col- 
 lapse of the 'ir vesicles is failed, atelectasis 
 
 The time for recovery in the mi'd form is from one to four week:-, 
 but in the other case maj? run on to five or six weeks, but ma}' die any 
 time if sept3emia has set in. 
 
 Etiolog}', — Exposure t'> sudden cold or dampness, same as diseases 
 of the air passages. We often find a common cause is an extension of 
 some throat trouble kown into the lun^s, also visciated air, found in 
 shipping across th'^ ocean during storms when e-\-erything is closed down 
 and the air becomes foul. This foul air will precipit^Ue glanders when 
 there is any lurking in the system, and any other specific disease that 
 may be laving latent. Bronchitis is often caused by the introduction 
 into the bronchial tubes of foreign bodies such as medicine, and here 
 remember to be careful not to h.'ld a horse's head too high when giving 
 medicine, and if he coughs at once let the head down, as they are liable 
 to get medicine down the air passages. Children and dogs often get 
 things down their throat that they are playing with. Bronchitis due to 
 inhalation of hot air or .smoke in burning .stables usually proves fatal. 
 
24 THEORY ANr^ PRACTICE. 
 
 Semeiology,— Bronchitis is usually ushered in with rigor, following 
 the rigor we have high fever, u^ually from 105 to 107, in draft stallions 
 may run up to 108. Pulse, round, full and soft, running from 45 to 60, 
 during rigor it runs from So to 100, accoiding to the severity of the case. 
 It is difficult to take the pulse in bronchitis because it is so soft in the 
 acute form. The respiration is ahv.iys accelerated in the acute form, and 
 as the disease progresses we will find the respired air very hot. This is 
 a valuable symptom, as it tells us the disease has run some time, even 
 though the owner tells us different. We also find that the air becomes 
 cold when the pulse runs up to 7o and 80, due to the fact that the air does 
 not reach the air vesicles on account of the occlusion of the bronchi and 
 there is only a tubular breathing, as occlusion ot the bronchi advances, 
 the air becomes cooler and cooler, respiration more frequent, and there 
 l'^ heard a hoarse, husky, painful bronchial cough. This cough is made 
 with the mouth closed, the other kinds with the mouth open. The last 
 kind of cough is due to the effusion, and is a moist one, the bronchial 
 eough is a dry one Auscultation is the means we have in the early 
 stage You will hear a loud rasping sound called ronchies, this will be 
 heard also in the first stage of conge,■^tion in the mild cases at the base of 
 the neck, when severe it will be heard in the lungs and not in the neck. 
 When the disease has reached the stage of effusion you can hear the 
 mucous ral, which proves that the large bronchi are affected. This 
 mucous ral will be heard in the lower third of the passages and not in 
 the upper. The third stage of the disease is recognized by the foetid 
 smell, verjr disagreeable even before there is any discharge from the 
 nostrils, after the second stage when the rasping sound was heard. When 
 the horse is convalescent the sensibility of the mucous membrane seems. 
 to subside, the cough more prolonged and less painful, and there is a 
 mucous discharge from the no.se. In the early stage of the disease there 
 would be more or less stimulation of the salivary glands, but no increase 
 of thirst, but it is in the later part. The urine is scant and highly colored, 
 and appetite more or less lo.st. Cattle, sheep and dogs will lie down, but 
 if the horse does he soon gets up again with groans. The fgeces is at 
 first dry, but in a few days becomes slimy colored. This is a symptom 
 that the fever has lasted three to six days. Precussion does not show 
 any material change from health. In the latter stage weakness becomes 
 very great so the horse staggers. Emaciation takes place very rapidly, 
 and the visible mticous membrane becomes very dark colored. In the 
 first stage the nostrils become dilated, and in the second the expired air 
 is loaded with moisture as the symptoms advance, finally the horse drops 
 and soon dies. 
 
 Special pathology. — The first effect produced by the acute inflamma- 
 tion is desqiramation of the columnar epithelium, and also of the ciliated, 
 this leaves the whole bronchial surface denuded of its membrane, leaving 
 it unprotected. The inflammation often involves the mucous tissue 
 extending through the basement membrane, and all ti.ssue around that 
 part swells and is consumed. On account of the ciliated epithelium being 
 removed and the mucous not being got rid of there is a possibilit)' of it 
 settling, the watery part being expired and the inspissated matter remains, 
 becomes putrid and forms tumors. This used to be considered a kind of 
 tuberculosis, but it is now known better. Next is the second stage that 
 of effusion then the serum and the mucous mixes and accumulates on 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 25 
 
 the surface of the bronchi (large ones) causing local inflammation. The 
 horse will usually cough this up, or will lower his head and it will run 
 out, or may be passed out in the moist respired air, or as the inspirations 
 are stronger than the expirations this mucous may be drawn back, causing 
 occlusion of the smaller bronchi, this causes what is called atelectasis, 
 that. is a collapse of the air vessicles, or a part of them, and is followed by 
 a species of consolidation, and resembles a fcetal lung. When the lung 
 is in this condition, it is impervious to air, is so that it will not crepitate 
 when handled, and sinks in water. Those are good proofs in case you 
 are called to testify in court on the severity of a case. In case the horse 
 dies in the second stage the small bronchi are full of mucous. The lungs 
 of such a case will float, but it may have been a severe case anyhow, as 
 the horse may have died from asphyxiation. In the third stage there 
 will be this condition of mucous and more or less gangrene, that is the 
 large bronchi, the small ones filled with a frothy mucous, or may be 
 covered with small gangrenous spots. In cattle in atelectasis there may 
 ' be the same condition. When this lung is first taken from the chest it 
 will be a little larger than the collapsed lung, and when cut across will 
 be found to have been congested and filled with the dark venous blood, 
 but after being exposed to the air and light takes up oxygen, the 
 blood assumes a scarlet color, say in about 20 minutes. 
 
 Treatment. — The first thing is to put the animal in a warm, comfort- 
 able stable, large, loose, roomy stall, pay particular attention to the hygiene, 
 such as pure air ; it is best to put a stove in the stable, if there is no other 
 way of heating, and have the air pass in over the stove, but not have the 
 stove close to the animal. Keep a temperature of from 60 to 66, depending 
 how the horse was kept before it was necessary to put the stove in ; give 
 plenty of good bedding, and during the chill plenty of clothing, and as 
 the fever decreases take off blanket at a time, but never bleed, as they 
 did in the old way, as the horse needs all the vitality he has, and do all 
 you can to keep up a strong heart in the horse. In bad cases it is best 
 to take the pulse regularly and to give stimulants of different kinds : 
 spirits of nitre, ether. In the first stage lac. ammonia; whisky is invalu- 
 able, and if your horse gets worse, increase your stimulants. In case the 
 breathing and lung troubles are severe we often give chloral hydrate, or 
 a little morphine; be careful in giving morphine, we usually give about 
 2 grs. three times a day, and the chloral hydrate from i to 2 drs. a day. 
 It is a good plan to give the horse a medicated steaming, medicate with 
 iodine, permanganete potash, or carbolic acid. Muriate ammonia is 
 indicated, as being a special bronchial stimulant. In the early stages a 
 heart sedative should be given, as tincture of aconite or veratrum. give 
 only in small doses and watch the heart. Keep up a good strong pulse, 
 keep it strong from the start, and if whisky does not do it, give digitalis, 
 and as a last resort in very severe cases give nitro-glycerine hypoder- 
 mically. In the first three days stimulate the kidneys freely. In fever 
 there is combustion and belladonna's action is to contract, and it contracts 
 the capilliaries and so lessens the flow of blood and so lessens the flow to 
 the inflamed part. Treat a chill vigorously and also give sedatives; you 
 can give phenacetin or acetanilide,but be sure to always give some stimu- 
 lant with them, about i dr. of ether and 2, 3 or 4 oz. of whisky. Do not 
 exercise at all. We think counter irritation is good. Prof. Robertson 
 
26 THEORY AND PRACTICB. 
 
 believes in this, but Williams thinks it should not be given, but rather 
 poultices, which we know to be impracticable and inconvenient, except 
 in dog practice, where you can take the dog into a house. We often 
 prefer anodynes as this one : ammonia aqua i oz., ol. terebinth i oz., 
 ol. lini enough to make all 8 ozs., rub well once or twice a day; do not 
 rub so freely after the first application. Mustard is very good, handy 
 and convenient; mix it a little thinner than for human, so as to run 
 through the hair to the skin, then put a newspaper over and then cover 
 with blankets, so as to keep warm, and also to help the mustard to do 
 its work. As to the frequency of dosing — about the same as in simple 
 fever, but a little more vigorously, and reduce the temperature as soon 
 as possible. 
 
 Chronic Bronchitis. — This is not as common in the lower animals 
 as in men, but it occurs sometimes, and with it a bronchial cough is 
 recognized as coming from the bronchial tubes and is made with the 
 mouth open; usually there is a noisy breathing or wheezing, caused by 
 the chronic thickening of the lining of the tubes; this wheeze is about' 
 the same in expiration and in inspiration; in all cases there are more or 
 less emaciation and indigestion. Sometimes chronic bronchitis comes 
 about as a result of indigestion, because the stomach and the lungs are 
 so intimately connected. In this sort of bronchitis we get a chronic 
 dilation of the small bronchial tubes and an impairment of the lung 
 substance as a result of the severe indigestion. When the temperature 
 goes down to 104 it is favorable, that is, if the heart grows strong with 
 it. During convalescence it is good to apply hot lard once or twice a 
 daj'. In dogs we often use mother tincture of sponges, or mother tincture 
 of toasted sponges. This we usually give in irom 2 to 10 drop doses 
 every 2 or 3 hours. In acute bronchitis, which we can tell by the cough, 
 which is well marked and can be drawn out by pinching the trachea, 
 this mother tincture of toasted sponges is also good tor little children 
 when they have colds. In cattle we often get cavious tumors, and this 
 keeps up irritation and runs into chronic bronchitis. 
 
 Semeiology. — The most important symptom we get by the labored 
 breathing being a sort of a double expiratory movement. There is a 
 chronic cough, dry, hard and hollow. 
 
 Treatment. — We cannot bank very heavily on these cases. Give 
 iodide potash internally, and if possible run to grass, usually give i dr. 
 doses night and morning for about ten days, then stop for a while. In 
 case there is severe dyspnoea give anodynes, such as chloral hydrate, 
 lobelia. Give nux vomica internally; this helps the stomach, and so 
 helps the lungs. 
 
 Emphysema. Broken Wind, Heaves. — There are two kinds, vesicular 
 (horses), and interlobular (cattle). There can be emphysema of any 
 part of the body, and is sometimes called emphysematic condition. In 
 cases where the air gets into the cellular tissue, that is, where the tissue 
 becomes infiltrated with air, this condition is recognized by passing the 
 hand over the skin where it is swollen; you will find it flexible and 
 elastic. In broken wind we have infiltration of the lungs, and it occurs 
 in two ways. 
 
 Vesicular. — In this the air vesicles become dilated, and this dila- 
 tion causes them to press hard Qu the blood vessels, has a tendency to 
 
VBTERINARY MEDICINB AND SURGKRY. 27 
 
 make the blood vessels contract or diminish in size, and a gradual deface- 
 ment of them, or a destruction of them, followed as a consequence by 
 ansemia, and the nervous system leading to the localized emphysema 
 may be injured by acute bronchitis, as in case of occlusion of some of the 
 small bronchi. The air cells at the ends of this bronchi take a rest, and 
 while they are taking a rest the healthy ones are doing double work, and 
 soon become dull and pale, constituting a case of ephysema. Another 
 way that this is developed is when the horse is being driven fast facing a 
 wind, the stomach being full, — this does not allow the diaphram to do its 
 work properly, — and the ventricle on the right side becomes weak, and in 
 this case we find ventricular dilatation, which necessarily pioduces 
 weakened cardiac power. The air cells gradually become larger and 
 larger till finally they are ruptured. In the horse they may rupture into 
 each other as the lungs are so interlobular. This rupture of the cells is 
 seldom seen in cattle, while the interlobular is seldom ever seen in horses. 
 Interlobular is an accumulation of air in the interlobular tissues, which 
 sometimes occurs from rupture of the walls of the vesicles; other times 
 it oozes through the pores of the vessicles due to an senemic condition; 
 this form is nearly always confined to cattle. 
 
 Etiology is tabulated under four heads : ist, heredity ; ad, breed ; 
 3d, dietetic ; 4th, structural changes dependent on a previous diseased 
 condition. Heredity, all kinds of malformations and constitutional 
 weaknesses are hereditary, for instance, a man would be foolish to breed 
 a good mare to a stallion that was affected with heaves, and the stallion 
 is the principal in breeding, as he furnishes the seed, but of course the 
 soil must be good, and therefore the mare should also be good. 
 
 Breed. — ^This naturally goes back to the hereditary, as for instance 
 we often find breeds that are predisposed to disease, as heaves. Dietetics 
 You will notice that animals after a severe attack of some thoracic 
 disease are usually short winded, showing that the lungs were per- 
 manently injured. We are inclined to think every case of heaves is in a 
 gluttonous horse, and you will notice him get pot bellied generally. The 
 first thing to bear in mind is that the pneumogastric nervous system 
 supplies both the lungs and the stomach, and the gluttenous horse over- 
 loads his stomach. They eat as a rule all they can hold, the effect of 
 this is a dilation of the stomach, you then get the same condition in the 
 stomach that you get in dilation of the vesicles, causing an ansemic 
 condition and produces chronic indigestion shown in the staring coat. 
 Sometimes feeding on timothy causes heaves, and it has been found that 
 taken off of timothy and fed on prairie hay they have often recovered 
 completely. Ground grain, mixed with bran, is good food for heaves. 
 
 Semeiology. — One of the most important symptoms we get is the 
 double expiratory movement, t'he first part being performed naturally, 
 but the last half is the abnormal part and is jerky, the inspiratory move- 
 ment is made easily. I may say here that too ripe clover also causes 
 heaves, and like timothy should be cut before the pollen has fallen. 
 Often a horse is taken out and driven without showing any signs of 
 heaves, but on being forced on a full stomach develops the heaves, which 
 had been coming on, but is now suddenly taken very severe. Symptoms 
 continued. — There is no fever no matter how acute the case; the pulse as 
 a rule is nearly normal, may be from 10 to 25; it may be slightly irregular. 
 This is no indication of the heaves, but is of indigestion. Respiration 
 
28 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 usually very materially increased, often double; there is a jerky motion 
 of the flanks in the expiration;it may be jerky and then there is a sudden fall 
 back of the abdominal muscles after the respiration, which gives the mo tion 
 peculiar in heaves. Cough is short and husky, and a bronchial cough; 
 there is a mucous ral, but only occasionally ; but this is of no importance. 
 In the early part young horses retain their spirits; old horses suffer from 
 nen'ous condition, become pot bellied, emaciated, staring coat, and sweat 
 easily; this is brought about by the chronic indigestion. 
 
 Treatment. — One of the most important things to remember in treat- 
 ing heaves is to muzzle the gluttonous horse after you have given him 
 the proper amount of feed; change the diet, give easily digested food, 
 and if they are confirmed gluttons put shavings for bedding, as they will 
 even eat their straw bedding; give grass when it is possible; dilute all 
 contracted food; if you give oats scald them and mix with bran. 
 
 Therapeutics. — Give some drugs that promote a healthy condition 
 of the bowels and therefore of the nerves, as arsenic about 2 gr. night 
 and morning, with nux vomica y'z dram night and morning for about 
 two or three months. If the paroxysms are severe as dyspnoea, give 
 chloral hydrate, belladonna, lobelia. Smart weed is used in Canada. 
 Be careful in recommending a horse as being sound that he has not been 
 drugged or patched up by tricky horse dealers, but if yon have the 
 slightest doubt make them leave the horse with you two or three days, 
 when the drug will have worn off. 
 
 Asthma. — Some authors make a difference between this and broken 
 wind, others do not. Prof. Robertson being one of the former. He says 
 it is a peculiar diseased condition marked by paroxisms in the attacks 
 marked with much difficulty in breathing. So we say that asthma is a 
 spasmodic paroxysm, probably due to the spasmodic contraction of the 
 muscular fibrous muscles encircling the bronchial tubes; and so we are 
 inclined to believe that asthma does exist in the horse. In the early 
 stages of broken wind there is a condition closely resembling asthma, 
 though there are intermittant pauses which are not in broken wind. 
 
 Cause. — The most common cause is hereditary, and we get from di- 
 rect or reflex nervous irritation, or from overwork, etc. Prof. Robertson 
 sa3's that asthma should be classed with the constitutional diseases; in 
 that case it should go back to hereditary, and he believes this case to be 
 from dietetic causes, and gives the same cause as for broken wind. There 
 is in the earl}^ stage of broken wind a large amount of irritation in the 
 surrounding muscular tissue of the bronchi attended with paroxysms. 
 
 Semeiology. — The attack is sudden and distressing, but is often of 
 short duration, and there is considerable dyspnoea in inspiration in asth- 
 ma as well as in expiration, due to the diminished calibre of the bronchi; 
 the double respiratory is less marked than in heaves. Asthma is a func- 
 tional disease while broken wind is organic. During the attacks of this 
 disease there is an anxious countenance and more or less exhaustion; 
 sometimes a cough — it is short, deep and suppressed, but not regular — 
 and wheezing is more distinctly heard than in heaves. Auscultation or 
 percussion does not reveal any diseased condition; a strong proof that 
 it is asthma is, that there may be a disappearance of the symptoms; there 
 is no fever, as a rule; sometimes the constitutional disturbances are con- 
 siderable; after existing a few hours there may be a mucous rale. Breath- 
 ing is sometimes thick, done almost wholly by the abdominal muscles. 
 
VBTERINARY MEDICINB AND SURGERY. 29 
 
 Treatment.— Remedies useful in heaves are good in asthma, as ano- 
 dynes and stimulants; also the depressor motor agents, as ether and 
 chloroform; the bromides: belladonna, aconite and chloral; also morphine 
 and arsenic are recommended by Williams, and remember, what may do 
 in one case will not benefit all, so try different drugs until you get the one 
 that suits the case. 
 
 Congestion of the Lungs. — Known by the names of Pulmonary 
 Apoplexy, Hsemorrhagic Infaction or Impaction. This is a disease that 
 exists occasionally, but not very often. In its nature it is simply a form of 
 Hyperaemia of the lungs. In this there is to a great extent an engorge- 
 ment of the pulmonary blood vessels, and, as in all bad cases of conges- 
 tion there is a tendency of exudation through the walls, generally due to 
 some obstruction in them and a consequent dilation. In some cases rup- 
 ture of the capillaries takes place, then we get patches of haemorrhages 
 known as Ecchymosis. 
 
 Etiology — The most common cause is overexertion suddenly applied 
 when not in a condition to take. It does not usually run to such a seri- 
 ous condition in this country as in the old country. For example, a horse 
 is kept in the stable for some time and is fed highly, gets no exercise and 
 has developed adipose tissue; then he is taken out and apparently is feel- 
 ing good; the driver speeds him for three miles or so, the horse is sweating, 
 is short of wind, the eyes become bloodshot, the ears droop and the horse 
 stops, there is a distress for breath, the pulse is tumultuous, the heart's 
 action is weak, the expired air is cold, often times frothy mucous often 
 streaked with blood comes from the nose, and where the tissues are weak 
 get bleeding from them, on account of rupture of the capillaries. This is 
 a case where the horse was not probably predisposed to the disease, and 
 he would not get it if he had been properly exercised until the adipose 
 tissue had been reduced and the muscles that had become weak had time 
 to get strong. In cases of severe dyspnoea the horse may die in an hour 
 or two, or may run on for a few days and then die from dyspnoea or gan- 
 grene, or if only a part of the lung is affected, from gangrene of that part; 
 this in from a week to ten days. The symptoms are nearly the same in 
 all cases, but the causes are many. It may occur from embolism, as that 
 part of the lung supplied by the vessel gets plugged. Sometimes a mod- 
 erate exposure brings it on, and may run to a serious case and die. 
 
 Splenification of the lungs means becoming of the nature of spleen, 
 that is, so severely congested. 
 
 Post Mortem — -Pulmonary blood vessels are entirely engorged in a 
 state of apoplexy. You will find patches of black consolidation, but on 
 In feeling they are spongy. These are the patches spoken of as ecchymosis. 
 extravasation there is a rupture of the capillaries and a flow of blood into 
 the surrounding tissue. If cut across the lung it is black, or the blood 
 vessels are filled with tarry blood; the lung will float under the water; 
 the exposure to the light and air will turn this lung to a scarlet color. 
 Hypostatic congestion is congestion taking place after death, that is, usu- 
 ally a settling of the blood to the most available part, or to the side on 
 which the patient was laying for some hours. It flows there by gravi- 
 tation either during life or at death. 
 
 Treatment. — First thing to do is to remove the cause, and then giv 
 fresh air. If it occurs on the road take off the harness, rub well, give a 
 small drink of cold water; give stimulants,as whisky; give sulphuric ether 
 
30 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 it is good; bleeding, though not favored much now, might do good in this 
 case; give no counter irritants, they are harmful; keep quiet; give laxa- 
 tive food and keep a strong heart. 
 
 Pneumonia. — This means an inflammation of the parenchymatous 
 tissue of the lungs, which is the functional part of the organ. Pneumonia 
 exists in three forms — acute, sub-acute and chronic. In the acute we find 
 the inflammation locates itself in the walls of the vesicles. There is an 
 exudate thrown out into the interlobular tissue and is very extensive; 
 this coagulates and partly organizes and gets quite solid. 
 
 Old authors recognize 3 or 4 kinds of pneumonia; the more recent 
 but 3. The old called the ist, croupous or lobular; they meant by croupous 
 that the exude was fibrous. The more recent ones look upon it as meaning 
 the formation of false membrane, and as there is no false membrane they 
 dropped it and use fibrous instead. 2d, Catharrhal; the old authors used 
 to classify it with lobular where it was in patches in the lungs, — not in the 
 whole lung, — this has been found to be an error; you can have the lining 
 of the bronchial tubes inflamed in all kinds of pneumonia; so it can't be 
 confined to catarrhal alone. 3rd, Caseous or interstitial; by this was 
 meant pneumonia that involves the interstitial tissue, more particularly 
 the interlobular on the outside, and was usually localized. In tuberculo- 
 sis we get interstitiaf pneumonia; it is caseous, and in glanders you get 
 interstitial pneumonia, but it is fibrous, but it is called fibrous inside the 
 caseous. Caseous sometimes occur in cattle and in man; catarrhal in the 
 dog and children, while in the horse it is the interstitial. The character- 
 istics of these different kinds are — the fibrous is more solid, more dense, 
 and is glistening when cut, aud passing the fingers over it, it feels rough; 
 the caseous is opaque, smooth and lusterless; catarrhal is smooth and 
 moist; it maj' glisten a little but is comparatively soft; we seldom see 
 interstitial pneumonia in the lower animals unless from poisoning. In 
 the chronic form the most typical example is seen in glanders in the 
 horse, tuberculosis in any animal, including human ; this form of 
 pneumonia starts at a certain spot and spreads slowly, and involves a 
 part from as big as a walnut to the whole of the lung. Coal miners are 
 predisposed to interstitial pneumonia from inhaling the coal dust. 
 
 We recognize pneumonia as running through certain definite stages, 
 ist. Arterial injection; this goes to the time of the chill aud is the start- 
 ing point of the inflammation; this is the stage of congestion, and accord- 
 ing to the severity and extent there is painful breathing, and by auscul- 
 tation we get crepitation as heard in the air vesicles, caused by congestion 
 producing dryness and the pressure on the vesicles. The 2nd stage is 
 that of odematous or of effusion, and is more or less prolonged, it may 
 last but a day or two if both lungs are involved, but if only one lung is 
 involved it may run into the third stage in about a week or ten days. In 
 post rnortem if this lung was cut across we would find the interlobular 
 tissue infiltrated with serum and frothy mucous and an engorged condi- 
 tion of the whole; the lung is of a dark brown red color, soft and easily 
 torn apart; we could see that the elasticity of the lung had been 
 destroyed; the lung will float out, not on top of the Water like the healthy 
 one; in the latter part of the 2nd stage the lung would go almost to the 
 bottom, and when it reached the third stage it would sink. This stage is 
 called the Red Hepatization; in this the air is all squeezed out of the air 
 vesicles. In the third stage the effusion and exudate have become quite 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 3 1 
 
 solid on account of the fibrin in it, and the lung no longer crepitates, as 
 there is no air left in the vesicles. In the horse in this stage there is a 
 further softening, in cattle it is sometimes hardening, and in this stage 
 the lung substance is of a dark red color, but becomes scarlet on exposure 
 to the air and light. In the ox this stage does not develop evenly as in 
 the horse, but in patches; it will always be found mottled, as some lobu- 
 las are effected and others not so yet. The time it takes to run from the 
 3rd to the 4th is indefinite, but as the color in the 3rd fades it runs into 
 the 4th stage, that is the only difference you get, from red to gray 
 hepatization; this has a tendency to degenerate into a soft mass and liqui- 
 fies more or less. The horse never runs to, this stage. In the ox in this 
 there is a further hardening. If only about one-half or one-third of a 
 lung is eiJected there is some chance of recovery, but if all of one lung is 
 affected the chances are small. The fourth stage is sometimes spoken of 
 as suppuration stage; usually the horse dies in the second stage from a 
 filling up of the interlobular tissue and pressure on the air vesicles. If 
 both lungs are effected in the 2nd he will surely die, and if only one lung 
 and runs on to the other stage he may die from gangrene; this gangrene 
 may exist from two to five days and becomes soft and very foetid and is of 
 a dirty green color in autopsy. 
 
 Location. — In one lung called right or left lateral pneumonia; in 
 both lungs called double pneumonia. We find the greatest tendency to 
 be to choose the right lateral. A German physician made an average 
 from 6666 cases in humans that he saw affected and gave 53.7% right 
 lateral, 38.23% left lateral and 8.08% double, and this average will 
 about suit the horse also. In case of recovery from pneumonia in a good 
 case the inflammation terminates by resolution; tiis occurs by softening 
 of the exudate and of course along with it the consolidation and absorp- 
 tion. In some cases this does not take place nicely and leaves the lung 
 with some chronic inflammation which injures the wind of the horse. 
 
 Etiology. — Most common cause is exposure, especially in a damp, 
 cold stable, when exhausted and sweaty; inhalation of hot air or smoke, 
 foreign bodies getting into the bronchi; wounding of the lung from any 
 cause, as broken rib, shaft splinter, bad ventilation, etc. It may be 
 caused in one lung by a Thrombus where there is no free arterial anasto- 
 mosis. 
 
 Semeiology — There is a chill which lasts generally several hours 
 and is well marked. Soon after the chill, when pneumonia is developing, 
 we find there is labored breathing, elbows more or less turned out, and 
 increased working of the ribs, heaving of the flanks, and the expired air 
 is hot, pulse is increased in frequency, is full, loud and a little shade 
 softer than normal; but in a bad case the pulse is rapidly increased, 
 smaller and weaker. In uncomplicated ca.ses of pneumonia usually there 
 is no cough, but if the bronchial tubes are involved there will be a cough; 
 when there is a cough it is not painful. In the first case by auscultation 
 we hear crepitation; in the second stage we hear the same with a greater 
 rasping in the bronchial tubes, and as this develops inflammation the 
 breathing is more and more rapid; corresponding to the distress in breath- 
 ing the pulse becomes weaker and weaker. The expired air in the 
 second stage is cold as it approaches the third. When the third is 
 developing the breathing becomes shallow; is tubular. In a hepatized 
 lung we can often hear tubular breathing; this proves the occulation of 
 
32 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 the bronchi, as the difficulty in breathing increases we find that the 
 nostrils are dilated as he labors for air to breathe and the false nostrils 
 flap, the pulse by this time may be 80 or 90 and weak, the visible 
 mucous membrane gets darker and darker, and is livid when it gets to 
 the third stage, in this the dyspnoea is very marked, in his efforts to get 
 air he will move about with an anxious countenance, he will sigh, and 
 there is an accumulation of mucous in the corner of the eyes, the 
 extremities get cold, the horse will stand to the last, but the ox 
 similarly affected will lie down. Temperature in the early part might 
 not be above 103, where it only involves one-third or one-half of a lung, 
 immediately following a chill it will be up to 106, and hang around that, 
 and in case of consolidation it will be increased as long as it lasts, till 
 the exudate softens and is absorbed. In this case it is not well to try 
 to reduce the temperature too soon, as it may have a bad effect on the 
 heart, so reduce it gradually. Where the temperature starts in at 106 
 it is likely to hang on from four to six days. The horse is liable to die 
 in the second stage oftener than to run into the third or fourth, that is 
 where both lungs are affected in the second he dies from cedema, third 
 stage from pressure on the air vesicles, or he may run on to fourth and 
 die of poisoning that is gangrene, this is death from pyaemia. In favor- 
 able cases the absorption takes place by softening process, and as it 
 softens the breathing becomes easier, pulse and temperature improves at 
 the same time. Anaemia is one of the effects of any debilitating disease 
 particularly pneumonia. 
 
 Treatment. — The rigor is treated the same as in any other case, \ve 
 do not usually find out that pneumonia is developing till the case is from 
 two to six hours advanced after the rigor, but in some cases the breathing 
 is labored from the start. Immediately following the rigor give 
 medicines such as aconite or veratrum to quiet the heart, and bella- 
 donna to limit the congestion, give diffusive stimulants to keep up 
 Strong circulation. Counter irritants are invaluable in the early part to 
 draw the blood to the surface from the affected parts. We believe that 
 those given early will often save the patient. If mild irritants do not 
 suffice in a short time, say eight or ten hours repeat, and continue their 
 use night and morning until the temperature is reduced. Ammoniacal 
 liniment is the best in this case. Mustard may do just as well where it 
 is difficult to get the other, and mustard has the advantage that it will 
 not cause a blemish on the skin, we can tell when it has blistered by 
 drawing it up with our fingers. Hot fomentations are good, if every- 
 thing is convenient to apply properly, poultices are even good, after you 
 take off the poultices grease the parts with oleaginous substances and 
 pad with cotton. Treatment medicinally does not differ from bronchitis, 
 only more stimulants, and oftener applied. Give acetanilide i dram, and 
 whisky with it, if this fails to have the desired effect, I use quinine and 
 whisky from ^^ to i dram, every 4 hours, till temperature goes down. 
 It is best to alternate the quinine and whisky with the fever mixture 
 every 2 hours, till the fever is down to 102, and even then keep up the 
 whisky, giving about 2 ounces of whisky at a dose diluted Yi with water. 
 If the pulse grows very weak at any time give digitalis, but be careful 
 and you should see your patient 3 times a day. If during convalescence 
 there is an anaemic condition give tonic RX. TR. Ferri Ammon, Mur., 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 33 
 
 Spts. Ether Nit. a a i oz. Aqua ad. Q. S. i pint. Dose 2 oz. every 4 
 hours. 
 
 Hygiene.— Treatment the same as in other lung troubles. In the 
 fourth stage, when the horse is coughing up parts of lung, the proper thing 
 to give is I dram carbolic acid in a linseed bolus 3 times a day, and give 
 whisky to stimulate. Stimulants and diuretics should be given to ward 
 off accumulations in the kidneys, as potash; but stop the use of the pot- 
 ash in about 3 days, when there is much diuresis. 
 
 Pleurisy. — Technical name Pleuritis; this is an inflammation of the 
 pleura or lining of the chest; its cause in some cases may be traced to the 
 extension of the inflammation in Pneumonia, and may affect either parts 
 of the pulmonarj' or costal. 
 
 Etiology. — First, extension of inflammation from parts contiguous 
 to, or in connection with the pleura; second, direct irritation from 
 injuries, as from broken ribs, any kind of punctured wound, or the 
 adventitious growth of certain kinds in connection with the pleura; third, 
 the action of a rapidly lowered temperature or other meteorological influ- 
 ences; fourth, blood contamination as appears in constitutional and spe- 
 cific diseases. It ma}' develop from Diathetic, Dietetic, Infective, En- 
 zootic or Epizootic. 
 
 We recognize Pleurisy as running through 4 stages. First, that of 
 congestion; second, dry stage of inflammation; third, effusion; fourth, 
 absorption. Pleurisy in the first stage is the period of engorgement or 
 congestion; we find that the pleural surface is spotted red in patches, 
 which grow larger rapidly till thej' become confluent, till in the second stage 
 there is a generally diffused red surface. The first stage is very short, 
 only a few hours, and runs rapidlj' into the second, in which we have a dry 
 pleural surface and the two drj- surfaces rubbing together produce a fric- 
 tion sound; this stage is also verj- short, about from 19 to 24 hours; in 
 this stage there maj^ be two inflamed surfaces, — the costal and pulmon- 
 arj^ and then adhesion is possible and very liable to take place. The 
 third stage is long; the first part is that in which the plastic exudate is 
 thrown out on the surface of the pleura; this coagulates and forms the 
 false membrane. Resolution may take place at anj^ time, and in most 
 favorable cases takes place after the development of the false membrane. 
 If it does not, it runs on to complete the third stage by the serum run- 
 ning into and filling the pleural cavitj', forming what is called Hydro- 
 thorax or water in the chest; as soon as effusion begins, friction sound 
 stops, for the serum then lubricates the surfaces. This effusion in horses 
 is usually \'ery severe, filling the cavity with water, pressing the lungs 
 so closely against the upper part of the thorax that the animal cannot 
 breathe, and dies from Apnoea and nervous prostration. Death alwaj's 
 takes place from this stage, though some say it maj- from the second stage, 
 from excessive fever, but I do not think it possible. If the chest does 
 not fill more than yi, the fourth stage may take place, and this maj- be 
 absorbed by resolution; but when more than y'i full, absorption will not 
 take place and the animal dies. The way resolution takes place after the 
 formation of the false membrane, is by the process of fatty degeneration. 
 In adhesion in the second stage it is the two false membranes that unite; 
 this condition we often find in autopsj^ but instead of the false mem- 
 branes growing together they will become absorbed. About 95 per cent 
 
34 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 recovers in this way, the other 5 per cent is in Hydrothorax. The extent 
 of the Hydothorax depends on the amount of surface involved, and also the 
 severity of the inflammation; in many cases there is an oedemic condition 
 in the walls of the chest, and in many cases it oozes out through the pores of 
 the tissues and accumulates on the outside of the chest, resulting in a drop- 
 sical condition of the parts. This is seen more in cattle, and not so often 
 in horses. In Pleuro Pneumonia ( contagious ) the cedemic condition is of- 
 ten enormous; there is invariably more or less oedema. Pleurisy, the same 
 as Pneumonia, may be single or double, or may come under the fourth stage 
 — blood contamination; it may affect every square inch of the pleural sur- 
 face. 
 
 Semeiology. — It is usually ushered in with a shivering fit; there 
 would be a little staring of the coat; often comes on with a heavy rigor 
 attended with labored breathing. During rigor the pulse and the tem- 
 perature rise and remain, as it runs into the Pleurisj' so quicklj^; tem- 
 perature will then be about 104, not so high as it runs in Pneumonia. 
 The pulse is quite characteristic, is small and hard from the start of the 
 disease and gets smaller as it progresses, and more rapid, from 55 to 60, 
 but before the rigor is over may be 80, next day 90. This hard pulse is 
 often called vibrating pulse; the ribs are usuallj' thick, and the breathing 
 with the abdominal muscles; the pain in the early stage of the disease is 
 sharp, the animal Avill look around at the side, will lie down and roll, get 
 up, kick, and other symptoms that much resemble those of Colic, and in 
 the early stage is sometimes mistaken for Colic. In the early stage we 
 often have depression on the side, along the ribs, and well marked, due 
 to the contraction of the muscles of the chest, that is, the pleuritic lining; 
 the elbows are usually' turned out ; by auscultation we hear distinct friction 
 sound. Percussion reveals great soreness, particularly if you press your 
 fingers into the intercostal space it may cause him to grunt. In Pleurisy 
 there is a disinclination to move, sometimes due to rheumatic inflamma- 
 tion of the chest muscles, and is called Pleurodynia. Diagnostic symp- 
 toms lie in the pulse. In Pleurisy there is an increa.se in the pulse, while 
 in Pleurodynia there is not much change; in either case you will often 
 see a quivering of the muscles of the shoulder and chest, and in 9 out of 10 
 cases indicate a fatal case. In Pneumonia this is often seen; in Pleurisy 
 it occurs in the early stage, but in Pulmonary Apoplexy or Bronchitis it 
 would not occur until the last stage of the disea.se. If H^'drothorax 
 develops, this quivering will stop; during this there is a loss of appetite 
 and scanty fseces, and there are symptoms of high fever. Pleurisy may 
 terminate in resolution in from 4 to 5 days; if it does not it will run into 
 the third stage following the end of the second stage; followiiig Hydro- 
 thorax the false membrane is in existence; this is a coagulation of plastic 
 lymph. As soon as the effusion begins the severe colickj' pains stop, and 
 then the animal may lie down after standing 9 or 10 days, eat a little and 
 breathe easier; these are favorable appearing signs but do not always 
 indicate that the animal is better, as unfavorable symptoms maj' develop 
 in 2 or 3 days, with more D3',spncea. In Hydrothorax there ma}- be dila- 
 tion of the nostrils, flapping of the false nostrils, flanks will heave, and 
 the ribs being no longer thick, the expired air is colder, percussion 
 reveals a dull sound below the collar line, so 3-011 can ea.sily tell the water 
 line; auscultation reveals increased respiratory murmur above the line and 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 35 
 
 none below. In Pneumonia you can't tell tliLs line as well as you can in 
 Hydrothorax. When Hyclrothorax is well cle\-eloped we find the visi- 
 ble mucous membrane gets li\'id and extremities get cold. In fa^•orable. 
 cases, when the case recovers in the third .stage, the water is absorbed 
 and the inflammation is subsided. Pleural adhesion after recovery 
 always depreciates the value of the horse, as he is liable to have stitches 
 in his side and run his nose into any place, and ma>- run you into a ditch, 
 trying to get his nose around to the sore spot. 
 
 Diagnosis. — Symptoms ma>' be rapid breathing, rapid, hard pulse and 
 fever. In Colic there is no hardness of pulse, no fever. In Pleurisy the 
 pain is continuous; in Colic it is intermitting. 
 
 Prognosis. — In favorable cases if the effusion is slight and fever .slight, 
 appetite good, no blood contamination, prognosis would be favorable, 
 under reversed conditions the prognosis would be reversed. Pleurisj' in 
 any animal is serious; Hj'drothorax is almost always fatal; you can form 
 some idea by the effusion; if it is very purulent, fcetid and oft'ensive 
 the prognosis is unfavorable; if it is amber-colored, odorless, and not too 
 great an amount, the prognosis would be favorable. 
 
 Treatment. — Hygiene does not differ from other diseases of the tho- 
 rax; fresh air and good quarters; temperature from 60 to 66. 
 
 If the case is only in the rigor, treat same as any other rigor; 
 toward the latter part of the rigor, }-ou will be able to tell by the increased 
 breathing, elevation of temperature, how progressing. In this stage, 
 just as soon as the Pleuris}^ can be recognized, apply counter-irritants, 
 such as will produce great irritation; give diffuse stimulants combined, as 
 aconite and belladona. Then after a few do.ses of this, give fever mix- 
 tures, including the belladona, potash, and liq. ammonia acet. ; repeat 
 counter-irritants after an hour or two; internal treatment need not differ 
 from that prescribed for Pneumonia; feed on sloppy food, and here will 
 say, bandage the legs and clothe warmly during the rigor. Most cases, 
 if you get them early, will yield readily to treatment; and if Pleurisj^ is 
 mistaken for Colic, there is no harm done by this treatment, but great 
 harm may be done by delaying counter-irritants; hence a correct diagno- 
 sis during the early stage of the disease is very important, but if treat- 
 ment is delayed lo, 15, or 24 hours, we are sure to have a serious case of 
 Pleurisj^ or Hydrothorax. When we have a serious case of Hydrothorax 
 it would be well to give digitalis. Remember the secret of success in 
 treating Pleurisy is to stop it early by good strong treatment. 
 
 During Hydrothorax give digitalis, ammonia, fl. ext. gentian and 
 nux vomica; during third stage give diuretics quite liberally; also give 
 quinine. It is necessar}^ to keep up a strong heart, then the effusion is 
 more likelj- to be absorbed, while if the heart is weak the effusion is 
 likely to go on increasing, and absorption not take place. The use of 
 potash right along is good, and if the action of the heart is not strong 
 enough to suit, give whisky or digitalis. The temperature in Hydro- 
 rax runs about 103 to 104, and will stay up till after the effusion is ab- 
 sorbed, even after the inflammation has stopped; so pay close attention 
 to the pulse and see that the kidneys are in good condition. Frequently 
 if we can reduce the inflammation when the cavity is only Yi full, we 
 may get absorption and terminate favorably. We usually let Hydro- 
 thorax run 4 or 5 days or a week, and if not improved we tap; this is 
 
36 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 called Paracentesis Thoracis. This tapping is usually done between the 
 7th and 8th or between the 8th and 9th ribs; I prefer between the 8th 
 and gth, for the reason that the elbows are apt to come back and inter- 
 fere with 3-0U while j'ou are operating. First locate where you are go- 
 ing to operate; cut off the hair and press 3'our two fingers slowly but 
 forcibly between the ribs, then dTa.^y back the skin a little so that when 
 cut it will be about the center of the rib when you let go; cut through 
 the hide with j^our scalpel, close to the anterior border of the 9th rib; 
 don' t go near the posterior border, as you will rupture the intercostal 
 artery; then introduce your trocar about half its length, then pull out the 
 trocar, leaving the cannula in so as to drain. When the chest is near 
 full and there is great weakness, it is often necessary to tap both sides; 
 when },-ou do this remember the heart is inclined a little and you might 
 lacerate the cardiac sack, so go a little lower, tap only one side at a time, 
 and the other the next day, as it would be too great a shock to do both 
 at one time; always give whisky to keep up the strength of the animal, 
 and about one hour before tapping give him about }4 pint. The chest 
 ma}' fill again and it will be necessary to tap a second time in about a 
 week; don't tap in the same place though, or j'ou may have to tap 3 or 
 4 times; it is apt to be alwaj's fatal when you have to tap more than once. 
 \Vhen there is onlj' about 6 gallons drawn and it does not refill there is a 
 good chance of recover}', otherwise there is very little chance. On ac- 
 count of the oedemic condition of the intercostal muscles there is little 
 pain attending the operation; but alwaj's warn the owner that there is 
 danger of the horse dying from nervous prostration before you ever 
 operate. Be.st to put a twitch on the horse's ear so as to draw his atten- 
 tion away from what j'ou are doing. After drawing off the water alwa^'S 
 give stimulants; give tincture of iron quite liberalh'; see that he gets lots 
 of nourishment, and drench with linseed meal tea. If the .serum coming 
 through the cannula is amber-colored, odorless and not in too large quan- 
 tities the chances are favorable, but if red, foetid and oifensive, — unfavor- 
 able. Dr. Baker in 1892 before the class tapped a horse that held 18 
 gallons. In human practice thej' often tap in different places, then 
 drench out with antiseptic, wash and drain out, and have quite a number 
 of recoveries; but this is impracticable in the horse. You must be careful 
 not to tap a hepatized lung in Pneumonia, as you will likely produce a 
 fatal hemorrhage. In tapping, I go about four inches from the floor cf 
 the thorax. In the wash used in the human they put in one five-thou- 
 sandth part of bichloride of mercury. 
 
 Digestive System, or Alimentary Canal. — Begins at the mouth or 
 muzzle. The prehen.sile power in the horse lies in the lips, in the ox in 
 the tongue. The lining of the mouth is called the buccal membrane; the 
 velum in the horse is the soft palate which prevents any food that is 
 swallowed (or attempted to be swallowed) from returning back in the 
 mouth, compelling it to pass out through the nostrils. The food is 
 mixed with the salivary fluid, — this is insalivation: in the .stomach it is 
 mixed with the gastric juice and passes out of the .stomach as chyme; 
 after chj-mification it passes into the duodenum, where it is mixed with 
 the bile and pancreatic juice, and thereby, by the process of chylification, 
 becomes chyle and is then ready for absorption by the absorbents, the 
 refuse part of the food passing out of the body per rectum. The intes- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 37 
 
 tines in the horse are about 90 feet long. The food is carried through 
 the intestines by a pecuhar \vorm-like motion called \-ermicular or per- 
 istaltic motion and contraction of the muscular coat of the bowels. 
 
 We conclude that most of the diseases of the digestive system are 
 due to errors in feeding, or defective nutrition and digestion, and the 
 whole can be classed under Dietetic. Generally, feeding is too bulk^^ 
 too concentrated, too rich, too poor, too wet or too dry, too much digesti- 
 ble food, or too much indigestible; or the time of feeding is too irregular; 
 this last often causes disease because it upsets the nervous system, caus- 
 ing many troubles. There is a great difference between animals that 
 have a single stomach, as the horse, dog, mule, etc., and those having a 
 double stomach, as the ox, sheep, deer, and all animals that remasticate 
 their food. On account of the long time that the food remains in the 
 stomach of these animals, they often have disease of the stomach from 
 Indigestion, and seldom ever have diseases of the intestines, while in the 
 horse the food remains but a short time in the stomach, and so the horse 
 does not often suffer from Indigestion as the ox, but has more diseases of 
 the intestines. Many physicians recognize the fact that too rich or too 
 concentrated food causes disease of the stomach and small intestines^ 
 while food having too digestible matter in it will produce disease of the 
 large intestines, as of the horse fed on too ripe straw or too ripe timothy. 
 On this account Prof. Williams claims that food artificially prepared by 
 being cooked is productive of disease; but from experience we know that 
 he is entirelj^ wrong, and though he ma)- be right theoreticall}^ he is not 
 practically. It should not be applied to cooked food, as we know that 
 cooking renders a large amount of food digestible, that would not be di- 
 gestible unless cooked. You will find that too concentrated food will not 
 work its way out of the stomach because it has not enough indigestible 
 matter in it to cause the stomach to become stimulated to action; this is 
 also true of purely digestible food. Wholly indigestible food will pass 
 through the small intestines all right, but will lodge in the large ones, 
 causing Parah^sis, Enteritis, and death caused by the gases that arise from 
 the fermentation of the food lodged in the alimentary canal. So in case 
 of Flatulence we know that digestion is impaired or whoUj' destroyed. 
 
 Congestion of the buccal membrane is ordinarily known as I^ampas, 
 and is simply a hyperamic condition of the lining of the mouth; this is 
 accompanied by more or less tumefaction, noticed more particularly in 
 the bars of the mouth. 
 
 Etiolog}^ — The inflammation attending the cutting of the teeth often 
 causes it. In children and colts it is often caused by the milk teeth cut- 
 ting through the buccal membrane, which ma3^ be ver^- tough; while in 
 puppies it is the permanent teeth that cause the trouble. Cauterization 
 by irritating substances or medicines also causes it. 
 
 Semeiology. — Salvering in the mouth, where the salivary glands are 
 stimulated and cause a constant flow of saliva from the mouth; on ex- 
 amining the mouth we find the buccal very painful to the touch, though 
 a fresh case may not be; the bars of the mouth will be swollen and the buc- 
 cal membrane all through greatly oedemic, and often in these cases the 
 breath is very fcetid. Turning up of upper lip is sign of Indigestion. 
 
 Treatment. — Ascertain the cause and remove it; foreign bodies, such 
 as corncobs and pieces of wood are lodged in the molars, or their edges. 
 
38 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 may be so sharp as to scarify the cheek or tongue; this is all classed 
 under irritative substances. If from Indioestion, give a laxative; in bad 
 cases give acetate of potash in the drinking water; give soft food. Own- 
 ers often think their horses have I^ampas because they are off their food; 
 they notice that the first fe\^• bars are swollen and often have them bnrned 
 or cut when it ma3' be clue to natural causes. This is barbarous, and 
 when the bars are destroj^ed in the mouth the tongue cannot force the 
 food back in the mouth in a natural way, as the bars are designed for 
 that purpose; hence there is a constant dribble out of the mouth of the 
 food, while tr^-ing to eat. If 3rou find an owner who must have those 
 bars treated, just lightly scarify the fir.st two or three and give some 
 medicine that has no effect any wa}-. Charge him a dollar for the cutting 
 and 50 cents for the medicine, and you will satisf}^ him and not hurt the 
 animal. If an arter}' should happen to be cut, take a little wad of oakum, 
 dip in IMunsell's solution and tie over nose. 
 
 Stomatitis. — Soreness of the mouth, and is hard to separate from 
 Lampas with Stojiatitis, and with pampas we have some of the causes 
 of Stomatitis. We find in some a predisposition to this, as in the case of 
 foals, and is often called thrush in little children and in lambs and foals. 
 It is reallj' Catarrhal Stomatitis. 
 
 Semeiology. — It starts in a little red sack, about the size of a pea, 
 and there are man)- of them. They break into raw sores in the mouth, 
 and are covered with a gra>-, mealy substance; this is due to the exfolia- 
 tion of the epithelium and to exudation. There is a foetid smell from 
 them, and in most cases there is more or less derangement of the bowels 
 and .stomach. In the older animals we have the vesicular form filled 
 with water; in a day or two the}- rupture, and the water escapes and 
 maj? cau.se ulceration, but usually tliej' heal rapidly and readilj- after 
 suppuration. Then there is the pustular form, which is more severe 
 and deeper-seated; they are formed in the same way, and the water often 
 turns to pus. This pustular form often follows the vesicular form, and 
 instead of rupturing turns to pus and then ruptures. The skin is thick 
 and rots off over the pus, and this pus often ulcerates and leaves little 
 pits. It is little seen except in contagious forms, or when caused by 
 cauterization, as with blue vitriol, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause, give mild laxati-\'es, followed by 
 vegetable bitters, and then anti-acids, as bicarbonate of soda, one ounce 
 to pint of water, creta preparation and water or calcis sulphate. Give a 
 local application of a saturated solution of borax, 2 per cent solution of 
 carbolic acid, gtycerine, tannic acid, solution of permanganate potash 
 10 grs. to the ounce water. Use this once or twice a day. Borax may 
 be used in saturated solution as strong as the water will take up, hot or 
 cold. Tannic acid i dr., glycerine 2 oz., water to make a pint; apply 
 3 or 4 times a day, and don't forget to attend to the proper hygiene at 
 the same time. If .sores are obstinate in healing, touch with lunar caustic 
 once or twice a da^-. 
 
 Glossitis — Is inflammation of the tongue, and usually the interlin- 
 gual tissue. It is usually caused by some accidental injiu-y, or the attack 
 of some specific disease, as Anthrax, etc. In anjr case there is much 
 swelling, oftentimes filling the mouth and protruding when the mouth 
 is held open, and the tongue is apt to be dry, and in this case gets a 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 39 
 
 dark brown color; deglutition is interfered with, the tong-ue feels hard, 
 and is often verj- painful. Wounds in the tongue from chain halters 
 often cause it. 
 
 Treatment. — Give laxatives if you get the case in time, or an aqua 
 solution of aloes if the tongue is \-ery bad; gi\-e this per rectum. When 
 the tongue is \-erY bad, scarify deeply and bathe with tepid water and 
 encourage hemorrhage; after fomenting it for .some little time, bathe 
 with some antiseptic, as permanganate potash, chlo. potash, borax, 
 Xew Orleans molasses, etc. Treat the same as sore mouth. 
 
 Prognosis. — Is usually favorable. 
 
 In case the tongue is lacerated, almo.st cutting it off, and' if less 
 than an inch holds it, it is better to amputate it. The operation is very 
 simple, the hemorrhage usuallj- ^-ery slight. In such case I would just 
 take off with scis.sors; in case the hemorrhage would bother you, use a 
 little of the mustard solution of iron, etc. In examining the hor.se for 
 soundness al\\ays see that the tongue is all right; a horse with ampu- 
 tated tongue always has some trouble in eating, and eats in a peculiar 
 way; he must have a deep, narrow feed box, and throw up his head to 
 get the food back into the mouth. Bleeding between the third and 
 fourth bars bj- inexperienced persons sometimes cuts the palatine arter5r. 
 To stop the bleeding, in a small fissure, press the thumb against the 
 opening for a little while, but if this does not stop the hemorrhage, use a 
 wad of absorbent cotton about the size of a hen's egg, dip in mustard 
 solution of iron, then place on the cut, and tie tighth' with a bandage 
 around the part, and leave until the hemorrhage has stopped. 
 
 Parotitis. — Is inflammation of the membrane of the parotid glands. 
 There are two forms — Acute and Subacute. In the acute it is usually 
 associated with some other fever, as Catarrhal sore throat. There is 
 suppuration as in Strangles, Tumefaction, usually liberal and con.siderable 
 soreness, and is prone to run into absce.s.ses — may be one large or a 
 number of small ones; these, when ruptured, discharge considerable pus 
 on the outside. 
 
 Semeiology. — Swelling, pain on pressure, nose pointed out, neck 
 stiff and disinclination to bend it, more or less fever. If the inflamma- 
 tion is confined to the parotid there will not be much fever, but where 
 there is Catarrh you will get all the fever that comes with Catarrh. The 
 inflammation often terminates by resolution. When an ab,scess is form- 
 ing in the parotid, the point is very hard and painful, and will often be 
 seen to sweat. When the abscess breaks internal^ it breaks into the 
 guttural pouch, and the fluids then come out of the nose. 
 
 Treatment. — Hot fomentations and poultices are indicated; continue 
 this right along till the abscesses break or terminate by resolution, and if 
 suppuration is inevitable, hurry the poultices. After poulticing 4 or 5 
 days use stimulant.s — tr. cantharides, or in a mild case, the unguentum 
 of cantharides. When there is a tendency to develop into a fibrous 
 tumor by induration, etc., u.se as a local stimulant — a blister, mustard 
 sometimes with it as a mild stimulant, then poultice over that. When 
 the abscesses point so you can locate them, cut them, making only a 
 small incision for fear of cutting through more of the salivary glands. 
 We often have Salivary Fistulas. To treat them, syringe the pus sack 
 out with an antiseptic — as a mild solution of carbolic acid, then the full 
 
40 THEORY AND PRACTICK. 
 
 Strength of tinct. iodine, and, if necessary-, use the iodine several times; 
 if that does not suffice, apply a cantharides plaster, and if they become 
 indurated we can soften iiy applying it once a day for se^-eral weeks, 
 then use an unguentum of potassium iodide i dr. to i oz. lard — apply 
 once a daj-; give soft food, and during convalescence give a tonic of iron, 
 if you think there is sufficient anaemia to warrant it. 
 
 Ptyausm or Sai^ivatiox. — This is an unnaturally increased flow of 
 saliva. 
 
 Etiolog}'. — Very variable, very extensive; anything that unnaturallj' 
 stimulates the tissues surrounding the glands. We find common causes 
 are: Tetanus, Rabies, Strangles, Laryngitis, Catarrh, etc., and all 
 diseases of the mouth. We can bring them all under the head of irri- 
 tants or stimulants; that is, of the salivary glands. We recognize the 
 disease by the mouth alwaj's being full of saliva; but is usually due to 
 other troubles, so in determining the cause of this disease 3'ou must use 
 your wits well to locate it. 
 
 Salivary Fistula. — Is an opening in one of the ducts leading into 
 the mouth, through which the saliva flows into the mouth. It maj- be any 
 of the ducts, but the Stenos duct is the one usually affected; it enters the 
 mouth about the third molar tooth. An accident on the side of the face 
 may sever it, and in disease of it there is a continual flow of saliva from 
 it. A predisposition to the disease may be a calculus in the duct, in 
 which case the duct becomes distended, the walls thinner and more easily 
 ruptured. These calculi usually have their origin in a foreign body, 
 such as a wheat or barley grain getting into the duct and mineral matter 
 forming around it. 
 
 Treatment. — Usually a case of this kind is chronic before the doctor 
 gets hold of it; the wounds not being very large, generally' they get little 
 attention till they become chronic fistula openings, and are then very 
 difiicult to treat. W^e often find that the natural channel is closed from 
 disuse, and has become obliterated. The first thing to do is to open up 
 this part of the duct, and the best way to do it is with a metal sounder, 
 taking the smaller size first, and as 3-0U increase the opening use a larger 
 size, until 3-0U have an opening as large as a pencil. In starting the 
 opening, push the sounder \'ery gently and work carefullj', so as not to 
 break through the side. If you have ruptured the duct, it is usual to 
 insert a seton for from 2 to 5 days, put a leather button on the end in 
 the mouth, and also one on the opening on the side of the cheek and 
 draw tight; clean once a daj- after you remove it; make a fresh wound of 
 the fistula, then draw together with .sutures; follow with antiseptic 
 treatment, then coat over with collodion, which, as it dries, will contract 
 and help to draw the lips of the wound closer. This usually cures it, but 
 if you find in about 10 days that saliva is oozing out and the collodion 
 breaking awaj-, apply actual cautery all around the opening, about one- 
 half inch from the opening, and, if necessary, make 2 rows of points, the 
 inner one lightly, the other some deeper; then apply cantharides blister. 
 Repeat this treatment if necessary. The text book says where this fails,, 
 de,stroy the gland by injecting forcibly into the gland the following: 
 
 R Argentum Nit. i dr. 
 
 Nit. Acid I dr. 
 
 Aqua I oz. 
 Mix. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 4 1 
 
 For my part, I would rather dissect the gland; so take mj^ advice 
 .and never do as the book says in this case. Best to feed the horse liquid 
 food, so he will not have to masticate it, and keep the head tied up for 
 awhile. You will get a cure if you have patience and continue this 
 treatment. 
 
 Salivary Calcueus. — Is a stone forming in one of the Salivary ducts; 
 the}' are composed usually of phosphate of lime, but Prof. Williams also 
 says they are formed of vegetable and animal matter as well. It is usually 
 found in the Steno, and occasionally in Wharton's duct. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove them, but in a peculiar way; remove always 
 in the mouth, no matter how much you mu.st cut to do "this, unless it be 
 under the jaw, when you will have to open on the outside. 
 
 Pharyngitis. — This is acute inflammation of the pharynx. Fauces, 
 or back part of the mouth, are usually involved, as well as the pharynx.' 
 This inflammation is a Catarrhal inflammation, and closely resembles 
 that of Taryngitis, and is usually associated with it. 
 
 Etiology. — Same causes that produce I^aryngitLs — exposure in damp, 
 cold stables, generally after the horse has been sweating or exhausted, 
 etc. It is often caused by caustic substances, or foreign bodies. 
 
 Semeiology. — Great difficulty in swallowing feed and water, and after 
 passing the velum often comes back through the nose; there may or may not 
 be swelling on the outside. It follows the same stages as Laryngitis; when 
 severe and the surrounding tissues are involved, abscesses form in the 
 throat, usually on both sides, sometimes on one, sometimes above, some- 
 times posterior to the pharynx. When the fauces are involved there will 
 be a cough, appetite usually unimpaired, but , on account of the great 
 soreness will often refuse food, will slobber in his drinking water; usually 
 more or less fever; in an uncomplicated case there will be no Dyspnoea. 
 
 Treatment. — Applj- counter-irritants earl}r, and well up to the base 
 of the ears, medicated steaming, medicate with iodine, carbolic acid, etc. 
 Use for a gargle, tr. iron and chlorate potash. If the abscesses form and 
 the soreness continues, an electuary' containing camphor is indicated; use 
 instead of the iron. These abscesses sometimes form in the guttural 
 pouch, and if the pus cannot escape it amounts to the same thing as an 
 abscess, and if not opened becomes inspissated. Where both sides of the 
 throat are affected, there will be hard breathing. After Pharyngitis has 
 been treated, if the pus is forming, as before stated, use poultices earlj^ 
 as it tends to soften, swell and relax the parts, and cause to work to the 
 surface, and after a week or ten daj's you can open without hesitanc}-. 
 For the abscesses that form above the pharynx in the center, the best 
 way is probably to open in the mouth, on account of the blood \-essels on 
 the outside, and it is best to use a concealed bistoury; those on the side 
 open on the outside. After opening an abscess in the mouth, lower 
 the animal's head so as to prevent the pus from running down the 
 trachea, which, according to Dr. Billings, may produce local Pneumonia. 
 When pus forms in the guttural pouch, it will often run out of the nos- 
 trils when the horse lowers his head. When opening an abscess, always 
 cut longitudinally with the blood vessels, so that if you cut one, it will 
 not be as serious as if you severed it transversally. If you do cut a 
 blood vessel, and it continues to bleed, it is best to .stitch a little plug in. 
 
42 THEORY AND PRx^CTICE. 
 
 and leave it in about 24 hours; and if it still bleeds when this is taken 
 out, repeat the operation till it does stop. 
 
 CEsOPHAGiTis. — Inflammation of the structures composing the cesoph- 
 agus tube, which is very strong, muscular, and quite va.scular, and is 
 subject to inflammation from surrounding tissues. 
 
 Etiologj'. — Oftentimes from exteiision of inflammation from the 
 approximate tissues, from scalding drenches or caustic substances in the 
 feed or water; this cause is often seen in little children, from the fact 
 that they put everything into the mouth that they pick up; in houses 
 often caused from kicks and from other sources. 
 
 Semeiology. — Great difficulty in swallowing. If it is in the cervical 
 region there will be great soreness on pressure; in a bad case there may 
 be .some febrile conditions. If the tube becomes ruptured, the food pass- 
 ing out will break down the intercellular tissues, causing much pain and 
 swelling. 
 
 Treatment. — Soft, sloppy food, linseed meal, tea of slippery elm 
 bark, a local injection of morphia. Wlien the food passes out, showing 
 a rupture of the tube, it generally proves fatal; but you might tr}- to 
 catch the ends and sew them, and bathe with healing , applications, as 
 solution of borax, bicarbonate soda, weak solution of carbolic acid, etc. 
 These may be passed down the tube. We have CEsophagismus, which is 
 a functional derangement, due to an irritable condition of the nerves, In 
 this, the food pa.ssing down irritates and causes the muscles to contract, 
 causing spasms; sometimes it contracts on a bolus of food, in which case, 
 if the object is above the con.striction, it will be thrown up; but if in the 
 center of the con.striction, it will hold on and the food will fill up to the 
 mouth. 
 
 Semeiology continued. — Horse manifests considerable distress, if 
 choking; will be nauseated, and will draw up the upper lip, often sweats, 
 is restless, and if the object is thrown up, it is often .streaked with blood. 
 
 Treat jiENT of CEsophagisiius. — Give local antiseptics in the form 
 of morphine, cocaine, etc. Give drench, like slippery elm tea, also nux 
 vomica or arsenic. 
 
 Choking. — Is obstructed deglutition. 
 
 Etiology. — In all cases of choking there is an interrupted pa,ssage to 
 the stomach, and anything that is interrupted between the mouth and the 
 .stomach is called a choke. It often occurs by animals bolting their food; 
 this is a common cause in the horse. Cattle usually choke from swallow- 
 ing large substances, such as apples, ttrrnips, roots, bones, etc. ; and in 
 milk cows chewing clothes will often let a piece go down the tube. 
 Dogs choke from such articles as coal, spools, fish and chicken bones, etc. 
 Chickens, by swallowing their food too fast. 
 
 Semeiology. — Horse will .stop eating, appear unea.S}', back up, make 
 efforts to .swallow; after a little, CEsophagitis will de^-elop and lead to 
 chronic spasms, contractions of the muscles of the neck and shoulders, 
 often so strong as to pull the head to the knees: will often scream with 
 pain; sometimes you get Gastric Flatulency. Food and water swallowed 
 ma>- be returned through the nose; usually' there is a cough. If the 
 choke is in the cervical part there will be much swelling, and but little if 
 it is in the thoracic part. In cattle Tympanitis .sometimes occurs; in most 
 cases breathing is labored, and slavering from the mouth. In dogs there 
 
VETERIXARV MEDICINE AXD SURGERY. 43 
 
 Avill be a continual coughing and retching and slavering. Poultry crane 
 their necks and give a sort of shriek. 
 
 There are certain conditions, functional or organic, that cause chok- 
 ing. — 1st, anything that favors spasmodic contraction of the oesophagus 
 on the object; 2d, inflammation and ulceration of the throat and gullet; 
 3d, organic diseases of the gullet, as seen in contraction of that organ; 
 4th, any disease of the salivary glands interrupting the flow of the sahva; 
 5th, voracious appetite in any animal, diseased tooth, or anything that 
 causes the horse to bolt his food. In the horse there will be anxiety of 
 countenance, eyes bulging; but the spa.smodic contraction of the muscles 
 of the neck does not always prove that it is a choke, for it is also present 
 in some troubles of the stomach. 
 
 Treatment. — If the choke is in the upper third, remove the object 
 if possible through the mouth; this is done by using a mouth speculum to 
 hold the mouth op)en while A'our assistant with his hands on both sides 
 of the gullet presses the object upward. This is particularly the wa>- 
 -when cattle choke on roots; you can often mo^-e them one or several 
 inches upward, and then the operator can run his arm downward and 
 get the obstruction out. This can almost al\\'ays be done in cattle when 
 the choke is above the center. In horses when due to CEsophagi.smus, if 
 you can move an inch even, you can stop the spasm and the stuff will 
 pass down. I find that this manipulation is the best way to give relief, 
 that is, getting the object to move an inch or so either waj', and then 
 pouring down the oesophagus cottonseed oil, sweet oil, or some such ole- 
 aginous substance, saj- a few ounces at a time; it is best to pour it down 
 the nostrils, because as a liquid passes over the posterior nares it causes 
 a spasmodic and involuntary* attempt at swallowing, and besides the 
 animal sometimes will make no attempt to s\\-allow anything you pour 
 into the mouth. Stand on the left side while working the choke, \\'hich 
 may be 4 or 5 inches of accumulated food, and every 5 minutes or so, 
 pour some oil down the throat; always work genth' for fear of bruising 
 the oesophagus and causing inflammation, so be gentle and don't hurry; 
 be careful. 
 
 Suppose these means do not answer; then get the hi,stor3' of the case, 
 or get it first. What did he eat? If a .solid body, use a probang; if it 
 was soft food, then the probang ^^•ill onh' make the choke \\orse if you 
 force it too much. Use a smaller probang in the hor.se than for cattle. 
 The probang should be about 8 feet long, else in case the obstruction 
 being close to the stomach, 3^ou will not be able to reach it. Remember 
 the epiglottis fits down closer in the horse than in cattle, so do not keep 
 the probang in %'ery long at a time, but in cattle may keep it in an hour 
 and do no harm. When you reach the object press gently with the pro- 
 bang and a continuous pressure until the object moves, — have patience. 
 You will often find that chokes in the horse when in the region of the 
 thorax will prove fatal in spite of all you maj- do. For use in man and 
 dog, there is a good probang made of honse hairs (tail). There is a 
 practice among farmers in case of choke, of making the animal leap over 
 something, — as a hurdle. I never saw where it was successful of any 
 good results. In case you try all these remedies without success, don't 
 give up without one more attempt for the horse' s Hfe, but let it be the 
 last always; that is cesophagotomy. Chp the hair around the part 
 
44 
 
 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 closely, then wash thoroughly with antiseptic; bear in mind the anatomy 
 of the parts; don't touch the jugular vein or carotid artery; also watch 
 for the nerves. Have an assistant go on the right .side of the horse and 
 pu.sh the oesophagus over towards the left side; locate the spot and make 
 an incision on the side up high on the tube, go \-ery carefully and slowly; 
 don't cut clear down at one cut, but by a number of them till you reach 
 the tube; now pull the skin upward so as to get as near the upper part, 
 that is upper side of it, as much as possible, then make just as small, an 
 opening as will do to remove the object. Remove the object, then wash 
 well ^\'ith antiseptic; then with a fine needle and silk sew up the cut in 
 the tube, making the stitches about 1-4 inch apart, and about }{ inch 
 back in the tube itself; get the knots all on the inside so that when they 
 slough of! the food will carry them into the stomach. Alway.s wash your 
 hands well in antiseptic before operating to avoid the greatest of dangers 
 in such operations. After sewing up the tube, then sew up the skin with 
 good strong stitches about % inches apart, then dress with antiseptic, 
 as iodoform, etc. After treatment keep the animal standing for some- 
 time and feed on a liquid diet, as milk, so as to give the oesophagus a rest 
 for a week or so until it heals. Where a %'oracious appetite is the cause 
 of the choke, fix a feed box for him so that he can't eat voraciously or 
 too much at a time; 3 or 4 cobble .stones about the size of the hand does 
 very well in the feed box, where you have nothing better. 
 
 Organic Diseases of the (Esophagus. — This includes all the 
 changes that might be due to some other disease; usually we find a dilata- 
 tion just anterior to it, and sometimes there is a polypus or other tumor on 
 the outside; these may be either on the inside or on the outside; when 
 outside they press severely on the tube. 
 
 Semeiology. — Where the disease is an organic one the sj^mptoms 
 are very slow in their development; first would be slowness in eating, 
 slow swallowing, swallowing painful, occasionally stops eating. These 
 go on until choking takes place, but is limited to the trachae at first, and 
 the chances are he will vomit up the matter which may show streaks of 
 blood on it; or this runs on from bad to worse, until it ends in the or- 
 ganic disease. 
 
 Treatment. — Is usually quite unsatisfactory, because it is thoroughly 
 chronic before it is known to exist. If the constriction could be antici- 
 pated, the use of the probang, well oiled, would give relief. Healing 
 and soothing administrations of linseed tea, or solution of alum may be 
 given in small doses; or borax in solution .sometimes — in small doses; 
 but this latter is not the proper treatment in this kind of a case,- as it has 
 a tendency to arre.st secretions of the gastric juice, and will also spoil 
 gastric juice: mucilage is good; give nouri.shing and very sloppj' food. 
 
 Diseases of the Stomach. — The first condition we think of in con- 
 nection wath it is Emesi.s — the act of vomiting. It has been said that the 
 horse cannot vomit, but from experience we know that, although the 
 horse does not vomit very easily or as much as some animals, under 
 peculiar circumstances he can vomit. Vomiting is the forcible expulsion 
 of the contents of the stomach through the oesophagus, in response to 
 the direct or reflex action of the .streak running through the medulla 
 oblongata. Some think that vomiting is due to some cause in the stom- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 45 
 
 ach, but it has been proven that the stomach has nothing to do with it; that 
 it is due to the reflex action of the medulla oblongata. 
 
 Physical action. — First, j-ou must have a reflex action; next thing, 
 a contraction that is a spasmodic one of the abdominal muscles, produc- 
 ing nausea, and added to this there is a full, deep inspiration; this forces 
 the diaphragm down on the stomach, and as the stomach is pressed by 
 the muscles the contents of the stomach are forced out. Before this 
 occurs, as stated above, there is a .spasmodic contraction of the stomach 
 and also of the intestines, so that in the expelled contents of the .stomach 
 there is often seen the bile product of the bowels; as this is all being 
 forced up, the circular muscles of the oesophagus dilate and the longi- 
 tudinal ones contract, so that it is really then shorter and wider. At the 
 same time the food is expelled there is a rush of air outward, which 
 prevents any of the matter going down the larynx. Cattle seldom ever 
 vomit, but in man, dog and pig it is not all uncommon; they are easier 
 to vomit, especially the dog. The reason it is easy for human, dog or 
 pig to vomit, is that the cesophagus dilates as it enters the .stomach, 
 which is not the case in the horse; also the stomach of the horse is so 
 small that the food does not remain long in it, but passes rapidly out 
 into the intestines. Canines and felines vomit on the slightest occasion; 
 omnivorous animals are the next easiest, and herbivorous the hardest to 
 cause to vomit. 
 
 Circumstances that cause vomiting in the hor.se. — First, when the 
 stomach is distended with food, mostl}- solid, or distended with gas as 
 the result of fermentation; 2d, where dilatation of the cesophagus existed 
 at the cardiac end of it, thus rendering the region of the stomach and 
 oesophagus irritable and weak, or Hj-peresthesis of the nerves which con- 
 vey it to the medulla oblongata and then back to the abdominal muscles, 
 and nausea is produced; 3d, rupture of any of the coats of the stomach, 
 either serous, muscular or the mucous, will produce vomiting, and it 
 takes place after the rupture, although it maj' take place prior to the 
 rupture; 4th, closing of the pyloric opening; this occurs from impaction, 
 from eating wholly indigestible food, or not enough indigestible matter; 
 this impaction prevents the food passing into the duodenum. 
 
 Dyspepsia. — This is Indigestion, Acute or Chronic, and is simply 
 the functional derangement of the stomach. In connection with the 
 acute we have two conditions. Gastric Flatulence and Stomach Staggers, 
 or as better known, Blind Staggers. This Acute Indige.stion is the sudden 
 cessation of digession whether partial or complete, and just as soon as 3-ou 
 get suspended digestion, fermentation and decomposition take place at 
 once; evolution of gas is inevitable and unless relieved, serious results will 
 follow. It is often fatal in from 20 minutes to 60 hours, but if the animal 
 lives 24 hours, he will likely recover. Most of the deaths occur in the first 
 6 or 7 hours. 
 
 Etiology. — Overloading the stomach or eating too fast; eating 
 when physically exhausted; then the animal will often bolt his food. 
 Gastric Flatulence is often due to improper feeding. 
 
 Semeiology. — Restlessness, more or less colicky pains, though 
 the pain is not acute; horse will paw much, move around, lie down and 
 get up soon; as fermentation takes place, the body will be found to grow 
 larger. In Gastric Flatulency the ribs will bulge more, while the flanks 
 
46 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 will be less than in the Intestinal Flatulency; he sweats more or less, erup- 
 tions of gas come from the stomach, and ineffectual attempts to \-omit, 
 spasmodic contractions of the neck and shoulders, same as in choke; 
 breathing becomes labored, pulse not at first affected, but rapid and small 
 as the disease progresses. The contraction of the neck and shoulders is 
 an unfavorable sign, and is often followed in ^'2 hour by death; death 
 from Asphyxia may take place at an>- time. As Flatulency holds on, the 
 brain often gets stupid b\- the pressure on the diaphragm interfering with 
 respiration, and then venous blood is sent to the brain and the horse will 
 often show blindness and stagger; this is when the .stomach is full of solid 
 food. 
 
 Treatment. — Of Acute Indigestion. — These cases are always ur- 
 gent, and as soon as the doctor is called he should get to work at once 
 and administer such drugs as arrest fermentation; this will stop the for- 
 mation of gas. If it is a bad case we prefer hyposulphate soda, and if a 
 mild case, bicarbonate soda. Old-fashioned treatment used to prescribe 
 bicarbonate soda for everj- case and every time; we believe this to be a 
 great error, for the contents of the stomach in these cases are always sour; 
 there is an acid formed b}^ fermentation, and as the bicarbonate soda is 
 an alkali, there is great danger of producing an effervescence and forming 
 new gas. By the old treatment, about 75 per cent of these cases died, now 
 about 10 per cent die; that is, using hj'po-sulphate soda instead in some 
 cases. Turpentine is also a good remedy, being an antiseptic; sulphate 
 soda or lime is good, so is boracic or carbolic acid, also sulphuric or sulphu- 
 rous ether. Then afterwards give a mild laxative or purgative, as aloes, etc. 
 During the trouble keep the animal quiet. Hot fomentations to the belly 
 will do no harm, or rubbing in mustard pa.ste. Warm water and soap 
 injections are good; they increase the peristaltic motion. Hyposulphate 
 soda may be given in solution or may be given in bolus, which acts as well 
 but .slower than the .solution; may give of this 4 to 8 oz. to a large horse, 
 but we find that if about 2 oz. does not do good in about 15 minutes, 
 giving another dose of the same aniout gives better results than the large 
 dose all at once. Bicarbonate soda will cause vomiting, and may be the 
 cause of rupturing the stomach, in a few minutes after giving, and may lead 
 to Gastritis; yet mo.st of the text books recommend it. Suppose the stom- 
 ach is full of solid food, as when he gets into an oat bin; drench with hy- 
 posulphate soda and linseed tea; it is good to add to this or give after, nux 
 vomica, whisky or .strychnine; always dilute the whisky. Also give ano- 
 dj'nes in liberal doses, as sulphuric ether; we have i oz. of it in our Colic 
 drench; it is antispasmodic also. The next best to sulphuric ether is 
 chloral hj^drate; give of it J2 dr. to 2 oz. water. We generally object to 
 the use of laudanum: morphine C 4 gr. ) may be given hypodermically. 
 In this trouble there is likely to be a closure of the pylorus, and after 
 giving an anodyne you will notice a gas coming from the anus; but if 
 the impaction is from solid food no need to give anodynes, — chem- 
 icals are the things you want. If Flatulency begins }-ou will need chem- 
 icals; hyposulphate soda, 6 to 8 oz. to the quart, or i and y^ quarts of 
 water, is good. Always dilute hypo.sulphate soda largely. As a purga- 
 tive give .sulphate of magnesia. In case the horse has become too stupid 
 to swallow, then use a hose; if he is in coma, then inject atropine or 
 strj'chnine. The old authors believed in bleeding; we know in this dis- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 47 
 
 ease there is an anaemic condition of the brain instead of a congestion, so 
 thmk that bleeding is the wrong treatment. Anaemia produces or rather 
 uiduces sleep, and Congestion of the brain produces delirium. 
 
 Prophylactic Treatment.— Prevention.— We find that where there is a 
 repetition of these troubles, each time it is ^vorse, .so when called, attend 
 to the hygiene; feed every 6 hours regularly; arrange it so the horse can- 
 not eat too fast or too much; give him from ^A to i hour to eat. Most 
 of the cases we have occur in the night after a hard day's work and ex- 
 haustion, and the horse eats voraciouslv or does not masticate his food 
 properly, etc. 
 
 Chronic Indigestion. — Known as Dyspepsia in man; is a funct- 
 ional derangement of the stomach; this comes on slowly and requires a long 
 time to cure. During its existence it is not serious or dangerous; that is, 
 in the ordinary case. 
 
 Etiology. — There are three influences that operate to produce it. 
 First, errors in feeding; second, changes in the gastric and other secre- 
 tions; these are more faulty physiological developments as to anaemia, etc. ; 
 third, abnormalities affecting the movements of the stomach, such as 
 cancerous and other growths. 
 
 Semeiology. — Usually a capricious appetite, sometimes hungry, 
 sometimes no appetite; an unnatural thirst, unnatural hunger for alkalies, 
 will eat the mortar from between the bricks, lick the walls, eat the bed- 
 ding he has urinated upon, eat clay in large quantities, even at times eat 
 their own dung; all shows a tendency to Indigestion, hence the animals 
 desire to obtain alkali. The limit to their thirst is their capacity; will 
 often turn up their upper lip, in bad cases. The excessive drinking 
 induces Diabetes Insipidus. As the disease runs on, the coat becomes 
 staring and rough, the animal thin and pot-bellied; sweats; there is pal- 
 pitation of the heart. 
 
 Treatment. — Give complete change of food, — grass is the best of all; 
 limit the quantity of water to y^, pail four or five times a day. You can 
 assist nature by adding or dissolving i dr. bicarbonate soda in a bucket of 
 drinking water ; good to give Fowler's solution of arsenic or arsenicum, 
 2 gr. first, then 3, then 4 twice a day; add to it i dr. nux vomica to each 
 dose; also i dr. gentian root pulv. and i dr. powdered hj'drastis, and i 
 dr. powdered wood charcoal; continue 2 or 3 months if necessary'; pre- 
 scribe more bran and less oats; more exercise and a generous amount of 
 salt. In old horses with chronic Indigestion, give mineral acids, as nitric 
 or hj'drochloric; I prefer sulphuric acid; in the following prescription: 
 acid sulph. i dr., tr. gentian 4 oz., aqua ad. to make pint. Dose: 2 oz. night 
 and morning, or twice a day. This active tonic stimulates the liver and acts 
 \-er3- niceh' on the stomach; where gastric secretions are fault}-, we some- 
 times add 10 gr. quinine to this dose, especially following a debilitating dis- 
 ease; glycerine may be added also. If you make a fluid preparation, add 
 glycerine in ^ to i oz. doses. Good idea to examine the teeth to see if they 
 may be a cause. In dogs we find chroiiic Indigestion with constant vom- 
 iting and increased thirst, it is benefited by giving 5 to 10 grs. sub nitrate 
 of bismuth. We take the English setter as the type; this is the size dose 
 we give, according to the age and size of the dog. A little bicarbonate 
 soda in drinking water is good and will not produce diabetes as in the 
 horse. If the dog is run down, give as tonic preparation of U. S. P. — 
 
48 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 elixir cal. iron and bismuth 2 oz., glycerine i oz., aqua ad to make 4 
 oz. Dose: dessert spoonfuU 3 or 4 times a da3^ This is good for Indiges- 
 tion and the bismuth quiets the stomach. 
 
 Gastritis. — Inflammation of the stomach, is usually seen in the acute 
 form, and has a tendencj' to cause death in a few hours; but when it is 
 in the mild form it maj- run on to chronic, then tends to a softening and 
 other changes, particularlj^ in the pyloric tract, also other portions of the 
 stomach. The acute is comparatively uncommon, and when in the horse, 
 tends to Enteritis. The dog is more liable to Enteritis because so suscep- 
 tible to poisoning. 
 
 Etiolog}'. — Generall}^ follows an acute attack of Indigestion; next 
 cause is poisoning, as from caustics, also from wounding of the lining of 
 the stomach as by foreign bodies. 
 
 Semeiology. — Following an acute attack of Indigestion there are 
 colicky pains, and in case of Gastritis there is a tendency to grow 
 worse, in spite of all you may do; the animal sweats, grows weak, pre- 
 sents a very depressed countenance; Flatulency from acute Indigestion 
 continues; sour eruptions, breathing increases, pulse hard and rapid, 
 temperature high; next day may find the pulse wiry, a loathing for food; 
 after running for several hours there is an acute thirst. If it follows 
 poisoning, the mucous membranes are injeccted, the mouth often filled 
 with a ropy saliva, due to irritation of the salivar}^ glands by the gas: 
 stomach and bowels usually inactive, great weakness develops rapidl}', 
 and in this case dies in from 2 to 6 hours; he drops and dies suddenly. 
 The course this disease runs is according to the cause that induces it. 
 In poisoning, as from caustic potash or blue vitriol, will run a compara- 
 tively short time and shows much thirst. In the dog, in this case there 
 is severe retching, elevation of temperature, and will vomit up everything. 
 
 Treatment. — In the horse we find it almost invariably fatal; all you 
 can do is to give rational treatment according to the symptoms presented; 
 gum opium in liberal doses is recommended. Remember that in such 
 troubles of the stomach and bowels, 5'ou can give large doses of opium 
 without much effect; give antiseptics. If the trouble is from poisoning, 
 try to find out the kind of poison and applj? the antidote; give raw eggs 
 beaten up in milk, give olive or cottonseed oil and apply counter irritation 
 o\-er the stomach in every case. If he does not die in a few hours give 
 lime water, and if you can't get lime water, then sub nitrate of bis- 
 muth I dr. 3 or 4 times a day will do the horse good; give in drench or 
 bolus. For dog, give from 5 to 10 grs; also very .small doses of bella- 
 donna; also anodynes, as hyosciamus, laudanum, etc. Restrict to milk 
 diet; then after a few days, mutton broth; give lime water or a solution of 
 bicarbonate of .soda in water, just enough to make it slightly anti-acid. 
 In autopsj' on the hor.se in gastric poisoning, you will find patches of 
 erosions and inflammation; from ar.senic poisoning, all the surface will be 
 inflamed; in case it follows acute Indigestion, we u.sually find a diffused 
 inflammation, more particularly of the pyloric tract. Chronic Gastritis 
 often succeeds an acute attack, and .seems to come on ver>' slowly; in 
 such a case it is the result of long continued errors in feeding. Usually 
 we learn that there has been frequent occurring attacks of Indigestion; 
 second. Flatulency; third, textural changes in the glands themselves, due 
 to the errors in feeding; fourth, maUgnant disease of the .stomach, in the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 49 
 
 form of cancer or degeneration of the mucous of the stomach; fifth, 
 mechanical injur}', through the equine larvee or bots. 
 
 Semeiology. — S^^mptoms are mild as compared to the acute form; 
 capricious appetite, great thirst, more or less fever, ma>- run into the 
 acute form in from 6 to lo days. 
 
 Treatment. — Pay particular attention to the diet; give small doses 
 and long continued, what we think the case requires; run on grass if pos- 
 sible; give belladona, hydrastis, gentian, arsenic. Wliere there are gas- 
 tric pains, sometimes as a result in the stomach there is a rupture of the 
 walls — ma>' be partial or complete; may be either the serous, muscu- 
 lar or mucous coat, or all of them. The muscular usualh- ruptures first, 
 then the serous, and last the mucous; it frequently occurs in horses when 
 tossing about in suffering from Gastritis. Sometimes the rupture occurs 
 when the animal falls to die, so bear this in mind when making an autops3^ 
 If it occurs during Flatulencj', it is usually small; if from the fall, maybe 
 from a foot to i and y^ feet long. We find that draft hor,ses are more liable 
 than others; the}' eat more, and are more prone to Gastric Flatulency. 
 
 Etioeogy of Gastric Flatulency. — The cause that produces it 
 may be put down as the onh' cause; after the rupture inflammation begins 
 at once, so 3-ou can often tell about the time the rupture took place hy the 
 appearance of the edges. 
 
 Semeiology. — Vomiting almost invariable, but not infallible, yet it 
 is not a diagnostic symptom. There is sudden and severe prostration, 
 cold, wet surface, nausea, inclination to sit on the haunches and attempts 
 of vomiting; weak, hard, small pulse; often after the rupture, if there 
 had been severe pain previous, there ma}' be a sudden cessation, then it 
 is nearly safe to say that rupture has taken place. As death approaches 
 the mouth and extremities grow cold, black mucous membrane, accord- 
 ing to the size of the rupture, death ma}' come in from a few minutes up 
 to 60 hours; that depends on the violence of the Gastric Flatulency before 
 the rupture. Animal may even li^-e quite a while, say from 3 to 4 days 
 after the food has passed into the abdominal cavity, then usually dies of 
 Peritonitis. 
 
 Treatment. — There is no treatment for rupture of the .stomach, only 
 treat rationally on account of our inabilit}- to tell that the stomach has 
 ruptured. Treat right along as the case ma}- call for; the onh' proof 
 positive is autopsy, so be in no hurry to make a positive diagnosis. 
 A\'hen the horse dies suddenly from any cau.se — say in the countr}' 
 horse, autopsy made after 5 or 6 hours .shows that digestion has been 
 going on the same as in life, for when ante-mortem digestion cea,ses, post- 
 mortem goes on until the gastric juice is all used up, for it acts as well after 
 death as before. lyittle points of inflammation start, and people say the 
 bots caused it by eating those holes, but bots are fastened by their tails to 
 the stomach and cannot eat the walls, hence are not the cause at all. 
 
 Constipation. — This is a condition of the bowels in which the 
 fseces are unnaturally retained, or if discharged, are hard, dry and scanty. 
 It is a simple matter, but occasionally gives ri.se to other troubles that 
 may prove fatal. The large bowels are the ones usualh- affected, chiefly 
 the colon, spoken of in this case as impaction of the colon, which is very 
 serious, especially in heavy horses. In cattle it is usually spoken of as 
 impaction of the omasum. 
 
5° THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Etiology. — As a primary- lesion it is the result of feeding on bulk}'-, 
 innutritious food, especially that of woody fibres, as straw fed in farm- 
 yards in Winter; and this cause may be aggravated bj' a short suppl}' of 
 water; second, bj- deficient ]3eristaltic motion, due to impaired nen^e force; 
 third, deficient secretion of the mucous in the bowels, or excessi^-e absorp- 
 tion of the fluids into the food. 
 
 Semeiolog}'. — Comes on gradually, usually associated with an un- 
 thrifty condition, and in such condition are usually pot-bellied, have a 
 long rough coat, thin in flesh, not strong, but lazy and stupid; fseces 
 passed with difficulty, and in small quantities. As the Constipation 
 develops, the lining of the rectum is injected a deep red color, the animal 
 gets uneasy and stretches out the legs, this is more so in sheep, mouth 
 often soap3' to the feel, and with a fetid smell: the horse will strain occa- 
 sionally as though tr^-ing to have a passage. As the f^ces becomes con- 
 stipated the bowels become congested, and this leads to colicky pains, 
 and if not relieved will ultimately end in inflammation of the bowels; this 
 may develop in from 4 to 5 days; the colon in this case becomes over- 
 loaded, then paralyzed, and if it be not relieved in from 24 hours to 5 or 
 6 days, may run into Enteritis and death. By placing j'our ear to the 
 side you will find an absence of the peristaltic sounds; this is a positive 
 proof of the impaction of the colon. Another proof is the way the 
 animal backs up against the wall or a post, and rubs and pushes back- 
 wards. We often see >'oung animals when born, suffering from the 
 meconium, that is, unable to have the first operation, and runs into Con- 
 stipation; this is usualljf attributed to the dry condition of the mother, 
 noticed particularly when the mare has been worked too hard and up to 
 within a few days of the birth; and on high feed, and also doing more or 
 less sweating. 
 
 Treatment. — In impaction of the colon, naturally a purgative is indi- 
 cated; what to give is largely a matter of taste. In very mild form an 
 aloes ball does very well, and soft food; but if it is a bad case, we con- 
 sider that oleaginous substances are the best and may be given in com- 
 paratively large doses, say a quart at a time, or rather to start with, and 
 we usually repeat it twice a daj'; so in the course of a few daj^s he has a 
 large quantity of oil down, but that will not hurt him. We give oil be- 
 cause there is an indication of inflammation of the bowels and the oil will 
 not tend to increase it as aloes might. Sulphate magnesia is a popular 
 remedy for cattle; for .swine give ca.stor oil, same to dogs; buck-horn for 
 cats; cascara maj- be given to any animal; in addition to this, injections of 
 water and soap (castile) are invaluable, poured into the rectum gently; 
 where 3'ou have no sj-ringe use a piece of hose. Another injection is 
 gl^'cerine diluted }2 with water. If j'ou need to repeat the water and 
 soap, each time lessen the amount of soap as it may have a tendency to 
 inflame the bowels. If the case does not improve after you give the aloes, 
 then you may pour down on the top of it j/ fb. of magnesia in solution, 
 or one pint of oil and repeat in 12 hours. Never repeat a dose of aloes in 
 less than 4 da3's, but the oil is harmless; and bear in mind that if the im- 
 paction is not relieved the animal will die. Some practitioners give some 
 stimulant to the bowels, as solution of strychnine, fl. ext. of calabar bean, 
 sulph. ether, aromatic .spts. ammonia, or whiskj'. 
 
 The alkaloids of calabar bean, Eserine and Calabarine, are 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 5 1 
 
 becoming very popular. Calabar bean in all its preparations acts as a 
 stimulant to the nerve fibers of the spinal cord, especially those over the 
 bowels, and particularly the colon. Eserine is usually disolved in alco- 
 hol and administered either hypodermically or into the trachea; dose 
 varies from 1.4 to 2 grs. , I think that from '3 to y'z gr. is best. Eserine 
 ma>- be dissolved in alcohol and carried around in the pocket ; it does not 
 lose its force then, as it does when dissolved in water, — the proportion is 
 about I gr. to i dr. of alcohol. If administered by injecting into the 
 trachea, one half the dose used hypodermicall)- ^vil^do, and if into the 
 jugular, then one half that for the trachea. You will find that in any 
 case where alkaloids are used, the pain is increased; but if the drug is 
 administered early, that need not be noticed. Suppose we have a case 
 running four or five days, repeat the oil every twelve or fifteen hours; in 
 addition to this, bear in mind that the pulse is increased to sixty or sixty 
 five; temperature elevated — may be 103: begins to sweat; we recognize 
 that the horse is in a dangerous condition; pulse may run up to 80 or 85, 
 temperature from 104 upward; usually death then soon occurs. In addi- 
 tion to purgative, give small doses of aconite, and rather liberal doses of 
 belladonna combined with some stimulant and anodyne. 
 
 R Aconite rd. fl. e.^t. 40 drops, 
 
 Belladonua fl. ext. i oz., 
 
 Hyosciamus fl. ext. 2 oz., 
 
 Spts. nit. ether 2 oz. 
 
 Aqua ad. to make one pint. Give 2 ozs. every four hours. Keep horse 
 quiet, and give in addition to this, from y. to i oz. of cannabis indica. 
 Water precipitates this, so if you want to combine it in the prescription 
 you will have to use simple syrup instead of water. Counter-irritants 
 are almost invaluable; we use mustard and repeat in from e\'er>' two to 
 ten hours, according to the .severity of the case. If mustard, etc. don't 
 give relief in three or four days, applj- croton liniment, such as croton 
 oil one part, linseed seven parts, but don't repeat this. Eserine is also 
 dangerous to repeat if given in large doses, but if in less than i gr. repeat 
 half the dose in one hour if not relieved. In little animals, injections do 
 verj^ well, as glycerine diluted one half with water; for adult, 2 oz. gly- 
 cerine, aqua 2 oz.; for little animals i or 2 oz., or inject olive oil, linseed 
 or water, and if this does not suffice, give olive oil 4 ozs. to foal, or 2 oz. 
 New Orleans molasses. Don't use the hand to remove the fseces. Dogs 
 you can dose with castor oil and repeat in large quantities same as in the 
 horse; if the stomach won't retain it, give a little bismuth. Sometimes 
 on account of the faeces getting so hard and in such a large mass, it mu.st 
 be taken out with the use of the forceps — first locate the mass, and be 
 careful not to injure the lining of the intestines. If pain is not severe, 
 exercise animal. 
 
 DiARRHCEA. — This is an unnatural fluid condition of the faeces; it is 
 either a peculiar functional disturbance, or a symptom of some other 
 trouble; the latter is Superpurgation. We find that Diarrhoea is quite a 
 symptom of other diseases, as Rinderpest, and contagious Pleuro- Pneu- 
 monia in cattle. 
 
 Etiologj'. — As a di.sease in itself, it is a peculiar increased peristaltic 
 motion, and in addition to this, as a result of the irritation, we get a 
 vastly increased amount of water into the bowels, and there is a rapid 
 
52 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 e^'acuation of water from the S}'stem. It is generally some local irrita- 
 tion in the bowels that causes the trouble, as indigestible food and para- 
 sites, mechanical and chemical irritations, laxative food in too large quan- 
 tities; ice water in hot weather is a cause in man. Cold water of itself 
 in large cjuantities often causes a Diarrhoea that may run a rapid course 
 and terminate fatalh' in a short time. Local tissue changes in the stom- 
 ach or bowels is a functional derangement of the liver, due to some ex- 
 cessive stimulant, causing the bile to flow. Foul stagnant water is 
 among the causes, and all these causes work more severely when the ani- 
 mal is exhausted or overheated, or when in a plethoric condition. If the 
 horse is overheated, will cause a mild form of Diarrhcea. Chronic Diar- 
 rhoea is known as Scours. 
 
 Semeiology. — In this watery condition of the faeces they are usually 
 graj^ or yellow; the gray maj' run into a dirty brown, and usuall)- indicates 
 that there is an insufficient quantity of bile, which is caused by allowing 
 too great activity in the bowels. This gray may be fetid; the bright yel- 
 low is due to excessive bile; this latter kind of faeces u.sually scalds the 
 anus as it passes out, causing con,siderable pain. In the early .stage there 
 is no constitutional disturbance, but as the disease increases the pul.se 
 increases and the temperature falls below normal; as it runs on, the lin- 
 ing of the rectum becomes a darker red and the appetite is usually lost. 
 As it runs on to a fatal termination, the pulse becomes wiry, hard and 
 weak, finally imperceptible, and as the water runs through the bowels 
 the thirst increa.ses; the animal becomes emaciated very rapidly; as death 
 approaches the mouth becomes cold and clammjr, ears, no.se and extrem- 
 ities get cold, and a clammy sweat breaks over the bodjr; the mouth may 
 be offensi^-e, there is an anxious expression of countenance, the horse be- 
 comes weaker, and finally dies of collapse — syncope. 
 
 Chronic Form. — Usualh' .seen in the horse when out a little time; he 
 was all right in the stable, but when driven an hour or so may begin to 
 scour. Sometimes this chronic form stops of itself, at other times may be 
 incurable. Para.sites that cau,se Diarrhcea are Ascarides, Teres Lumbrici, 
 and Strongylus Tetracanthus — which are the worst of them all, and often 
 exi.st by the millions; the others are larger but exist in less numbers. 
 This one killed more colts la.st year than all the other diseases, that is in 
 the .state of Illinois. It .seems to come like the locust pest — periodically. 
 It is usually found in the colon and rectum. 
 
 SuPERPURGATiON. — Docs not differ very materially from Diarrhoea, 
 but is more severe and is caused b}' the injudicious repetition of a purg- 
 ing dose; it is more rapid and more .sure of a fatal termination. About 
 the only cause of Diarrhcea in small animals, we might say, is Indigestion, 
 from eating too much or going too long without food, then overloading 
 their stomachs when they get their meals, then there is an insufficiency 
 of the gastric juice. Another fact is, that the mare may be overworked 
 while the colt is left in the stable, then the milk becomes heated and 
 causes Diarrhoea in the colt. A nursing animal should not go longer 
 than two hours at a time without feeding. The character of the food 
 also affects the colt; this is also the same in the human family, — the 
 mother' s milk may become changed and the babj' is affected. In Diar- 
 rhcea in the 3'oung, there is considerable straining, cramp and colicky 
 pains. Where it is a mild case and does not run on to a fatal termina- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 53 
 
 tion, the colt is not lively, coat long and rough, pot-bellied, thin, and is 
 unthrifty in general. In long continued Diarrhoea, in autopsy we find 
 there is a dark-colored fluid in the peritoneum cavity. In Diarrhoea, 
 where it has run three or four days, }-ou will find in autopsy, patches of 
 ecchymosis over the peritoneum, showing an excessively prostrated con- 
 dition. The glands are often brown, softened and enlarged; these are the 
 lymphatics. The bowels are contracted, and their lining has a catarrhal 
 coating over them. Caustic substances often cause Diarrhoea, and then 
 erosion of the bowels is seen, as in arsenic poisoning; the arsenic being 
 administered slowly, that is, for 2 or 3 days. Diarrhoea in young ani- 
 mals often run a rapid course, and if not relieved they ma)"- die in a few 
 hours. 
 
 Treatment. — Put in good, comfortable stall, clothe \^'armly, and if 
 necessary give artificial heat; keep perfectly quiet; ascertain the cause if 
 possible and remove it. On account of excessive thirst restrict the water 
 supply'; put anti-acids in his drinking water, as lime water or bicarbonate 
 soda, I dram to the gallon of water. Then give lin.seed tea, or gruel, or 
 starch gruel; they are soothing to the mucous membranes. Give the ani- 
 mal boiled oats if he eats, and in moderately bad cases, give dry bran; 
 but over all, drench with starch gruel or flour, or give \vheat flour, i 
 pound in a gallon of water. In addition to this, it is well to give pre- 
 pared chalk or lime water, for remember the stomach is acid in all these 
 cases. If there is cramp and .straining, give anod3riies; opium is the 
 best remed3r, either in the gum, po^vde^, or tincture. The pain in the 
 rectum is often excessive; laudanum, opium, or starch gruel may be given 
 — I quart of the gruel and i oz. laudanum; this is particularly good for 
 the young, and is to be injected. In the adult animal use 2 ozs. of the 
 laudanum; often a single injection gives relief. To >-oung pigs you can 
 give from J/^ to i teaspoonful and it would be harmless. If the prostra- 
 tion is very great, give stimulants, as sulphuric ether, whisk)' or brandy, 
 in doses according to the size of the animal, and repeat according to the 
 amount of prostration. Dogs we treat much the same, but we find sub. 
 nit. bismuth is the best; the dose for a 40 ft. setter, one j-ear old, would 
 be ID gr. repeated three times a day: the same dose is for the human. 
 
 In case of excessive pain, counter-irritants are the thing; soap lini- 
 ment is good; hypodermic injections of morphia, if the cramp is severe. 
 Where indigestible food is the cause, it is often necessary- to give a laxa- 
 tive before we can effect a cure; in such a case give oil, — linseed oil is 
 very good for cattle and sheep; castor oil for human, dogs and pigs. 
 Sometimes we add stimulants, as nux vomica, gentian, cascara, etc. ; 
 stomachic in the form of ginger, camphor, whisky. If it runs on three 
 or four da3's, astringents may do good; spirits of camphor given alone 
 often gives good results, or 
 
 R Tr. Opii I oz. 
 
 Tr. Catechu i oz. 
 
 Spirits Camphor i oz. 
 
 Ether Sulph. I oz. 
 
 Add starch gruel to make i pint, — this is one dose for the hor.se; repeat 
 in five or six hours. Or give 
 
 R Creta Prep. i oz. 
 
 Zingiber Pulv. I oz. 
 
 Gum Camphor i dr._ 
 
54 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Gruel to make one pint ; this is one dose. These ma)- be repeated three 
 times a da}- or more. Tinct. rhubarb is usually given to regulate the 
 liver, — this is only necessar)- with young animals living on milk; dose i 
 to 2 drams; can combine catechvi tr. with it, as for foals about one month 
 old. 
 
 R Tr. Rhubarb rt. i dr. 
 
 Tr, Catechu I dr. 
 
 Tr. Opii I dr. 
 
 Camplior i dr. 
 
 Missura creta 2 to 4 drams; this is one close and can be repeated 2 or 3 
 tinier a day. Thi.s mis.sura creta is good in human practice; often alone 
 it is fine. We find that strong coffee maj' be given to adults where the 
 prostration is great; gi^-e in liberal quantities; for the young, give port 
 wine and whisky. Don't stop the Diarrhoea too quick, or it may cause 
 reflex action of the .stomach, so giA'e small doses and repeat it as neces- 
 sary. 
 
 Chronic Di.vrrhcEa Treatment. — The first thing is regulation of 
 the diet; give concentrated food, good ha)- and oats to draw up the belly, 
 and by giving small amount of hay and liberal quantities of oats will be 
 benefited. Limit the amount of water to half bucket at a time, four 
 or fi^-e times a day. Tonics are indicated; sulph. iron, add a little nux 
 vomica or gentian, — continue this two or three months. Charcoal, 
 arsenic, but the iron is the most important. We find astringents to be 
 very good, powdered white oak bark, from half to one tea-cupful twice 
 a day; al.so give anti-acids. Bicarbonate of soda is very good; iron is very 
 good, given night and morning. 
 
 Spasmodic Colic. — Colic is a powerful effort of the bowels, a spas- 
 modic efliort, by which nature tries to remove some irritant, and is unac- 
 companied with fever or inflammation. There are two kinds — Spasmodic 
 and Flatulent. Spasmodic Colic is a ^•iolent chronic spasm of the mus- 
 cular coat of the bowels; the irritant that produces the spasm is applied 
 to the mu.scular coat, and so irritates it that it produces Hyperesthesia, 
 due to over stimulation. The spasm is sharp and excessivel)- painful, 
 and subsides after a minute or two, but only to return again with greater 
 force; this characterizes the disea.se as Spasmodic Colic. It usually ter- 
 minates favorably by resolution, and by removal of the cause; the whole 
 trouble often disappears as suddenh' as it came. If the cau.se is not re- 
 moved it may run on to chronic, then resulting in inflammation and death. 
 
 Etiology. — Errors in dieting are the most prolific cau,ses, as improper 
 food, improper quantities, improper time, irregular feeding, inferior food, 
 bolting the food without proper salivation, drinking large draughts of water 
 after eating, thus washing the food out of the stomach into the bowels 
 before the ga.stric juice has acted upon it; this cause is irritating to the 
 bowels; eating when much exhausted, as in Ga.stric Flatulency; drinking 
 large draughts of very cold water. Then other causes are calculi; a cal- 
 culus is sometimes lodged in pockets in the bowels, and becoming loos- 
 ened, causes very ■severe pains and is ver}' irritating. Calculi seem to 
 do no harm v\-hile they are fixed, and not till they are loosened do they 
 cause the trouble. Sometimes these balls are composed of dust; these do 
 less harm than other kinds, yet they are irritating. Parasitic elements 
 are also quite productive of this trouble, .such as the Teres L,umbriccales> 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 55 
 
 Strong3'lus Tetracanthus, Ascarides, and most particular, the Strongyhts 
 Arinatus, which have sword-Uke arms with Avhich they can bore their 
 way through the tissues; they originate in the bowels, and find their way 
 into the colic and mesenteric arteries. Often the>- are in great numbers, 
 and sometimes when tapping the intestinal cavit\' in Ascites, the>' come 
 out in the serum in great numbers. They ma\- be from i^i of an inch to 
 2 and J^ inches long; that is 1% inch in diameter. When this worm gets into 
 the blood \-essels it causes severe pains, and the animal usually dies from 
 Thrombosis. Organic disorder of the glands of the intestines may cause 
 Colic; exposure and cold drenching, or showering horses' bellies may 
 cause colicky pains. 
 
 Semeiology. — It raax come on suddenly, especially if due to heavy 
 draughts of cold water, as that chills the bowels suddenly; but if due to 
 the food, it may be several days coming on, and as soon as it begins there 
 will be uneasiness on the part of the horse; he will look back at the side, 
 move forward and back, paw a little, lie down and roll, get up cjuickly, 
 will make efforts to lie on his back while down; in bad cases will sweat, 
 throw himself violently on the floor, or drop recklessh", drop in a heap, 
 roll and kick furioiish'; the bowels will become accelerated, due to these 
 active exertions. The spasm will naturally subside; then the pulse and 
 respiration, which were increased only by the exertions, will return to 
 the normal, and the animal will be quite comfortable until the next cramp 
 comes on. Another sign when caused by the food, the horse will turn 
 up the upper lip as though in nausea. Under favorable circumstances or 
 cases, the spasms subside and the horse gets well, but if the cause of the 
 irritation is not remo^-ed then it will run into Enteritis. There is no 
 marked elevation in temperature. When pain increases pulse get hard. 
 Another cause is retention of the urine for a long time, due to the .spas- 
 modic contraction of the neck of the bladder; this is a very rare cause. 
 It often comes on from some peculiarity of the horse, such as will not 
 urinate on the bare floor, some will not while in harness, so they carry 
 their urine until it becomes irritating. The faeces are sometimes hard, 
 small and .scant in these cases, and the pulse is usuallj' irritable. There 
 is a difference between the trouble in the large and the small intestines; 
 if in the large they will be more like those seen in impaction of the colon, 
 but if in the small intestines, the symptoms will be as those just given. 
 Pain in small bowels is more severe than in large ones, therefore symp- 
 toms in large ones are ver)' much less violent. He will stretch and back 
 up against objects. 
 
 Treatment. — Bear in mind that bowel troubles are alwaj's serious; 
 Colic is peculiar h' urgent becau.se it is so painful, and also because the 
 disease may get well of it.self if you don't hurrj-, as it sometimes does, so 
 lose no time when you are called to treat a Colic case. About 75 per 
 cent of Spasmodic Colic cases will get well if left to themselves; the first 
 thing to do is to give the horse plenty of room; if no other way, take out 
 of doors; then administer such drugs as will relieve pain and act as a 
 diffusive liniment; give diffitsive .stimulants, as ether, alcohol, .spts. am- 
 monia, whiskj'. Anodj'nes that are useful are chloral, most important, 
 sulph. ether, cannabis indica, and in extreme cases morphia. Aconite is 
 looked upon as a fairly good remedy; it is antispasmodic. The old-fashion- 
 ed way was to give opium, but we think it is contra indicated because it 
 
56 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 has a tendency to allaj' the cramp and spasmodic contraction of the bowels, 
 and this should not be done because it is by this action of the bowels that 
 nature is endeavoring to throw off the irritating substance, so we want the 
 vermicular motion to go on instead of being stopped. We think that 75 
 per cent of the cases that die treated with opium, would recover if it was 
 not given in this trouble. The drench that we use is 
 R Belladonna Fl. Ext. }i dr. 
 
 Physostigma Fl. Ext. i dr. 
 
 Sod. Hyposulphate i oz. 
 
 Ether i oz. 
 
 Aqua ad. q s. to make one half pint. Give this as one dose, and if necessary 
 repeat in from fifteen minutes to half hour. Give large dose of oil; tobac- 
 co per rectum is good. Belladonna regulates the circulation, contracts the 
 arteries, strengthens the beats of the heart and prevents congestion. Cala- 
 babean acts on the spinal cord, especially that portion which presides over 
 the bowels; it has much the same effect as its alkaloid — eserine; it helps 
 peristaltic motion, especially of the large intestines. Soda h^'posulph. 
 pre\-ents fermentation and sweetens the bowels, and is slightly laxative; 
 sulph. ether is a stimulant and an anodyne; Dr. McKachrair's is tinct. 
 opium and spts. nit. ether, 2 ozs. of each, add water to make % pint; this 
 is one close. This is irrational. Hj-podermic injections of eserine or mor- 
 phine maj' be used; socotrine aloes may be given. Our drench will not 
 decompose; chloral li}'drate will decompose if left long made; the .spts. 
 nit. ether and hyposulph, .sodium form a caustic substance. There i.s al- 
 ways danger \^-hen using the hj-podermic needle, from some germ being 
 on it if not thoroughly cleaned. It is a good idea to give freeh' of ano- 
 d>'nes to keep the animal from rolling and throwing himself, so give 
 freely; when the case is not too se\'ere, exercise will often assist in remov- 
 ing the cause, but it is cruel when the horse is suffering severely. Dur- 
 ing recoverj', give rest and change of food. If j'ou are caught in a place 
 where >'ou cannot get anj'thing in drugs that you need, then yoM. will find 
 that a piece of tobacco tied to the bit so the horse will swallow the juice, 
 will pro\'e a good remedy. 
 
 Flatulent Colic — Inte.stinal Flatulence. — This is much the 
 same as Spasmodic Colic, and in addition to the pain, the bowels are 
 di.stended with gas. This is due to the fermentation of the undigested 
 food, also the Flatulency that accompanies Enteritis; also that accom- 
 panying impaction of the colon, but in these last two it is not so distress- 
 ing usuall}'. W'e are also inclined to think that Intestinal Flatulencj^ is 
 not so painful as Spasmodic Colic, and is caused more by the distension 
 of the bowels than b}' cramp; but the danger is greater — nearlj^ as great 
 as from Gastric Flatulenc}', or, perhaps more so, becau.se in this case 
 there is no chance for the gas to e.scape, consequently there is great 
 pressure upon the diaphragm, causing A.sphyxia and death; in exces.sive 
 distension, rupture of diaphragm. In some cases we find the rectum 
 protruding from two to eight inches out of the anus. 
 
 Diagnosis. — We find the flanks distended and drum-like between the 
 flanks and the last rib, and this will .show in different animals according 
 to the length between the hip and the last rib; the longer they are the 
 plainer will show the drum-like appearance. The long ones are the 
 fortunate ones, because the length allows space for the .swelling; while in 
 
VEITERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 57 
 
 the shorter coupled horses the swelling may press against the diaphragm, 
 suffocating them much easier than it would those of the other conforma- 
 tion. So in looking over a case, we are often led astray in the short 
 horse by the swelling not being apparent, and at the same time the 
 Dyspnoea is always greater in the .short than in the long horse. We find 
 there is danger of rupture of the intestines or intestinal walls; also of the 
 diaphragm. Then, if neither of these occurs, the horse may still die 
 from great prostration. 
 
 Treatment — Is more or less difficult, because we cannot reach the 
 seat of the trouble with medicine. Chemical agents are held in ^'ariable 
 estimation bj' different practitioners, but we use hyposulph. soda, also 
 bicarbonate soda — this one when it reaches the place of the trouble, has 
 been robbed of its alkaloid. Carbonate ammonia, wood charcoal, carbolic 
 acid, or any other antiseptic ma>' be used. T/ic best thing for the trouble 
 is oil of tiiipentine, as it is quickly taken up by the blood vessels; it is 
 said that in 15 minutes after giving you can detect it in the urine; it is 
 an anti:ferment and anti-acid. Usually we give in ounce dcses in half 
 pint of oil, then it is always advisable to give anodjaies and liberally; 
 this is to relieve pain and to relax the parts, but the passage to the place 
 is so obstructed by the bowels pressing upon themselves that it is often 
 impossible to reach the point needed; this pressure also prevents the 
 escape of the gas. Turpentine .stimulates the heart — don't forget the 
 anodynes. Lobelia is highly esteemed; also chloroform, chloral hydrate, 
 sulphuric acid and tobacco, especially tobacco smoke. Stimulating injec- 
 tions are often ver}- beneficial; we often give 2 ozs. of glycerine in 2 ozs. 
 of water, per rectum; soap and water injections are also good when the 
 rectum is not protruding too far. Always be careful in injecting that 
 you do not puncture the rectum — be \exy gentle in passing in 5-our tube. 
 E.serine is very good in this case; many try it with nothing else, but I 
 think it had better be given in small doses, as it produces the greatest 
 pain. It increases the pain about ten times after about 15 minutes, and 
 for about 15 minutes; this is due to the sudden firm contraction of the 
 bowels, and if there is no congestion or inflammation it will do no harm, 
 but if there is any it may prove fatal. So I think it should be given 
 early, and I would rather give in y^ gr. doses than in 1 or i}4 grs. 
 Don't think that pjdocarpine is anj'- good; the trocar is the most reliable 
 of all, and we always carry one in our pocket, as at the time }'ou need it 
 there will be no time to go for one. A horse may often be saved when 
 he is about djdng, b}- tapping, and we know from experience that there 
 is no danger from it. You may tap when there is great Dy.spnoea, but if 
 there is none I would not tap; but when the horse is suffering greatly 
 from Dy,spnoea, do not hesitate too long — that is, until great prostration 
 has set in, when it may not do much good. You ma}' tap on either side, 
 but the best results are from the right side, about two inches back from 
 the last rib, and about its middle, or even at the lower third. Clip off 
 the hair from a spot about the size of your finger nail; then, with a 
 scalpel, cut through the skin about 3,i of an inch deep and 3/a of an inch 
 long; then point j'our trocar inward, dozcmcard dca.d. foricard. Stand at 
 arm's length for fear of kicks, pu.sh the trocar in as far as the ferule, 
 pull out, and leave the cannula in. 
 
 There are two kinds of gas formed, in these cases; one is carburetted 
 
58 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 hydrogen, which will burn, and the carbon dioxide, which will not burn. 
 If you do not enter the bowel, then draw out the trocar, all but an inch 
 of it, and then push it in in another direction, but never straight in. I have 
 had to tap as often as seven times before the horse was cured. Immedi- 
 ateh' after tapping use your medicine. Nine out of ten times tapping 
 will give relief, but your work is not done after it, so continue your 
 treatment. Xe^-er leave the cannula in longer than a few minutes; for if 
 left in, maybe for onlj' five minutes, nature begins to throw out an 
 exudate around the punctured edges, and this will fasten around the 
 cannula and may cause a fistula in the intestines; or some of the contents 
 of the bowel may drop into the abdominal cavitj^ and cause Enteritis. 
 Also alwaj^s place your finger over the opening of the cannula when with- 
 drawing it; this prevents the contents dropping out into the abdominal 
 cavit}'. Always use the small trocar for the horse and the large one for 
 cattle, because you tap into the bowel of thehorse, and into the rumen 
 in cattle; also the horse is more vascular, and the nerve supplj' is greater. 
 If 3'ou have to repeat the tapping, never tap in the same opening; you 
 avoid .striking the kidne3's by not going in straight, and the bladder by 
 not going in backwards. You are apt to strike the colic or mesenteric 
 arteries, but there is no wa)- to be sure how to avoid them; if you strike 
 one the blood will flow out of the cannula; don't get scared, but draw 
 out the cannula part wa^- and insert the trocar in another direction; I 
 have struck them and never had any bad result follow, as blood does not 
 cause inflammation in the cavitj^ The untoward results that may follow 
 are, Peritonitis, Tetanus, abscess in the mesentery, or in the walls outside 
 of the peritoneum, and Intestinal Fistula. Peritonitis, by the contents 
 of the bowel passing out into the abdominal cavity; this can be told by 
 the juice coming out of the cannula; Tetanus, on account of the Tetanus 
 germ getting into the wound; put lard on outside of hole, if you think 
 horse is liable to get tetanic; abscesses in the mesenteric bj^ the trocar 
 going into it. 
 
 Semeiology of Abscess. — Back arched, belh' drawn up, pulse in- 
 creased. Four to six da3's after tapping, make a rectal examination Avith 
 the hand; if the abscess is near the surface it can be felt by the hand 
 ea,sily; it should be tapped. The abscess outside may be caused bj^ a 
 dirt}" trocar, or by hair pa.ssing in with the cannula, or the intestinal 
 juice may drop off into the cavity; these are unfortunately too common; 
 with this there is pain on pressure. Cut down through the original 
 opening, locate the abscess and bear it downward, then tap in the bottom 
 — one, two or three times, no harm; then insert a piece of oakum into the 
 opening, the large one, first dusting it with iodoform. These abscesses 
 ma}' work down as far as the stifle, if let run long; in this case you can 
 cut quite bold!}-. 
 
 The Intestinal Fistula is recognized by the offensive and unsightly 
 discharge through the opening. The best treatment we have for this is 
 cauterizing; if less than three weeks old, I would try peroxide of 
 hj^drogen, and close the external opening; if rrrnning long enough to 
 form a pipe, we cauterize by shooting down .sulphate copper, i oz. to the 
 pint of water — say i dr. at a time, and close the opening with a plug; 
 after four or five days take out the plug and see if stopped; if not, 
 repeat ■\\'ith a little weaker solution, and close as before. On account of 
 
VETERINARY JIEDICINE AND SURGERY. 59 
 
 the possibility of these bad resuUs, many or some do not hke to have 
 their horses tapped, so only fall back on it as a last resort; some pour 
 hyposulphate soda down the cannula to prevent a return of the Flatulency. 
 Tapping- is the best treatment in the case of the ox. In their case ahvays 
 tap on the left side, and al\va>-s a little lower down than in the hor.se, and 
 in the same direction as in the horse. 
 
 Intsstixal Obstructions.— ist, Calculi; 2d, Hernia and Stran- 
 gulation; 3d, Stricture; 4th, Alteration of the Position; 5th, Intussuscep- 
 tion. Disturbances which these obstructions produce; sometimes the 
 obstructions themseh-es are the result of .some previous deranged condi- 
 tion. Calculi are recognized of two kinds — the hard and the soft; the 
 .soft are formed with du.st, hair, etc. Calculi are usualh' harmless as 
 long as they remain in their pockets, but as soon as one locsens it will 
 cause a bagging of the part; as it grows heavy it will bag the more, and 
 as the walls increase in thickness they decrease in sensibility. When a 
 calculus rolls from its pocket it proves a ver_\' serious thing, and does 
 great harm, often causing death. The solid ones are composed of lime 
 and magnesia, mostly lime, the calcareous matter in the food forming 
 around the nuclei. 
 
 Hernia and Strangulation. — This is defined as a protrusion of 
 the bowels through an improperly closed umbilical, causing Umbilical 
 Hernia. It always occurs in young animals; it is somethnes the omen- 
 tum, other times the bowel itself. Sometimes it passes through the 
 abdominal ring, then we have Inguinal Hernia; this is usually seen only 
 in entire males. When the bowel passes through a rupture of the 
 abdominal wall, we call it A'entral Hernia, in which ca.se the skin alone 
 holds it from falling to the ground. It is usually cau.sed by kicks from 
 other horses, getting horned, or from falls On the ice. In case of rupture 
 of the diaphragm, the bowels may pass into the chest, called Diaphrag- 
 matic Hernia, and is generalh" a rupture of the muscular portion of the 
 diaphragm. \A'hen the bowel in Inguinal Hernia pas.ses clear down into 
 the scrotum, then it is Scrotal Hernia; this can only occur in the male. 
 
 Etiology. — If the bowel in protruding is placed so there is no chance 
 for free passage of the fseces and free circulation of the blood, Strangula- 
 tion takes place with the results, first, the bowel swells, due to the con- 
 gestion induced bj^ the interference of the circulation; if ver}- severe, the 
 bowel will turn black and die in a few hour.s — then it is o\Ay a question 
 of time till the animal dies. This rupture may have occurred a year be- 
 fore, but not so that there was an}- interference to the fsecal matter or the 
 circulation. If it comes from hardening of the faeces or from pressure on 
 the outside, it may take it from ten to fifteen daj'S to do any harm. Um- 
 bilical Hernia is very common in colts, larnbs, sheep and in babies, not 
 so often in calves. \^entral Hernia is generallj' seen in cattle, seldom 
 ever in horses. Diaphragmatic from its nature, is necessaril)' fatal, but 
 horses may die showing the peculiar signs or symptoms of Enteritis. In- 
 guinal Hernia occurs in wholly males, and if in geldings then the inguinal 
 canal is not obliterated. In the .stallion this canal is kept large by the 
 working of the spermatozoon cord. All Hernia can be seen hy the outside 
 enlargement, except the Diaphragmatic. Thesj'mptoms attending Stran- 
 gulation of the Bowel are much the same as seen in Spasmodic Colic, but is 
 very rapid in Hernia of the Inguinal Hernia; the pain is terribly severe 
 
6o THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 and may come on in an hour; the others come on more slowly. If it 
 leads to Strangulation quickly, then gangrene may take place. When 
 called upon to treat stallions for Colic, suspect Hernia — always. In 
 autopsy, find protruded portion black. 
 
 Treatment. — For Hernia, depends upon the location of it. Umbilical, 
 j-ou are usually' called upon to treat this in little atiimals, from a day up 
 to several months old. It is very connuon among puppies, especially the 
 Pug. In some cases the omentum alone protrudes, in fact, in a majority 
 of cases. Depending upon the size of the animal, we adopt — first thing, 
 to close the opening, of course fir.st reducing the Hernia; if it is easy to 
 put back, then it is the bowel, but if difficult, then it is the omentum. 
 Always lay the animal on its back to close the opening; one way being to 
 close with clamps on the skin, another is to ligate; another is to open the 
 skin and sew up the rupture. Always be sure there is none of the bowel 
 left out, gather as much of the skin as was in the s«-elling, then ligate 
 all this skin, or put several skewers through, and ligate below them. 
 This is followed by the inflammation that will be set up and which causes 
 an exudate, tumefaction, adhesion, and consequent organization of the 
 exudate and healing of the parts. Remember all these surgical opera- 
 tions are to be performed antisepticallj'. If in twenty-four hours, with 
 the clamps, the parts begin to swell; in fort5?-eight very large, and in 
 sixt}' hours it ma}' be enormous. Don't be frightened, that is what a-ou 
 want; in a week or ten days this skin will die and drop off; if not, in 
 twelve days 3'ou can cut it off. Always tie moderately tight — never so 
 much as to cause death b}' Strangulation. 
 
 Ventral Hernia. — Treatment of this depends upon the size of it; 
 if three inches in diameter, there is no use to treat it, but if two inches, 
 it is easy to handle; this is usually found high up on horses, due to kicks, 
 but low down on cattle, due to horning. If less than two inches, or e^-en 
 two inches, treat as in the Umbilical, onlj- it causes a pucker in the healing; 
 but A-ou can draw the edges together and keep on restricted food diet for 
 about ten days, when it will heal. If it is necessary, clip off the hair, but 
 you can clean the hair nicely and use it as gauze to sprinkle in the iodoform. 
 Another waj- to close this is by the use of the hypodermic needle, injecting 
 with some irritating substance, as solution of common salt, filtered; inject 
 about one dram about an inch apart, in several or more circles around the 
 opening, say over a space of four inches. Or instead of this, in a fresh case, 
 put on a strong bhster; a tru.ss would be good, but impossible to keep it on. 
 I would prefer the injections of salt for a valuable horse, as it will not 
 pucker; or you can open the skin perpendicularly over the opening and use 
 fine silk or catgut to sew up the rupture; when the sutures rot out, there 
 may be an exudate of lymph from the external opening, and the sutures 
 are often absorbed or come out in little pimples. Sew up the external 
 opening with number twelve silk, and take good strong hold on the skin; 
 treat antisepticall)- and bandage. 
 
 Inguinal Scrotal Hernia In Stallions.— This is difiicult to 
 handle. Day him down, something like for castration; if it has not been 
 in existence very long it is easy to put back; if down into the scrotum, I 
 find we get the best results by inserting the hand in the rectum, first 
 giving him 2 ozs. of chloroform or i and ^A ozs. of chloral, then in about 
 fifteen minutes he will be quiet and you can go to work; it maj' be well 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 6 1 
 
 then to produce entire anaesthesia, as it will help you by causing a com- 
 plete relaxation of the parts. With the hand in the rectum you can 
 easil}^ find the abdominal ring, then with the help of the hand on the out- 
 side you can force back the bowel; be very gentle with the hand that is 
 in the rectum. It may be necessary to open up the .skin; use a probe- 
 pointed bistoury to enlarge tlie ring, this onh' when all other ways are 
 useless, but the Hernia must be reduced. After operating for this, put 
 the horse in a narrow, single stall, and have the hind parts elevated until 
 it heals. Give drj' brand and very little hay. It is sometimes necessary 
 for him to lose a testicle in this case; warn owrier that it may not be suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 Stricture in the Intestines. — Occurs much the same as any 
 stricture in anj^ other part; some local irritation exists and is continued 
 for an indefinite length of time, setting up chronic inflammation; the result 
 of this being proliferation and cicatrization. Stricture occurs bj^ a thick- 
 ening of the intestinal walls, and by constriction reducing the calibre of 
 the intestines. We find that the walls instead of being large and dilata- 
 ble are very thick and inelastic; sometimes this occurs on the outside of 
 the bowel, but usually in the body of the wall. Sometimes following 
 stricture we have a degeneration of the Neoplastic tissues, and as a rule 
 it organizes and becomes white fibrous tissue and remains with the ani- 
 mal, interferes with free passage of the faeces, and leads to Enteritis and 
 death; this could not probably be diagnosed during life, but it would do 
 no good if we could. In the human thej' have cut out this con.striction; 
 the operation is called Enterectomj', or as now they call all operations on 
 the belly — Ivaparotom)^. 
 
 Alteration of Position of the Bowels. — Under this head comes Twist, 
 Gut Tie or Enlargement. This usually occurs consequent to and depend- 
 ent upon rupture of the mesentery, spoken of by some authors as Mesen- 
 teric Hernia. In this we find a rupture of the mesentery, and the bowel 
 passing through this rupture gets the twist, etc., and interferes with the 
 passage of the fseces. This must have occurred while rolling, etc., but 
 it is a conundrum how. I think there must have been some degenera- 
 tion of tissues before this could occur — these twists, etc. They generally 
 occur in the small intestines, but can in the large ones by the bowel fall- 
 ing across the other. It is almost impos,sible to diagnose during life. 
 
 Intussusception — Volvueies — Invagination. — Or the passage of 
 a portion of an intestine into another portion of the same one. This is a 
 comparatively common accident and can occur only as the result of some , 
 textural change in the bowel — one portion of the bowel being unhealthy, 
 and the healthy part anterior to it, slips into it. 
 
 Etiology. — Some violently increased peristaltic, generally after some 
 severe purgative has been given. The most common is the ileum into 
 the ileo csecal valve, or into itself. 
 
 Semeiology. — Symptoms are the same as Colic and Enteritis; they are 
 much the same in 'all the cases— there is nausea, profuse perspiration, 
 violent and increasing pains similar to Colic. By inserting the hand into 
 the rectum you can often tell the trouble, where the colon falls over it- 
 self; but where the ileum passes into itself, I don't think you could feel 
 it. In the latter stages of this trouble there will be considerable Flatu- 
 
62 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 lency and persistent pain present. Tlie animal usually dies stupid, and 
 the horse also becomes apparently blind. 
 
 Treatment. — Of this, mu,st depend upon the circumstances. We 
 can't practice Enterectomj-, because the animal must lie on its back 
 after the operation, in order to insure success; this is why it can be prac- 
 ticed in the human. Eserine used subcutaneously may overcome altera- 
 tions in position. Anodynes, diffusive stimulants, fomentations, oleag- 
 inous laxatives, are indicated. There is a peculiar phenomenon in 
 cattle — where a portion of the ileum passes into the colon and then be- 
 comes stopped, and Strangulation and .sloughing take place of the part 
 that is passed the ileo caecal valve, the remaining healthjr portion ad- 
 hered to the valve and the .sloughed part has passed out, making a good 
 recovery. Cattle have been known to pass six feet of intestines this way 
 and recover; in human, from one or three inche.s to a foot, and make a 
 nice recovery. After the sloughing off, there is an exudate that causes 
 the joining or adhesion. In all the.se cases, where it is a valuable horse, 
 it is well to make an autopsj' when the)' die, to prove to the owner that 
 you were right. 
 
 Prolapsus of the Rectum. — Spoken of as Eburscs. This is a 
 protrusion of the rectum out through the anus; it may be only an inch or 
 two, as in the horse, or rwa.y be a foot or fifteen inches in pigs or dogs; 
 in cattle, accompanj-iug calving, from two to four feet is not uncommon. 
 It may occur in aii}^ of the animals, and as a rule is due to either 
 Constipation, Diarrhcea, or straining accompanying parturition. In horses, 
 cattle and pigs, mo.stl5' due to Con.stipation; in dogs, to Diarrhoea; cattle 
 also in Parturition. If it is not excessive there is no danger, but if ex- 
 cessive and left out an hour or so, then comes Strangulation at the anus; 
 the cause of this is the contraction of the sphincter ani upon the protrud- 
 ing bowel — this is followed \yy gangrene and sloughing off of the part. 
 One of the most common causes of this trouble in the horse, is soap in- 
 jected by stablemen and some left in, during Colic; also in j'oung 
 animals when the pasture is Axy and the)' cannot get \\'ater. 
 
 Treatment. — \\^asli the protruded part with some antiseptic and 
 soothing lotion, as olive oil with a little carbolic acid, and add to this a 
 little opium; \\-ith this always gi\'e a good anodyne, then carefully and 
 genth' replace the protruding bowel. After the bo^vel has been replaced, 
 nature feels the swelling and acts as if it was faecal matter, and there is 
 spasmodic straining; so to pre^-ent this give anae.sthetics, as chloral h)'- 
 drate, and repeat; this to be given in the mouth. The straining makes 
 it difficult to keep the bowel back , so along with the above gi\'e rectal in- 
 jections of opium; after the gut is replaced, oil j-our hand and insert and 
 remove all the fasces that you can; good to use a little soap and water, 
 but not enough so stimulate the bowels; then after a while it would be 
 well to gi-\'e a laxati^■e. Remember that it is an easy matter to run your 
 finger through the gut while in this state, .so in placing the gut back, use 
 an ointment of tannic acid and opium a a, rubbed up with vaseline or 
 lard, and use j'our palms. Next day give a stimulant, as sulphur and 
 lard; sulphur 2 dr., lard i oz. ; apply this. Give the animal plenty of 
 water and soft feed; ne\rer give aloes, instead, give oleaginous laxatives; 
 melted lard is good for laxative of bovine. When it comes from Diar- 
 rhoea, as in the puppy, give anti-acids and anodynes; in the dog, after 
 
VETERINARY medicine; AND SURGERY. 63 
 
 replacing, injection of starch is good; then afterward sew up the opening 
 of the anus and leave in two or three days. In case the protruded laowel 
 becomes gangrened and sloughs off, you can interfere with a little sur- 
 gery. Insert your linger into the gut and cut the outside skin about an 
 inch from the anus and above the gangrene, then draw out the inner part 
 and cut off the remaining part. Sew these two parts together, then care- 
 fully push back into the anus; that is sewing the healthy part of the 
 bowel to the sphincter ani. Make the sutures about half inch apart, or 
 leaA-e the part on after sewing and it will slough off at that place; this 
 will work good in dogs. 
 
 Piles — Hemorrhoids. — These are bleeding piles; they are little 
 congested parts of the mucous membrane lining the rectum; they may be 
 in a foot or fifteen inches. They are ver\- troublesome in the human, 
 and the same cause produces them that produces prolapsus — as Consti- 
 pation, etc. The hard fjecal matter irritates the mucous membrane and 
 causes a little local inflammation that finally becomes chronic. 
 
 Symptoms. — When the horse goes to dung, \\-ill switch his tail from 
 side to side, or up and down between his legs; as the faeces comes out he 
 shows the itching by rubbing his tail against something, and there is a 
 general uneasiness; the dog \\-ill sit down on his anus and slide around 
 that way. 
 
 Treatment. — Laxative food, a great deal of water, fe^v handfuls of 
 bran along with his oats — this to stimulate the secretions. AVe find an 
 ointment of sulphur and lard, i to 8 or i to 4, introduced liberally is 
 beneficial, also ver3- good in human, — beats nut galls. For the human, 
 the best thing to do is to relax the bowels with apples, night and morn- 
 ing, or some such fruit and plenty of water and exercise. In ca.se these 
 piles are old and won't give way to treatment, then excise them; dilate 
 the anus with a speculum and remove with an ecraseur, cauterizing them 
 afterwards with electric needle heated white hot; this is the wa>- it is 
 performed in the human. 
 
 Imperforated Anus. — This is found in little animals after birth; 
 there is no opening; it is seen more in little pigs than in other animals, 
 but it occurs in babies, foals, and calves. This must be attended to in 
 not more than two daj-s, or j^ou can do no good. Cut in with scalpel, 
 if necessary insert a plug of oakum to keep the place open. Where the 
 rectum terminates in a blind pouch, but the opening of the anus is all 
 right, insert 3-our finger and draw back the rectum to the ring of the 
 anus, then cut an opening and stitch the edges to the anus. You can 
 easily find the rectum, as it will be filled with the fseces. These are 
 common occurrences. 
 
 Rupture of Intestinal Walls. — This occurs the same as rupture 
 of the stomach, and is alwaj-s the result of some other intestinal disturb- 
 ance — a most common cause is the reckless violence used in evacuation; 
 this occurs in the rectum, when from other causes it will be in the colon. 
 It is alwaj^s fatal, and the animal ^^-ill die from collapse or syncope. 
 Sometimes the food passes out of the rupture into the abdominal cavity, 
 then the animal dies from Peritonitis, which is set up; this is rare. 
 
 Semeiology. — There is no absolute diagnosis, the .symptoms being 
 much the same as the others. You will notice after a violent pain 
 and other symptoms, that the animal gets quiet; to an ordinary observer 
 
64 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 it might be thought that this was an evidence of relief, but you can see 
 the dejected, haggard countenance, begins to sweat, getsweal-i, lies down, 
 gets up and sits on his haunches, makes effort to vomit; respiration 
 becomes weaker, frequently the expired air is cold; there is violent 
 straining without any apparent cause, the pulse grows rapid rapidly, and 
 smaller and harder; as death approaches, will lie down, get up, brace the 
 legs and finally drop. In case the rupture is small and the fsecal matter 
 passed out into the abdominal cavit}', the animal will die in from two to 
 three days from Peritonitis, but usually in from one to six hours from 
 syncope. The only positive proof as to the cause of death in these cases 
 that we have, is in autopsy. If the owner wants it done, with a law 
 suit in view, charge him $25.00, but if for his own satisfaction, then 
 $5.00. In human practice there are various operations performed for 
 these troubles, that are impracticable in veterinary. In cattle, more 
 liberty can be taken in operating on the belly than in the horse, the 
 horse being so vascular and having such a great nerve supply. 
 
 Enteritis. — Is inflammation of the bowels, and is the mo.st serious 
 inflammatory trouble the horse is subject to. It most often affects the 
 large intestines in the horse; when the small bowels are affected j-'ou 
 may come to the conclusion that it is due every time to poisoning; when 
 due to any other cause, you will find it in the large bowels. It starts 
 usually in a circumscribed tract, but this would depend upon the cause. 
 When Enteritis follows impaction of the colon it is large; if from Intus- 
 susceptions or Calculi, it would be circumscribed, but would spread 
 rapidljr. In the pathogenesis there is considerable difference of opinion; 
 some say it starts in the muscular coat, and some sa)' in the niucoris; the 
 probability is, that it starts in the mucous and iuA'olves the rest. It 
 comes on ver)- suddenly, runs a rapid course, and invariably terminates 
 fatally. It runs its course in from six to eight hours; in some cases it 
 may run on twent)^ or more, but we frequently see the horse dead after 
 the first six hours. 
 
 Prof. Williams is inclined to look upon Enteritis as Apoplexy of 
 the Bowel, and there are some sjmiptoms the sanre. Apoplexy applies 
 to congestion and hemorrhage, that is why we get such strong symptoms 
 alike. S3anptoms in common, — we find the bowels more or less filled 
 with blood, indicating hemorrhage; it is possible that there are ruptures 
 of small blood vessels, but there is always inflammation present, so if it 
 starts in Apoplexy it terminates in Enteritis in such a case. Suppose 
 the cause is congestion — we have violent active congestion, and possibly 
 rupture of some of the capillaries; this occurs in the mucous coat and ex- 
 tends to and involves the muscular and parts of the serous; the Hernia is 
 so severe we get considerable congestion, but not enough to cause gan- 
 gi'ene; but inflammation runs its course and results in gangrene, and as 
 said, the horse is a great deal more liable to it than any other animal — 
 many times more ,so than the ox, dog, or human, and with the other 
 causes, the stomach of the horse is so small and the intestines large. Cat- 
 tle and pigs frequently recover; horses — very seldom, may saj' never. 
 
 Etiolog3'. — Causes are very obscure, the disease coming on when the 
 animal appears in the best of health, so can only sajr it must be due to or 
 from indigestible matter in the food. It might be that the horse coming 
 in during dirtj', niuddjr weather has had the hose turned on his belly, the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 65 
 
 water ice cold — followed bj- Enteritis in a few hours. We also find that 
 if horses are kept too long on the same kind of food; or putting the horse 
 to hard work too soon after eating may cause Colic, followed by Enteri- 
 tis; or there may be mechanical injuries or parasite.s — as the Strongylus 
 Tetracanthus; so all causes that produce Colic, we may say, produce also 
 Enteritis. Why? — Can't tell. 
 
 Semeiology. — First, while congestion is taking place, there is con- 
 siderable dullness; the horse hangs his head, refuses his food, and there 
 is ner\'ous depression that operates on the mind, we believe, as in the hu- 
 man; pain comes on gradually, in the course of a few hours comes on rapidly; 
 begins to kick and paw, walks around, turns nose to flank, switches the tail; 
 pain is continuous and grows worse; quick pulse, increases in frequency, 
 is quick and irritable, becomes hard; temperature may be from 103 to 105 
 in the course of an hour; as the pain increases, the breathing increases 
 and keeps it up; the ears and extremities get cold; friction on the stomach 
 causes pain; lies down gently; the continuous character of the pain is in- 
 A-ariable when he passes fseces; the visible mucous lining is very red; the 
 pulse as it runs on may get up to 60 or 80; there is a terribly haggard 
 expression of the countenance. Towards the end of the disease the mind 
 is affected and the animal becomes stupid, blind, deaf, and walks around 
 with his nose to the floor, becomes delirious, crazy as a loon; sometimes 
 stops, takes long sighs; the surface of the body becomes bathed with 
 sweat, mouth gets cold, visible mucous membranes are livid, and towards 
 the last half hour, have a bluish pallor. Just before death the pain maj^ 
 cease and the horse remain quiet till death, which soon comes. When 
 this has occurred we conclude gangrene has taken place; if you take his 
 ptrlse it is slow. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — On opening, the outer coat will be red in patches; 
 },'ou can usually determine the bowel by the color, may be the colon, and 
 from four to six feet of it. Sometimes it may also involve the cecrrm; 
 the mesentery is also injected; the omentum often is quite black. You 
 will find the red bowel much thickened, and mucous coat black as tar; 
 bowel is partly filled with bloody fluid; on the surface of the mucous 
 membrane there is usually a coagulation, a jelly-like accumulation — this 
 is proof that inflammation existed. Cows often get Enteritis from licking 
 the paint off newlj^-painted pipes, etc. , or they get the poison from the 
 3^ew tree or poison iv}'. 
 
 Treatment. — This is very difficult to treat in the horse, for we think 
 it incurable. But give rational treatment as the case calls for; purgatives 
 or laxatives are contra indicated; opium is indicated in large doses to stop 
 the peristaltic, and if you can keep it so for three or four days, may effect 
 a cure. This gives inflammation time to subside. Belladonna is also indi- 
 cated; give Yz oz. powdered opium the first dose, and i dr. in each dose 
 after; give mucilaginous drinks for several days. When he is picking up, 
 in case of recovery, give i pint of linseed oil; establish the peristaltic very 
 gradually; the first passage may be in ten or fifteen days. Make apph- 
 cations of hot water and blanket and mustard. If the opium does not 
 suffice, give hypodermic injections 5 to 10 grs. ; morphine and aconite 
 may be given from the .start — fl. ext. 5 to 7 drops. Give a little acetate 
 potash to keep the kidneys in good condition. In case of recovery, give 
 stimulants, alcohol, ale, etc. Wherever there is much tendency to con- 
 
66 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 gestion, bleeding might be good; also gentian and camphor are very good 
 in all bowel troubles. 
 
 Peritonitis. — Inflammation of the peritoneum; the serous mem- 
 brane of the mesentery' occasionally becomes involved in the inflamma- 
 tion, much the same as in Pleurisy. Associated with Peritonitis in the 
 third .stage is dropsy of the abdominal cavity; this is called Ascites; 
 this disease exists in both the acute and chronic forms. In Peritonitis 
 there are pains as in Enteritis, but not so .severe. Ascites resembles 
 Hydrothorax. 
 
 Etiology. — Wounds of some kind, particularljr those that puncture 
 the bowels, or by septic poisoning, as this part of the body is more liable 
 to development of germs than any other part. If there is a wound in the 
 abdominal cavity, the introduction of a single germ may result fatally; 
 so we find that wounds in the abdominal cavitj^ are almost always fatal, 
 especially in the horse. Simple castration is often a cause, and often it 
 follows tapping for Flatulencj', though in my case, all that died from tap- 
 ping, died from Enteritis or some other cause than Peritonitis. The Stron- 
 gi'lus Armatus is the wor.st germ we have in this case; there is an infect- 
 uous form associated with Parturition and with Metritis, which frequentl}^ 
 follows Parturition. This form is called Metra- Peritonitis, and is 
 very common in the human and lower animals. M3' opinion is, that 
 there is often too much interference with the vagina when uncalled for, 
 in woman, which causes this disease bj' the introduction of some germ. 
 Gastric and intestinal ruptures, with passage of food into the abdominal 
 cavity, cause it. Then we find the chronic form caused from starvation, 
 especially in old animals turned out to grass, or from chronic liver troubles; 
 in dogs, from kicks in the belly, or from lying out at night — lies on his 
 bell}- on the ice or snow; also in the honse, from heart and liver troub- 
 les: these often cause the Ascites, but before j-ou can have the acute, you 
 mu.st have some disorganized condition of the peritoneum. 
 
 Semeiology. — The horse manifests abdominal pains, not so severe as 
 in Enteritis — it resembles the Colic more. The pain is more subacute, 
 the horse will lie down quieth^ gently, not roll or sweat, but will try to 
 get on his back if he can, and against the partition; will often lie thus 
 for half an hour at a time. There is pain on pressure of the belly, 
 appetite not affected at first, but as the disease runs on the appetite is 
 lost; pulse is increased in frequency, is rapid, .small and hard, is irritable, 
 quick. In the course of from two to ten days, according to the rapidity. 
 Ascites develops. As the Ascites develops the pain diminishes; he is 
 easier, but we can see he is getting weaker; the pulse becomes wiry, \'ery 
 wir}-, and he dies from collapse, S3'ncope, heart failure; this is why he 
 may live longer than in Pleurisy. A.scites is recognized by the disten- 
 sion of the abdomen, due to the amount of water secreted — this is some- 
 times enormous. In .slowly developing Ascites, as in the case of Stron- 
 gylus Armatus, it may run on for a month with very little suffering. 
 You can diagnose by having an assi-stant percuss on the oppo.site side of 
 the abdomen; you can hear the sound much plainer, and if he punches the 
 abdomen on his side you can see the other .side fluctuate, or j-ou can 
 test with the trocar. The horse usuallj' falls off in flesh while Ascites is 
 developing \\'hen caused by the Strongylus Armatus, but when from any 
 
VBTERIXARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 67 
 
 other cause, there is a general runnmg down of the condition, starry 
 coat, visible mucous membrane anaemic, eyes simken, etc. 
 
 Prognosis. — If the inflammation is circumscribed and of the mild 
 form, may be favorable, and A-ice versa if diffused and severe. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — You will find the bowels full of amber-colored fluid 
 (serous), resembles the water found in the chest; of course the amount 
 of color depends upon the amount of hemorrhage; if the Ascites devel- 
 oped A'ery fast, will be red; but if as usual^ slowly, then it will be serous 
 colored. You will find a certain amount of coagulation of this wa- 
 ter; the omentum is apt to be filled with coagulated serum. In all cases 
 the peritoneum will be thickened and softened. 
 
 Treatment. — On general principles, treat the same as Enteritis; per- 
 fect quiet, soft food, no purgatives or laxatives; give opium and diffusive 
 stimulants, as nit. ether, linseed tea, oatmeal gruel, etc. If the heart is 
 weak and ^vill not respond to these, give digitalis; also give vegetable 
 bitters, as gentian, cinchona, also mineral tonics, iron, camphor; camphor 
 is good alone or with anj^ of the others. Acetate potash or nit. ether 
 keeps the kidneys in shape; nux vomica and iodide potash with iron 
 during convalescence. When the amount of fluid in the belly is large, 
 draw off; this operation is called Paracentesis Abdomenis, and often 
 only palliates the trouble, and it may refill. Tap through the median 
 line posterior to the umbilical; alwa^^s use a good-sized trocar. Some- 
 times the omentum or the Strongylus Armatus will bother a'ou bjr clos- 
 ing the opening of the instrument, so you must use your ingenuity to 
 work it around. These worms are often found here three sixteenths of an 
 inch in diameter and three inches long. In case of Ascites we often get good 
 results from pumping in an aqua solution of iodine; this is good in small 
 animals also; i to 2 drams to the pint of tepid water — have the water the 
 same temperature as the body. 
 
 Dysentery. — Sometimes called Bloody Flux; this is an inflammatory 
 disease and affects the large intestines, particularly^ the rectum. The 
 fever with it is of a low order or form, spoken of as Typhoid, is accom- 
 panied with a fluid discharge from the bowels, characterized by large 
 quantities of mucous streaked with blood, and Tenesmus (spasmodic 
 contraction) of the Rectum, and straining — violent fits of straining. 
 This is closely allied to Diarrhoea; it may run into Diarrhoea, but differs 
 from it in that there is fever and local inflammatory action, attended by 
 serious tissue changes; or rather specific changes. 
 
 Etiology. — In some there is a predisposition to it; Prof. McEchran 
 says that cattle of a light red, blue or black color, knees close, narrow 
 chest, tucked-in flanks, etc., are predisposed. Dr. Baker thinks the col- 
 or depends upon the health, not the health upon color; may be caused by 
 unfit grass from low-lands or from hard work and poor food. The horse 
 seldom has it. Cattle are generally weakened by some other disease be- 
 fore, such as contagious Pleuro- Pneumonia, Malarial Fever, Typhoid, 
 Tuberculosis, etc. Dysentery often ends the case of any of these diseases. 
 Another way they may get it is from the germs on the grass in low 
 ground that was overflowed. Hemorrhage is a prominent feature of 
 Dysentery. 
 
 Semeiology. — It starts out in most cases as a case of Diarrhoea, but 
 that is in the early stage before the bleeding or bloody appearance of the 
 
68 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 feces; soon after the starting of the Diarrhcea there is a fever with rigors 
 and great prostration; the pulse is quick and irritable, more or less rapid; 
 the coat is dry, hard and starry; loss of appetite, great thirst, frequent pain- 
 ful evacuation, increasing in violence; Tenesmus of the rectum, proven bj^ 
 the actions of the animal — the cow will stand with all her feet in a bunch, 
 back arched and straining, spasmodic cramps of the rectum, discharges 
 a fluid fsecal matter. In the early stage this matter is mostly mucous, 
 slightly red, and may have son)e jell3--like matter and thread-like ti.ssue 
 through it; this is very offensive, it comes from the gangrene of little cir- 
 cumscribed parts, supposedly of the folicles. There is some hemorrhage, 
 and the Tenesmus has a tendency to rupture the capillaries, hence the 
 streaks of blood in the discharge — sometimes it is very bloody. The dis- 
 ease has as great a tendency to be fatal as any disease we might have, and 
 is common both to man and the lower animals. It is usualh^ the evi- 
 dence of the breaking down of the whole system from some other disease. 
 After it has been running on for some time, there is much evacuation of 
 water; there is a tremendous thirst; we find that soine of the discharge 
 is glue)'. After it has run on three or four days, there is Marasmus and 
 the animal dies from collapse. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — There is a swollen h^-persemic membrane of the 
 bowels; the glands of the mucous membrane may be ulcerated as \\-ell as 
 some of the surrounding tissues. In cattle we usually find Tuberculosis 
 in different parts of the body, often quite general; we find it in the liver, 
 mesentery, udder, etc. In little animals where it follows Diarrhcea, we 
 see extreme pallor. 
 
 Treatment. — Good nursing is the best of all; warm clothing and warm 
 bandages to the legs; give bland fluid drinks, small doses of oil; give 
 diuretics in small doses, quinine and A'egetable bitters; opium to arrest 
 the cramps, especially opium and starch gruel injected; give mineral as- 
 tringents, sulph. iron and copper, acetate lead, nitrate silver — these act 
 as tonics to the blood, and are all antiseptic. Ipecac and opium mixed 
 are good. 
 
 Prognosis. — This is almost always unf a^'orable ; there may be re- 
 cover3^ but as we .see it in the lower animals as being the ending or break- 
 ing down of some other disease, there is little room to be favorable. 
 
 DISE.ISES THAT CATTLE ALONE ARE SUBJECT TO. 
 
 Impaction of the Ri-jien. — This is almost always followed by 
 Rumenotoni}-. This impaction occurs when an animal gets at oats 
 and flUs up, or sometimes this trouble happens on the first grass as it is 
 ju.st shooting up, and the animal eats so much dry, indigestible chaff get- 
 ting at the grass; but usually it is the grain, and the only way to get rid 
 of Impaction of the Rumen is to cut into and dip it out. You can recog- 
 nize this impaction by the peculiar swelling, and 3'ou can feel it .solid and 
 dents on pressure; the animal gets .stupid, and in a bad case, as said, j'ou 
 must operate to relieve it. In a mild case, drench the animal with hypo- 
 sulphate soda and give .stimulants — as aromatic .spts. of ammonia, etc. If 
 you have to operate, secure the animal with ropes, then cut in on the 
 left side, make a perpendicular opening about six inches long, about the 
 center of the last rib and downward. Clip off the hair first, cut through 
 the .skin and tissues till you reach the rumen, then cut into this, but make 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 69 
 
 the opening- a few inches less than the other one ; draw out tlie Hps of the 
 wound in the rumen, and after placing a napkin to prir\-cnt the matter 
 dropping into the abdominal cavity, empty the rumen of all but about a 
 gallon, pour in large quantities of water, a bucketful with a pound of Ep- 
 som salts, then sew up the rumen with the knots on the inside, spraying 
 occasionallN' while operating, with anti.septic; then sew up the other open- 
 ing with strong silk or wire. These operations are almost always favora- 
 ble. If they get into a clover field they will eat .so much that they will soon 
 begin to bloat; Tympanites will take place, then \ou will have to tap 
 with the trocar and cannula, and you nuisl hurry more than in Impaction 
 of the Rumen, because of the pressure on the diaphragm, and the danger 
 of Asphyxia. Another peculiarity of cattle is to eat ever}-thing in 
 sight — as bones, wood, linen clothing; sometimes swallow large objects 
 like rake teeth, iron bolts, etc. ; these may pass out through the rumen 
 and be removed from the side of the animal. The second stomach seems 
 to never have any such troubles, but the third stomach, called the omas- 
 um, has. Impaction in this has been given some provincial names, as 
 Fardle bound. Impaction of the Manifolds, etc. Impaction of the omas- 
 tim is very common, and other names given it are, Dr^^ Murrain and 
 Bake of Manyplies. Then we have also inflammation of the fourth 
 stomach, called Abdomasitis, and it is invariabh- present in impaction 
 of the omasum and often involves from four to .six feet of the ileum; there 
 is always a certain amount of Enteritis in those parts. 
 
 Etiology. — Sudden and radical changes in feeding, severe errors in 
 dieting. In Canada, where they used to grind the corn, cob and all, we 
 often saw this trouble of the omasum. It is hard to tell just \\'hat is 
 the cause, but we think that the leaves of the omasum become partly 
 paralyzed as a result of overwork; the duodenum is usually involved. 
 
 Semeiology. — Bowels are often noticeabty loo.se preceding the trouljle 
 for several days, then followed by Constipation that la.sts as long as the 
 disease, and the animal may die in five or .six days. There is a loss of 
 appetite and rumination is suspended; more or less fever, may be from 
 103 to 107 — in bovines it doesn't usualh' run high; respiration is in- 
 creased, and with the respiration there is a grunt; in this case you can 
 usually feel the omasum at the right flank low down. Pressure to the 
 belly will cause pain; sometimes the brain is affected and the animal 
 becomes .stupid. 
 
 Treatment. — The contents of the stomach niu.st be softened, so large 
 quantities of bland fluid is rational treatment, as linseed tea, and with it 
 oleaginous laxatives — as a quart of melted lard; it acts better than any 
 other oil; or give from one to two qts. of linseed tea with a little calomel; 
 nux vomica and gentian are good; quinine may also be added to this; bicar- 
 bonate soda is highly recommended. Prof. Strangeway says salts are no 
 good; dose with oil and with a sedative, 8 to 12 ozs. sulph. magnesia, and 
 combined with the remedies 15 gr. doses of quinine, with a few drops of 
 sulph. acid; then give soft food. 
 
 Prognosis. — Unfavorable. 
 
 SURGERY. 
 
 The first account we have of surgery as practiced on the lower ani- 
 mals, was 3500 years before Christ. 
 
70 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Chirurgia. — From the Greek — means Surgery. 
 
 Cliirurgical. — Is much used, means treatment of disease, manually; 
 it is also taken from the Greek. 
 
 Surgery as a .science inquires into the nature, exi.stence and seat of 
 disease; as an art, relates to the removal and suppressing, con,stituting a 
 cure. 
 
 Anatomical Surgery relates to that part ^vhere the operation is to be 
 performed. 
 
 In order to be a successful surgeon, it is necessary to have a thorough 
 knowledge of the animals we are going to handle, and to know their weak 
 points, so we confine them that thej^ maj' neither injure us nor them- 
 selves. 
 
 Operations are spoken of as being Simple or Complex, Bloodless or 
 Sanguinary. There is always more or less danger attending operations, 
 from .shock or unexpected hemorrhage, etc., and it is always well to in- 
 form the owner against all po.ssible dangers before operating. 
 
 For the best methods of restraining the animal while operating, I 
 refer you to Fleming's Operative Surgery. 
 
 The time of day as regards light, and the time of ^ear as regards 
 the temperature, etc., cut some figure in all operations. 
 
 A horse .should be perfectly quiet before operation; if he has been 
 laid up, give exercise a day before the operation. 
 
 Alvi'a}'s have instruments to suit the animal and the operation you 
 are to perform. Have your instruments, sponges, antiseptics, ancesthet- 
 ics, etc., always ready before beginning. 
 
 Minor Surgery is a term sometimes used instead of Simple Surgery. 
 
 Plastic Surgery applies to surgery on the soft tissues. 
 
 A Wound is a solution of continuity. 
 
 Incised Wound is one made with a sharp instrument — a cut. 
 
 A Punctured Wound is one made with a pointed instrument. (Stab.) 
 
 A I^acerated Wound is one that is torn. 
 
 A Contused Wound is one that is bruised. 
 
 A Gunshot Wound is one made with a bullet or shot. 
 
 A Poisonous Wound is one produced b}- poi,son. 
 
 The principal feature is what becomes of a wound; of course there is 
 likeh- to be a hemorrhage; next is danger from septic poLsoning by septic 
 germs getting into the wound; these often run on to produce violent in- 
 flammation, gangrene and death. If septic poisoning does not occur, 
 nature begins at once to heal the wound. 
 
 Healing a wound is an inflammatory process — inflammation and pro- 
 liferation. We SSLY wounds heal by fir.st or second intention; first is by 
 an intention; second by any other cause — it heals b}' granulation. The 
 only difference between the first and the second is in the amount, as in 
 the fir.st it is imperceptible to the naked eye, in the second it is very well 
 marked and very perceptible. In the fir.st the .surfaces come together, in 
 contact with each other, and seem to .stick together without granulation 
 and suppuration, while in the second there is a gaping wound that fills 
 up by granulation and proliferation and the forming of new tissues; this 
 is called Hyperpla.sia; or rather there is a condition of H^-perplasia when 
 inflammation and proliferation take place; this newh' formed tissue is 
 nowadays called Neoplastic tissue; old times it was called .scar tissue, etc. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 7 1 
 
 Hypertrophy. — Means simple enlargement without forming any 
 new tissue. In healing of wounds there is always Hyperplasia; in the 
 second kind of healing there is often suppuration; in the first intention 
 there is none. The suppuration from a wound is the union of leucocyte 
 of the blood on the surface with the exudate of lymph from granular 
 surface, and the pieces of broken down cells; this forms the pus that is 
 seen upon the surface of wounds. This excess is an effort of nature to 
 prevent the introduction of the septic germ, they being caught like a fly 
 in molasses and carried away with the flow. 
 
 In this process by second intention of healing, after 24 hours the 
 bottom of the wound will be seen to be intensely red and somewhat 
 -swollen, AYith some thread-like loose tissue among the normal ones; these 
 are the cells that have died, and all cells that are cut or injured, when 
 the wound occurred, die and break loose. The second day after, there 
 is a gelatinous appearance OA'er the wound, a grayish red fluid; this is the 
 lymph; after this little red nodules, or granulations, will be seen on the 
 su.rface until finally the whole surface is covered with them, a mass of 
 little red piles; after two or three days these begin to proliferate. This 
 surface is called the granulating surface. While this is going on the sur- 
 face is covered with a gelatinous cream}- dispharge. As the wound fills 
 up by granulation, nature fills the cavit}-; all this new tissue is called 
 granulating tissue, and is alwa^-s white fibrous tissue and not of the 
 same nature of the part that the wound occurred in; the bone is partly 
 an exception, for after a time the tissue in the bone becomes os.sified, 
 although not having all the nature of true bone; this explains the white 
 scar left after a wound has healed; this white scar is called a cicatrix. 
 
 Antiseptic Surgery. — Often a wound has become poisoned by the septic 
 germ before a surgeon sees it, so he is called on to treat it antiseptically, 
 that is against the septic poison. Proud Flesh, .spoken of as exuberant 
 granulation, is usually poisoning of wound, composed of large weak 
 cells, soft to feel, frequently break down from .suppuration; also bleeds 
 easily. 
 
 Sternberg's table of antiseptics in use is as follows: 
 
 Corrosive Sublimate or Corrosive Chloride Mercury 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Carbolic Acid 
 
 Salicylic Acid 
 
 Boracic Acid 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 Dr. Billings says tannic acid is the best of all, usually u.sed in equal 
 parts with sugar of milk, rubbed together. Iodoform is an elegant 
 antiseptic, as iodoform, starch powder, boracic acid powdered, of each 
 equal parts. This is now used in human practice. Dip gauze into it, 
 also sprinkle well with it, and place the gauze OA^er the wound; this is 
 now called dry dressing. The iodoform alone is too irritating, and 
 boracic acid is verj' non-irritating. Now suppose we have a simple 
 wound — clip off the hair, wash well with warm water and soap, then 
 sponge over with clear alcohol or a weak solution of bichloride mefcury, 
 strength of .002 to .003, or 3 per cent carbolic acid, or 4 per cent sol. 
 boracic acid. If the wound is large it must be sewed up. We have 
 different kind of sutures: First, we have interrupted sutures, in which 
 
 ;STROYS 
 
 PREVENTS 
 
 0.005 
 
 0.003 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.025 
 
 003 
 
 0,02 
 
 4- 
 
 0.05 
 
 4- 
 
 0.05 
 
 20. 
 
 20. 
 
72 THEORY AND PRACTICK. 
 
 each stitch passes through the wound, and is tied separately. The unin- 
 terrupted suture is where the sutures pass in and out the wliole length 
 of the wound. The pin suture is for small wounds; you insert a pin 
 through the wound, and cross the silk over and back in a figure 8 st>-le. 
 In the twisted suture there are a number of pins, and the silk is twi.sted 
 in and out all along the wound to all the pins. The looped suture is 
 where there is no care about a pucker; in this the suture is passed in 
 and out a number of times, then all tied in a bunch. Dossell is where 
 the ends are all separate and fastened on each side bj- some object, as 
 oakum. Quilled suture is where a quill or stick is placed on each side, 
 and the suture passed in and out of the wound, passing around the .stick 
 or quill each time. Then there is the Crucial, the T, the Zigzag, and 
 the X suture. 
 
 The material used in sutures is usually silk, though silver ^^•ire and 
 catgut also, according to the requirement. New one, kangaroo tendon. 
 
 Needles are Straight, Curved, Medium Curved, Full Curved, Double 
 Curved or S-shaped. 
 
 Incisions are various in practice; th&y are either simple or composite. 
 Simple is a simple .straight cut. Composite ones are the T-.shaped, 
 V-shaped, Crucial, Crescentic, Elliptical, Circular, Rectangular and 
 X-shaped. 
 
 All incisions or punctures are made with a scalpel or with a curved 
 or probe-pointed bistoury. 
 
 In opening deep ab.scesses, we usualh' use a scalpel; where it is not 
 deep, we use a curved bistour}-; the trocar and cannula is sometimes used; 
 also sometimes an exploring needle, but this is seldom used now, humane 
 ph3-sicians are discouraging its use. In all delicate operations, hold j'our 
 knife as you would a pen. 
 
 The next thing after incisions is hemorrhage — bleeding. 
 
 Hemostatic is the powder or anything used to stop the bleeding, and 
 Hemostasia is the .stopping of the bleeding. 
 
 Hemostasia is of two kinds — Preventing and Arresting. Prevention 
 first b}' external pressure; this ma5' be applied by ligature placed around 
 the limb above the point of operation. 
 
 Tournicjue. — A binder put around the limb and twisted. If opera- 
 tion, while bandage is on, should last more than ten minutes, take it off 
 and then re-apply; or by Esmarch's bandage, by winding a bandage 
 from the toe or finger up the limb to a distance above the point of opera- 
 tion, when the part below is taken off, then the blood is nearly all driven 
 out of the limb, making a nearly bloodless operation. Then, instead of 
 pressure, we sometimes freeze the parts — that contracts the tissues and 
 les.sens the calibre of the blood vessels; this may be done bjr etheral 
 .spraying, or with carbolic acid; then the seton and actual cautery are used 
 in stopping hemorrhage. 
 
 Next is to arrest. This is done b}- three means — phj'sical, chemical 
 and surgical. The phi^sical are fir.st, refrigerants; they produce cold — 
 ice is one, the principal one. Hy stimulants, the principal one is hot 
 water; this is a ver}' admirable remedj'' when the hemorrhage is profuse 
 from the capillaries; use with a sponge, say with water at i6o to 170 
 Fahr. Next is creosote, oil turpentine and alcohol. The next are the 
 absorbents. These are anything that will take up the blood and hold it; 
 
VETERIXARY JIEDICINE AND SURGERY. 73 
 
 they induce coagulation, as oakum, tow, lint, white ilour, sponges, punk, 
 cobwebs, fuzzy side of sole leather, etc. In deep wounds these ab,sorb- 
 ents can be pushed down into the wound — this is called plugging; in this 
 >-ou have both physical and surgical. Charpie is a finely prepared lint 
 or tow. Chemical means are those we get to produce coagulation, chem- 
 ically. It includes first, all the astringents, all the caustics, and actual 
 cautery; these astringents and caustics are often spoken of as styptics — 
 the}- coagulate the albuminoid in the blood and the tissues as A\'ell as the 
 blood, by forming a clot by the coagulation of the albuminoid; for this 
 reason the chemical means are very objectionable, and are only resorted 
 to when other means fail. It is impossible to get healing by first inten- 
 tion after the use of cau.stics, as they destroy the tissues in the immediate 
 vicinit}-; so we prefer astringents instead, as alum, etc. Caustics are the 
 different preparations of iron, nit. .siher, caustic potash, etc. The}' are 
 often applied b}' soaking tow or oakum in them, and placing them on the 
 wound. A'inegar is often used with a sponge to .stop hemorrhage. Next 
 comes actual cautery" with a heated iron; it cooks the flesh and contracts 
 the openings; necessarily the tissue is destroyed. 
 
 Stirgical means are five in number — ist, compression; 2cl, ligature; 
 3d, torsion; 4th, acupression; 5th, uncipressure. Compressure means 
 pressure in two ways — provisional and permanent. Pro\-isional means 
 impromptu, or on the spur of the moment, as with the thumb or finger 
 when first cut; permanent, that which is left on for some time; compres- 
 sion is applied directly to the wound, as tow or lint, and held in place by 
 a bandage. Lateral pressure is applied to the side of an arterj-, and may 
 be three, four or more inches from the point of injury; if an arterj', it is 
 applied above the cut; if a vein, then applied below the cut -or wound. 
 You can tell when it is an arter}- and when a vein, by the color — arterial 
 blood being bright scarlet, and venous dark red; also In' the way they 
 bleed — the artery spurts in jets, \vhile the vein flows in a steady stream. 
 
 Ligature. — This is tying of the ves.sel; this is done immediately, 
 when applied directly to the end of the ^•essel, and mediately 
 when tied some distance from the ^\'ound in the continuity of the vessel. 
 This is the best means. A\'here you have large ^-essels to attend to, do it 
 with silk. 
 
 Torsion. — This means twisting the vessel; it is necessar}- to have 
 two forceps to perform it right. 
 
 Acupressure. — Means pressure with a needle or sharp piece of .steel; 
 the pressure is applied b>' passing the needle through the tissues on each 
 side of the vessel, either above or under the blood vessel. 
 
 Uncipressure. — Is to draw out and hold or twist the artery in a bent or 
 crooked position. We also plug with oakum, in joint, dipped in antiseptic. 
 
 Actual Cautery. — This is firing, spoken of as potential cautery, used 
 to produce an excessive amount of inflanunation, local, with a view of 
 increasino- the local phy,siological action, and sometimes with the idea of 
 counter-irritation; we get the benefit b^' the increased blood circulation to 
 the part, and hence increased nutrition. There are two ways — by feather 
 or by pointed firing; one is done with the feathering iron, the other with 
 the budding iron or point. In firing we see three colors — lemon color, 
 which is the one we want to see in light firing; orange we want in heavy 
 firing, and brown when ^^•e want very heavy firing — as in a bad case of 
 
74 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Spavin. If YOU are going to fire heavy, draw the lines farther apart than 
 when you intend to fire Hght. Never make your line.s in light firing 
 closer than one half inch apart, and with a light iron. For the orange 
 color, make about three fourths of an inch apart; for the brown, make 
 about seven eighths or one inch apart, and after firing you may put on a 
 mild blaster. 
 
 Open Joint. — That is when the skin, binding ligament, capsular lig- 
 ament and synovial membrane are ruptured, and there is communication 
 with the out^r surface, with the escape of synovia. Any joint maj' be 
 opened, but the most common ones are the knees from falls, fetlock from 
 shoe calks of other horses, pitchfork wounds, etc. ; hock, elbow or shoul- 
 der from kicks from other horses or from any cause; navicular joint fre- 
 quenth' from nail prick. 
 
 Certain series of changes take place, differing in degree according 
 to the temperament of the animal, but mainly to the amount of septic 
 poisoning that has taken place. We find that very soon after the acci- 
 dent irritatiA-e fever sets in, temperature niaj- run up to 103 or 106, 
 pulse from 50 to 120; at first the pulse is full and strong, but later, as 
 the pain increases, gets smaller and harder and quicker, finally gets vv'iry 
 and imperceptible, and the horse dies from exhaustion. Pulse usualljr 
 runs higher in well-bred animals than in others. 
 
 The .stages it runs through on to a fatal end are — finst, immediately 
 after the joint is punctured, there is a flow of synovia limited in quan- 
 tity- — it is clear. As it runs on, septic germs get in and cause Septiceemia, 
 and b}- the irritating effects of the septic germ and the introduction of 
 air start an acute inflammation called Synovitis; this is not confined to 
 the synovial membrane, but involves surrounding tissue also. The artic- 
 ular cartilage may be involved, then we have tumefaction, an increased 
 flow of s^-novia accompanied with pus; high fever develops in the 
 course of four or five da}'s; great pain is evinced by the animal being very 
 restless, and is not inclined to stand on the sore leg. In many cases, 
 especially where the hock is affected, the horse is inclined to keep moving 
 with quick spasmodic jerks, and with all this, there is greatl}' increased 
 respiration, may be from 20 to 25. This synovia that is exudated, often co- 
 agulates on the outside much the same as blood, so there is no need to ever 
 mistake it for anything else, as pus will not coagulate like it; it will be a 
 rather firm, gelatinous, amber-colored clot, and of itself is odorless, so if 
 there is any odor present it will be due to the presence of pus in it. We 
 will suppose this runs on for a long time; it usually lasts- from two to four 
 days, but maj' run on that many weeks instead. 
 
 In the third stage the articular cartilage is involved in the inflamma- 
 tion, leading to abrasion of it; ulceration develops, the articular cartilage 
 gradrtally breaks down and flows out with the synovia and pus. It does 
 not .stop here, goes on and involves the cancellated tissue of the bone; the 
 discharge in this stage is very offensive, and when this occurs you can 
 make up your mind that it is a very seriou.s case. Occasionally the discharge 
 in this stage is bloody — this indicates the malignant condition of the ca.se, 
 and will require an unfavorable prognosis, because it will terminate either 
 fatally or end in the joint becoming anchylo,sed. Next, it runs on to the 
 fourth stage, in which Anch3'losis is produced; the articular cartilage 
 being destroyed, the exudate on the bony .surfaces coagulates, organizes. 
 
VKTERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 75 
 
 and forms living tissue: later, the whole exudate ossifies; it may be not 
 only between the opposing ends of bone, but also around them, like a 
 band. Now in case it terminates fatally, as the inflammation is kept up 
 we find there is prohferation taking place rapidly in the surrounding tis- 
 sues; if in the hock, it becomes verj- large, and new tissue forming, it 
 becomes hard and fibrous and circulation becomes stopped here and there; 
 we find as a result, little abscesses forming; these rot and break out and 
 new ones form, and all this time the joint is growing larger and harder, 
 horse grows thin rapidly, and in the course of four weeks he is a skeleton. 
 Hunger seems to be a feature in this case, from the fever; the flanks be- 
 come roughened, eyes sunken and the back arched, and the animal shows 
 great suffering; with the sloughing of these little abscesses there is an 
 offensive odor, and the horse dies from exhau.stion. Some horses will 
 stand, others lie down before they die, but in the majority of cases they 
 prefer to stand. The two extremes in which these cases ma}' terminate is 
 from three days up to three weeks. Occasionalh', we get rupture of the 
 synovial .sheath, which is ^-ery serious, but not so much so as the open 
 joint; but when it gets well it is apt to leave a permanent thickness. 
 
 Treatment. — It is good practice to clip off the hair and wash it, but 
 never to probe the wound of open joint; if large enough, j'ou may ex- 
 plore with the finger, but be careful even in this of septic germ,s — best 
 to leave it alone. Put horse in slings in bad cases. Wash with some 
 antiseptic strong enough to destroy the germ but not strong enough to 
 cauterize/he tissues — alcohol clear is a favorite for this; anything from a 
 sixty to a ninety per cent, or a weak .solution of iodine, or carbolic acid, or 
 bichloride mercurj- strength of one to three thousand, then apply dry 
 dres.sing as iodoform, boracic acid, starch, equal parts, u.sed freely. If 
 there is much suppuration, pack it, if not, there is no need to do so, but 
 in all cases place yotir packing so there will be free drainage. Never plug 
 any wound so there is no drainage for the discharge. Sometimes where 
 the opening is very small, it is advisable to make the opening larger to 
 give free chance for the discharge, put in your antiseptic, well powdered 
 on the gauze, then your absorbent cotton or oakum, then bandage. Re- 
 member, if you can keep out the septic germ you will get along all right; 
 this germ seems to thrive in this synovia and in lymph particularly. If 
 you apply dry dressing, it is well to have an attendant dust the anti- 
 .septic on often during the clay. If it is necessary to clean, use hot water 
 and clean cotton; irrigate it off, never trust a sponge — it may contain dirt. 
 In putting on dry pack, use unbleached muslin dipped in very hot water, 
 then wrung out and dipped in antiseptic. The wet pack is much more 
 in fa\'or than the dr)- one. 
 
 Broken Knees. — From falls; this is a common sort of a case; the 
 washing in this must be done ver}- carefully, and be certain 3-0U remove 
 all foreign bodies that may be in the wound; sometimes they are very 
 deep; do no probing; u.se antiseptic dressing, as belladonna fl. ext. ^-3 oz., 
 tannic acid i dr. , carbolic acid i dr. , wheat flour 2 ozs. , water enough to 
 make a soft paste, but stiff enough not to run. Push a little down into 
 the opening ,so that some of it will fill up and spread over the surface a 
 little on top of this; any mixture — say linseed poultice made with hot 
 water and let cool, put it on and pack it with ice; no septic germ can 
 
76 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 grow where it is ice cold, thej' must have heat. Repeat the ice as often 
 as necessar}-, the poultice several times a da}-. 
 
