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3 1924 104 074 996 I 
 
'Jf2 
 
 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this bool< is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924104074996 
 
TWO SUMMERS' WORK IN 
 PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 JESSE WALTER FEAVKES 
 
 EXTRACT FROM THE TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 
 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1 9 i 
 
TWO SUMMERS' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 JESSE AVALTER FEWIvES 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Summer of 1896 17 
 
 General outline 17 
 
 Ruins on the Little Colorado river 20 
 
 General features 20 
 
 Ruins near Winslow . 23 
 
 Tlie Homololii group_ . . 23 
 
 Location 23 
 
 Former inhabitants 24 
 
 Ruin 1 25 
 
 Ruin 2 29 
 
 Ruin 3 29 
 
 Ruin i 30 
 
 Tlie Chevlon ruin (Cakwabaiyalci) 30 
 
 The Chaves pass ruin (Tcubkwitcalol)i) 32 
 
 Ruins between Winslow and the Hopi jraeblos 34 
 
 Cavate ruins near Flagstaff . . . . 35 
 
 Old oaves 36 
 
 New caves 37 
 
 Turl^ey Tank caves 38 
 
 Ruins near the Black falls of the Little Colorado 39 
 
 Location and previous exploration 39 
 
 General features 40 
 
 Group A 42 
 
 The Citadel 43 
 
 Ruin A 43 
 
 Ruins B.C. and n 44 
 
 Ruins E and F 44. 
 
 Ruins (4, H, I, and j 44 
 
 Rn.in K 45 
 
 Ruin L 46 
 
 Ruin 51 46 
 
 Groupi B - 47 
 
 Ruin A . . 47 
 
 Ruin B 50 
 
 Ruin c 50 
 
6 TWO SUMMEKS' WUEK IN PUEBLO BUINS [etii. anxX. 22 
 
 Summer of 1H96— continued. Page 
 Ruins on the Little Colorado river— continued. 
 
 Ruins between Winslow and the Hopi pueblos — continued. 
 
 Ruins near the Black falls of the Little Colorado — continued. 
 
 Group (_! . . _ . . 51 
 
 Ruin A 51 
 
 Ruin B . 54 
 
 Ruins near Honani's house at Burro sjiring 55 
 
 Objects from the Little Colorado riains 56 
 
 Pottery 56 
 
 General features - _ - 56 
 
 Classification by color and surface finish . _ 58 
 
 Coarse unpolished ware 58 
 
 Undecorated polished ware 58 
 
 Decorated polished ware 58 
 
 Red and brown ware 58 
 
 Yellow ware 59 
 
 Black ware 59 
 
 Black and white ware 59 
 
 Red and Ijlack ware 60 
 
 Red . black , and white ware 60 
 
 White and green ware 61 
 
 Classification by form 61 
 
 Food bowls 61 
 
 Vases and jars 61 
 
 Ladles 63 
 
 Canteens 64 
 
 Cups 65 
 
 Animal forms 66 
 
 Slipper-shaped vessels 69 
 
 Decorative designs 69 
 
 General character 69 
 
 Human figures . _ . 70 
 
 Quadriiped figures 71 
 
 Bird figures . . _ _ _ _ _ . . 73 
 
 Insect figures 81 
 
 Arachnid figures. _ 81 
 
 Geometrical designs 83 
 
 Ornaments 85 
 
 Mosaics - 85 
 
 Lignite ornaments _ . 87 
 
 Shell ornaments 88 
 
 Bone implements 03 
 
 Turtle carapaces 95 
 
 Horn objects 96 
 
FEWKES] CONTENTS 
 
 7 
 
 Suminer of 1896 — cnntinvieil. Page 
 Objects from tlie Little Colorado ruins — continued. 
 
 Pigments 96 
 
 Cloth 97 
 
 Matting 97 
 
 Basketry 98 
 
 Prayer-sticks 99 
 
 Bow and arrows . 100 
 
 Gaming canes 100 
 
 Seeds 101 
 
 Food 101 
 
 Stone implements 103 
 
 Stone slabs 104 
 
 Disks 106 
 
 Fetishes 107 
 
 Human crania 110 
 
 Animal remains 110 
 
 Miscellaneous objects 110 
 
 Ruins of Old Shumopovi 111 
 
 General features HI 
 
 Pottery from the ruins 113 
 
 General features and form 113 
 
 Deciiration ... .. 114 
 
 Summer of 1897 130 
 
 Introduction 130 
 
 Plan of the expedition 131 
 
 Kintiel 134 
 
 The ruin and its cemeteries 134 
 
 Pottery from the ruin 139 
 
 General features and form 129 
 
 Decoration 131 
 
 Miscellaneo^is objects from the ruin 133 
 
 Kinna Zinde 134 
 
 Ruins near Holbrook 134 
 
 Objects from Woodruff btrtte 135 
 
 Ancient lialiitations in the petrified forest . . . . . _ . 185 
 
 Four-mile ruin 136 
 
 General plan 136 
 
 A room in the rtrin 137 
 
 Suburban ovens 139 
 
 Cemeteries 139 
 
 Collections 140 
 
 Pottery 140 
 
 Principal types 140 
 
 Gila type 141 
 
8 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 Summer of 1897 — continued. Page 
 Fonr-mile ruin — continued. 
 Collections — continued. 
 Pottery — continued. 
 
 Forms- 143 
 
 Decoration . 142 
 
 Human figures 143 
 
 Quadruped figures 14.5 
 
 Bird figures 146 
 
 Butterfly figures 148 
 
 Feather decoration 149 
 
 Geometrical figures 150 
 
 External ornamentation on food bowls 153 
 
 Rain-cloud designs 155 
 
 Character and treatment of mortuary pottery 158 
 
 Potter's outfit 158 
 
 Stone implements 159 
 
 Stone slabs 160 
 
 Copper bell 163 
 
 Prayer-sticks 163 
 
 Gourd rattles 163 
 
 Ornaments 163 
 
 Bone implements 164 
 
 Animal remains 164 
 
 Ruins near Four-mile ruin 164 
 
 Buins at Pinedale 164 
 
 The buildings 164 
 
 Collections 166 
 
 Stott ranch ruin 167 
 
 Buins in Pueblo Viejo . . 168 
 
 The valley and its history — general features of the ruins 168 
 
 Distribution of ruins in Pueblo Viejo . 170 
 
 Epley 's ruin . 171 
 
 Buena Vista ... 171 
 
 Other ruins .... 173 
 
 Changes in the valley since 1847 174 
 
 Former population of the valley 175 
 
 Cremation of the dead . 175 
 
 Architecture 176 
 
 Terraced gardens . 177 
 
 Prehistoric irrigation in Pueblo Vie.jo 178 
 
 Pottery from Pueblo Viejo 179 
 
 Color and surface finish 179 
 
 Undecorated rou.gh ware 179 
 
 Decorated rough ware 179 
 
FEWKEs] CONTENTS 9 
 
 Summer of 18!I7 — continued. Page 
 Ruins in Pneblfi Viejo — continiied. 
 
 Pottery from Pueblo Viejo — continued. 
 Color and surface finish — continued. 
 
 Undecorated red ware 180 
 
 Decorated black and white ware 180 
 
 Decorated gray ware 180 
 
 Decoration 180 
 
 Stone objects from Pueblo Viejo 183 
 
 Implements 183 
 
 Stone slabs 185 
 
 Other stone objects 186 
 
 Shell ornaments from Pueblo Viejo 187 
 
 Cliff houses on Bonita creek 187 
 
 Ruins in the foothills of Mount Graham 187 
 
 Sacrificial caves 187 
 
 Collections from a cave in the Nantacks 188 
 
 EfBgy vases from southern Arizona 189 
 
 Distribution of decorated pottery in Arizona 193 
 
 Evolution of the puel jIo type of architecture 193 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Page 
 
 Plate I. Old caves, near Flagstaff, Arizona 196 
 
 II. New caves, near Flagstaff, Arizona 196 
 
 III. Entrance to New caves, near Flagstaff, Arizona 196 
 
 IV. Tnrkey Tank caves, near Flagstaff, Arizona 196 
 
 V. Interior of cave near Flagstaff, Arizona 196 
 
 VI. Interior of cave near Flagstaff, Arizona 196 
 
 VII. View from the Citadel, grouij a, Black falls. Little Colorado 
 
 river, Arizona ........ 196 
 
 VIII. Ruin a. group A, Black falls. Little Colorado river, Arizona. _ 
 IX. Ruins H and j, group .\, Black falls, Little Colorado river, 
 
 Arizona 196 
 
 X. Ruin J, groui) a. Black falls. Little Colorado river, Arizona 196 
 
 XI. Ruin .J, group .-i. Black falls. Little Colorado river, Arizona 196 
 
 XII. Ruin A, group B, Black falls. Little Colorado river, Arizona 196 
 
 XIII. Section B. ruin .\, group B, Black falls. Little Colorado river, 
 
 Arizona 196 
 
 XIV. Ruin A, grouii b, Black falls, Little Colorado river, Arizona 196 
 
 XV. Chimney in ruin a, group B, Black falls. Little "Colorado river, 
 
 Arizona . 196 
 
 XVI. a, Reservoir, ruin .-v, group B, Black falls. Little Colorado 
 river, Arizona: b, Small ruin near camp. Black falls. Little 
 
 Colorado river, Arizona 196 
 
 XVII. Ruin A, group c, Black falls. Little Colorado river, Arizona 
 
 (view from the east) 196 
 
 XVIII. Ruin A, group c. Black falls. Little Colorado river, Arizona 
 
 (view from the west) 196 
 
 XIX. Ruin A, group c, Black falls, Little Colorado river, Arizona 
 
 (view from the north ) ....__ 196 
 
 XX. Vase from Chevlon ruin, Arizona . . 196 
 
 XXI. Vase from Honiolobi, Arizona ... 196 
 
 XXII, Vases from Homolobi, Arizona . . ....._..,... 196 
 
 XXIII. Food bowls from Homolobi, Arizona 106 
 
 XXIV. Food bowl from Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 XXV, Food bowls from Four-mile ruin, Arizona. .... 196 
 
 XXVI. Food bowl from Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 XXVII. Food bowls from Homolobi, Arizona 196 
 
 XXVIII. Food bowls from Chaves pass and Chevlon, Arizona 196 
 
 XXIX. Food bowls from Chaves pass and Homolobi, Arizona 196 
 
 11 
 
12 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 Page 
 
 Plate XXX. Vases from Homolobi, Arizona 196 
 
 XXXI. Vases from Homolobi, Arizona 196 
 
 XXXII. Vases from Homolobi, Arizona 196 
 
 XXXIII. Vases from Homolobi, Arizona 196 
 
 XXXIV. Dippers from Chevlon, Homololii, and Chaves imss, Arizona- 196 
 XXXV. Food bowls from Chevlon, Homolobi, and Fovir-mile rnin, 
 