 Where there is a wound of any joint, there should be some appliance 
 used to keep the joint from moving, as better results will be obtained 
 and the pain lessened. The best wa}' is to put on a shoe that extends 
 from the foot, and have a bar turned up across this extension with a hole 
 in the center; then have an ripright bar of iron to which is riveted a band 
 of sheet steel or iron about two inches wide, and in the shape of the limb 
 — these are left with plentA- of room to pack to prevent rubbing or fric- 
 tion, then you can strap the limb to this upright bar. If it is an injur}'- 
 to a tendon that you are treating, you can have the bar placed on the 
 front part of the shoe in the same waj-. 
 
 In case of Open NaAdcular Joint there is more difficulty than in 
 treating an}- other joint. The proper treatment is to have the hoof 
 pared out thin; make your opening large enough to treat antiseptic- 
 ally. There is so great danger of the septic germ getting out of the iilth 
 in the stable into the foot so much quicker than into an}^ other part, that 
 we must Avash out thoroughh- with the antiseptic and use great care in 
 keeping it clean. 
 
 Disease OF THE Bone. — All the lower animals are subject to these, 
 but the horse more so than any of the others, because of high feeding and 
 the rapid gait they travel — some are looked upon as being hereditary. 
 The bone in health is insensible, but in disease is very sensitive. 
 
 Ostitis. — Is inflammation of the bone substance. 
 
 Periostitis. — Is inflammation of the bone covering. 
 
 Osteomyelitis. — Is inflammation of the marrow. 
 
 These three are very difficult to separate, because they involve each 
 other more or less, and we don't try to separate them here. 
 
 Etiology. — Usually the result of some external injury; concision in 
 man}' cases, and also a predi.sposition, as hereditary would be. Inflam- 
 mation of the bone has the phenomena as in connective tis.sue, and 
 is attended b)- ver}- many of the same changes, but on account of the 
 peculiar dense basement sub.stance we find peculiar results. We have as 
 a result of inflammation in the bone, serum, fibrin and pus the same as 
 in other inflammations, but in a less amount. We find first, change, in 
 the basement substance, absorption of the hard basement substance to a 
 greater or less extent, and the animal matter in excess, due to a replace- 
 ment of the hard substance by soft tissue; hence we have then a defi- 
 ciency of the earthy or mineral sub.stance. Second, this newly-formed 
 tissue after a time becomes os.sified, but is a different sort from the nor- 
 mal bone; there is an increased A^ascularity of the bone, sometimes a 
 decrease in the vascularit}-. This newly- formed marrow or substance is 
 called granulating tissue; it finally becomes hard and dense and the bone 
 is much enlarged, but much lighter than originally. This is called Osteo- 
 porosis, and is the most common form — this is the rarif}'ing process. 
 
 OsTEO ScLERCSiS. — Is the condensing process; in this there is newly- 
 formed tissue also, but the original bone is not absorbed as in Osteoporo- 
 sis, but the marrow canals grow smaller and are more filled up by this 
 new tissue, so we have a more dense bone substance, but at the expense 
 of the marrow spaces, and the bone becomes much heavier than the nor- 
 mal. 
 
 Absorption of Bone. — That is the earthy matter; occurs generally 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 77 
 
 through certain large cells, called osteoclasts. We find these cells grouped 
 around the nutrient blood vessels; the lacunse and the canalicula often 
 coalesce, and the matter is replaced by the soft new tissue. When a 
 bone is cut across, it appears to be of a red gelatinous appearance, espe- 
 cially the marrow, and is often a soft mass of granulating tissue; this is 
 often seen in Synovitis. In Bone Spavin we get Anchylosis without anv 
 break in the skin. Ostitis is set up and runs through the.se different 
 stages, and the rarifying does not confine itself to the bone, but in^•olves 
 the articular cartilage; bon>- spicula are shot out into the joint and per- 
 haps into the surface of the cartilage, absorption takes place, new tissue 
 is formed, and Anchylosis follows. 
 
 Sometimes this inflammation extends from the cancellated bone tis- 
 sue to the compact and softens it, and several layers may be laid on be- 
 tween the periosteum and the bone surface in concentric layers, and the 
 bone becomes larger. Csteo Sclerosis also develops from another kind of 
 cells that group around the blood vessels, called osteobla.sts; these both 
 are always present, and the one that predominates the result is in accord- 
 ance; either of these may exist in the same bone, or both may exist at 
 the same time in different parts of the same bone, or even in the same 
 place. 
 
 Sore Shix,s. — In young race horses is a common form of Ostitis, 
 predisposed by high living to develop fast and too much galloping. 
 Prof. I\Ic Eachran says that too much hand rubbing also causes this trou- 
 ble in race horses — they get too much care. 
 
 Periostitis. — The effusion occurs both above and below the peri- 
 o.steum, and may harden on the inside or on the outside. 
 
 Osteophyte. — Is bony enlargement on the surface of the true bone, 
 caused by the hardening of the exudate. 
 
 Symptoms. — Lame, sometimes verj' much so, moves with difficultj-, 
 arches the back, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — Cold applications applied early is the best; this is true 
 in all diseases of the bone, even to the extent of refrigerants. This 
 arrests the vitality of the part, and should be kept up until the acute 
 symptoms disappear, which often takes place in about ten days, then let 
 the animal go for a while to see if the .symptoms return. If they do, 
 repeat the treatment; you may apply a mild blister, as iodide mercur}' 
 and lard i to 7 or 8 parts; Ay blister, and lard i to 3 parts, mix the two> 
 together and apply them in equal parts. Knuckling and Knee Sprung 
 are usuallj- the result of Sore Shins, but there are also manj' other causes 
 for them. 
 
 Caries. — Is ulceration of the bojie; in other words, it is molecular 
 death; Osteoporosis is often associated with it, and may involve Perios- 
 titis; it usually occurs in the cancellated bone tissue, generally caused b}- 
 external injuries, such as broken ribs, etc. , also often seen in fistulous 
 withers, caused by the pus burroughing down to the bone. When there 
 is Caries, the depressed surface has a peculiar feel; they have bonj- spic- 
 ulae sticking up, and between these there is a velvet}' feel; this is often 
 seen in Poll-evil, and may involve the axis or even the dentata — decayed 
 teeth are an example. With it there is usuallj- an offensive discharge. 
 Semeiology. — Alwaj's more or less swelling of the part, with fistu- 
 lous opening, and particles of bone are found floating in the pus; this 
 
78 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 pus is called sanies pus, and is acrid, will blacken a silver probe; the 
 bone is soft. Foot Rot in sheep and cattle is often followed by Caries. 
 
 Treatment. — On general principles, open up the sinuses and scrape 
 out all the diseased portion of the bone and a little of the healthy part as 
 well; treat antiseptically and the bone will granulate the same as other 
 tissues; fill up the cavities vrith antiseptic and pack over — this prevents 
 suppuration and allows granulation to take place. To stimulate the 
 growth of bone, touch once or twice a day with hydrochloric acid diluted 
 with water, one to sixteen, direct to the bone with a swab; don't touch 
 the soft tissues. After a few days use the hydrochloric acid diluted one 
 half. 
 
 Xecrosis of the Bone. — Is death of the part, caused by the 
 nutrition being shut off external to the bone; this is usually caused as the 
 result of injury to the periosteum and diseases of the marrow, shutting off 
 the supply of nutrition; in that way it resembles dry gangrene. We see 
 Necrosis sometimes suddenly develop from external injuries to the bone, 
 as seen in the bars in the mouth by the bit; the bone necroses, and large 
 chunks drop out by sloughing — it takes about ten da^-s for this to slough 
 off, and the part of the bone that sloughs off is called the sequestrum. 
 WHren the shaft of long bones dies this wav, it usually softens and liqui- 
 fies and flows out through a fistulous opening; sometimes it is a large 
 opening in the bone and several in the soft tissues, or it may be one open- 
 ing in the soft tissues and several in the bone. The discharge is ichor- 
 ous while the shaft of bone is running out — this waj' there is new bone 
 forming under the periosteum. This disease occurs more in the human 
 than in the lower animals; the new bone is lacking in the characteristics 
 of the normal bone, but does very well. 
 
 Treatment. — If on the limb, it is good to use slings, except where 
 the horse shows an inclination to lie down; soon as pus can be located, 
 open up and let it escape, and if practical, also remove all the dead bone. 
 In Necrosis of the bars of the jaw (lower one) it is not always necessary 
 to operate except where ^'er3' sore and swollen, then with 5'our scalpel 
 cut several openings down to the bone; this will allow the escape of pus 
 and quicken the suppuration of the part if necrosed, and if it has not 
 yet started to necrose, it may prevent it. Alwaj^s cut dov,'n through the 
 periosteum, then let alone until the pieces come out; don't force them out 
 or use forceps. After thej- are remo^•ed, wash out with antiseptic, .sponge 
 with a mild solution of carbolic acid, say one per cent, or boracic acid 
 three or four per cent, three or four times a day. They usualh' make a 
 nice recovery. In case it is the lower bars of the mouth, when getting 
 well, use the common link bit or rubber covered one. If the shafts of long 
 bones are affected, make a large dependent opening by trephining, re- 
 move the sequestrum and wash out the ca\'ity twice a day with antiseptic. 
 
 Interstitial Absorption. — Is in reahty atrophy of the bone, 
 which wa,stes away and is absorbed; this usually takes place only in the 
 cancellated portion, sometimes it extends to the compact tissue; this be- 
 comes transformed in cancellated tissue or is much .softened. It is not an 
 inflammatory process, though it might start as an inflammatory disease 
 from some injury; in this case the bone becomes diminished in .size and 
 weight, and when this happens in the bicipital groove it allows the 
 patella to become dislocated very easily. This trouble is incurable, 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 79 
 
 though internal treatment would be rational — such as iron, a.rsenic, etc. 
 It usually occurs in old animals. 
 
 Exostosis. — Is enlargement on a bone, or bony tumor; develops as 
 result of inflammation and phenomena attending it. Ossification of exu- 
 dates. 
 
 Constitutional Osteoporosis or Big Head. — This is one of the 
 most peculiar diseases \ve meet with, and know the least about; there are 
 a great variety of opinions on the etiology' of it, but we know that patho- 
 logical changes take place identical with localized Osteoporosis. Some 
 think it is rheumatic, others that it is due to a parasite, and consequentlj' 
 infectuous. Dr. Baker thinks it to be a specific disease due to infection, 
 also distinctly a blood disea,se, as it affects all parts of the body. It is 
 often found on breeding farms, and often affects a large number of horses, 
 but it never affects any other animal but them, under all circumstances. 
 No idea what the cause is, but we frequentlj' find it following some other 
 disease; it is more common in driving horses than in running. In this 
 trouble we usualh^ find the urine thick and mucilaginous, horse chuffed up 
 in the flanks, arched back, and inclined to lie down a great deal — the af- 
 fected bone is probably painful; the appetite keeps good, but the horse 
 grows thin rapidly. Often the first sign is a peculiar lameness — this is 
 intermitting and usually across the loins, but cannot be located, and is 
 often taken for rheumatism. This disease is not confined to the head 
 alone, any bone of the bodj- may be affected, and \\'hen the bones of the 
 head are affected those of the limbs are usually affected, somewhat soft- 
 ened, and often the horse will go to pieces all at once. This disease is 
 much more common in the South than in the North. Some of our grad- 
 uates in the South claim to get good results from using iodide potash, 
 and trephining into the enlargement, and injecting antiseptics, or by ap- 
 plying biniodide mercurj^ and iodide potash internally. We find this treat- 
 ment to be a total failure here. In autopsy we find the face bones so soft 
 that you can run your finger into them; they are red and vascular, more 
 like granulating tissue. When in the maxillary bones the teeth become 
 loosened. 
 
 In acute cases death takes place in two to three months, others run 
 for two to three years. Hj'posulphite of soda and calch precip. phosph. 
 in equal parts three times a day, is good, also a complete change of diet 
 is recommended, and a change of location. 
 
 Osteomalacia or Mollities Ossium. — Is a softening of the 
 bones by degeneration, and then absorption of the earthy salts. It exists 
 to a certain extent in females in pregnancy, especially in the last two 
 months. It is rather common in the human, but rare in the lower ani- 
 mals. Cau,se is unknown, and treatment seems to be useless, but what- 
 ever it is it seems to be mali,gnant. Origin — in the nutrient cells at the 
 periphery of the Haversian canals. 
 
 Fragilitis Ossium. — This is a hardening to the extent of brittle- 
 ness, and only occurs in old animals; due to absorption of the animal 
 matter, and inflammatory troubles; this matter is deficient and repair is 
 difficult. In this condition fractures are very easy to occur. There is 
 an excess of earthy salts over the animal. 
 
 Eburnation or Porcelaneous Character.— This usually affects 
 the articular surface of bones, and the articular cartilage becomes involved 
 
8o THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 in the inflammation and is destro^-ed; the cancellated tissne of the bone 
 may be affected with it. We believe that in incurable cases of bone 
 Spa^-in, this porcellaneous condition takes place. There is no vascularity 
 in the part; this condition of the bone causes a permanent lameness. 
 
 Rachitis or Rickets. — This is a degenerate softening of the bone, 
 or softened condition of it, and is found only in the young; it is due to 
 some disturbance that prevents ossification of the bone. It really is a 
 constitutional disease; there is a condition of mal-nutrition that affects 
 onh- bone. It is the same in human as in the lower animals, and in 
 autopsv we find the bones very porous, or will become so on boiling, prov- 
 ing too much animal matter. It may develop at anytime; animal may 
 be well up to two, three or six years, then be aft'ected. U.sually seen in 
 little animals three or four months old. It is very common in puppies 
 fed on starch}- food; the first intimation of it is a pecuUar lassitude, and 
 in play is not lively; the long bones of the legs begin to bow, especially 
 in the front legs. Foals and puppies are very apt to have it. 
 
 Treatment. — A complete change of food; in the foal, wean him and 
 feed on cow's milk liberally, say a gallon three times a day, and more as 
 he grows older. Skim milk, even if it is sour, is better than fresh milk, 
 because it contains less fatty matter; in addition, give bone dust, oatmeal, 
 but no corn or anything that tends to fat. In puppies, change the food; 
 give boiled meat with oatmeal, make strong stew of it. If 3'ou notice 
 that the legs in foals don't get strong, apply splints and bandages apphed 
 loo.sely; make them light and strong, and see that the}- don't chafe the 
 legs. I^ime water is good to give to foals, also to puppies. Cod liver 
 oil is good for puppies. 
 
 Fractures of Bones. — This is a solution of continuity of a bone. 
 It is affected in three ways — first, by direct violence to the point of frac- 
 ture; second, violence applied at some distance from the point of fracture; 
 third, by inordinate action or contraction of the muscles — we .see this last 
 in ca.ses where the spine is anch^dosed, as it sometimes is in the lumbar 
 region, the animal being ca.st, the inordinate action of the muscles on that 
 part causes a fracture of the part. There are certain bones that are more 
 liable to fracture than others; the.se are, first, the pelvis, usually caused 
 by falling, and not being a verj- strong bone is easy of fracture; cannon 
 bone, usualh' from falling, then the radius and tibia, from kicks of other 
 horses; ribs quite often from kicks and collisions; os suffragines and os 
 corona from violence of some kind; humerus or femur do not often get 
 fractured. In dog we usually find it is the tibia, radius or ulna that get 
 fractured. The facial bones of the horse are liable from kicks and col- 
 lisions. We may say any bone in the body is liable to become fractured; 
 those of old animals ten times more so than those of the young. 
 
 The directions of fractures are — transverse, or broken square off; 
 obliqueh', or in an oblique manner; longitudinal, or split in different di- 
 rections — this happens more in hunters, and to the os suffragines, due 
 to jumping. 
 
 Simple Fr.\cture. — Is when there is no other injury to the sur- 
 rounding tissues; complicated, when there is a .severe injury to the sur- 
 rounding tissues in the form of contusion, lacerated blood vessels, or 
 joint opened; compound, when there is an open wound communicating 
 with the fracture — it matters not whether the wound was produced at the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 8 1 
 
 time of the fracture or from the points of the broken bone, it matters not 
 what the cause may be; comminuted, when the bone is broken into several 
 or more pieces — shattered; impacted fracture is where the broken ends 
 are driven into each other; partial fracture or Greenstick fracture is where 
 the bone is partially fractured but there is no displacement, or it is where 
 a bone is only cracked. 
 
 Semeiology^ — Usually great lameness suddenh" develops, even if the 
 fracture be only partial; this lameness may not .show at first, but after 
 the inflammation sets in, which maj^ be in twent^^-four or forty-eight hours, 
 it is often hard to locate the lameness. It usually takes from four to six 
 weeks for a bone to unite. In case the fracture is in the femur or hu- 
 merus, it may not be visible, but can be told by the preternatural mobil- 
 ity. Wherever there is a break there will be crepitation on manipulation; 
 total inability to bear weight on the limb. In transverse fracture with- 
 out displacement, the horse lua}^ be able to bear his weight until it gets 
 sore. 
 
 Bones unite if given a chance; all we can do is to set them, and 
 nature must do the balance. This placing in position is also called in situ. 
 There is intense inflammation set up and the bone becomes extremelj- 
 painful and sensitive; there is a constant ache and great soreness often 
 on pressure. This inflammation is a rarifj-ing ostitis and extends up into 
 the bone one or two inches; there is an extensive exudation of plastic 
 coagulative lymph thrown out into the fracture and into the bone; this 
 coagulates and organizes and forms callus, and this exudate ossifies. A 
 bone is stronger at the point it was fractured after healing than it was 
 before, due to the bony bandage around the part. It is a popular idea that 
 horses' bones will not unite, but they will if they can be kept in position 
 long enough. Dogs, sheep and young .steers take care of themselves and 
 assist us, but the horse never does — that is whj- we have such poor suc- 
 cess with them. When the bones fail to keep in position thej' become 
 intensely inflamed, and this is kept up until gangrene terminates the life 
 of the animal. 
 
 Treatment. — In case of Greenstick fracture, or partial fracture, cold 
 applications with bandages are sufficient. This sort of fracture generally 
 occurs in j'oung animals. If the fracture is complete, get the horse into 
 a stall and put in slings, then set the bone; this must not be delayed. If 
 it is ten or fifteen hours before you see the case, and there is inflam- 
 mation, don't stop to reduce the inflammation, but set the bone first. If 
 the pain is great, then give anodynes or anesthetics, but i or 2 ozs. of 
 chloral hydrate as a drench is the best of all. Now that the horse is iii 
 .slings and the bone set, you want to keep it in place with splints and 
 bandages; these are best made of wood, or, for the horse, also of sole 
 leather soaked fir.st in water; paste-board will do for dogs. Have your 
 splints strong and light ; a good way is to spread plaster paris on your 
 bandages as you are wrapping them on, or have it spread on the bandages 
 first; pad the leg well to keep the .splints from chafing, also the ends of 
 the splints. Keep weight of the animal off the lame leg; a good way is 
 to build a platform about four inches high and level, cut a hole for the 
 lame leg and tie so the leg will be held about the middle of the opening. 
 Horse requires about six weeks, in the young, for the bone to unite, but 
 in the old it may take twelve weeks. When well, let the animal dcwn 
 
82 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 gradually, say in the day, and put in the slings at night until strong. A 
 compound fracture in the horse is very unfavorable and as a rule is al- 
 ways fatal. 
 
 False Joints. — Often follow fracture, through no fault of the sur- 
 geon, but a peculiaritj- of the animal. The exudate fails to ossify and 
 becomes fibrous tissue instead of bone, and the animal has a false joint 
 through life; this occurs in dogs and in the human. 
 
 Hipped. — A horse is said to be Hipped when the .shaft of the ilium 
 breaks and drops, or allows the part to drop down, or the anterior or ex- 
 ternal point of the ilium breaks off; this cau.ses great lameness, but it 
 gradually wears away and the horse gets used to it in two or three months, 
 and may be useful for all ordinary purposes. Sometimes a small piece is 
 fractured from the point of the ilium and drops down and causes an ab- 
 scess; this mu.st be cut dovv-n to and removed. When the fracture occurs 
 in the acetabulum, it often causes permanent lameness. In bandaging 
 the leg of dogs you can use rosin or pitch as well as plaster pans; where 
 there vras much s\\-elling before >'ou bandaged, a'ou will probably have to 
 remove the bandage in order to tighten it when the swelling goes clown, 
 or where the limb swells afterwards it will have to be loosened, or where 
 the part below the bandage gets cold , then the circulation has been inter- 
 fered \vith and you must loosen to allow circulation. 
 
 Dislocations. — A joint is said to be dislocated v.'hen the articular 
 end of one bone is di,5placed from another. When wholly displaced it is 
 said to be complete; when not completely displaced it is said to be partial, 
 and is often spoken of as lyUxation. Dislocations are simple when no exter- 
 nal wound communicates with them, and compound when there is such 
 a wound. With all ca.ses of Dislocations except the patella, there is severe 
 laceration of ligaments, the capsular in particular. In Dislocations of the 
 patella there is usually severe stretching or a previous relaxing of the 
 internal ligaments — alowing the displacement; this alwaj's goes to the 
 outside of the limb. Other causes of Di.slocation of the patella are, when 
 the internal lateral ligament becomes relaxed and the muscles on the ex- 
 ternal contract, also sometimes the external eminence of the femur becomes 
 absorbed, allowing the patella to slip off. There is often a partial Dislo- 
 cation in young animals, due to the lack of balance of the muscles; the 
 outside ones being stronger than the inside ones — this occurs when the 
 leg is severely .straightened out. Straight-legged animals are more liable 
 to it than those more angling; floors .sloping downward and backward 
 are bad for this same reason. The Dislocation of the patella is about the 
 only kind vre meet with, biit any joint is liable to it. Prof. Williams 
 records a Dislocation of the shoulder joint, and Prof. McEachran a Dis- 
 location of the hip. Knuckling of the fetlock from flexion of the tendon 
 is a kind of partial Luxation, and is thrown back by tenotomy. Dogs 
 are liable to Dislocations much like the human. With the exception of 
 the patella, these Dislocations are always the result of violence. Rupture 
 of the ligaments at the time of the Dislocation causes great inflammation, 
 swelhng and lameness. Dislocations are not necessarily fatal, but if 
 they are not reduced. Fake Joints will be formed and the animal be u.se- 
 ful, at least for breeding. 
 
 Treatment. — A.scertain what joint it is, then extension and traction 
 are necessary; usually in this case it is necessary to give ansesthetics, then 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 83 
 
 extend the limb and use traction in the direction it should go, and hold 
 on for a time till it is replaced. After reducing the Dislocation, keep in 
 place b}- the use of sphnts and bandages, same as in fracture. Ahvays 
 have the joint straight in the .splints; never allow a joint to be flexed, as 
 the muscles may contract while in that po.sition and remain so when 
 taken off; this is true in using the .splints in any case. 
 
 Symptoms. — The patella being dislocated allows the muscles to 
 relax, and the leg .straightens and .stretches backward, the foot is usually 
 drawn backwards and bent upward by the flexion of the tendon. Tie a 
 rope or strap around the pastern of the affected limb, have an assistant 
 draw the leg forward and close to the floor; have assistant sit down, now 
 with j'our paims push the patella in and backwards, try to get the angle 
 straight and the patella will go on easy; after you get the patella on, it 
 may be difficult to keep it there, especially if the ligaments are ruptured. 
 Place the horse on a level floor, or higher behind; put on high-heeled 
 shoes, say two inches high, and projecting backwards about two inches; 
 have heels wide apart, and broad, low toe. Sometimes we find it neces- 
 sary to tie the leg forward, then also have the horse fastened behind; or a 
 good way is to fasten the rope to the collar to keep drawn forward, then 
 all you can do is give time to get well. You may use anodyne liniments; 
 after five weeks it is good to put on fly blaster. Let the shoe down by 
 degrees. 
 
 Prognosis. — Should always be modified by saying, a joint once dis- 
 located is predisposed to repetition. It is well to keep in .slings four or 
 five days. Where Luxation occurs in young animals by the difference in 
 the muscles, it is done without anj^ violence whatever, and seems to be 
 spontaneous. One cause in horses is the relaxing of the tendons by hav- 
 ing the animal standing lower behind. Sometimes it is very hard to 
 replace Dislocation of the patella, and you may require extra assistance, 
 but other times it is very easy, especially in young animals. There is no 
 inflammation and little lameness in this partial Luxation in the j'oung. 
 After 3'ou get the patella back, it is well to bathe with hot water for a 
 time to relax the muscles on the outside, then apply soap liniment on 
 the outside; repeat three times a day to prevent irritation. It is best to 
 dilute the soap liniment one half, and apply with a great deal of friction. 
 If the Dislocation has run long you will find considerable trouble in re- 
 ducing it, as there will be swelling, and the ligaments stretched. In the 
 symptoms there will also be a bulging of the part. 
 
 Wry Neck. — We think is generall}' caused bj' Luxation; the liga- 
 ments on one side being relaxed or ruptured; this may occur from falls. 
 In fresh ca.ses we try to help them; put two wide boards on the sides of 
 the neck and pad the bulging side, use some pressure, and the ligaments 
 coming together will grow together. 
 
 Tumors. — These are defined to be anj- prominence or growth, un- 
 natural, on the body, or on any organ, or in a gland. A Tumor may be 
 composed of the same tissue as where it grows; it is then said to be 
 homologous; but it may be entirely dis.similar, then it is called hetero- 
 geneous; heterologous. As a rule, Tumors are of the latter class; they are 
 very seldom composed of the same tissue as where they grow. Tumors 
 grow by self-proliferation the same as other parts of the body; new blood 
 vessels and lymphatics extend into the growth, and as it grows the}' fur- 
 
84 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 nish nutriment for the new growth. The nutrient blood \-essels are 
 usually, in these Tumors, very much enlarged. If it starts in a pre-ex- 
 isting blood vessel, as the Tumor grows the blood ves.sel enlarges to sup- 
 ply it; occasionally, but rarely, nerve fibres extend into it. As a rule, 
 Tumors are insensible and are subject to all the changes that take place 
 in any other tissue, such as fatty degeneration, suppuration, ulceration, 
 gangrene, pigmented, or ma}' become fatty or calcified. Occasionally 
 Necrosis takes place, often to such extent as to almost entirely destroy 
 them, but never completeh*. Oftentimes when Necrosis stops, it will 
 heal over and remain so for a long time, then will start to grow again 
 without any cause. Tumors from some cause or other, probably from 
 disturbed circulation, suppurate as a rule, but in all, pus and little ab- 
 cesses form in the Tumor; then these abcesses discharge, granulate, and 
 heal over, and others crop out. Tumors take various shapes and forms, 
 usually described as resembling some object. Tumors are nodular when 
 they resemble nodules; tuberous, when thay resemble a tuber. Fungoid 
 is cauliflower-shaped, but takes the name from the way it springs up. 
 Polypoid, resembling a polyple; those forming especially on the mucous 
 membrane. Papillary', when they are .shaped like the crater of a volcano. 
 Dentritic when they have roots or branches, and the origin of these is 
 in their primary cells at the bottom of the roots. Tumors are single or 
 multiple; this is particularly so in Black Cancer, as seen around the tails, 
 of white horses. These are jNIelanotic Tumors. 
 
 A Tumor ma^' be circumscribed, having no connection with the loose 
 cellular tis,sues of the body; other times it seems to be intimatel}' mixed 
 with the growth. Tumors are sometimes capsulated — these don't do any 
 harm except by their unsightly appearance; other times they produce 
 great harm by pressure on the surrounding parts, often cau.sing displace- 
 ment of other organs, or atrophy of the parts pressed upon; as also Ne- 
 crosis from shutting off of the circulation, or pressure on blood ves.sels, 
 causing cedema, varicose, or thrombus; sometimes on joints, causing 
 more or less Luxation, or on the bones, causing absorption or Caries. 
 They sometimes grow on the inside by increase of cell element and ex- 
 pansion, then they are said to have central growth or concentric; other 
 times they grow on the outside, then they are said to be peripheral or 
 eccentric growth. Tumors are either malignant or innocent. Malig- 
 nancy- of Tumors is sho^vn b>- the following phenomena; First, invasion 
 of adjacent tissues by eccentric or peripheral growth; second, when they 
 have a tendenc},' to local recurrence after removal; third, formation of 
 metastasis — that is, when remo\'ed from one place, they grow in some 
 other part; fourth, a tendency' to interfere with the nutrition and well- 
 being of the body, causing a condition known as cachexia. This is the 
 condition in which there is anaemia, loss of flesh, lassitude, emaciation, 
 running on to mia.sma, faulty nutrition, blood poisoning, and death from 
 collap.se — this usually occurs from absorption of putrefactive matter, caus- 
 ing SepticEemia. 
 
 Etiology. — Causes of Tumors are very obscure, as a rule; oftentimes 
 entirely unknown, but other times quite perceptible; for instance, per- 
 ceptible cause may lie in mechanical injuries — as kicks from horses, and 
 blows, unnatural pressure, as shoe boils, collar boils, etc. ; also Scirrhus 
 of the Cord, caused by invasion of the botryo mj^cosis following castra- 
 
/ 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 85 
 
 tion. Heredity pla>-s an important part, but how, we don't know. Con- 
 heim's theory is that most Tumors, or all true Tumors, that have no 
 mechanical origin, have their origin in a faulty enibr>-onal development, 
 due either to misplaced cells or to superfluous cells, and may occur in any 
 tissue; but the Tumors do not develop immediately, but only when favor- 
 able circumstances permit them to; what this might be is not known. 
 They are not often developed till late in life, usually about adult age. 
 In horses, as Black Cancer, they develop about the age of ten or fifteen 
 years — hardly ever in the young. Some authors claim that the charac- 
 ter of the Tumor can be recognized by the shape of the cells, others say 
 it cannot be, consequenth' we come to the conclusion that to diagnose the 
 Tumor, we mu.st see the character of the surrounding tissue, as well as 
 the condition of the animal. A Tumor should be viewed as a whole by 
 cutting into it, also from the effect it has on the well-being of the animal. 
 
 Classification of Tumors is regulated according to the tissues in which 
 they grow. They are divided into six large classes, and each cla,ss is subdi- 
 vided : 
 
 First Class. — Histoid or connective tissue Tumors; these are composed 
 of the same tissue as that in which they grow. Then there are eight in 
 this. First, fibroma — fibrillar connective tissue; second, myxoma, com- 
 posed of mucous tissue; third, sarcoma, composed of embryonal tissue; 
 fourth, endothelioma, composed of endothelial cells; fifth, lipoma, com- 
 posed of fat; sixth, chondroma, composed of cartilage; seventh, o.steoma, 
 composed of bone; eighth, glioma, has its origin in the neuroglia, that is, 
 the fibrous interstitial net-work that supports the central nerve centers, 
 as the brain and spinal cord; also the nerve expansion of the retina. 
 
 Second Class. — Myomata are those which grow out and are composed 
 of mucular tissue. There are two classes in this — one from the smooth 
 or unstriated, called leiomyoma; the other from the striated, called rhab- 
 domyoma. 
 
 Third Class. — Neuromata, which are composed of ner^^e tissues. 
 
 Fourth Class. — Angiomata, this is a va.scular tissue Tumor — first, 
 angioma (cavernous) ; grows in the blood vessels or from the blood vessels; 
 second, lymph, angioma — growing in the lymphatics. 
 
 Fifth Class. — Epithelioma, composed of epithelial cells — first, adeno- 
 ma — growing in the gland tissues; second, carcinoma — epithelial cells pure 
 and simple. 
 
 Sixth Class. — Teratomata; are the mixed Tumors, those that are com- 
 posed of tissues of more or less of all the others. The mixed Tumors are 
 complex; they are of course congenital, and may be composed of two or 
 more kinds of tissue. The theory is, that in earlj' embryonal development 
 the stronger envelops the weaker or smaller; fcetus, as we often find in 
 different parts of the body, or in different organs, are this sort of Tu- 
 mors. Cysts are also counted as Tumors. Teeth are often found in dif- 
 ferent parts of the bodj^ and also hair, but oftener around the genital 
 organs. 
 
 Cancers (Carcinoma). — In the lower animals, are divided into four 
 kinds — hard, soft, epithelial and black. The hard is sometimes called 
 Scirrhus, especially b)' the old writers; it is very malignant. These are 
 very hard and dense, and of white tissue; when cut through, sometimes 
 it is of an even hardness, other times it has hard projections extending 
 
86 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 from the Tumor into the organ to which it is attached. These Tumors 
 cut something Hke cartilage, and when cut through the center, the sur- 
 faces contract and become concave. When cut into, hemorrhage is verj^ 
 free and even, as it is not from any large vessel, but from the capillaries; 
 this feature alone sometimes makes it difficult and dangerous to operate 
 on them, it being hard to arrest the hemorrhage. These hard Tumors 
 have a tendencj- to break through the organ in \vhich they are growing, 
 and invade surrounding tissues. Thej^ seem to have a special liking for 
 the lymphatic glands. If such Tumors do not interfere with mastication 
 or some other functional action (vital), they produce little or no harm 
 until they ulcerate, then as the ulceration increases, fungus growth 
 springs up, hemorrhage occurs easily, sometimes spontaneously; Septi- 
 caemia occurs and produces irritating fever, which produces exhaustion 
 and finally collapse and death. 
 
 Treatment. — Early removal with the knife is the only treatment, 
 othenvise removal is a failure. Prof. Williams quotes Prof. Bennet, 
 that these Tumors may be destroj'ed by injecting a weak acetic acid, in 
 that way destrojdng the cancerous cells. 
 
 Soft Cancers. — These are seen in two different kinds — medullary 
 and colloid. The medullary develops in circumscribed forms; this one is 
 very common in the human, and is divided into a number of classes, 
 according to the idea of the writers. 
 
 Fungus HseiiATOiDS. — Are those seen growing in the eyes of cattle 
 — cephaloma in the brain. Then there are the encephaloma, encepha- 
 loid, medullary fungus, etc., all meaning the same Tumor. This may 
 be found in any of the tissues, but mostly in the glands; often seen in 
 the horse on the penis, and may, if let alone, extend to the testicles; also 
 on the vulva of a mare. It sometimes affects bones, as also seen in the 
 submaxillary space and in the submaxillary glands; sometimes arises 
 primarily in the periosteum. It may present itself as one Tumor, or as a 
 bundle, that is single or multiple, usually enclosed in a capsule, but when 
 broken down they are separate bodies. This kind of Cancer to the touch 
 has a slow feel of fluctuation, as if the pus was in the cavity, but there is 
 no pus there; but you will get a profuse hemorrhage by cutting into them. 
 Around these Cancers you will see a net-work of veins, .sometimes 
 ten times their usual size; this feature alone makes it difficult to operate; 
 often .seen in the mammary glands of bitches, and it is not uncommon to 
 lose a pint of blood in the operation, no matter how careful you maybe. 
 In the cour.se of time, the.se Tumors suppurate and then go on to ulceration; 
 then we have tuber granulation in everjr ca.se, as seen in the ej^e. The 
 medullary matter of this kind of Cancer (the contents) is .soft and can be 
 spread and mashed; it resembles brain matter, but is a reddish color. 
 When this cut surface is .scraped there is a free flow of juice; this juice is 
 very malignant and will affect any wound it may get into. This Cancer 
 often has for its origin a .simple amount of violence, but we believe there 
 will be no Cancer unless there is a predisposition, or it has a pre-exist- 
 ence; in other words, it is in the infant at time of birth. 
 
 CoLi^oiD Cancer. — Is composed of fibrous tissue. It arranges and 
 makes a net-work of little cavities, varying in size; they contain a .soft 
 matter nearljr liqtiid, resembling melted butter; sometimes it is amber- 
 colored, .sometimes grayish or greenish mellow; it resembles half-melted 
 
VETERINARY HEDICINP: AND SURGERY. S'^t 
 
 glue in consistency. The density of tlie Tumor as a whole depends as 
 follows: If the fibrous net-work predominates it will be hard; if the 
 matter predominates it will be correspondingly soft. 
 
 EpithBlial Cancer. — This is quite common, and is composed of 
 epithelial cells, very mild, spoken of as cancroid or mildly cancerous. 
 This consists of the fibrous stroma, in which the papilla and epithelium 
 are greatly enlarged and multiplied. The cells of this growth differ very 
 little from the natural condition; the minute forms deviate least from the 
 tissues. Its history shows but little malignancy; its favorite site is in the 
 mucous membrane — -around the vuh-a of the mare, and in bitches around 
 the anus, lips, etc. They are not so common in the lower animals as in 
 the human. They are easilj^ transplanted, as from the lips, and may 
 transfer the cause also. 
 
 Black or Melanotic Cancer. — This is very commonly spoken of as 
 ^Melanosis. These like most other Tumors, are sarcomatic in their origin. 
 The cells in all these retain their embryotic shape; the}' are round, fusi- 
 form and melanoid, and we find that those having the most round cells 
 are the most malignant ; they resemble leucocytes in the blood. Each cell 
 contains an abundance of pigment, giving a black color to the Tumor. 
 We find these Black Tumors have every feature of malignancj', contrary 
 to the opinion of some authors (English). Sometimes they develop very 
 suddenly, acutelj', growing very rapidly, and when they affect the loco- 
 motive organs they produce great lameness. The}' usually develop in 
 gray horses when they are whitening from age, which is about seven or 
 eight years, when these Black Cancers are quite common. No ti.s.sue of 
 the body is exempt from them, and they are liable to recurrence. We find 
 their favorite site is the vulva of the mare, the anus, and the bare part 
 under the tail, and often when removed they de^'elop in some other place — 
 that is metastatic. They suppurate, granulate, and also ulcerate first, the 
 same as other Tumors, but the absorption takes place slower, and Sep- 
 ticsemia slower. Removal is the only treatment, if on the outside and 
 small. 
 
 NoN ^Ialignant or Benign Tumors. — The ordinary fibrous Tu- 
 mors, as a rule, belong to the sarcomata, and are situated where fibrous 
 tissue is plentiful, but not necessarily. Typical fibrous Tumors arise from 
 a local irritation attending an injury, and are composed of white fibrous 
 tissue blended with a little yellow elastic tissue. 
 
 Polypus. — Is a typical illustration, developing in the nose, although 
 it may develop in any of the cavities. This Polypus is attached by a 
 pedicle; when in the nose it usuall}- projects downward through the nose, 
 sometimes backward. In the hor,se it is .sometimes so long as to intefere 
 with the epiglottis, followed by great difficulty in breathing; produces 
 usually, when in this condition, a sort of snoring or snuffling, same as 
 heard in the pug dog; usually produces a discharge streaked with blood. 
 When dissected, a cavity is usually found containing a limpid fluid. 
 
 Treatment. — The nicest way to remove these is with the wire ecra- 
 seur, even if it is tuberous in form. Sometimes where the neck of the 
 Polypus is small you can twist it off with forceps. After removing, wash 
 out with per chloride iron — one dr. to a pint of water — twice a day. 
 
 Fibrous Tumors. — Sometimes arise in the dura mater, causing a 
 bulging out of the cranium, instead of pressing on the brain. 
 
88 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Treatment. — Best removed by trephining, removing the bone, then 
 removing the Tumor. An interesting polypus is often seen in the uterus 
 of the mare, but cannot be seen in the vagina except when the mare is 
 lying down, as it usually goes back when the mare is standing. These 
 sometimes grow to a large size. Tiiey are often caused by hard pulling. 
 It requires particular attention to diagnose one of these from a case of 
 everted bladder, which it resembles almost identically, but there is a dif- 
 ference in the mucous membranes; that in the bladder being more velvety, 
 and in the everted bladder, on the neck you will find two openings, and 
 by noticing closely you can see the urine trickling down. If it is a Poly- 
 pus, insert a catheter until you remove the Tumor. In case of Imper- 
 vious Hymen in fille3's, might not be noticed till the animal was two or . 
 two and one half years old; it looks like a Tumor. 
 
 Treatment. — Cast the animal with the rump a little down hill, insert 
 your hand and catch a fold of the hymen, insert your ecraseur and re- 
 move quite a good piece of it; it is quite vascular, but that will not hurt. 
 There will be a discharge of the accumulated matter that was pent up in- 
 side. 
 
 NOTES ON OBSTETRICS. 
 
 Retention of Placenta. — Placenta is sometimes retained within 
 uterus, and the fatty degeneration of it does not take place completely, for 
 uterus contracts very rapidly on it after deliver}^ holding it mechanically. 
 Some take away placenta by tearing it away, and produce severe hemor- 
 rhage in cows as well as in mares. 
 
 Cause of Retention. — Depends on health of female; a thin half- 
 starved cow will retain her placenta, while a very fat cow will also retain 
 it. 
 
 Prevention. — If cow is a little thin, feed her a little meal for at least 
 three weeks before parturition. If fat, give a purgative two weeks be- 
 fore parturition, and short rations for a week, and during last week feed 
 her up a little. Placenta if retained should not be allowed to remain more 
 than from four to eight hours in cow, and from two to three hours in mare. 
 
 Treatment. — In mare, introduce hand and use a little friction on the 
 inside of uterus. In mare it usuallj' comes away in from two to three 
 minutes after foaling; in women, from five to thirty' minutes. In cow, on 
 account of its attachment to the cotyledons, which are very vascular and 
 placenta is attached over them, put one hand in and the other outside, 
 and b)' manipulation get up to it and pinch cotyledon on the outside and 
 pull away placenta. You maj' find from three to four cotyledons; when 
 they are all unbuttoned, flush uterus out with carbolic acid solution one 
 half of one per cent, four or five degrees warmer than temperature of body. 
 In human, two per cent solution of boracic acid. Some use bichloride of 
 mercury, but Dr. Baker does not recommend it, as it is liable to produce 
 Dermatitis. 
 
 Post-Partum Hemorrhage. — Is bleeding after parturition, as a 
 result of too rapid detachment of placenta from uterus before blood-vessels 
 have had time to be contracted upon, or maj' be due to rupture of some 
 of the cotyledons; not usualljr severe iir the lower animals. 
 
 Treatment. — Teaspoonful of fl. ext. ergot following delivery, and re- 
 peat in ten or fifteen minutes if necessary. If this is not sufficient, inject 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Sg 
 
 warm water into uterus at a temperature of 125" to 150°, and dash cold 
 water o\-er loins. 
 
 Inversion of Uterus. — Is turning uterus inside out. 
 
 Causes. — Failure of uterus to contract properly, or after-pains keep- 
 ing up abnormally strong and long. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash uterus and ha^•e assistant hold tail up or out of 
 way. Wash in tepid water and put laudanum in, or put powdered opium 
 in uterus after washing, and put on warm milk or mucilage or lin.seed tea 
 after lotion; then ha^-e cow standing. If inclined to .strain, gi\'e chl. 
 hydrate, sulphuric ether, or chloroform enough to stop straining. 
 
 TUMORS continued. 
 
 TuJiOR IN THE Levator Hu:\ieri. — Just above the point of the 
 shoulder generally. This is really an Abscess oftentimes le.ss in size 
 than a walnut, often much smaller, but the inflammation in the mu.scles 
 around the Tumor is great and intense, with swelling and great lameness. 
 
 Cause. — Some think it due to the pus germ, but Dr. Baker believes it 
 is due to local injurj-. We usually see it in draft horses and in the season 
 when the roads are rough, and hauling heavy loads; from jerking of the 
 collar, the part often gets pinched or bruised. These Tumors are deep 
 seated. 
 
 Treatment. — There is a great varietj- of opinion as to how they 
 should be treated. Be.st treated by treating as simple Abscesses and re- 
 moving them with a knife. Usually when called they are a couple of 
 days old; there is swelling and considerable .soreness; recommend poultices 
 or hot fomentations, continued for a week or nine days, to allow the pus 
 to form, then remove the poultices, clip off the hair, cut the skin about 
 two inches long over the Tumor, then insert a long-bladed .scalpel in the 
 center, insert .slowlj'; you will find it hard and resisting until you reach 
 the cavit}-, when the resistance will lessen; that is the wa}- to know that 
 you have reached the cavity. You ma}^ have to insert the knife from 
 two to four inches in order to reach it. If you don't strike, as it is often 
 very small, withdraw the knife a little way and change the direction a 
 little; then it is well to enlarge the opening. Always insert the knife 
 parallel with the direction of the muscular iibre, than evacuate the pus 
 and wash out with some lotion, as tinct. iodine or strong solution of chlor. 
 zinc, or bichlo. mercury — anything that will cauterize mildly to destroy 
 the pus germ but not destroy the tissues; this will .set up a healthy in- 
 flammation, and granulation and healing. I usually use a poultice, .ster- 
 ilizing it with hot water and a little carbolic acid; keep the poultice on ten 
 or fifteen days. It will require about six weeks' rest for the draft horse, 
 but a horse driving in collar might do in four weeks.- If you are called 
 early to a case, the chances are favorable for recovery. The average 
 doctor takes these for fibrous Tumors and wants to cut them out; in doing 
 so they remove con.siderable of the muscle, which is never replaced, and 
 heals, leaving a hollow in the muscle. This might be necessary in a \-ery 
 old case, yet I find I can cut into them and remove the inspissated pus, 
 if present, and by poulticing and afterwards u.sing cantharides bli.ster 
 two or three times, get good results. Prof. Uiautard punctures with a hot 
 iron instead of a knife; I prefer to use the knife where it does as well, 
 and I think better, than with the hot iron, which looks too nuich Uke a 
 
go THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 blacksmith's way. In chronic cases open up the Tumor, cauterize a Uttle 
 first, then treat as a simple wound. 
 
 Sit Fasts and Coll.^r Boils. — Are fibrous Tumors, produced by 
 long-continued pressure, not strong enough to cause Necrosis, but a 
 moderate amount — sufiicient to form a Tumor. 
 
 Treatment. — Removal of these with the knife is the only treatment. 
 Sit Fasts are often found as a hard leathery skin; gangrene takes place 
 so slowh- as to allow it to mummif}-. It must be cut off with the knife or 
 scissors, deep enough to reach the healthy tissue. Always make your 
 incision perpendicular, wash out with antiseptic and treat as a simple 
 wound; usually makes a nice recovery; requires about three months' rest. 
 
 Warts. — Are Uttle Tumors; they are the most peculiar of all the 
 Tumors on account of their sudden coming and often as sudden going 
 away. They are simple Epithehal Tumors. In special pathology there 
 is a thickening of the epidermis by an accumulation of desquamated 
 epithelial, and enlarged by hypertrophy of the true skin. 
 
 Treatment. — Cut them out, though when thej' ai'e very numerous 
 it is impracticable to do this. The}^ may be removed by the application 
 of dilute acetic acid, lemon juice, or other mild acids; it is u.seless to 
 cauterize or cut them off with silk. We find w^arts mo.st common in the 
 mouths of dogs; sometimes they are so numerous as to cover the buccal 
 membrane, and when in such numbers it is impossible to cut them out. 
 Oftentimes the remo\'al of a few of the large ones will cause them all to 
 disappear. 
 
 Lipoma, or Fatty Tumors. — These are simpl}' accumulations of 
 fatty cells; sometimes they grow to an enormous size; they are liable to 
 develop in any animal, and in any part. Vaginal Tumors are some- 
 times fatty Tumors. Fatty Tumors are easily removed — thej^ are non- 
 vascular; apply a little cocaine while operating. 
 
 Neuroma. — This is a nerve Tumor, and about the only place this 
 is seen is in following neurotomy, by not cutting off enough of the nerve, 
 or rather not pulling it down and cutting off, then allowing the end to 
 draw up into the limb as it should do. This is not common in the lower 
 animals, but is more so in the human. As seen after neurotomy in the 
 horse, it is very painful, intense and constant, and pressure on it makes 
 the horse lame. 
 
 Treatment. — Give the hor,se chloroform, or inject cocaine and then 
 remove the Tumor. You will often find that when the horse is not bene- 
 fited by neurotom3^ it is generally due to the forming of one of these 
 Tumors. 
 
 CoNDROMATic OR Encondromatic. — Are cartilaginous Tumors 
 developed commonly in two cases, one on the sternum of the horse or ox 
 from external injury — as collisions, injuring the sternum, setting up in- 
 flammation, which is followed b>' this Tumor. Sometimes the)' develop 
 in cattle from lying down on the sternum. In the hor.se we find them 
 developing in and around the trachea, from tracheotomy, or from kicks 
 from other horses, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — If they are limited in .size the>- can be removed with 
 the knife, but when ^-ery large that would be impracticable. External 
 cartilaginous Tumors can be removed. In the earlv stage of these 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. gi 
 
 Tumors you will find on cutting into them that they are largeh- fibrous; 
 later, these fibres become changed into the cartilaginous. 
 
 Osteoma or Boxe Tumor. — These are bone Tumors, no matter 
 what the cause may be — as Splint, Spavin, etc.; they come from inflam- 
 mation every time. 
 
 Cy'STic Tumors. — These are very important, because we run on to 
 them .so often, as Capped Hock, Capped Knee, Wind Galls, etc. They 
 may grow on any part of the body, inside or outside; they often contain 
 hair, and are often lined with skin on the inside as well as on the outside. 
 These Tumors, and especiallj- Capped Hock, always come from injuries, 
 usually from kicks, or injuries in a box stall; Capped Knee, from falling, 
 or when on the side, from speedy cuts from the other foot; Capped Elbow, 
 from h'ing on the foot or on a hard bare floor; this ma}' occur in some 
 cases in a single night, as big as your fist. These Cysts when produced 
 so rapidly are always filled with serum. There is acute inflammation 
 from twelve to forty hours, and it is during this inflammation that the 
 serum is developed, and it is hot and sore. 
 
 Treatment. — For Cystic Tumors on the horse's legs, the fir.st general 
 principle you can maintain in the treatment, if they are a good size, I 
 think, is to puncture them, no matter where they exist. In Capped Hock 
 or Knee, it has been proven by experience they can be opened with safety-, 
 if you go about it carefulh', and it is the onl)- satisfactory treatment. 
 Treat carefully after puncturing; often where other doctors have failed 
 to effect a cure by other treatment, some of our graduates efliected a cure 
 bj' puncturing. If the Tumor is not tapped, in the course of time the 
 serum will coagulate, organize and form fibrous Tumors, which must be 
 removed with the knife; and in some places these would be unsafe to re- 
 move, so it is important to get them early. 
 
 Method of Operation. — Be careful of your diagnosis; find where the 
 point of injury is — take the knee, which is caused b}' speedy cuts; these 
 are made when the horse is tired after long driving, as the speed is con- 
 tinued and the horse struggles, the point of striking is changed, and he 
 may pound over a large surface. Locate b}- the amount of fluctuation, 
 then open with a probe-pointed bistoury, never a scalpel, as near the 
 bottom as you can get; put on twitch, have assistant lift opposite foot, 
 catch your knife, leaving about an inch to cut with, cutting point up; 
 insert slowly at the bottom, inward, upward, and outward, till the point 
 of the knife is about an inch from the insertion, then cut through; some- 
 times vou \vill not cut deep enough, then the serum ^^nll not flow, then 
 cut deeper. If you cut off any veins don't be alarmed, but stop the 
 bleeding. After cutting the Ttmior, syringe out with a caustic .solution 
 that will cauterize the sack enough to prevent reforming — as tinct. iodine 
 full strength, a couple of drachms or more. After this treatment there 
 will be a little discharge for some time, so we usually dip a wad of 
 ■Oakum in antiseptic and in.sert in the opening. Bathe an hour at a time 
 with hot water; take out oakum while bathing and aftenvard insert a 
 new piece. Never syringe after the first time; put on a big poultice 
 sterilized with hot water and strongly carbohzed; keep up for ten to 
 twenty days, by that time the cavity will be filled up and the opening 
 healed, and you will have usually a hard Tumor left, of inflammation; 
 now bathe and use anod^•nes, as witch hazel and soap, equal parts, and 
 
92 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 the Other half water; use this freeh' and wrap with flannel, give a little 
 walking- exercise. The inflammation will gradualh' subside, and the 
 animal will be all right soon — in about six to eight weeks. 
 
 If an old case is brought to you, open and make a new wound of it, 
 poultice, and after about a month put on mild blister — as cantharides, 
 once a month. In treating these ca.ses, if after three months a thickness 
 is left, hand rubbing will benefit ver>- much. Hock can be treated in 
 the same way, but in tapping the Capped Hock the incision is made be- 
 hind. Remember the anatomy of the part, and you can cut without any 
 danger. For old chronic cases you can't do much good; ma}- try iodide 
 mere. , one to eight of lard, fl}' bli.ster, one to three of lard, mix these 
 two in equal parts and apply. In the elbow, you can make a good lib- 
 eral opening and keep the horse standing afterwards from one to three 
 weeks; don't allow to lie down, as that may have been the cause in the 
 fir.st j)lace. Give a little walking exercise to relieve the standing; if a 
 bad case, bathe three or four times a day freely , and wash out. If the 
 Tumor on the elbow becomes fibrous and the owner wants it removed, 
 you can do so; make an incision through the center and dissect it out in 
 two parts. After you get this kind of a case well, find out the cause, if 
 possible, and remove or remedy. 
 
 Serous Cysts on Knees of CatteE. — If just begun, open and treat 
 as an}- other Tumor. If chronic. Veterinarian cannot afford to touch it. 
 Only thing to do in chronic case, is to cut elliptical piece out of Tumor. 
 Build manger that suits purpose. 
 
 Cysts. — Where thej' form in other parts of the body from kicks and 
 other injuries, can be opened freel}' at the bottom; you may inject, but 
 not enough to cauterize. Use hot applications an hour at a time three 
 times a day, and regulate diet; maj^ give a laxative. In Capped Elbow, 
 where the Tumor is small and bagging, some remove them by ligating; tie 
 a cord around it tightly, and in three or four days tie another one and much 
 tighter; after three or four days cut off and sear with hot iron, and then treat 
 as a simple wound. The trouble with this way of removing them is, that 
 there is a considerable amount of inflammation. Only in the case I men- 
 tion would I use this means; I prefer the knife in all cases. Prof. Wil- 
 liams punctures with hot iron, and then eats them out with corrosive 
 .sublimate or arsenic inserted; this is a timid way of treating. After ope- 
 rating give a little walking exerci.se, but don't work for some time. 
 
 Ovari.vn Cyst. — This is very common in all female.s — women, cows 
 and cats, particularh-; not so common in mares or bitches. It is a drop- 
 sical condition of the ovary, or part of it, as the Cy.st may not involve the 
 whole of the ovary, part being left healthy. This is usually produced 
 by, or produces, a subacute inflammation of the ovary, and moie or less 
 desire for the male, called Nymphomania. In large animals — as the cow 
 and mare, you can recognize this by inserting the hand in the vagina, and 
 if large you can find them ea.sily; when the ovary is normal in size you 
 cannot feel it in either the vagina or the anus; and in disea.ses it is lumpy 
 and ver}- elastic. 
 
 Treatment. — Sometimes these Cysts can be treated heroically by in- 
 serting one hand in the vagina and the other in the anus, and rupturing 
 them b}- crushing them with your hand; the serum escapes into the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 93 
 
 abdominal cavit>- and does no harm. Give soft feed and rest, and the 
 animal will recover in a day or two. 
 
 Mucous Cysts. — Are those that develop in the mucous membrane 
 and fill with mucous instead of serum; they develop in the mouth; some- 
 times called Ranula; they develop in oblong tuberous forms. It is usu- 
 ally not necessar)' to dissect them carefully, but just slit them up full 
 length, and wash out with alum or boracic acid. 
 
 Cysts in the Thyroid Glands. — These are Bronchocele when they 
 are filled with water, and Goitre when they are solid. The>- are common 
 in horses and cattle in limestone regions; certain sections of every coun- 
 try seem to be affected. The most noted place is Derb^'shire, England, 
 and the St. Lawrence valley in Canada. 
 
 Treatment. — Different kinds, with more or less success, usually less. 
 If you think it is due to the part of the pasture, remove to some other 
 part; and in fresh cases, paint them with iodine once a day, and give 
 iodide potash internally. If the skin gets sore from the painting, cease for 
 a time and oil them, then continue again. If you think there is serum, 
 tap with trocar, if you are doubtful, use the hypodermic needle first. 
 In such a case make the opening larger, but remember this is a dangerous 
 place to cut, but the trocar is good; then inject one dram of iodine, and 
 paint on the outside with the iodine — it maj- .swell a little, but that will do 
 no harm; sometimes when we tap them we find blood instead of serum, 
 due to rupture of blood vessels. You can't dissect them out on account 
 of the organs there; if it is an aneurism, you can't cure it, so close open- 
 ing and let alone. If you find it growing and pressing on the cesophagus, 
 trachea, or large arteries, you may dissect it out, but this has met with 
 poor success in human, and the lower animals may die on the table; it is 
 the last resort. I think the external applications are the only safe ones, 
 or treatment, for this kind. Goitre is more common in the stallion than 
 in any other animal, and is often an eyesore. 
 
 Treatment. — Give mild purgative, diminish his feed, increase his ex- 
 ercise; give one dram iodide potash, night and morning, in his feed for a 
 week or ten days; then repeat, but don't continue too long at a time, as 
 it may affect his testicles and destroy sexual desires. Clip off the hair, 
 and rub well in with friction, iodide potash in lard, i to 8, night and 
 morning for six weeks. 
 
 Cutaneous Cyst. — Is a C3'st in the skin; all that these require is 
 to open as a Ranula. 
 
 Compound Ca'STS. — Are multiple Cysts, when two or more exist. 
 These Cysts sometimes develop in the sinuses of the head, causing a 
 bulging of the bones; in the submaxillary, often the whole length of the 
 sinus. In that case you can trephine at both ends, and cut out the sec- 
 tion of bone between. In addition to the bulging there may be a dis- 
 charo-e from the nose, often .streaked with blood and often mistaken for 
 catarrh; but if it is, there will be no harm in the treatment. These C^'sts 
 sometimes, instead of bulging, bear downward, causing great trouble by 
 Dyspnoea. 
 
 Teeth-Bearing Cysts or Tumors. — Called Dentigerous. Tumor 
 teeth may be found most anywhere; most common place is at the base of 
 the ear, sometimes seen in the maxillary sinuses, or frontal sinus, or in 
 the testicles or ovaries. When they develop at the ba.se of the ear, there 
 
94 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 will be a little swelling there, then it may start to grow suddenl}', and 
 cause pain and trouble; sometimes will rupture. When you cut j-ou will 
 find a molar tooth there, which seems to grow without a matrix. When 
 in the testicles, the^' don't seem to cause any bother. When dissecting 
 at the ear, be careful of the organs there; but as they are generally be- 
 tween these organs and the skin, there is little danger. 
 
 Osteosarcoma. — As recognized by the old authors. In these C>-sts 
 the solid portions of the bone were invaded, destroying it, mostly in the 
 cancellated bone tissue, causing it to swell and form open framework, 
 and the spaces are filled with a grayish white matter, often ^•ascular or 
 bloodj', and often hot and painful; loosens the molar teeth, the surface of 
 it softens in spots, skin ruptures, and the discharge is of a purulent and 
 gelatinous consistency. 
 
 Post Mortem. — Cutting through the Tumor, the bone seems to be 
 disorganized; .seems to be a Colloid Tumor of soft tissue. Gangee says it is 
 a fibro-plastic degeneration of bone; Williams, that it is Tuberculosis; 
 McEchran, that it is cancerous. Actinomyco.sis, Dr. Baker saj's, is what 
 the above ( Osteosarcoma) has been proven to be, beyond a doubt, here in 
 Illinois, and that it is infectuous and can be transmitted from one animal 
 to another, no matter where its origin may have been. This is Tumpy 
 Jaw. 
 
 Treatment. — It is well to recognize it early and remove all the dis- 
 eased bone, even taking a little of the health}' bone with it; make a simple 
 wound of it, and treat as such. 
 
 Treatment of Targe Tumors. — These should be taken out in sections 
 and in quarters, and for this purpose the male and female needles should 
 be used; then after removing, sear or cauterize with hot iron, lunar 
 caustic, nitric acid, etc. 
 
 Castration. — Technically known as orchidotomy or orchotomj'. 
 This is the operation of removing the te,sticles of the male; it is done as a 
 rule to render him more docile, tractable, and useful, that is, as it applies 
 to the hor.se. As it applies to flesh-producing animals, it improves the 
 quality of the meat, fattens more rapidly, grows larger, that is, in cattle, 
 also sheep and hogs. Hor.ses ma>' grow taller, but as a rule do not grow 
 heavier; it makes the males of all animals lighter in the forward part. 
 B3- being castrated young, the male grows heavier in the front and 
 lighter behind, as the buffalo for instance. Mares grow more even front 
 and back, and males when cut grow more like the mare. There are dif- 
 ferent names applied to the different males when they are castrated — 
 .stallion is called a gelding; to geld a colt, means to castrate him; bulls, as 
 steers or oxen; a ram is called a wether; a boar is called a barrow; cocks 
 are called capons, and a human, a eunuch. Emasculation is a term some- 
 times used to denote castration; this word means, to deprive of aggres- 
 .siveness. In speaking of ca.strating a rooster, it is called caponizing him. 
 
 Age At Which It Should Be Done. — In the lower animals, as a rule, 
 the younger it is done the better; it is invariably so in all cases except 
 with the horse, for various reasons — the growth will be larger and more 
 uninterrupted, and the feeling less. In the hor.se, the longer the colt is 
 left an entire male, the heavier will be the crest and shoulders, and the 
 lighter the behind. If castrated young he will be heavier behind and 
 lighter in front, so the time should be regulated as to how we want the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 95 
 
 animal to grow; colts as a rule are castrated at about one year old; many 
 prefer at six or nine months old. Thoroughbreds have a tendeuc\' to 
 grow lighter in front, even to grow V shaped in the neck, so it is best to 
 leave until two years old before castrating. In blooded animals it is best 
 to cut them early, as the age applies to the horse; it depends also on the 
 tendency of the animal as to how it grows; the older a stallion is before 
 being cut, the bolder he grows; I think many of these would be better if 
 left till four years old, to prevent the U shaped appearance. If an ani- 
 mal is left to be an adult before being cut, he has acquired all the charac- 
 teristics of the entire male, and then he is known as a stag; this applies 
 in horses and cattle, and may be to other animals, but is well marked in 
 horses and cattle. By the well-developed head, neck and shoulders, and 
 short head, and light behind, you can make up your mind when you see 
 an animal that is ca.strated, and with these characteristics, that he was an 
 adult when cut. 
 
 Best Season to Castrate. — It can be done at any time, provided you 
 have a proper place to keep them, but we prefer to choose mild weather; 
 avoid extremes as to heat and cold, and also to fl>- time. 
 
 Preparations. — It is well always, especialy if the colt has been fed 
 on grain, to diet him, or best to fast hita for twenty-foiir hours, on gen- 
 eral principles. 
 
 Restraint. — Ever\' castrator has his own pet way of confining the 
 animal for this; it doesn't matter how it is done, so it works well. It is 
 considered a simple operation nowada>'s, and it really is a simple one, 
 but must be properly done, or serious troubles and death niaj- result. 
 The old side line is used much, as it is simple and works well. The ques- 
 tion as to do it standing or to cast, I don't know if there is an)' choice, 
 but if there is, it must be in favor of casting, because the colt ma}- be- 
 have unexpectedly bad, ma)' cut up, then you are unable to finish the 
 operation, unless you cast, which makes the operation dangerous. An- 
 other reason is, there is less danger, or no clanger, to the operator; another 
 reason is, when j^ou get the scrotum cut and the testicle out, the animal 
 ma)' kick, etc. ; )'OU may pull down the cord too hard, and from this a 
 malignant inflammation may set in, which may cau.se death. If you 
 operate standing, put on a neck strap and tie up tightly. When they are 
 first cut or feel the knife they sometimes kick, but generally are surprised 
 and .squat down, then remain quiet; but be sure to have plenty of room, 
 so in case he cuts up you will have room to save yourself injury. If you 
 lay colts down it is perfectly safe; in old horses, over five years, there is 
 very likely to be an Anchylosis of the lumbar vertebrae, and this be- 
 comes fractured when cast, and if so, presses on the cord and causes 
 paralysis of the hind parts, and the animal never gets up; so when you 
 go to cast an old stallion, always warn the owner as to what ma)' happen. 
 
 Methods. — There are various methods in all countries, of castrating; 
 the ones most common nowadays are, clamp, torsion, ligature, actual 
 cautery, scraping, and the ecraseur. Before you cast the animal you 
 want to examine to see if there is any rupture of the inguinal, and 
 whether he has any testicles down in the scrotum; if he has one, he is 
 called monorchid; if he has none, a cryptorchid. Then lay down, sup- 
 pose two testicles down, no Hernia; best to lay on his back, though some 
 lay on the side. Wash the .scrotum with hot water and soap, and have 
 
96 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 hands and instruments thorough!}' clean; locate yourself behind the colt, 
 catch the testicles up, then cut through the skin dartos and tunica 
 vaginalis; always make an opening at least three inches in length. After 
 the testicle is out, insert your knife between the spermatic cord and tunica 
 vaginaUs and cut the epididymis. The hooked knife is much used in 
 this operation, to let the testicle out; now put on the clamp from before, 
 back, about two inches below the testicle; fasten the clamp, and then cut 
 off the testicle about a quarter of an inch from the clamp. The.se clamps 
 are left on a variable length of time — from twenty-four hours to three 
 days; others think they should slough off; it is simply to prevent hem- 
 orrhage; twenty-four to thirty hours might do all right, but for fear of 
 secondary hemorrhage, best to leave on for two days, or to the second 
 daA', then push up the cord. 
 
 Torsion. — You want two pairs of forceps, the ones used in human 
 practice do very well; catch the cord with the forceps and fasten them, 
 then take another pair, catch hold about an inch from the first clamp and 
 twist off the testicles. 
 
 Ligature. — This is applied either to the cord entire or not entire. 
 Put on temporary clamp, cut off the testicle, pick up the artery and li- 
 gate; it is the spermatic artery which is very long and in convolutions, 
 and you may cut off a number of branches, so j^ou will have to pull these 
 out till you get the main artery and ligate it, as the others are only cut-off 
 sections. 
 
 Cautery. — Take the cord in the temporary clamp, cut off the testicle 
 and cauterize the end of the cord with the red-hot iron; — this is a pop- 
 ular English way. That is sufficient in young animals, or rather colts, 
 but in old, in addition to this cautery of the cord. Prof. McKchran used 
 to locate the artery and ligate. 
 
 Scraping. — Take out the testicle and scrape with the knife instead 
 of cutting; this is the method used in mo.st small animals — sheep, dogs, 
 cats, pigs, etc. 
 
 ijcraseur. — The word means a crusher; the French originated this 
 method and instrument. Place the chain around the cord and cut off 
 slowlj' by crushing it; there is less danger of hemorrhage when cut off 
 slowh', than when done quickh'. 
 
 There is another method that is used in Rus,sia, that seems to us 
 barbarous; they laj' the testicle on a board and pound it with a 
 wooden mallet, believing this leaves the animal with more of its aggress- 
 iveness. As to choice of methods, the question of hemorrhage is the main 
 point; the clamp is good, but it has the fault of crushing the nerve, 
 which is very .sensitive in this region; this causes intense pain, often ac- 
 companied Avith rolling, and kicking, and colicj' pains. In many cases 
 the ligature would do the same, unless the teinporary clamp was used, 
 and only the arter)' ligated. Another fault with ' the clamp is, that it 
 holds the cord down, and when the clamp is removed the cord will often 
 hang down an inch out of the scrotum, and this maj' take up germs — 
 especially the Botryo M^'cosis; this produces Scirrhus of the Cord; it may 
 grow to the lips of the wound, and an abscess form in the scrotum, poison- 
 ing the blood often, and inducing inflammation of the chord also. 
 
 Tor.sion is applied to small animals; the objection to this is that it 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 97 
 
 leaves a ragged end on the cord, and more sloughing. I^igature, when 
 applied to the artery alone, is the most surgical ■\va>-. 
 
 Cautery is very effectual, but there is always trouble in getting irons 
 heated, etc., and then sloughing afterwards; but that doesn't hurt any. 
 
 Ecraseur is the most popular way in this country-, and as a rule is 
 quite effectual; by crushing the artery it allows the blood to clot. 
 
 After Treatment. — We look upon this as being important in one 
 particular — it keeps the opening open, as it is liable to heal by first inten- 
 tion. The proper way to do, is to dip the finger into fresh lard, then in- 
 sert into the opening; germs wont grow in lard, and as it is an antisep- 
 tic, wath lard on the edges union will not take place. After removal of the 
 clamp, push up the cord and hold there for a little while to allow it to 
 contract. Confinement of the pus in the scrotum is often a cause of Per- 
 itonitis, that is, when there is a union with the lips of the wound; Septi- 
 caemia often follows. Give colt plentj- of exercise; of course, there will 
 be some swelling and local inflammation, but you can remove these by 
 exercise; give soft food. A work horse can be castrated and go to work 
 at once, but it doesn't seem humane to do so — they ought to have a few 
 daj's' rest and plent}' of exercise. If the scrotum swells much, it is due 
 to the lack of exercise; if it is due to Septicaemia, it \A'ill be hard and hot 
 — then bathe with hot water, introducing your sponge into the wound; 
 afterwards use antiseptics; that is, into the inguinal canal — as carbolic 
 acid. 
 
 Mortalit},-. — Some deaths will occur, and there will be more some 
 seasons than others; can't say whj^ this is. In France and Germany, 
 castration is all done by the government Veterinarians, because the studs 
 are all under the control of the government; there the mortality some 
 seasons is as high as thirty- three and one third per cent, other seasons 
 five per cent, and the average about ten per cent. I don't think the 
 mortality in this countrj' is anj'where near so high. 
 
 Cause of Death. — First, secondary hemorrhage; .second, blood poison- 
 ing — Septicaemia; third. Hernia; fourth, Tetanus, and in addition to these 
 we have Fistula of the Scrotum, Gangrene of the Cord, and Scirrhus of 
 the Cord. 
 
 Second Hemorrhage. — Is that which occurs some little time after 
 the operation, say in the course of fifteen to thirty minutes; it begins then 
 and increases; this usually occurs in colts in a poor unthrifty' condition, 
 and where there is a lack of fibrin in the blood, and will not coagulate 
 well or quickl}-. You may be called to treat a case that some other per- 
 son had castrated; the first thing you should do is to try the administra- 
 tion of ergot; the fluid extract of ergot one ounce. Then in fifteen min- 
 utes if the hemorrhage does not stop, give another dose; if this fails, don't 
 give any more ergot, but tr5^ to catch the cord of the one that is bleeding, 
 or both, if they are both bleeding; if j'ou can find it, then ligate. That 
 is the one advantage with the clamp — this never occurs; with the ecraseur 
 it might. If death does not occur, it may run on till it cau.ses a separa- 
 tion of the retina from the choroid membrane of the eye, and cause 
 partial blindness, which may remain through life; this is from the blood 
 getting so thin, and new blood forming, it is so thin sometimes as to ooze 
 out of the vessels into the surrounding tissues. This trouble which is, 
 produced is known as Glass Eye, and the eye appears healthy and full,. 
 
gS THEORY AXD PRACTICE. 
 
 but is insensible to light, which is a case you should al\va>-s look out for 
 in examining for soundness; the pupil is always dilated in this condition. 
 Sometimes from castrating b)' other means than the clamp, the cord is 
 drawn up into the belly and internal hemorrhage takes place, no blood 
 being seen on the outside, and the colt maj^ bleed to death; in this case 
 use ergot, and you may dash cold water on the stern. 
 
 SEPTic.EiiiA. — AA'e aA'oid this first, by adopting cleanliness; second, 
 by refraining from operating when the animal is sick with Strangles or 
 Influenza; it is almost certain to kill him if we do. If )-ou do operate on 
 one of these animals, be sure to wash Aour hands antiseptically before 
 operating on another colt, or you may infect him. Suppose Septicsemia 
 does occur; the symptoms will be quite extensive, swelling of the scrotum, 
 it will be hot and painful, and will pit on pressure; temperature increased, 
 may be 104 and 5 or 6; loss of appetite, rapid emaciation, and maj^ die 
 in five or six days, or raay run on for five or six weeks; if it runs on that 
 long, there will be Marasmus. 
 
 Treatment. — Hot fomentations; you may rely almost entirely on these, 
 and keep up almo.st continuall}', getting it up into the inguinal canal; also 
 use antiseptics with it, as external — tinct. of iron, quinine; alcoholic stim- 
 ulants in generous quantity. The tinct. of iron acts on the red-blood cor- 
 puscles, and it is these that Septicsemia destro3-s. Quinine is indicated 
 in all cases of Septicaemia; a little gentian may be added to it. 
 
 Peritonitis. — This usually comes from the inflammation extending 
 lip the cord into the abdominal cavity, and affects the peritoneum. Sj'nip- 
 toms are the same as in any other Peritonitis, onh^ they roll less and 
 kick less, and when they die with it, are usually quiet, often wont move 
 a bit, except may pick up foot and let down again. 
 
 Po.st-Mortem. — Same as the ordinary; it is due to a germ. After the 
 inflammation extends up into the bell}' it is nearly' always fatal. If you 
 are notified before it extends up far, you maj' be able to give relief; give 
 hjrposulphite soda along with opium and whisky. 
 
 Herxia. — This may occur during operation, by the colt taking on 
 an involuntary straining, and will force the bowels out into the inguinal 
 canal, or it majr take place after he gets up, especially with the clamp. 
 Sometimes only the omentum passes down, when it is called Epiplocele, 
 when all down, Enterocele. The Hernia must be reduced; give anassthetic, 
 I oz. or ^2 oz. chloral hydrate, or 2 ozs. sulph. ether, or i oz. chloroform. 
 After you get the Hernia reduced, pick up the tunica vaginalis and cord, 
 if you can, catch with clamp and give a turn upon itself, then insert a 
 wad of absorbent cotton or clean towel into the inguinal canal, and sew 
 up. Stand colt high behind, feed on bran .slop, no hay; next day, cut 
 open the suture and remove the cotton, then the swelling will be sufficient 
 to prevent further Hernia. In ca,se the bowels come out in large quanti- 
 ties, the proper thing to do is to tie up, with a sheet held over the loins 
 till you can lay the animal. 
 
 Tetanus. — This doesn't differ from any other; caused alike from 
 the germ, and is infectuous, but not from animal to animal. These 
 germs are numerous in the horse dung. Treat the same as any other 
 case of Septicaemia; give a little morphia h^'podermically. 
 
 Fistula of the Scrotuji. — This occurs from the introduction into 
 the scrotum of some foreign body, but usually from the lips growing to 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 99 
 
 the lips of the wound; abscesses are formed, and there may be a chronic 
 discharge. 
 
 Treatment. — First, enlarge your opening with a probe-pointed bis- 
 toury, explore if there is any foreign body there; if you find a rcse-like 
 enlargement, pinch it off. Inject into this Fistula a strong solution of 
 sulph. copper i 02. to a pint of water, about twice a week. In some 
 cases you will ha^'e to laA' down and ^emo^'e part of the cord same as in 
 Scirrhus of the Cord. 
 
 Gangrene of the Cord. — Is incurable, as it is never discovered 
 until it is too late. 
 
 SciRRHU.s Cord (Champignon). — Is a Tumor growing on end of 
 cord, following Ca,stration. Billings says it is invariably due to Botrxo 
 Mj-cosis. This is a fungus growth following Castration, unquestionably 
 due to a germ in most cases; but I am not prepared to say it is always 
 this particular germ. It is a dumb-bell shaped worm that gets into the 
 wotind after the operation, either from dirty hands, or from the soil, or 
 in different ways. It would be strange if this did not occur in many cases, 
 on account of the great number of germs, and this is one of the worst 
 places, because the wound leads direct to the peritoneal membrane in the 
 abdominal cavity. Some authors describe it as a fibro-vascular fungus 
 enlargement. It follows the clamp generall}', because it holds the cord 
 down, and when the clamp is removed the cord is not pushed up as it 
 should be, and from the dirty hand that ma5' touch it. This Scirrhus 
 Cord sometimes grows to a great size; Dr. Baker exhibited one taken from 
 a II -year old horse, that weighed twentj^-eight pounds, supposed to have 
 been in existence since the animal, as a colt, was castrated. Usually it 
 grows to the size of a man's fist, or double that. In the early stage the 
 horse will be stiff, sometimes ver>- stiff and lame; sometimes onlj^ one side 
 is affected. When verj- acute, it produces constitutional disturbances; 
 there will be fever, puffed-up flanks, arched back. This is sometimes so 
 extensive as to extend up the cord to the loins. This cord has been found 
 to be as large as a man's arm up to the loins, and with abscesses; this 
 leads to blood poisoning, emaciation takes place rapidly, fever keeps up, 
 animal gets weak. Marasmus sets in, then collapse and death. Usuallj' a 
 Veterinary will be asked to find out what is the matter with the colt; this 
 may be manj^ weeks after the operation of Castration has been performed. 
 The wound in the scrotum will be healed up nicely, and when you feel 
 up the inguinal ring you will find an enlargement, which presses on the 
 parts and gives great pain. 
 
 Treatment. — Removal with the knife is the only treatment; to do 
 this successfully and properly, lay down and confine the same as for Cas- 
 tration; turn him on his back, lay open the scrotum over the Tumor, 
 about the same place you would cut to castrate. It is not necessary to 
 take off more than the large part of it; the neck may be absorbed, or it 
 may grow again. You will find it is ver}^ vascular and will bleed very 
 much with every cut of the knife, so go about it carefulh'; the veins are 
 much enlarged, and if cut will bleed a stream, so be prepared to tie 
 up if necessary. Skin back and lacerate the attachment, not with the 
 knife, but with your finger; this will expose the cord. If it is small you 
 can cut it off with the ecraseur; if very large, you will have to take off 
 in sections; insert j'our knife perpendicularly, then put the chain around 
 
lOO THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 and cut off the section, and repeat till you cut it all off. Hurrj' the oper-- 
 ation on account of the hemorrhage; hot water is good, with a big sponge, 
 temperature of. the water about 175. Just as soon as 5'ou get the Tumor 
 renio\-ed, put in the sponge and sew up and leave for twenty-four hours, 
 or hold for a time and then take out the sponge and pack with oakum 
 or absorbent cotton for twenty-four hours, then take out and cauterize 
 with chlor. mercury i in 100, or tinct. of iodine; then treat the same as a 
 simple wound; give clean bedding and tie up the tail. Some use a clamp 
 for this purpose, then they ha^e them curved, but I don't think the clamp 
 is good iu this case — the ecraseur is the be,st. Sometimes a Veterinarian 
 will make more by not castrating at all, but let others do it and he will 
 be called upon to treat bad results. He will have patients that others 
 castrated for fifty cents or a dollar, that may pay him ten or fifteen dol- 
 lars, for Tumors will often develop, no matter how well the operation is 
 performed. The best preventive is to follow the after treatment given, 
 and the use of lard, or you ma}' use an antiseptic lotion. 
 
 Irregularities Found in Colts. — First, Inguinal Scrotal Hernia 
 at the time of operating, first see if this exists. Make up your mind as to 
 the mode you are going to follow, laj' the colt down, turn him on his 
 back and reduce the Hernia bj' manipulation on the outside; for larger 
 ones insert your hand into the anus to assi.st you. 
 
 Covered Operation. — Make an incision through the skin and dartos, 
 then you come to the tunica vaginalis that you don't cut, so dissect away 
 the cellular tissue, letting the testicle out and the tunica vaginalis will come 
 out also; put on your clamp, enclosing also the tunica vaginalis, put the 
 clamp on extra tight and closer to the bod}' than usual, then cut off the 
 testicle as if the tunica vaginalis was not enclosed. If only one side is 
 affected, operate on the side that is affected first, then on the other in the 
 usual wa}^ The great danger is when you let him up; if he strains, give 
 anaesthetic; then feed on soft light diet. If the animal is affected 
 with Hernia before you operate, have him fasted; after the operation 
 have him stand high behind in stall for about three days, then the swell- 
 ing will prevent any further Hernia. If the Hernia is unusuallj- large, as 
 in hogs, this method alone will not be sufficient, ,so when you let the 
 tunica vaginalis out with the testicle, give it a turn upon itself, then put 
 on the clamp. In the case of hogs, have your assistant hold them up by 
 the hind leg,s — that will move the bowels forward. Sometimes we just 
 cut out in the regular way, then pack with absorbent cotton and leave in 
 about three days till it swells enough to prevent further trouble. 
 
 Spaying the Female. — Spaying, technically, is Ovariotomy — 
 removal of the ovaries. All kinds of females, especially in the lower 
 animals, that are not wanted for breeding purposes are better off .spayed, 
 especially meat-producing animals— as cattle; they grow fatter, and faster, 
 and better, and the younger it is done the better. In the case of bitches, 
 it makes them more docile, and as for house dogs, they stay at home 
 better and do not have company running through the kitchen after them, 
 or linked together. As a rule, women are only .spayed as the result of 
 some disease of the ovaries, and are often spaj'ed when the}' are virgins. 
 It is no more uncommon to find .spayed women than ca,strated men, but 
 there is one peculiar difference between the human and lower animals; in 
 the lower animals, when spayed, they lose all sexual desire, while a 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. lOI 
 
 woman spayed still enjo>-s the embraces of the male. Old bitches that 
 have been bred before spaying may from habit take the male when her 
 time of heat should come. The lower animals will onh- take the male 
 during heat, while in woman it is different. It is thought that spa^'ed 
 bitches get fatter and lazy, but I think it is due to their old age, and 
 that a young bitch will not get any fatter, but may when she gets older. 
 But they get brighter and more docile, and some hunters say they are 
 better, and their scent just as good. 
 
 Preparation. — It depends on what kind of an animal you are going 
 to operate on, but it is best to fast them all; if a bitch, fast forty-eight 
 hours if she is fat; heifer, twenty-four hours will do. In the bitch the 
 ovary lies away forward near the diaphragm; in the cow it is near the 
 broad ligament. Bitches are hung up by the hind legs on an inclined 
 plane; be careful as to cleanliness, as you will have to come in contact 
 with the peritoneum, otherwise it is a simple operation. You will have 
 to educate the touch as well as the sight in finding the ovary in the bitch ; 
 best place to learn it is in the dissecting room. In bitches the horns of 
 the uterus run awaj- down to the diaphragm. In bitches we don't con- 
 sider it well to make the incision at the umbilicus, but run up near to it 
 and not very large; insert the finger and dilate down towards the spine; the 
 ovary will be recognized by its firmness, and when you see, bj^ its dense 
 fibrous appearance. If fasted, the omentum will not bother you, but may 
 if full. Usually you can pinch off the ovary, or else cut off with scissors. 
 Heifers are usually spayed through the median line, either on the right 
 or left side; make an incision large enough to insert the hand. If on the 
 left side, j-ou go posterior to the rumen; on the right side, j'ou don't go 
 near the rumen. Cows may be spa5'ed through the vagina. 
 
 After Treatment in Spaying. — Neither the vagina nor the flank re- 
 quires any particular attention; when in the flank, it is usually sewed up 
 and the animal turned out, and no further notice taken of her. The 
 wound in the vagina requires no further treatment, not even sewing up. 
 The sow is operated on through the flank or median line; they are usu- 
 all}" laid on an inclined plane with the head downward, and operated up- 
 on the same as j'ou do on bitches. If j^ou operate through the flank, 
 either side will do — whichever is the handiest to you. The peculiarity- 
 in the bitch is the ovary h'ing so far forward. The after treatment does 
 not amount to anj-thing, except to give soft feed. In bitches we usually 
 take pains to keep clean, and give soft feed. With other animals, it is 
 painful for a little time. If the fever should run high, give a little qui- 
 nine and iodide potash. As to the right age, the same rule as in colts 
 will apply — the j-ounger the better; there will be less danger of Hernia 
 and less feeling. It is difficult to spay a bitch before she is six months 
 old. 
 
 Females should not be spayed during pregnancy or heat: during 
 pregnancy the shock might cause an abortion, and in heat the blood 
 vessels are so enlaged there is danger of great hemorrhage. If possible, 
 the spaying should be done before the first heat, then the blood vessels 
 never have been enlarged, no congestion. If there should be any great 
 hemorrhage, give them the fl. ext. ergot internally; for a bitch weighing 
 about 25 pounds, give i dr. and repeat in fifteen minutes if nece.ssary. 
 Occasionally abscesses will form in the cavity; this seems more likely to 
 
I02 THEORY AXD PRACTICE. 
 
 occur in cows than in other females. Cows can be operated on through 
 the vagina; in doing this you will require a distender (repeller), and then 
 insert the knife and cut upwards through the wall, being careful not to 
 cut the rectum. 
 
 Caponizixg Fowls. — For the same purpo.se as in other meat-pro- 
 ducing animals, they make better meat, grow faster and larger, and their 
 meat is far better than that of the ordinary fowl, and the^' bring a better 
 price and are much sought for. They are handled to the best advantage 
 b^' laying them on a barrel and tj'ing a brick to the legs and let hang 
 down, then another one to the wing.s — that holds them in position. Lo- 
 cate the last rib in the flank; if there are any feathers there remove them; 
 cut down through the costal muscles between the last two ribs, then with 
 spreaders part the ribs and hold them apart. When the ribs are parted, 
 you will find the ovary close up to the back near the kidnej-; you will see 
 a small white bod^' usually from }■& to ^i inch in size, this is the testicle; 
 catch hold of it ivitli your instrument and twi.st off, then through the 
 same opening go in and get the other one, and take this out the same way. 
 
 The mortality is ver)- small. 
 
 RiDGELixGS. — Such horses, although the testicles are not in .sight, 
 are entire males and thej' can get foals. They are ju.st as aggressive, 
 vicious, and in all respects like the ordinar}^ stallion, except the testicles 
 being out of sight. Their testicles are usually not so large as in the 
 ordinary'. We had a bull with but one testicle down, and he was just as 
 reliable, and did not have one like himself. Ridgeling stallions are ob- 
 jectionable as foal getters, because they are liable to produce ridgeling 
 colts, for it is a law in nature that like begets like. It seems that stal- 
 lions get more ridgelings than any other animal, or rather some stallions. 
 There seems to be a faulty' development, and it is a sort of deformity. 
 The catise of being a ridgeling seems to be that the testicle is too light to 
 descend into the .scrotum; they are usually found in the belly near the 
 abdominal ring, may be half way through the ring or entirely through, 
 or they may not descend at all, and be found near the kidneys. When 
 it stops just inside the belly, he is called a true ridgeling; when half way 
 through the ring, the animal is called a high flanker, when it is low 
 down in the inguinal canal, he is called a low flanker. Always examine 
 to see that the colt has not been castrated before, when you are asked to 
 operate on these, as sometimes some castrator may have tried it and did 
 not get both out, so if }'ou cannot learn from the owner for certain which 
 one was left in, then you will only have to try both sides. Sometimes 
 you can locate the side by feeling in the rectum. If it is a stallion with 
 only one testicle down, then it is alwaj-s ad^-isable to operate on the hid- 
 den one first. 
 
 Preparation. — I was always led to believe that it was proper to diet 
 for twenty-four hours before in the horse; for some reasons it would be 
 best on general principles. Some castrators say it is an advantage to 
 have the viscera full, as you have to go inside the belh', and when they are 
 full they are in their positions and you can find the testicle more readily 
 and get it out better, than if he was fasted. In opening up the ridgeling, 
 proceed the same as in the ordinary .stallions, but you must .spread his 
 feet and hind legs well apart, flex the hocks, and get well down on the 
 hips to have the flank exposed. When you get him tied, then turn on 
 
VKTERINARY JtKDICINE AND SURGERY. I03 
 
 his back.^ Farmer Miles does not care how he has him, but usually lays 
 him on his side and makes no fuss over the job, but still he sometimes 
 loses some colts. You should study the anatomy of the parts well in the 
 dissecting room, for you will never make a good operator till )-ou know 
 the parts thoroughly. When you are ready, catch hold of the scrotum 
 and pull forward, make your incision downwards and backwards; make 
 this incision where you would to ca,strate the ordinary the colt; good plan 
 to have carbolized oil handy, dip your hand in the oil and then worm the 
 fingers through the inguinal canal into and through the ring; usually you 
 will find a little testicle there, then break down the tissues and draw down 
 and use either the ecraseur or the emasculator having the corrugated side 
 of the emasculator next the body. This is .sometimes better than the 
 ecraseur, as you can't always get the testicle clear out, and >-ou can reach 
 in with the emasculator. Suppose the testicle is in the belly, j'oti go in the 
 ring, and if you don't find it, go through the ring, some will pass 
 their finger through the peritoneum ; others go through Poupart' s lig- 
 ament. Ninety-nine times out of a hundred it will be found on the floor of 
 the belly posterior to the ring. You can recognize it l^y the feel — nothing 
 else there feels like it except it might be dung, and you can tell even 
 between that. Catch it between the fingers, bring out and remove. If 
 you have made an opening push back the cord, which will adhere to the 
 lips of the wound, and it will heal all right. 
 
 After Treatment. — Much the same as in the other cases, but be more 
 careful, give exercise, and use hot fomentations if there is much .swelling; 
 of course there is more danger of Peritonitis, as you come in direct con- 
 tact with the peritoneum. The preference, I think, in these cases is to 
 make fresh opening rather than enlarging the ring, and if 3'ou do go 
 through the ring, make as small an opening as possible. Following this 
 operation, Hernia will sometimes occur in the best of operations, when the 
 colt gets up the bowels come out; use same treatment as in the other 
 cases. Other than horses are liable to be ridgelings — as the bull, boar, 
 etc. Bull and boar are usualh' castrated through the flank, same as we 
 spay the bitch instead of through the inguinal canal; the horse could be 
 done the same way, but the peritoneum in the horse seems more liable to 
 bad efliects than in other animals. We spay all animals but the mare; 
 I never saw a case of the mare getting over the operation, while all other 
 animals take it very mildl3-; that is wh}' it is dangerous to ca.strate the 
 ridgeling through the peritoneum. 
 
 Diseases of the I^iver. — These are rare compared to the human, 
 and are rare also as compared to diseases of other organs of the lower ani- 
 mals, but the liver does become diseased sometimes in a well-marked 
 wav. When it does occur it is always .serious. The phenomena of dis- 
 eases of the liver are few, the principal one being the yellowness of the 
 visible mucous membrane and Avhite skin; sometimes there is lameness of 
 the right fore quarter, all on account of di.sease of the liver. There are 
 sometimes colicky pains, and the liver is sometimes excessively active 
 and increases a great deal of bile, which often causes Bile Diarrhoea; this 
 is seen by the unnatural yellowness of the faeces, and deficiency of bile 
 causes a gray faecal matter and an excess of gray mucous matter. 
 
 Congestion of the Liver. — This is simpl>' an engorgement of the 
 glands with blood; it is seen in two forms — Active and Passive. 
 
I04 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 AcTiA'E Congestion. — Is due to overfeeding on stimulating food, 
 or on higlilj- concentrated food, and the exciting cause is the want of ex- 
 ercise. It is more likely to occur in hot weather than in the cold. In 
 this Congestion the hepatic circulation is involved, the hepatic arteries 
 and capillaries, but more particularly- the arteries. There is simply an 
 increased flow of blood. Acti^'-e Congestion, to a certain extent, is always 
 present during digestion, but this Congestion is harmless. Active Con- 
 gestion as a rule is always .serious, more so than the Passive. 
 
 Passive Coxgestiox. — Occurs in the portal vein, and is due to 
 obstruction of some .sort, or a faulty propelling power. We find that 
 with Passive Congestion we frequently have valvular insufficiency of the 
 heart; there are other causes also. \\'e get it from Hepatization of the 
 lyUngs, due to faulty circulation of the blood through the heart. Em- 
 phy.sema also tends to produce it; in such a case, there is not the usual 
 quantity of blood sent to the lungs, circulation is obstructed, and this 
 causes, in a reflex wa}', Passive Congestion and of the portal system. 
 As a result of this we get two kinds of Congestion, and sometimes a 
 third, which arises from a form of biliary duct which becomes surcharged 
 with biliar}' matter. These congestions, and we speak of them usuallj' 
 together, either or both will cau.se the third or Biliarj-, and if they last 
 very long we get biliarj- poisoning of the blood as a result; also may be 
 done b}' serious Inflammation of the I^iver; or Abdominal Ascites may 
 result. 
 
 PosT-MoRTEM. — The liver shows an enlarged organ with patches of 
 dark streaks showing also brown, and with lighter ones here and there, 
 giving to the organ a mottled appearance. This kind of liver corresponds 
 to the Nutmeg Liver of the human. The dark patches in this case are 
 the enlarged hepatic veins, the lighter ones correspond to the ramifica- 
 tions of the portal; the lighter patches where the portal is concerned, the 
 liver is anaemic. The passage of the portal vein is obstructed and the 
 hepatic enlarged, and being congested produces the dark streaks. The 
 bro«n is probably due to pressure, or ma}^ be due to fat cells in the cell 
 structure — fat in the hepatic lobula. The pressure, other than the fat, 
 is on account of the increase in the interlobular connective tissue. 
 
 Etiology. — The most common cause is previous pulmonarj- or car- 
 diac diseases; sudden chills from exposure to storms while in a heated 
 condition will often cause se^•ere chill, which will result in Congestion of 
 the Liver. An animal suffering from Influenza often has Congestion of 
 the Liver, that is probably due to weak circulation during Influenza. In 
 Influenza we .see the j'ellow color spoken of. Errors in diet, particularly 
 over-feeding, and particularly in hot weather; faulty digestion is often 
 the cause or accompanies it; sudden overexertion especiallj' in hot 
 weather when not in a condition to accept such, and also strong exercise 
 after eating. 
 
 Semeioeogy. — The s^-mptoms are not very diagnostic, as many of 
 them are common to other diseases. The most prominent feature is dull- 
 ness, listlessness, languor — this is liable to be the ca,se in over-fat animals, 
 as the result of Congestion of the Liver. In sudden severe attacks there 
 will be colick>- pains, not severe but quite well-marked; will look around to 
 his right .side in.stead of to his left ; pressure over the region of the liver 
 will cause pain. After this has been running on about twent>-four hours, 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I05 
 
 the yellow color of the mucous membrane will be noticed, urine will be 
 brown, faeces gray in the course of three or four days, and ver>- offen- 
 sive in smell. If this condition is continued three or four davs the animal 
 will grind his teeth, his mouth is soap>' to the feel, and offensive smell; 
 he licks the wall as though hungr}- for lime salts, has an unnatural 
 appetite, seems to want alkalies and will eat clay; this is especially so where 
 they are kept long on hay or grain. In severe cases there will be lameness 
 of the .shoulder; sometimes it is associated with Influenza, possibly with 
 some other infectuous disease, as Purpura Hemorrhagica and A'alvular Dis- 
 ease of the Heart. Sometimes the appetite is completely lost, but usually 
 is not interfered with ver>' nuich. Usually it runs a benign course, and 
 may only exist for a number of hours; but sometimes you get rupture of 
 the capsules, which will result in a fatal hemorrhage. 
 
 Treatment. — Considering that the whole trouble is hyperaemic in 
 Active Congestion, blood letting would be the most sensible treatment, 
 and would be indicated; but if it is Pas.sive Congestion and due to ob- 
 struction of the portal vein, it would do no good to bleed. But we don't 
 bleed now even when good, but instead give a purgative, as magnesia 3^ 
 pound. In case of Passive Congestion there can't be ver}^ much done for 
 it, because you cannot remove the cause; but if it is caused by lung 
 trouble, try to remove that; if valvular of the heart, treat with .stimulants 
 — as digitalis. But the trouble is, that Passive Congestion is not known 
 to us, or we are not called until Ascites has taken place, and then there 
 is an anaemic condition of the system. Iron is indicated; digitalis for the 
 heart, and good diet. The great trouble is that Passive Congestion has 
 become chronic before it is brought to our attention. In case of Active 
 Congestion, reduce his feed and increase his work, therebj^ reducing the 
 cause. In addition to the purgati^-e, if 3rou think it necessary', give a diu- 
 retic, and after either one of the Congestions produces the third give 
 mineral acids internally after the purgative — either h5'drochloric and 
 nitric mixed, or sulphuric acid; I prefer the sulphuric. In this kind of 
 case their appetite is weak; we usually gi^'e acid tonic as — tinct. gentian 
 4 ozs. sulphuric acid i dr., aqua ad. to make one pint. Dose, i oz. three 
 times a day, that is a dose for a driver about 1000 ttis. ; to a horse that 
 weighs more, you can give 2 ozs. This trouble is seen more in the draft 
 and heav}' horse than in the driver. 
 
 Hepatitis. — Inflammation of the Diver. This occurs in two forms 
 — Acute and Chronic. In some cases it locates itself in the capsule, 
 having extended to it from some adjacent tissue. We find it in severe 
 cases of Pleurisy, especialh' the Pleurisj^ that occurs as a complication in 
 Influenza; it maj' also extend to it from Peritonitis. In most we find 
 the capsule is immensely thickened, indurated, and enlarged, and 
 evidences of extensive proliferation. In other ca.ses the intimate gland 
 structure suffers; in others, only the framework of the fibrous tissue is 
 involved. Inflammation of the Di^•er can't be very well diagno.sed during 
 life, because it usually exists with some other complication, and some- 
 times abscesses form from this trouble. This inflammation of the liver 
 is common in cattle, and the abscesses that often form vary in size from 
 a walnut to turkey egg, particularly in old cows, and there ma>- be from 
 one to a dozen. The liver in old cows is invariably affected in some way. 
 
 Treatment — Can only be applied on general principles; if young and 
 
I06 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 strong, bleed; if old and weak, give stimulants and rational treatment. 
 
 Chronic Hepatitis. — There are two kinds — Cirrhosis or Harden- 
 ing and Fatty Degeneration, or softening; accompanying fatty is rupture, 
 and usually fatal termination. Cirrhosis you can have in any gland; it 
 means simplj- a hardening of the bod)- as a result of the chronic inflam- 
 mation. This is more common in the horse than acute, and there are 
 man)- complications; as a result, there is a distinct granular condition of 
 the tumef active structures, and great increase of fibrous tissue in the 
 covering and sheaths of the organ. 
 
 PosT-MoRTEJi. — Feels hard and solid. There is a condensing inflam- 
 mation of the fibrous structures; the edges are very much thickened, the 
 fibres in the organ are increased and indurated, the hepatic lobula suffer 
 from pressure; the portal vein is anaemic; surface of the liver is apt to be 
 covered with little nodula; the obstructed portal vein prevents free exit 
 of the blood from the abdominal A-iscera. The bowels and mesenteric 
 suffer mo.st, and, as a result, get Abdominal Dropsy and Ascites; in a 
 bad case the organ will be covered with bro\vn spots. 
 
 Etiology. — Usuall}- find in horses that have been starved to death, 
 hard worked on scanty feed, great exposure suffered, mostly seen in old 
 animals. It is looked upon as due to faulty nutrition of the system. 
 
 Se.aueiology. — There ma}- be Ascites; horse may be pot-bellied, 
 j-ellow mucous membrane, and ansemia or pallor, sometimes stupor; often 
 mouth has a sour smell and .soapy, long starring coat, oftentimes tender 
 on pressure over the liver. 
 
 Treatment. — If it can be diagnosed early, remove the cause; often 
 irregularity of the teeth will be a cause. If from lack of nutrition, give 
 iron, nux Aomica or gentian; if constipated, giA-e sulphate soda in small 
 doses, and improA-e the hygiene. Potas.sium bitartrate (cream tartar) 2 
 or 3 drachms to the dose, is good to remove the biliarj- congestion. The 
 horse or animal maA' die, in Inflammation of the Liver, from Septicsemia 
 also. Bring the feeding down to that of the ordinary animal, increase 
 his exercise, reduce any artificial heat, giA'e coarser and less of the nitrog- 
 enous food. In the sheep Ave find the cairse generally just the oppo.site 
 of that ni the lior.se — they do not get enough nitrogenous food, and the 
 liver dcA'elops a Fatty Degeneration, and so the treatment .should be just 
 the opposite of that prescribed for the horse. GiA'e nitrogenous food, as 
 bean-meal, jA pint once a day, with plentA" of other food. 
 
 Occasionally Ave run onto two other kinds of inflammation — Ajiyloid 
 and Dardaceoi'.s. The causes are obscure, and they are seldom seen in 
 the horse or any of the loAver animals, though the Amyloid is sometimes 
 seen in the horse; it is harder than the Fatty, and softer than the 
 Cirrhosis; it resembles Avax, but is a result of irny of those degenerations, 
 but more probably of the Cirrhosis. We get a general Avasting of the 
 body, Mara.smus, collapse and death; while in the Fatty Degeneration 
 they get fat, as in .sheep; they ma\- appear in the be.st of health a week 
 before theA' show the effect of this. The horse gets yellowness of the 
 mucous membrane, and if they die it is generally from hemorrhage. 
 Dogs eating too much meat Avithout exercise become affected; they mu,st 
 have exercise; it tends to the elimination of the nitrogenous through the 
 production of urea. 
 
 Jaundice. — Sometimes called Yellows. This is a name giA^en to a 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 107 
 
 j-ellowness of the whole s>'stt'm, due to cue of two conditions: First, is 
 non-secretion or suppression of bile, non-elimination. Second, re-absorb- 
 tion of the bile, taken back into the organ, and is poisonous. In the 
 urine in these cases there are two acids — taurocholic and Ldycocholic 
 acids, tested for in the urine in the following wa}': Take i dr. of the 
 urine in test tube, and add a little cane sugar, very little, then pour i dr. 
 sulphuric acid into the tube, slanting the tube and pouring in ver)- 
 slowly to allow the acid to run to the bottom. If biliary acids are 
 present in the urine, a deep, purple band will develop between the acid 
 and the urine; if none are present, a brown band will form instead of the 
 purple tint. The presence of the bile acids in the urine is a positi^'e 
 proof of re-absorption of the bile. In case of suppression there will be 
 no acids. If there is obstruction there will be bile in the acids. In both 
 cases you get blood poisoning and death. The suppression or non- 
 elimination is due to the following causes: Enervation, this is probably 
 the cause of most of it in the human ; often seen in connection with other 
 di.seases. Disordered hepatic circulation; if this is interfered with, the 
 secretion of bile will, of course, be interfered with. Then the absence of 
 secreting substances, as seen in Atrophy, seen in interruption of the 
 hepatic arter}-; also destruction of the liver as a secreting .gland, or 
 Tuberculosis, and several other degenerations. Then Jaundice from 
 re-absorption is due to the following causes: Biliary- Calculi, most com- 
 mon, and quite so in the human, not so much so in the lower animals, 
 and is most prevalent among high li^-ers. Second, inflammatory tume- 
 faction of the duodenum, or lining of the duct that empties into it. The 
 flow of bile is easily obstructed, and when it begins to stop, like the 
 blood, it becomes thicker, so these calculi are generalb/ accumulations of 
 inspissated bile. Third, stricture or obliteration of the duct. Fourth, 
 by tumors cutting in the duct, or at its mouth. Fifth, by pressure on 
 the duct from without. Sixth, parasites — as Strongi'lus Armatus are 
 often found. 
 
 SejiEIOLOGy. — General yellowness of all the parts, urine of a red- 
 dish yellow, natural temperature, faecal matter in the course of three or 
 four days becomes gra}', and continuing such pa.ssage we get either 
 Diarrhoea or Con.stipation — more likely to get Constipation in these cases. 
 In this urine you will see in the glass all the colors of the rainbow, if 
 held to the light; mouth has a pasty, .soapy feel, sour smell, sometimes 
 loss of appetite; other times will not be. Where there is no fever the 
 appetite usually remains good. Some people think this is so sure a sign 
 that they need not take their temperature, but we know this is not so 
 sure a thing. Oftentimes for three or four daj's there will be no derange- 
 ment, but the animal is languid. When it has reached its height, in 
 three or four days, they get a dry itching of the skin, which becomes 
 scaly and ghstening, and the more it is .scratched the more it itches. In 
 some cases there is lameness in the right shoulder; if not relieved, death 
 follows from blood poisoning in a rather indefinite time — depends on the 
 severity of the cause. If the liver does not secrete bile at all, it would 
 not be very long until the animal would die. 
 
 Treatment. — Ascertain first if Jaundice is due to non-secretion or 
 obstruction and re-absorption. If due to re- absorption, give oleaginous 
 laxatives; they work mechanically, without .stimulating the liver, and by 
 
lOS THEORY AND PRACTICK. 
 
 moving the bowels freelj', have a tendency to carr^^ off the obstruction. 
 If it is due to non-secretion, stimulate the liver b>- giving saline laxatives; 
 give a cholagogue — give aloes, calomel, podophyllin, sodium sulph., 
 rhubarb, magnesium. We consider in moderate case best to give /,3 pint 
 oil and yi dr. calomel; follow up with 4 ozs. sulphate soda in water, night 
 and morning, for three or four days. If there is , an over-secretion of 
 bile it can often be regulated i)y tincture of iron internally, and quinine, 
 in all cases rather liberally. Keep the animal quiet, give proper diet — 
 if fat, give laxatives and coarser food; if thin and weak, gi^'e nutritious 
 food. If Diarrhrea is present, give anti-acids to sweeten the bowels — as 
 lime water, bicarbonate soda, prepared chalk, etc. Following the use of 
 cholagogues, if they don't act properlj', you can stimulate by hj'drochloric 
 and sulph. acid diluted properly — the}^ are powerful, and care must be 
 used. Ox-gall is an old-fashioned remedy, and a good one. Arom. 
 spts. of ammonia is best stimulant to prevent nervous prostration. 
 
 Gx^LL StonivS — Are very peculiar; they usually begin to form by 
 partial obstruction of the bile. They are accumulations of inspissated 
 bile, and are most often found in cattle; also in sheep, but not found in 
 the horse. 
 
 Cachexia Aouosa, or Water Cachexi.v of the sheep. — Due to 
 the interference of the liver l^y the Liver Flukes, known as Fasciola 
 Hepatica — Rot. We find that .sheep having this were fattened on low, damp 
 ground, almo.st wholly due to the lack of drainage; the>- usually get pot- 
 bellied from Ascites, the liver swells and interferes with the portal circu- 
 lation, Diarrhoea in the last stages, and dropsical swelling on the outside 
 of the belly, or in the submaxillary space; difficulty in getting up when 
 the\- lie down, wool gets drj- and crisp and falls out. 
 
 Treatment — Should be prophjdactic. Nothing can be given to 
 destroy the Flukes that would not kill the sheep as well, so the only 
 thing to do is to remove the sheep to higher ground. If that can't be 
 done, then drain the low-land well. Chemicals and lime, salt and carbolic 
 acid have been tried, but drainage did the only good. 
 
 Pancreas and Spleen. — Only have to say to deny the assertion of 
 some authors calling Lymphadenoma of the spleen; this means a Tumor 
 growing in a lymphatic gland, and the spleen is not a lymphatic gland; 
 as de,scribed, it is a series of, or a lot of fibrous Tumors due to Chronic 
 Inflammation. In addition to this we find the spleen is liable to many 
 diseases — as Atrophy, Hj'pertrophy, Thrombosis, Cancer, Hydatides, 
 L:>'mphadenoma, etc., also Ossification, Congestion, and Inflammation. 
 Any or all these maj^ form in almost any animal. Causes are obscure; 
 the draft stallion seems most liable to it; I think it is due to long over- 
 feeding. The use of the spleen is not known. It is a reservoir for blood, 
 but if it is destroyed or badly affected the animal wont live long; and a 
 stallion will get so he will not notice a mare. The spleen is also liable to 
 Tuberculosis, Melanosis, and Chronic Inflammation, but thej^ can't be 
 diagno.sed during life, or any of the other diseases, so treat on general 
 principles — as stimulants, and out-door exercise. 
 
 Pancrea.s. — Is .still more ob.scure. Its function is to secrete pan- 
 creatic juice; seems to digest fats, but the dog suffers from affections of it, 
 and where there is an absence of the pancreatic juice he will pass un- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I09 
 
 digested bits of fat that were eaten, and there will be found sugar in the 
 urine; this trouble in the dog often follows long feeding on hver. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE CIRCUEATORY SYSTEM (HEART AND BEOOD VESSEES ) . 
 
 Disease of the Heart. — Is not common in the horse, but when it 
 occurs it is very serious; this is so in the human as well as in the lower an- 
 imals, and usualh' terminates fatally. When it comes it is always sud- 
 den; chronic may linger a long time, but when death comes it is sud- 
 den. 
 
 We examine for heart disease in three ways, much as in lung troubles — 
 Inspection, Palpation, and Oscultation. By inspection we detect any 
 change in the position, and the force of the beat can be often detected — 
 you can .see it in the jugular; and as to the character and rhythm, you 
 get that by palpation to see if regular. The observation we get by 
 oscultation is for sound; there is a characteristic sound when normal, 
 that there may not be in disease. The phenomena of heart diseases are 
 as follows: Languor, though not specific; Lassitude, impeded respiration 
 during action or existence of disea.se; this often amounts to actual dis- 
 tressing Dj^spncEa, as seen in most cases of heart disease during exercise. 
 Unless you are posted on pathology you might easily mistake this for 
 troubles of the lungs, when they are impaired with disease; there is Con- 
 gestion in them. But the cause looked on as existing onl)' in the heart, 
 is defective cardiac power; this causes Passive Congestion of the lungs. 
 These ca.ses of chronic heart troubles caused by exercise are often per- 
 fectly well only when taking exercise. 
 
 Diseases of the heart are divided into two classes — Functional and 
 Organic. The organic is sometimes known as structural. Functional 
 diseases of the heart are three in number — Palpitation, C^-anosis, and Syn- 
 cope. Palpitation of the PIeaet is tumultuous action, due to the follow- 
 ing causes: disturbance of the rhj'thmical action of the heart by any disease 
 or trouble that upsets the equilibrium of the sympathetic nerve system; 
 diseases of the lungs; changes in the quality and quantity of blood — seen 
 when animals suffer from anaemia, which is a typical illu.stration. Influ- 
 ences causing Palpitation through the nerves are divided into three classes 
 — Intrinsic, Centric, and Reflex. Hard work often brings it on, and 
 especially on allot day. Thumps is a tumultuous action, seen when caused 
 bj^ exertion and the animal is exhausted — that taxes the heart more than 
 any other thing; this is often produced by too much exercise, cspecialh' 
 when the animal is not fit to take it. 
 
 Semeiology. — Increased force and frequency of the action of the 
 heart; sometimes this is regular in this disturbance, but usually it is ir- 
 regular, sometimes intermittent, and the beats sometimes come piling in 
 on each other so fast that you cannot count them, then they drop below 
 the normal number. Heart troubles are often caused by Indigestion. 
 May get all the different irregularities of the beat in the course of two 
 minutes; it may be continuous or paroxysmal; there is no actual pain, but 
 there is distress, so you can see, anxiety depicted on the countenance, 
 and the horse will stand, he can't lie down. Respiration will be mate- 
 rially increased; at this time you can .see regurgitation of the blood in the 
 jugular, and the beat may be so .strong as to shake the whole body. 
 
 Treatment. — Therapeutical treatment would depend largely on the 
 
no THEORY AXD PRACTICE. 
 
 cause, iDut there are a few general principles that must be observed in all 
 cases — perfect quiet; if it conies from organic Disease of the Heart, 
 strong stimulants are indicated — as alcoholic spirits, whisk)-,' digitalis 
 (which is the most important of all), and nitro-gh'cerine is often resorted 
 to when the others fail. Tincture of cactus — cactus grande flores, is 
 good in human where it is due to Indigestion. If the Palpitation is due 
 to di,sturbance in any other organ, the Palpitation in that case would be 
 reflex, so you treat the organ. In case of debility, ansemia, treat the 
 blood. In case of Plethora and too fat, give purgative, reduce feed, and 
 give more exercise. In the case of trotters or livery horses, usuall)- it 
 is only temporarj-, and usually a sign of ner^^ous weakness. For Thumps, 
 in addition to the quiet and stimulants, something should be given to 
 quiet the excited condition of the heart — it must be allayed; aconite is 
 the be.st thing in moderate doses, it allays without depressing the heart, 
 and a little wliiskj^ with it is good, usualh' five to se\-en drops of the ex- 
 tract, and about ten of the tincture. Whiskj^ should be given one-half 
 pint first dose, then if necessary to repeat, 2 ozs. CA'ery fifteen minutes 
 till relieved. After the attack is over then treat the cause. If suffering 
 from nervous exhaustion, give tonics — as digitalis, etc. Powdered dig- 
 italis and solid ext. belladonna are prescribed, 20 grs. each, night and morn- 
 ing. If the blood is fault}' give iron; ahorse is liable to organic disease 
 if worked too hard under any heart disturbance, or the heart being weak. 
 
 CvANOSLS OR Blue Disease. — This occurs only in little animals and 
 is seen after birth, due to faulty neglect of nature in not closing the 
 openings — Foramen ovale or the ductus arteriosa, which allow the venous 
 blood to mix with the arterial blood; this is often seen in babies, and 
 they sometimes recover, due to the nursing the)' get; but young animals 
 seldom do, and if they did they would grow up weak and delicate. It is 
 recognized by the mucous surface being blue, and a lack of normal heat 
 in the body; temperature is low. If babies can be kept alive for eight or 
 ten days the)' will get well. 
 
 Syncope. — Is fainting; when applied to the heart, means a fainting 
 fit. Syncope may be fatal simply by fainting when in a severe form by 
 the heart losing its irritability. Dependent entirely upon the failure of 
 the heart action, followed by lack of blood to the nerve centers — as lack 
 of blood supply to the brain. 
 
 Etiology. — As seen in the human, is from uterine hemorrhage, that 
 is a common cause. Rapid bleeding from the jugular produces it; rapid 
 accidental hemorrhage, also introducing air into the circulation; in that 
 case it is very variable. That which cancau.se death might not cause Syn- 
 cope. In Syncope in the human, they generally drop in a heap, may be 
 from crowding, lack of air, etc. You should be able to tell the differ- 
 ence between it and apoplexy; Apoplexy is caused b)' Congestion of the 
 Brain, usually a rupture of a blood vessel there; can be told by the pur- 
 ple appearance; in this case elevate the head and loosen the neck clothing; 
 usually fatal, if from a rupture: good to put ice on the head also. vSyn- 
 cope is recognized by the extreme pallor; in this there is ansemia, give 
 plent)' of fresh air, loosen the clothing, particularly if it is a woman, 
 la)" on the floor with the head down. The shock of da.shing cold water 
 on the face is often good; let the person inhale aqua ammonia, but be care- 
 ful in using; if they can swallow give whisky or brandy, hypodermic in- 
 
VETKRINARY MEDICIXE AND SURGERY. Ill 
 
 jectioiis of alcoholic stimulants, friction to body, and mu,stard plasters 
 on soles of feet are indicated. 
 
 Acute Inflammatory Diseases. — These are three in number — 
 first, is Peric.vrditis, inflammation of the pericardium, the serous .sack 
 containing the heart. This runs through about the same course as Acute 
 Pleuris)", and terminates the same way — with serous effusion — into the 
 pericardium, constituting the Hydropericardia, the same as Hydrothorax. 
 
 EtiologA'. — The most common cause is blood contamination — ma)' be 
 stated as the one cause. Diseases that usiially exist as complications, are 
 Influenza, Strangles, Purpura Hemorrhagica, Pya:;mia, Septicaemia, etc., 
 also Rheumatism, and probably the most common of all is Rheumatic 
 FeYcr. But we notice the inflammation extends to the pericardium from 
 inflamed surrounding tissues, as the lungs in Pneumonia, and Pleura in 
 Pleuris)'. But I think they would not cause it if the blood was not in a 
 poisonous condition; but the ordinary' sporadic diseases would not extend 
 to the pericardium. Cancerous growths sometimes locate there, b}' 
 broken ribs or foreign bodies accidentally piercing it. 
 
 Semeiology. — When arising, as it ordinarily does, from some pre- 
 Yioush' existing fever, the original disease will be the most prominent, 
 with considerable constitutional trou1:)le, with the complication of Per- 
 icarditis coming with it. As the Pericarditis develops you notice the 
 heart gets weaker, irregular in rh5'tlim and in strength, and occa.sionally 
 so weak as to interfere with it and cause distressing Dj'spnoea, as seen 
 in Influenza and Rheumatic Fever; without an}- disease of the lungs but 
 the Passive Congestion that comes with it, is not recognized. If the Per- 
 icarditis is not severe, and if inflammation doesn't involve the whole of 
 the pericardium, the effusion and effect will be small. It will run 
 through the same cour.se as Pleurisy: finst, engorgement; second, inflam- 
 matory; third, effusion. It ncA-er arises from simple exposure. In case 
 of extensive effusion, the effusion often coagulates so that it is often 
 found coating the heart inside the pericardium, from one- fourth to one- 
 half inch thick, and this causes the muscles of the heart to soften and 
 weaken: the pulse gets weak, small and fluttering, and there is always 
 considerable fever, say about one-hundred and four; with this weak 
 pulse there is a Dyspncea that increases as the watery effusion increases 
 into the sack. This Dyspnoea is due entirely to faulty thoracic circula- 
 tion. In consequence of the altered circulation and the Passive Conges- 
 tion there is more or less exudation, and the lungs become sufficiently 
 involved as to get a considerable cough connected with it. There is weak 
 cardiac power, and consequently Passive Congestion of the lungs, effu- 
 sion and disturbances of the nervous system, and with the increasing 
 weakne-ss of the heart there is coldness of the extremities, oedemic en- 
 largements, loss of .strength, and final collapse and death. Even where 
 the trouble is moderately severe and the effusion is absorbed, it leaves a 
 chronic lesion and affects the horse afterwards. We find it often forms 
 an ante-mortem clot, especially if it goes to the po.sterior aorta, and es- 
 pecially in the ihac bifurcation, and may shut off the blood from the iliac 
 artery. This clot sometimes causes sudden death. 
 
 Treatment.— If the condition of the animal is induced by primary 
 lesion, (but it usually conies as a secondary lesion), and if with Influenza, 
 you must deplete him; but if with Strangles, to deplete him would hasten 
 
112 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 his death, so you must treat according to indications. But if it can be 
 diagnosed in the first stage, depletion is indicated; you may give diuret- 
 ics and quinine. Then after the first .stage is passed, stimulants are in- 
 dicated, milder at first but increasing as the development of the weakness 
 goes on. If you let the heart get weak, the effusion will be greater, so 
 always keep up the heart strength with anything. Good nursing, and 
 b}^ one ^^■ho can take the pulse, is essential and horse may recover. The 
 heart in this condition is very susceptible, so j'ou cannot use digitalis in 
 mixture, but must be given once every three hours alone, as the case re- 
 quires. As the heart increases in strength it diminishes in frequency, 
 and with digitalis it will increase in frequency, especially if the digitalis 
 is carried to extremes. If Pericarditis can be diagnosed, counter-irritants 
 to the left chest, or hot fomentations are good; heat is particularly indi- 
 cated, for it seems to partake of the nature of Rheumatism, and heat 
 allays that pain, while cold aggravates it. In the third stage, canthari- 
 des as vesicant can be applied to the side. Gi\'e iron and stimulants to 
 maintain a .strong heart; salol and quinine or salol and tenacitine. The 
 salol is usually given in dram doses eve}' three to six hours; acetanilide 
 maj- be given with it — it maj' be passed back into the mouth and the 
 horse will chew and swallow it. May give iron internally along with the 
 potassium salts; digitalis, whisky and quinine may be used to good effect, 
 but salol is the best drug of them all; it is antiseptic and does not depress 
 the heart. But unfortunately, in spite of all you may do, the animal 
 dies. Autopsy shows serum in the pericardium sack, and accumulations 
 around the heart. 
 
 Endocarditis. — This is inflammation of the endocardiac lining of 
 the heart and the lining of the cavities of the heart, and associated with 
 it usually is Valvulitis, or inflammation of the valves, that would 
 naturallj' follow. They are very seldom seen except as the result of 
 Septicaemia, or septic of any kind is liable to produce Endocarditis; and 
 as the lining membrane is probably? the most delicate ands ensitive mem- 
 brane in the body, it would be easily affected with poisonous blood. 
 
 Symptoms. — Are the same as in Pericarditis; heart loses its strength, 
 flutters more and more, apt to be spasmodic and irregular; Dyspnoea very 
 great, regurgitation seen in the jugular. 
 
 Treatment. — Depends on the septic condition found more than to the 
 heart trouble, and if you can purify the blood the heart maj- recover. 
 Blood letting is contra-indicated. Give antiseptics — as salol, hypo,sul- 
 hate soda, bicarbonate potash or soda, etc. If in case of recover}^ their 
 condition will admit of it, give iodide of pota,sh; see to the hygiene — good 
 nourishing food, warm quarters. This disease is also usualh' fatal. In 
 the autop.sy there are black patches on the lining of the heart, and may be 
 from the size of a pin-head up to the size of your hand; these patches 
 may extend over the A'alve and around it. 
 
 Myocarditis. — Spoken of as Carditis; this is inflammation of the 
 muscular structure of the heart. This disease is also due to Pyaemia and 
 Septicaemia, .sometimes can be traced to foreign bodies, especialty in cattle 
 — often things are swallowed and pass through the walls of the .stomach 
 and the walls of the heart; often from Strangles, in the horse. It usually 
 terminates fatally, and sometimes in autopsj^ there is found three or four 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. II3 
 
 abscesses in different parts of the body. In cattle we find it in Tuber- 
 culosis and Actinomycosis. 
 
 CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE HEART. 
 
 Hypertrophy. — Means enlargement; may indicate new growth. 
 As applied to the heart, always means enlargement of the organ; this 
 occurs by the thickening of the walls with or without dilatation of the 
 cavities. This unnatural development may be general or local over one 
 ventricle or over both, or only a part of one. It often alters the shape of 
 the heart; may have a round appearance. The left ventricle is the most 
 liable to this development, probably due to the greater amount of work it 
 has to do. We notice that sometimes this enlargement is by new cell 
 growth; the cavities becoming enlarged, the heart is enlarged very much, 
 but without increasing the thickness of the walls, or may be possibly thin- 
 ner; they usually remain the same, when this is the case it is known as 
 Simple Dilatation. On the other hand, we have immense thickening of the 
 walls without dilatation, then it is known as Simple Hypertrophy; but in 
 draft horses we find thickening of the walls and dilatation of the cavities 
 come together; that is, they .seem to keep pace with each other, then it is 
 known as Eccentric Hypertrophy, and is seen chiefly in trotters. The 
 horse may maintain his health on account of the two changes keeping 
 pace with each other. When the walls thicken, as in the Simple Dilata- 
 tion, there is less blood in the body than in either of the other two cases. 
 Occasionally we find that the increase in the thickness of the walls 
 of the heart is so great and so quick as to encroach on the cavities; it is 
 then known as Concentric Hypertrophy, and in it there is a diminution 
 in the quantity of blood in the body. This kind is rare in the lower ani- 
 mals, and may say Heart Disease is rare in them. 
 
 Etiology. — Is usually long-continued, severe exertion; dilatation of 
 the cavities without thickening of the walls is liable to occur in or with 
 valvular weakness of the heart. The way that occurs, in .systole action 
 the blood is not all pumped out, then diastole follows, the blcod rushes 
 into the ventricle; there being an increased quantitj' of blood there, the 
 ventricle gets dilated; as also where there is valvular weakness there may 
 be regurgitation of the blood back into the ventricle, and the dilatation oc- 
 curs same as in the la.st case. Mild inflammation is liable to produce Simple 
 Dilatation, or Simple Hypertrophy, or Eccentric Hypertrophy, but the 
 Concentric is early, long-continued exertion; in this trouble the horse 
 usuall}^ dies from some other disease than this. In Po.st-Mortem j'ou will 
 find the heart changed — usually the left ventricle is the most enlarged. 
 
 Semeiology. — Pulse full and strong; in these cases, except in the 
 Simple Dilatation, when it is more or less weak, j'ou will find by osculta- 
 tion that the sounds are muffled, pulse runs on from slow, stead5' to irreg- 
 ular, intermittent, weak, and as that increases Dyspnoea gets worse, 
 also the coldness increases. Character of the pulse will indicate the con- 
 dition of the heart. 
 
 Treatment. — Search for causes of trouble and lessen their effects. 
 Keep animal from excitement. Digitalis, iodide of potassium, and in cer- 
 tain cases caffein, and in circulatory troubles stimulants are indicated. 
 
 Atrophy of the Heart. — Means a contracting or wasting of the 
 muscular substances of the heart; it grows smaller and harder, the hard- 
 
114 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 ening being so extensive sometimes as to amount almost to calcification. 
 The chief feature of it is weakness of the pulse; in the horse you could 
 not take the pulse at the jaw; as a result of this extra weakness, changes 
 are apt to take place in any part of the body. 
 
 Fatty Degeneration. — Is transformation in the heart; there are 
 two kinds, or rather two ways. First, Fatty Infiltration, that is de- 
 posits of fat between the fibres of the heart. Second, Fatty Transforma- 
 tion; the muscular cells become transformed into fat cells; as a result of 
 this kind of change the heart becomes very weak, the muscular fibres 
 become flabbJ^ 
 
 Post-Mortem. — Shows the heart is usually larger, the muscular fibres 
 softened and pale and easily punctured; the muscular cells often retain 
 their nuclei even after the change to fat cells. 
 
 Obesity of the Heart. — Is a fattj' condition of the heart, or an 
 immense deposition of fat around it, more than the normal amount. The 
 result of this is a weak heart, shortness of breath, which runs onto Dysp- 
 noea; the animal maj^ be all right when standing still, but on exercise 
 the trouble shows. 
 
 Polypus or Tumor of the Heart. — Develops on the inside of the 
 heart or on the outside; they are more likely to take the form of Polypus 
 on the inside. They are usually found to be composed of organized 
 lymph, perhaps floated there from some other part of the body, and be- 
 come attached to the base of the heart, rather the base of the valve; .some- 
 times it is a regular fibrous growth — is seen following the inflammation. 
 They are more often found on the lining of the auricle than on the ven- 
 tricle, due to the difference in the action of them. Thej- are usually 
 polypoid in form, vascular, and when attached to the base of the vah'e 
 often extend through the opening of the valve, interfering with the circu- 
 lation, and often cau,se Thrombus. These often float through the large 
 vessels and lodge in the brain, where the}' produce coma and finall}' 
 death. When this l5'mph forms a Tumor around the valve, it can be dis- 
 tinctly heard, by au.scultation, as a ra.sping sound. Vascular Tumors 
 are often found on the outside — these are usually on the apex. 
 
 Ruptures. — May occur from .sudden and violent exertion, or falls, 
 collisions, etc. , and generally the heart is predisposed by some of the 
 other troubles mentioned; the heart substance becomes weak and the 
 rupture generally occurs in the left ventricle, .still it may occur in the 
 auricles; jumping often causes it. 
 
 VAE^T:LAR DISEASES OF THE HEART, OR VALVULITIS. — There are 
 two kind.s — Valvular Obstruction and Valvular Insufficiency. These are 
 ver>- common in heart diseases of the human, and not uncommon in the 
 horse. It is chronic inflammation of the valves. The A^alvular Ob.struc- 
 tion produces a thickening and corrugation of the basis of the valve, .so 
 great as to obstruct the flow of blood through the opening, very ma- 
 terially. Valvular Insufficiency is where the effect of the inflammation 
 seems to be to contract the base of the valve, thereby drawing the fibrous 
 tendons of the valve downward, tensing them, this leaves the opening 
 insufficiently guarded, and as a result of that after ventricle s}'.stole dur- 
 ing the following diastole, the blood regurgitates from the aorta back 
 into the heart. As a result of either of these, but especially the latter, 
 we get a weak circulation, and the pulse is very apt to be irregular and 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I I5 
 
 uneA-en and small. The vital parts of the body suffer from innutrition, 
 and soon or later thore is a wasting of the body. The two conditions 
 may exist in different valves at the same time, or you may find one valve 
 affected in one way, or on one side with one, and the other side the other 
 way. In Valvular Insufficiency the Dyspncea is well nrarked on exercise; 
 the Palpitation is more frequent, and the jugular pulse is often seen. 
 There are often enlargements on different parts of the body and legs; 
 oedemic condition under the belly, Ascites, Hydrothorax, etc. ; these may 
 occur in any weakness of the heart. Passive Congestion of the lungs 
 often takes place, and to such an extent as to run on to exudation, Dy,sp- 
 noea and coughing; or hemorrhage from slight wounds. Vertigo or 
 Apoplexy is liable to take place from ante-mortem clot ; these are more 
 likely to form in the horizontal arteries in the horse, in the posterior aorta 
 mid\A-ay between the diaphragm and the iliac bifurcation, but are liable 
 to be in any of the arteries. These ante-mortem clots are of. a grayish 
 white color, and when old are quite firm and hard, when first taken out 
 they feel hard as a liver. As a result of this weak circulation there is a 
 paleness of the mucous membranes. 
 
 Treatment. — As a rule can only palliate the trouble — can't be diag- 
 nosed during life; must treat according to the conditions. It will prove 
 fatal; will die of Asthenia; but there are symptoms of approaching death 
 or predisposition to fatal termination, but the time is indefinite. The 
 real causes are incurable except it be in the case of obesity; you must treat 
 the symptoms, and may ward off the time by stimulants that apply di- 
 rectlj' to the heart — as digitalis, nux vomica, iron, mineral acids. The 
 true nature of this disease can onlj' be known by autopsy. 
 
 Ectopia Cardis. — Is a congenital displacement of the heart; may 
 be found on the right side, or other place, or even outside of the thorax 
 and in the abdominal cavity, and yet not interfere with the health of the 
 animal; but it usuallj^ interferes with the circulation, and they don't live 
 long. This may be seen in still-born animals sometimes. 
 
 Arteritis. — Is inflammation of the walls of the arteries, and is 
 often followed by Aneurism. It often occurs by wounds or by pressure, as 
 in cows; the iliac is injured in parturition by the use of instruments, and 
 often caused by parasites, as the Strongylus Armatus, which are often 
 found right under the coat of the artery, and set up more or less inflam- 
 mation and obstruction. Death usually follows an attack of Arteritis. 
 Death is inevitable when the cause is parasites. Often seen in the mes- 
 enteric and colic arteries. 
 
 Treatment. — Apply cold to the parts, if possible; if not practicable, 
 as in the arteries named, treat on general principles — give quinine, ace- 
 tanilide, belladonna. 
 
 Aneurism. — As a result of the first, is apt to cause stricture and get 
 an increase, of the substance of the walls of the artery by proliferation, 
 thereby diminishing the caliber of the artery. When it occurs on the 
 inside it obstructs the blood and there is pressure and dilatation. If there 
 is complete .stoppage, it is not Aneurism, but onlj^ where there is a partial 
 stoppage, and this occurs most often in the abdominal cavity or region in 
 the posterior and iliac arteries. The indication which leads us to suspect 
 Aneurism is a peculiar lameness that subsides on rest, and only shows 
 during exercise; he may get suddenly lame and sweat, and may get so 
 
Il6 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 bad will refuse to move at all — Passive Congestion has taken place, due 
 to Thrombus, and causes the pain. If you then examine, per rectum, 
 you may find the pultating Tumor. Sometimes may not cause any 
 trouble till there is a rupture, then it will be fatal. 
 
 Treatment. — If you can get at it, try to reduce the pressure by 
 truss; if not, then ligate above or anterior to the point of stoppage; but 
 on an important artery j'ou can't do that. 
 
 Phlebitis. — Inflammation of a vein; there are two forms. Traumatic, 
 which comes from a wound, and Idiopathic, which is the most common 
 form in man, but not in horses; may be .seen in parturition fever; in that 
 case it is due to lymph getting into the vein and plugging it. 
 
 Semeiology. — If it be in the jugular, say from bleeding, suppose from 
 unclean instruments; in the course of a few hours after the operation, the 
 wound .swells, also the vein, gets painful and hot, the neck gets stiff, 
 edges of the wound turn out like a cauliflower or mushroom, due to the 
 granulation. The Thrombus forms around the opening, enlarges quite 
 rapidlj' till the vein is plugged; then all the blood in the vein coagulates 
 to the heart, sloughing around the wound occurs, ulceration, the clot some- 
 times breaks down and leaves an opening in the upper part of the vein, 
 and there will be a liberal hemorrhage which if not noticed soon will prove 
 fatal. The animal is inclined to hang his head. 
 
 Treatment. — Elevate the head and keep it up — suspend it in some 
 way. Treat antiseptically, generally strong at first, then milder. Some- 
 times the vein becomes this way on account of a pin being run through 
 in operating; remove if so, and if the blood lies between the veiir and 
 the skin, cut down and expose the vein and remove the blood. Some- 
 times it runs on to suppuration, and if resolution does not take 
 place in four or five days the vein becomes obliterated and remains 
 as a rope-like enlargement; .should watch out for this in examining 
 for soundness. Horses with obliterated veins do not suffer much ex- 
 cept when turned out to pasture; hangs his head for a long time, and the 
 veins on the other side swell, and the head swells. 
 
 Varicose Veins. — This is a disturbance of a vein; theonl}- instances 
 we ever .see it in is in the saphena major, from pressure by Bone Spavin; 
 horsemen call it Blood Spavin. Varicosity would of course occur below 
 the pressure. It is idiopathic in its nature; the causes are not well 
 known. 
 
 Treatment. — Pressure is about the only treatment; in the human 
 they use the elastic stocking and ela.stic bands. In case of Bone Spavin 
 3'-ou will find the saphena major will be enlarged, so in firing you must 
 be careful not to press your iron too heavy when over it. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 
 
 The Kidneys. — The chief office of these organs is the .secretion of 
 urea — removal of the .surplus water in the body and the .surplus nitrogen, in 
 the form of urea. The kidneys are about the first organs affected by these 
 diseases, and the study of the urine in case of di.sease gives us valuable in- 
 formation. Bear in mind that the urine of the herbivorous animals has 
 an alkaline reaction, that of the carnivorous has acid, and the omnivorous 
 is neutral, or may be either. There are two acids in the urine — Uric and 
 Hippuric. Hippuric is more common in the lower animals, and the Uric 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. II7 
 
 in the human. The composition of the urea is C N2 H4O— which 
 makes it highly nitrogenous, and by the retention of this too long in the 
 body it becomes poisonous by decomposition, and results fatally. In the 
 human the urea is about 3^, grams per day, per pound of the weight 
 of the body; in ahorse weighing 1000 pounds, about 7^3 ozs. per day, 
 so you can see how serious it would be in poisoning the bloood if 
 not removed; this is seen in Azoturia. The ingredients in the 
 urine in these diseases are: sugar, albumen, biliary coloring mat- 
 ter, biliary acid, pus, blood, spermatozoa, lactic acid, and oxaHc acid. 
 Then there maj' be deficiency pr an excess in the secretion of urine; in 
 man, in normal, secretes about 52 1-2' ozs.; for 1000 lb. horse, about twenty 
 pints per day; and if there are only ten or less secreted, it indicates dis- 
 ease also — as in Purpura Hemorrhagica, where they often run forty-eight 
 hours without urinating. In such a case there is retention of the pois- 
 onous matter in the body. Specific gravity of urine in the human is 
 about 1005 to 1025 — 1018 average; horse, 1030 to 1050. Urinometer is the 
 in.strument we measure the specific gravity with. The more solid con- 
 stituents the urine contains, the higher the specific gravity will be. In 
 Diabetes the specific gravity is away down — 1002 to 1003; while in the 
 human it runs up from 1030 to 1050; at 1002 it is about clear water. 
 
 Diseases recognized as being due to abnormal ingredients in the urine 
 are, first. Albuminuria; second, Hsematuria, or Bloody Urine; third. Dia- 
 betes Insipidus; fourth, Diabetes Mellitus; fifth. Albuminuria in Cattle, 
 or Red \\"ater; sixth, Oxaluria, when it contains oxalic acid. 
 
 Albuminuria. — In the horse this can be safelj' called the Equine 
 Brights. It occurs in two forms — Acute and Chronic. In the horse it 
 is mosth' due to Indigestion — to Chronic Indigestion. When there is 
 emaciation going on we are almost certain to see albumen in the urine, 
 and also seen in Strangury', which may be from the applying of canthar- 
 ides over the surface of the body, and especially over the kidneys. In 
 Bright' s Di-sease, the chief thing is the presence of the albumen in the 
 urine; but sometimes there may be none present, ,so in examining the 
 urine for it you should make two or three tests a day, and for several 
 days — you can't relj^ on a single test. Albumen Nephritis in the horse 
 resembles Bright' s Disease in the human. In Azoturia the presence of 
 albumen is variable in the urine, sometimes in it, other times absent. In 
 most all diseases of the kidneys, as in Albuminuria, there are thread-like 
 cylinders, composed of fibrous coagulum called cast tubes or tube casts; 
 this coagulation takes place in the tubuli uriniferi. These tubes termi- 
 nate in the malpighian tufts. The tube casts do not alwaj^s indicate a 
 serious condition; unless present with disease it is simply a corroboration 
 that some di.sease exists. In the process of Fatty Degeneration you 
 will find with those casts, globules of fat and oil in the kidneys, which 
 show there is Fatty Degeneration. There are two kinds of degeneration 
 — the large \\hite kidney, which when cut across shows the white in- 
 creased in size, and particularly^ the cortical portion is increased in quan- 
 tit}.-. But the medullary doesn't seem to be altered; the whole of it is soft 
 and smooth, and Glisson's capsule is easilj' stripped off; it looks and feels 
 like wax, and when completely degenerated is useless as an organ. The 
 small red is the other extreme; while degenerating it becomes small, red, 
 
Il8 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 hard, and rough on the surface, b}- Httle nodules, and the investing 
 membrane. Ghsson' s capsule cannot be removed. 
 
 Tests for Albumen in the Urine. — Put some of the affected 
 urine in a test tube and boil it ; if there is any albumen in it a white coag- 
 ulum will form; phosphate will do the same, but if you add a little nitric 
 acid the phosphate will be dissolved, and if there is any albumen in it, it 
 will remain clouded, unless you add too much nitric acid, in which case 
 the albumen would also dissoh-e. If it is strongly alkaline it will also co- 
 agulate, or an excess of urea will without the albumen, so to test for these, 
 take some urine in a test tube and dip into it litmus paper; if it is alka- 
 line the paper will turn blue, if acid, it will turn red; if it does not change, 
 then it is neutral. If too alkaline you can weaken by adding a little 
 acetic acid; if too acid add a little ammonia. This paper comes in three 
 kinds — alkaline, acid, and neutral; best to test more than once always. 
 When you test by boiling, if the coagulum is alkaline and no albumen, 
 adding a little nitric acid will clear it up; if there is albumen it will remain 
 clouded. Another test is simplj- pouring the nitric acid into the urine — 
 if there is albumen in it, it will coagulate. Billing's test: take an equal 
 quantity of urine and saturated .solution of sulphate soda — the water 3'ou 
 dissolve the soda in must be pure, mix and boil, and the slight trace of 
 albumen will show. 
 
 Semeiology. — The first indication in the honse is stiffness in the gait 
 on the hind part. In old confirmed cases they step about eight or ten 
 inches to a step; they are stiff in turning, and are inclined to stretch — as 
 in staling; after a while he begins to suffer constitutionally, will get hide- 
 bound, long coat, stiffer and stiffer in the hind parts, finalW gets down 
 and is unable to get up, the hind parts are paralyzed, followed bj' delirium, 
 uric poisoning and death. 
 
 Treatment. — If it can be discovered in time, may be able to give re- 
 lief, but it is generally too late when made known to us. Give a com- 
 plete change of food; ninety-nine times out of a hundred it comes from 
 the nial condition of the food. Treat the digestive organs; give arsenic, 
 charcoal, etc. ; also sulphate of soda, night and morning. Carbonate or 
 citrate of lithium, with the view of neutralizing nitrogen, in one dram 
 doses, night and morning, is indicated. Give lots of bran, little nitrogen- 
 ous food; give him a vacation, protect from colds and stormy weather — 
 in this he will be predisposed to Rheumatism. Hydrochloric acid is good, 
 say alternating a week about with bicarbonate soda. 
 
 HEMATURIA (Bloody Urine). — Due to Acute Congestion of the 
 Kidneys, or different degenerations that occur; invasion of the kidneys 
 by Cancers, Melanosis particularly; calculi in the kidneys or in the bladder; 
 blows across the loins, para.sites, e.specially the Eu.strongylus Gigas, the.se 
 seem partial to the kidneys, and develop enormously. (A male ten 
 inches long, and a female fourteen inches long were taken from the kid- 
 ney of a dog that died in the college. ) 
 
 Treatment. — That depends upon the cause; if from blows acro.ss the 
 loins, appl)' cold, also anodynes, per rectum, — as opium, belladonna, etc.; 
 give fluid extract ergot internally if necessar)^, but bear in mind it is 
 often the indication of .some other disease, so look for that. 
 
 Diabetes Insipidus (Polyuria). — Is excessive urination; this is 
 produced wholly by Indigestion; the chief characteristic of this disease is 
 
VETKRIXARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. II 9 
 
 excessi\-e urinating, and amount of water and its clearness — stable men 
 call it flooding. The specific gravity is the same as clear water, about 
 I002 or 1003. Clear urine is always abnormal; there is a deficienc>- of 
 the salines in the urine. We find in horses it is often prenionitorv- sign 
 of blood poisoning — as Glanders. 
 
 Etiology. — There are Intrinsic and Extrinsic causes; Intrin.sic is some 
 faulty condition or mal assimilation on the inside, and Extrinsic, that 
 arising from outside the body — as improper food, musty oats or hay, or 
 kiln-dried oats, or from the free use of diuretics, or badly harvested hay; 
 this is pro\-en by it becoming Enzootic in some parts of the country that 
 harvested during wet weather. 
 
 Semeiology. — Profuse staling, floods the barn, inbadca.ses, especial- 
 h- in the mare, will pass a gallon every half hour, and as clear as water. 
 Thirst increases; this excessive thirst may have existed before the Pol- 
 yuria, that was induced by Indigestion; appetite capricious, will eat dirt, 
 his own dung or bedding; this is an indication of Indigestion. In cases of 
 this kind the .horse becomes rapidly debilitated, long staring coat, mucous 
 membrane pale and ansemic, mouth sour and pasty to the feel; if allowed 
 to run on will die. The kidnej-s of dogs seem more liable to disease than 
 other animals, and are easih' diseased. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — Pallor of the kidneys, .soft and easily torn; kidney 
 substance as well as Glisson's capsule is easily removed. 
 
 Treatment. — Iodine is an elegant remedy, often a single dose will do; 
 it will arrest the thirst and relieve the disease — this is usually given in 
 doses of I dr. in the crystal or in linseed ball, repeated once or twice a 
 day. Be careful not to give enough to produce iodism, and in the dog too 
 much ma^- produce Atrophy of the testicles; may follow with tincture of 
 iron. Often in the horse a table-spoonful of starch, night and morning, 
 in the earh^ stage may arrest the disease. If due to overfeeding, give 
 purgative, and bran for food for three or four days. 
 
 Diabetes Mellitis. — This is a disease of the kidneys in which we 
 find sugar in the urine, often known by two other names — Melituria and 
 Glycosuria. Prof. Williams saj-s he never saw these in the horse or her- 
 bivorous animals, but Prof. Robertson claims he did; Williams saw it in 
 a dog that was fed on liver. There are two other abnormal ingredients 
 in the urine besides the sugar — pus and mucous. Mucous is a constant 
 ingredient of the urine, but occasionall}^ there is an increase from some 
 diseased cause, especially when the bladder is irritated. This mucous 
 may be .seen in a floccular cloud, and is easily shaken up when the urine is 
 in a bottle; it never settles. Pus is often found, but unless very plentiful 
 need give no alarm ; it settles on the bottom of the bottle in a j-ellow 
 opaque deposit, and is easily shaken up; it makes the urine cloudy. 
 
 Treatment. — For these three, avoid all irritating sub.stances, both in 
 food and water; this will also -apply to all irritating diseases of the kid- 
 neys; a change of food or water, or both; bland drinks — as of linseed tea; 
 starch will often relieve; bicarbonate of soda is very good. If the in- 
 crease of mucous is due to the irritability of the urinary organs, then bi- 
 carbonate soda is indicated; after giving for a few days, give tr. iron. 
 
 H^MO Albuminuria in Cattle, or Red Water. — Is an albumi- 
 nous disease of the kidneys, with bloody urine; there is no blood in it 
 but it looks like blood. In this case the urine varies in color from a light 
 
I20 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 red to a black, due to the coloring matter of the blood, but there are no 
 corpuscles in it. This disease is confined to cattle, and there is nothing 
 like it seen in other animals. It is really a constitutional disease, and is 
 very rare in this country, common in England and Scotland, and ma)- 
 occur at any time of the j'ear, in either sex or at any age, but is seen 
 most in milk cows after cahang, due to the drain on the cows secreting 
 milk. 
 
 Special Patholog^^ — The most prominent sj'mptom is change in the 
 color of the urine; first begins to get red, and grows darker and darker till 
 it becomes almost black — in some cases it is black, but there are no clots in 
 it at an}- time. This urine contains albumen in large quantities, and some- 
 times considerable iron; that indicates a disease metamorphosis in the 
 body. You will find large quantities of tube casts, epithelial cells also; 
 this ma^' come from the ducts in the kidneys or from the blood. The 
 blood we find becomes changed, the corpuscles become changed in size, 
 the red ones break down and the protoplasm becomes scattered and dis- 
 solved, and often the white corpuscles become ruptured, letting the con- 
 tents escape; we find the walls of them, but the}' are empty. The spe- 
 cific gravity of the urine becomes lighter on account of the escape of albu- 
 men, or rather the blood instead of the urine. The albumen escapes into 
 the urine. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — There is an anaemic condition; there appears to be 
 an absence of blood in the heart — it is empty; the animal looks as if he 
 had been bled to death. Ecch3'mosis is seen in the serous membrane. 
 There are indications of the watery condition of the blood as seen in Pur- 
 pura Hemorrhagica, or of rupture of the capillaries. In this case it 
 settles in spots without rupture; on the under side of the kidne}', between 
 the capsules, is ecchjancsis; the uterus is also congested some. The kid- 
 neys are pale; the uriniferous tubes are filled with coagulated mucous or 
 lymph, but that doesn' t interfere with urinating. The liver is darker, 
 softer, and larger, and is engorged with venous blood ,comparativel3', to 
 other parts of the bod}'; bladder is full, even to considerable distention. 
 
 Etiolog^^ — It originates in the impoverished condition of the blood. 
 Ansemia develops as a result of this inpoverished condition ; this is due in 
 most cases to want of proper food. The albumen of the system becomes 
 degraded and broken down on account of improper support; this usually 
 occurs in cattle pastured on low grounds, particularly if they are swampy. 
 We find it also in animals fed over abundantly on roots without grain; 
 the roots are water>' and contain considerable sugar and little albumen 
 — forming material in them. When due to swampj' pastures, the disease 
 leaves when the pasture is well drained. This disease is never seen in 
 .stall-fed animals. 
 
 Semeiology. — When it occurs in milk-cows after calving, nia}^ devel- 
 op in from fourteen to fifteen daj's, that is when the strongest drain on 
 the s},'stem is going on. There is debility; diarrhoea, loss of milk. As 
 they suffer the pulse rises, it is weak and fluttering, defective cardiac 
 power. Diarrhoea is attended with arching of the back, pain; Constipation 
 usually follows, this is due to Paralysis of the bowels; faeces becomes dark, 
 probably due to the poor qualit)' of food; Palpitation of the heart is seen 
 when the animal exercises; the animal grows weaker and weaker, emaci- 
 ation comes rapidly until the climax is reached, about the third day, 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 121 
 
 when the urine is then thick. Polyuria greatly increases, dark in color; 
 it runs on to general debiUty, collapse and death. 
 
 Treatment. — The main part is in prophylactic treatment; this lies 
 in changing the food; change the cattle to higher ground, or feed on 
 more nitrogenous food, and as for the thickening of the urine, put on 
 oats and beans — they are richer than corn in the properties you need. 
 Prophylactic treatment is to let cows come to calving-time strong and 
 well-fed, not thin and weak, when they will be predisposed to this troub- 
 le; so give nitrogenous food a couple of days before they calve. Thera- 
 peutical treatment doesn't amount to much; chief hj'gienic treatment is 
 in removing the cau.se. When it is caused by the food, it is good to give 
 oleaginous laxative; tincture of iron may be given internalh'. 
 
 Prognosis. — Is liable to be unfavorable, depending on the stage in 
 which you get to see it. If you don't get it early you need not treat it. 
 
 OxALURiA. — This is a condition of the system in which there is 
 oxylate of lime, of urea, and sometimes free oxalic acid in the urine; 
 they are abnormal ingredients. Oxalic acid is supposed to result from im- 
 perfect digestion; we find it in plethoric animals and in overfed ones, 
 and where there is insufficient exercise. In most cases of Indigestion 
 there is acidity of the bowels; this is particular!},- so in Oxaluria. It may 
 be said Oxaluria only exists where there is an acid condition of the 
 bowels; roots, etc., rich in saccharine matter, .sometimes cause it; some- 
 times where there is an albuminous condition of the whole body or .SA'stem. 
 
 Semeiology. — Dullness, loss of flesh, even with good appetite; 
 capricious appetite, stiffness of the loins, hide-bound, and there is a pro- 
 fuse exfoliation of a bran-like scurf from the skin. These symptoms 
 will arouse your suspicions and you will test the urine; you will find all 
 the symptoms of Indigestion — as licking the walls, eating his dung, bed- 
 ding, etc. There seems to be pain in passing the urine, both before and 
 after, switching their tails, picking up their feet, moving around, etc. ; 
 mouth has a sour smell, pasty feel. The whole trouble is faulty diges- 
 tion and mal assimilation. The urine may be acid if it contains oxalic 
 acid, or neutral if it contains lime. If the urine is not retained long in 
 the bladder, the oxalic acid soon develops on exposure to the air; this is 
 in octohedron shape in the human, and is soluble in nitric acid without 
 effer\'escing; insoluble in water and unaffected b}- boiling; that is in acetic 
 acid or liquor potassse. 
 
 Treatment. — Regulate the diet; withhold all roots and all sugar; give 
 good exercise; it is often good to change the water unless you are water- 
 ing on river or rain water. I have .seen cases where it was impossible to 
 do anything without changing the water, particularly for fine bred stallions, 
 as in them it is a result of idleness and high feeding. This may develop 
 in the mare season, and he will not notice the mare when brought out. 
 I find it is due in many cases to well water, so give attention to the 
 water; and on account of the exfoliation from the skin, groom well with 
 a .sharp currycomb. A mild laxative or purgative is indicated — a moder- 
 ate dose of aloes, followed with mineral acids and vegetable bitters. 
 Occasionally the irritation of the bladder is so severe that it is necessary 
 o give local injection — in the male in the anus, in the female in the va- 
 gina, as a mild solution of boracic acid. The acid phosphate of soda and 
 
122 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 bicarbonate potash are good; also injection of warm water with belladonna 
 or tincture of opium in it. 
 
 Renai^ Congestion. — This is simply a hypersemic condition of the 
 kidneys; from some reason or other this is not very common in the horse 
 compared to other animals, but is seen occasionallj'; sometimes seen in 
 connection with some specific fever, sometimes as a result of irritating 
 substances in the food or drinking water, or from too large doses of can- 
 tharides or turpentine used as vesicants over too large a surface, or too 
 liberally applied. Exposure to cold and dampness causes a sudden rush 
 of blood from the surface to the internal organs, so the kidneys suffer 
 this way sometimes; also from accidental injuries, or from anything that 
 produces bloody urine. We sometimes get an acute form starting in 
 the malpighian tufts as a result of blood contamination. 
 
 Post-Mortem. If the kidney is cut across you can see it is height- 
 ened in color, especially the malpighian tufts; dark red-like patches of 
 ecch},-mosis — these can be seen showing through the capsule before it is 
 cut. 
 
 Semeiolog^^ — The symptoms occurring are complications of other 
 diseases; the urine is lessened in quantity, and that which is passed is 
 darker in color and the specific gravity is increa,sed; often blood and the 
 coloring matter of the blood are found in the urine. Oftentimes the 
 Congestion in the kidnej^s will recover if the original trouble subsides. 
 This Nephritis in the acute form exists in two forms or ways, and in two 
 distinct circumstances; the etiology and symptoms are quite different, 
 as seen in the urine secreted; the fir.st is 
 
 Albuminous Nephritis. — It occurs as a sequel to some other debil- 
 itating disease, or some acute fever in which the combustion was in- 
 creased, the malpighian tufts became congested and blocked up with 
 debris, also the uriniferous tubules became blackened, and this runs on to 
 Nephritis. This kind of Nephritis is ver}- common in the dog and cat, 
 also in the human, but rare in the horse and cattle. In pigs it is gen- 
 erally associated with Hog Cholera, to a greater or less extent. 
 
 Special Pathology. — As a result of the fever the broken down tissues 
 are gotten rid of through the kidneys; this debris blocks up the kidnej's. 
 In tiie capillaries the nutrition of the part as well as the functional part 
 of the kidneys is interfered with; this Congestion produces exudation 
 into the cellular tissues, as well as into the uriniferous tubules; the 
 tissue around the malpighian tufts become infiltrated and hardened; 
 this produces pressure on the tufts, and interferes with their action. A 
 mild acute inflammation follows, which is liable to be largeh' interstitial 
 and parth' parenchymatous. This interstitial or albuminous Nephritis is 
 known in the human as Bright' s Disease, and is seen in the lower 
 animals. There are two forms of this — Acute and Chronic ( Bright' s). 
 The Acute comes on the same as in the dog and cat, but the Chronic 
 comes on without any apparent cause, and comes on gradually; probably 
 it is due to mal assimilation of the food and the increase of tissue waste. 
 This produces a blocking up of the glomerules and the pressure on the 
 spots of the malpighian tufts; may attack one or more, or one kidney or 
 both. You might test the urine every day for a week and not find any 
 albumen, and another daj^ find it in large quantity; but in the Acute it is 
 
VETERINARY :\IEDICINE AXD SURGERY. 1 23 
 
 present all the time.- The Acute runs its course quite rapidly and is 
 usually fatal; Chronic may run for years and then prove fatal, 
 
 Semeiology. — The urine becomes scanty and seems to be cut ofE; the 
 urine IS passed in pain, and what is passed is thick and heavy, and highlv 
 colored; in it are tube casts in great numbers, and more or less albumen, 
 also sometimes blood in it. If very Acute it runs on to a fatal end in a 
 few days, but it is usually Subacute, and while running on emaciation 
 takes place, great languor, coat staring, and may get Ascites. The heart 
 gets weak, due to diminished cardiac power or poverty of the blood; this 
 last leads to weak mind. There is usually dropsical swellings, and as the 
 disease progresses the kidneys degenerate — to the large white, or .small 
 red. In the Subacute, leading on to degeneration, there is little or no 
 pain, no constitutional disturbances. There is great stiffness of the 
 loins. 
 
 Treatment. — It wont do to stimulate the kidneys in this case, so if 
 well developed try to get rid of the debris through the skin and bowels; 
 give liquor ammonia acetatis; keep up your laxatives — sulphate magnesia 
 and sulphate soda are good. Nitric ether in small doses acts as a fusible 
 stimulant, and a mild diuretic; feed laxative food, see that it is easily di- 
 gestible; give gentle exercise. If treated early the kidneys will recover, 
 but if not, degeneration follows invariably and leads on to Chronic 
 Bright' s and death. 
 
 Nephritis Parexchyjiatovs. — (Acute) — This is inflammation of 
 the kidneys, corresponding to Pneumonia in the lungs and not depending 
 on any previous existing disease; it arises as an original lesion. There 
 is no albumen in the urine at any time, no dropsy; almo.st invariably fatal. 
 
 Semeiology. — Accidents to the lumbar region; over-exertion often 
 causes it by rupture in the capillaries, falls on the floor, lacerating the 
 psoas muscles, which are so close to the kidneys that the inflammation 
 extends to them; exposure to cold rains, or where horse is left in the rain 
 with the loins unprotected, often follows this in a few hours. Often see 
 it from calculi in the pelvis of the kidney, and in the uriniferous tubules. 
 It comes on suddenh' alwa^-s; severe colicky pains with high fever; may 
 be distinguished from Colic by being continuous and with high iever — 
 may be 105 or 6, and in this case there are frequent attempts to urinate; 
 every few minutes will try, and pass only a few tablespoonfuls at a time, 
 and this is very red. Con.stant sweating, and uneasiness usually, but 
 not always. In the finst six or eight hours is disinclined to move, and if 
 forced to, will straddle and take short stops, will look back at the flanks. 
 Put your hand into the rectum and turn upward, may feel soreness; or 
 on pushing the fingers under the transverse processes of the lumbar ver- 
 tebrse, will show pain. There is complete loss of appetite; abscesses are 
 liable to form in the kidnej's; these develop as a result of faulty nutri- 
 tion. There may be one large one, or a number of small ones. Thej' 
 sometimes break through the uriniferous tubules and pass out in the 
 urine; sometimes they destroy the tubules. This disease usually termi- 
 nates fatally in from three to five days; animal dies partly from exhaus- 
 tion, partly from uric poisoning, and partly from general distress and pain. 
 
 Treatment. — Old authors recommend blood letting in the early stage; 
 may be beneficial, but if you don't do that, give generous laxatives — oil 
 in liberal doses, i quart. If there is no response in twenty- four hours,. 
 
124 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 give a pint more oil; follow up with saline. Give linseed tea to drink 
 and no water — make the tea with cistern or river water. Give aconite, 
 belladonna, acetanilide, etc. Diuretics are contra-indicated. Work the 
 bowels, but let the kidney's alone. Hot cloths across the loins are good; I 
 prefer them wrung out in hot ^^'ater and covered with a blanket; hypo- 
 dermic injections of morphine to allaj^ the pain; must be kept quiet. If 
 the heart gets weak, give liquor ammonia acetatis, or digitalis; also ver- 
 atrum or calomel, and a little opium in dram doses of each, two or three 
 times a day, but don't overdo the laxatives; if you give the calomel, then 
 don't give as much oil, or gi\'e less calomel. If he is going to recover, 
 will pass the crisis in about three daj'S, if not he will die in four, or four 
 and one half, or five days. 
 
 Renal Calculi. — Sometimes form in the pelvis of the kidneys; 
 these are little uriniferous stones, .sometimes one or may be one hundred 
 little ones while forming, about the size of a pea, will float out in the 
 urine, through the ureter, causing spasm of the ureter, which will con- 
 tract on the calculi, and .so becomes plugged; if it remains so, inflamma- 
 tion sets up, the urine sets back and produces uraemic poisoning. 
 
 Semeiology, — Colicky pains at irregular intervals, e.specially on ex- 
 ercise. In the urine in this case there is a predisposition; there is a 
 superabundance of alkali in the urine, and this often leads on to the form- 
 ing of these stones; so if you su.spect their presence test the urine; you 
 will find great quantities of this earth}' matter, and the urine may be 
 blood)'. When blood is seen you can determine that the stones are al- 
 ready formed; if you examine the bladder you can find them there, per 
 rectum, you will find the ureter distended as large as a man's wrist. If 
 they are in the pelvis of the kidneys you can produce pain b)^ pressing 
 against the kidneys. Abscesses sometimes form as a result of the calculi; 
 there is rapid degeneration of the kidneys where the ureter is blocked, 
 or through pain of the.se ab.scesses, and the animal dies. 
 
 Treatment. — Change the food, especialh' the drinking water — give 
 rain or river water. Avoid food rich in salines; give laxative food; change 
 from corn and oats to roots, etc. Give remedies that have a tendency to 
 dissolve these, as hydrochloric acid, i dr. to horse, freeh' diluted, once a 
 da}'. These calculi are ver^' common in dogs in this country, and as a 
 rule yield readily to treatment; hydrochloric acid, dose i to 5 drops twice 
 a daj' in sweetened water, is good. 
 
 Cystitis. — This is inflammation of the lining of the bladder; it is 
 not so common in the lower animals as in the human, because in the hu- 
 man there is a contagious disease (Gonorrhoea) that affects the urethra; 
 it runs up and affects the bladder. It is verj^ doubtful if this exists in the 
 lower animals, hence diseases of the bladder are rare in the lower animals; 
 but diseases of the bladder do occur from the following causes; irritat- 
 ing sub.stances, either in the food or water; croton oil for in,stance, can- 
 tharides, and turpentine applied to the surface. Calculi and foreign 
 bodies, these are liable to occur in any animal — as gravel for instance; 
 the catheter is inserted, and a piece becomes broken oif and remains in 
 the bladder — this finally causes a fatal Cystitis. 
 
 Semeiology. — Fir.st, if Acute, there is considerable excitement of the 
 sy.stem, and later, nervous prostration. During the existence of the 
 prostration there is great pain, but not con.stant; at times it is very 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 25, 
 
 severe, and the distress is great; the urine is voided in small quantites at 
 a time, and is hot and red. In case of calculi the urine is occasionally 
 bloody, and is passed with pain — that is the time of contraction of the 
 bladder on the urine to expel it. In this case the mu,scular contraction 
 is very se\'ere, it amounts to a regular spasm and is known as Tenes- 
 mus of the bladder — it is awfully painful. A person doesn't usually' suf- 
 fer when in a recumbant position, but when he stands up the desire to 
 void comes on, and there is pain in the passage. In the lower animals 
 this is not experienced; I think this is due to the animal being in a hor- 
 izontal position. But we have e\-ery reason to believe that Tenesmus is 
 very severe in the animal. The bowels are usually constipated, and what 
 is passed is coated with slime and coagulated mucous, showing evidences 
 of fever. If the irritant producing it be taken into the mouth, there is 
 more or less inflammation of the whole mucous tract, but of the urogen- 
 ital organs more particularly; but if absorbed it does not hurt the mucous 
 tract, except the urogenital. Sometimes the inflammation is severe 
 enough to produce death in three or four days; other times will run on 
 three or four weeks, and finalh* die from collapse. This may occur 
 especially in the case of foreign bodies. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause. General anodyne treatment is in- 
 dicated. If produced by absorption from the surface of the skin, wash 
 with antiseptic wash at the point of application of the cause; examine the 
 bladder for foreign bodies and stones, give laxatives to the bowels; opium 
 and hyoscyamus may be combined to allay sensibility; emulsion of olive 
 oil and eggs beaten up together; diluents of linseed tea, or .slippery elm 
 bark effusions, or milk; avoid all diuretics; wa.shing out of the bladder is 
 good treatment, with a three or four per cent .solution of boracic acid 
 twice a dav; in the male a catheter can be used; in the female it is easy 
 to use, let it gravitate in, using a fountain syringe; while applying, if 
 the bladder contracts, allow the wash to come out — don't tr>- to force to 
 hold it at the time. Keep the animal perfectly quiet. These Cystitis 
 troubles maj- be produced with dirty catheters. During convalescence 
 anti-acids are useful, as bicarbonate soda in very small doses. 
 
 Dysuria. — Means painful passage of the urine, and on account of 
 the pain there is little passed at a time ; the cause usually is some ob- 
 struction — it may be a calculus (a small one) that lies at the bottom of 
 the bladder, and when urinating floats up with the urine and often ob- 
 structs the passage; this is particularly so in old men. Stallions as they 
 grow old suiier from enlargement of the prostate gland, which horsemen 
 call the bean; this .sometimes is so great as to press on the urethra, form- 
 ing a clay-like collection which closes it. Other causes are thickening of 
 the neck of the bladder from Cystitis or other inflammations, or ofthebul- 
 bus portion of the urethra, Cancer of the penis, Tumor of the glands penis; 
 foulness of the sheath often produces swelling and pressure on the penis, 
 and .so interrupts the flow of the urine; males may suffer from all these, 
 but females not so often. In females, prolapsus of the uterus causes 
 pressure and stops the flow; hardened fseces may press down on the 
 vagina. The urethra in the female is short and large; in the male it is 
 long and small. Many of these disorders can be recognized by examina- 
 tion per rectum, but they are easily recognized by their symptoms. 
 
 Treatment. — I^ocate the cause; oftentimes that is the most difficult 
 
126 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 part, the treatment will then depend upon the cause. Rational treat- 
 ment i.s to remove the cause. In case of enlargement of the prostate 
 gland in the stallion or dog, the old treatment was tincture of iodine to 
 the peritoneum, and iodide potash long continued internall3', given in 
 small doses; but this is more or less injurious to the reproductive power 
 of the stallion. Pass the catheter occasionallj-, and see that it is smooth, 
 and clean, and well lubricated; it acts also as a sound; in bad cases it 
 might be passed three times a da}'. In the human they often have to 
 remove part of the prostate gland, which is a verj- serious operation. In 
 case of the thickening of the neck of the bladder, give external treatment 
 that will alia}- the irritability' of the lining of the bladder — which is often 
 due to the acid condition of the urine, from eating too much meat; in this 
 case alkalies overcome the acid conditioti and relieve. Retire from stud 
 work, according to the severity of the case. In foulness of sheath, «'ash 
 \vith soap and water, and introduce ^vad of absorbent cotton dipped 
 in carbolized oil — one-sixteenth oil; .swab out once a da}', and at each 
 dressing bring penis down, pulling gently and slowly. 
 
 Ischuria. — Is suppression of the urine, or when there is none se- 
 creted, or inability to pass it when it is present. When the latter is the 
 case, it is usually from Parah'sis of the muscular coat of the bladder; they 
 usually exist together. This condition usually exists when the horse is 
 kept too long without giving a chance to urinate; some horses are pe- 
 culiar as to how and when thej^ do this, so ne^'er fail to humor them in 
 their peculiarities in this respect ; therefore when you notice colicky pains, 
 switching the tail and restlessness, you can suspect the cause. Many 
 horses dislike to urinate while down, so in case of Azoturia and horses in 
 sling, the water should be drawn from them. 'When a horse is going to 
 be swung, ne\'er forget to draw the water from him, or }'ou ma}' cause 
 rupture of the bladder. When there is none secreted, as in Purpura 
 Hemorrhagica, then it is the kidneys that are in fault. 
 
 Treatment, — If there is no urine secreted, diuretics and diffusible 
 stimulants are indicated. If there is spasmodic contraction of the blad- 
 der, then anodynes are indicated — as hot water and belladonna. Try 
 pas.sing the catheter, smeared with the solid extract of belladonna, this 
 will often reduce the constriction. If you are sure of it being Paraly.sis, 
 give I dr. powdered nux vomica in the feed, night and morning, for a 
 few days. 
 
 Enuresis. — Incontinence of the urine, when the animal cannot re- 
 tain the urine in the bladder; it dribbles away as it forms; usually due to 
 Paralysis of the neck of the bladder; the sphincter muscle fails to contract, 
 and the result of this is sometimes very painful, particularly in the mare 
 — it scalds the legs as it dribbles down. In the male, the penis becomes 
 paralyzed and hangs down. Enuresis means wetting the bed at night. 
 
 Treatment. — There is defective ner^'ous power in the neck of the 
 bladder, may say of all the bladder; hence nervous tonics are indicated, 
 with local .shocking, as dashing cold water on the peritoneum; this often 
 resuscitates the waning power; often a gallon of cold water by the rec- 
 tum produces a nervous shock; also electricit}- is good — this to the perito- 
 neum. Nux vomica used continuously for a month, or two or three months, 
 promotes the general health. 
 
 Strangury. — Indicates the passage of urine in drops, on account of 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 27 
 
 the terrible irritability of the lining of the bladder, of the muscular coat, 
 and less of the raucous. The urine comes away every few minutes in 
 drops, or in very small quantities. Apparently there is a hyperaesthesis 
 of the lining of the bladder. The retention of the urine causes inflam- 
 mation of the bladder, and this is generally irritated by some substance 
 in the feed or in the medicine. 
 
 Treatment. — Must be towards allaying the irritability; so give ano- 
 dynes — opium, belladonna, etc., and laxatives, oil with linseed tea to 
 drink. Remove the cause. 
 
 Urethritis. — Inflammation of the lining of the urethra; may be 
 from anj' of the causes that produced the inflammation in the bladder. 
 There is an infectious disease of the urethra, which resembles Gonorrhoea 
 in the human, but this is denied by some authors. If stallion copulates 
 with mare suffering from I^eucorrhcea, it is apt to produce Urethritis. 
 
 Treatment. — Is mild, soothing diuretics and stimulants in the form 
 of copaiba, i drachm doses three times a day, or oil of sandalwood, same 
 size doses, and suspend the horse's stud work. Of local injections would 
 be very char}' of using them, still you might, but they must be very 
 mild; that is in case the trouble is very purulent. Rinse out first with a 
 solution of bichloride mercury i to 2000; twenty-four hours after, with 
 another solution i to 6000; this you can use once or twice a day for two 
 or three daj-s. That along with the internal treatment usually cures in 
 from three to ten daj's. In all these cases relax the bowels with the 
 medicines. It does not as a rule affect them further up than from 3 to 6 
 inches. If it does, it is due to irritating effect of gravel in bladder. If 
 in stallion ascertain cause; retire for a week or two. Clean parts with 
 soap and water three times a day, and at the same time s^'ringe mild anti- 
 septic into urethra gently, about y^ oz. at a time. Solution of sulphate 
 of zinc 2 grs. to aqua (blood heat) i oz., is best. Do not manipulate 
 penis after injection. 
 
 Rupture of the Bladder. — This occurs occasionalh-, but is very 
 rare; more likely to occur in the human than in the lower animals, on 
 account of holding their water too long. It is seen in ca.ses of Azoturia, 
 or in strain of the psoas muscles. Remember when you go to sling an 
 animal to draw his water first, to avoid rupture of the bladder. In the 
 human female this is more likely to occur than with a man, as they are 
 more modest about this, and often ^^'hen in company will hold their 
 water all the time they are out — say boat riding, buggy riding, etc. , so 
 use commonsense, and if with a lady see that she is not kept over four 
 hours without gi^'ing her some opportunity to urinate — you can find some 
 excuse to lea^•e her alone for a few minutes. It is alwaA's fatal. 
 
 EvERSiox OF THE BuADDER. — This often protrudes through the 
 vulva, appearing like a case of prolapsus or a polypus, and is often mis- 
 taken' for the.se ; can be told by the difference in the tissue. The lining 
 of the bladder is covered with villi, and is velvety like; t«-o openings can 
 be seen, one of which is the ureter, from which the urine trickles. 
 
 Treatment. — With a round-headed probang about }i of an inch 
 large, return the bladder to its proper pcsition, using care not to punct- 
 ure it. After you get it back, use anodynes — as chloral, or hyoscyamus, 
 or opium to prevent straining; give a quart of hnseed oil and anodyne 
 injection (tr. opii diluted with carbolized oil). If necessary relax the 
 
I2S THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 parts with chloroform, or anaesthetise the annual to complete insensibility. 
 
 Cystic Calcui^i. — Stones in the bladder are formed mostly of car- 
 bonate of lime, some phosphate, and carbonate of other minerals. Due 
 to bad drinking water, or as a result of hereditary tendency. They 
 are often of enormous size ; you recognize this by sudden interruption in 
 the flow while urinating, and the horse is inclined to urinate more fre- 
 quently than normal; will stand long time after urinating; he seems to 
 dread the operation. In the mare it shows by hide-bound, staring coat; 
 occasionally blood is passed. On testing the urine will find superabund- 
 ance of carbonate; rectal and vaginal examinations will detect stones in 
 the bladder. 
 
 Cystic Cai^culus. — Is when there is one well-formed stone; when 
 there are a number of small stones it is called gravel; they indicate an 
 alkaline condition of the urine. These stones irritate the bladder very 
 much, and are likelj' to produce quite characteristic symptoms. Make a 
 rectal or vaginal examination and you can find them readil5^ The symp- 
 toms that arouse your suspicion of their presence are — the horse making 
 water too often; makes it every half hour or so; after he gets through 
 he will strain, and remain in that pcsition for some time. The. mare 
 squirts the urine out and dirties her tail; sometimes at the end of urinat- 
 ing will pass a little blood. At times the horse will be urinating very 
 freely, when suddenly the flow will stop, due to the .stone floating into 
 the neck of the bladder — this is a good indication of the presence of these 
 stones. Then in some very bad cases there is Sub Acute C5'Stitis, and 
 the inflammation keeps on increasing till it amounts to a severe Acute 
 Cystitis. The animal gets weak, there is languor, long staring coat, is 
 unthrifty', great depression, finally fever, collapse and death. In dogs 
 we have the most trouble from gravel; it floats down till it reaches the 
 bone in the penis, where it becomes lodged, and the urethra expands on 
 either end of the bone. If it remains there long it will cause suppura- 
 tion and ulceration, and finally the stone will contact the bone, .setting 
 up Periostitis, and will become firmly adherent to the bone. In dogs, the 
 black and tan fox terriers, and the Yorkshires seem the most liable to 
 this trouble; sometimes the gravel shuts off the passage entirely. I have 
 seen cases where the animal did not urinate for two weeks. The only 
 treatment is to pass the catheter; this is often verj' difficult to do on ac- 
 count of the stone filling up the passage and becoming adherent to the 
 bone. In cattle, males have a sigmoid flexure, and gravel often stops at 
 that point and plugs up the urethra, and it becomes dilated above the 
 stoppage. 
 
 Treatment. — Treat gravel therapeuticallj-; use hjfdrochloric acid — 
 it has a tendencj' to dissolve them ; give the horse i dr. two or three times 
 a day, freely diluted; the more freelj' the better the effect. It renders 
 urine that was alkaline either neutral or acid. Acids dissolve alkalies, so 
 carry far enough to make the urine acid; you can tell that by the use of 
 litmus paper to test. 
 
 TiTHOTOMY. — Is the removing of these stones by incision into the 
 bladder. 
 
 TiTHOTRiTY. — Is breaking up the .stones in the bladder, as they 
 must be broken when they are ver\- large, in order to remove them. In 
 
VETERINARY :\IEDICINK AND SURGERY. I29 
 
 the mare the operation is very easy — locate the stone per vagina, in- 
 troduce the forceps into the vagina, then with the left hand in the 
 vagina lift the bladder so you can catch the stone in the forceps, lieing 
 careful not to include an>' of the mucous lining; turn your forceps around 
 so as to tell if you have an>' included or not; draw out slowly, carefully, 
 but strongly. 
 