 Arizona 196 
 
 XXXVI. Pottery objects from Chaves pass and Homolobi, Arizona 196 
 
 XXXVII. Pood bowls from Chevlon, Arizona 196 
 
 XXXVIII. Abases from Chevlon, Arizona 196 
 
 XXXIX. Food bowls from Chevlon, Arizona 196 
 
 XL. Food bowls from Fonr-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 XLI. Food bowls from Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 XLII. Food bowls from Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 XLIII. Food bowls from Chevlon and Homolobi, Arizona 196 
 
 XLIV. Mosaic frog from Chaves pass, Arizona _.,.__ 196 
 
 XLV. Bone implements from Chaves pass, Arizona 196 
 
 XL VI. Stone slab with rain-cloud design, from Chevlon, Arizona.- 196 
 
 XL VII. Vase and food liowl from Chevlon, Arizona 196 
 
 XL VIII. Vases from Shumopovi , Arizona 196 
 
 XLIX. Vase from Shumopovi . Arizona 196 
 
 L. Vases from Shumopovi, Arizona 196 
 
 LI. Food bowls from Shum )povi, Arizona 196 
 
 LII. Modern cemetery at Hopi pueblos, Arizona 196 
 
 LIII. Plan of Kintiel ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 LIV. Surface of mounds at Four-mile ruin, Arizona, before exca- 
 vation . 196 
 
 LV. Food bowls from Epley's ruin, Gila valley. Arizona 196 
 
 LVI. Food bowls from Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 LVII. Excavations at Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 LVIII. Plan of a room in Four-mile ruin, Arizona . . 196 
 
 LIX. Vase and pitcher from Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 LX. Vase and food bowl from Four-mile ruin. Arizona 196 
 
 LXI. Food bowls from Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 LXII. Vases from Four-mile ruin. Arizona . - - 196 
 
 LXIII. Food liowls from Four-mile ruin, Arizona 196 
 
 LXIV. Spiral design on food b(jwl from Four-mile ruin, Arizona - _ - 196 
 LXV. Perforated stone slab and loom stones from Four-mile ruin, 
 
 Arizona 196 
 
 LXVI. Plan (jf Buena Vista ruin, upper Gila valley, Arizona 196 
 
 LXVII. Food bowls and vase from Pueblo Viejo, Gila valley. Arizona- 196 
 
 LXVIII. Vase from Pueblo Viejo, Gila valley, Arizona 196 
 
 LXIX. Food bowl and vases from Pueblo Viejo, Gila valley, Ari- 
 zona 196 
 
 LXX. Map showing distribution of ancient pottery in Arizona 196 
 
FEWKEs] ILLLTSTRATKJNS 13 
 
 Page 
 
 Figure 1. Map of Ancient Tnsayan 31 
 
 3. Ruin 1 , Homolubi . 36 
 
 3. Plan of an ■ ' Old cave ' ' dwelling 37 
 
 4. The Citadel, group A 43 
 
 5. Plan of ruin j, group A 4o 
 
 6. Section a. ruin A. group n . 46 
 
 7. Plan of section a, ruin a, group B 47 
 
 8. Plan of section B, riiin A, group b 48 
 
 9. Ruin A. group (j, from the south 51 
 
 10. Plan of ruin A , group c 53 
 
 11. Plan of ruin B, groiap C 54 
 
 13. Ladle wath divided handle, from Chevlon 63 
 
 13. Ladle with figiire on handle, from Chevlon. 63 
 
 14. Cup with bird designs . 64 
 
 15. Dipi^er from Homolobi 65 
 
 16. Mug from Homololii 65 
 
 17. Cup, rough ware, decorated, from Chevlon 65 
 
 18. Mug 66 
 
 19. Mug from Chevlon 66 
 
 30. Duck-shaxied vessel from Chevlon 67 
 
 31. Jar with four knobs, from Homolobi 67 
 
 33. Bird-shaped vessel from Chevlon 68 
 
 33. Bird-snake vase from Chevlon . . _ . 68 
 
 34. Footjirints on inside of vase from Homolobi 70 
 
 35. Quadriaped figure on food bowl fr( >m Chaves pass 71 
 
 36. Quadruped figure on food bowl from Chevlon 73 
 
 27. Vase with bear's-paw designJ ..... 73 
 
 28. Mythic bird figures and rain-cloud symbols on food bovfl from 
 
 Chevlon 74 
 
 39. A^ase with four bird figures, from Homololii . . . _ _ 75 
 
 30. Mythic 1 ird figure on food bowl from Chaves pass 75 
 
 31 . Bird design on food bowl from Homolobi 76 
 
 32. Bird figure on food bowl from Homolobi 77 
 
 33. Mythic bird figure on foijd bowl from Chevlon 78 
 
 34. Bird figure on food bowl from Chevlon 79 
 
 35. Food bowl with bird designs 80 
 
 36. Vase with bird symbols, from Homolobi . . 81 
 
 37. Spider and sun emblem on food bowl from Homolobi S3 
 
 38. Three lines of life; design on food liowl from Chevlon 83 
 
 39. Geometrical designs on food bowl from Chaves pass . 84 
 
 40. Broken fret on food bowl from Chevlon 85 
 
 41 . Food Ijowl with geometrical patterns 85 
 
 42. Mosaic gorget from Chaves jiass .... 86 
 
 43. Bone ear jjendants from Chevlon 86 
 
 44. Lignite ear pendant frtnu Chevlon 87 
 
14 TWO summers' WORK IN" PUEBLO RUINS [etii. anx. 22 
 
 Page 
 
 Figure 45. Lignite gorget 88 
 
 46. Incised armlet from Chevlon . 89 
 
 47. Armlet with inlaid turquoise, from Chevlon . 90 
 
 48. Shell Tised for rattle, from Chevlon . 91 
 
 49. Shell ornament from Homolobi . . 93 
 
 50. Shell frog from Chevlon 92 
 
 51. Shell object from Chevlon 93 
 
 52. Shell gorget from Chevlon . . 92 
 
 53. Bone awl from Chaves pass 94 
 
 54. Carved bone awl from Homolobi 94 
 
 55. Bone imj)lement from Chaves i:)ass 94 
 
 56. Bone tube from Homolobi 95 
 
 57. Stick used by stick swallower. from Chevlon 95 
 
 58. Disk of turtle shell, from Chevlon 96 
 
 59. Kaolin cup from Chaves pass 96 
 
 60. Jlatting from Chevlon 97 
 
 61. Basketry of Oraibi type, from Chevlon _ 98 
 
 62. Basketry of Oraibi type, showing manner of plaiting 99 
 
 63. Basketry of coiled type, from Chevlon 99 
 
 64. Gaming canes from Chevlon 101 
 
 65. Stone implement from Homolobi 102 
 
 60. Stone ax from Homolobi 102 
 
 67. Copper bell from Chaves pass . 111 
 
 68. Bowl with snout, from Shumoj^ovi 114 
 
 69. Plumed snake; design on food bowl from Shumoiicivi . 114 
 
 70. Mythic bird and game of chance; design on food bowl from 
 
 Shumopovi . . _ 115 
 
 71 . Bird design on food bowl from Shunaopovi 116 
 
 73. Mythic bird design on food bowl from Shumopovi 117 
 
 73. Symbolic bird design on food bowl from Shumopovi 117 
 
 74. Gambling canes and bird; design on food bowl from Shumopovi. 118 
 
 75. Dipper with decorated handle, from KintieL 1:30 
 
 76. Coiled vase from Kintiel 130 
 
 77. Two-handled bowl from Kintiel 131 
 
 78. Globular bowl from Kintiel . 131 
 
 79. Handle of dipper from Kintiel . 131 
 
 80. Frog design on bowl from Kintiel _ 132 
 
 81. Food bowl from Kintiel 132 
 
 83. Bird design on food bowl from Kintiel 132 
 
 83. Cup from Kintiel 133 
 
 84. Dipper from Kintiel 133 
 
 85. Stone birds from Woodruff butte 135 
 
 86. View of Four-mile ruin from river bed _ _ _ . . _ 136 
 
 87. Upright posts in wall at Four-mile ruin 138 
 
FEWKEs] ILLUSTRATIONS 15 
 
 Page 
 
 Figure S8. Ornamented rcragli bowl from Fonr-mile ruin 141 
 
 89. Small saucer from Four-mile rnin 143 
 
 90. Human figure on food bowl from Four-mile ruin 144 
 
 91 . Bird design on food bowl from Four-mile ruin 146 
 
 93. Bird design on food bowl from Four-mile ruin 147 
 
 93. Bird designs on food bowl from Four-mile ruin 147 
 
 94. Bird design on food bowl from Four-mile ruin 148 
 
 9.1. Butterfly design on food bowl from Four-mile ruin 149 
 
 96. Sun emblem on food bowl from Four-mile ruin _ 150 
 
 97. Biiwl with double spiral design, from FoiTr-mile ruin 1.51 
 
 98. Decorated vase from Four-mile ruin 151 
 
 99. Unknown design on food bowl from Four-mile ruin 153 
 
 100. Bear design on exterior of food bowl from Four-mile ruin 153 
 
 101. Twin bird design on exterior of food bowl from Pinedale 154 
 
 103. Bird design on exterior of food bowl from Four-mile ruin 154 
 
 103. Bear's-paw design on exterior of food bowl from Four-mile 
 
 ruin 155 
 
 104. Geometrical design on exterior of food bowl from Four-mile 
 
 ruin _ _ _ 1 55 
 
 105. Cloud emblem on food bowl from Four-mile ruin 1 57 
 
 106. Stone iTsed in belt frame , from Fi lur-mile ruin 1 60 
 
 107. Stone slab from Four-mile ruin 101 
 
 108. Copper bell from Four-mile ruin 103 
 
 109. Bone implement from Pinedale ruin 166 
 
 110. Decorated slipper jar from Pueblo Viejo 181 
 
 111. Moccasin-shaped jar from Pueblo Viejo ..... 181 
 
 113. Arrow polisher from Pueblo Viejo . 182 
 
 113. Arrow jiolisher from Puel:)lo Viejo 183 
 
 114. Metate from Pueblo Viejo. 184 
 
 115. Unknown stone object from Pueblo Viejo 184 
 
 116. Ceremonial stone slab from Pvieblo Viejo 1 85 
 
 117. Ceremonial stone slab from Pueblo Viejo 186 
 
 118. Stone fetish from Pueblo Viejo 186 
 
 119. Indented bowl from a cave in the Nantacks 188 
 
 120. Small amphora from a cave in the Nantacks 189 
 
 121. Human efBgy vase from a cave in the Nantacks 189 
 
 123. Effigy vase from Piieblo Viejo 191 
 
TWO SUMMERS' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 Bv Jesse Walter Fewkes 
 
 STJIMMER OF 1«90 
 GENERAL OT^TLINE 
 
 The following report embodies the results of areheological field work 
 for the liureau of American Ethnology in the summer of ISOG." 
 
 The author was fortunate in having as his assistant Dr Walter 
 Hough, of the National Museum, who, at his suggestion, took up in 
 addition a study of Hopi ethnobotany, the results of which study have 
 already l)een jjublished.'' 
 
 A week after his departure from AVashington on Maj' 30 the author 
 began excavations at a ruin called lloniolobi, near Winslow, Arizona, 
 where he worked continuously until the close of June. During July 
 and a part of August he excavated ruins at the mouth of Chevlou fork, 
 on the Little Colorado river, and at Chaves pass.'' 
 