 In the horse you must insert the catheter, and then clip off the hair 
 and cut down onto the catheter; then withdraw, and with a probe-pointed 
 bistoury make the opening about one and one-half inches long; introduce 
 your forceps, and with the left hand in the rectum manipulate till you catch 
 the stone and withdraw; ^vhen through with operation syringe out part 
 with bichloride of mercury i to 1000. In the bull or ox cut down onto the 
 place where the stone plugs up at the sigmoid flexure, that is about an 
 inch or two from the scrotum. Treat these wounds in the urethra the 
 same as simple wounds, and only stitch up the .skin. The urine will 
 drip out for two or three days, but do no harm; put on wet or dry anti- 
 septic pack or iodoform gauze; good idea to change this when it becomes 
 soaked; occasional!}- pass the catheter, smearing the end with belladonna 
 — this allays the sensibility. After removing the stone it is good to rinse 
 wath a four per cent solution of boracic acid at blood heat, with a little 
 tincture of opium added; this is to rinse out the bladder. Best to always 
 cast in these operations, though it might do as well standing, in the mare. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEJI. 
 
 Diseases of the brain and ner^'ous sj'stem are not so common in the 
 lower animals as in the human. The lower animals are less liable to fatal 
 results from shocks, as from fright or operations; though these dis- 
 eases are not entirely' absent. Thej' are divided into three classes — Cer- 
 ebral, when applied to the brain; Spinal, to the cord; Peripheral, to the 
 nerves; and there are certain phenomena peculiar to each. We recog- 
 nize that the brain is affected when perception, volition, and the special 
 sensations are altered; also Avhen there is Paralysis of one whole .side of 
 the body; this is called Plemiplegia. When it exists in a trans\-erse man- 
 ner it is called Paraplegia. Retention or Incontinency of the urine de- 
 notes spinal diseases. The phenomenon due to the peripheral is when a 
 circumscribed portion is affected — as a muscle or a group of muscles. 
 We find on careful dissection of the medulla oblongata, that most of the 
 nerve fibres cross over at this point; they originate at one side and cross 
 over to the other, called decussation, but some run straight. On this 
 account there is a peculiar phenomenon — injuries on one .side of the brain 
 produce Paraly.sis on the other side of the body. Injury to the gtay sub- 
 stance affects the voluntary movement, that is of the motor nerves: in- 
 jury to the medullary portion interferes with the automatic portion, that 
 is sudden injuries particularly. The effects of sudden injuries are very 
 noticeable, but slowly encroaching injuries are ver>' puzzling in the 
 effects they produce. The injury to the white suKstance of the brain in- 
 terferes with the automatic functions, especially of the heart and blood 
 vessels; injury to the base of the brain means death. Another phenom- 
 enon of diseases of this sj-stem is, that every affection produces either an 
 increased functional activity or depression; in other words, any derange- 
 ment of the brain and nervous sy.stem has a tendency to produce either 
 
130 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 an increased functional activity or a depression. In fact, any derange- 
 ment of the brain and nervous system lias a tendenc}- to produce either 
 Hyperfe,sthe.sis or Paralj'.sis. Injurj- to the cord we find interferes with 
 the motor power, because the motor nerves run along through the outer 
 part of the cord, while the sensory run through the center — this is the 
 gray matter in the cord. Another phenomenon is that which is well 
 marked — j^ou may have extraordinar}- changes in the function and little 
 or no morbid anatomy. 
 
 Cerebral Congestion — Vertigo — Megrims — Staggers — Blind 
 Staggers. — This is alteration or disturbance of the circulation. A'er- 
 tigo means a hypercemic condition of the brain, more or less sudden in 
 its attacks, and is usually due to pressure on the large veins of the neck 
 by ill-fitting harness; this interferes with the circulation of the blood to 
 the brain. In some cases it may occur when the horse is not in harne.ss, 
 then it is usually due to plethoric condition of the animal, and is associ- 
 ated with torpidit}' of the liver and hepatic circulation, also derangement 
 of the liver, and with the .stomach in .suspension of digestion, and with 
 partial Paralysis of the pneumoga.stric nerve. 
 
 Semeiology. — These attacks of the brain are due to the peculiarity of 
 the blood or to pressure on the neck; the horse will often stop, shake his 
 head, ears will drop, becomes temporarily blind, twitching of the mus- 
 cles of the head and neck, ej^es protrude, breathing stertorous; often a 
 few minutes' .stop relieves, and the hor.se will goon; but in other ca.ses he 
 becomes excited, blind, will rear and plunge, the blood ves.sels of the head 
 and neck will show dilated, e)'es staring insensibly, nostrils dilated, and 
 stertorous breathing. Sometimes the rearing and plunging remove the 
 cause; other times he loses co-ordination and goes down in a heap, is in- 
 sensible and ma>- keep up a running or trotting motion involuntarily. 
 The shock to the ner\'ous system causes some sweating, and while down 
 he will often froth at the mouth, but the fall usually removes the cause 
 and he graduall}' recovers. Under these circumstances the old idea (the 
 one nearh' every one will suggest) is to bleed, but blood vvdll not flow 
 until after they begin to recover, and at the time of the fit the bleeding 
 would be useless and there might be serious results from it; while lying 
 down dash cold water in the face, that will produce a shock; but if there 
 is none handy let him take his time; take off the harness and give plenty 
 of air. After the fit is over, try to learn the cause of it. If plethora — 
 lessen the feed and give purgatives. These attacks often come from 
 stomach and liver troubles. 
 
 Cerebral An.emia. — Is a bloodless condition of the brain, but 
 doesn't apply particularly to the brain, which is never anaemic of itself. 
 AuEemia is seen in ordinary fainting fits in the human; there is loss of 
 motor and sensory power, and the face shows it by the pallor; in animals 
 the mucous meml^rane is pallid. When there is Cerebral anjemia there 
 will be a weak mind, as seen in nervous prostration from debility; that is 
 from fevers, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — Should be rational; treat the general symptoms, to 
 build up; nutrition for the body, and iron for the blood. 
 
 Cerebral Esibolus. — Is a clot in the brain or blood vessels of 
 the brain ; they become plugged by a clot which usually floats there and 
 produces a Thrombo.sic condition of the vessel and Paralysis of all that 
 
VETERl^fARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I3I 
 
 part of the brain supplied by that vessel. This is called Thrombosic 
 Paralysis; this clot is usually formed from weak cardiac power or valvu- 
 lar insufficiency. A'ahailar diseases of the heart are particularly liable to 
 produce ante-mortem clots. 
 
 Semeiology. — Stupor, weak-minded; pallor of mucous membrane; 
 the stupor often runs into coma and death. Tliis Thrombosis partly re- 
 .sembles softening of the brain. 
 
 Apoplexy. — As applied to the brain means Cerebral hemorrhage. 
 This is a disea.se known by the sudden lo.ss of power, both .sen,sorv and 
 motor. Hemorrhage occurs in one of three ways— first, in rupture of 
 the blood \-essel in the brain; second, we get the same result from a 
 serous collection in the ventricle of the brain; the causes are either sto- 
 matic or idiopathic; as we see it in the horse the hemorrhage may occur 
 in three ways or in three different parts of the brain, first, in the cerebral 
 substance; second, in the ventricles of the brain, third, in the arach- 
 noid space. The cause is usually Stomatitis in the horse; so the finst and 
 third are usuallj- the forms. 
 
 Semeiology. — It acts suddenly alwaj's; he falls to the ground, froths 
 at the mouth, the special senses are suspended, can't hear, taste, smell, 
 or see. In se\-ere cases death will result in from an hour up to eight or 
 ten days ; sometimes when the case is not se\-ere the clot is absorbed and 
 the horse recovers; but it is \'ery slowh', and not desirable in the 
 horse, as he is liable to go mad in any future disturbance. 
 
 Treatment. — It is not considered safe to bleed, as bleeding increases 
 the local hemorrhage. Where the rupture has taken place, elevate the 
 head, pack the head in ice, keep the rest of the body warm by cloth- 
 ing and friction, give stimulating enema, and inhalations of ammonia, 
 hypodermic injections of atropine, alcohol, etc. Never give medicine 
 by the mouth in this condition; it is liable to cau.se death by suffocation, 
 by getting into the lungs. 
 
 Phrenitis ( Cerebral Meningitis ) . — Inflammation of the covering 
 of the brain, also called Mad Staggers, Cephalitis, or Encephalitis. Cere- 
 britis is inflammation of the brain substance. This exists in two forms — 
 Acute and Chronic. Both forms are seen in the horse. It is not pos- 
 sible to draw the line between Meningitis and Cerebritis as in the human. 
 Meningitis is usualh* due to idiopathic or traumatic influences. The 
 idiopathic are, exposure, exhaustion, unhealthy influences, as the raj-s 
 of the sun when very hot and long exposed, therefore it is more common 
 in hot weather than in cold. There are various other causes that arise 
 within the body, and no definite reason for them can be given. Both 
 forms are sometimes due to Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. The traumatic 
 are tho.se produced by blows on the head, either fracture or not; though of 
 course the fracture would be liable by pressure on the brain substance, 
 which is usually the case. 
 
 Semeiolog3^ — There is marked Congestion of the mucous membrane 
 where it is visible, especially the e3'e; this is due probabh' to its immediate 
 connection with the brain, and also due to its size, being the second largest 
 nerve in the body. There is muscular t^vitching and excitement of the ani- 
 mal; the twitching sometimes amounts to a spasm of the limb or of two 
 limbs. These spasms sometimes involve the whole body, producing Cere- 
 bral Convulsions. This period of excitement is usually followed up by 
 
132 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 depression, and it is greater than the normal condition, that is, there is 
 an abnormal inactivity. In some cases it amounts to stupor or coma; 
 but in Meningitis this stupor period is comparatively short, and the ex- 
 citement returns. As it progresses the attacks come on oftener. There 
 is a well-marked constitutional disturbance, the fe\'er may be as high as 
 104 or 104'j, pulse accelerated and inclin_ed to be hard; animal is mark- 
 edly delirious, even in the periods of stupor, therefore it is dangerous to 
 get near him, and it is impossible to handle him in the ordinary \va^•. 
 After the fever has been running for a da}- or two the pupils of the eye 
 are contracted, the eyes are bloodshot and staring; respiration is acceler- 
 ated, he is restless and uneasy, and as the disease progresses the periods 
 of excitement become more frequent, and he becomes wildly delirious, 
 climbing over the manger. This desire to climb sometimes comes on 
 during the fir.st twenty-four hours. If from traumatic, usually it doesn't 
 occur till the second or third da}-. Sometimes during the periods of 
 climbing he may be attacked with convulsions. Spasms take place in the 
 hind legs and throw him down., but he gets up and goes to climbing 
 again. During stupor will often hang his head; almost inclined to fall, 
 will stand with his face pressed against the wall, but this is less marked 
 than in Cerebritis. 
 
 The s>'mptoms of Meningitis are more violent than those of Cerebritis. 
 When the period of excitement is subsiding and just as stupor comes on, 
 he will be inclined to eat and will take a few mouthfuls and hold in 
 his mouth till the stupor is on, when he will drop it all from his mouth. 
 This period between the excitement and the stupor may last ten or twelve 
 minutes. The form of death in these cases is Convulsions, finalh- col- 
 lapse, and will lose the power of co-ordination, gets down and pounds 
 himself terriblj-. Among the idiopathic causes there may be some dis- 
 turbance of the cerebral circulation. The characteristics of Cerebritis are, 
 that there is less fever, less excitement, the periods of .stupor are more 
 complete and longer con tiiuied, still there are Convulsions and delirium, 
 but nothing like as severe as in Meningitis. This is because Meningitis 
 is located in the gray matter, and Cerebritis in the white. In Cerebritis 
 the animal will stand a good part of the time with the head braced against 
 the wall or manger; appetite is usually lost, partly due to the fever and 
 partly to the loss of sen.se. After a while, particularly in Meningitis, 
 will lose power of co-ordination, goes down and is luiable to get up, and 
 the animal will lie prone and keep the legs going. During the comato.se 
 condition, especially of Cerebritis, the stupor can be broken b>- moving 
 the legs in an unnatural position — as crossing them. Put your finger in 
 the ear or eye and no resistance is offered. Death usually takes place in 
 from fort)--eight to one hundred hours, usually about the third day. It 
 runs a very rapid course compared to the hinnan; sometimes as cpiickly 
 as fort>-eight hours, but might be prolonged to five, six or ten days. The 
 differential diagnosis between Stomach Staggers and Mad Staggers is 
 quite simple — in Stomach Staggers there is no fever, no Congestion of the 
 visible mucous membrane; eyes are not blood.sliot, the .stupor is contin- 
 uous till the fermentation arouses him; this disease usually yields to treat- 
 ment; while in Mad Staggers there is fever, Congestion of the visible mu- 
 cous membrane, eyes bloodshot, (which is an important feature of the dis- 
 ease,; and there are alternating periods of stupor and of excitement; this 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 33 
 
 disease seldom yields to treatment. In regard to the differential symp- 
 toms between Cerebritis and ?\Ieningitis, in Meningitis there would be 
 greater excitement and less stupor than in Cerebritis. In Meningitis 
 there is an increa.se in functional activity, irritability- and excitement as 
 the inflammation extends more or less to the cortical portion, and then 
 comes the stupor — before that there was onh- delirium. On the other 
 hand, we see that in any trouble to the cortical portion there would be 
 stupor, as in Cerebritis. 
 
 Treatment. — The fever is high, pulse strong; when not complicated 
 with specific fevers, blood-letting is indicated — from a good size horse, 
 four to six quarts is better than any other treatment; but if you have a 
 specific fever, Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, it would not be safe to bleed. 
 It is good to purge whether you bleed or not; and in addition to aloes 
 give diuretics — as potassium salts; allay the nervous sensibility, or rather 
 the irritabilit)-, and of the heart also, by gelsemium, which is the best of 
 all; or aconite, or belladonna, etc. Give the gelsemium freely, or you 
 can give gelsemium and belladonna, or aconite and belladonna; and in 
 bad cases with any other treatment, bromide of potash in liberal quantities 
 with any of the other drugs, but if },-ou give much of it give a smaller dose 
 of the gelsemium. Belladonna is particularlj' indicated on account of its 
 contracting the arterioles. Ice poultice is the proper thing for local treat- 
 ment; keep packed in ice. It is very difficult to do much for the horse in 
 this disease because he is irresponsibly dangerous, so don't get caught in 
 a corner or in a narrow stall; but if you can get up to him apply the ice. 
 Recovery is very rare, though the disease is not so rare; the causes are 
 very obscure. In case of recovery, say after three weeks, you can apply 
 cantharides blister to the head. Give three or four months' rest; don't 
 work at all. Realh', recoveries from this disease are not ver}^ desirable, 
 becau,se the animal is always liable to fits of delirium under any disturb- 
 ance, and is dangerous. 
 
 You can't diagnose this disea.se with any degree of certainty. In 
 autopsy the meninges are thickened, with adhesion here and there. You 
 will find coagulated and organized exudate in the ventricles, particularly 
 in the lateral, also in the sulci and other parts of the brain. In Cere- 
 bral Softening it is just the rever.se; there is Softening of the brain; 
 and the brain substance is altered in color, is softer, sometimes quite 
 liquid, and is softened always, especially in spots; it looks like abscesses; 
 the color varies from a pink to a dirty white. There have been cases 
 where in autopsj' nine- tenths of the brain was softened; that was from a 
 long-continued disease. Many cases have been seen where the Cerebrum 
 was partly destroyed, looked like pus. Cau.ses of chronic Cerebritis are 
 usually Acute or Subacute forms or attacks of Cerebritis, and the soften- 
 ing develops gradually without any previous attacks. Cerebral Soften- 
 ing is known among horsemen as dummy; they are all cases of Cerebral 
 softening and are quite common. It is hard to as.sign any cause, but we 
 think it comes from the acute or subacute attacks of Cerebritis, or from 
 interrupted circulation in the brain; there may be some local Thrombus, 
 and when softening begins from this cause it extends and finally ter- 
 minates fatally. In the human it is frequently caused by long-continued 
 use of alcoholic drinks. 
 
 Semeiolog-y. — The s3-mptoms are very marked, but require close 
 
134 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 observation to detect them. The horse is more or less stupid, he seems 
 to lack ambition and often .staggers, is unsteadj- in his gate. You must 
 look out for this in examining for soundness; mild excitement will rouse 
 him for a time, and horse dealers take advantage of this and exercise 
 him, using the whip, before he is to be examined. He looks stupid, is 
 unstead)' when backed out of the stall, will stub his toe and make false 
 steps, especially in turning; his ears ma> be moving forward and back, 
 and there is often an absence of expression in the countenance. Whisky 
 or the whip will exercise him for the time being. To test dumni)-, see him 
 backing out of .stall or turn in stall. lyacks complete power of co-ordina- 
 tion. Staggers and wabbles a little. Put finger in ear and he wont 
 mind it, others horses will. Put one foot across the other, and if he 
 leaves it, it is another symptom. 
 
 Treatment. — Is useless. 
 
 iNFEAii.AtATiON OF THE Spinal Cord. — This is divided into three 
 clas.ses or three heads, that is for description: 
 
 Myelitis or Spinitis, when the substance of the cord is affected. 
 Spinal Meningitis, when the cord and coverings are complicated with 
 cerebral troubles. — ?\Iyelitis and Spinal Meningitis are nearly inseparable, 
 in the lower animals at least, and also less common than in the human, 
 as they are less liable to syphilitic disease. 
 
 Etiology (of Myelitis). — Violence in the form of external injuries, 
 disease of the bones of the vertebrse, and the inflammation extending to 
 the cord; exposure to dampness and the extremes of temperature, espe- 
 cially' when exhausted from overwork. In the majority of cases it arises 
 from no assignable cause, it is ^-ery obscure; it comes on without any as- 
 signable or appreciable cause. 
 
 Semeiology. — When the meninges of the cord are first affected the 
 finst symptoms will be Tonic .spasms of the limbs, usualh- the hind ones; 
 this is probably because it affects the loins first, then extends forward. 
 These spasms are often so severe as to jerk the horse off his feet and 
 throw him down; he .stamps spasmodically and involuntarily'; when the 
 spinal cord itself is first affected there is an absence of these Tonic 
 spasms, and instead there is a loss of motor power. The first thing you 
 will notice the hocks dip into each other, the toes turn out after about 
 ten or fifteen hours; finalh" grows worse, will wabble in his gait, there is 
 no spasm, no delirium. The inflammation in this case starts in the cord, 
 while in Spinal Meningitis it comes on with .spasms. During the prog- 
 ress of the Myelitis, motor Paralysis increases and finalh' becomes so 
 bad that if >-ou move him he will fall down, but if not moved will stand 
 braced from twenty-four to fort3'-eight hours. In the case of Spinal 
 Meningitis it only requires from twenty-four to forty-eight hours for the 
 inflammation to extend to the cord, followed by a loss of motor power; so 
 also in Myelitis, it takes about the same time for the inflammation to reach 
 the covering, when there are muscular spasms. As the disease goes on 
 the spasms become almost continuous, and the animal finally dies in from 
 three to ten days; general average, five days. The pulse is hard and 
 rapid, temperature usually from 102 to 104, respiration accelerated, more 
 on account of the exercise due to the spa.sms; bowels irregular, mostly 
 constipated, and sometimes parah'zed; urine scanty and what is passed 
 contains abnormal ingredients, as albumen, etc. AMiile l}ing and un- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 35 
 
 alDle to rise, the expression is haggard and he is probably in great distress. 
 There are chronic forms of both of these diseases, but especially in Spi- 
 nitis (loss of motor power). In Chronic Meningitis they are excita- 
 ble, the least bit of excitement affects them; there will be nervous twitch- 
 ing: .some ascribe Stringhalt to it. 
 
 Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.— It resembles the other two \-erY 
 much, with the exception that there are cerebral s>-n\ptoms from the 
 start. It is looked upon as being due to a germ, as a specific disease; it 
 is some form of specific blood poisoning, but" what the character is we 
 don't know; ^ve know that it occurs in badly ventilated, badly drained, 
 badly crowded stables, most often found in street car stables wliere the 
 air becomes vitiated, and causes various forms of di.seases. In 1877, in 
 the winter, it existed on the Atlantic sea coast as an Epizootic, especiallv 
 in the large cities and as far north as Montreal. The mortality was very 
 heavy; it ran a very definite course, with a period of incubation of from 
 ten days to two weeks. The specific character of it was proven by intro- 
 ducing fresh horses among them and the\- at once became affected. 
 
 Etiology. — The poison has not yet been defined, but it floats in the 
 air; it may be confined to a single stable, probabh' then due to some local 
 cause, as from the water or drainage; it exists in low mar.shy districts. 
 The blood poisoning produces serious pathological changes, which seem 
 to be confined to the medulla oblongata. 
 
 Semeiology. — It takes two forms or degrees of severity — the mild form 
 comes on something like Spinitis; languor, dullness, stupor, and paralysis 
 of the hind parts. In course of from one to three days it creeps forward 
 and involves the base of the brain; then there is often coma; of course 
 before it reaches there the horse has gone down from Paralysis. Often 
 the sensations remain after the motor power is lo.st; after a hor.se gets 
 down with this trouble he ma^- die in a few hours, or he may last a few 
 days, according to the severity of the case. Many of these cases would 
 yield to treatment, but the more severe ones, where the covering is af- 
 fected, come on with delirium, Mad Staggers, Paralysis of the hind parts, 
 and in severe cases there are spasms of the neck, and back, and loins, 
 often followed by excessiA-e relaxation, and then the>- go down and die 
 in a comatose condition. There are Tonic spasms after volition has 
 been lost. In the delirious .stage they are frantic; they pound and bruise 
 themselves, and keep up a trotting or running motion; the pulse is not 
 much affected at first, but later gets .strong and hard; temperature is 
 sometimes raised, sometimes lowered, sometimes below 95 and 3, and 
 as high as 105, but more often 102 to 2^'. As the disease progresses the 
 temperature falls below the normal, due to the nervous system being par- 
 tialh- paralyzed. In this case the bowels are partly parah'zed and con- 
 stipated, though in the early stage ma^' be very loose, and the faeces 
 passed involuntarih', due to the relaxing of the .sphincter muscle of the 
 anus. Urine is dark-colored and ropy from excessive mucous. The 
 sphincter of the bladder often relaxes and urine is passed involuntarily, 
 particularly in the mare; breathing is stertorous. 
 
 Prognosis. — Mild forms often terminate favorably; severe forms are 
 usually fatal. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — Verj^ little morbid anatomy, but the main of what 
 
136 THEORY AXD PRACTICE. 
 
 there is, is in tlie medulla oblongata; it is redder and congested and 
 softened, but it takes an expert to see it. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the animal to health}' quarters, give good ven- 
 tilation and drainage, and good drinking water. Give full dose purgative; 
 ^IcEchran ga^-e one i oz. of aloes; sometimes it wont work where the 
 bowels are paralyzed; followed up with salines in the feed. Good plan 
 to put in .slings. In local treatment cold water along the spine is rational; 
 some u.se hot water, others dry heat. This local treatment is doubtful, 
 as it is a specific disease and the treatment should be for the blood. Solid 
 or fluid extractof bell adonna is good, also arsenic, quinine, or salol; and to 
 reduce the supply of blood to the cord, give small repeated doses of ergot, 
 belladonna solid ext., dose i dr. three to four times a day; atropine ^4 to 
 l{ gr. three or four times a da}', hypodermically. Quinine can be given 
 quite freely in dram do.ses every four hours; vegetable bitters can be 
 given with it. If there is coma, give stimulating enema; Prof. McEach- 
 ran gii-es potassium bromide, which allays nervous irritability; all de- 
 pressants are contra-indicated. During the Epizootic in the East, T. S. 
 Berry of Boston gave atropine 3 grs. , arsenic 2 grs. , mixed together, on 
 the tongue three times a day, and no external applications. He claimed 
 unexceptional success, while a doctor in Brooklyn tried all known reme- 
 dies and the mortality with him was hea\'y. During the comatose condi- 
 tion give small doses of stimulating tonic, as iron; if they will eat, give 
 soft food. Prof. Robert.son recommends, after the acute symptoms have 
 subsided, actual cautery and blisters along the superior spinal processes. 
 After convalescence is well begun give potassium iodide with a stimulant. 
 Where }'ou have one horse affected in a stable, give prophylactic treat- 
 ment separate from the other horses, and follow the hygienic rules 
 spoken of. 
 
 Epilepsy or Fits. — The term fits is applied to a number of different 
 troubles — as fits of Indigestion, Hy,steria, etc. ; but fits without modifica- 
 tion mean Epileptic ; these are convulsions of the system with delirium, 
 and in bad cases, complete coma. It is liable to occur in any animal, 
 none are exempt, but it is seen less often in the horse than in other animals. 
 Probably the one most subject among the lower animals is the dog, be- 
 cause its nervous system is much more highly developed than any of the 
 others; therefore next to the human comes the dog in these cases. 
 
 Etiolog}'. — \Ve find that anything that will seriously irritate the 
 nervous system is liable to produce these fits — as inflammation of the 
 cerebral structure. Tumors in the cranial cavity or in the brain, abscesses 
 in the brain or on the surface of it, or lesion of the cranial bones, and 
 reflected irritation from other parts of the body; for in.stance, worms in 
 the intestines, dentition in all animals, particularly in children and pup- 
 pies, sudden fright or sudden noises that cause fright, severe exposure to 
 the sun, and often a brain complication, as Specific Fever, especially in 
 the dog in canine Distemper. Fits exist in many cases without any local 
 reason or morbid anatomy; in many cases there is a total absence of mor- 
 bid anatomy, and the majorit}- of epileptic fits occur without any visible 
 disease of the brain or spinal cord. 
 
 Semeiology. — When the disease is not complicated with a Specific 
 Fever, the first thing is the wild staring expression of the eyes. The 
 dog, if standing or lying, will run; if running he will .stop, throw up the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE. AXD SURGERY. I37 
 
 head, champ the jaws, froth at the mouth, ^Yill often velp, and tis insensi- 
 biht\- comes over him he will throw himself or fall over backwards or to 
 the side; jaws may champ for one half minute after; a chronic muscular 
 spasm comes over the body. In the earh- part of this insensibility there 
 is motion of the le.cs, which sub.sides as the Tonic spasm de\-elops; then 
 complete coma takes place. During the coma the "sphincter muscles re- 
 lax and there is an involuntary passage of fseces and of urine; this lasts a 
 variable length of time, from one half to two or three minutes; then the 
 fit and spasms subside, and consciousness slowly returns. In the course 
 ■of three or four minutes more the animal is the same as before, but \-ery 
 depressed. Hunting dogs are often affected, Lnit it lasts only a short 
 time and seldom affects them; theirs is probably due to excitement. 
 W'liere these fits are rapid and death occurs, it is usually while in the fit. 
 In horses it is more often due to specific cau.se, as Tumor or Abscess 
 on the brain; some special cause rather than that in the dog; the symp- 
 toms in the horse are the same as in the dog, with the addition of profuse 
 sweating, and with the same results as in the dog. In man the face be- 
 comes purple, and there is hyperseniic condition of the head. 
 
 Treatment. — During the fit, treatment is u.sele.ss, but if it lasts more 
 than a minute or two — dash cold water in the face or use electricit\' to 
 the back — anything that will produce a nervous shock, then cover up 
 and let them be quiet. If in children, cold water does no good, give 
 a hot bath quickly; after the fit is over study the cause and treat it; if 
 from worms give vermifuge; if from teeth, as in puppies and children, 
 instant relief is given by lancing the gums over the teeth. Your success 
 will depend on the removal of the cause. Bromide potash given liberally 
 may control the fit; if a setter pup six months old, give ten grs. in a little 
 sweetened water three times a day. Teave a bottle with directions to give 
 a tea.spoonful three times a day, but if the fits come on, give one after 
 each fit. Occasionally the potash loses its power to act, then change to 
 bromide soda; belladonna is a very good remedy except in the dog, who 
 is very easy to kill with this drug. After the fever suhsides give tonics 
 — iron, arsenic, etc., internally. 
 
 Prognosis. — Depends entirely on the cause; if simple and can be 
 built up, will be favorable; but in bad ca.ses it is unfavorable. The sus- 
 picious S3'mptom in the horse is the inclination to shake his head as if 
 bees were around him, and he may go down; this may be caused by in- 
 creased circulation from exercise. If possible in such a case bathe his 
 head in cold water; a .short stop will be good also. Where predisposed 
 from Tumors or Abscesses on the brain, looks half excited, stupid, and 
 may work his ears like a jackass. 
 
 Paralysis or Paresis. — Is loss of power, both of motion and sen- 
 sation, but one may occur without the other. It is .spoken of as Sensory 
 Paralysis when the sensations are paralyzed, and as Motor Paralysis wdien 
 the power of motion is lost. It is divided into Hemiplegia and Para- 
 legia, according to the part involved. Paraplegia is the most common, 
 it means paralysis of the body transversely of points, back of a certain 
 point. 
 
 Etiology. — There are two varieties of causes — Centric and Reflex. 
 Centric is what might be called direct, due to external injuries, perhaps 
 ,se^•ering of the cord, or anything that will produce pressure on the 
 
I3<S THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 cord — as fracture of the vertebrse, effusion on the cord as a result of any 
 external injurj-. Reflex arises primarilj- from some other part of the 
 body periphery to some of the nerves, and often follows as a sequel to 
 some other disease, especially of blood contamination. As a result of the 
 reflex class, Paraplegia develops in the late stages of Distemper in dogs, 
 and after they have been making an apparently nice recovery, and in 
 Nephritis in all kinds of females, especially in the bitch. This form of 
 Paraplegia re,sists treatment -\-ery much: may occur from Indigestion, es- 
 pecially when due to over-feeding. Impaction of the rumen in cattle, and 
 some forms of Colic in the hor.se, produced by Gastritis and different 
 kinds of poison, are frequently accompanied by Paraplegia. 
 
 vSemeiology. — There is partial or complete loss of power, usually of 
 the motor power; whether it is complete loss of motor and sensory is ac- 
 cording to the cause. If of Centric, there is loss of motor; if from the 
 Reflex, there is loss also of the sensory, e.specially where there is blood 
 contamination. This loss of power will be diagnostic in itself. There 
 are few other symptoms; Con.stipation is usually present, as bowels may 
 be paralyzed; urine may flow involuntarily; the animal may be perfectly 
 rational, showing that many of the actions are not dependent upon the 
 cord: and we .■=ee in these paralyzed cases that the circulation goes on 
 just the same. 
 
 HemiplegI-V. — Is paralysis of one side of the body longitudinally; 
 this division is often so complete as to include one side of the face; the 
 other side remains healthy; this is common in the human, very rare in 
 the lower animals. It develops from severe injuries and severe pressure 
 on one side of the brain. 
 
 Treatment of all kinds of Paralysis. — Stud},- the cause and remove 
 it: treat the cau.se; there is no special treatment for Paralysis; gi\'e nerve 
 .stimulants. If from external injury, either hot or cold fomentations. 
 Paraplegia following Distemper 3-ields to treatment. If cause is direct 
 u.se electricity, .str3'chnine or atropine. Following Distemper in the dog 
 give iron, and in addition to the strychnine give bromide potash two or 
 three times a day; give nux vomica and bromide pota.sh two or three 
 times a day. Local counter-irritants are good in certain cases, but wait 
 till the acute symptoms leave; may be done with cantharides, or for the 
 dog, lunar caustic; for cattle, mustard; for the horse, actual cautery and 
 cantharides. Hemiplegia — same treatment except applied to the head. 
 
 Hydrocephalus. — As it applies to the adult, is a rather rare occur- 
 ence, but it does occur occasionally; it is frequently seen in the fetus, ren- 
 dering parturition difficult or impos.sible till the head is crushed. As it oc- 
 curs in the adult it is from an accumulation of serum in the lateral ventri- 
 cles, usually the result of some local irritation or mild inflammation — this 
 inflammation taking a subacute rather than an acute form, yet acute 
 enough to have effusion. 
 
 Semeiology. — The symptoms are very similar to those of Cerebritis, 
 but rather milder in character, the animal is more stupid, little or no ex- 
 citement, and in that respect it shows its proof of pressure on the brain; 
 but in the early .stage there are fever and little irritability; these la,st a few 
 da>-s and are then followed by diminished sensibility; the .stupor and in- 
 sen.sibilit}- keep on increasing with occasional epileptic fits, until it ter- 
 minates in coma, then convulsions and death. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 139 
 
 Special Pathology. — In autopsy, 011 opening the cranial cavit}- we 
 notice the brain is aUered in form; instead of there being a deep fissure 
 between the hemispheres, this fissure is almost obliterated. In cutting 
 down through the corpus callosum you find water in the ventricles, vary*^ 
 ing in quantity from i to S ozs. , and on emptying the water out we find 
 the septum lucidum broken down, making one cavity; the arachnoid is 
 thickened and opaque, particularly over the cerebellum, and often studded 
 with spots of inflammation or inflammatory,- deposit. The fluid in the ven- 
 ticles is usually pale, thin, and watery, but sometimes quite turbid; the 
 result is blood poisoning and death. You are apt to find effusion in the 
 lateral ventricles, also between the cord and its covering. 
 
 Treatment. — Is usually unsatisfactory. In mild cases it may give 
 way to iodide potash, iron, vegetable bitters, or mild counter-irrita- 
 tion externally; keep quiet, soft diet and long rest. 
 
 TocoMOTOR Ataxia.— This is technically described in tlie text 
 books as Tables Spinalis, or Tabes Dorsahs; in some as Sclero.sis of the 
 Cord; Dr. Hughes says it is also known as Crick Back; the English call 
 it German horses, and Partial Paralysis. It is one of the most singular 
 diseases ever met with. In its nature we find that it is an induration or 
 Atrophy, or the two combined; at any rate it is a contraction and hard- 
 ening of the columns of the cord. Usually in the horse it is the supero- 
 lateral column; in the man postero-lateral; and occa.sionally in the antero- 
 lateral, but that is rare. In the honse the infero-lateral is combined with 
 the supero-lateral, but not often. Atrophy is usually applied to the coird, 
 but I think it incorrect; there is a contraction of it, so Sclerosis is a bet- 
 ter term. Sometimes it originates in the cerebellum and extends down 
 the cord, but it usually starts in the loins in all animals — man and beast; 
 but as far as we know it is confined to the horse and man. The columns 
 of the cord that seem to be affected are those portions of the cord that 
 convey the motor power, so it is the motor power that is affected, with 
 little of the sensory. The cord when you examine it, is indurated. 
 
 Etiology. — The old theory was, that it occurred in old hard-worked 
 horses that were neglected and abused — that being the predisposing cause: 
 the exciting cause would be exposure, and was also looked upon as being 
 hereditary. A stallion wabbling in his gait .should never be used with 
 the mare, as something out of the health}^ will be transferred to the off- 
 spring. The more we study and the more experience we have, we come 
 to the conclusion that these causes have no connection with it, but new 
 ones don't seem to present themselves. In the human ninety per cent of 
 it is thought to be due to S3'philis; some say it is all due to that, but the 
 more liberal say different; we know it develops in .some people who have not 
 a trace of Syphilis. Undoubtedl)' it is a cause in many cases, but some of 
 the cases are as-signable to other causes. Horses and geldings have it as 
 well as stallions; some have it that never covered a mare, and some mares 
 have it that have never been bred — quite frequenth' this is so. In the hu- 
 man, women seldom have it; it seems to be confined to men entireh'. In an 
 autopsy on a mare, sections of the cord were sent to Dr. Billings and he 
 found that the lesions were identical with those in the human — Tabes 
 Dorsalis. He found Thrombosis of the nutrient blood vessels of the 
 cord, and assigns as a cause in the horse, this Thrombosic Paralysis. If 
 an embolism takes place in an)' blood vessel that supplies nutriment to the 
 
140 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 cord, Atroph}- and hardening of the cord would naturally follow. We 
 find the capillaries in the center of the cord are minute, and they become 
 dilated and ruptured, and the gray matter in the cord becomes lacerated 
 and torn, and at the same time contraction of the cord takes place. Dr. 
 Billings' theory is \ ery plausible and in all probability it arises from de- 
 fective cardiac power, and an ante-mortem clot forming in the aorta, 
 some particles might float into some nutrient vessel. When it starts in 
 the cord at all it invariablj^ progresses; Dr. Hughes says it is a progress- 
 ive disease, and continues until it produces death. If it can be due to 
 Thrombosis in the horse, then it can be in the human, instead of Syphihs; 
 though admitting some cases due to Syphilis. Where the stallion and 
 mare have Syphilis they are invariably affected with this disease. 
 
 Semeiology. — It comes on slowly, especially in the horse; we notice 
 the first thing the un.steady gait behind, and especially in turning quickly 
 acts as if not having full control of the hind parts. If it originates in 
 the cord in the loins, as it usually does, only the hind parts are affected at 
 fir.st, but it often starts in the cerebellum, then they wabble before and 
 behind, that is when it starts in the cerebellum and medulla oblongata; 
 there is also a squinting of the eyes, particularly as an evidence of Scle- 
 rosis of the cerebellum. In the horse we can't ascribe it to overwork, as 
 the worst case I had occurred in an animal that had never worked at all; 
 nor do I think exposure to storms a cause; I think Thrombosis the most 
 possible. When the cerebellum is affected one side is more affected than 
 the other, and the animal will walk in a circle, the size of the circle show- 
 ing the .severity of the case — the smaller the circle the more severe the 
 case. The Parah'sis increases continualh^ and usuall^^ there is an in- 
 crease in the symptoms; as the disease progresses there is a wasting 
 of the mu.scles of the hind parts, especially in an acute case. As the 
 Paralysis goes forward there is an inclination to throw the weight on 
 the fore legs, then the hind parts waste more rapidly. In bad cases 
 there is more destruction of motor than of sensory power. In the horse 
 we have no evidence of acute pain; in the human, they say at times 
 there are shooting pains in the legs, also in the back; in the human, 
 in the antero-lateral they can't advance their legs. 
 
 Morbid Anatomy. — When the cerebellum is affected it is hard fibrous 
 instead of brain matter, also of the cord. 
 
 Treatment. — No encouragement; incurable; treatment useless .so far 
 as curing goes, and the prognosis must be unfavorable; but we give 
 strychnine, electricity, bromine, iodine, iron or ar,senic, and liberal diet 
 with gentle exercise; this retards the disease, prolongs life, and adds to 
 the comfort of the animal. Dr. Hughes agrees with Dr. Baker that firing 
 in acutual cautery along the back is recommended, but in his experience 
 it did no good. 
 
 Tetanus (Lockjaw). — This disease is described as a continuous 
 rigid spasm of the muscles of the bod)-, both voluntary' and involuntary; 
 a Tonic spasm that is continuous. 
 
 Etiology. — Dr. Baker refers you to page 144 of Dr. Senn's book on 
 "Surgical Bacteriology," to prove that the disea.se is due to the Tetanus 
 germ. This germ is drum.stick shaped, with the spore in one end; it is 
 found in some kinds of soil in gardens; in Europe it can be found in any 
 garden soil: is found in street dust almost evervwhere. This same germ 
 
VFrrERiNARv MEincixE and surgery. 141 
 
 is found in discharges from the wound in a tetanic patient; also found 
 in the nerve leading from the woxmd; they get in between the filaments, 
 and in bad cases in the substance of the cord. This germ is anaerobic; 
 the fact of this disease being due to a germ and its being anaerobic, ex- 
 plains why it was so difficult heretofore to understand it. It is found 
 that Tetanus ma>- follow even an abrasion, or a microscopical wound, 
 while in ^•ery large, wide-open wounds exposed to the air, we seldom 
 ever have it. The germ wont grow where there is free access for 
 oxygen; it is more liable in the small wound that closes and excludes 
 the air. Wore than one-half the cases of Tetanus come from slight nail 
 pricks that hardly lame the animal. Nicolaier, 1S84, was the first to 
 disco\ er the exogenous character of the disea.se; he found the germ in 
 the earth, introduced it into the animal and produced Tetanus. Rosen- 
 baugh found it in the discharge of wounds of tetanic patients. The 
 identity of the two germs was demonstrated in Koch's laboratory, April 
 tenth, 18.S7; thej' found the period of incubation to be from twenty-four 
 hours to several weeks, very indefinite. If the wound doesn't appear on 
 the outside it maj- be on the inside, so there are only traumatic causes 
 recognized now — no idiopathic causes. All animals are subject to it, 
 but it is more common in the horse than in all the other genii put together 
 Different parts of the body are affected. When the whole body is affected, 
 it is called a case of Orthotonos; when onlj- the masseter muscles are 
 affected, Trisjius; when one side of the bod)* is affected mo.st, it is called 
 Tetanias Lateralis or Pleurothotonos; when the upper side is most af- 
 fected, Opisthotonos; when other parts of the body are affected it is called 
 Ejiprosthotonos. Trismus is probably the most common when any ex- 
 ists alone, but Orthotonos is the most common.. There are some forms 
 Tetanus that used to come under the head of idiopathic — as stiffness 
 from colds, sore throat, etc., that cause stiffness, are known to have been 
 from rheumatics. Parasites in the irritation they set up, assi.st in pro- 
 ducing the di.'ease, the germ getting into the tissue; the germs in the 
 wound increase in numbers — then' during a chemical process \\-hich they 
 cause they are killed and also poison the animal as well; so when they 
 don't exist in large numbers and the animal is strong and can stand it 
 for several weeks, there is a chance for him to recover. 
 
 Semeiology. — The s^anptoms are clearl}^ diagnostic from .start to 
 finish; the first thing that will be noticed is the contraction of the masseter 
 muscles, they will be drawn around the mouth; he seems to have a little 
 difficult}- in eating, and while eating there is an enormous amount of 
 saliva .-ecreted, which flows out of the mouth. After a few hours the horse 
 becomes excitable, nose is extended, facial muscles twitch, any little dis- 
 turbance excites him; this will sub.side in a few minutes; the eyeballs 
 seem to be retracted in the orbit, and look small. The membrana con- 
 junctiva is liable to be raised constantly over the eyeball and makes 
 jumps over it, and when the head is raised will cover the e>cball. An 
 intelligent horseman will notice him getting stiff in his gait; he spraddles 
 more behind. Trismus is usually well marked; after twenty-four or 
 forty-eight hours the development seems to be quite gradual, other 
 times violent, in which the case develops rapidly and dies. The spa,sms 
 that were only in the masseter finally affect the whole body, that is the 
 muscular tissues; muscles become hard to the touch, the dorsal, cervical 
 
14- THEORY AXD PRACTICE. 
 
 aucl gluteal muscles are most affected, tail elevated, it maintains that po- 
 sition and trembles, respiration hard drawn, nostrils dilated, ears stand 
 like sticks, limbs stiff and straddled, locomotion very difficult, no elastic- 
 it)' of the joints, flanks tucked up, ribs are tightly drawn, clue to the con- 
 traction of the intercostals, head is more elevated, neck often so contracted 
 that it appears U shaped. As the pain becomes excruciating he sweats 
 profusely, is very excitable, the spasms come on from time to time, and 
 between times they relax, but not enough to cause much hope; the action 
 is spasmodic; during this exasperation of the .spasms the gluteal muscles, 
 which are so strong at the hind legs, often shoot out behind like a goose 
 flying, throws him off the floor and often he is unable to rise unless the 
 muscles relax; but they generallj- never rise after going down, yet .some 
 may get up three or four times before finally staying down, A rat, loud 
 talking, or strangers ma)- excite the spasms; there is ropy saliva from 
 the mouth, pulse at first is very little affected, but grows harder and 
 smaller; the desire for food and water remains good, bowels inactive, 
 peristaltic motion is interfered with, goes on in a very imperfect manner. 
 The horse as a rule persistentl)' stands, and where he can get up after 
 being down it is a favorable sign; the spasms increase in frequenc)' and 
 se^'erity; as he goes down, as he will long before he dies, he lies and 
 struggles and finally dies. Death comes through one of two channels — 
 first is contraction of the heart, causing .syncope; second is contraction of 
 the muscles of the throat, and he dies from Asphyxia. Death usually 
 occurs in from two to ten daj's; severe cases in from four to five days; 
 less severe in from five to six daj-s, and mild cases in from eight to ten 
 clays. Mild ca.ses are those in which the severe symptoms are ab.sent, or 
 in a milder form. Pukse at first is not affected, but grows hard and 
 small as the spasms increase. When a spasm throws the horse down, or 
 when he sweats profusely, there is little hope. 
 
 Prognosis. — Where there is a little Trismus and the}- can eat a 
 little, get up when the)' go down, and respiration is not affected, then it 
 may be favorable, but if all the severe symptoms are present, then it is 
 unfavorable. We find by experience that if he li^•es fifteen days he is 
 liable to recover; if twenty days he is sure to get well. The French and 
 Germans say if he lives thirteen days he will recover; if ten days he is 
 liable to recover. The cases that used to be said were due to idiopathic, 
 usually recovered; those due to traumatic died, but we know now they 
 were not Tetanus when they were a.scribed to idiopathic, and may re- 
 cover now from nail pricks cau,sing it. Among the causes are — tail- 
 docking, ca.stration, and amputation of the penis. Those cases that had 
 tetanic spasms were not Tetanus, as from sunstroke, shorn sheep exposed 
 to storm, over driving on a hot day, etc., but were rheumatic except in 
 the overheated case — this was nervous troul)le, probably due to Hyperses- 
 thesia. 
 
 Treatment. — From the nature of the ca.se it is easy to see there is 
 no specific; the immediate cause of death is irritability of the nerves, 
 producing these Tonic spasms and death, therefore rational treatment 
 would be towards alla>-ing this condition; that is keep comfortable as 
 pos.sible, bearing in mind that if he lives two weeks he is likely to recov- 
 er, and if three weeks, he is sure to recover. Give hygienic treatment — 
 pure air, quiet, moderately dark place, (the sunlight irritates, ) alone, 
 
vete;rinary mbdicixe and surgery. 143 
 
 free from the torment of other horses; if cold, clothe warmly?; if hot 
 weather, keep cool; no one but the doctor and attendant should see him— 
 no loud talking, no clubbing, no spectators, can't la 3' too much stress on 
 this. Give nourishment to keep up the strength; make linseed meal 
 gruel (the round full seed ) with boiling water— 4 lbs. meal to a bucket 
 of water, or about 2 gallons; keep this before him all the time, give noth- 
 ing else to drink, and elevate it to the right height— he can' t stoop down. 
 Let him drink all he will of thi.s— two or three buckets full if he wants 
 it; salt a little to make it agreeable. This nourishes, relieves thirst, and 
 also tends to loosen the bowels; purgatives are useless; if he needs any- 
 thing else, give oats and bran mixed with boiling water. It is good 
 practice to put the horse in slings, as it gives him one more chance of 
 recovery; do it early so he will get used to it before the spasms get se- 
 vere, when it will cause them at the start. Bear in mind that a horse 
 can't recover on his side. 
 
 Medicinal Treatment. — Use such drugs as have a tendency to quiet 
 the nervous sj-stem, as belladonna, prussic acid, morphine, ether, chloral 
 hydrate, lobelia, gelsemium. The mixture we use is as follows: 
 R Gelsemium fl. ex. i oz. 
 
 Lobelia fl. ex. i oz. 
 Belladonna fl. ex. i oz. 
 Aqua ad. Q. ,S. 8 ozs. 
 
 Do.se I OZ. every three or four hours. If there is no Trismus, or only a 
 little, give by the mouth, but if considerable Trismus, give per rectum 
 — will do as well; if administered that way, have it about blood heat; 
 cannabis indica is sometimes given, also carbolic acid. Recovery is verj^ 
 -slow if at all; it takes from six to eight or ten weeks to get back to the 
 normal condition. Give soft food, gentle exercise, good shelter, Hypo- 
 dermic injections of morphine may be given two or three times a da}-, 
 about 3 grs. to the dose. But don't pin your faith to any one drug; if 
 one fails try another. One old time \'et. claimed good success from 
 hypodermic injections of fl. ext. lobelia in i dr. doses under the skin as 
 often as every three or four hours, but usuallj- three or four times a day. 
 The per cent of mortality is less in the horse than in man — about ninety 
 per cent in the horse and about ninetj'-five per cent in the human die. 
 Give local treatment and thorough antiseptic treatment. Another old 
 Vet. cured manj- horses with prussic acid, i oz. to start with, diluted, 
 and to drench with; after three or four hours another ounce, then anoth- 
 er, if that doesn't fetch him, double the dose, and if that doesn't, double 
 that; that is, if not in twent3'-four hours, or till you bring him to his knees, 
 then diminish the doses, probably to relax the spasm; often give 3 lbs. of 
 the acid, this was ordinary commercial prussic acid, the strength of which 
 is variable. 
 
 Post- Mortem. — To the close ob.server there is Congestion of the 
 neurilemma of the nerve leading from the wound; the \-essels of the .spi- 
 nal cord and brain are congested; usually there is an effusion in the 
 arachnoid space. Bacteriologists say they find the germ in the nerve fila- 
 ments and sometimes in the spinal cord. 
 
 Theorj' of Transfusion or Inoculation. — It has been proven that blood 
 serum of a recovered case of Tockjaw will cure the most acute case of 
 Lockjaw in its acute .stage; this must be administered in doses of from four 
 
144 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 to sixteen ozs. Some inject in small doses into the jugular; Dr. Billings 
 says, into the peritoneal cavity. In regard to the length of time this 
 must be obtained after recovery to be efTected, some say it retains the 
 quality indefinitely — I hardly think that long. The blood is drawn and 
 let coagulate, the serum is dra«-n off, then warm that and inject into 
 the peritoneal ca^'ity. 
 
 Chorea. — As usually .seen it is an automatic convulsive motion of 
 the muscles, usually confined to the voluntary muscles. It ma}' occur in 
 an}- animal, but we see it most common in the dog, next in the human, 
 then the horse; in the dog it occurs oftener in the legs, wliile in the horse 
 it occurs oftener in the neck and hind quarters, also hi the shoulders. 
 In the horse it arises as an original lesion, doesn't seem to follow 
 anj- other disease, but this is probabl)- more apparent than real. 
 In the human and dog it almost invarial^ly follows some other 
 trouble; in the horse it occurs in an acute form that comes on suddenly, 
 may be from Indigestion, particularh' that which arises from over- feed- 
 ing. In the dog it more often occurs as a complication of canine Dis- 
 temper. Both in children and dogs it often occurs as the result of worms 
 in the intestines. In children it sometimes develops on account of the 
 mal nutrition of the body and inherited Syphilis; also in children and 
 dogs from Indigestion. Prof. Robertson says there is an hereditary pre- 
 disposition in many cases. In all these cases there is an excited condi- 
 tion of the peripheral nerve; we believe in some cases it is reflex, as 
 when due to worms, or Indigestion. Where it occurs from .some specific 
 blood poisoning it is probabh' due to irritability of the whole nervous 
 S5'stem. 
 
 Semeiolog}'. — Usually it comes on rather suddenly, especially in 
 Distemper, that is in the dog; sometimes it attacks them in a very acute 
 form, more often in one fore leg; we notice he is lame for a day or two 
 before any jerking takes place; he will carry it in front of himself in a 
 curled-up manner. If 3'ou make him step on it bj- taking the other leg 
 up, he will go down, but when there is jerking in it he can't bear any 
 weight on it at all; then if it spreads it will do so rapidly to the other 
 legs, then finally involves the whole body, and goes on till he dies from 
 exhaustion. During these severe attacks the dog will whine, particularly 
 if alone, as if in fear. Judging from the human there is no .sharp acute 
 pain, but there is general distress; jerking of the legs or other parts of 
 the bod}' is rii3'thmic, the animals lo.se control of the muscles involved. 
 In bad ca.ses this jerking is continuous night and day, a.sleep or awake; 
 in mild cases it sub.sides during sleep. The mild cases don' t .seem to pro- 
 duce much constitutional disturbance. In the severe cases the animal 
 becomes emaciated, especiall}' the dog, and gets weak very rapidly. 
 Some think the disease is transmissible, others think differently, but our 
 experience in the dog is that it doesn't affect them for either field or stud 
 work, they are as good as ever; Setters seem to be most liable to it. In 
 the horse most of the best authors seem to be of the opinion that it is 
 transmissible, so much so that they are condemned for breeding purposes. 
 
 The off.spring of Choreic .stallions are liable to de\-elop the disease. 
 Horsemen call it Shivers, as the shoulders, neck and other muscles twitch. 
 In the stall he will sometimes .show the affection b}^ moving to one side, 
 when he will lift the leg and f)ut it out to the .side in a peculiar manner, 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I45 
 
 or may be in backing out he may take a few steps all right, then can't 
 get back any farther; there may be a shivering of the tail as well. In 
 man or beast, Chorea is liable to become chronic, and all chronic cases 
 are without exception incurable; some will only show symptoms while 
 eating their oats, and on hanging the head the neck will twitch. The 
 acute case, especially in the dog from Distemper, is usually unfavorable. 
 If more than one leg is affected it generally proves fatal, as all the muscles 
 become affected. In the horse, in the acute form with Indigestion from 
 over- feeding and but little exercise, it is unfavorable. It is often no- 
 ticed that there is a spasmodic jerking of one of the hind legs. A 
 favorite place is the inferior and pectoral muscles in the neck. 
 
 Morbid Anatomy. — In most ca.ses, post-mortem discloses no morbid 
 anatomy that we can detect, but in long-standing and .severe fatal cases 
 we find there are many nerve lesions, as thickening of the arachnoid, 
 eifusion into the arachnoid space, etc., also hardening of the outer layer 
 of the cord, and almo,st invariably vascular injection of the cord, also 
 the central ganglia of the brain. In acute cases in the dog, due to 
 specific blood poisoning, there is softening of the medulla oblongata. 
 
 Treatment. — Very unsatisfactory to treat, very difficult to do 
 much for it, and in very severe cases it is absolutely incurable so far as 
 we know. Mild cases in the dog and human do yield to treatment; in 
 the horse in acute case accompanying surfeit, aloes are indicated, and it 
 >-ields nicely to simple purgatives. After recovery increase the work and 
 diminish the food, and give nerve tonics. Where due to worms in any 
 young animal, it will yield to treatment; give vermifuges; get rid of the 
 worms and then give tonics. When it occurs in Distemper in the violent 
 form accompan3dng fever in dogs, it is almost invariably fatal; but if the 
 Distemper 3'ields to treatment, and the fever subsides and Chorea comes 
 on afterwards, it takes a mild form and will yield to treatment, or it maj- 
 become chronic and remain with the animal all the time; in such a case 
 constitutional tonic treatment is about all that can be given to do any 
 good, also liberal diet, correct hj^giene, ^nd avoid fatigue. For drugs, 
 give iron, arsenic, zinc, copper, and in some cases very small doses of 
 strychnine sometimes, other times it does harm, so j'cu must experiment 
 with small doses first. You can combine with these, vegetable bitters — 
 as cinchona, gentian, etc., but of all drugs give arsenic in small doses to 
 start with, and increase as continued; give it a long time — three or four 
 months. Dr. Ellingwood claims he has had much success with exalgine 
 in the human. Give three times a day — i grain dose first daj', two grain 
 dose next day, three grain dose third daj-. In all cases in the dog where 
 they whine, you can relieve that a good deal by combining a mineral 
 tonic with a vegetable. Setters, say puppies six months' old, give 2 grs. 
 valerianate zinc every three or four hours; for one year old give 4 grs. 
 every four hours, and in addition to this, if valuable puppy suffering from 
 Distemper and getting the Chorea, there is great depression and pro,stra- 
 tion — they need a .stimulant; give valerianate of ammonia in about the 
 same size doses, but 3'ou can give a little larger dose than of the zinc. 
 Nitrate of silver in bread pills is very good, give for a week, then alter- 
 nate with sulph. copper or arsenic tonic; also doses of electricit}- gentlj-, 
 not in shocks. 
 
 Tumors of the Brain in Horses. — On account of the prevalence, 
 
146 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 and troubles in court, >'ou are liable to be called into court as an expert. 
 We find in post-mortem on the horse that died suddenly, that he has a 
 Tumor in the brain; it is usually caseous, but is sometimes osseous, some- 
 times cartilagenous. The caseous formation we suppose arises from co- 
 "agulation of the effusion into the lateral ventricles, where they are usually 
 found, probably due to some mild attack of Cerebritis. In the choroid 
 plexus where the>- seem more liable to originate, they sometimes grow 
 as large as a hen's egg, may be one in each ventricle, or may be confined 
 to one ; sometimes they produce pressure on the brain, and the animal 
 may be taken with Epileptic fit any time. Sometimes they are osseous; 
 they grow down from the cranial bones — and also produce pressure on 
 the brain with the same results; caseous Tumors ma^' sometimes become 
 osseous. Horse ma^^ be unsteady in gait, become afraid, .stop, appear 
 wild and insen.sible for a minute or two; in the stable he may stand with 
 the head hanging, or to one side as if with headache. Osseous Tu- 
 mors occur on the out.side of the dura mater; when the Tumors are 
 forming they press down into the convolutions. The pia mater is liable 
 to be affected as well as the dura mater. Sometimes these Tumors 
 are hard and ivory-like. The point is, they can't be diagnosed during 
 life, and are usualh' slow in growing, so when 5'ou make an autopsy you 
 are to judge the time they took in forming, so as to be able to give tes- 
 timony; the caseous might take from six months to two years to form, 
 the osseous from four to six or eight weeks to develop; the harder they 
 are the longer time in forming. There ma}' be a softening around these 
 Tumors. 
 
 Louping-Iel or Trembeing. — Is a form of inflammation of the 
 spinal cord, and doesn't differ very much from Spinitis in the horse; it 
 u,sualh' follows shearing of sheep and being exposed to storms. In sheep 
 it is a Trembling — probably one form of Chorea. 
 
 Symptoms. — Trembling of the hind parts, rapid pulse, grinding of 
 teeth, twitching of the muscles at intervals; often become emaciated rap- 
 idly*; is generally fatal. 
 
 Treatment. — Bromide of potash and nux vomica; give good shelter. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 In the male the organs of the system are penis, prostate glands and 
 testicles; in the female, vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. 
 The diseases of this class are not so common in the lower animals as in 
 the human, because there is not as much prostitution. As a rule the 
 lower animals never copulate except for the purpose of reproduction, but 
 that is not the case with the human; over indulgence is a cause of diseases. 
 Prof. Williams says the diseases of this system in the lov^'er animals are 
 due to inflammation of the mucous membrane, Catarrh, general debihty, 
 and Tumors. 
 
 Pox. — Is divided into two classes — Simple and Malignant. Simple 
 Pox is characterized by little phlyctenular eruptions. Malignant (\'iru- 
 lent j Pox seldom or never occurs; this is known as Equine Syphilis, and 
 because of its originating in Arabia it is often called Dourine. Simple 
 Pox is frequently seen with Urethritis, which resembles Gonorrhoea in 
 the human and is contagious. 
 
 Etiology. — From too frequent copulation in the male, and .shows it- 
 
VETKRINARV MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I47 
 
 self ill little blisters on the glaiis penis and on the body of the penis; 
 sometimes there is swelling of the glans penis and of the sheath. It 
 would never occur in the female from too frequent copulation, because 
 one heat would not last long enough, but it may in the stallion, though 
 not until he had been serving five or six times a day for some weeks, then 
 he may get it from a' mare having Leucorrhcea. The catarrhal discharge 
 in the vagina of the mare may produce Simple Pox in the male. In the 
 female it usually arises from having been served by a stallion that had it, 
 proving that it is an infectious disease. It usually manifests itself in the 
 mare by considerable tumefaction in the vulva; little vessels crop out and 
 discharge fluid and heal, and fresh ones appear and go through 
 the same course, each crop lasting two or three days. This blis- 
 ter is most common on the inside of the lip, extending in a few 
 inches, sometimes deeply in the vagina. It seems to poison the 
 mare more than the male; vulva swells four or five times natural 
 size, but it runs a benign course; that is true in both .sexes. It will 
 terminate in resolution .spontaneou.slj', that is without treatment; it takes 
 about two or three weeks if copulation is suspended, but if copulation is 
 continued it may be continued indefinitely and grow worse, with an un- 
 favorable termination; but usualh' from two to three weeks are all that is 
 necessarj' to cure it. In this there is no Chancre, but in the Malignant 
 Pox there are Chancres, which are of two kinds — the soft and the hard, 
 and resemble those of the human. The same germ in the hard is the 
 Micrococci, in the soft is Bacilli. There is no choice in the diseases pro- 
 duced bj' either of these; the disease is infectious, but is probablj- only 
 gotten by copulation; it may be given by the stallion to the mare, or bj- 
 the mare to the stallion. In the human these Chancres are not confined 
 to the genital organs, but may be found in the mouth, under the e3'elids, 
 or in almost any mucous membrane, usually brought there by the hands in 
 dirty habits. It may be transferred to others when on the lip by kissing. 
 
 Treatment. — Retire for about two -weeks; give dose of purgative 
 medicines followed with salines and diuretics. Hyposulphite of soda, 
 acetate or nitrate of potash, give soft feed. 
 
 Local Treatment. — Soap and water and antiseptic lotion, such as 
 acetate of lead y^ oz. to i pint of water, and sulphate of zinc i dram to 
 pint of water. Use one of these a couple of days, then switch off and u.se 
 the other. Apply three times daily. 
 
 History of Dourine Malignant Pox. — First history of its being 
 recognized was in the stud of an Eastern magnate in 1796; next record 
 was in Hanover in 18 17, and in Poland also about that time or soon 
 after; records of great lo.sses by it in Poland between 1S30 and 1840. 
 In 1821 it entered Austria, particularly Hungary and Bohemia; from 
 1859 to 1862 they prescribed sanitary measures against it there, and in 
 1840 the Prussian government did the same. It entered Switzerland in 
 1830, Italy in 1836, Russia in 1843, and a year or so later it entered Al- 
 giers and Syria. England and Belgium are the only European countries 
 that have been exempt from it. It entered France between 1820 and 
 1840. In May 1886 it was discovered by Dr. W. L. Williams in DeWitt 
 county, Ilhnois. He was a Vet. of Bloomington, this State, and he re- 
 ported to the State Eive Stock Commissioners that it was infectious. In 
 1887 they took hold of it, and a party (of whom Dr. Baker was one) dis- 
 
'■Si 
 
 1 48 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 covered that it had probablj' come from an imported Frencli percheron, 
 wliich was branded under the mane with the French go\'ernment stamp 
 for this disease — the letter D sliowing it had been condemned for breed- 
 ing by that government. Means were taken to stamp it out; the State 
 gave horse owners the choice to have any liorse so affected destroyed and 
 receive the value of it, or to keep it in perpetual quarantine as far as breed- 
 ing was concerned. It finalh- got out of the State, and is now in the 
 West and Northwest, known to be in Nebraska and Montana. 
 
 This disease, tradition tells us, originated from copulation of syphilitic 
 Arabs with the female ass. Tanhoffer, after making thorough examina- 
 tion, says the virus lies in the Micrococci; these germs may be found in 
 the vaginal secretions and semen, in the spinal liquid and in the roots of 
 the peripheral nerves, especially the ischiatic, and in bad cases in the 
 blood. Some authorities say the disease is hereditary. Some scientists 
 disbelieve the facts as related from tradition, that it came from the hu- 
 man originally, but everything seems to point to that as the most sure 
 cause. 
 
 Semeiology. — According to the virulence of the attack, it may or 
 may not present external lesions, and in a well-marked case — one that 
 Avill cause death — it would first produce swelling of the vulva and mam- 
 mary glands, and con,stitutional disturbances with considerable swelling 
 and fever and rapid emaciation; in three or four days you will notice a 
 wabble in the hind parts; this wabble, which is found to be a progressive 
 Paralysis, increases and the legs of the horse swell ver j' large and be- 
 come weak; there is a purulent discharge from the nose and eyes, and 
 finally a general Marasmus sets in and he dies. A severe acute case 
 runs this course in from two to six months, or maj' hang on two or three 
 years. In acute cases animal loses appetite; in subacute he does not. 
 We find in both male and female in an acute case, and to a limited ex- 
 tent in a subacute case, patches of depigmentation of the skin, which 
 leave a white spot after — in the male on the penis, in the female on the 
 flanks, escutcheon, under the tail, over the elbow, and in the male on 
 the testicles; this occurs more in the mare, in the cases we see. The 
 ■coat during this time becomes long and staring; patches of Ecchymosis 
 appear on the visible mucous membrane. In mild cases where thej' ap- 
 pear to recover when off stud work, they must be looked upon with sus- 
 picion, but in France and Germany it reappeared again when copulation 
 took place, after two or three years' rest from stud work. It is a 
 well-known fact that mares affected with it will usually fail to conceive, 
 or if they do conceive they are likely to abort in perhaps from three to 
 six weeks or three months. If .she does by good luck carr^- to the full 
 time the j'oung will probablj' be delivered dead; if not will soon die after- 
 wards. Foals of affected mares seldom ever grow up; this is different in 
 the human, as children grow up with all the troubles of sj'philitic par- 
 ents. A syphilitic stallion is usually no good, will get no colts, though 
 he can serve a mare. Diseases of the genital organs don' t usuall}^ interfere 
 with copulation — in fact, it seems to increa.se the desire for it, especiallj' 
 in the human. 
 
 Treatment. — In bad cases it is well to destroj' the animal; in mild 
 cases suspend stud work and give strong tonics. Stallions should be 
 castrated as thej^ are not fit for stud work any more; the mare may be kept 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 149 
 
 in quarantine. Give iron and arsenic. Acute cases are helped by meat 
 fibrin, which you can get by whipping fresh blood, or by making soup 
 of it and drenching, but it is not worth the trouble for these animals. 
 This is a general case of lyocomotor Ataxia, and the lesion is exactly the 
 same as in the human when due to Syphilis. There is seldom or never 
 any discharge from the male, also true in the human. Simple Pox pro- 
 duces great local irritation. In the mare, sponge out the parts with a 
 four per cent solution of boracic acid and i dr. fl. ext, hydrastis to one 
 pint of water; the same may be applied in the male to the glans penis. 
 If severe, syringe with bichloride mercury i to 2000, next day i to 4000, 
 next day i to 8000; continue this three or four days, then it is well to use 
 an astringent — as sulphate zinc i gr. to i oz. water — twice a day if the dis- 
 charge is profuse; after three or four days make it 2 grs. to the ounce, 
 and in addition give oil of sandalwood, dose i dr. three times a day, for 
 from three to ten days; the same will do for Gonorrhoea in the human. 
 For Pox in the human give iodide of potash in doses of from five to six grs. 
 as done at Hot Springs; the usual dose ordinarily is from two to ten grs. 
 
 Urethritis. — As a disease of the reproductive organs instead of 
 the urinary as known, resembles Gonorrhoea in the human. We are in- 
 clined to believe that it is a rare disease in the lower animals, but if there 
 is enough poison in the vagina of the female to produce Simple Pox, 
 then there must be enough to produce Urethritis. But if there is a germ 
 it has never been isolated; the germ of infectious Urethritis in the human 
 has been; it was discovered by Neisser, he found that the germ was a 
 Micrococci, and on account of it having formed in the disea.se he called it 
 Gonococcus because it produced Gonorrhoea. Associated with Simple 
 Pox we quite frequently have a catarrhal discharge from the stallion the 
 same as we ha\-e from the vagina in the mare, but it seems to stop if stud 
 work is stopped, while Gonorrhcea will not. It doesn't seem to become 
 cured spontaneously, but runs on from week to week. Urethritis as a 
 disease of the urinarj' organs maj' occur in any animal, may be from the 
 too free use of cantharides, etc. , which produces inflammation in the lin- 
 ing of the urethra. In Urethritis there is an acid condition of the urine 
 that scalds the urethra, or there is some catarrhal discharge in the mare 
 that contains some irritating germ, or else it is a specific disease. The 
 fact that it terminates spontaneouslj' if stud word is suspended, is no 
 proof that it is not infectious, for the same thing will occur in Simple 
 Pox. In the human. Urethritis or Gonorrhcea is usuallj' malignant, that 
 is, it is inclined to keep on indefinitely and produce serious constitutional 
 disturbances, and if let run on it ma}' extend up the urethra to the bladder 
 and cause Acute Cystitis. 
 
 Semeiology. — We find in- Acute Urethritis, particularl}' in the stal- 
 lion, there is painful micturition; we notice the horse pa.sses his urine 
 frequently and with pain; there may be a catarrhal discharge from the 
 urethra, and there is tumefaction and Congestion of the vi.sible mucous 
 membrane at the end of the penis. In females we frequently see tume- 
 faction of the vulva and lining of the vagina, also Congestion in the mSle 
 on the glans penis as well as in the end of the urethra; frequently in 
 both cases it extends to the bladder and causes Acute Cystitis. In the 
 human this corresponding disease is very infectious, and is not confined 
 to the urethra, but may be tran.sferred to any part of the bod>', producing 
 
150 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 serious lesion; may be in the mouth, ej'es, etc., and have catarrhal dis- 
 charge from them. It is so infectious that coptilation is not the onh' way 
 it can be taken; the mucous membrane coming in contact with any of the 
 germs may be inoctilated with the disease; children often get it from 
 sleeping with parents having it; may be seen in their eyes or mouths, 
 where they carrj' it with their fingers. In the human it always starts in 
 the end of the penis, on the mucous membrane; if it runs on to Cystitis 
 and is then let run on, the poison may become absorbed and produce 
 serious results. 
 
 Bull Burnt. — Is similar to Urethritis, but affects the covering of 
 the penis rather than the urethra. It is usually gotten by too frequent 
 copulation; of course if the cow has catarrhal discharges it is more likely 
 for the bull to get it. 
 
 Burnt Dog. — Dogs frequently get foulness of the sheath from an 
 accumulation of natural secretion under the sheath same as under the 
 foreskin in man ; the lining of the sheath and a portion of the penis be- 
 come inflamed, which produces a catarrhal discharge that can be seen on 
 the end of the penis; there is no Urethritis, but inflammation of the 
 mucous membrane lining the sheath and the penis. 
 
 Treatment For Urethritis. — In the horse very mild treatment and 
 stopping stud word are often all that is necessarj'; give soft food and a 
 little bicarbonate of .soda in the drinking water; or prepared chalk or lime 
 water; it is an acid condition, and alkalies cure it; acids increase it. 
 Give linseed tea to drink, and if you wish to do more, give i dr. sandal- 
 wood three times a day, usually for three or four days. If it is persist- 
 ent give local injection; if you suspect any .specific character, use bichlo- 
 ride mercury, or carbolate or sulphate of zinc; if >-ou use these don't 
 drive up far — about four inches, as this is too strong to go to the bladder 
 (it \\ ould cause Cj^stitis of itself ) ; in the human two inches is far enough 
 back. In man an ulceration often occurs in the urethra, about the size 
 of a pea, it is Tumor like; in such a case use a stronger wash, as bichlo- 
 ride mercury i to 2000, four, five, or six times, then change to sulphate 
 zinc I gr. to the ounce, then 2 grs. to the oz. If very painful add a little 
 cocaine, and at the same time give oil of sandalwood in from five to 
 twenty drops three times a day — usual dose is ten drops. In mares the 
 vagina may be sponged out, using absorbent cotton or gauze. Never 
 tie a cloth over the head of the penis, but instead put some absorbent 
 cotton under the fore.skin and change this two or three times a day; 
 never tie anything around the penis, as it is liable to cause gangrene. 
 A good internal remedy is hydrastis canaden,sis, and if combined with 
 sulphate zinc makes a good local application. 
 
 Treatment. — For Bull Burnt, also Burnt Dog, use acetate of lead 
 two, three, or four drs. to the pint, and shoot up into the .sheath, hold 
 there for a while and work it all around, first washing out the parts 
 with castile soap. Usuall)^ one injection is sufficient to cure a dog, but 
 for a bull a few injections are necessarj', and retire him from stud work. 
 
 Stricture. — Some think this is due to too strong lotions or medi- 
 cine, but it is produced in the urethra the same as the others — bi^ inflam- 
 mation of the urethra. Inflammation has a tendency to produce prolif- 
 eration and thickening of the parts, .so as a result we get .stricture; of 
 cour.se if you use a caustic it assists in causing severe inflammation. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I5I 
 
 This disease (Urethritis) can't be cured in four or five days, it is more 
 likely to run ten or fifteen days; but as too severe treatment maj' cause 
 stricture, mild treatment is the best. 
 
 Phimosis. — Is inability of the male to extend the penis. 
 
 Etiology. — It may be from a contraction of the prepuce, swelling of 
 the sheath obstructing the passage; this may be produced in various 
 ways — kicks from other horses, kicks from a groom; bj' a germ; accidental 
 wounds of any kind; stings of insects, cedema of the sheath, or follow- 
 ing Castration; then there are other obstructioir.s — warts and other Tu- 
 mors, or Cancers; sometimes they occur on the glans penis, sometimes 
 in the form of Polypus. 
 
 Treatment. — Find the cause and remove it; about the only special 
 treatment is in the contraction of the prepuce; if it is congenital, introduce 
 a probe-pointed bistoury and slit down about >2 or ^ inch; in case of 
 swelling of the sheath bathe freeh- with hot water. If from anaemia 
 give iron. Some horses urinate in the sheath without extending the 
 penis, producing a scalding of the skin; they probabh' don't know that 
 the}- can extend it. Wash out the sheath, oil it and work the penis 
 down for a few days, then he will usually do it all right. 
 
 Paraphimosis. — Is the reverse of Phimosis; the penis is out and 
 can't be retracted. 
 
 Etiology. — It may come from a weakened condition of the animal 
 in general, or from a weakened condition of the penis; may be caused by 
 accidental injuries while ser^'ing the mare, often by the mare kicking the 
 stallion on the penis — as some mares get very vicious; or it may be he 
 injures the penis with his own feet; may be from swelling of the glans 
 penis from some cause, and as the sheath swells the penis is forced out — 
 this sometimes follows Castration; anything that prevents him with- 
 drawing the penis, and the longer it is out the more it swells, sometimes 
 it becomes an enormous size, may be six, seven, or nine inches in diam- 
 eter. Swells mostly on the dorsal .side, the covering becomes tense and 
 glistening, sometimes gangrenous; such a severe ca,se is usually due to 
 some local irritation. Paralysis of the penis may be a cause; the penis 
 hangs pendulous and limp, and will not swell if there is no other disease 
 of it; micturition is not interfered with in any case, no matter how bad. 
 Treatment. — It is usually considered good practice, when there is 
 great tumefaction, to scarify it and then use hot water, which causes 
 hemorrhage to be free; if very acute, .scarify freely and bathe liberally; 
 after bleeding freely increase the heat of the water, then suspend the 
 penis quite firmly against the belly with quite hard pressure; best to put 
 a piece of shingle or pasteboard underneath .so as to be smooth under the 
 penis. Con.siderable hand rubbing and manipulation will do it good. 
 Diuretics are indicated, internally. According to the cause there may be 
 special treatment required. If there seems to be Paralysis, give to a 
 horse of about iioo lbs. i dr. of nux vomica, night and morning— the 
 powdered drug. In case of Paralysis of the penis, that cannot be 
 overcome — amputation must be resorted to. Bear in mind that the 
 tissues of the penis are spongy, no well-defined blood vessels, but bleeds 
 from the capillaries; that is the only difficult part— to prevent hemor- 
 rhage, and the more so if the penis is oedemic. The usual plan is to 
 bandage so tight as to prevent hemorrhage, then cut off the penis 
 
152 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 below the bandage; cut in a sloping manner, leaving the urethra be- 
 yond the end of the penis about jx inch. After removing, sear the 
 parts thoroughly with actual cautery, more than anj^ other part of the 
 body would have to be seared. The bandage usualh- comes off in fifteen 
 or eighteen hours, but if it doesn't, I take it off then; by that time the 
 parts haT,'e swollen enough to prevent hemorrhage. In case of hemor- 
 rhage you can't draw down the penis, so insert into the sheath a .sponge 
 with a solution of iron or other stj-ptic. 
 
 After Treatment. — The same as for a simple wound. If it is a .stal- 
 lion castrate him at the same time, and if the irritation should cause an 
 erection have a man to dash cold water on it, that is usually sufficient; 
 give a mild laxative and soft feed; when the scab conies off and the 
 penis is healing, use white lotion. 
 
 Dropsy of the Ov.aries. — Associated with it there is Congestion 
 of the ovaries, at least in most cases, so >-ou can assume that associated 
 with the Drops}' there is chronic Congestion probably due to some dis- 
 turbance in the circulation of the ovaries. It is comparativelj' rare in 
 the females of the lower animals as compared to the human, stih it is 
 very common in old cows. When the dropsy is extensi\'e they cannot 
 breed from the ovary affected; but it may be that onh" a portion of the 
 ovary is affected, or it may be one or both of them, but they breed from 
 the unaffected portions; in case the}- are both affected then they will not 
 breed.. 
 
 Symptoms. — Where we suppose there is chronic Congestion, the 
 female is nearly always in heat to a limited extent, that is a cow will 
 ride others, racing and bellowing, sometimes will take the bull, but in 
 most cases will not; but if she does take the bull .she wont breed, as 
 it is not a natural heat. The.se animals .seem to change their form in 
 time and become more masculine in looks; the}- don't make good breed- 
 ers or good feeders, that is if you wish to fatten them; in that case they 
 must be spa}-ed. If you wish to breed them shut them up and give a 
 purgative, and when she comes in heat let her be served with a ^oung 
 bidl. The.se conditions are seen mostly in fancy well-bred, pampered 
 animals; they are known as BuUers. 
 
 HvDroMETRA (Dropsy of the Womb). — The mixture that fills the 
 womb is a mixture of .serum, lymph, and broken-dovi'n pus. It is the 
 result of subacute, long-continued inflammation. Acute inflammation 
 may produce it; but is more likely to cause death before that occurs. It 
 may follow parturition, or may occur without an>- assignable cause. 
 
 Semeiology. — There is more or less staggering gait; it .seems to pro- 
 duce pressure on the spinal cord. In the bitch, the hind parts seem to 
 -be paralyzed; in the cow, she staggers and can't turn or back, and they 
 get ver\- large as if pregnant; the os uteri is found to be closed as in preg- 
 nancy, but b}- rectal examination you fail to find any fcettis, and out.side 
 you fail to hear the fcetal heart. 
 
 Treatment. — If \ou are sure of your diagnosis, open the os uteri 
 with one finger, then two, and so on till you get 5'our hand in, then 
 empty the womb; wash out with a solution of boracic acid — a three or 
 four per cent solution, may add a little hydrastin. If you can pump in 
 and out again, as with an Allen pump, it is well to use carbolic acid or 
 zinC; they must be pumped out, but the boracic acid need not, it will 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I53 
 
 Stay till it flows out. In addition give tonics and liberal diet; arsenic, 
 iron, oats, bran, etc. 
 
 ^ Hydrocele, Orchitis, Water Seed, Dropsy of the Testicles. — 
 This is seen more in stallions than in bulls, dogs, rams, or goats. The 
 cause is often very obscure; no assignable cause can he given for it. 
 Other times it is due to exposure, to storms, or to external violence. 
 
 Symptoms. — The testicle swells, it may be one or both; it may be 
 ni the body of it or in the outside between the two; .sometimes it seems 
 to run down the scrotum from the belly, dilating the sack. When it 
 occurs in the body of the testicle, it is usually fatal to that testicle; in 
 that case it is more likely due to external violence, and the testicle must 
 be lost if severe. When it is outside of the testicle and the testicle not 
 injured, the serum can be drawn off with trocar and cannula. If the 
 effusion is slight you can often cause it to be absorbed; never use ,sur- 
 ger3' where there is no need of it. To ca,use to absorb, give small doses 
 of iodide of potash about ^ to i dr. night and morning, for a week or 10 
 days, but don't give too much, as it is liable to injure the testicles. 
 Give soft food and gentle exercise, and put scrotum in a suspensory to 
 do away with the pressure of its own weight. When it is in the testicle 
 itself, bathe with warm water for an hour, then use a solution of acetate 
 lead I J oz. to the pint. Give iodide potash and quinine, and put in sus- 
 pensory'. If the hot water doesn't do good, then try cold instead; some 
 use the hot water first, then change to the cold, or use a freezing lotion — 
 as muriate ammonia i oz., nitrate potash i oz., to quart of water. You 
 can apply this two or three times a da}-, and use a suspensory. In case 
 this fails and the testicle is very large, and you are certain it is the testi- 
 cle itself that is affected, insert j-our trocar and cannula right into the body 
 of the testicle and drain off. The best thing to do is to remove the testi- 
 cle, but for the sake of looks in stud work it is well to try to saA'e it, 
 though it will onl\- be for looks. But if this fails, then castrate him; he 
 will still be good with the one left. 
 
 Treatment. — In treating, it will be necessary to lay the stallion up 
 for a time, so give him a purgative and lessen his food. Wherever there 
 is a tendency to this trouble, the best thing to prevent it is the use of a 
 suspensor}-; and especially if the}- are very large naturall}-. Dr. Withers 
 says all men should wear them, and that man}' who have weak backs 
 would be relieved by their use. When anything is wrong with the testi- 
 cles, always use a suspensory. 
 
 Nymphomania (Chronic Congestion of Clitoris). — Means an 
 excess of animal pas.sion in the female. 
 
 Satyriasis. — Excess of animal passion in the male; ancient myth- 
 ology has it that Satyrs used to frequent .streams or the banks rather, 
 and wait until the nymphs, which were half women and half fish, 
 came out of the water, and then rape them; the Satyr was half man 
 and half beast; they were also called the Woodland-bucks. This dis- 
 ease is more common in the human male than in the lower animals, 
 though males of all animals are always ready on opportunity. I heard 
 on good authorit}', at least professed truth, that a man had been there 
 fifteen times in one night. 
 
 Females suffering from Nymphomania are the same; they are in heat 
 all the time, and a cow will take the bull at any time when this wa}-, so 
 
154 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 will the mare, but as a rule they don't breed. They differ from the bul- 
 lers, which don't want the bull though riding other cows. This disease 
 is more common in the cow than in the mare or in bitches, but in the 
 human female it is about the same as the cow. 
 
 Etiology. — Due to luxurious living, and is worse if they have gentle 
 exercise; it is more common in the human among the higher class becau,se 
 of less work and high living, but as a rule they don't breed. It is an 
 old saying, that a poor man's cow and a poor man's wife will conceive 
 and won't abort, while a rich man's cow and a rich man's wife won't 
 conceive, and if tlie3' do will abort. Fact is, that a poor man's wife may 
 hang over a tub all day, and then conceive if he gets within gunshot dis- 
 tance of her. 
 
 Treatment. — Change the hygiene; sometimes it is due to disease of 
 the clitoris, it ma^' be cancerous; this may be cured by amputation of the 
 clitoris, which will often control the passions; do not keep in too warm 
 stables. ]Males should be put to harder work — there is nothing so good 
 for this as fatiguing work; many a .stallion has been ruined by leaving 
 him in the stable idle when the owner thought he was taking good 
 care of him; he had better have been working, as he may have erections 
 constantly and finally practice masturbation. There is no medicine re- 
 quired except purgatives. 
 
 Hysteri-N.. — This is an exces.sively nervous condition, .seen in females 
 only; the whole body is in an liyperEesthetic condition. It usually .sets 
 in with the period of oestrum, sometimes continues with it, other times 
 it subsides, unless they die, as some jroung heifers do; old cows seldom die 
 from it. In the mare it is seen when about five or six years old; they 
 develop .spasms similar to those of Tetanus, but not continous; they re- 
 lax, then Clonic spasm comes on again. Thej' often become wildly de- 
 lirious, striking and biting; the spasms are often so bad as to throw them 
 ofl: their feet. Still the spasm can be called tetanic, and along with it is 
 delirium. This is well marked, particularly in women advanced in years, 
 and especially about the period of the stoppage of menstruation. This 
 Hy.steria sometimes proves fatal; in young girls, if they catch cold 
 during the men.strual period, at about the age of fifteen or sixteen, the)^ 
 may become temporarily insane and continue so for two or three months. 
 This disease is common among women; mares are likely to die during 
 this disease, from syncope; the heart contracts and they die before it re- 
 laxes. During these attacks the temperature runs vei-y high; we had a 
 case here in the school a few }-ears ago in \\'hich the temperature could 
 not be taken — it ran up as high as the thermometer registered. It \'\-as a 
 heifer, and she died in one of the .spasms. Women under these condi- 
 tions often lo.se their .senses for a time and make unreasonable demands, 
 so men should be kind and not find fault with therri, as thej' are irrespon- 
 sible for their acts. 
 
 Treatment. — It is con.sidered good practice to bleed a little — that re- 
 duces the conge.stion of the genital organs. If this won't work, then 
 give gelsemium or bromide potash; if ver)- nervous, give in \-ery small 
 doses; best to give them together. Give a purgative — nitrate of potash; 
 give soft feed; keep cool and quiet. Morphine, chloroform, etc. increase 
 the excitement. 
 
 I^EUCORRHOJA. — Is a catarrhal discharge from the female genitals — 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 55 
 
 a muco-puruleiit discharge usually of a whitish or yellowish-white color, 
 sometimes from the vagina, sometimes from the uterus. 
 
 Etiology. — Is probably due to injuries inflicted during parturition, 
 especially in cases of difficult labor where force must be used to assLst the 
 mother, and more particularly when there is mal presentation; great care 
 should then be taken not to wound the parts with the instruments, also 
 not to poison the parts with dirty hands. Then again there ma}.- be a 
 retention of the whole or a portion of the placenta for a time — this wil 1 
 poison the parts. 
 
 Semeiology. — The mare is usually unthrifty in any case, also the 
 females of other animals, but is probably more common in the cow. They 
 become thin in fiesh, staring coat, the discharge is more or less offensive, 
 continuous, and usualh' profuse, though at times may be slight. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash out the parts with a pump. Allen's is the best, 
 because you can pump in then out again, but an injection or stomach 
 pump will do. After cleaning it out, make a careful examination. As- 
 certain the cause of the trouble; often it is ulceration of a portion of 
 the mucous membrane — either of the vagina or the uterus; in such a 
 case use prophjdactic treatment. Local application— pulv. boracic acid 
 applied directly to the ulcerating surface; give iron, arsenic, vegetable 
 bitters, liberal diet. 
 