 The short distance of Homolobi and the Chevlon ruin from AVmslow 
 allowed him to make daily trips from that town to the ruins, where 
 the workmen were encamped. At the close of each day's work the 
 objects found on that day were ca)-ried to the hotel, where they 
 were catalogued and packed for shipment. Even with this precau- 
 tion some of the specimens were appropriated by visitors attracted by 
 the beauty of certain of the potterj^ objects. While archeological work 
 in the vicinity of a town has advantages so far as the practical work 
 of boxing and shipping are concerned, it has many disadvantages, one 
 of the least of which is that just mentioned. 
 
 The considerable distance of the Chaves pass ruins from a town 
 necessitated a camp at the diggings, which was far from a hardship, 
 considering the beautiful forests and the fine water near the ruins. 
 A camp was made at Old Shumopovi during a short staj^ at this ruin. 
 
 o A preliminary report on the field work of this year may be found in the Annual Report of 
 the Smithsonian Institution for 1896. 
 
 ^American Anthropologist, May, 1897. 
 
 f This report was written and transmitted for publication in 1898. .Since that time there has 
 been considerable archeological activity in Arizona, and several collections have been made in 
 the region, even in the ruins here considered. Certain specimens in these collections add impor- 
 tant data t^) the discussion of the culture and migrations of the people who once inhabited this 
 part of the Territory. 
 
 22 eth— 04 2 17 
 
18 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 The objective material collected mimbered 1,875 entries in the 
 National Museum catalog, but since many of these entries include sev- 
 eral objects, the actual numlier of specimens obtained was somewhat 
 larger. The specimens were collected from the following localities: 
 
 Homolobi 700 
 
 Chevlon fork ( Hopi name, Cakwal)aiyaki) fi35 
 
 Chaves pass (Hoi)i iiajiie, Tcflbkwitcalobi) 284 
 
 ShiTmopovi 108 
 
 Various other ruins 97 
 
 " 1 . 824 
 
 Other specimens were obtained from various ruins on the Little 
 Colorado, and from Mishongnovi, Awatobi, Sikyatki, and Old Walpi. 
 
 By far the greatest number of specimens collected were objects 
 of a mortuary nature from the cemeteries. Although many of these 
 Avere broken in getting them out of the ground, it is estimated that 
 over one-half were entire, and fully two-thirds of the remainder 
 have been so well repaired that they answer all the purposes of the 
 student. The breakage was in part due to the inexperience of the 
 workmen, but most of the vases, bowls, and the like were fractured 
 by the earth, logs, or stones thrown on them in the graves when they 
 were buried. Each liowl appeared to have formerly contained mor- 
 tuary ofiferings of some kind, as food, paints, or f>raj'er-sticks, and it 
 was not rare to find food bowls piled up in nests one within another. 
 There is no conclusive evidence that any large number of vessels 
 were broken by design when interred. 
 
 At the close of the archeological work on the ruins mentioned, the 
 author witnessed the Flute ceremony at Mishongnovi, and the Snake 
 dances at Oraibi, Shipaulovi, and Shumopovi. Some of his observa- 
 tions on the latter have been published in the Sixteenth Annual 
 Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and a short description 
 of the Mishongnovi Flute altars, observed in 1896, appeared in the 
 Journal of American Folk-Lore. The author also made a few studies 
 of the Walpi Flute observance, which supplemented those already 
 published elsewhere, and enabled him to prepare an extended memoir 
 on this important ceremonial as performed on the East mesa.* 
 
 On his return to the railroad, after the close of the summer's work, 
 the author visited Zuiii to prospect for ruins in anticipation of future 
 exploration, and made a flying trip to the pueblos Isleta, Sandia, and 
 Tesuki. A small collection of ethnological objects was made at these 
 pueblos, and other specimens were pui-chased at Santa Fe; these, con- 
 sisting of old paintings on skin from ancient pueblo missions, have 
 been presented to the National Museum. It is believed that there is 
 considerable material in the hands of traders or others in the South- 
 west, illustrative of the early mission period, which ought to find a 
 
 ft Besides the IS'M specimens catalogued in the field .51 additional objects were entered in the 
 National Museum catalog, 
 t See Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1900, part 2, p, 952-1011. 
 
FEWKESl VISIT TO SANUIA RUINS NEAR HOLBROoK 19 
 
 permanent home in tlic National Mnsenm. Some of tliese objects are 
 very old, and show a mingling of Pueblo and Christian symbolism 
 which is highlj' instructive, bnt in the rapid extinction of old manners 
 and customs they are l>eing replaced l>y more modern objects, and 
 will soon disappear completely. Their preservation ]night well occuj^y 
 the attention not only of the ethnologist but also of the historian. 
 
 Although the visit to Pneblo Sandia was a short one, of the nature 
 of a reconnaissance, it was full of interest. For some unknown reason 
 this pueblo seems to have been overlooked by most ethnological 
 students of the pueblos, but to one interested in the Hojii Indians, 
 Sandia presents manj' highly instructive problems. It is peopled by 
 descendants of the people of Payiipki, now a ruin on the Middle 
 mesa, and no doubt the Sandians have legends of the former home of 
 their ancestors in Tiisayan." 
 
 Sandia has a large kiva, not unlike those in other Rio Grande 
 pueblos, where old rites are undoubtedly still perpetuated. It would 
 be interesting to know something of the nature of these ceremonies, 
 in order to compare them with those of the Tusayan ritual. 
 
 The author hoped that he would be able to find some ruins in the 
 immediate neighborhood of Ilolbrook, Arizona, and he visited the 
 mesa north of the town with that thought in mind; but he was 
 disappointed, although evidences of temporary camps and a fewpicto- 
 graphs were discovered. He heard, however, of ruins at Carrizo, and 
 saw a few beautiful specimens of stone objects from that locality. 
 The trip from Navajo Springs to Zuni failed to reveal any consider- 
 able ruins along that trail, but the examination was a superficial one. 
 There are several large ruins not far from the Navajo railroad station, 
 which were not examined.'' 
 
 There are small ruins on some of the hills of the bad lands of the pet- 
 rified forests'" near Holbrook. One or two of these are of consider- 
 able size, and many objects indicative of former visitants or occupants 
 were found on the ground about them. The author succeeded in dis- 
 covering a single grave in one of the mounds, and excavated from it 
 a few fragments of pottery, but these objects did not occur in suffi- 
 cient quantities to justify extended work. Not far from Adamana 
 station, on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, there is a large ruin on 
 a hill, which A'isitors to the petrified forest have no doubt noticed. 
 This ruin is of considerable size, and promises a rich yield of 
 archeological material should reasonable excavations be made out- 
 side its walls. 
 
 o On a map by Menchero the site of Payiipki is called " Mesa de las Tiguas/' indicating that it 
 was peopled by Tiwas. Some of the Hupis say that relatives of the Asa clan once lived there. 
 
 & Some of these ruins were specially studied in the summer of 1897, and will be described later 
 in an account of the operations of that year. 
 
 t' This remarkable collection of fossil trees is about 1.5 miles from Holbrook, and may bo called 
 one of the wonders of Arizona. There are in reality three petrified forests, or three places where 
 the bad lands are eroded suiRciently to lay bare the huge fossil trees which they cover. The 
 signs of former habitation observed in the section nearest Holbrook show comparatively late 
 occupation. 
 
20 TWO summers' WUKK in pueblo RCINS [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 RUINS ON THE LITTLE COLORADO RIVER 
 
 General Features 
 
 The plains and mesas hordevino: the Littte Colorado river and its 
 tributaries were sites of populous pueblos in prehistoric times. There 
 remain many descendants of this former population who now inhabit 
 pueblos distant from that stream. The Zunis alone still live on the 
 bank of one of its tributaries, and from the sonrce of the river 
 to its month the ancient pueblos have long since been deserted. It 
 is asserted by certain Tusaj'an clans that their ancestors formerly 
 inhabited the pueblos now in rnius on this river, and traditionists 
 have names for these villages. The plan of the present expedition 
 was to explore ancient ruins claimed liy the traditionists of the Patki, 
 Patuii, and Piba people as a former home of their families, in order to 
 determine the truvli of their legends and to gather what archeological 
 data there were bearing on the prehistoric migrations of the people 
 who inhabited the western section of the pueblo area. 
 
 The ruins along the Little Colorado do not differ greatly in general 
 character from those in the vicinity of the inhabited Ilopi pueblos. 
 They are situated both in the river vallej' and on bordering mesas, 
 aud, owing to the open chai-acter of the country, are mostlj' of the vil- 
 lage type. Some of the tributaries of the Little Colorado in the Mogo- 
 llon mountains are said to be overlooked by cliff houses, several of 
 which, in Clear creek canyon, still remain well preserved, according 
 to report; but these ruins liave not been investigated. 
 
 Drifting sand has buried most of tlie ruins of the vallej' so deeply 
 that the walls of few of tliem remaiu st;inding above ground. As a 
 rule they are built on natural mounds, which, near Chevlon fork, have 
 a gravelly character. 
 
 Tliere is little to guide one in a determination of the probable age 
 of the ruins. No evidences of Spanish influence wei'e detected in the 
 excavations, liut this does not, of course, necessarily mean that the 
 pueblos were not inhabited contemporaneoush' with, or long after, 
 the advent of tlie Spaniards. 
 
 It is instructive to determine the probable causes of the evacuation 
 of these river villages l.)y ancestral Ilopi clans. Among other influ- 
 ences, the following may be mentioned. In tlie legends concerning the 
 forays of the Apaches it is always recounted that they attacked the 
 Ilopi i^ueblos from the south. Althougli these vigorous nomadic peo- 
 ple originally cam(! f i-om the north, they seem to liave earl}' taken 
 possession of the portion of j^rizona between modern Tusayan and 
 the southern boundaries of the Territory, raiding as they wished the 
 Pima settlements on the south, and the noi)i on the north. The 
 exposed puebl(« along the Little Colorado were poorly adapted for 
 defense, and tlus may have led to their abandonment. 
 
ABANDONMENT OF LITTLE C(.)LORADO RUINS 
 
 21 
 
 Some years a-go two Mormon towns were Iniilt not far from the pres- 
 ent site of Winslow, and eontisuons to Homolobi. These towns, Brig- 
 ham and Snnset, were prosperous for many years, and their inliabitants 
 cultivated extensive farms, wliicli were irrigated fi-om tributaries of 
 the Little Colorado. The remains of one of their aeequias can still 
 be seen skirting the river side of Homolobi, and many of the stones for 
 the walls of the towns are said to have been obtained from the Indian 
 l^ueblo. The Mormon town is itself now a picturesque ruin, having 
 
 Fk;. 1. Map of Ancient Tnsayan. 
 lltinei-ary indicated by dotted lines.) 
 
 been gradually abandoned. One reason for the desertion of Sunset 
 is said to have been the alkalinity of the soil, which irrigation had 
 developed. If this explanation accounts f(n' the failui-e of the Mor- 
 mon farmers, it might also apply to their Hopi predecessors. Tlie 
 failure of crops may have led the Indians to seek other localities 
 better suited for farming. However that may be, at the present time, 
 189G, the river valle,y opposite Homolobi has been turned into a profit- 
 able farm b}^ a Winslow fai-mer, and when the author worked at 
 
iJ TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 IIoiui)lol)i this farm was green with alfalfa and various market vege- 
 taliles. 
 