 Barrenness in Females (Sterility, Failure to Conceive). — 
 This is quite common in well-bred cows, and is often curable. A local 
 examination may be made, first with instruments, using the dilators. If 
 anything is wrong that cannot be seen when using these, then take the 
 vaginal speculum, and if necessarj'- to examine the uterus, use the uterine 
 speculum, first lubricating the hand; then go in and see if the os uteri is 
 open, using olive oil on the hand; if closed, try to open with one finger, 
 if you can't open it, then use the dilator. If it is yet difficult, then 
 smear the end of the dilator with belladonna or cocaine. If the Leucor- 
 rhoea comes from ulceration, the membrane will be darker in the ulcera- 
 tions than on the normal membrane; in that case u.se the curette, scrape 
 all the diseased mxUcous membrane well, and then dust on with a powder 
 blower, some impalpable powder of boracic acid. In case youiind a Tu- 
 mor, catch hold of it with the uterine forceps, and if attached by a pedi- 
 cle use the scissors instead of the ecraseur. While you are operating 
 catch hold of the os with an instrument for that purpose, and 3'ou can 
 draw it back from two to six inches without any danger, as the os is not 
 sensitive. The instruments shown by Dr. Baker were designed by Dr. 
 Knowles, formerly of Terre Haute, Ind. , who said the secret of his success 
 in treating for Barrenness was to treat the diseases the animal had in 
 the genitals. This ulceration of the vagina and uterus is the most com- 
 mon one; another trouble is, the placenta often hangs on several days or 
 weeks, and if not removed by artificial means might hang on for several 
 months, and this rotting poisons the parts and causes an ichorous dis- 
 charge that inflames the vagina and uterus. I,eucorrhcea has a tendency 
 to render the secretions of the genitals acid instead of being slightly alka- 
 line or neutral, as they should be. If even feebly acid it will destroy the 
 spermatozoa and prevent fecundation, so you will often find nothing ap- 
 parently wrong, particularly in the mare. In this case better examine 
 the secretions with litmus paper. Obesity is also a cause of Barrenness. 
 
156 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Reduce animal; give plenty of exercise. Tuberculosis is frequently a 
 cause of this trouble, and is very common; or it may be from Cancers, or 
 any kind of Tumors, 'or ulcerations in the parts. Sometimes a cause is the 
 firm contraction of the os uteri, and it fails to relax; in that case it often 
 causes a serious disease of the uterus, due to the shutting up of the se- 
 cretions that are still going on and which should be discharged. In such a 
 case it is best to put the mare under treatment for ten or fifteen days to get 
 the uterus membrane in healthy condition, then wash out with mild anti- 
 septic; boracic acid is the best when j'ou can get it chemically pure, but 
 if not, use alcohol or a weak .solution of iodine, which is very good. 
 Sometimes it is nece.ssary to cauterize with iodine, .so use the long forceps 
 with the cotton — it wont hurt if you do touch the healthy part; and 
 where you find the whole surface of the os affected and indurated, it is 
 well to use the iodine over the whole surface, in its full strength, first 
 mopping out the parts clean ; do this for some days. Sometimes mares 
 are injured during copulation, may be by the male's penis being too long;, 
 this is true in heifers — thej' are often severely injured; not verj- common 
 in mares. Remember, there is no .specific to cure Barrenness. 
 
 In case of hyperesthesia of the genital organs during coptilation, 
 the female organs undergo a state of erection as well as in the male, and 
 this often amounts to a disease of the uterus; during copulation the 
 spasm of the uterus is often excessive and la.sting afterwards, so that the 
 OS and cervix don't relax and the semen can't be introduced. Sometimes 
 the passage to the uterus is plugged with a firm Ijauph; this plug must 
 be removed; this is what is termed opening a mare; the organs may be 
 in health every other way. You can usually open with the finger, and 
 especiall}- by using belladonna, vaseline, etc. ; if not, then use the dila- 
 tor. In case the secretion of the genital organs is acid, it is a good plan 
 to rinse out with boracic acid, and put on alkaline course of medicine — 
 as bicarbonate soda, lime water, or prepared chalk; this changes the char- 
 acter of the secretions to alkaline. Nowadays they are introducing the 
 spermatozoa into the uterus artificially and with good results, both in the 
 human and lower animals. L,et the stallion cover the mare, then when 
 he comes off insert the hand and catch the semen and put into a syringe 
 that is heated blood-heat, then introduce it into the uterus. It may be 
 carried some distance, and it is said it can be shipped and will work if 
 kept at the right temperature. 
 
 I31POTEXCE. — This is Barrenness in males, so the fault is not always 
 in the female; this in the male is often dtie to masturbation, and is a very 
 common practice in the lower animals as well as in the human. It is also 
 spoken of as onanism; some suppose the dog doesn't masturbate, but 
 they are wrong. They take different ways to accomplish it; the dog 
 lies down and takes it in his mouth, or by arching the back rubs it 
 against his belly till he goes off. The bull and the stallion also follow 
 this last way. It is common in the stallion, due to high-feeding and 
 idleness. The best thing to do is to give fatiguing labor; it is better than 
 medicine, and avoid over-feeding, unless he is run down by the practice, 
 then feed and give work accordingly, and use a shield. A colt or other 
 3-oung animals will not masturbate withotit erection, but older animals 
 will, even without the erection, but they will discharge in the sheath. 
 Sometimes it is .spontaneous, as in the case of the boy that does so in his 
 
¥??■ 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 57 
 
 sleep; this is often caused by idleness and liigh living, also by masturba- 
 tion; boys are worse between the ages of fifteen and twenty; fathers 
 should warn their boys against it. It shows in young stallions in their 
 speed and flesh; they sweat easily and are unthrifty, and the spermatozoa 
 is often found in the urine. He is often barren. Disease of the testicle 
 is also a cause of Barrenness, also Tuberculosis, and other forms of blood 
 poisoning; sometimes the only trouble is Atrophy of the testicles from a 
 faultj- blood supply or mal formation, whicli may be congenital. Stal- 
 lions that have done much work are liable to get enlargement of the pros- 
 tate glands. Some stallions come oif the mare proud, had no ejection; then 
 it is recognized bj- all practitioners that copulation was a failure, but I 
 knew of one case that was not a failure, but the animal got colts — it was 
 ;a French percheron. It is a case of Satj-ria. Give rational treatment — 
 as purgatives, light diet, and more exercise; always look to the hygiene 
 in these cases. Keep on tonics three or four months. Last resort. Cas- 
 tration. 
 
 NOTES ON OBSTETRICS CONTINUED. 
 
 Miscarriage (Abortion), and Premature Labor. — Abortion, 
 Avhen there is expulsion of fecundated ovum or foetus before it can live 
 ■outside the body of mother. A premature labor is a foetus born ahead of 
 its time, but coming alive and living a greater or less length of time after 
 birth. Abortion implies that the foetus becomes dead or dies as soon as it 
 strikes the air, while premature birth does live. Cows have more ten- 
 dency to abort than other animals; women are next in frequency. 
 
 Etiology. — Causes of Abortion, not counting those produced bj^ 
 ■ operations, are, Accidental, Habitual, and Infectious. 
 
 Accidental are caused bj^ violence, falling, kicks from other horses 
 ■or ill-tempered men; Acute Indigestion in form of Intestinal or Gastric 
 Flatulence, spasmodic Colic (severe), febrile diseases when fever runs 
 high; large draughts of cold water when not severe enough to produce 
 Colic, interfere with foetal circulation, eating of frozen or musty food, 
 powerful drugs in large doses producing shock to system, ergotized grain 
 -or grass, drastic purgatives — as aloes, sudden and severe exertion, espe- 
 cially if not accustomed to it, obesity, plethora, poverty and anaemia, 
 nervous disesases, as Neurosis (when severe), Tetanus, diseases of the 
 uterus. Glanders in mare, contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia in cattle. Influ- 
 enza, Strangles, .shocks to nervous sj^stem, fear, undue excitement, ex- 
 cessive bleeding, sometimes copulation during pregnancy, operations with 
 or without castings, heavy thunder, especially when it lasts long, sight of 
 blood on other animals, smell of decomposing animal or vegetable matter; 
 dogs worrying sheep, often cause ewes to abort; ecbolics given for any 
 other purpose, or it maj^ be produced intentionally by the use of ergot, 
 rue, and savin; diseases of foetus, feebleness of spermatozoan from over- 
 work in the stud, etc. 
 
 Habitual Abortion is apt to occur in tho.se that have aborted once 
 from accidental cause, probably due to weakened condition of uterus. 
 
 Infectious Abortions are due to presence of a germ that gets into the 
 vagina and sets up irritation, with the effect apparently of opening the os 
 uteri and extension over wall of uterus of this irritation produced in the 
 vagina. Some claim it is a Micrococcus, but the generally accepted 
 
I5B THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 opinion is, that it is the PeniciUium Glaticuni, or ordinary bhie mole, that 
 is supposed to be the most common cause of it. Cows seem to be the 
 only ones suffering from this cause of Abortion. We find that it rages as 
 auEntozootic or Epizootic in the wet season, when moles flourish. 
 
 Semeiology of Abortion — Usually occurs without anj- premonitory 
 symptoms; comes away easily, depending on stage of gestation; generally 
 occurs in from six weeks to three months. Fcetus is usually found on the 
 floor in the morning. When it occurs after four or five months, it has 
 manj- signs of normal parturition — as dullness, uneasiness, abdomen 
 drops, mammae become congested, vulva swells, labor pains are those of 
 normal parturition ; the membranes may be all expelled with the fcetus, 
 especially if the Abortion occurs in the earh' .stage of ge.station. In some 
 cases they become ruptured and foetus is expelled naked, and the placenta 
 comes along later. Sometimes we find that foetus, after entering uterus, 
 stays there and decomposes, producing constitutional disturbance — as. 
 Septicaemia, Ulceration of womb, Ueucorrhoea, occasionally death. Abor- 
 tion if occurring extensively in dairy, causes great losses in supply of 
 milk. Conception may take place as soon after Abortion as after a nor- 
 mal deliver}-, but occasionally it is delayed for weeks and even months, 
 according to the amount of disturbance the Abortion produces. Any 
 uneasiness of a pregnant female should be considered suspicious of pos- 
 sible occurring Abortion, and she should be watched with a view of dif- 
 ferentiating between Colic and Abortion. Where the premonitory symp- 
 toms are recognized early enough. Abortion may be prevented. 
 
 Treatment. — Prevention is the main thing; do this by removing cause 
 if possible. Case should receive very careful examination. For Habit- 
 ual Abortion we recommend hemp seed; give one half pint once a day to 
 those that are not over-fed. Habitual Abortion occurs about the fifth 
 month. Begin feeding hemp .seed three or four months up to within a 
 few weeks of parturition. Fl. ext. viburnum prunufolium is looked upon 
 as the best remedy; give rather freely. To human female, i dram of the 
 fl. ext. can be given once a day? as a preventitive. Give every hour or 
 two if there are any premonitory symptoms. In cases of accidental in- 
 jury. Abortion can be averted by giving this and other remedies — such 
 as chloroform, opium, camphor, asafetida, chloral, etc. Chloroform, 
 two to three dram do.ses every hour until danger is passed; Camphor 20 
 to 30 grs. ; opium, i dram night and morning until danger is passed. If 
 female is in ansemic condition, iron and other tonics are indicated. If 
 rupture of water-bag takes place, Abortion is inevitable, but rupture can 
 be averted. In case of such rupture fcetus perishes and becomes a 
 foreign body; fatty degeneration of placenta takes place, and Abortion is 
 the result. Occa.sionalh' in late stage of gestation, delivery is hard and 
 help is needed. When from ergot, stimulants and tonics are indicated; 
 when due to infection, remove aborting cow as soon as discovered and re- 
 move everthing connected with abortion — placenta, foetus, and juices, and 
 burn them. In case Abortion is repeated without any apparent cause, 
 always su.spect infection; clean out stable, wash out manger, clean out 
 cobwebs, sprinkle floors with disinfectant — such as crude carbolic acid or 
 emulsion of kero.sene (eight per cent) and water, with enough carbonate 
 of lime to make emulsion, and shoot in the cracks with "force pump. 
 When this is done, whitewash the cow that has aborted. If it is due to 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 59 
 
 infection, she will carry seed of this germ for a long time. Remove her 
 as soon as discovered, and don't put her back for at least five weeks. 
 
 Rupture of ITterus. — May occur before or after parturition, as a 
 result of external violence. 
 
 Treatment. — Is useless; destroy the animal. 
 
 Rupture of Vagina. — In mare is fatal; in cow it can be sewed up, 
 or if there was not too much laceration, will heal itself. 
 
 Rupture of PerineI'^m. — Is liable to occur in any animal, called 
 Jill Flirts by horsemen. May be partial or complete, may be lacerated, 
 making continuous opening between anus and vulva, and fsecal matter 
 passes down into the vulva before it passes out, and gas does not escape. 
 Whenever this occurs it should be attended to at once, in case it occurs 
 when you are present. It may occur on account of overstretching of 
 parts. As soon as delivery is effected, sterilize wound with antiseptic 
 and sew it up. Ma>- rupture from without inwards, and in sewing up 
 begin on inside letting the knots come in vagina and work down. If 
 rupture has extended into the rectum, stitch this first, then the vagina; 
 use fine silk and needle, and put stitches close together; then hold part 
 in place and put in the vagina a lump of oakum or cotton; dress two or 
 three times a day. For internal dressing in rectum, sulphur ointment is 
 very good; blow on iodoform, .starch, and boracic acid; before powder 
 is applied the wound should be dried thoroughly. In case the stitches 
 rupture, scarify wound afresh and .sew up again. Gi\'e soft feed. 
 
 Metritis ^^.Ietroperitonitis and Parturient Fever . — x\lmost 
 invariably septic, might be Traumatic, and is usually fatal, especially in 
 mares and women; cows are not so su.sceptible to it. Sepsis may occur 
 through several channels — first, acute infection, infect themselves from 
 germs and filth in their own tail, so that a case of this kind may develop 
 after j-ou have assisted in delivery. Organ becomes swollen is of reddish 
 color, is alwa3's infectious, and almost invariably fatal. Tail of mare should 
 be washed out after parturition, and put the animal in a clean .stall with 
 plenty of bedding. May come from dirty ropes and instruments. Cot- 
 ton ropes are the best. Second specific method of infection by practition- 
 er going to a case of parturition from a case of Erysipelas or vStrangles. 
 
 Treatment. — As soon as we are convinced that .she is suffering from 
 sepsis, sterilize all the genital organs with antiseptic. The best is a two 
 or three per cent solution of boracic acid at a temperature of iio° 
 Fahrenheit, used in large quantity, leaving it in at least five minutes. 
 Give quinine and alcoholic stimulants internally, also hyposulphite of 
 soda and mild laxatives. 
 
 Parturient Eclampsia. — Is convulsion of body due to nervous 
 results following parturition, and may result in slight or complete con- 
 vulsions; not common in lower animals. 
 
 Etiology. — Rather obscure. When due to an hy,sterical condition, 
 simple hypersesthesia is a cause, is closely allied to hysteria. May be 
 seen in mares, cows, and bitches. Mares show it more often the first 
 three or four days, cows not so susceptible to it; bitches usually show it 
 during second and sometimes third week, when nursing puppy after 
 parturition. They are panting very hard, and are in great di.stress. It 
 verv much resembles strychnine poisoning, and is frequently mistaken 
 for 'it. 
 
l6o THEORY AND PRACTICK. 
 
 Treatment. — For bitches give chloral hydrate; take puppies off for 
 twentj-four hours; gi\'e gelsemium and bromide of potash, or fl. ext. 
 cannabis indica and hyoscyamus in a mixture. As soon as cramps are 
 relieved repeat the doses until you get relaxation ; give a dose of oil as 
 soon as cramps are over, and feed liberally after recovery. In mares 
 give same medicines in larger doses; if not sufficient, give chloral h3^drate 
 in addition, and give laxatives as soon as cramps are .subdued. 
 
 Parturient Laminitis. — In mares it is common, due to sympa- 
 thetic condition existing between genital organs and teeth. 
 
 Treatment. — Liberal doses of nitrate of pota.sh internally. Local 
 treatment, same as ordinary- Laminitis. 
 
 NOTES ON theory AND PRACTICE CONTINUED. 
 
 Urticaria, Surfeit (In Human, Xettlerash). — Is prickly heat. 
 Skin diseases in the lower animals are rare as compared to the human, 
 nor are they so complicated or severe. There are a great many varieties _ 
 in the human due to inherited taints; that is in the blood. The lower 
 animals are liable to nearl}* all the acute forms. Manj' of the diseases of 
 the skin are sympathetic, that is with other organs of the body, and do 
 not arise as a primary but as a secondar}' affection. This exists in two 
 forms in the horse— Acute and Chronic. It is an eruptive disease; in the 
 acute form it comes up suddenly' in blotches, varying from the size of a 
 little finger nail to the size of a hand, and they are sharply circumscribed; 
 they are irregular in form — some are round, others oval, others irregu- 
 larlj' round; usually raise up about one eighth to one fourth of an inch 
 in thickness, sometimes more than that; sometimes they go awaj' as 
 quickly as the}' come; other times they remain for hours, daj's, months, 
 or majr become chronic and remain for years. 
 
 Etiolog3'. — Predisposing cause is over-feeding and idleness; horses 
 fed on corn are more liable than tho.se fed on oats; there are more heat 
 and starch in the corn, and it makes more adipose tissue. But it may 
 occur with any kind of strong feeding, particularly^ if kept up, and more 
 especially if one kind of food is kept up, without change of the kind. It 
 is mostly due to the stomach by Indigestion, so that the horse is pleth- 
 oric in every case, though he may look thin in flesh. The exciting cause 
 is the sudden heating up; it usuallj' develops in warm weather, especially 
 after a little exercise. Giving little or much grass may produce it, 
 especially if having been fed on grain; runners are more liable in this re- 
 spect than thoroughbreds. Sometimes this disease covers every part of 
 the bod}', other times is confined to the neck and shoulders. This erup- 
 tion itches furiously, other times not at all; sometimes they are mad with 
 the itching. The blotches are not sore in the acute .stage, and there is no 
 discharge. 
 
 Treatment. — Depletion is indicated, so give purgatives — either aloes 
 or salines, then fa.st except to give bran (bran slop) for twenty-four 
 hours, then following the purgative action purify the blood, deplete, and 
 gi^-e diuretics for three or four days after. When it comes on from eat- 
 ing grass, as in the case of the runners, it often does so spontaneously 
 and is always in the acute form. In such a case don't deplete, don't 
 give purgatives, don't need anything; will get well himself, but j'ou mu.st 
 make some show before the owner, so give mild diuretics, as y^ oz. nitrate 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. l6l 
 
 potash, either m the drinking water or in bohis, and give a httle bitter 
 tonic — nux vomica or gentian. When the itching is severe, a local ano- 
 dyne wash may be used — as dilute acetic acid; sponge all over with \\arm 
 water with a little common salt in it; add a little hydrocyanic acid to the 
 wash, or sulphuric acid i dr. to quart of water, is found good; he will 
 steam from this, and then cool off. If that doesn't do, then try lotion of 
 bicarbonate soda; remember the skin is sensitive and will ab.sorb readily 
 any strong lotion, therefore 3'ou can't u.se sugar of lead. 
 
 Chronic Form. — In this the blotches remain permanently; it is very 
 difficult to cure as these blotches are often ^x-ry sore, and with a little 
 fever in them; the hair occasionally drops off. The.se patches are apt to 
 spread .slowly, and don't usually occur close together, compared to the 
 acute; but in portions of the bod}' — as hip, .shoulders, etc., they are in- 
 clined to .spread. Give alterative tonics -arsenic, sulphur, iodide potash 
 are indicated; keep the bowels loose; give grass diet if possible; sulphate 
 soda occasionally, and keep on with the iodide pota,sh and arsenic for 
 several weeks, or longer if necessary. Give charcoal, gentian, or nux 
 vomica, or ginger. I^et up on the soda for a week, then go on again; in 
 this way you treat the dige.sti^"e organs as well as the blood, for the blood 
 has become poisoned. Acute cases may run into the chronic and require 
 long treatment; may take a year or two to cure. In many ca,ses can be 
 cured in from five to .six months. The first three or four weeks after 
 beginning treatment ma^' make it worse, but the blotches will gradually' 
 disappear. Frequent bathing in cold water is good, just cold enough to 
 get cooled off, and make it a little alkaline Avith bicarbonate soda. 
 
 Psoriasis ( Malaxders -Vnd S.vllEnders). — Malanders may oc- 
 cur back of the knees, and Sallenders in front of the hocks. It comes in 
 flexors of joints, described as squamos skin disea.se. It is subacute and 
 and runs into chronic inflammation of the derma; as a result of this the 
 skin b'ecomes thickened, dry, and cracks transversally, sometimes from 
 one half to three fourths of an inch deep, and they discharge a bloody 
 serum, and unless treated in the early stages are very hard to cure. The 
 first thing noticed is a sweaty discharge, probably from the same cause 
 as Grease Heel. If it is vigorou.sly treated in the early stage it will yield 
 to treatment, but in the chronic the treatment must be almost contin- 
 uous. Generally seen in plethoric draft horses, seldom .seen in the run- 
 ners. The large surface sores that develop on the body of the draft .stal- 
 lion are about the same as tho.se of Urticaria, but deeper-seated, and have 
 not the abrupt edge; often come up as large as two hands, the skin gets 
 thick and cracks, the discharge is purulent, and part often sloughs off. 
 The part itches intensely, the horse will bite and rub it, and that causes 
 more itching. It is very difficult to cure, especially when on the limbs, 
 but they occur more often around the trunk, though may at any place. 
 Treatment. — For all these diseases treat about the same; deplete, 
 but give moderate doses of purgative and repeat; too large are hable to 
 produce superpurgation. To draft stallions of 1,800 lbs. give i oz. aloes 
 or I ft), sulphate of soda; you can't cure without depleting. Give altera- 
 tives, then diuretics,— arsenic, sulphur, green corn (stalk and all), but 
 little oats or corn. 
 
 lyocal Treatment. — Anodyne washes — some mild form of mercury, 
 use it as an antiseptic. Mix a little blue ointment, or wash with alkaline 
 
l62 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 wash — bicarbonate of soda or potash. Sulphur and lard are good, one 
 to three parts; add a few drops of carbolic acid to allay the itching. If 
 they granulate too much under this treatment, Tumors may form. Try 
 to reduce with ointment of iodide potash and lard, one to eight parts, 
 and give iodide potash internally, then change occasionallj^ to white lo- 
 tion; some use sulph. copper in lard, one to eight, or acetate copper in 
 lard, one to eight. For the cracks in the joints use ca.stile soap and 
 water; keep animal quiet. If they are inclined to granulate too much, 
 touch with lunar caustic, and dry up with white lotion. A wet pack 
 for a few days is good, a two per cent solution of carbolic acid, then 
 follow with bicarbonate potash or soda. 
 
 Pityriasis. — Is a more or less chronic skin disease, with a general 
 thickening of it; is associated \dth poverty every time; whether it is the 
 lice that cause it, or it causes the lice, is not known. 
 
 Symptoms. — The .skin is thickened and scaljs may be one eighth to 
 three quarters of an inch large, under these scales the lice burrow and 
 reproduce. 
 
 Treatment. — Bathe with soap and water, .soften the scales, destroy the 
 lice, and remove the cause. Feed them better; kill the lice with kerosene 
 used in two ways — an ointment of one part kerosene to three of lard, or an 
 emulsion of eight per cent kerosene and water; add a little carbonate 
 potash so that the oil will mix. This should be also used M'ith a force 
 pump and shot into all the cracks and eyer}^ place \\'here the lice could 
 be. This disease more often exists in cattle. This emulsion is also used 
 to .sponge over the cattle, but never apply kerosene clear. This is a good 
 remedy if the horse is affected with anj^ kind of lice; where the coat is 
 heavy, best to clip off if surroruidings will permit. Tobacco juice is also 
 good; make an effusion of i lb. tobacco to 3 gals, of water and only ap- 
 ply to about one third of the body at a time, as animals are easily made 
 sick if applied all over; repeat the wash. In cattle you may sponge them 
 all over with it freely, and repeat in a week or ten days, as nits will hatch. 
 
 Acne. — I^ittle isolated eruptions — pustules. In cattle there may be 
 grubs; there are none in the horse. These pustules itch yer>' much, and 
 usually occur on the neck and shoulders, or under the saddle. They of- 
 ten become chronic and must be cut out, but in the acute stage may be 
 cured. Give alteratives and wash with soap and water and common salt; 
 ansenic and sulphur internallj' are good. If under the saddle, use white 
 
 lotion. ^■i^:::^i0^'rMf'''OW^-'::'^" '-' 
 
 Prurigo. — An intensely itching disease of the skin, due to a dis- 
 ordered or deranged peripheral sen.sibility; the cause usualh' is Indiges- 
 tion, most likely from over-feeding. There is no morbid anatomy, no 
 eruptions, no thickening of the skin, no inflammation — simplj- itching. 
 
 Treatment. — It invariably occurs with plethora; gixe purgative, fol- 
 low with diuretics; bathe with alkaline wash or common salt. One form 
 of this is an itching around the hock; sometimes the attack comes on sud- 
 denh' and the animal rubs off the hair and the flesh in his suffering, but 
 it only aggravates the trouble. 
 
 Special Treatment. — In addition to alteratives use sugar of lead. It 
 may be due sometimes to Ascarides in the rectum. If you think so, give 
 injection of turpentine i oz. to }< pint oil, or salt and water. A solution 
 of acetate of lead J-< to i oz, to pint of water is best, and sulphur intern- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICIXE AND SURGERY. 163 
 
 ally rather freely. If that doesn't cure, then put on arsenic treatment. 
 Arsenic is the best skin remedy, sulphur next, and iodide potash next. 
 
 Erythema. — Simple inflammation of the skin, superficial, not deep- 
 seated; there is a redness, and it often goes on to desquamation, leaving 
 a raw surface. This covers the most ground of all skin diseases, as it 
 includes stings or bites of insects, fro.st bites, chilblains, scalding b>' fire 
 or water, chafe from harness, scalding of the .skin by urine, or ichorous 
 pus; sore teats in the cows, ewes, bitches; Scratches, Cracked Heels, Mud 
 Fe\-er in horses and cattle. 
 
 Etiology-. — Anything that produces simple superficial and local in- 
 flammation would be sufficient to cause this trouble; Scratches and Mud 
 Fever in the horse especially, are due to exposure to mud and .slush, and 
 improper care of the legs, too much washing or hand rubbing or soaking. 
 Using the hose to wash off mud; white legs that are often wa.shed are 
 very susceptible to it. In trotters the cause is generally too much soak- 
 ing or tubbing; this causes too much softening of the skin, then when 
 taken out of the water it dries, and fever takes place form the drying, 
 this causes inflammation of the parts, the function of the sebaceous 
 glands is arrested, and the sebum is not present to protect from macera- 
 tion the skin of the legs. 
 
 Semeiology. — ]Mud Fever, swelling of the legs; in severe acute case 
 legs get hot, the whole animal is more or less feverish, legs from knees 
 and hocks down are sore to touch; they are stifE and lame. In a few 
 daj's the skin gets scabbj-, feels as if it had been blistered, these scabs 
 become exfoliated, and often the hair comes oft" with them and legs maj^ 
 be bare up to the knees; if it is a white skin it will become purplish red. 
 If neglected and not treated it may run on to chronic Big Leg, or to con- 
 tinual stocking of the legs if left standing long. In milder cases it simply' 
 breaks out in the hollow of the pastern and is then called Scratches. Some- 
 times this is very sore,with considerable swelling of the .skin and transverse 
 cracks at the flexor of the joint, sometimes quite deep. In chronic cases, 
 as seen in trotters and tj'pical forms, there is a gradual destruction of the 
 normal skin, considerable granulation and raw surface; and when this 
 heals after long treatment it leaves a cicatrical skin, and thickened. In 
 cows, ewes, and bitches the teats get sore and chafed from being wet too 
 much; in cows from a habit some have of wetting the teat with the milk 
 when milking; the proper way is to .squeeze the teat; or the off.spring 
 sucking so much may be a cause; scalding by the urine is a frequent 
 cause. In males it may be ejaculating the urine forcibly so as to .spray 
 the fore feet or legs; this is often recognized by pas.sing your hand over 
 them, then smelling j-our hand; or from urinating on bare floor it splashes 
 on them; another form is urinating in the .sheath, may cause the .sheath to 
 become raw and swollen, and a milkj- discharge to flow from it; another 
 form is where they throw the urine up against the belly. 
 
 Treatment. — In Mud Fever you have constitutional disturbances with 
 local inflammation, so treat both; give laxatives — aloes, and potash; put 
 on soft diet, don't let go out in the mud. Remove the cause the first 
 thing, if showering, washing, or tubbing. For local treatment, the best 
 way to reduce the inflammation is to use hot linseed poultice with a little 
 carbolic acid added; it acts as an antiphlogistic; use about three per cent 
 solution; change the poultice twice a day. Give diuretics with the laxa- 
 
164 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 tives. After four or five da5-s stop poulticing; then the fever is reduced, 
 the inflammation s'one, soreness gone, still the swelling remains; wash 
 the leg clean, then dry, then apply sugar of lead lotion yi oz. to pint of 
 water, or powdei'ed borax i oz. to pint, or boracic acid; the lead is the 
 best of all. Sometimes the fever returns after about twenty-four hours; 
 then repeat the poultices, alternate with the lead lotion, say for a week. 
 Glycerine, and a little carbolic acid in water is good to apply — one third 
 glycerine two thirds water; or any anodyne or astringent after the inflam- 
 mation is reduced, is indicated. Maintain the diuretics for tenor fifteen 
 days; usually they require a tonic — give gentian, iron, c^uinine or arsenic, 
 together or alone; iron is indispensable. In bad case give arsenic, nux, 
 and gentian. Give quinine in tonic closes — 10 to 20 grs. three times a day. 
 If thin give a little iron. In chronic case use fly blister. 
 
 ScR.VTCHES. — The same treatment; usually don't need the constitu- 
 tional, still v>'ill do no harm; give purgative and soft feed. After poul- 
 ticing three or four days, and after the inflammation is reduced, oxide of 
 zinc and lard, one to eight, or better — sulphur and lard one to two, or a 
 good plan is to change them. White lotion is very good. A^'e prescribe 
 sugar of lead, one part petrolatum, eight parts. In the chronic form, as seen 
 in trotters, the fir.st thing to do is to remove the cause. If the feet are sore 
 and must have tubbing or soaking, let him stand in an inch of water in- 
 •Stead or more than that. You must not be too wise with trotting {i<jr,se 
 owners, but handle them with soft giove.s — they think the}- know all 
 about a horse. If the horse is to race next da}', poultice all night, and 
 in the morning wipe off nice and clean and put on petroleuni and sugar 
 of lead, then go out. Stallions (jften get this way tied up in stall; idle- 
 ness and high living, and other causes, and taken out a little; exerci.se causes 
 transA'erse cracks. Give purgative and diuretics, and change the food; 
 put on the poultice with carbolic acid. In case 3'ou find a thickening 
 that wont yield to this treatment, u.se a cantharides blister — that will 
 stinuilate the absorbents and circulation, then return to former treatment. 
 
 Frost Bites. — Cold applications are the best, graduall)- applied. 
 In very bad case treat on general principles; reduce the inflammation, 
 give laxative and diuretics. 
 
 Burns. — Use some oity substance to keep out the air — oil, rendered 
 alkaline b}- adding lime water, is the best; oil one part, water four parts; 
 apply to the part and cover with absorbent cotton. If the pain is great, 
 give hypodermic injection of morphine; dress the burn twice a day. After 
 the inflammation is reduced and the .skin destroyed, the white lotion is 
 good, or oxide zinc and lard. 
 
 Sore Teats and Scalds From the Urine. — If the horse urinates 
 in the sheath, teach him to extend it. If the sheath is inflamed use ace- 
 tate lead and carbolized oil on his yard. If he urinates on the belly, tie 
 shield or leather apron in front of the .sheath. In bad cases it is often 
 necessarv to clip the hair, but unless absolutely necessary would not do 
 it. 
 
 Preventative Treatment. — The less the legs are washed the better. 
 If he comes in with dirty legs in Fall, Winter, or Spring, let him dry, or 
 rub off gently with ^^'isp of straw, in the direction of the hair, never 
 against it. Then dr}', and brush off. If the barn is cold wrap a light 
 fold of flannel around till the leg dries. I never allow washing from the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICIXE AND SURGERY. 165 
 
 first of Nov. to Ma>- in any stable where I treat, and never ha\'e an\' of 
 these cases. 
 
 Eczema, (or I boil out, I effervesce) Herpes, and Impetigo. ^This 
 includes all the skin diseases that are accompanied with eruption, with 
 pimples filled with water, pus or other contents. The different kinds 
 under this head are Simple, Papulje, Pustular, and Rubrin. This is the 
 most common skin disease in an>- animal; best characterized bj- the erup- 
 tion with a discharge, or else it is not Eczema. This discharge may vary 
 in quality, quantity, etc., in the different stages of the diseases, but it is 
 always present. 
 
 vSiMPLE. — This comes on suddenly and is usually' confined in the 
 horse to the neck and shoulders; sometimes where the skin is thin inside 
 the thigh. There is intense itching, and the horse will sometimes rub 
 the skin off; little pimples and vesicles will be found there, crop after 
 crop will come up, discharge a thin water>' fluid, then dry up and be fol- 
 lowed by a new crop. There is not a bit of contagion connected with it. 
 The cause is usually a deranged condition of digestion, usually due to 
 oveV-feeding, ver>- heating food, highlj^ nitrogenous, or on one kind of 
 food long continued. 
 
 PapuL-^. — This is characterized by little elevations on the skin, re- 
 sembling the papules or teats, and with more or less fever around the 
 basis of the papules; sometimes there is a pimple in the center, but not 
 always. As a result of the fever at the basis of these, the hair falls out 
 and usualh' remains hanging to the end of the papules, making it look 
 like a rat-tail, as it is sometimes called. This form is inclined to become 
 chronic and remain with the animal. It is seen more often on the legs 
 of heavy draft horses and oxen, especiallj' when working in the mud. 
 This form is usually confined to the legs, and is probablj' due to the cold 
 mud and water, or on account of some caustic in the mud, as we see in 
 limestone roads; the lime becomes slacked and that scalds the legs of the 
 animals. 
 
 Pustular. — Is somewhat similar to the Papulae form, but differs in 
 the discharge — it is continuous and profuse, and the contents of the pim- 
 ple is purulent. It is watery at finst, but after twentj'-four to thirty-six 
 hours becomes pus. The most common manifestation of this in the horse 
 is Grease Heee; occasionalh' in the discharge you will find para.sites, ac- 
 cording to Prof. Herring, Sarcoptes Hippodus, but it has been proven 
 that their presence is simply accidental. In Grease Heel it is seen on 
 the back of the leg. In addition to the Pustular, we find there is a sup- 
 purative inflammation of the sebaceous follicles. 
 
 Etiology. — It is a constitutional disease inmost cases, almost invari- 
 ably due to some humor in the blood, probably due to faulty excretion 
 of the effete matter; this acts at least as a predisposing cause, and the 
 exciting cause is usually exposure to mud, slush, and cold water, but 
 not alwavs. Sometimes occurs in warm dry weather, but the rule is in 
 Fall, Winter, and Spring, oftene.st in Spring because the blood then is 
 thicker, and there is an accumulation of effete material in it; then cold 
 water, as from .snows, sets up a mild inflammation and causes the disease. 
 It is usually associated with plethora, though sometimes we see it in thin 
 animals. 
 
 Semeiology. — There is acute inflammation with swelling of the back 
 
1 66 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 of the legs, usually of the fetlock, or extending down to the heel, and 
 may be up half way to the hocks; there is great soreness on pressure, 
 and itching; may stand on one foot and scratch the place with the other. 
 In course of from twenty-four to thirty-six hours a discharge develops, 
 so that the leg usually looks wet, feels greasJ^ and smells horridly fetid; 
 this odor is characteristic to Grease Heel. The discharge is colorless or 
 slightly amber-colored; sometimes it is so profuse as to run down the 
 legs and drip off. If two legs are affected at one time then he is a cripple. 
 On account of the drying up of the .sebum, in a short time the leg will 
 begin to crack, u.sually in the back of the fetlock, may be in two, three 
 or four places. In some cases the pustules run together, becoming con- 
 fluent, and on account of the continued inflammation, is probably due to 
 the animal parasite. The vesicles often crop up like grapes, and are 
 called Grapes among horsemen; they are nothing more or less than 
 fungus growth, and being so they come up quickly and are of a purplish 
 red color; they bleed easily and discharge pus continually, and the leg 
 during this time swells to four or five times its normal size, and is in- 
 clined to remain so; being chronic then, is usually called Big Teg, known 
 technicalh' as Elephantiasis. Sometimes the grapes on Big Tegs are so 
 large, sensitive and va.scular that they bleed on the least friction; are 
 sore and make the hor.se lame, and finally become a chronic condition. 
 The transverse fissures on the back of the leg become deeper, there are 
 more of them, and they of themselves set up inflammation and more enlarge- 
 ment. These great Big Legs are often due to L3'mphangitis. One at- 
 tack of Grease Heel leaves the animal predi.spo.sed to recurrence on slight 
 cause, and each time leaves it larger than before. 
 
 Impetigo Labialis or Crusta Labialis. — Is another form occur- 
 ring on the face and around the mouth; this is in little animals, fre- 
 c^uently seen in little babies; of the lower animals, perhaps the pig is most 
 liable to it; it is probabh' due to the wetting of the mouth in sucking, 
 and saliva. There is a similar form in the adult, due to grazing when 
 the dew is heavy on the grass on a cold morning after a frosty night — 
 especially the hor.se; the mouth, lips and side of the face get very .sore; 
 often they mu.st be taken up, they get so bad. The form existing in pigs 
 is almost malignant; it .starts at the mouth, and .spreads sometimes over 
 the whole body, and produces .so much wasting as to cause death, the 
 bod}' being a mass of sores; is usually associated also with high feeding 
 on corn. 
 
 Treatment (In general, particularly as it relates to the horse). — It 
 arises from cau.ses v.-ithin the body, usually .something connected with 
 digestion; as a rule there is torpidity of the liver, .so first remove the 
 cause, clean out the sewers of the body, clean out the debris through the 
 natural channels, not through the .skin. Give purgatives that pass 
 through the blood before acting on the bowels — aloes and saHnes are in- 
 dicated; follow with alteratives and diuretics, iodide potash, or sulphate 
 soda. For local treatment, in the acute stage clip off the hair and poul- 
 tice; add a little carbolic acid; charcoal is good; change the poultice twice 
 a day and use soap and water freely. In bad ca.ses change three times a 
 day, and keep up until the di.scharge is .stopped and inflammation .sub- 
 sides — that will be about four to ten days. Then give tonics internally — 
 as arsenic in tonic doses; alternate with sulphur, give sulph. soda occa- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 67 
 
 sionally, afterwards treat the heel as a simple inflamn:ation, with lead or 
 solution of bicarbonate soda or borax. If the fever returns repeat the 
 poulticing- and other treatment; as the swelhng leaves give little exercise, 
 but if it hurts, stop it. If the grapes crop up, clip them off with scissors 
 close to the skin, and burn with sulphate copper. Prof. Williams' recipe: 
 
 R Sulphur 8 ozs. 
 
 Acid carbolic i oz. 
 
 Potass, carb. 40ZS. 
 
 Adeps 32 OZS. 
 
 Oil olivce 32 ozs. 
 
 Mix and plaster on two or three days, then wash off. For simple case 
 muriate ammonia i oz. to pint of water, and acetate of lead where there 
 is not too much eruption. For bad cases, .sour solution of arsenic, as the 
 potash in that is valuable, from V2 to i oz. two or three times a day. 
 Powdered arsenious acid 2 to 5 grs. , two or three times a day is good. 
 For the pig, wash off scabs with soap and water and apply saturated 
 solution of borax, or boracic acid drj?. 
 
 Treatment for Big Leg from Grease Heel. — Get the condition in 
 good shape; give mild purgative, follow with diuretics — iodide or acetate 
 potash; then gi^-e arsenic, iron, and little nux vomica. Give horse regu- 
 lar exercise; if a valuable horse, morning and night, and from four to 
 eight miles at a time, but slow and gentle. When he comes in, shower 
 the leg with cold water (if in hot weather) below the hock, then do up 
 with dr3' derby bandage over the wet skin and hair, lea^-e on se\-eral 
 hours, then rub generously with the hand. In cold weather put on the 
 bandage without showering; change the food — keep the stomach in good 
 condition. 
 
 In the dog there are two forms of Eczema ; Rubrum onlj' in the 
 dog and human; then a pustular form which is a form of Canker in the cars 
 of dogs; it breaks out as a result of surfeit — humor in the blood. The 
 etiology is precisely the same as in Grease Heel, but confines itself to the 
 external auditory canal. There is swelling and eruption of pimples, and 
 a discharge of black gummy fcetid pus, followed by granulation of the 
 pustules, and in bad cases the complete filling up of the canal; complete 
 deafness follows; sometimes the granulations heal, filling the canal solid, 
 and remain so ever after. One early and continuous symptom is the 
 soreness of the ear. 
 
 Treatment. — Much the same as in Grease Heel; epsom salts or mag- 
 nesia; follow with iodide pota.sh and arsenic. 
 
 Local Treatment. — Wash out the ear with soap and water, use a 
 .syringe; tap the cyst, rinse out with saturated solution of bicarbonate soda, 
 then pour in caustic solution lunar caustic (nitrate silver ) , strength 40 grs. 
 to oz. water; cauterize with this once every two days, for about three or 
 four times, that is for an old case; wash once or twice a day, then reduce 
 the strength of the silver to 10 grs., apply once a day for three days, then 
 change to white lotion. But for dog' s ears, usually make it Y^ .strength ; use 
 this for from four to six days two or three times a day, and wa.sli out once 
 a day with soap and water; then after using this lotion for about .six 
 days, change to saturated solution of borax and keep up till well. Reg- 
 ulate the diet. In a verj' mild case wash out with soap and water and 
 use white lotion and solution of borax. Rubrum usualh- occurs on the 
 
l68 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 bellj- and down the sides, and the hair gets rust}'. It is a constitutional 
 disease — used to be called Red Mange. Treat with purgati\-e and follow 
 up with tonics — especially arsenic. This is not' contagious. 
 
 Erysipelas. — Is a very peculiar kind of inflammation of the skin, 
 and is recognized by all as being contagious or infectious at times, but 
 not always. It is recognized as being malignant, that is it is inclined to 
 spread, and through any kind of tissue. It can be carried from one to 
 the other bj' actual contact, and pregnant females will abort if exposed 
 to the poison of Erysipelas; and following parturition, fatal Metritis 
 may be taken by any female by coming in contact with the poison; this 
 is particularly so in women, also in dogs. This seems to be due to a 
 peculiar condition of the blood primarily, that is in the animal in which 
 the disease starts — an unhealthy condition. It usually attacks animals 
 either very thin or ver}- fat, but more so in the lean; probablj^ that is 
 from debility-; it is also more prevalent in some seasons than in others, 
 especialh' when the air is filled with electricit>'. It starts often in 
 wounds under causes which don't seem to be understood, but is probably 
 due to the unhealthy condition of the blood, and with that an atonic con- 
 dition of the nervous system. The wound prior to Erysipelas .setting in 
 is sluggish, showing a tendencj' to ulcerate and be unhealth}-; doe,sn't 
 heal benignl}'. 
 
 Semeiology. — It is characterized by a peculiar glistening of the 
 swelling; it is an indurated and tense condition, doesn't pit on pressure, 
 not cedematous. If it occurs with a wound it is generally on the outside; 
 the granulation becomes a purplish red fungus and bleeds easily ; is com- 
 paratively insensible, and is called Proud Flesh. On the outer part of 
 the wound the inflammation in the surrounding tissue is dense, glisten- 
 ing with .swelling, but it doesn't always occur with a wound; it may show 
 no place on the body. In the human it is generallj' in the head and face, 
 but may be in any part of the bod}-. Horses are mo,st often affected in 
 the legs; the swelling usually has an abrupt line of demarkation; that is 
 Avell marked also in the human, and the whole case has a peculiar smell 
 — it resembles the smell of mice, or some say of burnt hair or of Small 
 Pox. It has a tendenc)' to .spread, and often quite rapidly; it may be 
 two inches one day, the next, four inches hi diameter, but it usually in- 
 crea.ses from about one half to three fourths of an inch in twenty-four 
 lioiirs. The hard tense glistening condition is probablj- due to the infil- 
 tration of exudate into the surrounding tissues. 
 
 Treatment. — Apply hot fomentations diligently, and between time.s 
 apply sugar of lead lotion, freely and strong, three times a day; the satu- 
 rated solution is the best; in most cases this will control it. In all mild 
 cases this is the usual treatment; in the human, especially where the 
 .skin is not broken, but if malignant, or if with a wound, or malignant where 
 the skin is not broken, the best treatment is tinct. iron full strength, six, 
 eight, or ten times a day. In the human it is a very dangerous disea,se, 
 often where it starts about the nose and involves the whole head and often 
 causes death. In such case shave the head and paint with tinct. iron or 
 tinct. iodine full strength. It is good practice to cauterize the healthy 
 skin just outside the inflammation, usually with tinct. iodine full strength 
 or nitrate sih-er. Animals usualh' require constitutional treatment as well. 
 Iron internally is invariabh' indicated, even if the animal is fat, the blood 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 69 
 
 ma\- be in an impoverished condition. In fat animals a laxative is indicated 
 on .y:eneral principles. After recovery is advanced, give iodide potash in 
 small dcses to purify the blood; give this in connection with the iron. 
 Isolate the animal and use separate stable implements around him; be 
 careful not to carry it on your hands or person to other animals, espec- 
 ially if gohig to treat a wound. In the Spring of '75, Dr. Howard in 
 Montreal in the course of two months caused the death of t^\'e^ty-fi^-e 
 women in childbirth from Puerperal Metritis, b}- carrying the disease 
 to them. If you go to a case, then fumigate yourself after. It is not 
 looked upon as dangerous unless it attacks the head, then it may attack 
 the brain: in old people it is looked upon as dangerous in any part of the 
 body, because it is an indication of waning A'italit>-, especially if in 
 connection with some previous disease. In old persons, as in the case of 
 an ulceration. Erysipelas starts in and finally terminates in death from 
 gangrene. 
 
 Cellulitis. — Is where the inflammation extends to the cellular tis- 
 sue underneath the skin, so severe as to interfere with the circulation, 
 and forms an Abscess; this occurring in such a way is called 
 
 PHLEGaiOX. — That is, a suppuration of acute Cellulitis, usualh* the 
 result of some blood poisoning. It often succeeds or is the result of Ery- 
 sipelas. The skin over the Abscess in this Cellulitis, from the circulation 
 being shut off, often sloughs off, that is the skin o\'er the Phlegmon. 
 The most common illustration of this is in the last stage of canine Dis- 
 temper. It usually occurs around the animal's neck, breast and throat; 
 it comes up with a tense, hard swelling, is painful, suppurates, and forms 
 Abscess in the cellular tissue underneath the skin. It contains a black 
 offensive pus. In Influenza in horses, known as Pink Eye, the eye 
 closes up by inflammation around the lid; it is acute Cellulitis, but doesn't 
 suppurate. 
 
 Treatment. — Iron, quinine and Fowler' s solution of arsenic internally. 
 Open the Abscess as earl 3' as j^ou can locate it ; use an antiseptic strong- 
 enough at first to cauterize, then antiseptic after. Poultices are good 
 after opening the Abscess; sterilize them, or use hot fomentations. 
 
 Ferunculus (Feruncle). — Disease around the feet of horses; it is 
 practically what might be called a boil, due to an acute localized inflam- 
 mation in the skin and cellular tissue underneath, involving of course 
 the sebaceous glands. It usually occurs around the pastern of the horse, 
 either before or behind, and any place on the fetlock, even above the 
 fetlock, and sometimes it spreads two thirds around the part, or may be 
 confined to a single spot, from the size of the thumb-nail to the size of 
 the hand. It is inchned usually to ruR a benign course and terminate 
 favorably, but other times it is malignant and is inclined to extend deeply, 
 and in the course of the sloughing expose ligaments and tendons, often 
 below the ligament, as the capsular, causing Open Joint and death from 
 irritative fe\-er when it extends under the corona and affects so many blood 
 vessels, the blood becoming poisoned. A characteristic of this Feruncle 
 is a central core — this is invariable, probably a part of necrosed tissue 
 that has separated from the living tissue, thus forming the core. In the 
 human it is the Boil. It is different from the Ab,scess, in that the Ab- 
 scess never has a core; the same distinguishes it from the Carbuncle — 
 the Carbuncle also is anthracoid. 
 
170 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Etiology. — It depends upon the impoverished condition of the blood. 
 We fancy the cause is a bruise of some sort, or frost bite, etc., as the ex- 
 citing cause. In the Spring of '81 or '82, there was on epidemic of this 
 in Chicago; it was thought by some to be due to the salt thrown on the street 
 car tracks to melt the .snow, but Dr. Baker did not think so, as the street 
 car horses were not affected, but that it was due rather to standing in the 
 cold mud and slash. Sometimes it affects one leg or may affect all; it, is 
 also predisposed bj^ the torpidity of the liver. It .sometimes occurs in dry 
 hot weather. 
 
 Semeiology. — In the first stage there is acute swelling of the leg, in- 
 tense pain, lameness, heat and soreness; that is where there is swelling; 
 often the swelling is so even it is hard to locate the spot where it is going 
 to break. There is always severe constitutional disturbance, elevation 
 of the pulse, pulse increased in frequenc}' and diminished in size, hard 
 and small; the breathing is accelerated, often double; complete loss of 
 appetite, Constipation, and high colored urine; hangs the head and 
 droops the ears. In the second stage, little places of the .skin will become 
 rough and corrugated, about the size of a twent3'-five cent piece, and 
 after a day or two break in the center and a little hole is left, which 
 discharges pus; in a few hours more the roughened skin breaks and will 
 slough off; this occurs in from six to twenty-four hours after the rupture, 
 though it maj' hold on for forty-eight hours. When this skin sloughs off 
 the core usually comes with it; this leaves a circumscribed hole; the fever 
 subsides, pain ceases, appetite and other normal functions return, and 
 makes a rapid recovery. The wound begins to granulate, that is t)ie 
 third stage; this occurs quite rapidly, and not only fills up the cavity, but 
 may form a large Tumor above bj- self- proliferation; the Tumor is cov- 
 ered by a thick cicatricial horny skin. 
 
 Treatment. — We are usually called in the first stage, because the 
 horse is then very sick; a purgative is indicated, full dose, say of aloes, 
 then give diuretic and while that is working give fever mixture — aconite, 
 belladonna, spts. nit. ether, nitrate potash and muriate ammonia, in 
 liberal doses and repeat everj- hour for about ten hours. 
 
 Local Treatment. — Hot lin.seed poultices; soon as you can locate the 
 Abscess open it; McEchran used to open them with a hot iron in the sec- 
 ond stage, quite deep; but the knife is just as good, except that it limits 
 the amount of sloughing; then use antiseptic; change poultices night and 
 morning. When the cavity is about three quarters failed, discontinue 
 the poultice and use white lotion; this hardens the cells and it fills over 
 about level with the skin and prevents Abscesses. 
 
 Mange. — Scabies in the lower animals, also called Scab in the 
 human, sometimes the Itch. This disease while strictly a skin disease 
 is entirely due to the Par.\sitic DermaTozoa, spoken of as Entozoa and 
 Ectozoa; the Ectozoa being on the outside of the .skin. A parasite is a liv- 
 ing thing that lives off other animals, and nearly all are animals, though 
 there are few vegetable para.sites, of which the mistletoe is the most noted. 
 It is a notorious fact that no animal is free from parasites, no matter how 
 large or small. The Dermatozoa thus living on or under the skin, pro- 
 duce skin diseases; and every genii has its own parasites — hor.ses, dogs, 
 cattle, etc. , that is they wont thrive off one specie, when put on a different 
 .specie. It is very contagious from one animal to another of the same' 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. lyr 
 
 specie— the onlj^ exception is the Mange of cats and rats; they will run 
 over a cat and kill in a comparatively short time. The chief feature of 
 this Mange is the intense itching that the ravages of the parasite produce. 
 Wedel discovered the Ascari of the cat in 1672, Kenting those of the horse 
 m 1789, Walz those of the sheep in 1809, Gohier of' the ox and dog 
 m 1812, Spinola those of the hog in 1846. These Dermatozoa also are 
 called Ascarus or (plural) Ascari. There are three principal classes of 
 Dermatozoa or Mange as follows: 
 
 Sarcoptes. — Most important, those that burrow under the .skin or 
 epidermis. 
 
 PsoROPTES. — Those that are on the surface. 
 
 Symbiotes Equi.— Those on the hmbs and in the horses' tails. 
 
 There are many sub classes to these. The Symbiotes often cause 
 thehorse to lose his tail, making him rat tailed. These parasites usually 
 go in groups or colonies; they sometimes exist on the legs, and there 
 cause the hair to fall off also, and cause considerable swelling; they are 
 not common in this country, but are most common in Europe. Sarcoptes 
 are the worst, as they work under the skin, or in the body of the true 
 skin; they also get into the roots of the hair. They produce a swelling 
 of the skin; they are seldom seen in horses, but are common in the dog. 
 Psoroptes are comparatively harmless, except that they cause loss of 
 hair, and cause great distress, but to offset this they work much faster 
 than the Sarcoptes, and probably kill fa,ster. The varieties of Mange are 
 as follows: 
 
 Horse. — Sarcoptes. — Sarcoptes Scabiei. Psoroptes. — Com. Sym- 
 biotes. — Equi. Of these the Sarcoptic Mange is the worst. 
 
 Ox. — Psoroptes Communis. 
 
 Symbiotes Bovis. — The Psoroptes Com. is the worst. 
 
 Sheep. — Scarcoptes Squamiferous, that rai,se the skin up in the 
 scales. Psoroptes Com. , known among sheepmen as Scabies Symbiotes 
 Ovis. 
 
 Dog. — Sarcoptes Squamiferous is the principal Mange of the dog. 
 Sj'mbiotes Canis. 
 
 Cat. — Sarcoptes Minor, because they are .so small the>- require a 
 magnifying glass to see them— must be a .strong glass. It is the princi- 
 pal Mange. Symbiotes Felis. 
 
 Hog. — Sarcoptes Squamiferous, only one. 
 
 Man.— Sarcoptes Scabiei or Itch. 
 
 The Scab in sheep produces dropping off of the wool by causing such 
 an itching that thej' rub off the wool, and it is a source of enormous loss 
 when it gets into sheep herds. Other animals much the same way; first, 
 there is an itching, then eruptions on the .skin; for instance, Psoroptes 
 produce a seal}', scurf},- condition of the skin like dandruff. The Sarcop- 
 tes working under the skin produce severe swelling and intense itching, 
 especially in the dog. In the human the most common place seems to 
 be between the fingers, but it will soon spread all over if not cured. The 
 cat develops a thick squamos skin under which the nits burrow, finalh' 
 the cat wastes away and dies. In cattle it seems to be most common 
 around the eyes, and it spreads. German authors say it is more common 
 in honses and dogs, but not so in Canada. Here as in Europe, it is seen 
 
17- THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 oftener in horses and dogs. In Canada it used to be common among the 
 school children. 
 
 Treatment.— Some remedy must be used to destory the parasite, 
 and as that is pretty hard to do, look out you don't kill the animal in so 
 doing. Isolate the animal; if the hair is long, clip it, especially in dogs, 
 then give a bath with strong soap and water till 3'ou get the scabs and 
 scurf cleaned off; that will take a long-time washing; use a scrubbing 
 brush or curry comb. After 3-ou get through the animal will be red and 
 may be raw, but that will be all right; in an hour it will be about dry, then 
 rub well and apply all over the surface ( everj' part, for you must come 
 in contact with the parasite) .some Mange mixture. We find the only 
 specific for the Mange and Itch is sulphur. All you need if Psoroptes 
 or Symbiotes, is ointment of sulphur and lard, but for professional 
 reasons we don't give anything so simple; we use something that works 
 as well, and for the Sarcoptes it works better. 
 
 R Acid Carbol. >< oz. 
 
 Oil Terebinth. 1 oz. 
 
 Oil Picis Liq. i and ]/z oz. 
 
 Sulphur 2 ozs. 
 
 Oil Lini. ad to make 01(1 pint). 
 
 Can't use this on cats as thej' can't stand the carbolic acid; but for 
 horses, dogs, (from mastiff to to>- terrier,) cattle, etc., it may be used 
 freely, and rub it well in. If 3'our first washing is thorough one dose 
 ought to be sufficient, but it is best to repeat the application once a day, 
 after the first wash, for four days, then friction without the mixture for 
 four more, then wash off; if not cured then, repeat the mixture. A more 
 common and cheaper one is kerosene and lard one to three parts, or sul- 
 phur, lard, tar and turpentine, and may or may not add carbolic acid. 
 After curing the animal treat the places where they had been sore, then 
 clean stables, doghouses, etc., good; wash out with boiling water and 
 corrosive sublimate, or carbolic acid with the water, then whitewash the 
 place, clean the harness and oil it. In Baker's Mange cure, j'ou may 
 use instead of the sulphur, if j'ou are going to ship, sulphurus acid .so- 
 lution, say an ounce of it. Tobacco juice is very good also as a wash 
 for Mange, especially for sheep. Arsenic dips would be the best for 
 sheep if you turn them out on a bare place where the arsenic can't drip 
 on what thej' will eat. Refer to Finlej' Dunn for the arsenic dip for 
 sheep. A good sheep dip is as follows: common salt and tobacco i ft. 
 each, l)oil for one hour in gallon of water; then add 2 drams of corrosive 
 suljlimate, and add aqua to make three gallons in all. Applj' to scabby part 
 once, and repeat in a few days if necessar}-. For cats or pet dogs use sol. 
 iod. cal. brom. comp. i oz. ; add aqua to make four ounces. 
 
 Demodex FoLLicui.OKUsr. — Known as Follicular Mange, found in 
 the dog mostly, but sometimes in the cat, sheep, horse, pig, goat, ox, 
 deer, fox, rats, and mice. Is almost impossible to cure, because you can- 
 not get at it. 
 
 Semeiology. — Great itching; animals will scratch and bite; in some 
 cases in horses and cattle, a scur\')' accumulation comes on .skin, hair 
 falls out more or less; in long-standing cases skin becomes thickened and 
 wrinkles. There is a peculiar offensive odor. Use creoline pretty strong. 
 
 Ringworm. — This is due to the presence of a vegetable parasite 
 knoivn as Dermatophite, it flourishes luxuriantly. The disease is ordi- 
 
VKTKRINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 17- 
 
 narih- known as Favus. This vegetable is Cryptogenic, discovered 
 by Nolmsten in 1845: it is usually in the skin and attacks the hair fol- 
 licles. Its ceds are oval, transparent, and ,„'.,„ inch in diameter; it bur- 
 rows under the skin as well as the hair follicles— gets into the roots of 
 the hair. It causes intense itching, and forms a crust on the skin; it is 
 very contagious. It starts in a little spot and spreads in a circle, and as 
 it grows larger it lessens" on the inside and leaves a healthv part in 
 place. _ In the horse this starts about two inches in diameter; in the hu- 
 man this zone is about an inch. 
 
 Symptoms. —The circular form shows the growth of the disease; it 
 itches, burns and pains. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash the part with soap and water, then apply some- 
 thing that will cauterize the part — as tinct. iodine clear; i to S iodine 
 ointment. Sometimes a strong solution of corrosive sublimate is effectual, 
 but it cauterizes; kerosene, turpentine or an)- kind of oil works well and 
 doesn't burn. Oil of Indian Com is good; place the corn on some cold flat 
 iron surface in a single layer, heat a shovel and lay on the corn for a little 
 while, thea take away the shovel; the corn adheres to the shovel and the 
 black oil is left on the cold surface; apply this oil to the Ringworm, it 
 will sting but cure. 
 
 CONST ITUTIOXAL DISEASES. 
 
 Are those that have their seat primarily in the blood; if they locate 
 in any particular organ, then the>' become so secondarih'. Every constitu- 
 tional disease locates itself in some particular part of the body which is 
 best suited for its development. ' The constitutional diseases are divided 
 into two classes — Contagious and Non-contagious. In both of these 
 grave changes take place in the blood, as the particular feature of the 
 case. In contagious diseases the cause is introduced from without the 
 body. This is spoken of as Contagium, as a generic term; this includes all 
 the germs, no matter how introduced. In Non-contagious diseases the 
 morbid condition arises within the bodj-. 
 
 Diseases are contagious, infectious or specific when the disease- 
 producing agent inoculated into a healthy animal will produce the same 
 disease. Those agents are known as Contagion, sometimes spoken of 
 as .specific virus, or materies morbi. Contagious is -the popular term, 
 and is used in the generic .sen.se to convey the idea that the disease is 
 catching, it doesn't make anj^ difference whether from germs floating in 
 the air or from actual contact. Infectious has more of a specific meaning 
 and is used more among scientific men, seldom by the public; they 
 really mean the same thing, and are used indiscriminately; some of the 
 best authors say they are synonymous. It has become quite popular to 
 speak of all diseases as Exogenous (as Tuberculosis) when introduced 
 from without; and as Endogenous when from within fas Hog Cholera j. 
 The contagious are usualh' classified as Exogenous, and non-contagious 
 as Endogenous. Bacteriological research has gone far in proving there 
 is a specific germ present in one infectious disease; though there may be 
 other germs present the disease is due to one alone; that is, every 
 infectious, or contagious, or specific disea.se has a specific germ, which 
 when introduced into the healthy animal will produce that disease and 
 no other. 
 
174 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Bacteriuji (Bacteria). — Is the generic term now applied to all 
 kinds of germs, and Bacteriology relates to germs in general, with- 
 out speaking of an^r particular germ. These Bacteria are divided into 
 three large classes, and they have man}' subdivisions — Micrococcus, i., 
 BACILLI'S, i.. Spirillum, a. The Micrococci are often spoken of now 
 by medical men as Cocci; they are either round and small, or oval and 
 larger. Bacilli are rod shaped. Spirilla are spiral or corkskrew like. 
 These germs may occur singly or in chains, glued together with proto- 
 plasm. They are all equal in the severity of the disease they produce, 
 as in the Bacilli which is found in Tuberculosis, Anthrax, etc. ; Micro- 
 cocci in Yellow Fever, Texas Fever, etc. ; Spirilla in Asiatic Cholera, etc. 
 The Spirilla are much larger than the other two ; thej* are often found in 
 stagnant water. When these germs are introduced into the body they 
 go on reproducing; these Bacilli all have spores, and when the Bacilli 
 become matured the}' break up into sections of spores and go on in that 
 way, increasing in numbers. After they have been in the blood twenty- 
 four, fort)'-eight, or more hours, they begin to produce a chemical prod- 
 uct called Ptoji.aixes, and as a rule, or invariably, this destroys the 
 germ itself — they can't live in their own ptomaines. In many cases if the 
 ptomaines could be eliminated from the blood the animal would recover. 
 In Texas Fever they locate in the red corpuscles, and their presence kills. 
 In Tetanus it is the ptomaines that produce the trouble and death, and 
 not the germ itself. In Anthrax it is bj' their great numbers; they are 
 so numerous the blood is thickened and the ptomaines cut no figure. 
 
 As regards the placing of these Bacteria in the vegetable world, and 
 the way \ve classify them as \'egetables, should be understood. The 
 earlier naturalists looked upon this germ as being animal, but now all 
 naturalists recognize it as vegetable, — micro-organism, and differing 
 from Infusoria, which are the single cell life; the vegetable is single cell 
 vegetable life. They appear the same under the microscope; they are 
 the lowest order of living things. Animal cells receive their food parti- 
 cles into the interior of the body, assimilate the nutritious portion, and 
 subsequently exude the non-nutritious residue. They have an opening 
 at each end, from mouth to anus. Vegetable organism is nourished 
 through its cell walls, which inclose protoplasm, by organic or inorganic 
 substances held in solution; it takes in nothing but what it needs, .so 
 there is nothing to exude. When these germs are introduced into the 
 body, if they find suitable soil they reproduce themselves and will con- 
 tinue to do so and finally kill the animal; but if they don't find suitable 
 .soil they reproduce but little and .soon die. Immunity from these dis- 
 eases is when the germ does not find suitable soil to grow in. In the 
 Infusoria there are no ptomaines. In all specific diseases it takes a little 
 time after the introduction of the worm to have the disease manifest 
 itself; this period is called the period of incubation; the time varies very 
 much, depending on the conditions surrounding the animal -and the con- 
 dition of the blood as we see in Tetanus. If the germ gets into the 
 wound and the wound closes and excludes the air, the disea,se will soon 
 .show; but if the wound remains open and the air gets into it, it takes 
 about six weeks, where in the other ca.se it may show in from one to 
 three days. They will thrive in a temperature of from 98 to 107 Fah- 
 renheit. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 75 
 
 111 
 
 Tuberculosis. — Ordinarily known as Consumption, especiall>' 
 the human. It is very common in cattle and in sheep; it may exi.st in 
 any animal, but the horse ^-ery rarely has it. It is most common in the 
 human and in cattle. It is thought by some to have originally arisen 
 among cattle, and from them spread to other animals. As proof of this 
 theory — where there are no co^\-s used in some parts of the world there is 
 no Consumption, and where cattle are most plentiful Consumption is 
 greater. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease; it is communicable from 
 one animal to another in many ways, but the specific virus is the Bacilli 
 Tuberculosis, discovered b\- Koch in 1882. He found it in the sputa of 
 a Tuberculosis patient, and inoculation with it produced the disease 
 wherever inoculated. The period of inoculation is very variable; accord- 
 ing to the researches of Koch, in case of inoculation, from twelve days 
 to several weeks; but when gotten in the natural wa}-, may exist a very 
 long time. It is inclined to run a mild course and terminate favorablj-. 
 Koch disco\-ered that these Bacilli would grow in auA* part of the body- 
 where the^' were planted. In the natural way thej' most ah^-a^-s affect 
 the lungs, as they are taken in by respiration, but they do not always 
 affect the lungs even when gotten that waj^ Hamilton mentioned man}^ 
 parts of the body where he had found them, e^-en in the iris of the eye 
 and in the aqueous humor, and in the bones; but the choice of places is 
 in the lungs; next place the pleura, then peritoneum, pia mater, arach- 
 noid. Muscular tissue has almost complete immunity from them, that 
 is in the natural way. Where the}' occur in the mu.scles it is the result 
 of direct inoculation. The organs most affected are the lungs; second, 
 the .spleen, then kidnej-s, liver, then the brain. W^hen they exist in one 
 part of the body they are apt to spread to other parts; we often find 
 them exist in a. dozen different places in the body. In the lower ani- 
 mals they don't affect the bones verj' often, but do in the human. 
 Scrofula is often nothing but Tuberculo.sis. 
 
 Etiolog3^ — The Bacilli are mo.st often found in the sputa of patients; 
 the most prolific wa}- of getting it is from the sputa , that is thrown on 
 the floors or ground; in drying it is ground up and the germ floats in 
 the air and is inhaled. The disease can't be had without the germ; 
 sometimes it is found in the faeces and in the milk from females, partic- 
 ularly from the cow, as the mammary glands are then affected \\ith the 
 disease. Antoher way is through the food — eating infected meats and 
 milk. 
 
 Special Pathology. — This would come more under the head of Path- 
 ogeny. The first step is the discovery of the germ that is introduced 
 into the stomach in the food; the tissues of the stomach are rarely affected 
 so thev pass into the intestines, which are also rarely affected, thence 
 pass into the blood and are then lodged in some part of the body. Ham- 
 ilton says they go in colonies of three, five, nine, usually five; the}' 
 locate in some place and begin reproducing themselves. This sets up 
 a little localized inflammation that is slight in extent, the result of this 
 is degeneration of the little spot; usually this degeneration is caseous, 
 may say it is a phenomenon of the disease. Sometimes this degenera- 
 tion is fibrous, "sometimes hyaline; this spot is the tubercle, and usually 
 starts in little isolated .spots or circumscribed tubercles, from the size of 
 a millet seed up to .318 of an inch in diameter; probably all are of the 
 
176 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 size of the millet seed in the start, but as they involve other tissues they 
 STOW. There is a little exudation and slight formation of neoplastic 
 tissue as a result. This tissue is nearly always fibrotis at first, then in 
 the course of a few weeks or months, if the germ is not too active in the 
 tubercle, a deposition of calcareous salts takes place in this fibrous cap- 
 sule that has been forming. This you might say incloses the tubercule 
 in a stone wall perfectly impervious, which renders the tubercle inocu- 
 lated forever. This is the course of a mild case that terminates favora- 
 bly. 
 
 The reason that the germs we often inhale don't cause Consumption, 
 is due to this calcification. This feature of calcification is very impor- 
 tant — it is another phenomenon of the disease, and is diagnostic; some- 
 times we say taking another form of the disease. The Bacilli remain very 
 active, increase in numbers very fast, and other colonies start; the tuber- 
 cles spread rapidly, and before death ma}^ be in ten or a dozen places. 
 In case the Bacilli take on such great activity, we get inflammation of 
 the spot, followed by ulceration rapidly; this differs from calcareous 
 for.mation around the capsule; there is no end to this ulceration except 
 death. It .spreads ver\- rapidh* — sometimes Quick Consumption may 
 be in six weeks, other times Avill hang on for years. The tissues of the 
 lungs are destroyed and blood vessels are eaten in two, and this causes 
 the hemorrhage of Consumption; the sptita is degenerated caseous mat- 
 ter, it has no nuclei. In -\-er}- extensive cases, if the caseous matter is 
 not inclosed in the calcareous matter, ma3- become softened and liquify; 
 cases have been where the whole contents of the sacks or capsules were 
 liquid. This disease is usually divided into se^-eral stages — first, is the 
 caseous, no inflammatory process, onlj' ca.seous; second, exudative stage, 
 and forming of the fibrous capsule; third, stage of ulceration; fourth, is 
 the cretaceous when the lime salts are deposited around the caseous mat- 
 ter. AVhen this exists to a great extent, inclosing the miliary, it gives 
 the lung a peculiar look — as little lumps of chalk. The cachexia that 
 accompanies the putrefactive matter is absorbed and distributed through 
 the blood poisoning it. When it attacks the skin in the form of I^upus, 
 it produces a circumscribed swelling on the surface. 
 
 Diagno.sis in Autopsy. — Suppose you never saw the animal in life. 
 There are six or seven diagno,stic features; first, the presence of the 
 miliary tubercles or nodules, usually multiple, either running in lines, 
 arranged in groups, or evenh' distributed through the organ affected; 
 .second, the little nodules are a general eruption of very even .size, usually 
 about that of the millet seed; third, these nodules or eruptions are 
 round in shape, with border sharp!}' defined. Fourth, they have an 
 almo.st cartilagenous lustre and hardness; fifth, they can be ea.sily dis- 
 sected out from the tissue; sixth, the color is usually gray, but when 
 caseated is more of a cream}' ^-ellow, — this may refer to the cut surface 
 or the outside. Then in bad cases it takes three forms — first, ca.seous; 
 .second, fibrous; third, hyaline; this is the order in which they most fre- 
 quently occur. 
 
 Semeiolog}' (say a cow). — The first thing is a husky cough; osculta- 
 tion and percussion in bad ca,ses will reveal a semi-.solid sound; a dullness 
 can be located if not too fat. In a mild case, or in the early stages, 
 there is little or no constitutional disturbance, but when the system be- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 177 
 
 gins to suffer from the cachexia the appetite becomes capricious, some- 
 times completely lost; emaciation takes place, sometimes ver>' extensive. 
 In this stage Lupus sometimes develops, often suddenly; large tubercle 
 patches often occur broadside, on the ribs and skin; Hydrothorax is a 
 common complication, towards the last general debilit>- and death; this 
 takes place as the immediate result of an exhausting Diarrhcea. Hogs, 
 also people, de\'elop about the same. 
 
 Treatment. — Generous feeding of ver}- nutritious food, oleaginous 
 as possible and fat-producing, and fat itself, so give linseed meal in the 
 shape of ground oil cake. In the human, cod liver oil and fat meats, 
 good nursing and correct hygiene. 
 
 Proph3dactic Treatment. — We believe it is infectious, and if the meat 
 is eaten will produce the disease; this in the human produces Phthi.sis 
 Tuberculosis, particular^ from drinking the milk of an affected cow. 
 Try to stamp out the disease by destroying the affected animal. In 
 doubtful cases they are using Tuberculine to prove if an animal has Tuber- 
 culosis, by injecting this under the skin; if there is anj' Tuberculosis 
 present it will set up a severe Systemic Fever that will last several days 
 and cause a fresh attack by the Bacilli. You can get this only from the 
 Veterinarian in charge of some experimental station; they get it from \A'a.sh- 
 ington, from the Bureau of Animal Industry. If there is no Tubercu- 
 losis present there may be some fe\-er set up with this, but it wont be 
 severe, and will soon pass awa}-. If 3'ou inspect meats and see an>' ulcer- 
 ation from this disease — condemn it; if there is calcification and no ulcer- 
 ation to be found, then it may pass. But beware of the milk or meat of 
 a coughing cow. 
 
 Rinderpest. — This is an infectious disease, and is exclu.sively a bovine 
 disease; it originated in Russia and spread to the other European coun- 
 tries except England; it has never been in this country. The mortalit}' 
 of the disease is forty per cent and upwards. The period of incubation is 
 about two days; that probably accounts for its not having spread more, as 
 it develops .so quickly. At the end of two days a high fever sets in, the 
 mouth is studded with pustules, mucous membranes of the bodj- are con- 
 gested, skin becomes affected by the formation of epithelial concretions, 
 and desquamation of these occurs in about twenty-four hours, leaving a 
 pink erosion, almost raw surface, the skin in other places becomes greasy; 
 the appetite is lo,st, rumination is suspended, milk dries up, the urine is 
 scanty and high colored; there is a fceted Diarrhcea, and accompanying it 
 there is painful straining; saliva dribbles from the mouth, the back is 
 arched, the head droops, eyes are watery, mucous membrane (particu- 
 larly the rectum) gets purple, respiration is performed with a grunt, 
 whi.stling is heard in the chest, by oscultation, and on percussion the 
 chest is abnormally drum-like; there is sudden lowering of the tempera- 
 ture, and death takes place usually in from se\ en to eight days. 
 
 Treatment. — Is useless and should not be attempted. Stamp it out 
 by destroying all infected animals and quarantining all the exposed ones; 
 burn the carcasses and everything used around them, and fumigate the 
 
 stables. 
 
 PlEURO-Pneumonia Contagiosa, { Contagious Pleuro- Pneumonia). 
 
 This is the most insiduous, stealthy disease we have anj'thiug to do 
 
 with, and the period of incubation is so long it makes it dangerous, as it 
 
IJ>^ THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 can be carried so far before breaking out. The history of it was that 
 wherever it started or got in, it never was gotten rid of except in this 
 country. It is a disease of the chest, lungs and pleura. It has existed 
 in Europe from time immemorial, in England in 1S40, and it is there 5'et. 
 It came to this country in 1S43, b}- importation of cattle from England 
 and other parts of Europe. In the earh' summer of 1884 it was brought 
 to Ohio from Baltimore by a Jersej^ cow, and from there it came to lUi- 
 nois and to other states, among them Kentuck)' and Missouri. In the 
 fall of 1S84 Dr. Baker, with the State Veterinarian, ran down the last 
 one, as thej' thought, and had them de.stro3'ed; but two years after they 
 discovered some again, thousands were found affected and destroyed. 
 The period of incubation, according to their experiments, is a minimum of 
 seventeen daj^s, and on the last maybe fully developed; then from that up 
 to several months, known repeatedlj' to be two months. Up to '83 it had 
 never been known west of the Allegheny mountains, but before that it 
 had been in the nev\' England States. It is not always fatal; in .some 
 herds there may be a mortality of 90 per cent, in others as lov>' as 20 per 
 cent, but 60 per cent is about the average. Some authors think it is a 
 non-recurring disease, but Dr. Baker and others in this state found suf- 
 ficient proofs that it would recur; he found ca.ses that showed proofs in 
 autopsy that the animal had had tlie disea.se before, and recovered; in 
 fact he found all the different stages of the disease in some cases in the 
 one animal. Dr. Gaskins, a retired Vet. of Philadelphia, believes as does 
 Dr. Baker; he has come to the conclusion that many of the spontaneous 
 outbreaks in Europe were chronic cases; that is cases that were called re- 
 covered ones, but the di.sease had only broken out afresh in them and was 
 conimunicated to the rest of the herd. In chronic cases the contents of 
 the capsules liquif)- and get thinner and thinner, and finally rupture tlie 
 capsule and allow the contents to get out and the animal is attacked 
 afresh with the same di.sease it had recovered from. In England 
 they don't destro)- expo.sed cases, only quarantine them; hence they keep 
 the disease among them. There is none of it in this countr\- now, that 
 is known, but it is liable to be imported. Breeding stock has to be quar- 
 antined for ninety days, and in Canada before entering. 
 
 Semeiology. — Is divided into two stages; the first lasts from two to 
 .six weeks; it comes on with an assiduous fever, varying from 102 upwards; 
 usually starts out at a slight elevation of one degree, but may run up to 
 107. Among the animals Dr. Baker experimented with, they took the 
 temperature everA- daj'; at 102 the animal was con,sidered sound, 
 but at 103 affected. As the fever increases the appetite will be 
 lost, but in very mild cases they never Icse their appetite. There is a 
 .short husky cough. If they are running at large, the affected animals 
 will isolate themselves from the rest of the herd, with back arched, droop- 
 ing head, unthrifty appearance, and staring coat. Rumination and se- 
 cretion of milk are suspended , but that will happen from any fever; the 
 breathing presents all the symptoms of sporadic Pleuro- Pneumonia- 
 nothing diagnostic in it; in a typical case the expiration is performed with 
 a grunt; they are constipated, from impaction of the omasum; nose is 
 dry, no.strils dilated, pulse rapid and weak; horns hot at the head and 
 cold at the tips; oscultation and percus.sion disclose all the symptoms of 
 the sporadic disease. Prof. IMcEachran said the left lung was oftenest 
 
X'ETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 179 
 
 affected where only one was affected, but Dr. Baker and other author.s 
 say oftener in the right lung, and their theor>- has been proven to be bet- 
 ter than McEachran' s. During the acute stage the drsease is most in- 
 fectious. The second stage is characterized b>' an aggravation of all the 
 symptoms, marked particular! \- by the hepatization of the affected lung, 
 and Hydrothorax in the cavity. The pulse during this time may work 
 up to So or higher, and follows the same rule as in the sporadic disease; 
 breathing is harder and cough aggravated, and mucous rales are heard in 
 the bronchial tubes. When Hydrothorax takes place rapidly, as from 
 twenty-four hours or a little more, there would be no oedemic swellings 
 or enlargements; but in most all cases you will see cedemic enlargement 
 outside of the chest. In many of these cases there was only Pleuris\-, in 
 others only Pneumonia. In some of these cases of Hydrothorax the 
 swelling would reach to the head and neck and down the sides; there is 
 grinding of the teeth, and towards the last Tympanites (acute) seems to 
 set in and may be the immediate cause of death. We conclude this 
 Tympanites is degeneration of undigested food. Often there is a foetid 
 discharge from the nose, and sometimes Diarrhcea; but in most cases 
 Constipation exi.sted. The absence of diagnostic features during life 
 throws us back on history of the case; no expert could diagnose a single 
 isolated case; we 'don't think there is one single diagno,stic symptom, but 
 the history will usually arou.se our suspicions, and autopsy will show the 
 lesions, so when j'ou see this disease breaking out, as it .sometimes does 
 in warm weather (without any cause), 3'ou will suspect the disease, and 
 autopsy on one that dies will show 3'OU. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — On opening the chest we find more or less serum, 
 though that is not diagnostic of the contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, as it 
 is in the .sporadic disease. You will usually find adhering to the costal 
 and pulmonary pleura a coating of coagulated serum, the quantity and 
 hardness of which depend upon the time the animal was sick; saj' the 
 animal was sick four, five or six weeks, j'ou will find the coating is all 
 the way from a quarter to an inch thick. When it is an inch thick it is 
 clearly serum coagulated; but when it is quarter of ,an inch thick, you 
 will notice it has taken on a considerable amount of organization, which 
 is mostly coagulated lymph instead of .serum; it forms a sort of a false 
 membrane. This is looked upon as quite an important fact, because the 
 false membrane in the sporadic disease differs from it — it is not so firm, 
 and the animal does not live so long. In man>- acute and some chronic 
 cases, adhesion between the lungs and the ribs will be found to a greater 
 or less extent; it may also be found in the .sporadic case, but is not so ex- 
 tensive, and is not alwaj's found. In the contagious form, where in its 
 acute stage it was mostly Pleuris}- and not enough to kill the animal, we 
 found very extensive adhesion, in some cases the w hole of one side, and 
 without much Pneumonia being present. In the contagious form there 
 is often adhesion between the lungs and the diaphragm, while almost 
 never in the sporadic form. As a rule when 3'ou find an adhesion be- 
 tween the lungs and parts, you will find hepatized Pneumonia in the 
 third .stage in the lungs at that point. You will also notice that the in- 
 tercostarspaces are darker red than in the sporadic cases. Lungs may be 
 larger or smaller, heavier or lighter, according to the amount of Pneu- 
 monia but where there is only one lung affected, and in an exceedingly 
 
I So THEORY .AND PRACTICE. 
 
 severe case, the weight of a single lung, sa}- of a iioo or 1200 pound 
 cow, would be 50 pounds; that shows the amount of consolidation that 
 can take place in these cases. Then again the lungs may appear health)- 
 when j'ou take them out, but on manipulation you will find little hard 
 spots. We'll sa\- the animal dies in the acute stage of Pneumonia. In 
 the third stage there is a complete hepatization; cut this lung across 
 and it is solid, more so than liver; the cut surface is extremely 
 well mottled. In the sporadic kind it is somewhat mottled in the cow. 
 This mottled condition is due to extensive exudation of lymph into the 
 interlobular connective tissues, and forming the yellowish white bands 
 which are about Sa of an inch wide; this exudate infiltrates into the inter- 
 lobular tissues and organizes, say in a ca.se of three weeks. The.se interlobu- 
 lar bands in a recent acute case are whitish-yellow, while in an old case, say 
 of six weeks, the bands .show a creamy white — they seem to grow u-hiter 
 with age, while the lobules are very dark, some are absolutely black, and 
 the color will vary from that to red — the red is from hepatization. This 
 makes the lung A-ery beautifully mottled. In the other part of the 
 same lung in the second .stage \"ou diagnose that by dropsical or 
 cedemic condition; the .swelling pits on pressure, while the hepa- 
 tization is solid as a brick. Cut this swollen part and you will find 
 it loaded with serum, more so than is ever found in the sporadic 
 case. It is somewhat oedemic in the second .stage of the .sporadic 
 case; perhaps a little farther in the same lung you may find it in 
 the first .stage, so that these are some of the conditions you may find in 
 this contagious disease. 
 
 This is diagnostic — finding the different .stages in the same lung at 
 the same time. W'lien the Pneumonia is limited in extent the termina- 
 tion of it is very abrupt, except that a little hyperaemia may. extend into 
 the sound tissues, say about f k of an inch, while in the sporadic case the 
 inflammation fades imperceptibly into the healthy tissue of the lung and 
 is more dift"u,sed. In the contagious form the white lines become enor- 
 mou,sh- thickened both waj's, so that the lobules in this case are .smaller 
 than in the sporadic case — the\" are encroached upon by the fibrous 
 bands. There is proliferation going on of the interlobular connective 
 tissue and organization of the exudate. You may find the black spots 
 among the red, but you don't find the red among the black. If there is 
 not enough Pneumonia to kill the animal, this localizes or is localized 
 Pneumonia; it will become inclosed in a fibrous capsule; the cap.sule is 
 formed by a localized inflammation, exudation and organization; the 
 capsule is on an average J4 inch thick. This capsule is peculiarly diag- 
 nostic; it is never seen in the sporadic case, because the abrupt line so 
 well marked in the contagious is not that way in the sporadic. If more 
 than ' 3 of the lung is involved in this capsule it is liable to kill the ani- 
 mal, in the acute .stage. There is a cap.sule that forms in Tuberculosis, but 
 no need to mistake it for one of this kind. In Tuberculosis you never 
 get Pneumonia in any form, consequent!}' never get hepatization; but in- 
 stead get the ca.seous matter. In Tuberculo.sis the capsule has more or 
 less calcification (calcareous deposit) in it, and never in contagious Pneu- 
 monia. In contagious Pneumonia the lymph glands throughout the 
 body are more or less .swollen — not so in the .sporadic. The contents of 
 this capsule liquify after a while, sometimes j'3, Yi or yi of its contents 
 
VETERINARY aiEDICIN-E AND SURGERY. l8l 
 
 is liquified in the course of a year. Still >-ou may find complete con- 
 solidation in the fourth stage, without a particle of liquification after 
 three years; but in the average case over a vear old, the contents of the 
 capsule begins to liquify. There is no limit to the .size of these localiza- 
 tions of Pneumonia, we often find only one lobule affected. These 
 spots or places are inclosed in the capsule, and may be from the size of a 
 hen's egg to that of a man's fist. 
 
 There is an immunity from the disease rendered by the fever, but 
 God only knows how long that immunity may last; but \vt know inocu- 
 lation does render it so for an indefinite time. In some cases that Dr. 
 Baker and the state authorities had destroyed, they found capsules that 
 were apparently a >-ear old, and at the time they were killed they had a 
 fresh attack, which proved that the disease could be taken a second time. 
 But it must be admitted that inoculation of cattle with the serum of dis- 
 eased cattle will cause Systemic Fever, and will render the animal free 
 from danger for a year probably; but immunity has been strongly believed 
 in in Great Britain, and as a result they still have the disease among 
 them. They inoculate and don't destroy' recovered cases, as the)- call 
 them. The way to inoculate is to kill an acute case at such a time as 
 you expect they are in the second stage, that is some portion of the lung; 
 then puncture this lung, get some of the serum from it (a single drop 
 will do), get hold of the tail you wish to inoculate, part the hair, cut the 
 skin, and with a stick put a drop in the cut — this will produce Systemic 
 Fever and insure immunity for three or .six months anyhow. This will 
 not produce any lung lesion, this serum is so poisonous that a drop in 
 an>- other place in the body will kill, or even if put in at the base of the 
 tail; and the tail inoculated will become gangrened and drop off; so if 
 3'ou .see a lot of stub-tailed cattle 3'ou will know the cause. The danger 
 of inoculation is in allowing cattle to go out with a little hepatization as 
 sound meat; this risks causing an outbreak in some place. That would 
 be by the contents of the capsule becoming so liquid, and finally the cap- 
 sule rupture allowing the contents to escape ma)- get into the bronchial 
 tubes or lungs and cause a fresh attack. This explains spontaneous 
 outbreaks. A severe case dies; a moderate case that got well, McEachran 
 said, was useless, though Dr. Baker saw cases that seemed to recover 
 and were bred after and dropped a calf, and were good milkers and fat- 
 tened 'well, and their calves were healthy and strong. This disease is 
 not communicable to man or other animals than the bovine; Dr. Baker 
 said, they handled the serum vdthout the least danger. 
 