 A failure of the rain and the corn oroiJ is distinctly mentioned as 
 one of the causes which led the Patki and othei' southern Ilopi clans 
 to leave their settlements along the Little Colorado, but it is also 
 stated that they were afflicted by a kind of gnat or sand flea in some 
 of their earlier halting places. Possibly their dwellings became so 
 infected with vermin as to lead to their abandonment." 
 
 The Little Colorado river was dry during the work at Ilomolobi, and 
 was crossed and recrossed almost anywhere, the sole obstruction being 
 the .steep banks, which were several feet high. Late in the summer, 
 however, it became a raging torrent, impassable save in one or two 
 places, and even these were dangerous on account of the many quick- 
 sands. It is not imi:)i-obable that the great freshets of the river maj- 
 have had an important influence in the abandonment of the second 
 ruin of the Ilomolobi gi'oup, one side of which is completely worn 
 away, although of course it is not unlikelj' that this happened after 
 its abandonment. Evidence of similar ero.sion is also apparent on the 
 river side of ruin 1 of the Homolobi group; cemeteries on that side, 
 if they ever existed, have long since disappeared. 
 
 Ruins near Winslow 
 
 As has been noted, the Hopis say that the ancestors of the Patki 
 or Water-house'' people lived in the far south. This tradition is verj* 
 definite, and it even declares that they once inhabited a pueblo 
 called Homolobi, stating that the position of this ancestral dwelling 
 was near where the railroad crosses the Little Colorado, not far from 
 the town called Winslow. With this exact statement as a guide the 
 author went immediately to that town, having made arrangements 
 with some Hopi workmen to join him there. 
 
 The ruins on the Little Colorado near Winslow were identitted as 
 the Homolobi group by Mr Cosmos Mindeleff, who mentions 10 ruined 
 pueblos in this immediate vicinity, but his reference to theni is brief, 
 and includes no attempt at description. The best-informed inhab- 
 itants of Winslow were ignorant of the existence of ruins near their 
 village, and but for the confidence he had iu the legends of the Ilojiis 
 the author also would have doubted their existence. 
 
 The site (if Ibimolobi was found to be exactly where the Hopi stories 
 placed it, and archeological results confirmed the identification. The 
 author found not only Homolobi, but also three other ruins in the imme- 
 diate neighborhood of Winslow, and before a month had passed demon- 
 
 f'The trail from Bearer Head in the Verde valley to Flagstaff, especially not far from Rattle- 
 snake Tanks, has a very bad repntation for the small gnat, which gives much annoyance to 
 travelers. 
 
 b The name Water-house means cloud, and the members of this clan are called both the rain 
 and the cloud people. 
 
FEWKE8] EUINS NEAR WINSLOW 23 
 
 strated that this was one of the richest fields in Arizona for archeo- 
 logical work, although previous to this visit not a single specimen liad 
 been described from the i-egion. 
 
 It was also tlie author's desire to see liow the ruins of the Little 
 Colorado south of Tusayan wei'e connected witli those on the banks 
 of its tributary, the Zuni river, liigher np the watershed. For that 
 purpose he examined somewhat in detail a ruin opposite the station 
 Hardy, on the Atlantic and Pacittc railroad, near where Clievlon 
 creek emijties into the Little Colorado river. Tliis ruin will be called 
 in this report the Chevlon ruin. Its Hopi name is Cakwabaij'aki. 
 
 The objects exhumed from the cemeteries of the Clievlon ruin liave 
 close likenesses to those of <incient Zuhi I'uins, as well as to those of 
 Homolobi, which is claimed by the Ilopis. A logical interpretation of 
 these resemblances would seem to be that tlie culture differentiation 
 of the two peoples was not as wide in ancient times as it is at present. 
 The inhabitants of the villages of the Little Colorado and its tribu- 
 tary, the Zuni river, were formerly closely related, and, no doubt, 
 when these villages were deserted, some of the clans went to Zufii and 
 others to the Hopi pueljlos. In sul)se(|uent times greater differentia- 
 tion took place, which led to the present conditions. 
 
 It was also desirable to push the examination of the ruins of this 
 drainage area as far soutli as possible, for which reason two ruins in 
 Chaves pass, al^out 30 miles south of Winslow, were investigated. 
 This was tlie southern limit of field work in 1S90, and in the last 
 month of the summer the author followed the trail north to connect 
 the Homolobi ruins with those of the Hopi reservation. 
 
 We liave good evidences from historical and legendary sources that 
 there were inhabited pueblos between Zuhi and ^Vwatolai as late as 
 the middle of the seventeenth century. One of these, that of the 
 Cipias (Tcipiya, according to the Hopis), is distinctly mentioned as 
 west and south of Zufii. It is not xjrobable that all clans of the Patki 
 people had wholly deserted Homolobi in tlie sixteenth century, and 
 they maj' have been dwelling there as late as 1700. It is as yet an 
 unanswered question whether any one of the ruins which were exca- 
 vated in 1806 is Tcipij'a, which, according to the Hopis, the Zunis 
 declare was midwaj' between Awatobi and Zuni. 
 
 THE HOMOLOBI (iROUP 
 LtlCATION 
 
 There are fonr ruins near Winslow, which may be called the Homo- 
 lobi group and are provisionally numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Of these, 
 ruin 1, true Homolobi, yielded the best archeological results, and was 
 nearest to the town, being about 3 miles away. More excavations 
 were attempted at that place than at all the others. The ruin num- 
 bered 2 is about three miles farther down the river and more distant 
 
24 TWO summers' work in pueblo KUINS [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 from it, but, is on the same side. Ruin 3 lies on the left bank of the 
 river, about midway between the first and second, and ruin 4 is a few 
 miles beyond on the same side, somewhat removed from the river. 
 All (if these ruins are thus within a radius of miles of the town of 
 Winslow. 
 
 Former Ixhabitants 
 
 Several Ilopi clans, belonging to groups called the Water-house, the 
 Squash, and the Rabbit, are said to have lived in these settlements 
 along the Little Colorado, near Winslow. Among the clans of the 
 first-named group may be mentioned the Corn, Agave, Rain-cloud, 
 Lightning, and various others whose totems are aquatic animals. A 
 list of them follows : 
 
 Patki Water-honse 
 
 Kan Corn 
 
 Omauwn Rain-clond 
 
 Tafiaka Rainbow 
 
 Talawipiki Lightning 
 
 Kwan Agave 
 
 Sivwapi Bigelovia graveolens 
 
 Pawik Aqiiatic animals (Dnck) 
 
 Pakwa Frog 
 
 Pavatiya Small aiinatic animals, Tadpole (pakwa. frog; tiyo, yonng) 
 
 The prominent chiefs of "\^'alpi who belong to the Patki or Water- 
 house people are Supela, Kwatcakwa, Sikwistiwa, and Kwaa. Ana- 
 wita of Sichumovi is also a member of the famil)'. The legends of 
 Llomiilobi were told to tlie author l)y the la.st mentioned, but Su^iela 
 and (he otliei's have much lore concerning this group of ruins wliich 
 has never been publislied. 
 
 The Patun or Squash people, now extinct on the East mesa, are also 
 said to have lived at llomolobi, and tliey are reputed to have settled 
 at Tculvubi on the Middle mesa, and the Tawa or Sun people, who 
 are a.ssociated witli the Pakab or Reed clans, once lived with tlie 
 Rain-cloud and Squash people in the Homolobi settlements. 
 
 There is evidence fi'om the present Ilopi ritual that the Patki, 
 Patun, Tawa, and Pilta (Rabbit) families, among otliers, liv^'d at 
 Homohjbi. Vov instance, it is stated that the following elans intro- 
 duced the societies and ceremonies mentioned, with their fetishes, 
 into the modern sy.stem : 
 
 ClaiiK Ceremonies Societies 
 
 p , . /Soyahma .-\ /Kwakwantvi 
 
 IPaliUiikoiitii iLalakontvi 
 
 Piba New-fire Tataukyamii 
 
 Patnii New-fire Wttwiitcimtu 
 
 'i'liis state]U(^nt is suitported by the facts that the chief of the Kwa- 
 kwaiitii, the gi'eat wari-ior society," is Anawita, and that Supela is one 
 
 'Kwaliu, eatile: kwan, !iy:ave. 
 
FEWKES] RUIN 1 OF THE HOMOLOBI GBOUP 25 
 
 of the clnefis in Soyaluiia. Tlie Sun priest, Kwatcakwa, t-alies a 
 prominent part in tlie screen drama of Paluliikoiiti. The Kwakwantu, 
 Eagle-agave pcoph^, are distinctly southei'n, eoming from the region in 
 Arizona where the great cactus or agave grows, and an exauiination 
 of details of tlie ceremonies mentioned sliows an instructive likeness 
 to Mexican rituals. In l)oth Soyaluha" and Paluliikohti the effigies of 
 the Plumed Snake play important parts, and this conception is dis- 
 tinctly a Mexican one, recalling (.iuetzalc(jatl. It is for those cere- 
 monials in which there is the closest likeness to Nahuatl rites that 
 southern origin is claimed by the chiefs ;ind other participjitors. 
 
 Ri ix 1 
 
 As has been stated, the nearest of the Ilomolobi ruins to Winslow — 
 the one which was chosen for extensive excavations — is about o miles 
 distant on the right bank of the river, ami about the same distance 
 from where the river is bridged l)y the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. 
 At that point there are several small knolls separated hy level spaces 
 which might once have l)een cultivated fields. Between the site of the 
 ruin and the river bank thei'e is a small grove of Cottonwood trees, 
 the bases of which are evidently at times flooded liy the overflow of 
 the stream. 
 
 The river takes a general northwest course from the i-ailroad cross- 
 ing, and is bordered with cottonwoods. On either side the banks ai-e 
 low and sandy, frequently caving in, rendering it. ti'cachei'ons to 
 approach at certain seasons of the j'ear. 
 
 The neighboring plains are parched and diy in tlie spi-ingand early 
 summer, and violent sandstorms sweep over them, oftentimes so dense 
 as to obscure all outlook. At these times work along archeological 
 lines is very disagreeable, and life in the village is far from pleasant. 
 
 When approached from Winslow the ruin is indicated by a number 
 of low mounds without standing walls, and when it was first visited 
 there was little to indicate that it was the site of a former pueblo, save 
 many fragments of pottery strewn over the surface. The indications 
 that Ilomolobi would be a profitable field for archeological investiga- 
 tion were very small. 
 
 The excavation of i-uin 1 of the Ilomolobi group liegan abont the 
 first day of June, when a force of 5 Mexicans was employed to open 
 the mounds at the northeast angle. The results of the work were not 
 very satisfactoi-y. They 1 letrayed the fact that Honn:)lol)i was a puel)lo 
 of small size and of ii-regnlarly rectangular shape, with its highest walls 
 on the northeast side. Considerable broken pottery, some stone 
 imiDlements, and other objects were obtained, but all the evidences 
 appeared to indicate that the more valuable specimens were removed 
 when the pueblo was abandoned. 
 
 "An illustrated acrconnt of this wintei- solstice ceremoiiy may be ft.>und in the Anieriean 
 Anthropologist, v. 11, March and April, 18118. 
 
26 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 The workmen penetrated to the lower floor, and found that the 
 puebki was two stories high at this point. The rooms were large and 
 the beams of the fl<,oring we're well presei'ved. The floors of the rooms 
 were large, flat stones; the lower chambers were nicely paved. The 
 walls were made of stone masonry, nicely plastered, and in some 
 instances blackened by smoke. In one of the largest of these rooms 
 the floor stones were in two cases found to l)e perforated by round 
 holes about the size of a sipapii in modern kivas. These slabs are 
 in many respects similar to those found in graves outside the walls of 
 the pueblo. 
 
 Two human skulls, one of which indicated an old person, and 
 several human bones were found on the floor of chambers in the 
 northeast part of the ruin, and were supposed to represent intramural 
 
 
 /rtoi<""V 
 
 T <5 
 
 /^ frees ^ 
 
 e? o 
 
 Fig. 2. Ruin 1, Homolobi. 
 
 burials. No pottery, however, was found in the vicinity of these 
 skeletons, which fact would seem to indicate that thej^ were not 
 buried with customary mortuary offerings. 
 
 Continued work on the side of the ruin toward the river revealed 
 the fact that this part had lieen worn away by the overflow of the 
 stream, and a section had been cut through it in digging an irrigating 
 ditch which formei'lj' supplied the plains around Sunset with water. 
 
 The osteological collection from Homolobi was very large. Early 
 in his excavations the author was sur^jrised at the number of animal 
 bones which were thrown out by the workmen, especially after they 
 had penetrated to some distance below the surface. There appears 
 no better explanation for the existence of these bones than that they 
 were remains of animals domesticated or used as food. These bones 
 were carefulty gathered, and have been identified by Mr F. A. Lucas, of 
 tjie National Museum; a complete list of species found at Homolobi 
 is published in this report, page 110. 
 
FEivKHs] SKULL OF DOMESTICATED DOG 27 
 
 The oceurrent'e of a skull of the doiiiesticated dog' in one of the 
 graves at the Chaves pass ruin is signilLcant, showing that this ani- 
 mal was known to the ancients, and jji-oljablj^ utilized hy them. The 
 fact that this dog was the broad-faced variety- is particularly instruc- 
 tive. It was not apparently a domesticated coyote or a mongrel like 
 those which now are so common in some of the pueblos. Mr Lucas 
 has published the following account" of this specimen: 
 
 Among the many objects obtained by Dr Fewkes last summer from the ruined 
 pueblo of Chaves pass, Arizona, is the cranium of a domesticated dog found in a 
 grave with a human skeleton. Although the mere fact of a dog being discovered 
 under such circumstances is in itself interesting, it is not at iirst sight remarkable, 
 since it is well knowm that in America, as elsewliere, the dog was domesticated at an 
 early date, and Clavi,jero mentions an ancient dog, which he calls " a quadruped 
 of the country of Cibola, similar in form to a mastiff, which the Indians emjjloy 
 to carry burdens." Aside from the fact that this is the first dog's cranium dis- 
 covered by Dr Fewkes, there are some points of special interest in the present 
 case. Most of the Indian dogs are more or less wolfish iu their aspect and have 
 long skulls, with comparatively low foreheads, thus showing a small degree of 
 specialization in the way of breed, and this is true of such of the mummied dogs 
 of Egypt as I have seen. The cranium of the Chaves dog. on the contrary, is of 
 the broad-faced type, with high forehead, and, curiously enough, is precisely simi- 
 lar in size and proportions to the cranium of an Eskimo dog from Cumberland 
 sound, the resemblance extending to the peculiar concavity and squareness of the 
 nasal region. While this is an interesting coincidence, it is not brought forward 
 as implying community of orig-in. but as instancing long domestication in (jrder that 
 so well-marked a breed could be established. A curious c(mfirmation of the early 
 origin of this breed was received from San Marcos. Texas, where, in excavating 
 for ponds at the station of the United States Fish Commission, a human skeleton 
 and bones of other animals were found in a layer containing many flint imple- 
 ments, overlaid by two feet of black soil. The bones were those of existing species, 
 including teeth of several bison, and there was also a fragment of a dog's skull 
 similar in size and proportions to that obtained at Chaves pass. Owing to the 
 circumstances under which the bones were exhumed, it is not kno'wn whether or 
 not the dog and man were found together. While none of the tiones were min- 
 eralized, the condition under which they were found and the character of the 
 human cranium showed them to be of very considerable age. 
 
 Dr Fewkes states that the skulls of carnivores are used in Hopi religious cere- 
 monies, and that the skull, paws, etc., are regarded as powerful fetishes of war- 
 riors and cherished by them with much care. It is customary to bury a priest's 
 fetishes with him. and there is little doubt that the dog's cranium from Chaves pass 
 was a fetish of the man in whose grave it was found. As Dr Fewkes believes 
 that the people of the Chaves pass ruin formerly lived far south, in contact with 
 Nahuatl peoples, it can readily be seen how a dog's skull came to be part of the 
 ceremonial outfit of the priest in whose grave it was found. 
 
 The numerous turkey bones which were found do not necessarily 
 mean that this bird was used as food by the ancient sedentary peo- 
 ples of Arizona. We are told by the historian of Coronado's expedi- 
 tion that the Pueldos had domesticated fowls, but these were probably 
 turkeys from wliich, as at present, were obtained feathers use<l in 
 
 « Science, n. s., v. .i, ISilT, p, .H4. 
 
28 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 cei'eiiionial j)raetices. It -would hardly seem possible that birds 
 whose feathers were thus used would be eaten, although i^arallels 
 to sufh a usage occur in the religious rites of manj'' jjeoples. We 
 know that their bones Avere nuxde into needles and bodkins, and there 
 is every probability that the Avild turke}''s flesh was eaten." 
 
 Because of the poor results of the early excavations at Horn ol obi 
 the author determined to abandon the work at this ruin. A search 
 for the burial places was not successful, although he carefully 
 examined the sandy hillocks a few hundred feet away, expecting that 
 they would be found there if anywhere. Meanwhile a half dozen 
 Ilopi Indians who had been sent for came to Winslow, and the author 
 set them at work, having discharged the Mexicans. On the first day 
 they discovered the cemeteries of Homolobi, after which it was only 
 a question of time before a large collection was obtained.* 
 
 The burial places at Homolobi were close to the outer wall of the 
 pueblo, so near to it in fact that the skeletons in some instances 
 touched the outer face of the wall. These ijlaces of burial were liter- 
 ally " under tlie ladders" of the town, if we believe, as we legitimately 
 may, that the inhabitants formerly mounted to the house tops by 
 ladders. 
 
 The outer slope of the mound was thus found to be crowded with 
 the dead, and with them were multitudes of mortuaiy pottery offer- 
 ings of all kinds. These cemeteries were found on the east'- side, 
 opposite the river liank, and jdthough it is possible that in ancient 
 times burials may have been made on the side of the mound toward 
 the river, if they ever were there the overflow of the stream has 
 washed them away or covered them up. 
 
 The burial j^laces were sometimes recognized by flat stones set on 
 edge i^rojeeting above the surface of the soil. These stones had 
 often fallen in over the graA'e, and were sometimes buried many feet 
 below the surface. In many of these there was a small, round hole 
 about the size of a broom handle; in others this hole was large and 
 square. In one or two instances traces of pigment were detected on 
 these burial stones, but in the majority the figures wei'e not legible. 
 The reason assigned l;iy some of the Hopi workmen for these perfora- 
 tions was for the escape of the soul; othei-s regarded them as sym- 
 bols of the sipapu, openings in the kiva floors which they eloselj' 
 resemble. In the pavement of one of the larger rooms which was exca- 
 vated two slabs were found, one of which was perforated with a single 
 
 " The eagles which are kept in the Moki towns to-day for the feathers used in ceremonies are 
 buried at death in certain cemeteries witll ceremonies of a simple character. 
 
 ''In the Winter of 1897 Dr G. A- Dorsey, of the Field Columbian Museum, made some archeo- 
 logical studies of Homolobi, and he informs the author that he found many interments with 
 beautiful mortuary pottery not far from the trenches made in 1890. Others have dug many 
 specimens from the same ruin. 
 
 '-■ While as a general thing the cemeteries to the east of a ruin are the largest, places of burial 
 are not confined to that side of a ruin. 
 
FEWKEs] EUINS OF HOMOLOBI GROUP 29 
 
 hole, and the other, whicli was broken, had a hole in the middle and 
 a round notch on the broken edge, as though there had once been a 
 perforation at that place. 
 
 Ruin 3 
 
 Ruin 2" of the Iloniolobi group, unlike ruin 1, is situated on top 
 of a hill with a wide outlook. This is a much larger ruin than 1, and 
 the walls standing above ground are in a 1 tetter state of preservation. 
 No verj' extensive excavations were undertaken in tliis ruin, but a 
 few graves were found some distance from the walls near the foot of 
 the hill on which the ]3ueblo was built. Several graves wei'e indi- 
 cated by upright slabs of stone set on edge in the soil, and from them 
 a dozen or moi'c mortuary vessels were excavated. The pottei'y was 
 like that of ruin I in general character, yellow and In-own ware pre- 
 dominating. 
 
 From the great size of this ruin the author suspects that if it were 
 carefully excavated a rich collection nught be found, but work upon 
 it would be difficult, as it is situated quite a distance from water, 
 and there are other practical difficulties, some of which, however, 
 might be easily o\'ercorae. 
 
 A number of bowls were found on the sides of the mesa on which 
 this ruin stands, but these appeal- to indicate isolated burials; the 
 cemetery was not discovered, and consequently the number of mor- 
 tuary objects from the i-uin was small. 
 
 Ruix a 
 
 Ruin 3 of the Homolobi group is very small, and is situated so near 
 the present bed of the river that a portion of it has bei-n worn away 
 by the water. 
 
 One of the most interesting features of this ruin is 1-lie use (jf blocks 
 of adobe instead of stone in some of the partitions of the rooms. The 
 situation of this ancient dwelling was such that stone was not easily 
 obtained, and conse(iuently, as so often happens elsewhere in the 
 Southwest, adobe was utilized as a building material. 
 
 Farther down the Little C'olorado the author found in the ruins on 
 the plains which border the river indications that the ancient houses 
 were made of adolie alone, a fact readily explained by the absence of 
 suitable stone on the site of the habitations. 
 
 No other ancient Tusayan pueblo where adobe was used for the 
 construction of houses is known, and for the most part to-day the 
 building material is rock from the formation most convenient to 
 the jjueblo.* 
 
 •■-Tbis ruin, like ruin 1, was called Homolobi, and it is probable that the name is applied at the 
 present time to the whole cluster of ruins near Winslow. As different phratries ai-e reputed 
 to have lived in this neij^hborhood. it may be xiossible to connect the several ruins with indi- 
 vidual families. 
 
 t There are adobe walls built out from the old mission at Awatobi. 
 