 Treatment. — Is useless; quarantine the herd. Illinois law places 
 the distance, when outside, at 300 feet between herds, but inside, 1500 
 would not be enough; good plan to destro)- everything that had been 
 exposed. If the state has no law governing these cases, the U. S. gov- 
 ernment steps in and takes charge; but where the state has its own law 
 the U. S. takes a .second place in the matter. The meat of a chronic 
 case where the capsule is small and the animal healthy otherwise, is 
 allowed to go upon the market; the meat is tagged and when sold, the 
 money is turned over to the owner; but where an animal is destroyed 
 and the meat condemned, the owner was paid one third the value of the 
 animal. The hides were saved, salted, allowed to dry, put in a semi-air 
 tight box wagon and taken to the tanner)'. If a herd is quarantined. 
 
l82 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 say for a month, it is well then to inoculate them — that may save many 
 of them. This disease is very infectious, but it will require a living, 
 diseased animal to convey the disease to healthy stock; it can't be given 
 by parts of a diseased carcass, as proven by experiments. Dr. Salmon 
 believes it can be got by placing a healthy animal in the place where a 
 case had died from it. So far no germ has been discovered for it. 
 
 Epizootic Aphth.e (Foot and Mouth Disease). — This is an infec- 
 tious, eruptive fever called Aphtha?, because it affects the mouth partic- 
 ularly. It is a form of contagious pustular Eczema. As we see it, it 
 affects cattle; but not confined to cattle alond; sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, 
 chickens, and rats can have it, and occasionalh' the human; but it is 
 of no consequence to us except in cattle. It has been in Europe for 
 over 2000 years; was introduced into England in 1S39, into Canada 
 in 1 84 1, and from thereto the United States; but as the number of 
 cattle was small, it was soon stamped out. The seat of the disea,se 
 is in the mouth, in the dental pad, tongue, or any of the niu- cous 
 membranes of the mouth; but it seems to require direct inoculation to 
 be in any particular part or place. The foot becomes affected in the 
 interdigital spaces; also the udder becomes affected, presumably from the 
 hind feet when the cow is lying down. This disease has never been in 
 the West, but has been in Maine and Mass., and in Canada one half 
 dozen times, but it was always quickl}- recognized and never allowed to 
 spread. 
 
 Etiology. — Lies in .some Contagium, which .seems to exist in the 
 saliva mainly, and also in the ffeces and urine; but there has been no 
 germ yet found for it. The period of incubation is from 24 hours 
 to three, four, or si.x days; the virus is very active. The disease usuallj' 
 runs a benign course and terminates favorably, but is .sometimes malig- 
 nant; in that case there is eruption, ulceration, gangrene — causing ex- 
 tensive sloughing; this around the joints sometimes causes opening of 
 the joint, sometimes sloughing off of the digits, sometimes .sloughing at 
 the fetlock, or in the joint below. 
 
 Semeiology. — This disease is divided into four stages; first, is Fever; 
 with it will be found staring coat, rigor, elevated temperature, often seen 
 as high as 107; dullness, nose dry, horns hot, milk diminished, urine 
 scant)' and high colored; all these are ordinary signs of fever, but there 
 is a special symptom — the mouth is full of saliva. This stage lasts from 
 twent3'-four hours to two days. Second stage is eruption; the feet 
 swell, and are hot and painful to the touch; animal is very lame, and 
 where the four feet are affected he goes like a foundered horse. Vesicles 
 appear on the dental pad and other mucous membranes in the mouth, 
 .sometimes extending over the face; may be on the vulva, escutcheon, 
 over the udder, etc. As soon as eruption takes place the temperature 
 falls, comes down as low as 102 or 3; the saliva in this case dribbles from 
 the mouth, so the animal keeps up a peculiar mopping or sucking sound. 
 The appetite, if lo.st in the fir.st stage, now returns, but the animal 
 grows thin — he is unable to eat because of his sore mouth. 
 Third .stage is Ulceration ; the vesicles fill up, rupture aud discharge, 
 and in a .severe case, if the ^•esicles are close together, they will become 
 confluent, then do great harm as these confluent ulcers form large open 
 .sores, often very deep, causing gangrene and sloughing, .sometimes 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I S3 
 
 sloughing off of the hoofs. Fourth stage is that of Desiccation, when the 
 ulcers dry up and heal, usualh- leaving the animal as well as ever; but 
 this takes a long time, if you get flesh on him. As to the length of time 
 necessary to keep a herd in quarantine, all agree on at least three months, 
 and at the outside, to be safe, six months. Prof. McEachran said he had 
 known it to break out after a Winter's exposure in Scotland, so it is very 
 difficult to say how long to hold them. The means of tran.sportation of 
 the disease from one herd to another may be on tlie attendant's clothing 
 or utensils, or by blankets; or rats, dogs, or poultry may carry it from 
 one herd to another. One redeeming feature of the di.sease is, that it 
 requires actual inoculation to produce it; so a healthy animal five or six 
 feet from a diseased animal may not be affected. The disease is first in 
 the saliva, then by dripping on the ground the feet become affected; tliat 
 is secondarily. 
 
 Treatment. — Inoculation is practiced in some countries, particularly 
 in England; it is simply to liave them all affected at the same time and 
 be treated at the same time, and not have them lingering one at a 
 time; but it does not lessen the severity of the disease. Treatment 
 doesn't affect it much, but keep clean, and use antiseptics on the ulcers; 
 that may lessen the ulceration and sloughing; use soap and water 
 also. Salicylic acid or powdered boracic acid, applied dry to the ulcers, 
 is good. Borax, glycerine, and honey make a good wash for the 
 mouth. If the ulcers are indolent, touch up with lunar caustic, or 
 tinct. of iron; feed sloppj' food, and disinfect e^•ery thing connected with 
 the place. After the disease has disappeared keep the animal in quaran- 
 tine several months. Some saj- it renders them safe from another at- 
 tack; it maj' for a good while, a few months, or a year, and after that 
 thejr are liable to a new attack. 
 
 The mortality is small, but the loss is heavj- — in dairy, from loss of 
 milk; in feeding-cattle, from loss of flesh, and inpregnant animals, from 
 Abortion. To prove a doubtful case, as to its being this disease, draw 
 a wisp of straw through the mouth of a diseased animal, then through 
 the mouth of a healthy one, and in the course of 24 hours it will show 
 proof. In an outbreak in Kansas supposed to be this disea.se, the strong 
 features of it were that a lot of cattle were affected with a disease of the 
 mouth and feet; there were vesicles and ulcerations, feet got sore, 
 and in man}' cases there was extensive .sloughing and consequent loss 
 of hoofs; but statistics proved that often one third of a herd was affected, 
 the others not affected; poultry did not get it, adjoining herds were not 
 affected, and the strong ones only had it, or at least in a severe way, 
 compared to the weak or puny. It was proved to be Ergotism, from 
 feeding on hay that contained ergot, and the .strong ones fought the 
 weaker ones to the edges of the place where thej' fed, and so these got less 
 to eat. This ha}- was made on bottom lands. At the same time there were 
 cases of Ergotism in Illinois, aggravated also by the wet, freezing mud 
 the animals had to stand in. A new cattle disease sprang up in the >State 
 of Illinois a few years ago, suspected to be a Foot and Mouth disea.se. 
 Dr. Casewell, State Veterinarian, Dr. Williams, of Bloomingtou, and 
 Dr. Baker were appointed by the Live Stock Board to investigate, and 
 they concluded it was a disease due to some poisoning they got while on 
 pasture, from the hay or grass they had eaten. They had many of the 
 
1 84 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 .symptoms common to the Foot and Mouth disease, and on autopsy they 
 found the internal organ.s — as colon, duodenum, etc. , very much cauter- 
 ized in patches, and also the stomach. The outer part of the udder 
 would be affected in such a ^\'ay, showing that it was from contact with 
 the ground while lying down. McEachrans lotion for Foot and Mouth 
 disease is sulphate zinc, alum, glycerine and a little carbolic acid; but 
 don't use carbolic acid on the udder. 
 
 Texas Fever, or Splenic Fever. — This is indigenous to the states, 
 and particitlarly counties bordering on the gulf of Mexico; all that low 
 country is affected with it all the time. There are certain lines that may 
 be drawn abruptly; as it recedes back from the Gulf, might say at the 
 foot hills. We find on examination that it is an infectious fever, pecuhar 
 to cattle. It can be communicated to Northern cattle by Texas cattle 
 biing brought North during the summer months, and by cattle passing over 
 the same ground that Texas cattle had passed over. It is sometimes 
 started among cattle in this state by buyers getting a Texas animal among 
 the .stock they buy, and not being aware of the Texas steer among 
 them. The period of incubation is from eight to .sixty-four days. We 
 find the source of communication to be in the lines of commerce; the 
 Northern cattle get it if they go where\'er the Texan has been — in cars, 
 boats, stock pens, pastures, etc. vSucking calves have been noticed to 
 have immunity' from the disease, .so the milk must not be affected; Dr. 
 Baker thinks the}' do have it, but probablj' in a very mild form. Dr. 
 Billings claimed to be the first discoverer of its origin being in the tick, and 
 though Dr. Salmon says to the contrary, proof is in favor of Dr. Billings. 
 You can get the full report of the disease in the Government Report 
 Bulletin number one. Dr. Salmon claims that the tick is the onlj' means 
 of communication; heretofore it was supposed that the saliva dripping 
 from the mouth of the Texas cattle fell on the grass, and that the north- 
 ern cattle became affected by eating it. Old stockmen said it came from 
 eating green fodder, but Dr. Baker, with Dr. Ca.sewell, proved that 
 cattle that came in contact with Texas cattle, or the place where thej^ had 
 been, took the fever; and in their experiments they fotmd the period 
 of incubation to be from eight to twelve days. Dr. Salmon sa>s that 
 by inoculation it will develop in six days, and from that time up. We 
 found in the outbreak in this state that some would run sixty-four days, 
 and made thirty-one daj's as about the correct average, as fully nine- 
 tenths of them took it between twenty-eight and thirty-five day.-t. The 
 name of the tick is Boophieu.s Bovis; it is a blood-sucker, and lives by 
 piercing the skin and sucking the blood, and it becomes thoroughly in- 
 fected with the disease — even its faeces and ova become infected; then 
 the female drops to the ground, la3's her eggs and hatches out young 
 ticks, and as the cattle lie down thcA^ get on them, or the la;ces on the 
 ground from them may affect the cattle. As an argument about the tick 
 being the only means of communicating it — the tick is affected, hence 
 the blood is affected, the faeces is affected if the tick gets into it so the 
 animal must have its blood afl'ected, and why not the faeces of the bovine, 
 the urine also, for that is always bloody, that is in the acute cases; so from 
 this I hardly think Dr. Salmon is right in saying the tick is the only 
 way it can be communicated. It has been found on investigation that 
 this germ invades and inhabits the red corpuscles of the blood and de- 
 
VETERIXARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 85 
 
 stroys tliem. The corpuscles when invaded by the germ show httle 
 black spots seen under the microscope; it may be in the center, or any 
 other part of the corpuscle, and there may be two or three of these spots 
 in the same corpuscle. 
 
 vSenieiology. — There is nothing very peculiar about it; there is high 
 fever, anywhere from 104 to no, but where we found it no the animal 
 was exposed to the hot sun without any shelter; they are dull, the ears 
 droop, the back is arched, and the feet drawn close together, cough more 
 or less, but not invariably; there is trembling of the muscles of the 
 flanks, sometimes of the neck and shoulders; horns hot at the base, cold 
 at tlie ends, appetite and rumination completely su.spended, emaciation 
 and weakness come on rapidly — if in pasture will lie down in the water; 
 faeces lessened in quantity and often streaked with blood or covered with 
 slime, urine often nearly suspended, and what is passed is a \-ery dark 
 red; it contains albumen and the coloring matter of the blood, but not 
 blood. The mucous membranes become congested and dark, and towards 
 the last become a yellowish brown, iinally animal gets weaker and weak- 
 er, goes down and can't get up, and when down he dies, being in con- 
 vulsions five or ten hours; they die in from four to fourteen days, mo.stly 
 on the fifth. The mortality is very heavy; in the ordinary cases the 
 mortality would be sixty per cent. 
 
 Treatment. — Like other specific diseases, treatment is merely to- 
 wards amelioration; the only way a specific fever can be cured is by its 
 being limited and the poison dying out. If the Ptomaines that kill the germ 
 are hmited, the case will be mild and chances for recovery good. If large 
 and se\-ere the animal will die. In this fever antiseptic drenches are use- 
 ful, .such as a solution of hyposulphite soda or sulphite calcium, and as 
 demulcent, for the kidneys give Unseed tea; give green food, especially 
 green corn; it has been found that more cases recover when turned into a 
 field of green corn than otherwise. Watch the symptoms, and if needed 
 give .stimulants. 
 
 Preventive Measures. — .Separate the healthy from the diseased ones, 
 don't take a Texas steer ^vith them, leave him with the others; you can 
 often tell them by their coats when not by the horns. Texas cattle 
 should not be allowed North between frosts, that is during the Summer 
 months. Frost destrovs the germs or Contagium, so there is then no 
 danger, that is of infection; in the Summer time it is liable to break out 
 anv'place along the trunk lines carrying the Texas cattle, by the dung 
 being kicked out of the cars while passing and the germs gettmg on 
 the grass. Texas cattle now have their own place in the stock-yards, 
 where no other cattle are placed; they are never mixed, and they must be 
 carried there direct bv the railroads before getting out of the cars. 
 
 Pdst-Mortem.— Is quite characteristic, no danger of makuig a mis- 
 take. On opening the abdomen the mucous membrane is .studded with 
 cachexia, little red spots about the size of a pin head; in this it may dif- 
 fer from Ecchymosis; these little spots sometimes become confluent and 
 form Ecchymosis. You will find the spleen immensely enlarged— from 
 four to ten times its usual .size. Its normal weight is about 1 '/: fts., but 
 in this disea,se it sometimes weighs from 6 to 10 tbs.— this is invariable; 
 it may be seen in Anthrax also; it is easily punctured and broken down, 
 liver is enlarged and .softened, kidnevs enlarged, congested, and m a state 
 
I ■'^6 THEORY AXD PRACTICE. 
 
 of interstitial Nephritis; omasum is always impacted, aboraasum and duo- 
 denum is always more or less inflamed; gall bladder is distended with a 
 thick gall, urine in the bladder looks black, as if bloody, but this is due 
 to the pigment of the blood. There is more or less Enteritis all through 
 the small intestines; the adipose tissue, especially around the kidneys, is 
 a reddish yellow; blood is dark and thin. Any one of these symptoms 
 would not be enough, but the>' are nearh' all present always, and the 
 strong features are the enlarged spleen. Nephritis, and bloody urine; the 
 others go to corroborate it as Texas Fever. 
 
 Variola. — According to the genii to which it belongs, it is named 
 EouixiA, \'accinia, and Ovinia, and in the human. Smallpox; there is 
 the Chicken-Pox also, which is communicable to the human. All kinds 
 of A'ariola are related — all are of the same nature. They are all infec- 
 tious, eruptive fevers. The Contagium is both fixed and volatile, either 
 floating in the air or by actual contact. The germ is a Micrococcus, except 
 in the Variola of the sheep, which is a Bacilla. The \^ariola of one genii 
 is communicable to animals of another kind b^- inoculation, also more or 
 less through the air — the Smallpox of the human particularly. The \'a- 
 riola of the lower animals .seems to require actual contact is order to com- 
 municate it; yet Cowpox is recognized as being communicable through 
 the air also. One attack of anj' of the Variola, except the Chicken-Pox, 
 will render the animal exempt from another attack; and even Chicken- 
 Pox may to a certain degree. It is through this phenomenon that T,-ac- 
 cinatiou is practiced; its value was first discovered by Dr. Jenner in Eng- 
 land in 1775, by noticing that milkmaids during an epidemic of Smallpox 
 were free from the disea.se, and on inquiry he learned they had had attacks 
 of Cowpox while milking. Civilized countries have practiced it more or less 
 since then, and the more civilized ones haA-e laws that make it compulsory 
 to be vaccinated. It was said bj^ some authors that this disea,se orig- 
 inated in the Grease Heel of the horse, but this has been proven as ab- 
 surd. In mild climates Variola runs a mild course, except that of the 
 sheep, which is nearly as .severe as that of the human Smallpox, but we 
 ha^-e never .seen it in this country. Variola runs a definite course; first, 
 is Simple; second, is A'e.sicular; third, is Pustular; fourth, Scab. In cattle 
 it usually appears on the teats, udder, sides of the belly, escutcheon, vulva, 
 and on the i!anks. In the horse, usually on the head, face, lips, neck 
 and legs. The Stoil\titis Plstulosa that Williams describes, we 
 have no doubt is Variola of the Equine. Sheep usually have it on the 
 inside of the thigh, vagina, and anus, and it is the same in the cow. 
 
 Human Smallpox seems to attack the face particularly, though it 
 attacks the body also — there is no part exempt. In hot climates the A'a- 
 riola of the sheep is very malignant, but the Variola of other animals is 
 very benign. The three degrees of severity in the human are: Small- 
 pox, the light Varioloid; then the every-day Smallpox, and the Hemor- 
 rhagica or Black Pox, in which the blood .settles in patches under the 
 skin; this is fatal ninety-nine times out of a hundred. The Varioloid is 
 very mild. The Sheep- Pox often takes this Hemorrhagic form, and is usu- 
 ally seen in hot climates. The horse Variola is more se\'ere the farther 
 north it goes. It seenks that Smallpox oftenest attacks those filthy in 
 habits or places, and seldom affects those who bathe regularly and keep 
 their clothes and themselves clean. It is supposed A'ariola originated with 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1S7 
 
 one animal and was communicated to others, and took the form common 
 to each specie. If there is anything in it, I would think it arose with 
 the co\y. It seems to arise spontaneously, especially in cattle, but as its 
 origin is a germ, it could not be spontaneous; it is absurd to say that any 
 specific disease due to a germ can arise spontaneouslv. In manv case's 
 Variola from the Chicken-Pox to the Smallpox of the human takes an 
 epidemic or epizootic form, and in some particular .seasons; wli>-, is not 
 known, but some, Dr. Baker particularl\', think it due to some meteoro- 
 logical disturbance. 
 
 Semeiology. — Variola of the cow, as a typical illustration, is a sim- 
 ple one that arises on the base of the teat; first arises as a little red pimple, 
 and around this pimple for a day there is more or less swelling, may be 
 anywhere from one half to one inch in diameter, about an a\'erage of 
 three fourths of an inch. It is usually round on the udaer, belly and 
 other parts, except on the teat, where it is oblong parallel with the teat: 
 it is purple and of the size of a pea. In the course of three or four days 
 the swelling at the base gets large, and in the center of the pimple a ves- 
 icle forms and fills with a clear limpid fluid; this vesicular stage lasts a 
 couple of days, possibl>- three, but after about twenty-four hours the fluid 
 in the vesicle gets turbid, becomes thick, and turns to pus; this constitutes 
 the pustular stage. W'here the vesicle is not ruptured by any violence it 
 turns to a pustule in from forty-eight to sixty hours, then it ruptures 
 of itself and the pus escapes; other times it dries down and forms a .scab 
 without anj' pus escaping. The la.st five or six days of the pustular 
 stage, with the three or four fir.st days, make about nine or eleven days, 
 then 3'ou have a more or less heavy scab according to the severity of the 
 case — the milder the more thin it is and smaller. This scab drops off 
 any time between fourteen and twent}--one da5's, and each .scab leaves a 
 shallow, smooth, oval pit, sometimes it is round. It is quite red in 
 color at first, then this color gradually bleaches out, so that a penson 
 after recovery from Smallpox often remains a bright red color for months. 
 The base of the pimple in the disease is first red, then gets yellowish as 
 the disease progresses. Cows very frequently have this disease, and it 
 is carried from one to another b}- milking during the vesicular form; the 
 vesicle is ruptured and the fluid flows over the hand, and the milker is 
 inoculated. 
 
 The period of incubation of all kinds of Variola is from seven to 
 nine days, usuallj^ nine, but b>- inoculation may be as short as three 
 days. It is during the vesicular stage of \''arioloid vaccine that the ivory 
 points are charged; the fluid in the vesicle being limpid for twent>--four 
 hours, after that time has passed it is not safe to use for the contents be- 
 come turbid, then turn to pus, and is liable to cause blood poisoning; so 
 the points should never be dipped after twenty-four hours have pa.ssed from 
 the time of the formation of the vesicle. The way it is done is to take a six 
 or nine months' -old calf, inoculate it in four or five different places, then 
 as soon as the vesicles form, tap them and dip in the points. As the 
 fluid becomes turbid it seems to be absorbed, the vesicle caves in, the 
 skin rots and pustules form, and then the scab forms. 
 
 The sj^mptoms in the horse are nearly the same as in the cow, except 
 that the pimples, vesicles, and pits are smaller, but it runs the same 
 course and terminates the same way. It may be carried to them by 
 
1 88 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 attendants, or on the bits, or in the drinking water and many other ways, 
 and it spreads rapidly; usually you can see, under the lip and in the 
 mouth, a large crop of vesicles. In the human it doesn't dilTer at all from 
 Cowpox, There is more or less fever in all Variola, considerable in 
 many cases. In the first stage in the horse the fever may be 103 or 
 104; in cattle not so much. In the human the fever subsides as the 
 eruption takes place. This eruption itches \-er3- much usually. In 
 Smallpox they aim to keep the patient cool, as that relieves the itching; 
 there is less tearing off of the scabs then, and less pitting. 
 
 Treatment. — Being specific, it has a specific course to run, and that 
 course is invariable through the four stages or degrees; but treatment to 
 lessen the irritation is proper, so cooling antiseptic lotions are the thing. 
 Black Smallpox is not su.sceptible to treatment; ninety-nine out of a 
 hundred die. In cows the only treatment needed where the teats are 
 sore and can't be milked, draw off the milk with a milk s>phon, then use 
 petrolatum or acetate lead; or the best thing is a preparation called 
 Campho Phenique; it is a regular preparation in the U. S. P., and is an 
 elegant remed>-, both anodyne and antiseptic. It may be applied clear 
 once a day. In ver>' bad case on the cow's bag and teats, bathe with 
 warm water; in horses, to lessen the local inflammation, wash out the 
 mouth with borax, or camphor and hone}-, or chlorate potash, or boracic 
 or salicylic acid. To prevent its spread, isolate the animal, keep every- 
 thing separate for him; make attendant wa.sli before going to another ani- 
 mal, and clean stalls with boiling water and a little carbolic acid. In Sheep- 
 Pox, follow the same rule as in the others. In severe cases the eyes 
 sometimes burst, and blindness follows; the wool drops out, skin gets 
 thick, and fissures break in it. If the)' recover, the wool never grows 
 again in the pits. The benign case is the same as in other animals, but 
 the wool will not grow in these pits either. Ovination is practiced in 
 some parts of Europe instead of vaccination, but that being a Bacillus, it 
 is not desirable. 
 
 Rabies (fromRabio, I rave, ) in the Tower Animals; in the Human 
 It Is Hydrophobia (which means a dread of water). — This term seems 
 appropriate to the disease in the human, because the sight, and more 
 particularh' the sound, of running water seems to excite or aggravate the 
 symptoms ver>- much. This is not so in the lower animals, but it is a 
 well-known fact that Rabies in the lower animals and Hydrophobia in 
 the human are identical. Rabies is a peculiar specific disease, producing 
 an excessively nervous condition; it is contagious by inoculation only. 
 This inoculation usually takes place through a wound or an abrasion, but 
 it may occur by absorption from the cuticle, or from the mucous mem- 
 branes. It was formerh' supposed to arise spontaneousl}', especially 
 in the dog or cat; it was supposed also to have originated in these species; 
 but although so far no germ has been discovered, it is known to be a 
 specific disease, and the idea of its arising .spontaneou-sly has been aban- 
 doned. It is ^•er5• common among the canine and feline races; we know 
 it is common in foxes and wolves, also among lions and tigers. It has 
 been known from the earliest writings, and in some of the older countries 
 it has existed at times as an Epizootic. 
 
 Etiology. — Though no germ has been discovered as yet, it is known 
 to be .specific, especially as inoculation produces it, and with it a specific 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. iSg^ 
 
 fever. It is iisuallj- the result of the bite of a rabid animal, usuall)- of a 
 dog or cat, and is communicable to other animals, both man and beast. 
 The bite produces the wound, and the saliva is introduced into it at the 
 same time, and whatever germ it is, the saliva is heavily' charged with it, 
 or with the poison. This has been proven by the fact that a person 
 bitten through the clothing never suffers from Hydrophobia, as the saliva 
 is wiped off the teeth, while it is common where bitten on the bare flesh. 
 Scientists all say it is in the saliva. We may say that the bite of all 
 animals is poisonous, because the mouth at all times is filled with hun- 
 dreds of different germs; this is especially true of carnivorous animals, 
 for they eat dead bodies that are filled Avith germs. We have noticed 
 that dogs that are kept chained often get symptoms of Rabies and have 
 to be destroyed, but I do not remember a case where Hydrophobia 
 occurred from the bite of a chained dog. It is wrong to keep dogs tied 
 up; I think it makes them cross. I never fear a loose dog, no matter 
 how big or cross he may appear, but I fairly dread going near a dog that 
 has been •chained up till he is savage, for fear he will get loo.se some way. 
 It has been a common opinion that during the months of June, July, and 
 August is the time when Rabies is most common, because of the scarcit>' 
 of water; that is why they are muzzled during dog days. That is another 
 shame; it has been found that kicks and blows, hunger, thir.st, or heat 
 etc., do not cause Rabies. 
 
 To upset the old theory of dog days. Rabies is most prevalent in the 
 Spring, next in Winter, next in the Summer, and lea.st in the Fall. The 
 bite of any rabid person or animal will produce it; and when once the 
 disease has developed it is al\A-ays fatal, either in man or beast. It is 
 estimated that oidy i in 5 bitten by a rabid animal gets Rabies; probably 
 because they are bitten through the clothing. The period of incubation 
 is very indefinite; it may be as .short as 3 days in the human, and from 
 that any time thereafter; .some medical men say from 9 months, or even 
 as long' as 10 A'ears — there is no limit known. I found in mo.st cases 
 where a horse was bitten that it ran about 33 days, and the shortest time 
 ever known in a dog \\-as 7 da^-s. About a general average of the time 
 in the dog the shortest, 7 days, longest, 155 days; man— shortest, 3 days, 
 longest, 9 months; horse —.shortest, 15 days, longest, 3 months; .sheep- 
 shortest, 14 daj-s, longest, 3 months; pig— shortest, S days, longest, 9 
 months; — with a general average for all of from 30 to 35 days. 
 
 Semeiology. - In the dog, about the fir.st thing you will notice is a 
 pecuHar, timid, frightened condition; will growl, run and hide in the 
 dark, and it is difficult to get him out; he comes out and crouches down 
 near 'you as if in fear of 1;omething, .sometimes will jump up and run 
 away yelping. It is thought they never .sleep, are restless, and look as 
 if going into a fit; anxious expression of the countenance; at night 
 when alone thev will howl, not the kind of a howl that is common to 
 dogs that howl at the moon, etc., but a hoar.se, lonesome, unnatural tone. 
 About the .second day he will be inclined to howl this way in the daytime, 
 even when with hisma.ster,.startsofEhowling,gets more nervous. and excess- 
 ively thirsty; he will lay two thirds of his time in the water, tries to 
 drink' but now his tongue will not curl so he can throw the water back 
 into the mouth. In the latter part of the second .stage he can't pick up 
 anything but solids— can't swallow. On the third day there is complete 
 
I go THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Paralysis of the organs of deglutition; mouth alwaj'S partly open, tongue 
 lolling out; sometimes during this time a large amount of saliva drips 
 from the mouth in ropy strings; occasionally a little froth at the corners 
 of the mouth but not much; there is much more in an Epileptic fit, which 
 is often mistaken for Rabies, but is harmless. Up to this time the animal 
 has had a depraved appetite, is nervous and delirious, will eat anything — 
 licks stones, etc. After the third day he can't eat, so will keep up a 
 constant gnawing at anything; and the more delirious he becomes the 
 more he will gnaw — often makes the mouth sore, and bites pieces out of 
 it; if he can't get anything else he will even gnaw his own feet. He gets 
 weaker and weaker, and now in the fourth stage is nearly insensible, but 
 wants to be in motion all the time, lays down, gets up, and walks tih 
 tired out — that is why they say a mad dog rambles over the country; 
 some say he goes in a straight line and won't turn aside, but will bite 
 whatever comes in the way, and will sometimes chase animals. On the 
 fourth day nervous Paroxysms occur, but not Epileptic fits; thej' come 
 on oftener, and usually the animal dies on the fifth day. During the 
 latter part of the fourth day the throat becomes much congested and dark 
 in color. A rabid dog never vomits. Then there is a sort of Rabies 
 called the Dumb Rabies, in which the throat is paralyzed; this takes 
 place during the early part of the disease; they can't howl. Death in 
 some of these cases may not take place till the eighth day, though I 
 ncA er saw one run over five days. The idea that a rabid dog foams at 
 the mouth is erroneous. In the horse there are some peculiarities, the 
 first thing you notice (say he was bitten) is that the wound .seems to get 
 itchy; he will bite at it, or try to rub against something, and acts as if 
 there was something there he was trj'ing to bite off; it gets so bad that on 
 the third day he will even bite the flesh off the leg. I have seen a case 
 where the horse was insensible, but at times would .start up and bite at 
 the wound. Otherwise the symptoms are the same as in the dog. The 
 hor.se is ncA'er still, but on the move all the time; if a person or another 
 animal goes near he will look surprised, then make a dive at them, mouth 
 open. He will also slobber in the water, finally goes down, becomes 
 comatose, and dies in Convulsions, usually the night of the fourth, or on 
 the fifth daj'. In other animals the sjanptoms are about the same as in 
 the dog. 
 
 Treatment. — It is well to give the owner and the public the benefit 
 of an}' doubt a'ou have, and then have the animal confined; best to put 
 the dog in a box stall or large box, and see that the horse has a neck- 
 strap strong enough to hang him by. Curative treatment is entirely use- 
 less after the development of the disease, but in case of a bite, if you get 
 hold of the case earl}-, ( say within an hour, for if there is free bleeding the 
 germ can't be absorbed as the flow of blood outward prevents that), 
 make a free application of some liquid antiseptic deeply into the wound; 
 but if longer than an hour, remember the absorbents are at work and the 
 poison is in the uninjured vessels, so the best thing is to cut a piece of the 
 flesh right out around the part, making a new wound, and then soaking 
 freely with liquid antiseptic, and soaking absorbent cotton and applying 
 deeply so it will go to every part of the wound. Don' t use caustics as 
 cauterization used to be practiced; that is now condemned as it doesn't 
 affect deeply enough, and forms an eschar under which the poi-son can 
 
VETERIXARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I9I 
 
 work without any outside interference. Any good antiseptic will do. 
 
 Dr. Lagorio, who has the Pasteur Treatment in Chicago, uses creo- 
 line; he keeps the wound soaking in it, using antiseptic cotton. The 
 next thing is the Pasteur preventative treatment. This is on the theory 
 of inoculation, but in so mild a form as to produce a specific fever in a 
 very mild form; this insures the animal or person immunity from the 
 disease. He takes the brain of a rabid dog, makes an emulsion and then 
 inoculates a rabbit; then from that rabbit he inoculates a second one, from 
 that one another rabbit, and so on down to the fiftieth rabbit, when it is 
 said the effect does not diiTer after that. When a person is bitten he is 
 inoculated over the abdominal cavity twice a day for three or four days, 
 with the weakest virus, and after that for three or four days with a 
 stronger virus, then once a da>' with a still stronger virus for four or five 
 days, and so on for about two weeks. But if the disease has developed 
 nothing will save the person. We are believers in the Pasteur Treatment. 
 As a rule, dogs with Rabies do not vomit. In some cases of Indige,stion 
 dogs get cross and snappish, but there is no fever, as is always present in 
 Rabies; there is no Paralysis of the throat, as in Rabies. If a per.son is 
 bitten by a dog, do not kill the animal, that is wrong; confine him, and 
 if he has Rabies he will die in a few days; if not, then you can judge if 
 the animal was affected with the disease or something else, and you will 
 know what to tell the ph3-sician in order that he may know how to treat 
 the wound — as a simple wound, or as a preventative against the disease. 
 In 1.S92 Fizzoni and Schwartz discovered that antitoxin, that is from the 
 blood serum of an immuned animal (rabbit), gotten so by the Pa.steur 
 inoculation, was a preventative to the di,sease, either in a test tube or in 
 the body of inoculated animals. The emulsion must be made from nerve 
 sub.stances — the brain or the base of it. 
 
 Glanders and Farcy. — These undoubtedh- had their origin in the 
 equine race, and from that it is communicable to man, sheep, goat, dog 
 and cat; but cattle, pigs and poultr}-, have an immunitj' from it. It is 
 always fatal in all animals, and in man as well. In the human it almost 
 invariably runs the acute course and terminates fatally in from ten to 
 twenty-two days, with a usual average of thirteen da}-s. In the horse it 
 runs both the acute and the chronic. It seems in many cases to ari.se 
 spontaneous!}', that is we can't place the origin of it. There are two 
 forms of the.se diseases, or two manifestations of the same blood poison- 
 ing — the virus is the same, oiilj- there is a difference in the local mani- 
 festations. Glanders affects the Schneiderian and nuicous membranes of 
 the throat, larjmx, and trachea; while Farcy attacks the lymphatic glands 
 and ducts, and in different parts of the body. They both run either an 
 acute or chronic form; acute usually terminates fatally in from four to 
 six weeks. Acute Farcy runs into Glanders in the course of a few 
 weeks, u.suall}.- the acute form. Chronic Glanders may exist for .\-ears 
 and the animal apparently be healthy and feeding good, and in good flesh, 
 vigorous, and able for work. It depends upon the climate how long it 
 may run without manifesting itself; in this climate it is about three or 
 four j'ears, then the horse begins to jdeld; it takes on a more active form, 
 becomes acute, and tlie animal soon dies; but in high altitudes it runs 
 longer, as in some of the more northern parts; it may run five or six 
 years, but even up there they will usually show it in five years or less. 
 
192 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 This disease is of antiquated origin; the earhest writers have referred to 
 it inadvertently — it was spoken of in Aristotle's works. In 161S a 
 Frenchman wrote a long article on it, but in 1S40 another Frenchman 
 described it more fully as lesions of the mucous membrane, and prescribed 
 injections for treatment. Since then it has received a great deal of 
 attention. It seems to be a disease of the Temperate zone, as it is almost 
 unknown in either the Torrid or Frigid zones. 
 
 Etiology-. — Old authors believed it often arose spontaneousl3^ and 
 old army men will tell 3'ou the same thing — that it occiu'red during the 
 Civil W^ar, especially in Tennessee and Touisiana. It seems to break 
 out .spontaneously on shipboard sometimes, e.specially during storms, and 
 in the acute form; but as it is due to a specific germ, it can' t be spontaneous, 
 and the case that arose under these circumstances must have been lying 
 latent, and the circumstances were favorable for the disease to make 
 itself manifest — as crowding, which will cause disease to break out among 
 animals; if an>- disease is lying dormant this will cause it to show itself. 
 The poison of Glanders seems to be in the discharge from the nose or 
 other purulent discharges from the bod}-; but as the virus is of heav}' 
 .specific gravit)' it doesn't float in the air; we believe it requires actual in- 
 oculation, and this is ver}- fortunate in view of the fact that it is invaria- 
 bh' fatal. The active principle of the Contagium was discovered by 
 L,offler and Schultz of the German Board of Health in 18S2. The germ 
 is a Bacillus, and they say it resembles the Bacilli of Tuberculosis, except 
 that method blue will color it. Some say it exists in the system in very 
 limited numbers, that making it very hard to find; and al.so that there is 
 a Micrococcus in it ver}^ plentiful, but that it is inoculate, that is the poi.son 
 is all in the Bacillus. Before the discovery of the germ the disease was 
 classed as a granuloma disease. 
 
 Semeiology. — Ver}' often the acute form of Glanders and Farcy is 
 preceded by Diabetes Insipidus. In all probability if the temperature 
 were taken every clay from the start, it would be found that its rise was 
 first from 103 to 104 or qji , then comes on the Diabetes Insipidus, which 
 is • quite prominent for three or four da5's. The next sj'mptom is the 
 limpid reddish discharge from the nose, and this is so thin that it drops 
 from the nose like water, sometimes from one, sometimes from both nos- 
 trils. If you feel of this discharge it feels .stickj', not so much in the 
 first stage, but it seem to grow more so in two or three daj',s — more glu- 
 tinous. It .sticks aroiuid the nostrils, and dirt and .sticks adhere to it, 
 making a dirty looking sight. In from two or four days the discharge 
 becomes lighter in color — amber-colored, or much like melted butter. 
 "While this is going on the submaxillar^^ glands (lymphatics) swell; this 
 is almo.st invariable, and while swelling, are sore to the touch, and as a 
 rule do not suppurate. Some Vets, sa}' if there is suppuration it is not 
 Glanders, but there is no reason whj'. You can't go very much either 
 way on this. In Farcy the rest of the h'mphatics of the body do sup- 
 purate, so there is no reason why the submaxillary should not also. 
 During this time in some cases there is more or less Osteoporosis going 
 on, sometimes to such an extent that 3'ou may suppose the horse is 
 developing Big Head; .so you must be careful in your diagnosis. 
 
 You may find a peculiar rheumatic lameness in the earlier .stage of 
 acute Glanders — in the hind quarters, or loins and other places; many of 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 93 
 
 these things exist in the first stage of Glanders. The pulse becomes 
 accelerated, niaj- be fifty-five, the temperature also increa,sed — 103 or 104. 
 If the case is brought to j'ou in this condition you can't tell just how it 
 is; you may suspect Glanders, so it is best to watch it closel>- till it mani- 
 fests itself. The discharge from the nose grows thicker and has more 
 mucous with it, and becomes a muco-purulent discharge, so yiju can't 
 mistake very well in the color, because it comes from inflammation and 
 ulceration, and if it could now be separated, the early chscharge would 
 be buttter-colored; as a rule the discharge is a whitish-yellow; it 
 differs from a catarrhal discharge in that respect. It is often quite 
 profuse; often it is quite or nearly colorless, but glutinous. The animal 
 frequently sneezes or blows his nose, so that the stall will be smeared 
 with this discharge, and filthy all around him; he does this because the 
 pus is irritating. He is inclined to rub his nose against anj-thing, and 
 shakes his head often; it is often due to this rubbing against posts and 
 watering troughs that other horses get the disease. I never tie my horse 
 to a wagon wheel or to a post for this reason, but always carry a weight, 
 also keep head checked up. As the disease progresses the pustules in the 
 Schneiderian membrane rupture and the discharge is purulent and some- 
 times streaked with blood. The pustules have raised, indurated edges and 
 are depressed in the centers — resembling the soft Chancre in the human. 
 As these ulcers rupture, blood vessels are also ruptured, so the blood that is 
 seen in the discharge is almost constanth' present in the last stage of the 
 disease. While this is going on emaciation is taking place rapidlj'; 
 often a cough accompanies the disease; the appetite usuall}' remains good; 
 as it runs on to a fatal termination the animal pines to skin and bones; 
 legs swell, he staggers, nose is a ma.ss of eruptions, and the discharge 
 becomes very offensive — stinks; then till death he is a .stinking, loathsome 
 object; finallj' goes down, lies two or three days and dies of collapse. 
 From beginning of Glanders up to necrosis of bones, discharge is odorless; 
 but after necrosis of turbinated bones has taken place, it is very offen.sive. 
 
 In acute Farcy little Abscesses occur on different parts of the body; 
 as a rule they come up about the size of the end of }our thumb, and 
 horsemen call them Farcy Buttons. They are swollen, suppurating 
 lymphatic glands, often break out on the sides of the hip about the size 
 of the hand; these often break and a cavity as large as a hen's egg is left, 
 but as a rule Buttons that break and discharge dry up and heal, then 
 others break out. These Farcy Buttons are more often seen on the 
 inside of the thigh or arm, but not always; I have seen them attack the 
 head and neck, so they may confine them.selves to one quarter of the 
 body. Pulse and other acute symptoms are about the same as in Glanders, 
 but there is no discharge from the nose. In acute case of Farcy, Gland- 
 ers may develop in from two to six weeks, so the horse never dies from 
 acute Farcy without running into Glanders, when he dies the usual way. 
 A particular svmptom in Glanders is, that as the disease develops the 
 inflammation causes swelling of the mucous membrane, and the calibre 
 of the passages is so diminished that it produces a .sort of a snoring sound, 
 and more or less labored breathing. This helps much in diagno.sis. 
 
 Chronic form of Glanders often has a continuous 1jut slight discharge 
 from the nose, — nose is always dirty; animal keeps in good health, but 
 there will invariably be a peculiar enlargement of the submaxillary lym- 
 
194 
 
 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 phatics; it is lumpj', while that in the acute is smooth; the nodules are 
 hard, but not sore; in the acute tliej- are sore to the touch. In most 
 cases after chronic Cilanders, sub-acute Farcy will usualh- develop; it 
 may be that one hind leg will swell, etc., often producing chronic Big 
 Leg, and this can be diagnosed from Big Legs from other causes by 
 having scars, for when the ulcers heal the}' leave cicatrices. Hair never 
 grov.-s in these cicatrices. Mild cases of chronic Farcy from exposure to 
 storms, starvation, etc., may break out in acute Glanders in time, and 
 may run on for }'ears, carrying the disease wherever the}' go. I think 
 either form of this disease ma}- occur for a long time, but before death 
 they both must be present. Farcy never terminates without Glanders. 
 The period of incubation is indefinite. It is supposed it may be as short 
 as twenty-four hours, or may be indefinitel}'' dela3-ed, even for years; but 
 the usual average is about a month. The vitality of the germ is very 
 great, probablj- no other specific germ has such vitality-'; it will remain 
 alive if dry, for years, but freezing will kill it if it be in the wet. The 
 meat of a glandered animal is xevy poisonous; will produce the disease 
 in dogs, lions, etc., that may eat it. 
 
 Treatment. — Therapeutical treatment is no good, but there are 
 always doubtful cases; may give general tonics to such, till j'ou are cer- 
 tain of the disease. Glandered animals are always destroyed; there is no 
 use in trj-ing to save blankets, harness, etc. ; burn all and thoroughly 
 clean the stable, tearing out the stall he used; burn sulphur in the stable, 
 then whitewash. Quarantine exposed animals for ninety da^'s. Illinois 
 law pa}-s one-third of the value of a sound horse for every glandered 
 animal destroyed; where an exposed one is killed, two-thirds of the value 
 is paid. Through Dr. Baker's efforts the law permits a quarantined 
 animal to be worked in a safe way, with the understanding that the 
 horse must be examined once a week at the expense of the owner. 
 Puni.shment for breaking the law 's fine or jail, or both. When examin- 
 ing a horse for Glanders never approach him from the front, but either 
 from the rear or from the side; be careful not to allow him to sneeze in 
 your face. There are a number of cases on record of persons djnng from 
 this^ disease, even nur.ses that had their patients sneeze in their faces. 
 Hold the horse firmly by the halter while examining, and after examin- 
 ing wash 3'our hands vi^ell \vith soap and water with a little antiseptic in 
 it. To decide a doubtful case, get Mallein from the experiment station 
 in A'our state; it is a culture made from the Bacilli Mallei, and an album- 
 inose made. Inject one cubic centimetre, about fifteen drops, under 
 the skin of broadside of neck; take temperature two or three times for 
 two or three da^-s before injecting, then three or four times after for 
 fort5'-eight hours — say ever}- four hours. Make injection at night; take 
 temperature next morning. If they have Glanders the temperature will 
 run up to 104, 105, 106, and often never returns to normal again, but 
 carrses the disease to develop. In other cases it may lessen in a few 
 days; there will be suppurating and swelling at the point of inoculation, if 
 the horse has the disease. If no Glanders, this will not be the case, but 
 the temperature maj- run up one or t^^•o. The Tumor will be from three 
 to five inches in diameter, witli suppuration in the center. 
 
 Post, Mortem. — We find ulcers in the throat, larynx, trachea, 
 bronchial tubes, sometimes pharynx, and in the chest; interstitial Pneu- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICIXE AND SURGERY. 195 
 
 mouia in man>- cases; lymphatics in other parts of the body will be 
 enlarged. iMules and as.ses seem to have the disease more acute than 
 horses. 
 
 Strangles, FamiHarh- kno\vn as Horse DisTi-niPER. — This is a 
 p>-ogenic, infectious fever peculiar to the horse: there is nothing like it in 
 other animals. It is attended by the formation of Aljscesses in every 
 case. It is usually seen in the form of a colt disease, especially in the 
 country, but in the cit},' we see it in all ages. Colts mosth- get "it when 
 two or three years old, and one attack of this disease renders immunity 
 from another attack, as a rule, but there are exceptions to this. It is 
 considered acti^•ely infectious. If introduced into a herd of horses it will 
 run through it. If in a stable in the city, it will soon attack a dozen or 
 more of them; say two or a dozen out of fifty. It runs a definite course 
 every time; first, fever; second, formation of the Abscess and pus; third, 
 rupture and discharge, and if they don't die in the fourth, they recover. 
 Some sa}- that it is not a specific or infectious disea,se; because it does 
 not always produce the disease by inoculation, but in e\-ery other respect 
 it is specific, and a few failures do -not prove that it is not specific. The 
 period of incubation is from one to two weeks. 
 
 Etiology. — We believe it is a specific disease, but that the germ has 
 not yet been found. We find that during the cold storms of Fall and 
 Spring, colts are rao,st apt to have it. 
 
 Semeiolog}-.^It maj' occur at anj' time of the year; it begins with 
 a high fever, pulse rapid and soft, gets weaker in the course of two or 
 three days; mouth is hot and dry in the first stao;e; in the second it is full 
 of ropy saliva; a \'ery sore throat develops, filling up on the in.side as well 
 as swelling on the outside, which makes it A'er>- difficult to swallow. 
 There is a troublesome, painful cough and considerable Dyspnoea, some- 
 times so bad as to require the insertion of a tracheotomy tube; this is 
 particularly so when having fits of coughing, after the fit is over. The 
 Abscesses usually form in the submaxillary space, may be in the throat, 
 or the guttural pouch, or may affect the Ij'mphatic glands. Usually one 
 or two Abscesses form, or there may be a dozen small ones; these are 
 usually from an inch to an inch and a half apart; usualh' the pus is all in 
 one, or in two large ones — maj' be one half pint in one. It takes a week 
 for this to form, and it will discharge in a week or ten days. Colts 
 recover in about two weeks, but in bad cases may be five or six weeks; 
 during this time there is fever, and it is difficult for them to eat, .so they 
 become emaciated, and often die from exhaustion and collapse. Where 
 it takes so long, the pus begins to be absorbed, cau.sing p3'£emia, and they 
 die from exhaustion and collapse. Irregular form of strangles, or as 
 horsemen call it, Bastard Strangles, has the same fever but longer; 
 Abscesses form, but not in the same places; they are often seen in the 
 pleural cavity, seemingly in some of the lymphatic glands, other times 
 in the walls of the pericardial, and may rupture into if. The3' may 
 develop anywhere — in the liver or in the brain, etc., but are more often 
 seen in the peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural cavities. They may not 
 form on the inside, but may on the outside — on the vagina, or any place 
 on the outside of the body. When they develop on the inside it is almost 
 invariably fatal; when on the outside, sometimes fatal, sometimes they 
 recover; it depends on how large they are and how long in breaking. 
 
196 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Treatment. — Must run its course, can't stop the fever till after the 
 formation of pus; the fever then may lie 104-5, or 6 — may reduce it to 
 103. It will frequently jump from 103,'- to 105, and will then fall the 
 same way, but you can't stop it entirel>- till pus has stopped forming, so 
 all we can do is to hurry up the process and assist nature to get rid of 
 the pus or poison. Try to reduce the fever, and give good hy- 
 gienic treatment — soft food and a little febrifuge; to assist formation of 
 Abscess, apply hot poultice, ^^'hich also lessens pain. Usually apply 
 first, mild counter-irritant, as ammoniacal liniment — one application will 
 usually do, then poultice; we prefer linseed meal. As soon as you can 
 locate the developed Abscess so as to be po.sitive of its location, tap it, 
 don't wait for it to soften. We find it safe to go in and hunt for pus- 
 say, after four or five days, never let it go more than a week; make a lib- 
 eral opening, syringe it out with antiseptic and add antiseptic to the 
 poultice; poultice till the inflammation sub,sides. If it is impraticable to 
 poultice, bathe with warm water. If the cough is troublesome, camphor 
 electuary will relieve; give in addition to the febrifuge. Often the fever 
 will remain high five or six days; watch closely and carry your tra- 
 cheotomy tube in your pocket ready for use, don't let him go down be- 
 fore using it. Steaming wdll relieve; medicate the water with carbolic 
 acid; it is a local anodj-ne as well as antiseptic. Sometimes the Ab- 
 scesses break into the guttural pouch; may la.st for weeks, then get 
 unthrift}', though no swelling is seen on the outside. Lay your horse 
 down, use the mouth speculum, and insert your arm and try to locate 
 the Abscess. In death 3'ou will find the Abscesses somewdiere in the 
 bod}-. Good plan is to take affected animal from among the others, and 
 fumigate and whitewash the stable inside. During convalescence give 
 tonics, as tinct. iron, as soon as you tap the Abscess, or may even give it 
 before; don't matter if you use it all through, but it would do harm in 
 a sporadic case. Never deplete, but purify the blood. Give iron where 
 there is Dyspnoea and Strangles not bad; but if Strangles and tumefac- 
 tion are bad, iron would make matters worse, as it contracts the parts, 
 so give camphor electuary in that case. 
 
 Anthrax. — Is a peculiar virulent, infectious disease. It is known 
 b}' different names, according to its manifestations and the country it is 
 in. The French call it Charbon Anthrax; this is the generic term, and 
 covers the list of malignant diseases under this form. Charbon applies 
 more directh' to where it is located. In the tongue is called Glos.so- 
 Anthrax; in Scotland, Blaine. When in the fore or hind legs, it is called 
 Black Leg. In the spleen it is called Splenic Apoplexy; also called 
 Braxy in sheep; in human often called Charbon. It starts in pimples 
 sometimes, then pustules — sometimes called Malign.vnt Pustule, some- 
 times Coxtagious Car];uxcle. There are various conditions and de- 
 grees of severity in this disease, and they are all of the same nature. 
 
 AxTHRACOiD. — Is a very mild form of Anthrax; all warm-blooded 
 animals are subject to it. Prof. \A'illiams says it is peculiar to herljiv- 
 orous animals and birds; Dr. Baker agrees \vith Pasteur that fowls are 
 not often attacked because of their high normal temperature, but we find 
 that if fowls eat Anthrax meat they get Anthrax, but not so surel\- as 
 animals. It requires inoculation for it to develop, but it matters not how 
 that is done, or how taken into the body — either in a wound, or with the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 97 
 
 food into the alimentary canal. It ma}' appear an},- time at aiiv season 
 of the year, under any circumstances, but we find it is most prevalent in 
 August and September; no animal is exempt. It caused an epidemic 
 during the Siege of Troy among horses, cattle and people, from eating 
 Anthrax meat, and in 1617 in Naples it caused an epidemic from which 
 60,000 people died in one year. 
 
 Etiology. — The specific cause is the Bacillus Anchrocis, discovered 
 in 1S50 l3y two Frenchmen (Rayer'and Devaine). They say it is a ver^' 
 easy germ to find; the rod is long, about three micromillimetres, and from 'i 
 to I and Ai in width; the end of the rod is square or slightlv concave. 
 A'ollinger said decomposition of the tissues kills the germ; Prof. Koch 
 denies that, and I think he is right. The number of germs in the blood 
 increases wonderfully as death approaches, and they continue to develop 
 after death while the carcass is warm. In the first stage there are only a 
 few germs in the blood, but in a few hours after death the blood is loaded 
 with them. Koch says the alimentary canal is the natural channel for 
 its introduction; Pasteur says inoculation with mild virus will give im- 
 munity from severe inoculation; Koch says it will not give immunity 
 from its introduction into the alimentary canal. We think Pa.steur 
 is right and Koch wrong. It may be introduced through micro- 
 scopic wounds, but the alimentary canal is the most common. It may 
 be introduced through an>- abrasion that will bring the juice to the 
 surface, or from the bite of a house fly poisoned by feeding on an An- 
 thrax carcass; and the same way by stings of bees and other insects. The 
 germ will freeze and thaw and still live; it is the strongest germ known. 
 Period of incubation is \'ariable, depends first on number of Bacilli taken 
 in; second, on the vitality of the Bacilli; third, on the condition of the blood 
 of the host. We find that intravenus inoculation produces well-marked 
 S3'mptoms in from four to six hours after eating Anthrax meat, but from 
 bites, maj^ be from twelve to eighteen hours. Sheep fed on grass vidtli this 
 germ may not develop symptoms for three or four days. In horse, from 
 inoculation, from four to eighteen hours; alimentary canal from two to 
 four days; Pasteur says a mild attack will render immunity from a severe 
 attack ever after. Sometimes animals recover from Anthrax, but if they 
 do the recovery is slow, and the animal is often wabbly in gait after- 
 wards. One must prolific cause is throwing an Anthrax carcass on 
 bottom lands, and the high water floats the germ down and leaves it on 
 meadow lands or lowlands, where it gets on the grass. You must be 
 careful in autopsy not to get the germs into a wound; a good idea is to 
 use rubber gloves, and rub carbolized oil over all exposed parts to keep 
 flies from biting 3-ou after being on the carcass. 
 
 Immunity from Black I^eg and Brachia is obtained by inoculation. 
 Pasteur performed it \'ery extensiveh' in France among the sheep. He 
 cultivated the germ in chicken broth. The strength of the culture 
 lessens with age; he kept this broth at a temperature of fort)'-two to 
 forty-three degrees centigrade, equal to 107 and 3-5 to 109 and 2-5 Fahr. 
 This high temperature lessens the vitality of the germ. At this temper- 
 ature, he says it will die in a month, so the culture is then inoculated, 
 hence the germ must be gradually dying during this time. He inoculates 
 sheep first, with this culture that is twenty-four days old, then in twelve 
 days repeats with a virus twelve days old; this in most cases will produce 
 
igS THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 a very mild fcA'er that lasts a day or two; sometimes it is severe and may 
 produce death; but is usually verjr mild, and the fever renders immunity 
 ever afterwards. Koch said Pasteur's inoculation hj'podermically, was 
 not proof again,st the germ taken into the stomach; that is absurd and 
 has been proven so. The disease is often produced by eating hay from 
 bottom lands, because the germ was on the grass, — thus it is often a 
 mystery where the disease originated. Death often occurs during the 
 night with no sign of a struggle. Autopsy will show Splenic ^Vpoplexy. 
 It seems that Anthrax taken the usual way, more often attacks the 
 .strong, healthy animals and the fattest, probably because they are the 
 best feeders and eat more of the germs than the delicate ones. 
 
 Black I^eg. — Used to be considered as a result of changing from 
 poor to very nutritious pasture — turned into meadows. Why they get 
 it, is a question. Sudden change used to be thought a cause; changing 
 from cold to very warm, crowded .stables is apt to bring it on in the form 
 of Splenic Apoplexy. In Black I,eg the conditions seem to be exactly 
 the same, that is of the same nature as in Splenic Apoplexy. In Splenic 
 Apoplexy the animal dies from gangrene of the spleen; in Black Leg 
 from gangrene of the cjuarter. 
 
 Semeiology. — In horses and cattle there are two forms that are 
 recognized; first. Anthrax with no visible outward enlargement, and 
 animal dies from internal morbid anatomy. The second is that with 
 swelling, spoken of as Tumor when the animal dies from external morbid 
 anatomj'. \Vhen he dies from the first, there is no symptom of the 
 disease except fever. In the second, this swelling begins first, or the 
 lameness may begin first. Cases of this trouble in the quarter seem to 
 lie in the blood being so thick it can't circulate through the part, through 
 the capillaries; hence there is capillary congestion; this produces a 
 .sloughing of the quarter, and then lameness; as it swells there will be 
 exudation into the surrounding tissues. If from any cause the circulation 
 is renewed in the part, the animal may recover; otherwise he will die. It 
 is said that cowboys recognize this fact, and if they notice an animal 
 down and suspect the cause, they force it to rise and run, \\'itli the idea 
 that exertion may start anew the circulation. In Black Teg the tongue 
 will be .swollen a little; the swelling may not start in the leg, but in a 
 single set of mu.scles and then spread; but it usualh' aft'ects the whole 
 quarter. There is high fever, he becomes listless, the parts will get 
 tender, the pulse will be feeble and rapid. The fever starts in soon after 
 inoculation, and as the quarter swells it gets cold and insensible, and in 
 from two to twelve hours after the swelling, the skin will crepitate on 
 pressure. This is due to the sulphuretted h^-drogen gas formed, which 
 is positive evidence of gangrene; death soon follows. Hor.ses are .seldom 
 ever attacked with Black Teg; it takes the form of Splenic Apoplexy, 
 and the animal does not die .so fast — in from four to seven days, or 
 several weeks. One of the first symptoms is, thej^ isolate themselves 
 from the re.st of the herd; temperature ma>- be 105, 6, or 7; there is lo.ss of 
 appetite in most cases. It is said that 9 out of 10 will recover if they re- 
 tain their appetite, while it is the reverse with tho.se that lose it; this may be 
 from the fact that with good appetites they keep up their strength, hence 
 their chances are better. In the horse the temperature may drop down to 
 104 in a few days. About the second day the \-isible mucous membranes 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 99 
 
 show cachexia, that runs into patches of Ecchymosis, sa>' about the third 
 or fourth day. Animal staggers about, finally goes down, hes from 4 to 
 24 hours and then dies. There is no symptom in some cases except the 
 fever; in others there is swelling also. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — The cachexia and Ecchymosis on the visible mucous 
 membranes, vhile not diagnostic are invariably present; some sa>- more 
 extensive in this disease than in others. In the human there may be 
 such a thing as Typhus Fever, but 99 times out of 100 it is Anthrax. 
 On opening these cases the first thing you will notice as you cut the 
 blood vessel, is that the blood is not coagulated, but is black and thick, will 
 scarcely run, and resembles tar; this is nearly diagnostic, and is invaria- 
 bly the condition of the blood. As you open the abdominal cavity you 
 will find cachexia spots covering the serous membrane, sometimes very 
 large. The spleen will be tremendously enlarged, and full of black blood; 
 the congestion seems to have broken down the trabeculse, and the blood 
 will gravitate from end to end b)- turning up or down. The adipose tis- 
 sue around the kidne>'s and other places is conge,sted, and blood infil- 
 trates into it, so that it looks reddish. That is about all you will find — 
 the condition of the blood is the main feature. In Black Eeg, when 
 the crepitating sound is heard, you will know that gangrene has taken 
 place and the quarter is dead long before the animal dies. If the animal 
 is down and you force him to get up he will be Aer}; lame and will soon 
 lie down again, and in five or six hours will be dead. Usually with these 
 cases there is congestion, and the urine i-^ scant and high colored. An- 
 imal usually dies in a comatose condition. 
 
 Braxy in Si-ieEp. — Has two forms — Splenic Apoplexy, and the one 
 with the swelling on the outside, same as in cattle. You will find ex- 
 travasated blood in the intestinal canal. In young lambs there is what 
 shepherds call XavEL III in the form of a Tumor around the umbilicus. 
 Williams calls this Charbon. 
 
 Dogs seem to have some immunity from this disease; they may eat 
 the meat of Anthrax carcass and not get the disease, but the germs 
 will be in their mouth, and a bite from them will inoculate. 
 
 In the Pig it is the same as in other animals, they can get it from 
 eating Anthrax carcass. 
 
 Anthrax in Poultrv. — As the disease develops in them they get 
 listless, have foetid Diarrhcea, wings drop, combs and bills get black. 
 Tumors form between the digits, especially in geese and ducks; they 
 wont perch to roost, but will stay on the ground. 
 
 Anthrax in the Human. — From bite of a fly from off carcass, 
 there is first, a red pimple which in a few hoiirs will enlarge and turn 
 black and .spread; pustules form in the center, and soon you have a gen- 
 uine case of Anthrax; death sometimes occurs in 6 hours, or may be pro- 
 longed 24 to 48 hours, or some days. 
 
 Treatment. — For the human, soon as you see the pimple the only 
 treatment is to excise; take out a good big chunk and be quick about it, 
 then stop the hemorrhage and treat with antiseptic— creohne and campho 
 phenique are probably the best. As a rule, treatment is useless when 
 Anthrax sets in, though it is possible something could be done to coun- 
 teract the poison; might try hyposulphate soda or carbolic acid. Tinct. 
 iron and alcoholic stimulants are strongly indicated. In convalescence 
 
20O THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 give iron and vegetable Isitters. If 3'ou can anticipate Black I^eg, give 
 exercise, as it may cause the circulation to improve. Ammoniacal stimu- 
 lants are not indicated. 
 
 Preventative Treatment. — Is important; try to find the cause and re- 
 move. Always burn a carcass from this disease, there is no other wa}^ to 
 dispose of it, but if >-ou must bury, then cover it with lime. For Black 
 Leg and Braxy, if epidemic, you should try inoculation. 
 
 Hog Cholera. — Given the name of vSwine Plague by Prof. Detmers 
 of Columbus, Ohio, who was one of the first to do anything in the way 
 of i^^•estigating as to the patholog>- of the disease. He found the disease 
 to be due to a Micrococcus. Plog Cholera is supposed to be a disease of 
 the bowels, but it is not always so, and for that reason Detmers objected 
 to the name and called it Swine Plague. Biit Cholera applies in many 
 cases ver>' well, because in autops)- there is ulceration of the bowels; this 
 we alwa:\'s have in choleric conditions, that is we must have choleric con- 
 ditions to have ulceration of the bowels. Often we find lung, spinal cord 
 and other complications present; lungs being affected with Bronchial or 
 Pneumonic Catarrh. In other cases we get Spinitis with Paralj-sis, and 
 in most cases more or less skin complications. There is a Specific Fever 
 that runs a tolerable definite course. In some seasons the mortality may 
 run as high as 90 per cent, other seasons be down as low as 40 per cent; 
 so there is a difference in the seasons, without any apparent reason. This 
 disease is no respecter of age, sex, conditions, etc. Hogs that wallow in 
 mud, filth, and their own dirt are no more liable to it than those under 
 different circumstances. The germ will grow in any soil. The lym- 
 phatic glands in many cases are much affected. 
 
 Etiology. — The specific germ is a belted Micrococcus. It seems to 
 have its habitat in the ground, or in the foecal matter of hogs. A par- 
 ticularl}- good soil for them is where bedding is mixed with the ex- 
 crement of the hogs. Detmers says the mo.st virulent form is among hogs 
 around ha)' stacks. 
 
 Semeiology. — It begins with a rigor, followed b}' coughing and 
 sneezing, and other evidences of a catarrhal condition; elevation of tem- 
 perature, languor, loss of appetite, staring coat, drooping ears, and alter- 
 ation of the secretions. Hogs will tr}- to hide in the bedding. In the 
 course of two or three days eruptions will come on the skin, generally on 
 the ears first, a kind of red pimple; this is inclined to spread; there is 
 often considerable breaking out in the way of cedemic conditions; some- 
 times the skin doesn't break, but takes on a purplish color. Sometimes 
 the brain seems affected, and they stagger. As the lungs are affected 
 there will be evidences of labored breathing; usually, rapid emaciation, 
 sometimes Constipation, but mo.stly Diarrhoea; sometimes they have a ca- 
 pricious appetite; usually an accumulation of muco-purulent matter in 
 the corners of the eyes, and a copious discharge from the nose; pecul- 
 iarly offensive fseces. When there is costiveness the excrement is usu- 
 ally gray, or may be black and hard; they may also have Diarrhoea, as 
 there is inflammation of the mucous lining of the bowels; sometimes 
 there is blood with the fseces; wounds ulcerate, ulcers are seen on the 
 lips and tongue sometimes; jaw-bones often necro.se; sometimes they die 
 in convulsions, other times they will pine and die. In mild cases none 
 of the symptoms are aggravated and they often recover; in some cases. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 20I 
 
 after recovery, it leaves them with a chronic cough for a long time; again, 
 it nia>- leave them worthless; they wont fatten. 
 
 Post-:Mortem.~You will find more or less hepatization of the lungs, 
 and often great numbers of Bacilli that are supposed to cause Pneumonia; 
 but It IS in the blood serum that the .specific germ is found. In the ab-' 
 donnnal ca^-it>- will be found cachexia spots on the serous membrane and 
 the mesenteric glands, and the lymphatics are ^•erv much swollen, some- 
 times strawberry-colored. Billings thinks this color diagnostic, but it 
 is not invariably present; there is ulceration of the ileo-cccal valve, and 
 more or Ic-^s ulceration in the cecum and colon; this ulceration is diag- 
 nostic of the di.sease. Period of incubation is from 5 to 15 da-s— aver- 
 age, 7 daA's. 
 
 Treatment. — Therapeutical treatment is u.seless; gi\-e prophylactic, 
 treatment to save the remainder. Quarantine the farm, pre\'ent them 
 from being shipped, then take the well ones from among the sick and put 
 them in a different place; don't take out the sick ones and leave the well 
 ones in the place. Give good hygienic treatment; burn the carcasses, bed- 
 ding, etc. It is said the Contagium lasts an indefinite time. If there are 
 wounds on the body, dress antiseptically. Prof. Detmers recommended 
 10 drops carbolic acid to every 100 pounds weight of the hog, given in the 
 drinking water; repeat two or three times a day, until animal is convales- 
 cent. The Government Inspectors condemn hogs with this disease at the 
 stock-}-ards. Though not communicable to man it is, on general princi- 
 ples, diseased meat. 
 
 CoRN-STAEK DISEASE. — This is a pecuHar disea.se of the We.st; there 
 has been a little of it in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska. It 
 seems to be a disease of the corn due to some fungus, and horses and cat- 
 tle eating the stalk get the disease. The origin of this disease was dis- 
 covered by Dr. Billings in Nebraska, with the assistance of Dr. Burrows 
 of Champaign, 111. It is so well known now that you can pick out the 
 disea.sed patches in the corn-field; it doesn't spread all over the field. It 
 interferes with the growth of the corn, and breaks out usually at the 
 junction of the leaf and the stalk; there may be little cachexial spots up 
 the whole stalk. They turn brown, spread out on the leaf and down 
 the .stalk. It is due to a vegetable parasite. When animals are 
 affected, in the course of a few days the brain becomes affected, they get 
 delirious, become pugnacious, and want to fight everything — even im- 
 aginary objects, like a man in the Delirium Tremens. If anything comes 
 in sight they go at it with open mouth, so the}' are ver>' dangerous to 
 handle. The temperature increases very much; the trouble keeps on in- 
 creasing till they lose the power of co-ordination, stagger and go down, 
 and die in convulsions. The S3'mptoms, with the history, will help you 
 to diagnose. It usuallj' occurs in the Fail and Winter; never in the 
 Spring or Summer. 
 
 Treatment. — If the disease has developed, treatment is useless. 
 Prophylactic treatment is to turn the animals out into the field. INIan)- 
 persons pick out the diseased corn and destroy it; some farmers now cut 
 corn when the corn is full in the milk; in this way there is a saving of 
 40 per cent in the quality of the fodder. Always burn diseased corn, for 
 the parasites go into the ground and when the young corn comes up the>' 
 attack it. It is the worst about the middle of June. 
 
202 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 AcTixoMYCOSis, — This is a peculiar disease which seems to develop 
 mostly in cattle, some in the horse, and is comparatively common in the 
 human. It produces local lesions wherever it happens to develop. 
 The peculiarity is in Tumors that resemble Culloid Tumors very much; 
 they have honeycombed cells distributed through them, filled with a 
 gelatinous pus, in some cases so thick it Vi'ill not run, in others it will 
 run, but is very thick. There is nothing cancerous in them, as in the 
 Culloid; they are clue to a ravenous germ, which is a star-shaped fungus 
 known as Actinomyces. This germ is large, and when full grown looks 
 like a .sponge with club-.shaped prolongations; it resembles a cactus plant, 
 and when mature is too large to float through , the capillaries. The 
 clubs are full of .spores, and these all break apart and each one forms a 
 new germ; these are small enough to pass through the capillaries and 
 find their way to all parts of the body, even in the bones of the vertebrae; 
 the large ones seem to .stay in the place the>' locate in, and don't get in 
 out of the \Yay places. The most common place for them is in the jaw- 
 bones, tongue, l)'mphatic glands, and in the submaxillary space. They 
 are also found in the small intestines, liver, pancreas, .spleen and lungs, 
 and have been found attached to the walls of the heart. In the lungs 
 they produce a soft caseation easily broken down, which usually becomes 
 liquid, with hard particles in it; these hard particles are gray hepatiza- 
 tion, in which the germ is found. 
 
 W'lien the large vegetable, star-shaped fungus breaks up, or the 
 spores detach, thej' are then not more tlian '4 the size of a red blood 
 corpuscle. In the liver, bowels, etc. , the disease appears as little Tu- 
 mors. The pus that escapes from these Tumors is a grayish-ka-ender 
 color, with the yellow lumps floating in it; these can easily be dis- 
 tinguished, and ma}' be from the size of a pin head to }i inch in diameter. 
 To examine the single germ, u-se acidulated gl5-cerine to clear it, thin it. 
 It doe.sn't recpiire to be colored, but j-ou maj- if you choose u.se bismark 
 brown or methyl blue. If there is a Tumor on the jaw, it works into 
 the jaw-bone, don't know how it does, but it is supposed to be through 
 decayed teeth or from mucous membrane, and causes a rarifying Ostitis, 
 making it honeycombed like, and it continues to grow. This disease is 
 spreading rapidly throughout this country. We believe that the dis- 
 charge from a suppurating Tiunor drops on the grass, and that other 
 animals eat this grass and get the disease. It has been proven that the 
 disease can be produced in au>- part of the body by inoculation, ^;) no 
 matter how it is taken in, the germ will produce the disease. 
 
 But how people get this disease is still a n.iy.stery ; it is getting to 
 be more connnon in the human. The pus of Tumors in the human and 
 that from one in a bovine have been found to be exactlj' the same. 
 In German}- every slaughter-house has a veterinar}- in.spector, and they 
 mark the meat according to its quality as fit for market — i, 2, 3, or 4, 
 and they class this kind of meat as number 4. It has been found in the 
 human to be the most common in pauper hospitals, but not so much so 
 in this country. Dr. Billings thinks it is harmless to eat this meat, but 
 some of our best doctors think differently; Dr. Billings bases his belief on 
 it not being contagious, because he saw a cow suffering from a severe 
 attack of this di.sease, among a herd for a long time, and the disease 
 never developed in any of them. Dr. Baker tells of a bull that was 
 
VKTERIKARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ^(33, 
 
 brought from Kentuck)- into a county in Illinois where the disease had 
 never been; this bull had a small Tumor that broke and discharged 6 
 weeks after, and in 6 months after 13 of his herd had the disease. 
 There has been a number of such cases, and they go to show against Dr. 
 Billings's idea. These Tumors may be in the jaw or throat in the hu- 
 man, and ma>- cause death in from three months to several years. 
 
 Senieiology. — The first thing you will notice will be an enlarge- 
 ment wherever the diseaset is developing. This keeps on increasing, 
 and sometimes interferes with their feeding, other times does not. It 
 may affect the tongue, causing what is called Wooden Tongue; this is 
 not .so common in this country, but in Germain- it covered about twent)- 
 five per cent of the cases of this disease. Here we frequently find the soft 
 Tumor in the throat, then in the upper jaw, then in the lower jaw, 
 and about sixty per cent, the greater part, in the mouth, which 
 proves it is taken in with the food, passes through the stomach and is 
 not digested, and .so it passes to the bowels, v.'here you will find sixty, 
 seventy, or more Tumors. About five or ten per cent of the disease 
 locates in the liver, and about fi^e per cent in the lungs. In the human 
 it attacks the bones of the spinal column, or any part of the body or 
 bony structure. In cattle, unless it interferes with some vital function, 
 it does not affect the general health of the animal. In the human it is 
 more violent, and usually fatal in from three months to three years. 
 It ^\•as found at one time that 300 out of 2000 cattle in the feeding sheds 
 at the Peoria distilleries had the disease; it was not known that they had 
 it before the}' came there, but it looked much as if it was due to the 
 germs dropping into the meal, and others eating it affected them also. 
 
 Trtatment. — The old-fashioned treatment was opening and S3'ringiug 
 out with antiseptic; that may do for outside Tumors, but even then it is 
 hardly satisfactory, as the antiseptic doesn't always get to the place 
 where the germ is, or there may be Tumors farther in that will not be 
 affected, no matter how strong the antiseptic. Some pack the opening 
 with sulphate of copper, or such like strong cau.stics, but even that is 
 not satisf actor}-. The next best thing to do is to di.ssect the whole body, 
 if no vital organ or part is affected. In Germany for the treatment of 
 Woody Tongue they started the use of iodide of potash, which proved 
 to be pretty good, so now it is u.sed in this country. For a2'j to 3 
 year old animal weighing about 1200 to 1300 fts., give internally 
 I to 2 drs., well diluted, three times a day, and remember that the 
 more you dilute it the more good it will do; put the do.se in a pint or 
 even a bucketful of water, and continue this till iodism is produced. 
 It usuallv takes from a week to ten days in cattle to produce iodism; 
 thev are far more su.sceptible to iodide potash than the human. The 
 first svmptom of iodism is acute Coryza (a watery flow from the e>-es and 
 a watery discharge from the nose), loss of appetite, and in the course of 
 a few da^-s the skin takes on a bran-like scurf. If iodism has set ni, 
 stop for eight or ten da3-s, then repeat till the s>-mptoms of iodism .show 
 ao-ain. We recommend this treatment, and with this it is well to open the 
 Tumors to allow them to discharge pus. In human it is well to dissect. 
 
 BoTRYOJiYCOSi§. — This invades a wound; in some respects it re- 
 sembles Actinomvcosis. It is a Tumor that develops on account of the 
 im-a-sion of a wound bv a drumstick-shaped germ called Botryomyces: 
 
204 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 the Tumor ma.}- or may not suppurate, but usually there is enough sup- 
 puration to cause proliferation. An example of this disease is Scirrlius 
 cord, after Castration generally. 
 
 Treatment. — Excision. 
 
 BuRSAUTEE. — Sores on horses due to exposure to rains; this is an 
 East Indian disease, but there is a somewhat similar one in the South of 
 this countr}'; as seen in East India it is a jDeculiar disease. There is no 
 clear proof of it being contagious, or of its inoculability. It is character- 
 ized b^r certain structural changes in the skin, and sometimes in the ex- 
 ternal organs in wounds. The changes that take place in the structure 
 are slow, and the Tumors that form in the skin are inclined to return at 
 some other moi-e. favoraljle time. In these sores there is a peculiar kind of 
 thickening, it seems soft and spongy. East Indians call it Kunkur. 
 A characteristic of the disease is a peculiar Tumor with an ulcerating 
 top. The disease is not fatal, but produces extreme weakness and 
 causes the animal to scratch and rub so much and so long that the owner 
 gets tired and kills him. The disease seems to flourish more during the 
 rainy seasons. There is an idea that it is contagious, but this is not posi- 
 tively known. Some think it hereditary, and that it is not considered 
 advisable to breed them. 
 
 Etiology. — It is supposed to be associated with iiltli, bad care, etc. 
 
 Semeiology. — Tumors form in the skin or under it; there is con- 
 siderable itching and general distress accompanying the sore. The ani- 
 mal will bite and rub the sore till it is raw, which then ulcerates, this 
 is liable to spread and ulcerate, till it majr be either the size of a hen's 
 egg or about 15 inches in diameter. These Tumors feel and look like 
 sponge; this is characteristic of the disease, but there is no liquid in the 
 Tumor; sometimes thev become firmly attached to the healthy structures 
 lying beneath them. It seems that these Tumors are inclined to form 
 where the harness rubs; this often appears to be the cause. The ulcer 
 has the appearance of any ulcer — edges raised, with a depressed center, 
 or it maj- have a papillated appearance; it discharges a thin puriform 
 matter. The Tumors sometimes become confluent, and occasionally 
 heal spontaneously, but not as a rule; they grow worse, but the horse 
 doe.sn't seem to suffer much. Different parts of the body may be affected 
 at the same time. 
 
 Treatment. ~ Excision or extirpation of these sores with the knife, 
 and removing all the diseased tissue; treat the wound as a simple 
 wound — antiseptically, etc. Give tonics internally and liberally; iron and 
 ar.senic particularly. Keep off the harness until well. 
 
 iNFEt^ExzA. — In the horse is almost identical with Influenza in the 
 human; that is the Grip, which is a form of Influenza. In the hor,se 
 this is a distinctly catarrhal affection of the air passages, particularly of 
 the head and throat. It is usually Epizootic — may be Enzootic, but the 
 dift'erence between the two names is in the amount of country covered; 
 both being due to the same cause. Influenza usually covers a large 
 tract of country; it used to be thought due to some alteration in the 
 characterof the atmosphere; that now is obsolete. It is recognized as 
 being a distinctly .specific germ disease, and bj' the course it runs, par- 
 ticularly in the horse, we are thoroughly satisfied that it is infectious. 
 Country horses brought into sale stables seem to suffer generalh' from this 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 205 
 
 disease, because once tlie disease gets into these stables it remains there, 
 and fresh horses coining in get the germ, which is the specific virus, 
 and dots not require inoculation. It often runs a \-erv malignant course, 
 and ni man>- cases proves fatal. The period of incubation, on an a^•er- 
 age, Ls about one week, and a horse having it will lca\-e the disease be- 
 hmd him wherever he may go. It does not confine it.self to the head 
 and throat, but often runs down to the lungs, producing a fatal Pneu- 
 monia or Pleurisy and Hydrothorax. In case of Pleurisy-, you will find 
 ever>- part of the pleural surface involved, and the water inHvdrothorax 
 has a fcetid odor; sometimes Carditis is associated with it, and we often 
 find hepatization in Pneumonia with it. If it confines itself to the head 
 and throat there may be Ab.scesses formed, resembling Strangles. 
 Scientists believe the germ floats in the air. In 1872 there was an Epi- 
 zootic of this disease all over the world; it started on the Pacific coast 
 of this country, reached the Atlantic and crossed over, attacking all the 
 civilized world; this was among horses. It .seems that when horses are 
 affected the human is not A-ery much, and vice versa. It has no respect to 
 sex, age, or condition. Death usually occurs from thoracic complica- 
 tions, either Pneumonia, Pleurisy, etc. , sometimes in the form of Enteritis, 
 or in the kidneys, as acute Bright' s, but with proper earh' treatment they 
 will recover. 
 
 Semeiologj'. — Great nervous prostration is the first symptom; often 
 the di.sease is not noticed till the horse is so weak that he staggers; this 
 prostration we believe develops in the early part of the disease. During 
 the period of incubation a high iexer develops, temperature may be 106, 
 107, or even io8, usually 106; we conclude it is not developed suddenly, 
 but is not noticed at first. Breathing is accelerated; will often find this 
 iDreathing characterized b}^ a snoring sound, like that in a chill, though 
 there is no shaking or .shivering in this. Pulse is hard, quick and irrita- 
 ble; the rigors are liable to take place from time to time. There is hang- 
 ing of the head, drooping of the ears, hot mouth, red eyes, and in the 
 corners a muco-purulent matter; sometimes there is a swelling of the lids. 
 These features of the eye. lead some to call it Pink Eye ; it is only a 
 form of Influenza. It is usually applied to that form or part of acute 
 Cellulitis around the eye. There is a profuse discharge from the nose, 
 often of a muco-purulent nature. The per cent of deaths depends on the 
 amount of complications with the disea.se. One feature particularly, is 
 that every part of mucous membrane is affected with a mild catarrhal 
 affection; the effect of this is to increase its secretions; in the bowels 
 this causes more or less Diarrhoea, sometimes well marked; where the 
 bowels are not so affected you will find the fteces covered with a slimy 
 mucous. An}- mistake in treatment may cause death — ma)- run into 
 Purpura Hsemorrhagica, which is frequently a termination of the- disease. 
 If the animal recovers he is often left with a chronic Catarrh that may 
 render him useless for months, or for a j-ear or more, or may make him 
 ab.soluteh' useless. 
 
 Treatment. — Good hygienic treatment is considered of the highest 
 importance; put the horse in good c[uarter,s — can't move him far; give 
 good ventilation, no drafts, pure air, and soft, digestible Cvery little in- 
 digestible) food. For this purpo.se we use oatmeal and linseed meal, 
 and boiled barley or hay tea. Bear in mind that the lining of the bowels 
 
20h THEORY -VXD PRACTICE. 
 
 is in an irritable condition and may run into Enteritis. In Grip they 
 find the micro-organism attacks the red blood corpuscle and destroys it, 
 leaving the blood in an impoverished condition, and as a result great 
 nervous prostration follows. Stimulants are indicated, depletion is con- 
 tra-indicated; whiskj- is indispensable; never do am'thing to deplete the 
 system. Aconite, tartar emetic, calomel, etc., are contra-indicated, also 
 blood-letting. To the whisky you may add strychnine, atropine, etc. , 
 but in this case never use the ammoniacal salts, as the}' thin the blood. 
 W'hi.sky is the sheet anchor; quinine can be gi^-en in liberal doses, as it 
 reduces the temperature without depressing the heart. Antipj'rin or 
 acetanilid may be given in small doses; they are coal-tar preparations 
 and depress the heart some. Tr}- to reduce the temperature from io6 to 
 about 103; in that waj' 3'OU will lessen the danger of complications. 
 When confined to the head and throat, blanket warmly; laxatives are 
 dangerous, and may cause fatal Enteritis; leave the bowels alone; treat 
 the heart mainly, and give good hygiene, and let nature do the rest. 
 
 In Grip the latest treatment is h}'podermic injections of strychnine, 
 that is in the human. Str5-chnine and atropine are excellent remedies as 
 stimulants, so if }'ot: can't get whisky use them. Give long rest; re- 
 cover)-, as we said, is very slow. 
 
 Maeigxant Catarrh of the Ox. — This is looked upon by many 
 as an infectious disease, but does not seem to be communicated by either 
 contact or inoculation; it is probably like Malaria in the human; it 
 dosen't seem to be contagious, but is rather due to some miasmatic in- 
 fluence that the cattle are laboring under, ,so that though man}' in a herd 
 may have it, they all get it from a common source, which is probably 
 miasmatic or Malarial. We find the disease is of a malignant catarrhal 
 nature, affecting the mucous lining of the upper air passages, including 
 the sinuses of the head; as the frontal sinus opens into the horn, it may be 
 affected also. The disease occurs mostly in cattle pasturing on lowlands, 
 and more particularly in cold, damp weather. It resembles Rinderpest 
 or Russian Cattle Plague. The germ has not 5'"et been discovered. The 
 disease is so severe in some cases that the ox pines away and dies; and 
 is so malignant as to be called by some. Cattle Glanders — but that is 
 rather a misnomer. It is distinctl}' T^-phoid in its nature. 
 
 vSemeiology. — Rigors, high fever, dejection, nervous prostration, in- 
 jection of the mucous membranes in the early stage; in the latter they be- 
 come darker. Eater on there is a thin mucous discharge from the mu- 
 cous surfaces, the nose particularb,-; eyes are ^yatery, horns usually very 
 hot; a rap on the horn causes pain, also percussion over the sinuses. In 
 the early stage there is Constipation, in the latter approaching death, 
 there will be a fasted Diarrhoea; the discharge that was mucous now be- 
 comes muco-purulent, that is from the nose. Eruptions occur in the 
 nostrils, often there is ulceration of the nose and lips; they differ from 
 Chancre in Glanders, but resemble malignant pustular Eczema. Swell- 
 ing often suppurates, develops between the rami of the lower jaw, and in 
 other parts of the body; — a good deal like Strangles in the hor.se. The 
 inflammation in the sinuses is sometimes .so .severe as to cause the horns to 
 slough off; that is in an excessi\-ely severe case. Sometimes in malignant 
 cases there is sloughing off of tire skin in patches, on different parts of 
 the body, particularly on the legs. This disease in that respect resembles 
 
VKTERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 207 
 
 the foot and month disease. Death occuns in from three to ten daxs if it 
 proves fatal; but where the\- don't die, thev are sick for a long time; re- 
 covery is slow. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause; put the cattle on high ground; 
 night and early morning is the worst time, so put in at night and don't 
 let out till about middle of the morning. Treat fever same as anv other 
 fever; don't deplete. Aconite and belladonna may be all right in the 
 early stage. During convalescence and throughout, give quinine; tonics 
 are now indicated. If the discharge from the nose is profuse and very 
 ichorous, steam with medicated water, using carbolic acid or iodine 
 se\-eral times a clay. 
 
 Purpura H.-Emorrhagica. — This has heretofore been considered as 
 a non-contagious disease, but in 1SS9 two ItaUans, Fizzoni and Giovan- 
 nini, discovered the specific Bacillus which now classifies the disease as 
 infectious. This discovery was corroborated in 1890 by a Frenchman 
 named Babes, and in 1891 by a German named Kolb; so it is now ac- 
 cepted by all as an infectious disease. The Bacillus has round ends. As 
 regards its nature, it is classified as a blood disease with extensive swell- 
 ing of the legs, under the abdomen, muzzle and other parts of the body; 
 there are eruptions and Ecchymosis. We often see it following some 
 debilitating disease previoush' existing as Influenza or acute Catarrh, or 
 it may arise as an original lesion, in which case we usually see it more 
 severe and oftener fatal th.an in other cases. Of late j-ears it has been 
 seen more as an original lesion, without any predisposition whatever and 
 is often fatal. 
 
 Etiology. — The Bacillus is the prime cause. In the majorit)' of cases 
 it arises in basement stables where there is bad drainage and ventilation, 
 and a crowded condition; under such circum.stances the disease is 
 common. V."e lind as regards the pathogenesis, that the main feature is 
 the extraordinary' change taking place in the blood; it becomes deficient 
 in red blood corpuscles and albumen, and nearh' as thin as water, and 
 light in color. This thin condition of the blood is naturalh' accompanied 
 with an atonic condition of the walls of tlie blood vessels; this comes 
 from a lack of proper nutrition. The atonic condition of the walls of the 
 blood vessels and the thinness of the blood allow a transudation into the 
 surrounding tissues, and this gravitates to the most dependent part, 
 producing a swelling. 
 