30 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 Very little in the line of exploration of ruin 3 was attempted, as only 
 a single visit was made to it. The pottery fragments were identical 
 in character with those from the other Homolobi ruins, and the size 
 of the mound shows tbat it was a small settlement. The stream has 
 encroached on the foundations of the ancient town to such an extent 
 that the cemeteries on this side have been obliterated. The sur- 
 rounding plain was evidently cultivated, for remnants of old ditches 
 can be seen in the neighborhood, though they were difficult to trace 
 on account of frequent changes in the neighboring stream. 
 
 One of the most interesting and exceptional objects taken from this 
 ruin was a bone imjplement apparently made from the leg l:>one of 
 an antelope. The blunt end of this object was carved in imitation 
 of an animal, i^ossiblj^ a bear, the head, body, and legs being well 
 represented. 
 
 Ruin 4 
 
 Ruin 4 of the Homolobi groux) is one of the most picturesque in this 
 region, and has many resemblances to Shipaulovi, on the Middle 
 mesa of Tusayan. It resembles a castle perched on the pinnacle of 
 a butte, which is steep on all sides. Its height is ]30ssibly 100 feet 
 from the plain, and it has a wide outlook across the valley of the 
 Little Colorado. The top of the mesa is small and appears to have 
 been covered with house walls built of stone, fragments of which 
 have fallen down the steep sides of the mesa. 
 
 The general ground plan is roughlj^ rectangular, apparently with a 
 central court, and the indications are that the houses were not more 
 than one or two stories high. 
 
 The debris at the base of the cliffs is full of fragments of pottery 
 resembling that of ruin 1, and here undoubtedly we must look for the 
 cemeteries, as there is no sign of a burial x)lace on the toj) of the 
 mesa. Near the foot of the mesa, and half way up its sides, border- 
 ing the rough trail by which one can now ascend to the former site of 
 the pueblo, there are manj^ large bowlders, most of which are covered 
 with pictographs pecked in the surface of the rock. These picto- 
 graphs closely resemble those found almost universally in the western 
 section of the pueblo area, and bear every evidence of being very 
 ancient. Many of them were almost illegible, possibly from age, 
 while others were fresh, suggesting more recent work. There are no 
 painted pictographs, suggestive of the Apaches or other Indian tribes. 
 
 No excavations were attempted at ruin 4, and the author's visit there 
 was a short one. Although the ruin is not quite as large as ruin 1, 
 the al)undance of potter}^ fragments gave promise that it would be a 
 fruitful field for archeologieal studies. 
 
 THE CHBVLON RUIN (CAKWABAIYAKi) 
 
 Chevlon creek is a small stream of water which empties into the 
 Little Colorado from its left bank about opposite the station called 
 Hardy, on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. It is possibly 15 miles 
 
FEWKEs] THE OHEVLON RUIN 31 
 
 east of Winslow, with which it coiniiiunicates by a tolerably good 
 wagon road. About 2 miles south of Hardy, uear the Esperanza 
 ranch, the creek makes a graceful curve, west of which there rises a 
 low mound — the site of Cakwabaiyaki or Blue Running Water pueblo. 
 
 The country at this point is barren and sandy, with gravelly hills, 
 and with rock jutting above its surface. There are no trees and only a 
 few scrubby l)ushes of characteristic Arizona vegetation. The l)anks 
 of Chevlou creek at tliis jDoint are low, and in places there are numerous 
 sand dunes. There is always water in the bed of the stream, but in 
 the dry season much of it is lost when it gets to the thirsty sands of 
 the Little Colorado vallej'. It is not potable, however, and animals 
 do not drink it eagerly. Fishes and turtles in considerable number.s 
 inhabit tliis stream. 
 
 The road from Winslow to the Chevlon ruin crosses the railroad in 
 the sul:)urbs of the town, following the plain to Salt slough, a x)utrid 
 water hole, l)y whose alkaline waters many animals have been poisoned. 
 From there the road leads to Clear creek, a beautiful stream which 
 has been dainmed to sux3ply water for the town. A fine bridge has 
 been built over Clear creek, and the water at tliat point is very deep. 
 The banks are high and canyon-like, and the spot is one of the most 
 picturesque near Winslow. From this stream our Indian workmen 
 obtained many turtles,, which they highlj' prize, and they make fre- 
 quent pilgrimages to it fi'om Walpi to get water to use in their cere- 
 monials. Xot far from the Clear creek bridge thei-e are evidences of 
 a former population, and the broken-down walls of houses crown 
 some of the adjacent hillocks. There are likewise many ancient picto- 
 graphs in this vicinity. Higher up Clear creek valley, where it is dry 
 and is called Clear creek canyon — a place ^'isited on tlie way to 
 Sunset pass — there are many evidences of formei' human occupation 
 and abundant pictographs, some of which are of considei-able interest. 
 
 There are likewise said to be mounds similar to those at Homolobi 
 on the banks of both Chevlon and Clear creeks, and there is little 
 doubt that this is true — at all events as regards the former stream. 
 Portions of canj^ons along the upper course of Clear creek were 
 examined and numerous pictographs were found on their walls. 
 There were also evidences of former habitations. 
 
 It must have been not far from Chevlon ruin where Sitgreaves and 
 his partj' camped on October 2, 1851, but in his narrative he does not 
 mention the ruin, though the short notice of camp number '.) (.'Orre- 
 sponds witli the locality in other respects. He says (page 7): 
 
 The river [Little Colorado] here receives a tributary known among trappers as 
 Chevelon's fork, from one of that name who died iipon its banks from eating some 
 poisonous root. Their confluence produces an intricate labyrinth of sloughs, in 
 which we became involved and were forced to encamp, not finding an outlet until 
 late in the day. In several places veins of fibrous gypsum (selenite) were seen, 
 looking like the ice crystals that burst open the ground in spring." 
 
 " Report of an expedition down the Zurii and Colorado rivers. Senate Document 59, Thirty- 
 second Congress, second session, 18.5:1 
 
32 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 112 
 
 This description may well apply to tlie mouth of the C'hevloii in 
 the month of August, when lieavj- rains are common, but in June the 
 Little Colorado was repeatedly crossed near this point Avith the great- 
 est ease, there being only a small rivulet to ford. Later, however, the 
 river became a raging torrent, as the author found in attempting to 
 ford it on the trip to the Tusayan villages in July. 
 
 The burials at Ohevlon resemble those at Ilomololji, and are simi- 
 larly situated with relation to the ruin. Like those of tlie iirst i-uin 
 of Homolobi, interments were found in the largest number just out- 
 side the outer walls of the pueljlo, and at different depths, 'i'he 
 configuration of the site of the ruin naturally introduced some 
 modifications in the character of the Inirials. The drifting sand 
 lias buried them somewhat deeper at Chevlon than at Homolobi. 
 
 Xo evidence of the cremation of the dead was discovered in the 
 Chevlon ruin, at Homolobi, or in the ruins at Chaves i^ass. The dead 
 in these three i-uins were as a rule extended at full length, and not, as 
 at Awatobi, placed in a sitting position. 
 
 THE CHAVES PASS RUIX (tCUBKWITCALOBI) 
 
 Looking southward from Winslow one can see in the distance a 
 higli range of mountains which separates the valley of tlie Little Colo- 
 rado river from that of the triljutaries of the Salt and the Gila. This 
 range is broken at one pioint by a pass through which, in old times, 
 there was a trail used liy Lidians in trading excursions and migra- 
 tions. It is called Chaves pass, from an old Arizonau named Chaves 
 who was killed by Apaches near by. A small wooden cross in the 
 open jilain at the entrance of tlie pass is said to mark his liurial place, 
 and there are many other unmarked graves of white men avIio have 
 lost their lives in this neighborhood. 
 
 Bj' taking the road south from Winslow one glasses over a hilly 
 country continually rising, with Chevlon butte far to the left, and, 
 skirting Clear creek, follows it to Sunset jjass. which is clearly visi- 
 ble from Winslow. Beyond Sunset piass, where dwarf cedars atfm'd 
 a refreshing cliangv from the treeless wastes about Winslow, the road, 
 still rising, enters a well-wooded cmuitrj' between Sunset and Chaves 
 passes. The road now liecomes rougher, rising rapidly, with tall 
 jiines on all sides, until it pas.ses an old well near the remains of 
 a deserted cabin. This well is situated in Chaves pass, and there the 
 road divides, one division continuing to Mormon lake and Rattlesnake 
 tanks, where there is said to be a ruin of considerable size, and ulti- 
 mately to the Verde valley, the i-uins in which are numerous and 
 extensive, the other to the I'onto basin. 
 
 Two ruins lie on the hills above the pass; one, the smaller, is the 
 first approached on the right-hand side; the other is so placed as to 
 force the traveler out of his way, the road winding about it. Both 
 
FEWKEs] VIRGIISr GKOUND OF CHAVES PASS RUINS 33 
 
 are elevated above the trail tlirougli the pass, and from their house 
 tops the observer can look across the valley, in which flows tlie Little 
 Colorado, to the Ilopi buttes, far to the north. 
 
 Their name, Tciibkwitcalobi, is derived from tciibio, anteloj)e, 
 kwitcala, notch, and obi, locative. The Navaho name Jettipehika has 
 the same meaning. Both names were due to tlie fact that the pueblo 
 laj^ in monntains where no short time ago anteloi^e were abundant. 
 
 During his staj' in Winslow the author heard mlich about the ruins 
 in Chaves iDass and often gazed at the distant southern mountains, 
 which particulai-ly interested him as the iiossible gatewaj' to Palatk- 
 wabi, the Red land of the South. Chaves pass was fascinating in its 
 archeological possibilities, for it was one of the few breaks in the 
 rugged MogoUones through which ancient migrations could have been 
 made. Accordinglj-, after examining the ruin at the mouth of Chev- 
 lon fork, the author outfitted for a reconnoissance of the ruins which 
 he exi^ected to find in the ijass. 
 
 It need hardlj' be said that this was virgin ground for archeological 
 work. No one, so far as is known, has ever mentioned these aboriginal 
 habitations, which is not strange, considering the great number of 
 undescribed ruins in this part of Arizona. Ruins iit this point were 
 especiallj^ interesting from the fact of their elevation and their posi- 
 tion almost on the crest of the watershed of two great valleys, the 
 Little Colorado and Gila, both of which were sites of large populations 
 in prehistoric times. It is highly important to discover whether they 
 furnish a connecting link between the two regions. There can be 
 little doubt that the trail through the pass is an old one, and that it 
 was used in the migrations of Indians. 
 
 The two ruins at Chaves pass were built of the lava rock so abund- 
 ant in this region. The larger must have been a pueblo of consider- 
 able size, and covers an area much larger than any of the Homolobi 
 group except ruin 2. The elevation on which it is built is consider- 
 ablj' longer than wide, sloping abruptly, but is easy of access on all 
 sides. The ruin is apparent!}' of the rectangular type, with inclosed 
 courts. It is composed of two house clusters connected by a range 
 of rooms one and two series deep. Its rooms are square, and their 
 outlines can be readilj' traced, though they are much obscured bj^ 
 fallen walls. In general type there is a close resemblance between 
 the Chaves f)ass and Verde valley ruins. 
 
 Some attention was given to excavations in the rooms of both of 
 the ruins, but the limited work there was not rewarded with great 
 success. The walls of the rooms were built of blocks of lava I'ock, 
 which had tumbled into the inclosures, and it was necessaiy to remove 
 these before the floors were reached. Verj^ little sand had drifted 
 into the rooms on account of their elevated site, and the outlines of the 
 rooms and the contours of the walls could be readily traced. No 
 
 22 ETH— O-I 3 
 
34 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 rooms could be identified hs kivas, and the plastering was, as a rule, 
 ■worn from the standing walls. 
 
 The hnrials at Chaves pass differ considerably from those at Ilomo- 
 lobi and Chevlon. It was found that flat stones with perforations 
 were not used in covering the Ijurial cysts, but that logs — accessible 
 in this wooded region — were employed. The bodies of the dead were 
 extended at full length, and stones were laid at the head and feet. 
 Upon these stones a number of logs were placed fiarallel with the 
 bodies, and on either end of these logs there were other stones, 
 generally bowlders, to hold them down. The body was thus covered 
 with a rude floor, over which soil is now found. 
 
 The depth of burial varied considerably, and it was not rare to 
 And bodies 10 feet below the surface. The weight of soil above the 
 logs had been so great, however, that thej' were jiressed down upon 
 the mortuary bowls, and manj^ of these fragile objects were thus 
 broken into fragments. 
 
 Thirtj'-one skulls in good preservation were taken from the ceme- 
 teries at Chaves pass. These are numbered in the National Museum 
 catalog from 157669 to 157609, inclusive; but a large number of skulls 
 and skeletons were abandoned, as they were in too poor a state of 
 preservation for craniometric studJ^ The facial bones of several 
 crania from Chaves pass were stained green with carbonate of copper, 
 and there were traces of black pigment on others. 
 
 The situation of the ruins at Chaves pass, which are, as has been 
 stated, practieallj^ on the trail from the Little Colorado valley to the 
 Verde, naturallj' leads to a comparison of the pottery objects from 
 the two localities. Fortunatelj', a considerable collection of Verde 
 valley pottery made by Dr Palmer is now in the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion, and affords abundant material for a comparative studj\ There 
 is so marked a similarity between the ancient pottery from Chaves 
 pass and that from the Verde ruins, which in turn is related to that 
 of the Gila-Salado basin, that it almost amounts to identity. It 
 would be impossible from the character and color, as well as from 
 the decoration of the mortuary ware from these two regions, to dis- 
 tinguish them. The same red ware with rude geometric decorations 
 exists in both valleys. There is no doubt that the ancient people of 
 the Verde valley were closely related to the builders of Casa Grande 
 and the ancient dwellings near Tempe.*^* 
 
 Ruins Between Winslow and the Hopi Pueblos 
 
 Under this heading are included the remains of habitations on the 
 banks of the Little Colorado and its tributaries which were visited on 
 trips from Winslow to Tusayan. The author followed the river for 
 many miles in order to avoid the Moqui butte, and while he did not 
 
 « The ruins in tlie upper Gila valley, called Pueblo Vie jo, were found in explorations in 1897 to 
 be of the same character as those of Chaves pass and Verde valley. 
 
FEWKES] RUINS BETWEEN WINSLOW AND THE HOPI PUEBLOS 35 
 
 go as far down as Voltz crossing-, he forded the river only a few 
 miles above that i^lace. 
 
 The hills hounding the valley retreat a considerable distance from 
 the banks of the river in that section of its course, and the road winds 
 through a level plain destitute of rocks suitable for building pur- 
 poses. At certain points, however, the author passed low mounds, 
 not accurately mapped, upon whicli were scattered fragments of pot- 
 terj', most of which was of rough manufacture. These mounds may 
 have been sites of small adobe buildings which have weathei-ed awaj', 
 leaving only piles of soil. He attempted no excavations and found 
 no standing walls of adobe or stone, but the presence of fragments 
 of pottery in quantitj' would seem to indicate former habitation. 
 
 It would be instructive to dig into one of these mounds, which are 
 nndoubtedly artificial in character, in order definitely to determine 
 their character, which it must be confessed is now highlj' prol:(lematic. 
 
 Although the cavate ruins near Flagstaff and the ruins near the 
 Black falls were not carefully examined until 1900, thej^ are described 
 here for comparative purx^oses. 
 
 CAVATE RUINS NEAR FUAGSTAFF 
 
 The following account of these ruins and of those near Black 
 falls was published in the American Anthropologist in 1900 (v^olume 
 2, page 423) : 
 
 Sitgreaves, iii 1852, seems to have lieen the first writer to refer to 
 the ruins about Flagstaff and along the Little Colorado. Me figures 
 one of the ruined puel:)los near the cascades or falls," a ruin of the 
 same general character as those near Black falls, which he i^robably 
 did not visit. Major Powell, in 188.5, visited and later described'' the 
 cliff houses, the cavate rooms of the volcanic cones, and several 
 pueblo ruins north and northeast of Flagstaff. He did not visit the 
 Black falls ruins, which are undoubtedly similar to some of those 
 which he describes. Since Powell's description the literature of 
 the Flagstaff ruins has been confined mostlj- to i^opular newsi^aper 
 articles, archeologists seeming to have jjaid little attention to this 
 neighborhood. 
 
 The cavate rooms near Flagstaff are excavated in the lava, or vol- 
 canic breccia, and may be classified as (1) cavate rooms with vertical 
 entrances, and (2) cavate rooms with lateral entrances. The former 
 are well illustrated by the "Old caves," 9 miles east of Flagstaff; the 
 latter by the "New caves," 12 miles from the same place, in the same 
 direction, and by cavate rooms half a mile west of Turkej' tanks. 
 These two types of cavate rooms are similar, and their former inhab- 
 itants were apparently of the same culture. Major Powell learned 
 from the Indians of Cataract canyon that the ancestors of the Ilava- 
 supais occupied these cavate houses, and he states that "they doubt- 
 
 « Probably tlie " cascades " were the Grand falls, miles above the Black falls. 
 fcSe© Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1891. 
 
36 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 less lived on the iiortli, east, nnd south of San Francisco mountain 
 at tlie time this countiy was discovered bj' the Spaniards, and they 
 subsequently left their cliff and cavate dwellings and moved into 
 Cataract canyon, where tliey now live." 
 
 The fragments of pottery seen about the entrances to tliese caves 
 are identical with those found near the pueblo ruins in the neiglibor- 
 liood, and there is no doubt that the cave inhabitants had burrowed 
 in the lava as the most jiractical means of constructing liabitations 
 in this neighborhood. Free walls are found in combination with the 
 caves, but these walls have no distinctive characteristics, save that 
 they are built of lava. Tliis would indicate that the builders simply 
 utilized readily available building material and toolc advantage of 
 peculiar geological conditions. 
 
 Old Caves 
 
 The "Old eaves" lie near the top of Old Cave moitntain, about 9 
 miles northeast of Flagstaff, and cover an area of about 6 acres. On 
 the top of this height there is a level space which was surrounded 
 by a rough wall made of volcanic breccia, from which a good view 
 can be had of the surrounding country. The caves are found on the 
 southern slope, and were excavated in a conglomerate of cinders or 
 volcanic breccia which bears everj^ evidence of having been erupted 
 from a crater or blowhole (plate i). Clambering over the rough lava 
 blocks, one finds everywhere on the surface the remains of walls 
 indicating former rooms. In places there are level spaces which 
 seem to have been plazas, and the entrances into the subterranean 
 rooms often open vertically from these levels. At other points it 
 would seem as if the walls formed coinplete rectangles, but there is 
 no apparent evidence that they had roofs, which, however, maj' have 
 existed in former times. In fact, the Old caves show combinations of 
 underground cavate rooms with free walls above, and when inhabited 
 the settlement must have looked like a collection of low one-story 
 rooms continuous for several hundred feet. We may therefore call 
 this cluster of cavate rooms a i^ueblo in which each room above 
 ground had a corresponding subterranean chamber hewn out of 
 volcanic breccia. 
 
 One of the best-preserved and most characteristic rooms of the old 
 caves, with a vertical entrance, is shown in the accompanj'ing plan 
 (figure 3). It will be seen that there are two subterranean rooms, A 
 and B, each of which is entered bj' an opening in the roof, indicated 
 by a dotted line. Room a measures 12 feet each way, and the entrance 
 measures about feet. This entrance has a square enlargement, or 
 chimney, on one side, which extends to the floor of tlie room and has 
 perpendicular, regular walls. 
 
 At one corner of room A there has been hewn out of the lava a 
 small recess (e), the floor of which is lower than that of the room. 
 There is also a small recess (f) at one side of the chimney. 
 
CAVATE RUINS NEAR FLAGSTAFF 
 
 37 
 
 Room B is larger than room A, being a.l)outi lf> feet square. It com- 
 muuicates with room A by a broken ddoi'way, and has an opening 
 through the roof. Tlie floor is somewhat lower than tliat of A. A 
 recess (d) on one side of this room also communicates witli the out- 
 side b)' a small opening which bears the same relation to room B that 
 the flue F does to room A. 
 
 Room C is an oblong, irregular, subterranean cliaml^er, 5 by 7 feet, 
 witli passagewaj's into rooms a and b. The opening into A is almost 
 perfectly square, that into b less regular. Its floor is several feet 
 lower than the floors of the two other large I'ooms in this cluster. 
 There are evidences of clay i^lastering in several places, and appar- 
 
 FiG. 3. Plan of an " CM cavo '• d-ivellin^. 
 
 ently the floor, walls, fjassageways, and j)ossilily tiie roof, were 
 smoothly finished. The plastering has, however, fallen, exposing the 
 rough lava corners. 
 
 New Caves 
 
 The mountain iu which tlie Xew eaves occur is about .'J miles west 
 of Turkej' tanks, or about 12 miles east of Flagstaff. This height is 
 interesting from a geological point of view, it lieing a section of the 
 rim of an old crater, as may be seen from its summit. The remain- 
 ing portion of tlie crater rim, that on the eastern side, has been 
 eroded into liills, the relation of which to the crater is recognized 
 only by their x^ositions. The higliest pai't of the rim, that in which 
 the caves are found, is the western wall of the crater, which, with an 
 adjacent southern section, forms a crescent connected liy a ridge of 
 less altitude. The more northern of these elevations is the higher, 
 and the cavate rooms occur on its eastern side. 
 