 Semeiology. — The s^nnptoms are quite characteristic; it is quite easy 
 to diagnose a case. In the earlier stage of the disease there is high 
 fever, usually from 104 to 106, but in general about 104. If the animal 
 dies towards the last, the fever will be from 105 to 106; this fever is apt 
 to be intermittent, coming and going up and down. The next thing we 
 notice is swelling in some parts of the body, more often in the legs, from 
 the hocks up to the knees, or around the mouth; perhaps one lip may be 
 swollen and hard, but when it arises as an original lesion we will find the 
 v-hole muzzle swollen. The legs swell from the hock up, and the 
 .swelling gets higher up as the disease progresses,' and also gets 
 wider as it gets to the top, and always has an abrupt termination. It 
 may be about f s of an inch at the hock, and from two to three 
 inches at the knee. When the swelling reaches the body it' usually runs 
 along the under side of the body, along the belly; the sheath swells, and 
 
208 THEORY AXD PRACTICE. 
 
 in the mare the skin around the niammar}- giands becomes filled. During 
 all this time the muzzle is swelling, and also has the abrupt line of 
 termination. But soon after the fever sets in, and before the swelling 
 Aou will find cachexia spots on the mucous membranes, e.specially on the 
 Schneiderian, and buccal, also on the vagina, rectum, etc. These at first are 
 cachexia spots, but in a day or two get larger and finally become patches 
 of Ecchymosis. They are local extravasations, actual hemorrhages into 
 the cellular tissue. In the cour,se of two or three days there is an 
 offensive discharge from the nose, which is \-ery fcetid; the saliva from 
 the mouth is also foetid. About two or three days after the disease sets in, 
 an offen.sive, foetid discharge .seems to ooze from the skin of the legs 
 and belly and trickles down in a gummy amber-colored fluid. The 
 appetite niaj' remain good, but animal can't eat on account of the swollen 
 muzzle. Sometimes the tongue swells so much it will protrude from 
 the mouth. 
 
 A very prominent feature of this disease is the cessation of secre- 
 tions from the bowles and kidneys; they become very inactive — will often 
 go four or five dai's without passing water from the bladder; this is a 
 remarkable symptom in this case, and is probably due to lack of nutrition. 
 As death approaches we find the breathing becomes ver^- labored, partly 
 due to the swollen condition of the nose, the cavitj^ or calibre being 
 diminished. This causes great Dyspnosa, and when the swelling gets to 
 the eyes the breathing is very labored; the horse can't hold up his head, 
 and the swelling often reaches the pole; he becomes blind, presistently 
 stands, and finally goes down exhausted, and soon dies. They often die 
 suddenly from the infiltration reaching the brain; this may happen in a 
 mild attack, but the cause of death then is Embolism, as the circulation 
 during this disease is very weak; the pulse is weak, irregular and flutter- 
 ing; ante-mortem clots are liable to form, and then Embolism. As the 
 hind legs swell the horse can't move, and instead of Constipation in the 
 last stages, there may be a blood}^ Diarrhoea, due to the extravasation of 
 blood into the bowels. 
 
 Treatment. — Give good hj-gienic treatment, that is of the highest 
 importance; pure air — don't leave in basement; soft food, warm clothing, 
 and keep quiet. 
 
 Therapeutical Treatment. — Williams recommends chlorate potash, 
 but we find they all die when so treated — potash has a tendency to 
 destroy plasma in the blood. Others prescribe turpentine; this is useful 
 in three wa^-.s — first, as a diuretic, and they need that; second, as a stimu- 
 lant, and the)- need that; third, as a germicide; so 5'ou see turpentine is 
 ver}- good. Some use fl. ext. of ergot and claim much benefit from it; it 
 contracts the walls of the blood vessels, hence it is rational. But we 
 rely on three drug.s — iron, spirits of nitre, and quinine. Tinct. of iron is 
 the sheet anchor; give in drachm doses in bad cases, every hour for two, 
 three, or four da^^s; give in two ounces of water. Spts. of nitre may be 
 given in the same dose and at the same time, and may be combined with 
 the iron. GiA'e quinine — about midway between a tonic and a febrifuge 
 dose — say in one half dr. doses everj- three or four hours. In less severe 
 cases give the iron and spts. of nitre every two, three, or four hours, 
 according to the .severity of the case. We usually mix them all together. 
 In addition to this, bathe the muzzle with hot water continuously to 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 209 
 
 drive the swelling to other parts of the body; bathe night and day; if the 
 internal treatment doesn't reduce the swelling, don't pay any attention to 
 the swelling in other parts of the body except the head. It may be that 
 sometimes the swelling may affect the pleural cavity; that is the exudation 
 into it may cause suffocation, but we must take the chances. I^et him 
 eat if he will, and give him good strong feed. Under this treatment only 
 about twenty-five per cent die; under the old, ninety-five per cent died. 
 Don't use cold water, astringents, nor by any means scarify, as it does no 
 good, and will cause inflammation and sloughing of the skin. Always 
 elevate the head so he will not hang it. In case the swelling of the 
 muzzle doesn't go down, then as a last resort perform tracheotomy, it 
 gives the horse one more chance; but their chances are poor when they 
 reach that condition, as they seldom recover. In autopsy >'ou will find 
 a bloodless condition — the blood in the blood vessels will not be coagu- 
 lated; it is too thin, and there is a general infiltration. 
 
 Scarlatina. — This very closelj^ resembles Scarlet Fever in the 
 human, and also Purpura Haamorrhagica; but there are man}- distinct 
 features. It usually arises from deficient hygiene, but must be infectious, 
 as an affected animal put into a .stable full of horses will communicate 
 it to all. The characteristic features differentiating it from Purpura 
 Hsemorrhagica are in the first place, the cachexia spots are smaller and 
 remain so, while in Purpura Hsemorrhagica they become Ecchj-mosis; 
 sometimes in Scarlatina they form patches by coalescing, but not by 
 extravasation. In Scarlatina these spots are scarlet, in Purpura 
 Hsemorrhagica they are purple. In Scarlatina there is sore throat — 
 never in the other. In Purpura Hasmorrhagica the swelling is smooth,, 
 with abrupt termination; in Scarlatina it is in patches and lumps, over 
 the head and neck. In Scarlatina the lymphatic glands frequently sup- 
 purate, they never do in Purpura Hsemorrhagica. 
 
 Treatment. — The fever seems to run the same as in Purpura 
 Hsemorrhagica, but not so high. If it was a sporadic case iron would 
 aggravate it, but in a specific case it is indicated; so the same treatment 
 will apply to this as to Purpura Hsemorrhagica. Apply mild counter- 
 irritants to the throat, or poultices; keep up strength; give boiled eggs, 
 and milk and barley. Some recommend swabbing the throat with a 
 •solution of nitrate silver — ten grs. to the oz. If an Abscess forms, open 
 and syringe out with antiseptic. In fatal cases, as it approaches death it 
 seems to run into Purpura Hasmorrhagica, so the termination is the same 
 in both cases; may be the same from about twelve hours before death. 
 In Post-Mortem it is about the same as in Purpura Hsemorrhagica except 
 that there is not so general, but a more local infiltration than in Purpura 
 Hsemorrhagica. 
 
 The Dog is subject to nearly all the diseases common to man; 
 pathology is much the same. The dog is the most sensible, and sensitive 
 as well, of all the lower animals, and medicine has a greater effect on 
 him; so j'ou must be careful in treating not to give anything that will 
 cause him to vomit, as you will then find it very difficult to treat hiiu. 
 A dog' s stomach is very sensitive to the action of drugs. They have 
 strong expression in their countenances, and show many of the same feel- 
 ings as the human, in their expression. We may say the same rule that 
 governs the application ©f medicine in the horse applies to the dog, only 
 
2IO THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 you must remember the size, and the effect of drugs upon the dog. I 
 find that the doses laid down for the dog in Finley Dunn, are as a rule 
 much too large; in many cases the minimum dose would suit better than 
 the maximum one. 
 
 Canine Distemper. — Is purely a canine disease, and resembles 
 mea,sles in the human very closely. It is an infectious catarrhal fever, 
 and seems to arise spontaneously in some cases, but as we believe it a 
 specific disease we scout the idea, though can't explain. It has a varia- 
 ble period of incubation — from a week to a month, with a general 
 average of eight or ten days. It is a specific blood poison. In the un- 
 complicated form it is very mild, but it is prone to develop complications 
 very frequeuth' — such as will prove fatal. The parts invariably attacked 
 are the upper air passages and eyes; thrt is in the simple uncomplicated 
 form. It is considered a puppyhood disease; as a rule it occurs between 
 three and nine mouths though I have seen it in dogs four years old. 
 The disease resembles measles in children so closely, that many physi- 
 cians say that it will give measles to children by ha^'ing a dog with canine 
 Di.stemper in the house. Others saj^ it will also cause Tj'phoid Fever, 
 but there are some differences between the symptoms of it and Typhoid 
 Fever. Canine Distemper in the complicated form maj- attack the brain 
 and cause Epileptic fits; or it may attack the peripheral nerves and cause 
 Chorea; then the spinal cord and covering may be attacked and cause 
 either partial or complete Paraplegia; or the bowels majr be attacked and 
 cause fatal Diarrhoea or Dy.sentery; or the lungs may be attacked and 
 cause Catarrhal or Bronchial Pneumonia — which is the most common 
 conplication. This disease is no respecter of age, sex or condition, 
 though well-bred dogs seem to suft'er more than curs, especially those 
 inbred; they take it oftenest in the malignant form. The mortality among 
 well-bred dogs is terrible, and the disea.se seems to be increasing. About 
 nine tenths of the deaths of Welland .setters is due to this di-sease. One 
 attack renders immunity from a second one, as a rule; that proves the 
 specific character of it. The germ has not yet been discovered. Some 
 think it resembles Scarlet Fever in the human, but we know it resembles 
 Measles more than anything el.se. The mild form runs a mild course and 
 terminates favorabh'; in this there are eruptions similar to those in 
 mea.sles. 
 
 Etiology. — The cau.se lies in .some specific poison not yet isolated. 
 
 Se:\[Eiology. — Rigors, the fir.st thing; fir.st severe, then minor; for 
 the fir.st four or five da}-s they have shivering fits, then are burning up; 
 temperature from normal nuis up to about 104, pulse rapid, may run from 
 120 up to 175, or may run so high you can't count it; mucous mem- 
 brane of the eyes is very red, nose hot and dry in the early .stage; rest- 
 less at fir.st, then this passes off and they are languid, which increases; 
 usually there is complete loss of appetite, and thirst is increased, that is 
 after twenty- four hours; emaciation is rapid in all cases; urine is scant and 
 high colored, bowels at first constipated, later there is Diarrhoea; fasces 
 is horribly fcetid, black and tarrj- — that is almost characteristic; it may 
 stay black, or may run into a watery Diarrhoea. Usually from the start 
 there is sneezing and coughing; after twenty-four hours the mucous dis- 
 charge coagulates in the corner of the eyes. In three or four days this 
 discharge becomes muco-purulent, both from the eyes and nose; this 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 211 
 
 glues the lids of the eyes together and confines the pus, and if not 
 allowed to escape ma\- cause Corneitis; oftencauses the cornea to rupture, 
 allo^Ying the escape of the aqueous humor. Where the inflammation is 
 inclined to run do^vn the cough will become hoarse and deeper; in the 
 second stage respiration increases; animal will hug up around the stove. 
 We will hear all the ordinary sounds of Pneumonia by percussion, when 
 it takes that complication. In the difficult breathing they act the same as 
 the human jn inspiration — they draw the air through their teeth and the 
 lips are drawn back; in expiration they puff out the cheeks; they don't 
 usually pant or show the abdominal symptoms seen in the horse; the 
 breathing doesn't increase much in frequency, but is labored, and the 
 countenance is anxious. It takes from about five days to three weeks for 
 a case to run its course. The fits, when Epilepsy is present with it, may be 
 continuous — that is recurring, or they may come on three or four times a 
 day, as a rule about one half dozen in twenty-four hours. If the skin 
 complications in bad cases are caused by bad circulation, we have slough- 
 ing off of the skin in patches, forming ulcerating sores; these usually 
 indicate death, though they sometimes recover. If there are any coni- 
 plications, never giAe favorable prognosis; if there are none j'ou may. 
 
 Treatjiext. — If taken earh', a mild laxative is indicated— oil of 
 cascara, or buckhorn, is good, but give no drastic purgative; some give 
 mercurial laxatives. Aconite in the earl^' stage is good in small doses, 
 though it would seem to be contra-indicated; as a rule heart depressants 
 are not indicated in specific cases or disea.ses, but rather stimulants. 
 Belladonna is good, but remember that the dog is very susceptible to 
 poisons, and this is rather dangerous. Quinine from the start is an 
 excellent remedy; to a Llewellyn puppy six months old, give two grains 
 quinine every two or three hours, in an ordinary- case; then as he re- 
 covers drop off, first on the frequency, then on the dose. Nitric ether is 
 good in the early stage; some say hyposulphate soda is good, but I have 
 not been able to do much with it. I find that tonics and stimulants work 
 the best, with a little iron, even in fever it does no harm. 
 
 Iron is contra-indicated in sporadic cases, but is good in Specific 
 Fevers. In dosing a dog with any drug, be very careful of upsetting his 
 stomach, and if you find a dog vomiting and can't keep anything down, 
 for instance a setter, give ten grains of subnitrate bismuth, and repeat 
 every two, three or four hours for a few doses; this is one of the best 
 remedies I know of for this. The receipt for canine Distemper that we 
 use is: 
 
 R Elix. Cal.Fer. Bis. i oz. 
 
 Pot. Acet. I '2 drs. 
 
 Spts. Nit. Ether 2 drs. 
 Aqua I oz. 
 
 S3'r. Tolu, ad to make 4 ozs. 
 
 Dose, dessert,spoonful every two or three hours, or three or four times a 
 day, and prescribe quinine in .separate mixture; mix it with glycyrrhiza 
 to hide the taste; in case of great weakness give sherry wine— one half 
 to one teasponful doses, well diluted; to a setter puppy carry this out till 
 convalescent, then you may give elix. cal. and strych. 
 
 In case of lung compUcations use linseed poultice with a httle mus- 
 tard in it that is if the animal is kept in the house; if in the barn, rub 
 
212 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 mustard plaster into the hair and wrap wjth flannel. If it goes to the 
 brain and causes Epileptic fits, give bromide potash lo grs. to the dose, 
 three, four or ten times a day — three times for a mild case, and give a 
 dose after each fit; continue the other treatment just the same. In case 
 of Chorea, valerianate of zinc alternated wtih valerianate of ammonia in 
 small doses, or nitrate silver in pills, is good. If the bowels are aiJected 
 theA' require little or no special treatment, except good hj-giene as to diet; 
 it is well to break a raw egg in the mouth three times a day for a six 
 months old puppy, to keep up his strength; that will also loosen the 
 bowels: if it purges give beef tea or broth with rice, bread and milk, etc. 
 Paralysis in the dog usually yields to treatment, but for some reason, I 
 can't explain wli}^ I can't do anything for bitches. vStrj'chnine and 
 iodide potash is rational treatment; giA'e six months old puppy A gr. 
 strychnine three times a day ; may increase to r,\i , 40 or 3*0 of a gr. , but 
 watch closel)- till a'ou get the effect; in case of poisonous dose, give large 
 dose of bromide pota.sh. Of the iodide potash, start with i gr., then run 
 up to 5 grs. then back to 3 grs. ; it takes from one to three months to get 
 them all right. In convale.scence after Chorea, give arsenic (Fowler's 
 solution ) , about a drop three times a day for three daj^s, then increase a 
 drop a day till you get to ten drops, then drop down for a month to five 
 drops, and alternate. 
 
 The vitalit}- of the specific poison is great, so scrub out the kennel 
 with hot water and corrosi^'e sublimate, then fumigate and whitewash. 
 
 Rheuji.vtism. — This is a constitutional blood disease of a very pe- 
 culiar kind, being neither contagious nor infectious, but one that is not 
 well understood as to the cause. After experimenting, we have come to 
 the conclusion it is due to an accumulation in the system of some unnat- 
 ural acid. This in the human is thought to be lactic acid; in the lower 
 animals it may be the same acid, or hippuric acid, or both; that is in the 
 herbivora, the omnivora and carnivora, it maj- be lactic acid. As a rule 
 it is an inflammatory disea.se, and ma}- be very acute, or it ma}-' be mild 
 and cause no inflammation, but considerable pain. When it attacks a 
 certain part and produces swelling, it is then known as Inflammatory 
 Rheumatism. But when there is no enlargement with the pain, the 
 name inflammatory is not u.sed; it is simply spoken of as Rheumatism. 
 This inflammation is sometimes ver}' acute, but the peculiarity of it is, it is 
 not suppuratiA-e, so is not inclined to form Abscesses. In cattle, especially 
 in the young, the)' will lie doAvn in pain, .sometimes on hard floors, and 
 so bruise the part as to cause suppuration, often around the fetlocks; the 
 joints become bruised and form Abscesses and then there is suppuration. 
 Horses will not lie down, so we don't see this in them. One peculiarity 
 of the disease is that it seems to locate along the sheaths of tendons, in 
 the tendons, synovial membranes, or their fringes, and in ligaments, or 
 in a muscle, or set of them. It may attack the periosteum, and from that 
 extend into the bone, sometimes in the pericardium, causing Pericarditis; 
 or in the endocardium, causing sudden death. Sometimes it affects the 
 interco.stal muscles, causing Pleurodjaiia, and then you may have many 
 of the symptoms of Pleuris}; sometimes it attacks the trunk ner\'es, more 
 particularly' the Sciatic; it is then called Sciatica; .sometimes it attacks a 
 set of nerves and extends all over their distribution, then it is called 
 Neuralgia. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 213 
 
 Etiology.— Sir Richard Critcherson found by injecting an infusion 
 of lactic acid into a dog, that he could produce Rheumatic Fever with 
 characteristic lesions of Endocarditis, etc. , also of the aorta valves. When 
 the disease is general throughout the s>-stein, with pains ever\\vhere and 
 fever; it is spoken of as Rheumatic Fever; and if the heart is not affected 
 It IS hable to be so at any time and prove fatal. A predisposing cause 
 of this disease might be due to a faulty assimilation or faultv character 
 of the food, as we see in dogs fed exclusively on meat diet. They are 
 very prone to the disease; it is so in people, while vegetarians seldom 
 have this disease. It is almost invariable with people who use much 
 meats and sour wines; particularly in those of sedentary habits. The 
 next predisposing cause is a Rheumatic diathesis, or commonly speaking, 
 hereditary. Another cause is the presence of effete material in the sys- 
 tem, causing an unnatural acid. This effete material may be the result 
 of some previous debilitating disease, as Influenza, that should have been 
 eliminated from the system. This debris predisposes to acute Rheuma- 
 tism; we find this in the disease following Influenza in from two to six 
 weeks; it usually locates in the .sheaths of tendons of the fore legs par- 
 ticularly, and from the knee to the fetlock; it may be swollen, then in 
 three or four days it ma^^ leave this place and locate in another leg in the 
 same place, or in another place, or it may stay in the first place as well; 
 or the swelling may remain and the soreness leave. Another predispos- 
 ing cause is the condition of the system that leads to over-production of 
 fibrin in the blood; the normal amount is about 2 in 1000; in this j'ou will 
 find .sometimes lo in 1000. Then it is due to the changes produced by 
 the Rheumatism; the urine is altered; in the herbivora the urine should 
 be slightly alkaline, in the carnivora and omnivora it should be either 
 neutral or slightly alkaline. In the herbivora in this disease it becomes 
 acid; in the carnivora and omnivora it becomes exceedingly acid. This 
 is looked upon as a proof of mal assimilation. There may be predispo.si- 
 tion for a long time in the body, but requires an exciting cause to develop 
 it. This is usually exposure to severe cold and damp. 
 
 Semeiolog3'. — We find it among cattle poorly kept, — as without shel- 
 ter, etc. ; in such case the first thing is acute lameness; there may or may 
 not be swelling; with swelling there is more or less fever. In case of 
 Rheumatic Fever there are fljnng pains in different parts of the body. 
 Taking the hock joint as a ca.se, the poison attacks the synovial mem- 
 brane and its fringe, or the ligament or tendon; there is great pain and 
 soreness on pressure, lameness and constitutional disturbance; pulse 
 rapid, hard and small, or in.stead of rapid, may be quick; mouth hot and 
 drj^; there is fever — may be 104 or 5; pulse ma)' be small and hard; blood 
 drawn will coagulate quickly and hard — this is due to increase in fibrin. 
 Affected parts are hot and sore to the touch; swelling is hard, due to the 
 infiltration of the exudate into the cellular tissues, and being near a joint 
 there are osteoblasts surrounding, so the result may be that the enlarge- 
 ment becomes partly ossified, even causing Anchylosis. Where it at- 
 tacks the periosteum it attacks the bone, and bony spicula shoot out 
 through the articular cartilage; the cartilage is often destroyed, and the 
 exudate becomes ossified, or rather becomes like porcelain, as it realh- is 
 a porcelaneous deposit. In case of acute inflammation and .sloughing in 
 cattle, it often opens the joint. In case of Rheumatism in the joint, 
 
2 14 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 where it attacks the synovial membrane, it causes a deposition of bon}' 
 deposit in the fringe of the membrane; this is often the cause of a peculiar 
 lameness in old horses, where they suddenly go lame and as suddenly get 
 well: it is due to the bony deposit of the membrane working in between 
 the articular joints, and as quickly working out again, leaving no lame- 
 ness. Sometimes where Rheumatism affects the heart and is not severe 
 enough to kill, it produces ossification of the walls. In mild cases in the 
 horse, he may be lame for a time and get well, and then get lame again; 
 in such a case he is not always lame in the same foot, it moves around 
 and may be in different parts of the body; this is called Metastasis or Fly- 
 ing Rheumatism. Acute Rheumatism is liable to run into chronic any 
 time; the chronic often develops from subacute attacks. 
 
 Treatment. — Put animal in comfortable quarters and clothe warmly. 
 If he has had Influenza and got well and this has developed, give mild lax- 
 atives — never purgatives; give moderate dose of aloes, little over ^-i dose. 
 Put dry flannel loosely around the affected part; use anod5'ne liniment if 
 he is very bad — as aconite, laudanum, and water; you may add carbolic 
 acid to this. Put the liniment on hot, then give something to change 
 the character of the blood — salol is the best now, it is the popular remedy. 
 .Salicylic acid (salicylate soda ), iodide potash, and colchicum are good, 
 both in human and veterinary practice. If j'ou wish to give any other 
 internal treatment, give stimulants — salol in i dr. doses 3 times a day, 
 and if very bad give i dr. ever}^ hour, and if no good results in 48 hours, 
 change to one of the others; then if no good results in 48 hours, apply 
 cantharides blister to the parts; this will often relieve when the animal is 
 suft'ering intense pain. In case of exces.sive pain, you may allaj- with 
 hypodermic injection of morphine. You may increase the action of the 
 blister with a linseed poultice. In cattle, if there is sloughing, treat the 
 part affected as a simple wound. During convalescence from acute. 
 Rheumatism give tonics — nux vomica, gentian, etc., and digestible food. 
 If it attacks the pericardium, apply counter-irritants to the side. In the 
 case of Neuralgia, quinine is good, and also the compounds of coal-tar — 
 as acetanilid, antipj'rin, etc. In acute Neuralgia, give combination of 
 bromide potash and gelsemium, that is almost a specific. Then after 
 giving that a few hours, follow with quinine, and follow that with tonic 
 doses of nux vomica or gentian. There is a kind of Rheumati.sm that 
 horsemen call Cord, in which the muscles of the neck get stiff and con- 
 tract, causing Wry Xeck. 
 
 Lv^MPH.vxGiTis. — Is inflammation of the lymphatics. It is known 
 by various common names, but mostly in this country as Monday Worn- 
 ixG Disease. It usualh' occurs in draft horses on Monday morning, 
 due to the Sunday rest, and with full heavy feed kept up. We find in 
 most ca.ses that it follows high feeding during periods of idleness. It 
 often occurs in the hind limbs, but not always; it may attack the fore leg. 
 In the hind leg it usually makes its appearance in the chain of lymphat- 
 ics running down the inguinal canal, along down the tibial region. 
 When the fore leg is affected, the brachials are usually affected, attended 
 with great soreness, fever, swelling, and lameness. It is more often .seen 
 in draft horses, probabh' because they are phlegmatic and have not such 
 high temperament as the thoroughbreds, .so we find about 99 out of 100 
 
VET:eRINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 215 
 
 cases affected are draft horses. They are much heavier feeders, and in 
 the stable are more quiet, not restless like the thoroughbreds. 
 
 Etiology. — It is supposed that the cause lies in the excessively rich 
 condition of the blood. It is hard to realize the pathogenesis as the im- 
 mediate cause of the inflammation, but there is too much chyle poured into 
 the blood; this loads it with nutrition, and as a result the blood becomes 
 plethoric; then as a result of this the lymphatics become congested with 
 lymph and chyle, the same as other parts become congested with blood; 
 there is a stoppage in the circulation, and as a result there is inflamma- 
 tion. This is the common cause. Occasionally (but rarely) we have 
 another form that occurs in debilitated horses; the conbustion in that 
 case is caused by the lymphatics becoming plugged with debris, the re- 
 sult of rapid tissue metamorphosis, particularly when the system is liv- 
 ing upon itself, without any food being taken into the body, and with 
 combustion going on just the same. In such a case the fibrin is greatly 
 increased, so that it interferes with the circulation of the blood. In the 
 first case it is mechanical plugging, 'in the other it is plugging with the 
 debris from tissue waste. 
 
 Senieiology. — Almost invariably a chill, either visible or not; this 
 ma}' be I'er^- severe or very slight, but as a rule in plethora it comes on 
 with a chill lasting from 4 to 10 hours, and long before the chill .stops we 
 have a high fever developed; the height of the fever is usually in direct 
 proportion to the length and severity of the chill. Then following the 
 rigor (in the early part of the fever) there is restlessness; lameness de- 
 velops in the affected limb very soon after the fever subsides. The ani- 
 mal now becomes cjuiet because it pains him to move. As a result of the 
 fever we have an accelerated pulse — rapid, full, .strong and bounding, 
 with a tinge of hardness; the respirations are much accelerated, so much so 
 that you ma}' think it a ca.se of thoracic trouble; this is probabl}' due to 
 the pain; respirations are often from 20 to 25 per minute. The mucous 
 membranes are injected; sometimes from the pain, they sweat at the 
 flanks. Colicky pains are sometimes quite prominent, probably due to 
 the mesenteric lymphatics being affected; the bowels will naturallj' be con- 
 stipated, urine scant and high colored, and if tested, an excess of urea will 
 be found; hippuria in cattle particularly. The local manifestation is a 
 line of swelling along down through the inguinal canal, down the inside 
 of the thigh, a ropy-like enlargement from the size of the finger to that 
 of the wrist; this swelling is extremely sensitive to the touch. It usuallj^ 
 starts in the inguinal ring and extends down gradually; it takes about 
 24 hours to reach the hock. This swelling is attended with rapid exuda- 
 tion that infiltrates into the surrounding tissues, so that in the course of 
 from 24 to 36 hours there is a Big Teg from the body to the ground. If 
 you cause him to mo',-e, which he is disinclined to do, he will be very 
 lame; appetite is completely lost. If left to himself the inflammation 
 subsides, but it leaves more or less enlargement of the leg, due to the 
 partial organization of the exudate. This enlargement is known as Ei^E- 
 PHANTIASIS, and in this case we get a typical form of it. We don't get 
 much swelling in the first attack, but if left to him.self , particularly if he 
 is compelled t"o work, this will cau.se it; but if left in the stable he has no 
 appetite, and as the fever cau.ses thirst he will drink much, the blood will 
 thin out, the kidneys will be cleaned out, and he will make a nice recov- 
 
2l6 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 ery. One attack predisposes to a second, and everj^ succeeding attack 
 leaves the leg a little larger than it was before; so in about three attacks 
 the horse has chronic Big lyCg; this is due to the exudate organizing and 
 becoming largely fibrous. 
 
 Treatment. — The first thing we u.sually do is to gi^-e full purgative 
 dose of aloes; then put up mixture of aconite, nitrate potash, and (with 
 a view of preventing anj- unfavorable results from the aconite) we include 
 a little spirits of nit. ether; we usuallj' give maximum dose the first 12 
 hours. Receipt is: 
 
 R Aconite fl. ext. IV, drs. 
 
 Potash Nit. 2 ozs. 
 
 Spts. Nit. Ether 2 ozs. 
 
 Aqua ad to make one pint. 
 
 Dose, 2 ozs. every hour; that will last eight hours, then your ball will 
 have begun to act. Give the ball first, then this right after it; with this 
 j'ou can control the iever and get the kidneys working. Next thing is 
 to bathe the fore and hind parts with hot water ^'igorously, an hour at a 
 time, three times a day; after bathing wrap up warmly; tie the end of a 
 blanket at the pastern and \vrap upward and around the body; blanket 
 should be dr}'. Give nothing to eat, but all he wants to drink; keep 
 quiet, no exercise for from three to six da^'s; by that time the inflamma- 
 tion has subsided, much of the swelling will be gone, the kidneys and 
 bowels working good, and as the swelling goes out without exercise, keep 
 quiet. After .swelling is gone, appetite good, and animal feels good, 
 give 10 minutes' gentle exercise three times a day for a few days, then 
 increa.se to fifteen minutes and so on. The trouble is that horses are put 
 to work as soon as the swelling is gone, and the next night it is back 
 again in the leg, and this will be repeated till the horse gets chronic Big 
 Leg. If good treatment is followed there will be no predisposition to a 
 second attack; that is if good prophylactic treatment is carried out by the 
 owner — for instance, feed horse lightly through the holidays; on Satur- 
 daj' night no grain, but large .sloppy mash in.stead; Sunday' morning 
 and noon, half rations of grain and dr}' bran; Sunday night, full feed of 
 grain. In acute case, if it occurs in cold weather and you have no 
 warm stable for your patier^t, it is then impracticable to bathe with hot 
 water, so don't use water at all; give internal treatment ju,st the same, 
 but for local treatment use inercurial ointment diluted with equal parts 
 of lard; you will have to write a prescription for this: 
 R Unguentum 1 
 
 Hvdrargeri J 
 
 Adeps 2 ozs. 
 
 Rub this well in with friction over the affected parts, three times a day; 
 use it quite freel>', not thick, but with con.siderable of friction. In that 
 wa>- you can reduce the local inflammation and increase the absorption 
 of the exudate. We prefer the hot water where practicable, but this 
 makes a good substitute, especially in cold countries. 
 
 AzoTURiA. — This is a non-contagious blood disease of the plethoric 
 type, almost if not entirely peculiar to horses, though .some say it exists 
 .sometimes in the human. It i.s characterized by sudden pro.stration; usu- 
 ally there is inability to rise when the horse is down. It invariably fol- 
 lows exerci.se after a period of enforced idleness and continued high feed- 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 217 
 
 ing, especially on highly nitrogenous food, as oats. In such a case there 
 IS an excess of nitrogen developed in the system as a result of the exer- 
 cise, and there is more nitrogen and other waste material than the excret- 
 ing org^ans can take care of. It occurs in all ages and breeds, in both 
 sexes but we find it among the half-breed draft horses more than in the 
 tull-blooded horses, probably because the half-breed is more violent than 
 the other m his exercise after a period of idleness. 
 
 Etiology. — As said, it is due to idleness, high feeding, and exercise 
 after; in this condition (plethoric) the animal ofifen gets itchy, and some- 
 times m his struggles he gets down and becomes caught in someway, and 
 m violent attempts to get up he brings on the disease. Another cause is 
 when Indigestion causes colicky pains, and in his suffering his struggles 
 cause the^ disease, that is in Indigestion from idleness, etc. Another 
 cause is, if a horse is brought to you that must be cast for an operation, 
 and has not been prepared by dieting, in his struggles when he is cast he 
 may bring it on. In idleness with high feeding, the animal gets very 
 plethoric; the blood gsts rich in sohds at the expense of the watery con- 
 stituents, then in addition to this rich condition of the blood, idleness 
 tends to a faulty activity of all the organs; they do their work in a lazy 
 manner, and this interferes with the circulation. When idleness is at 
 an end, the horse goes out and the exercise increases the circulation; the 
 pulse in some cases may run up to 38, to 50, or 60, and he is feeling 
 good, takes very active exercise, and as a result of this muscular exertion 
 there is tissue metamorphosis; the debris produced in the system by ac- 
 tivity is nitrogen, and every contraction of the muscles produces nitro- 
 gen, or separates it from the tissues. As we get nitrogen in the food, it 
 feeds the muscles and makes them strong. Oats contain hydro-carbon, 
 and the horse will get Azoturia from them; corn contains carbo-hydrate, 
 and will not cause Azoturia. This surplus nitrogen must be eliminated 
 from the system by the kidnej'S, or it will poison the blood. The kid- 
 neys excrete it in the form of urea, so they must be kept in good con- 
 dition; the salts and water can be gotten rid of by other ways than the 
 kidneys, but not so the nitrogen. As the blood is rich in solids and de- 
 ficient in water, so when the heart begins to increase in activity as a re- 
 sult of the exercise, this thick blood cannot circulate freel}^ through the 
 organs, and we get a capillar^' stasis; the kidneys become congested, and 
 there is an impaction of the capillaries with blood; this iiiterferes with 
 the action of the kidne3's, and the pressure on the capillaries of the kid- 
 neys is so .strong that the coloring matter of the blood is forced out and 
 passes into the urine, giving it the dark color we see when we draw 
 off the urine. 
 
 If the action of the kidneys is so interfered with as to cause total 
 suppression of the urine, horse may die in two hours; but if the action of 
 the kidneys is partiall}' carried on, the life of the animal may be pro- 
 longed. If he recovers it will be due to the restoration of the kidneys to 
 their functions; if he dies, it is due to the inabilit}' of the kidneys to 
 eliminate urea, and uraemia, or urgemic blood poisoning takes place; this is 
 the immediate cause of death. The urine is retarded, but the onh' danger 
 in that is that the urea contained the nitrogen in it. As the kidneys are 
 congested the other organs are similarh^ congested, the lungs more par- 
 ticularly; as the animal goes down he is unable to rise, and a peculiar 
 
2l8 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 motor Paralj'sis takes place, due to the local, muscular Congestion, just 
 the same as in the kidneys; this produces local pressure on the trunk 
 nerves, which produces the Paralysis, and the muscles most generally affect- 
 ed are the gluteal, posterior portion of the dorsal, and the anterior crural 
 region. The congestion of these muscles is sometimes so severe as to 
 nearly interrupt the circulation; this often leads to serious results; it 
 often causes cessation of the functions of the muscles, and as a conse- 
 quence, a condition of wasting or atrophy follows. Sometimes it causes 
 local gangrene and sloughing, and in some cases the formation of Ab- 
 scesses, and consequently degeneration. Some of the Abscesses found in 
 the gluteal region may contain 2 quarts of pus. Sometimes the swelling 
 of these muscles relieves them of the capillary congestion, and sometimes 
 will puff out or up 3 or 4 inches, particularly in the gluteal and dorsal. 
 Where the congestion is very intense with little swelling, the muscles get 
 hard, and the pressure on the nerve is then very severe, often fatal. 
 Usually, but not invariably, the hind parts are affected, .sometimes 
 the fore, or perhaps only a set or section of muscles; but more often it is 
 the left hind quarter. 
 
 Po.st-Mortem. — Where death sets in soon after congestion, we will 
 find the muscles, particularl}^ the affected ones, darker colored than nor- 
 mal; the heart is usuallv filled with black clots of blood — in this it differs 
 from Anthrax; the kidneys and liver are soft; the kidne\'s, according to 
 the length of time affected, ma5- become gangrened. Where the conges- 
 tion is not severe enough to produce gangrene, there may be Abscesses 
 found in the kidneys. You Avill find congestion of the cerebral meninges 
 (Cerebral Meningitis), with more or less effusion into the arachnoid space, 
 also into the spinal canal, and as a rule you will find the animal fat in- 
 .side, though he may be lean outside. If the blood is plethoric, the animal 
 doe.sn' t need to be fat to be liable to the disease. Animals that are hard 
 worked usuallj' get an abundance of oats, and thej^ are the ones most lia- 
 ble to the disease, though the work may keep down the fat. 
 
 Semeiology. — When the horse is taken out after a period of idleness 
 he feels good, and dances and prances around full of life; the distance he 
 will then go depends on the amount of nitrogen created from the exer- 
 cise of the mu,scles; he may go y mile, or may go from 3 to 20 miles. 
 We will say he goes ^4 mile ; as he prances along he soon begins to sweat 
 and blow; the last is due to the congestion of the lungs, the other to the 
 congestion of the skin; he .soon slows up, looks around, countenance is anx- 
 ious, gets lame in hind quarter, and the fetlock soon knuckles; that is the 
 first symptom of Paralysis. He is soon dragging the leg, can't bear any 
 weight on it; then the other fetlock knuckles, and that leg soon becomes 
 helpless, and he goes down. During this time the muscles of the back 
 and loins often swell, hard as a board; he may lie quiet a little time, ,but 
 soon gets restless, has colicky pains, the nerves become intensely excited, 
 pulse tumultuous, weak, uneven, then dicrotic, and there is a convulsive 
 motion of the limb. If you draw his urine in the early stage you might 
 not find any abnormal condition, but in an hour you will find it a dark, 
 coffee color, and thick — the color is due to the coloring matter from the 
 blood; the thickness to the amount of mucous in it. Sometimes it is .so 
 thick that it wont flow through the catheter; you can a.ssist it by putting 
 your hand in the rectum. Some fever develops, maybe 103 or 4; the 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 2 19 
 
 pain and nervousness cause him to make attempts to rise; he can get on 
 his front feet, but his hind parts are helpless, so he walks on his front 
 legs and drags the hind parts some distance. 
 
 As the disease progresses and nrsemic poisoning takes place, delirium 
 sets in; that is the first effect of urfeniia; delirium runs on to comatose 
 condition and finally death, which usually occurs in convulsions. The 
 mortality in the city under favorable circumstances would be 60 percent, 
 though it ma>- run to 95 per cent; a general average would be 70 per cent. 
 Death usually occurs in from 48 to 72 hours, though the disease often 
 runs on to 4 or 6 days, or to 5 or 6 weeks. vSometimes the urine contains 
 tube casts, hcematin and hsemogiobin; the tube casts indicate Nephritis. 
 In case of Abscess there will be pus in it; in case of gangrene, gas will 
 bubble out through the catheter. In mild cases the symptoms are par- 
 tially developed; he may go down and get up again, but there will be 
 pain and lameness in one quarter; this is different from Colic in that re- 
 spect. The animal often gets well after lying down an hour or two. It 
 seems that a 3 days' stay in the stable is worse than a 3 weeks' period of 
 idleness, because apparently the animal loses the good appetite he has the 
 fir.st day; eats less oats, and the sy.stem gradually becomes u.sed to the 
 change; then the capillaries have time to become enlarged so as to accom- 
 modate the increased quantity of blood. 
 
 Treatment. — If on the street or anywhere, draw off the urine; 
 if you attempt to move without doing so you are in danger of rupturing 
 the bladder; then get him home. If he is ver^- nervous, give to about a 
 1400 fti. horse, i oz. A. ext. gelsemium for the first dose, then if needed, 
 give about '2 oz. or less, the second dose. It is doubtful if a pur- 
 gative is indicated, as there is already a lack of water in the system and 
 a purgative would still further reduce it; but the favorable point is that 
 the animal is plethoric and needs depletion. I never got any good from 
 deeding, and little from purgatives; usually give average dose of aloes. 
 Diuretics are dangerous; if the congestion is severe, diuretics will surely 
 kill, but if Congestion of the I^i^.-er is mild, it will make sure of recovery; 
 still it is dangerous to give them, especially the potas,sium diuretics — 
 acetate and nitrate potash. Give a mild stimulant: 
 
 R Gelsemium fl. ext. 2 ozs. 
 
 Potas. Bromide. 2 ozs. 
 
 Aqua to make one pint. 
 
 Dose 2 ozs. on an average of about every 3 hours. In addition to 
 this Dr. Ellingwood suggests lith. citrate i dr. in water e\'ery two or 
 three hours for the finst 48 or 60 hours, then drop to 3 times a daj-; the 
 other receipt is about the same. Williams advLses chlorate potash— this 
 will kill every time. 
 
 Local Treatment. — Use hot fomentations; wring out rug in hot wa- 
 ter and apply over the loins, cover with water proof, then cover with dry 
 blankets; this keeps the steam in. During convalescence give nux ^-olllica; 
 in human, thej' use ethereal tinct. of juniper. Make it )-ourself ; take 4 
 ozs. juniper berries, let them macerate in 4 ozs. nitrous ether for 24 
 hours, then drain off the ether, add 4 ozs. of more the ether and leave 
 24 hours longer; then squeeze them, add 4 ozs. more of ether and a 
 little alcohol — that makes your preparation. Remember that a horse's 
 chances are much better standing, but if he can't bear about ?3 of his 
 
--0 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 own weight he can be put in a sUng. Following Azoturia it seems that 
 Laminitis sometimes develops; if so, treat as ordinary case of I^aminitis. 
 If the muscles waste on the hind quarter, treat by stimulating with 
 setons; put in three setons, about 2 inches apart, and leave them in about 
 6 weeks; then send to pasture or give good long rest. It often takes 
 from 3 to 6 months for the muscles to become strengthened again. If 
 necessarj- you can medicate the setons with cantharides, turpentine, etc. ; 
 be sure to give gentle exercise. 
 
 Simple Ophthalmia. — Inflammation of the conjunctiva. 
 
 Etiolog)^ — Is usually the introduction of some foreign body into the 
 e}-e, or the extension of some inflammation to the eye, as from the 
 lachrymal ducts in Catarrh or Glanders. It is often caused by facing a 
 cold wind in long drives, this causing Conjunctivitis; or from caustic 
 substances getting into the eye. A verj- common cause is driving behind 
 a lime wagon and the wind blowing the dust into the horse's eyes, pro- 
 ducing Conjunctivitis, or in fact from any foreign body. 
 
 Semeiology. — Eyelids swollen more or less; the extreme sensitive- 
 ness of the eye causes him to keep the lids parth^ closed.; there is more or 
 less pain, conjunctiva swollen, copious discharge of tears from the eyes; 
 as they can't run down the lachrymal duct, they flow over the cheek. If 
 this is continued more than a da>', the inflammation extends more or less 
 to the cornea, with more or less infiltration into the tissues, with a corre- 
 sponding degree of opacity of the cornea. Some say this opacitj' is due 
 to interrupted nutrition, but it seems there mu.st be an increase rather; 
 at any rate we say the eye is cloud}-; the cornea, which is normally trans- 
 parent, becomes clouded; this varies in degree. 
 
 Treatment. — Examine the eye for the foreign bodj^ and remove; 
 this is best done with curved forceps, holding the curved side towards 
 the eye so as not to risk injuring it. Foreign bodies often become imbedded 
 in the mucous membrane, and swelling of the conjunctiva closes around 
 them, so look carefulh-; you will recognize their presence, as there will 
 likel)" be a little local swelling where the body is; you can often, as it 
 were, break down the mucous membrane to get at it. A silk handker- 
 chief is good to remove such things as grain, chaff, dust, etc. After you 
 have removed the foreign body treat with anodyne and mucilaginous 
 substances. Common salt and distilled water are good to allay Con- 
 junctivitis - strength, li oz. to pint of water. The white of an egg intro- 
 duced into the eye is also good, — it lubricates the surface and so relieves 
 the irritation; linseed tea or a grain of linseed introduced into the eye is 
 also good. In a very bad case, keep animal in the dark, and apply a little 
 cocaine occasionally; give laxatives, saline diuretics, and sloppy food. 
 
 FI^EJiATODES FtTNGUS. — A bleeding fungus; this is a medullary soft 
 Cancer, almost exclusively confined to cattle. It usually starts in smaU 
 purplish .spots on the conjunctiva; it is malignant and spreads, working 
 into the eye and de.stroying it; and it even works back and attacks the 
 bone. The putrefactive matter from the ulceration causes cachexia, and 
 the animal dies from blood poisoning. This fungus bulges out of the 
 orbit in a suppurating Tumor that bleeds ea,sily. 
 
 Treatment. — The only hope is in the early .stage, by removing with 
 the knife; if the eye is involved, extirpate it and cauterize; when granula- 
 tion takes place and fills up the orbit about one half, use white lotion to 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE yVXD SURGERY. 221 
 
 prevent further .uraiiulation; then Ret rid of the animal, as the disease is 
 mali,::^nant and may bi'eak out again. 
 
 ExTROPiu.M. — This is turning in of one e},-elid, or both; they turn in 
 so the e\elashes come in contact with the eyeball and cause great distress 
 and swelling of the lids; cornea is more or less cloudy, and there is a dis- 
 charge of muco-purulent matter from the eyes; it giA-es the animal a \'ery 
 objectionable appearance; the eyes are almost always closed. 
 
 Treatment. — Is surgical; an elliptical section of the skin of the e>e- 
 lid must be removed, and the edges drawn together; this shortens the 
 lids; j-ou renio\-e a section the size that the case requires, according to 
 the amount turning in. Prepare the animal with laxatives twenty-four 
 hours ahead; wash off the spot and renio\-e the hair, then with short 
 .scissors remove a section of the skin; first run a needle and .silk within 
 about i'H of an inch from the e^ela.shes, then remove the piece; usually 
 take three fine stitches about an equal distance apart. Where it is the 
 upper lid 5-ou operate on, it is well to put a few .stitches up through the 
 eyebrow to hold the lid for three or four days, to allow the palpebral 
 muscles to contract; then treat the wound as a simple wound. The re- 
 sult of this operation is as a rule pleasing. You will find this trouble 
 very common in dogs. 
 
 EcTROi'iT'.M. — Is where the eyelids are too short, turning the lashes 
 out and exposing the conjunctiva; this is not so painful as the last dis- 
 ease, but it is ver_\- unsightl>'. The sanie operation may be performed, 
 except that it is performed on the conjunctiva instead of the skin. In 
 very mild cases we try first, very mild astringents — solution of sulphate 
 zinc 2 grs. to the oz., or a saturated solution of bora.x or cold tea, es- 
 pecially green tea; do this three or four times a day; then if that fails, 
 we sometimes sew the lids together, the same as in dislocations of the 
 eye; this usually vi'orks ver\' satisfactorily; so it is not very often in these 
 cases that we are required to take out the elliptical section; the zinc may 
 .sometimes be used as strong as 5 grs. to the oz. of water. 
 
 Wor'NDS IX THE Evj-;. — These are usualh' from accidents; the mo.st 
 .serious is the one that cuts the cornea, allowing the aqueous humor to 
 escape; it is sometimes so severe as to cause dislocation of the lens, so 
 that it 'tips over out of position. In many cases >-(ju can take hold of it 
 and replace it, then apply some antiseptic solution to the wound; it is 
 good to bind on an ice poultice; put the ice in a rubber bag with sawdust 
 or bran. Apply antiseptic once or twice a day, and ice poultices con- 
 tinually. The wound will often heal by first intention. 
 
 LEI'CO.ai.v. — An opaque cornea; it means a whitish condition of the 
 cornea. It may soinetimes be produced by blows, th(Aigh not .severe 
 enough to break the cornea, and if they are not treated properly and in 
 time they will remain pennanently cloudy. The more dense and organ- 
 ized the exudate, the more whitish will be the opacity; and the whiter 
 the more likely to be incurable. W'hile it is blue, especially pale blue, 
 there is hope of removing it, but as it gets whiter the chance diminishes. 
 Sometimes there is a white patch on the cornea at the point of injury that 
 may remain permanentlv, but if the contusion is mild the exudation will 
 be mild and absorption will take place, followed by recovery. 
 
 Treatment For local treatment, warm fomentations and anodynes, 
 
 and later stimulants; put salt or borax in the water. After using three 
 
222 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 or four days, use distilled or fluid extract of witch hazel — the distilled 
 can be used clear; the fl. ext. dilute 75 per cent; after using these three 
 or four days, use an astringent — sulphate zinc 5 grs. to the oz., or nit. 
 silver 3 to 5 grs. to the oz. In old cases, we usually use it stronger, say 
 10 grs. to the oz. Always use distilled water. 
 
 Ulceration of the Corxea. — Is liable to occur in case of any 
 wound, but usually in canine Distemper when the eyelids become glued 
 together, and pus accumulates in.side and spreads, and poisons the cornea; 
 or it ma^' set up ulceration in three or four places and become confluent. 
 Unless the lids are softened and the pus let out, the ulceration may eat 
 through the cornea, allowing the aqueous humor to escape. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause; reduce the Conjunctivitis, and 
 touch the ulcer as lightly as possible with lunar caustic. In case the cor- 
 nea is not ruptured, granulations maj^ occur in patches on the cornea, 
 and be red as beefsteak; in this case, cauterize once every three days with 
 lunar caustic. My cases made good recovery. 
 
 Keratitis. — This is inflammation of the cornea. In the wounds of 
 the cornea we get more or less Keratitis; it is a constitutional disease, 
 peculiar to cattle; it is very common, and often runs through a whole 
 herd. Though we believe it is infectious, we have no proof of it, so 
 wont sa)' that it is; but it is constitutional, and runs a regular course, 
 usually- benign. 
 
 Semeiology. — Tears run down the cheeks; bright light causes pain, 
 eyelids swell more or less; there is ulceration of the cornea, with con- 
 siderable opacity of the cornea. The main feature of the disease seems 
 to be in the cornea, with acute Cellulitis. It usualh' runs four to twelve 
 days, with recover3-,but in some cases the cornea becomes punctured, 
 the aqueous humor escapes and the eye is destroj'ed; usually one, some- 
 times both. 
 
 Treatment. ^Constitutional; laxatives and soft food; keep in the 
 dark; use warm fomentations, with salt and water, and don't let" the iris 
 remain in one position too long; give or rather introduce a little atropine 
 to dilate the pupil, then if it doesn't contract in a few days, u.se calabar 
 bean to cause it to contract. After the inflammation runs its course an 
 astringent can be applied to the eye — use zinc sulph. etc. 
 
 FiLARiA OcuLi. — A little thread-like worm which lives in the 
 aqueous humor of the eye, in the anterior chamber; but how it gets there, 
 God only knows. This is common in Canada, I never saw a case here. 
 This worm is about the size of number 60 spool cotton, from ]A to i inch 
 long, and looks like cotton. Sometimes it lies quietlj', other times 
 flashes around in the humor; this stimulates the secreting glands and 
 cau.ses an increase of aqueous humor, producing great distress and bulg- 
 ing out of the part. 
 
 Treatment. — Uay the horse on his back, turn the head on the poll, 
 treat the eye with cocaine, and fasten the upper eyelid back; don't tru,st 
 to speculum, sew them back with a few stitches. Some give chloroform, 
 I think it unnecessary; take an ordinary scalpel, introduce it at the 
 junction of the sclerotic and cornea, that is on the upper side of the eye; 
 usualh' make the incision 4-^ inch long, then with a little pressure on the 
 cornea force out the aqueous humor and the worm will usually come 
 out with it, but if it doesn't, then use forceps to get it. This operation 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 223 
 
 is called Sclero-Cornea operation. The wound will heal by first inten- 
 tion; the aqueous humor will be renewed, and the eye will be all right. 
 Never make the incision on the lower side, or the humor will run out as 
 it is secreted. Before operation, pass the blade of >our knife through a 
 flame to make it thoroughly clean. Treat the wound as a simple one; 
 use cold applications, but they are not really necessary. 
 
 Amaurosis. — This is .sometimes called Gutta Serena, or Glass 
 E\'e. It is one of the most peculiar of the e>-e diseases; the ej-e is in- 
 sensible, and there is total blindness. The cause of this is Paralj^sis of 
 the optic nerve; it is quite common in people and horses, but rare in 
 cattle and dogs. 
 
 Semeiology. — The eye looks full, large and natural, that is to a casual 
 observer; but close examination shows that the pupil is large and round, 
 instead of being oval as it naturally is. It is dilated; you will find 
 him blind, and the eye insen,sible, that is to light. You might look at it 
 in the dark and not suspect anything wrong, as the eye naturallj' dilates 
 in the dark, but you will see the diflierence when taken into the light. 
 Excessive hemorrhage is sometimes put down as the cause of this. 
 
 Detachment of tpie Retin.v. — In case of excessive hemorrhage, it 
 sometimes occurs between the choroid and the retina; this produces a 
 loss of fuctional activity of the retina, and may run to Amaurosis, though 
 in Amauro.sis it is the optic nerve that is affected. The cause of this de- 
 tachment ma}' be due to blows on the head, severe fits of coughing, there- 
 hy causing hemorrhage between the choroid and the retina. This is 
 quite common in people, horses, and dogs, but is never seen in cattle. 
 It often occurs in horses from severe hemorrhage, as from Castration, 
 cuts from barbed wire fences, etc. It differs from Amaurosis in that it 
 sometimes gets well; Amaurosis seldom does. 
 
 Treatment for Amaurosis. — Only rational treatment, as nux vomi- 
 ca and a little iodide potash; but treatment is unsatisfactorj-. 
 
 Treatment for Detachment of the Retin.a. — A prominent 
 oculist in himian practice gives purgative of calomel first, then after the 
 action of that passes off gives iodide potash. I know one case he treated 
 this waj- (a dog), and he only got worse. Another good oculist treated 
 the dog afterward with very good results; the .sight was prettj^ well re- 
 stored. He said that purgatives and iodide potash increased the hemor- 
 rhage; his treatment was tinct. iron and nux vomica internally, and a 
 few drops of distilled extract witch hazel into the eye three times a day. 
 If the hor.se doesn't recover from this trouble it will run into a case of 
 Gutta Serena. 
 
 Glaucoma. — This is a disease in which the vitreous humor, which 
 in health is transparent, becomes cloudy. In this case, with the aid of 
 the ophthalmoscope, the retina in the horse can be .seen to be of a green- 
 ish, almost },-ellowish cast, while in health it is a peacock blue. This 
 disease occasionally follows or accompanies Amaurosis, but that would 
 probably be because of some other disease extending to the eye and affect- 
 ing the optic nerve. Cataracts often succeed this Glaucoma. 
 
 Treatment. — Would depend entirely upon the cause of the disease, 
 which you .should treat, but usually it is an incurable disease. 
 
 St'apha'eoma. — Is so called from its resemblance to a grape; it is a 
 Tumor on the cornea. The cornea in this case becomes solidly opaque 
 
2 24 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 and bulges out beyond its position — often sticks out beyond the lids. 
 The cornea covering the Tumor is usually white. This disease is common 
 in the human and dogs, but is rare in horses and cattle. It occurs in two 
 forms — in one case the Tumor is solid, in the other it is simply a disten- 
 sion of the anterior chamber by the bulging of the cornea; and this is 
 due to an irritation of the lining of the chamber, therebj' causing in- 
 creased secretion and quantity of the aqueous humor. But in other 
 cases it ma)- be from blows on the eye, which set up Keratitis; the 
 Tumor then becomes fibrous tissue and solid. The bulging kind is the 
 most common; it also grows larger than the solid kind. 
 
 Treatment. — In the bulging kind, if it be detected soon enough, 
 puncture and liberate some of the aqueous humor; this may save the eye 
 and prevent the disea.se. But if it goes too long and you are asked to 
 treat it, it must be removed, but the sight \'\-ill be destroyed — you can't 
 replace the cornea. The operation is as simple as it is interesting. Anses- 
 thetize the animal, and insert a thread from side to side, putting it about 
 I4' inch apart; then with a sharp scalpel remove the Tumor outside of the 
 threads, bring the edges together with the threads and ligate; apply cold 
 applications after. The union of the edges usuallj' takes place bj' first 
 intention, then you may put in a gla.ss or rubber eye for appearance. In 
 these operations always run your knife blade through an alcohol flame, 
 for safety as to germs. 
 
 Tachrymal Fistula. — Is where the lachrymal duct becomes punc- 
 tured by violence, fracture of the bone, rupturing the duct, or closing 
 the duct below, thus cau.sing the tears to flow out of the opening instead 
 of into the nose. 
 
 Treatment. — ]\Iust be according to the morbid anatomy. No rule 
 can be laid down as to treatment, because of the different causes; usually 
 in the case of bone fracture, trephining is indicated. Treat antisep- 
 tically; open up the duct in .some waj-. 
 
 Stricture of the Lachrymal Duct. — Occurs from exten.siou of 
 inflammation into it, usually from Catarrh, Glanders, Big Head, decaj'ed 
 teeth, etc. It may occur in two ways~bj' formation of neoplastic tissue 
 by self-proliferation, or by outside pressure from some cause. In either 
 case we get stricture or obstruction; this ma)- cause either complete or 
 partial obliteration of the duct, and the tears will flow out over the 
 cheeks, causing what horsemen call W'iVTEKv Eye. 
 
 Treatment. — If the cause is acute or chronic Catarrh, operate on the 
 primar}- lesion; if that does not cure the trouble, then try to pass a bougie 
 through, or si'ringe it out both from the opening at the eye and in the 
 nose. It often resists treatment. 
 
 Retinitis. — Inflammation of the retina; this is usually a purely 
 nervous disease, and needs to be treated as such. If treated early de- 
 pletor motos are indicated, or depressor motos; as geLsemium and bro- 
 mide potash, with laxatives; keep in a dark place, and following the 
 acute stage, uux vomica, ar.senic, and iron may be given. Animal may 
 make' a good recovery, but unfortunateh' the trouble is not noticed in 
 time. By examining the retina you will find it a greenish yellow cast, 
 especiall}- plain with the u.se of the ophthalmoscope. Retinitis leads on 
 to cloudiness of the vitreous humor, to Glaucoma, and from that to catar- 
 acts on the po.sterior surface of the lens. 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 225 
 
 Iritis.— Is inflammation of tlie iris, and with it is intimatel3' con- 
 nected the following disease: 
 
 Specific Ophthalmia, Periodic Ophtiia].:\iia or Moon Blind- 
 ness. — This is the most serious disease of the eye in the lower animals, 
 and is peculiar to the horse alone; it is recognized by all as a constitu- 
 tional disease. The word Specific refers to it in this respect as being 
 hereditary, but not infectious. We find it runs in certain families; Moon 
 Blind mares are not so apt to have offspring as Moon Blind stallions; 
 they will go blind any time from six months to six years; on an average, 
 between four and six years. 
 
 Pathology. — The primary lesion is Iritis; the iris becomes inflamed, 
 and the inflammation extends to the surrounding parts, as the lining of 
 the anterior chamber, extending back and involving the ligaments of the 
 lens, and in some cases back to the retina and choroid. We beheve the 
 •whole trouble starts in the form of Iritis; this inflammation produces in- 
 creased sectetion of the aqueous humor, and probably a small amount of 
 vitreous humor. The inflammation on the inside of the anterior chamber 
 produces in this case, an increase of ac[ueous humor, which produces great 
 pressure from the inside and causes a great deal of pain. The next re- 
 sult of the inflammation is exudate. In order to te.st this, put a little 
 cocaine on the eye and manipulate gently with the fingers, then you can 
 judge the amount of intra-ocular pressure. Next follows organization of 
 the exudate, and the formation of a white deposit at the lower point of 
 the sclero-cornea junction; it will be in the -form of a little unnatural 
 white line; often the deposit of the first attack is slight, but the second 
 will be enough to notice it. Xext is a ragged condition of the edge of 
 the iris — instead of being round, there will be an irregular line; that is 
 positive evidence of a previously exi.sting Iritis; this is caused b^- the 
 exudate taking place into itself, and then adhesion with itself takes place; 
 that is in places, gi^-ing it the uneven appearance, and each succeeding 
 attack makes it more ragged looking. The next peculiar feature is, that 
 following the first attack it often clears up, then after a variable period of 
 from four weeks to four or five months, the inflammation will reoccur and 
 continue to do so from time to time till cataracts form., cau.sing total 
 blindness, then the attacks cease. These attacks as a rule come about 
 once a month. The name Moon Blindness was given it because manj^ 
 thought the moon had some influence in the recurrence of the attacks. 
 The cataracts that form are coagulated deposits of lymph from the exu- 
 date; also from the inflammation organizing and forming a dense fibrous 
 capsule; it is then called Capsular C.vtaract, or when in the body of 
 the lens is called Lenticular Catar.vct. 
 
 Semeiology. — Swelling of the eyelids is usually the first symptom; 
 then closing of the ej^e; there is a profuse flow of tears; eye retracts into 
 the orbit, making it appear ^'er>- small — this often lasts for life. After 
 the inflammation has been in the eye for from twenty-four to forty-eight 
 hours a depo.sit of whitish-yellow matter will be in the bottom of the an- 
 terior chamber; this looks like pus, but is the coagulated lymph; it occurs 
 in ever}- case. The inflammation lasts from two to ten days, then gradu- 
 ally subsides and has a tendency to clear up, and the deposit to become 
 absorbed, and the eye apparently gets all right, then it reoccurs, and 
 
2 26 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 each attack leaves the eye worse, and may cause total bhiidness in two 
 or three months, or in as many years. 
 
 Treatment. — We look upon it as incurable; but treat the inflamma- 
 tion; — give purgatives, then follow with diuretics and cold applications 
 to the eye. To cause dilatation of the pupil, inject a solution of atropine 
 2J2 grs. to the oz., three or four times a day, then if it does not con- 
 tract after a few daj's, use calabar bean. Give soft feed, keep the animal in 
 a dark place, and let him rest; this will ward off the cataract for a time. 
 During convalescence iodide potash may help to absorb the deposit, but 
 he will inevitably go blind in time. Dr. Harrison, of Atchison, Kas., 
 .says the only treatment is surgical, which is as follows: 
 
 Apply cocaine to the eye, dilate the lids with a speculum and put a 
 twitch on the nose — there is no sensation; take a fine-bladed knife (made 
 for the purpose) about ys inch wide, introduce the blade at the lower 
 sclero-cornea junction; leave the knife in for an instant, then turn the 
 blade a little and squeeze some of the aqueous humor out alongside of 
 the knife blade, about I3 of the humor, or till it becomes soft. Nothing 
 more is needed except in case inflammation occurs, then use cold appli- 
 cations. There is no danger of Fistula in this case, it heals by first in- 
 tention. The trouble doesn't often re-occur, but in case it should, tap 
 again. The above operation, by removing some of the aqueous humor, 
 relieves the intra-orbital pressure. 
 
 Docking. — There are two wa}'.s of doing thi.s — one with the dock- 
 ing .shears, the other by laying open the tail in a V-shaped cut, with the 
 point of the V up, then cut off the bone at the upper part, slightly sear the 
 ends with hot iron to arrest hemorrhage, fold the cut ends, pack with 
 oakum, fasten it with some of the hair of the tail, then tie the tail up 
 with the rest of the hair, so that the tail will be held up; remember that 
 the lighter you sear it the .sooner it will heal. The rule for a horse of 
 from 900 to a 1 100 pounds weight, is to leave 8 inches of dock; in a horse 
 of from iioo to 1200 pounds weight, or more, leave 10 inches; but you 
 will haA-e to be governed b}- the length and size of the hor.se, the shorter 
 the horse the shorter the tail. Where you use the .shears, tie a string 
 around the tail, evenly and fairlv tight, and with a quick, strong cut re- 
 move the tail, then remove the string and sear the ends and treat as in 
 the other case. If you wi.sh to set the position of the tail before dock- 
 ing, suspend it in the shape )-ou want it for ten or twenty days. There 
 is a .state law in Illinois against docking, but with the clause that unless 
 it be a benefit to the animal it is forbidden; that will let you out. 
 
 Sunstroke. — Also called Heat Stroke by medical men, because it 
 often occurs when the patient has not been exposed to the sun, but is 
 overcome by the heat. It is also called Insolation, but this only ap- 
 plies to the trouble due to the influence of the sun. Anhydrasmia, as 
 based upon the patholog)' existing in this case, means an absence of 
 water in the blood, which becomes thick and dark. vSunstroke is simply 
 prostration from heat, usually in very hot weather, especially when there 
 are thunder showers and a low barometer. It occurs more often in July 
 and August. 
 
 Semeiolog) . — The animal maj' be going along all right but will sud- 
 denly get dizzy and weak; after sweating profusely this suddenly stops 
 and dries up; he begins to pant, nostrils dilate, hangs the head, then 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 227 
 
 finally goes down. In some cases he will become completely prostrated, 
 will lie flat on the broadside; occasionalh there are convulsive move- 
 ments of the limbs, which are insensible as in the human, then they go 
 down, and may die in half an hour. The temperature may run tip to 
 109, 10, or 12; 109 is common in these cases, but as a rule when it reach- 
 es or goes over loS, the prognosis is unfavorable. Humid conditions 
 make it more likely to occur, as we see New York has more cases than 
 Chicago, Boston more than New York, and all of them more than inland 
 cities; so it must be that the amount of water around has some influence. 
 
 Treatment. — If the temperature stays at 105 or above for any length 
 of time, it is sure to be followed by serious results; so the first thing to 
 be done is to reduce the temperature as quickly as possible; the best way 
 to do this is by .showering, which is better than the old system of pack- 
 ing in ice. which reduces temperature but is often followed by softening 
 of the brain in the human, and they are never able to stand the effects of 
 the sun afterwards; ,so shower the animal with alight spray, and cool off 
 slowlj-; then he will make a nice recovery, far better than to cool off in a 
 hurry with ice. For internal treatment give stimulant.s — alcohol is the 
 remedy; j-ou can give J-^ pint whisky the first do,se, then 2 or 40Z. doses 
 every few hours. The principle is to cool off and gi\-e stimulants. Whisky 
 is better than injections of strychnine or atropine. In autopsy you will 
 find the blood thick, black, and tarry. 
 
 Poi,L Evil and Fistulous Withers. — The cause usually is violence 
 of some sort. Fistula is often caused in the country' by one horse catch- 
 ing another with his teeth and holding on till he bruises the withers. 
 Poll Evil is often caused by jamming the head against the ceiling, or 
 tumbling over backwards, etc. In both cases there are pockets formed. 
 
 Treatment. — Make a dependent opening where it is possible; don't 
 be afraid to use the knife — free use of the knife and a dependent opening 
 is the secret of success in these cases. Then wash out and treat antisep- 
 tically as a simple wound, packing the opening with oakum for drainage; 
 in this way it permits the wound to heal up from the bottom, and keeps 
 the outer opening open till it heals up to it. Often in Fistulous Withers 
 there is necrosed tissue found; sometimes the dorsal spines are affected 
 and must be removed — that is the affected parts. For antiseptic in this 
 treatment, use carbolized oil, i to 16 of cotton seed, linseed, or olive oil; 
 and instead of sponging, irrigate the wound, sop out with cotton, then fill 
 up with the carbolized oil and cover over; dress once or tvrice a day, and 
 don't irrigate too much. 
 
 Clipping. — Where a horse has light and fa.st work, a warm stable 
 and blankets, in short, good care, the best thing is to clip him; he comes 
 in wet with perspiration, and as he is hard to clean, he may go out wet 
 again. But the horse that has slow work or is standing much while out, 
 or in cold stables, should not be clipped. The horse that is driven much 
 and sweats, risks going out wet, is predisposed to Pneumonia, 
 Pleurisy, etc., but after he is cHpped always give him good bedding, so 
 as to not interfere with the circulation. November is tfie time horses are 
 usually clipped, except where it is done to avoid the flying of hair when 
 he is shedding, which is the case when cHpping is done the last week in 
 March. We have often seen cases where horses have been unthrifty, 
 and medicine failed to help them, that clipping did them good, and 
 
2 28 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 the horses became better in every way and more thrifty. 
 
 Fi.sTui,.v AT THE BASE OF THE E-VR. — Cause is not known, but I 
 think it is due to the pressure of the band on the bridle; it forms a 
 pocket from two to three inches deep. 
 
 Treatment. — Dissect out, slitting down with a probe-pointed bis- 
 toury; then with the forceps draw inside out as you would a glove, 
 dissect out with )"our scalpel, and treat as a simple wound. 
 
 I^oco Poisoning. — Is due to the loco weed, which grows on some of 
 our V.'estern plains. 
 
 Symptoms. — Hor.se or cattle gets fits of delirium, mild at fir.st, but 
 the\' increase until the animal becomes wild and inimanageable; he rears, 
 plunges, and becomes crazj', finrdly goes down and dies in convulsions. 
 
 Treatment. — Only thing to do is to treat rationally ; might give whisky 
 and gelsemium mixed, and bromide potash. 
 
 Burns and Frost Bites. — Are identical; there is the same morbid 
 anatomy in both. 
 
 Treatment. — Use oleaginous applications and anti.septics; carron oil, 
 that is lime water and linseed oil mixed, is good, or use carbolizcd oil, 
 I in i6; after covering the surface with the oil then cover with cotton. 
 If it .sloughs, dress once a day. In case the skin is destroyed, or ^vhen 
 it granulates, don't let the granulation go too far — apph' white lotion; 
 begin it a week after the injury. If you get hold of Frost Bite early, 
 draw the frost slowh- so as to re-e.stablish the circulation gradually; it 
 gives a better result. In case there is inflammation following, use poul- 
 tice. 
 
 Foot Rot ^ir Foul in CatteE. — This usually occurs in low lying 
 grounds; manj' claim it is infectious, but ^ve think the reason it runs 
 through a herd, is because the)' are all exposed to the same cause. 
 Black mud (muck) and serated grass are causes, as they make wounds and 
 cause sloughing; or in some cases where the hoofs are not worn, due to 
 soft ground, the},- grow and curl in like ram's horns and the mud gets in 
 there. This is never seen in hilly countries. 
 
 Treatment. — Pare off the hoof, clean, and use iodoform, burnt alum, 
 or boracic acid, then treat antiseptically. Williams says as a last re- 
 sort to amputate the foot. 
 
 vSnake Bites. — S3-mptoms, part swells, and according to the 
 venom of the snake, the person or animal will in time become delirious, 
 insensible, and die from blood poisoning in a comatose condition. 
 
 Treatment. — Give vrhisky, freeh"; for horse, y^ pint ever>- two hours, 
 and pack the bitten part with aqua solution of ammonia, not quite strong 
 enough to cauterize. 
 
 Drooping FIvrs. — Is where the top of the ear droops over, usually 
 from frost bite while a colt or foal, the part not yet being dry. It is an 
 e_\-e sore, and is easih' remedied. 
 
 Treatment. — Raise the flap, make an incision on the under side, 
 .straight across through the .skin and about ;, 3 through the cartilage, 
 straighten the ear, put on dr}' iodoform or boracic acid, then put on two 
 splints, one on each .side, straight up and down, and sew through the 
 v.hole thing with silver wire. Watch it, and if it suppurates, wash out 
 with cold water and du.st with dr}' dressing; granulation fills up the cut 
 and .-straightens the ear. 
 
\S: 
 
 
 4 
 
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 229 
 
 Split Ear. — Make fresh edge.s on both sides, cutting off about ^4^ 
 inch; put on the same kind of splints as above, then sew the edges of the 
 cut together, and treat \vith dry dressing. 
 
 Bitten Ears. — Trim both to suit appearances. 
 
 Finis. 
 
 
 #^^f<SMti 
 
irsDcx. 
 
 A 
 
 Absorptiou, Intestinal 78 
 
 Abortion 157 
 
 Ac-upressure 73 
 
 Abscesses Intestinal 58 
 
 Avne 162 
 
 Aotinomyeosis 202 
 
 Albuminuria 117 
 
 Alimentary Canal :Ui 
 
 Amaurosis ■}:2^^ 
 
 Auivmia, Cerebral l:jO 
 
 Anatomy, Morbid i 
 
 Aneurism 115 
 
 Antliraoi'ia 196 
 
 Anthrax 196 
 
 Auus, Imperforated 63 
 
 Apoplexy 131 
 
 Pulmonary 29 
 
 Arteritis 115 
 
 Asthenia 11 
 
 Asthma 28 
 
 Auscultation 15 
 
 Azoturia 216 
 
 B 
 
 Bacteria 174 
 
 Barrenness 155 
 
 Bites 
 
 Frost iei-2->H 
 
 Snake 228 
 
 Big Head 79 
 
 Big Leg 166 
 
 Black Leg 198 
 
 Bladder, Eversion of 127 
 
 Blindness, iloon 225 
 
 Blood, The 4 
 
 Bone 
 
 Aljsorption of 76 
 
 Atrophy of 78 
 
 Fractures of 80 
 
 Necrosis of 78 
 
 Ulceration of 77 
 
 Botryomycosis 203 
 
 Bowels 
 
 Enlargement of 61 
 
 Inflammation of 64 
 
 T^^•ist of 61 
 
 Bnixy in Sheep 199 
 
 Breed 27 
 
 Bronchitis 23 
 
 Chronic 26 
 
 Bull Burnt 150 
 
 Burns 1(14-228 
 
 Burnt Dog 150 
 
 Bursautee 204 
 
 c 
 
 Cachexia, Water (of Sheep) 108 
 
 Calculi 59 
 
 Cystic 128 
 
 Calculus, Salivary 41 
 
 Cancer 85 
 
 Black 87 
 
 Colloid 86 
 
 Epithelial 87 
 
 Melanotic 87 
 
 Capouizing Fowls 102 
 
 Carbuncle, Contagious 196 
 
 Carcinoma ' 85 
 
 Carditis 112 
 
 Caries 77 
 
 <.'ast ration 94 
 
 Cataract 
 
 Capsular 225 
 
 Lenticular 225 
 
 Catarrh 17 
 
 Cattle, Foul in 228 
 
 Malignant, of Ox . .206 
 
 Cautery, Actual 73 
 
 Cellulitis 169 
 
 Cephalitis 131 
 
 Cerebral, Softening 133 
 
 Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis 135 
 
 Character, Porcelaneous 79 
 
 Charbon 196 
 
 Choking 42 
 
232 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cholera, Hog 20(1 
 
 Clinrea Hi 
 
 Clipping '-!'27 
 
 Colic 
 
 Flatulent oil 
 
 Spasmodic 54 
 
 Colon, Impaction of 50 
 
 Coiii^estiou 130 
 
 of Buccal JlemJiranc 37 
 
 Cerelji'al 130 
 
 (Clii'onic) ol' C'litoris 153 
 
 of Liver , 103 
 
 of Lungs -JO 
 
 Eenal 122 
 
 CiinstipatioD i'J 
 
 Cough 15 
 
 Chronic 21 
 
 Consumption 175 
 
 Cord 
 
 Gangrene of 99 
 
 Scirrhus 99 
 
 Sclerosis nf the 139 
 
 Cornea, Ulceration of the 222 
 
 Crepitation IB 
 
 Crick Bacli 139 
 
 Croup 21 
 
 Cyanosis 119 
 
 Cystitis IJi 
 
 Cysts 9^i 
 
 Compound 93 
 
 • 'utanedus 9:! 
 
 Mucous 93 
 
 (Jvarian 92 
 
 Serous 92 
 
 Teeth-Bearing 93 
 
 Thyroid Glands 93 
 
 D 
 
 Degenerati{m, Fatty 114 
 
 Demndex, Folliculorum 172 
 
 Dermatozoa, Parasitic 170 
 
 Diabetes, 
 
 Insipidus 118 
 
 Mellitis 119 
 
 Diarrhrea 51 
 
 Chronic 54 
 
 Digestive System 36 
 
 Diphtheria 22 
 
 Disease 
 
 Bright's 117-122 
 
 Blue 110 
 
 of the Brain 129 
 
 t^onstitutional 173 
 
 Corn-stalk 201 
 
 of the Foot and Mouth 182 
 
 of the Liver 103 
 
 of the Nervous System 129 
 
 of the (Esophagus, Organic 44 
 
 ol the Tieprciductive System. . . .140 
 
 Dislocation 82 
 
 Patella 82 
 
 Distemper 
 
 Canine 210 
 
 Horse 195 
 
 Docking .220 
 
 Dourine 146 
 
 I>ropsy 
 
 Brain, of the, (Hydrocephalus) 138 
 
 Ovaries, of the 152 
 
 Testicles, ol the (Hydrocele) — 153 
 AVomb, of the (Hydrometra) . . . .152 
 
 Dysentery 67 
 
 Dyspepsia 45 
 
 Dyspniea 11-16 
 
 Dysuria 125 
 
 E 
 
 Ears 
 
 Bitten 229 
 
 Canker in the ., 167 
 
 Drooping 228 
 
 Split 229 
 
 Eburnation 79 
 
 Eburses 62 
 
 Ectopia Cardis 115 
 
 Ectropium 221 
 
 Ecraseur 96 
 
 Eczema 165 
 
 Elephantiasis 166 
 
 Embolus, Cerebral 130 
 
 Emphysema 26 
 
 Emprosthotouos 141 
 
 Encephalitis 131 
 
 Endocarditis 112 
 
 Enteritis 64 
 
 Entropium 221 
 
 Enuresis 120 
 
 Epilepsy 136 
 
 Epizootic Aphtha' 182 
 
 Equinia 186 
 
 Erysipelas 168 
 
 Erythema 163 
 
INDEX. 
 
 233 
 
 Eye 
 
 Pink li;ii 
 
 AVutery .j-ji 
 
 Wouiicls of tile '2il 
 
 Exost' isis Y9 
 
 Farcy . 
 Faviis . 
 
 ,191 
 .173 
 
 Fcrmiele 159 
 
 Fever 
 
 Ephemeral Ij 
 
 Mud---- li;;i 
 
 Parturient I59 
 
 Spli'iile ISi 
 
 Texas 184 
 
 Fistula 
 
 at liase of Ear -J-J^i 
 
 Intestinal .^s 
 
 Laolirymal 22i 
 
 Salivary 4(1 
 
 of S crotum 9s 
 
 Fits i;;(; 
 
 Flatulency, Gastric -1!) 
 
 Flux, Bloody (17 
 
 Foot l!ot 22N 
 
 Fracture 
 
 Green stick si 
 
 Simple .S(l 
 
 Fragilitis Ossium 79 
 
 Fungus Hfematodes S(;,--2_>(1 
 
 G 
 
 Gall Stones ins 
 
 Gangrene 10 
 
 Gastritis 4!-! 
 
 Glanders 191 
 
 Glaucoma ■ ■ . ■ 22;^ 
 
 Glossitis 38 
 
 Glycosuria 119 
 
 Gra 
 
 Grease Heel. 
 
 Grip 
 
 Gut Tie 
 
 .ic.c. 
 .16.1 
 
 ..61 
 
 H 
 
 Hicmaturia (Bloody Urine) 118 
 
 Ha-mo- Albuminuria (Red Water) ..119 
 
 H:i'morrliagica, Purpura 207 
 
 Heart, Diseases of tlie 
 
 Atrophy of the 11'^ 
 
 Aneurism of the 115 
 
 Fatty Degeneration of the Hi 
 
 Obesity of the Hi 
 
 Palpitation of the 109 
 
 Tumor of the 114 
 
 Valvular Diseases of the 11-1 
 
 Heaves 26 
 
 Hemiplegia 138 
 
 Hemorrliagc 11-72 
 
 ( 'crebral 121 
 
 Post-Partum 88 
 
 Second 97 
 
 Hemorrhoids 63 
 
 Hepatitis 111,5 
 
 Chronic 106 
 
 Herpes 165 
 
 Hernia 59-98 
 
 Ingviinal (Scrotal) 60 
 
 I'mbilical 60 
 
 Ventral (;o 
 
 Horse, Hipped 82 
 
 German 139 
 
 Hydrocele 1,53 
 
 Hydrocei^halus 138 
 
 Hydrometra 152 
 
 Hydrophobia (Rabies) 18S 
 
 H^^lri ithorax 35 
 
 Hypera_'mia 7 
 
 Hypertrophy 71-113 
 
 Hysteria 154 
 
 Impetigo 165 
 
 Labialis 166 
 
 ImiDotence 156 
 
 Indigestion 45 
 
 Acute 46 
 
 Chronic 47 
 
 Inflammati( m 9 
 
 of Bowels 64 
 
 of Cord, Spinal 134 
 
 of Liver, Amyloid 106 
 
 of Liver, Lardaceous. ... - 106 
 
 of Membrane of Parotid Glands.. 39 
 
 of Stomach 48 
 
 of Tongue 38 
 
 Influenza 204 
 
 Intussusception 61 
 
 Invagination 61 
 
 Irregularities found in Colts 100 
 
 Irritation 8 
 
 Iritis 225 
 
 Ischuria 126 
 
234 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Itcli 170 
 
 J 
 
 Jaundice 106 
 
 ■Joints 
 
 False 8-2 
 
 Open 74 
 
 Open Navicular 76 
 
 Keratitis 222 
 
 Kidneys, Diseases of tlie 116 
 
 Briglit's Disease of the 117-122 
 
 K 
 
 Knees 
 
 Broken 75 
 
 of Cuttle 92 
 
 L 
 
 Labialis Crusta 166 
 
 Labor, Premature 157 
 
 I>ampas 37 
 
 Laparotomy 61 
 
 Laryngitis 18 
 
 Leucorrlioea 154 
 
 Leucoma 221 
 
 Ligature 96 
 
 Lipoma (Fatty Tumor) 90 
 
 Lithotomy 128 
 
 Lithotrity 128 
 
 Locomotor Ataxia 139 
 
 Loco Poisoning 228 
 
 Lockjaw 140 
 
 Louping 111 146 
 
 Lumpy Jafl- 202 
 
 Jjymphaclenoma 108 
 
 Lymphangitis 214 
 
 M 
 
 Malanders 161 
 
 Mange 170 
 
 Follicular 172 
 
 Bed 168 
 
 Megrims 130 
 
 Meningitis, Cerebral 131 
 
 ilelituria 119 
 
 Mensuration 15 
 
 Metritis 159 
 
 Metroperitonitis 159 
 
 Miscarriage 157 
 
 Mollities Ossium 79 
 
 Myelitis 134 
 
 Myocarditis 112 
 
 N 
 
 Nephritis Albuminous 122 
 
 Parenchymatous 123 
 
 Nettle Bash 160 
 
 Neuroma (Nerve Tumor) 90 
 
 Nymphomania 153 
 
 o 
 
 Obstetrics, Notes on 88 
 
 CEsophagitis 42 
 
 CEsophagisnius 42 
 
 Oculi Filaria 222 
 
 Operation Covered 100 
 
 Ophthalmia, Simple 220 
 
 Specific 225 
 
 Periodic 225 
 
 Opisthotonos 141 
 
 Orchitis 153 
 
 Ortliotonos 141 
 
 Osteophyte 77 
 
 Osteo Sclerosis 76 
 
 Osteomalacia 79 
 
 Osteomyelitis 76 
 
 Osteoporosis, Constitutional. 79 
 
 Osteosarcoma 94 
 
 Ostitis 76 
 
 Ovinia 186 
 
 Oxaluria 121 
 
 P 
 
 Papuhe 165 
 
 Palpation 15 
 
 Pancreas 108 
 
 Paralysis 137 
 
 Partial 139 
 
 Paraphimosis 151 
 
 Paresis 137 
 
 Parotitis 39 
 
 Parturient Eclampsia 159 
 
 Parturient Laminitis 160 
 
 Pathology 3 
 
 Percussion 15 
 
 Pericarditis Ill 
 
 Periostitis 76-77 
 
 Peritonitis 66-98 
 
 Pharyngitis 41 
 
 Phimosis 151 
 
 Phlebitis 116 
 
 Phlegmon 169 
 
 Phrenitia 131 
 
 Piles 63 
 
 Pityriasis 162 
 
INDEX. 
 
 235 
 
 Placenta, Eetention of 88 
 
 I'leurisy 33 
 
 Pleuro-Pneumonia, Contagiosa 177 
 
 Pleurothotonos 141 
 
 Pneumonia 30 
 
 Poll Evil 227 
 
 Polypus 87-114 
 
 Polyuria 118 
 
 Pox, Simple 14^ 
 
 Malignant 148 
 
 Prickly Heat , 150 
 
 Prouil Flesli 168 
 
 Prurigo ic^ 
 
 Psoriasis I61 
 
 Psoroptes 171 
 
 Ptyalism 40 
 
 Pulse, tlie 5 
 
 Pns 10 
 
 Pustules 162 
 
 Maligjiant 196 
 
 Q 
 
 Quinsy in Pig. 
 
 R 
 
 Kabies . . 
 Eacliitis. 
 
 23-188 
 
 80 
 
 Rectum, Prolapsus of 62 
 
 Kenal Calculi 124 
 
 Congestion 122 
 
 Elieumatism 212 
 
 Eetina, Detacliment of .223 
 
 Eetinitis 224 
 
 Packets 80 
 
 Eidgeli ngs. Castration of 102 
 
 Einderpest 177 
 
 Eingworm 172 
 
 Eoaring 16 
 
 Eubrum Vjl 
 
 Eumeu, Impaction of 68 
 
 Paipture 114 
 
 of Bladder 127 
 
 of Intestinal walls 63 
 
 of Perineum 159 
 
 of Uterus 150 
 
 of Vagina - 159 
 
 s 
 
 Sarcoptes 171 
 
 Salivation, 10 
 
 Sallenders 161 
 
 Satyriasis 153 
 
 Scab 171 
 
 Scarlatina 200 
 
 Scraping 96 
 
 Scratches 164 
 
 Soptic:rmia 98 
 
 Sit Fasts {Collar Eoils) 90 
 
 Smallpox 189 
 
 Sneezing 16 
 
 Snoring 16 
 
 Sore Sliius 77 
 
 Sore Teats 164 
 
 Spaying the Female 100 
 
 Spinitis 134 
 
 Spleen 108 
 
 Stag ofi.s Blind 1.30 
 
 Staggers Mad 131 
 
 Staphyloma '22;i 
 
 Sterility 155 
 
 Stomach, Disease of 44 
 
 Stomatitis 38 
 
 Stomatitis Pustulosa 186 
 
 Strangles 195 
 
 Strangury 126 
 
 Strangulation , .... 59 
 
 Strictures 150 
 
 of the Lachrymal Duct 224 
 
 of the Intestines 61 
 
 Succussion 16 
 
 Sunstroke 226 
 
 Superpurgation 52 
 
 Surfeit 160 
 
 Surg(;rY 61 ) 
 
 Antiseptic 71 
 
 Suture 72 
 
 Symbiotes 171 
 
 Syncope 10 
 
 Synovitis 74 
 
 Syphilis, Kquine 146 
 
 T 
 
 Taljes Dorsalis 13" 
 
 Tables Spinalis 139 
 
 Test for Albumen in Trine 118 
 
 Temperature of ^'ari()us Animals 7 
 
 Tetanus 98-140 
 
 Lateralis 141 
 
 Thermometer, the 6 
 
 Torsion 73-96 
 
 Thumps 109 
 
 Tournique 72 
 
 Trembling ■ 146 
 
236 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Trismus 141 
 
 Tumors 83 
 
 Boue 91 
 
 Benign 87 
 
 Brain 145 
 
 Condromatic 90 
 
 Cystic 91 
 
 Enconclromatic 90 
 
 Fibrous S7 
 
 Heart Ill 
 
 in tlie Levator Humeri 89 
 
 Tuberculosis 175 
 
 u 
 
 I'ncipressure 73 
 
 I'retbritis 127-ll!l 
 
 Urine 
 
 Bloody 118 
 
 Incontinence of 120 
 
 Painful Passage of 12ri 
 
 Passage in Drops of 120 
 
 Suppression of 120 
 
 Scalds from 161 
 
 Urticaria IGO 
 
 Uterus, Inversion of S9 
 
 Yaccinia 186 
 
 Yolvnlitis 112-111 
 
 Veins, Varicose 116 
 
 Vertigo 130 
 
 Volvulies 61 
 
 w 
 
 Warts 90 
 
 "Wlieezing 16 
 
 ■fflnstling 1(V21 
 
 Withers, Fistulous 227 
 
 Wounds 70 
 
 Wind, Broken 26 
 
 Wry Nccli 83 
 
 Yellows 
 
 .106 
 
 

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