38 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 From the west the ascent to the mountain, thougli steep, is not dif- 
 ficnlt, the trail passing stunted cedars growing on a mass of cinders. 
 In the depression between the two liills wliicli form the crescent we 
 find rows of volcanic breccia fragments arranged in rectangnlar and 
 other forms, suggesting a reservoir. From tliis xioint the ascent be- 
 comes more difficult, and as one reaches the top of the higher hill he 
 finds himself on tlie rim of a former crater. On the east the rim rises 
 almost x:)erpendicularly, and its walls on that side are ontcroppings of 
 exceedingly rough cinder conglomerate. In this almost perpendicular 
 wall, facing what ma}- have l)(^en the middle of the former crater, tier 
 upon tier of cavate i-ooms (plates ii, iii), irregularly arranged and 
 very difficult of axDpnjach, have lieen excavated. The crest of this, as 
 well as of tlie adjacent lower section of the crater rim, is capped by 
 artificial walls of considerable height. Indicating former houses. The 
 whole aspect of the place is one of desolation, and the lava apiiears 
 as if it had been molten l)ut a few generations ago. It may liave 
 been great stress of danger wliich drove the aborigines to seek homes 
 in this forl)idding locality. 
 
 TcRKEY Tank Caves 
 
 About half a. mile west of Turkej' tanks (about 15 miles east of 
 Flagstaff) there is a collection of cavate rooms with lateral entrances 
 arranged in tiers. These caves, althougli not so numerous as the New 
 caves, are comparatively well preserved. Thej' are situated a short 
 distance to the left of the road from Flagstaff on the ux^lifted out- 
 crop of what ai^pears to be an old volcanic blowhole, and are con- 
 fined to the northern side of the depression which marks the former 
 place of eruption (see plate iv). 
 
 The outcrop on tliis side of tlie depression is composed of alternate 
 layers of hard lava and volcanic breccia. The former would tend to 
 resist any worlsiing with primitive implements, but the latter could 
 readily be excavated with stone tools. The average thickness of tlie 
 layers is aljout 8 feet. By the excavation of the breccia the layer of 
 harder lava above it has been undermined and has now fallen in 
 places, filling the rooms or closing their entrances so that the form 
 and dimensions are no longer determinable. As the layers are 
 uplifted, vertical entrances into these cavate chambers are absent, 
 the doorways entering horizontally from the side of the cliff. There 
 are at least three tiers of these rooms, corresponding with the strata 
 of volcanic breccia. 
 
 In some of these cavate rooms there is a combination of stone walls 
 and excavated chambers, the rooms having been separated laterally 
 by a i)lastered wall of small bowlders brouglit from the bottom of the 
 adjacent depression. Apparently, also, walls formerly existed in 
 front of the entrances to the caves, but of these the greater part have 
 fallen, and their outlines are difficult to trace except in small sections. 
 
FEVfKEs] LOCATION OF BLACK FALLS RUINS 39 
 
 Entering by a side opening, one passes into a sul)terrauean room 
 (plate v) 12 by 10 feet and G feet higli, the walls and floor of which 
 are partly plastered. This room has five smaller rooms leading from 
 it, which will lie called b, c, d, e, and f. They average aliont 5 feet 
 in diameter, and have their floors depressed abont a foot below that 
 of the main room, a. The entrances iut o these lateral rooms, especially 
 that into d, are caret nlly made and almost square, and when plastered, 
 as there is good evidence that they once were, made good doorways. 
 In fact, altliongh the walls of most of these cavate chambers are now 
 very rough, and the rooms seemingly desolate as places of habitation, 
 they must once have been comfortable abodes, for the jilastering made 
 the finish almost as smooth as that of any wall which (/ould be con- 
 structed. 
 
 Several of the rooms in which the plastering still remains have 
 ledges and cubby-holes in which the household utensils were doubt- 
 less kept (plate vi). The similarity of these cavate chambers to 
 those excavated in volcanic tufa in Verde Valley is apjiarent. The 
 material in which thej' occur is different, but the plans of the rooms 
 are almost identical. Whatever peoples inhabited the cavate dwell- 
 ings of the cinder cones near Flagstaff and the tufa mesas of the 
 Verde, their culture was not radically different. 
 
 KUINS NEAR BLACK PALLS OF THE LITTLE COLORADO 
 
 L("1CATIUN AND PliFAIOrs EXPLORATION 
 
 It has long been known that the banks of the Little Colorado and 
 neighboring mesas were sites of ancient dwellings, but exploration 
 has been confined mostly to the uppei- part of the river and its tribu- 
 taries. The numerous ruins along tlie stream from Gi'and falls to 
 its confluence witli Rio Colorado have been whollj' neglected, but 
 there is little doubt that future excavation will be rewanled with 
 many novelties. 
 
 The Black falls I'uins have been known for several years to local 
 amateur archeologists, and a considerable collection of ancient ob.jects 
 has been taken from them by Mr Benjamin Doney, of Flagstaff. 
 Under his guidance several well-known residents of tliat town, among 
 whom may be mentioned Dr Roliinson and Mr Jack, have visited 
 and photographed them." Herders and cowboys are acquainted with 
 the ruins, and the former have cleared some of the rooms for use in 
 winter. 
 
 The geological features of the I'egion in which these three groups of 
 ruins occur are instructive, but for present jiurposes one or two simple 
 statements about them will suffice. The two well-marked formations — 
 lava and sandstone — have affected the appearance of the ruins. 
 
 « The author was guided to these ruins by Mr Doney. He is indebted to Dr Robins-.m and 
 Mr Reed for kodak photographs, and to Mr Jack for measurements of several rooms. 
 
40 TWO summers' "WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth, ann. 22 
 
 The black lava covers the red sandstone, forming great mesas or 
 isolated buttes, the summits of which are crowned with ruins. Tlie 
 lava ruins have low, rough walls, in which adobe mortar was not 
 detected. Tlie red sandstone formed a more tractable material, and 
 the buildings constructed of it show fine masonry with adobe mortar. 
 These ruins ordinarily stand on the brinks of small canyons eroded in 
 the sandstone, on isolated blocks of the same stone, or on ridges left 
 by erosion. If these lava and red sandstone ruins were found in dif- 
 ferent localities they might be regarded as x)roducts of different peo- 
 ples, but their existence side by side in this region shows that the 
 slight differences in their architecture Avere due simply to the build- 
 ing materials employed. The irregular forms of the lava blocks made 
 it impossible to construct from them the fine rectilinear walls which 
 were possible with the well-squared l»locks of sandstone. The erosion 
 of the lava produces a coal-black, iiorous sand, which as a rule covers 
 the finer red soil derived from the sandstone. Tliis soil, drifting into 
 pockets or depressions in the surface rocks, afforded burial places for 
 the inhabitants of the villages. 
 
 Tills region has few trees; there are no j^ines, and onlj' a few cedars. 
 It is the same sagebrush countrj^ which we find near the upper Little 
 Colorado at Holbrook and Winslow. 
 
 The region is arid; it now has few springs, those which were 
 used in ancient times having probably been filled by drifting sand." 
 Volcanic agencies have left their mark on the whole region, causing 
 in places deep fissures in the rocks, into some of which a strong cur- 
 rent of air continually passes, and from one of which emerges a roar 
 as though of sul)terranean currents of water. One of the largest of 
 these fissures is about 2 miles from tlie Tuba road, on the way to 
 the ruins called group A; others are found in the rocks near ruins 
 G and H of this cluster, where their depth has not been determined. 
 These crevasses, which are no unusual feature in the geology of this 
 region, vary in breadth from a few Indies to many hundred feet, and 
 from a hundred j'ards to miles in length. When very broad they 
 form canyons which end abruptly or merge into "washes" as the con- 
 figuration of the country may dictate. 
 
 General Features 
 
 The ruins near Black falls are as a rule rectangular in form, with 
 similarly shajied rooms of one or more stories. Curved walls are 
 rare, although in some instances tlie shape of the rain follows the 
 curvature of the mesa on which it stands. As has been stated, the 
 ruins are built of both sandstone and lava, and the two varieties are 
 found in close pi-oximity, sometimes within a few hundred feet of 
 
 f The author does not sliare a common belief that when these now mined stnictures were 
 inhabited the precipitation was greater. In an arid region springs are rapidly filled by drifting 
 sand if not dug oitt repeatedly. The Hopis are obliged to clean out sortie of their largest springs 
 annually. 
 
FEWKES] GENERAL FEATURES OF BLACK FALLS RUINS 41 
 
 each other. The character of the saiuLstoue of the region is such 
 that when the stone is fractured slabs are produced wliich nialie ]30S- 
 sible the construction of excellent walls. Blocks of lava, however, 
 have no flat faces, and their use as building material results in poor 
 masonry, for the adobe mortar readily washes fi-om the joints and the 
 walls soon fall. It is rare to And houses built of lava which now 
 stand man\- stories high. The best rooms constructed of lava con- 
 tain also sandstone slabs, which have strengthened their walls, as in 
 the "Citadel" of the Black falls ruins, where blocks of sandstone 
 were also used as lintels. None of the walls show evidence that the 
 building stones were dressed after Iteing quarried. 
 
 The sites of these ruins are ordinarily elevated, and it is not i^ncom- 
 mon to find an entire mesa top either covered with I'ooms or sur- 
 rounded by a wall. 
 
 The highest walls of these ]3neblos were as a rule situated on the 
 north and west sides, the pueblos being terraced on the south and 
 east. This arrangement was apparently adopted to secure sunny 
 exposure. 
 
 The ground-flom- rooms had no lateral external entrances, but where 
 there were several chambers side by side they communicated with each 
 other by doorways. In the case of two or three story houses, it is prob- 
 able that the ground floor was used for storage and was entered from the 
 roof. This is an architectural feature still retained in the old Ilopi 
 houses, but it has been somewhat masked by modern Iniildings erected 
 in front of them. The old houses of Walpi, Sichumovi, and llano 
 had ground floors which were entered fi'om the roofs, to which one 
 mounted by ladders, while entrance to tlie seci.ind story was gained 
 liy means of a side doorway from the roof of the first. 3Iany of these 
 old rooms are still to be seen at Walpi, especially around the plaza, 
 and there are one or two examples in the villages of Sichumovi and 
 Hano.'^' The oldest houses of Tusayan never had lateral entrances 
 from the ground floor, but when the first story was occux^ied it was 
 provided with a hatchway in the roof. This type of room, however, 
 is rapidly disappearing, the majority of ground-floor rooms on the 
 East mesa now being provided with doorways in the walls. On the 
 Middle mesa and at Oraibi the number of ground-floor rooms entered 
 by a side door is still smaller than on the East mesa. It maj^ safely 
 be laid down as a rule that whenever in the Hopi pireblos one finds 
 rooms on the ground floor entered by lateral doors, the construction 
 is new.* 
 
 o A good example of the ancient houses i:>f Walpi. in whicll the lower story serves as a dwelling 
 room at certain times, is Saliko's home, near the Snake rock, and the row of rooms from Honsi's 
 house to the Moii kiva. The Flute house is also a fine example of this type. In Sichumovi the 
 house of Plitce illustrates this ancient type, and there are several examples of it in Hano, of 
 which Kalacai's house is a good one. 
 
 ''The author will consider this ai-chitectural likeness of the ground rooms of the ancient ruins to 
 old Hopi houses in his final article on the Black falls ruins, where plans will he given illu,strating 
 the relation of the ground-floor rooms with lateral doors to the r.ld i-ooms on the East mesa. The 
 ruins near Black falls have their ground-floor rt.>oms like the old rooms of the Hopi pueblos. 
 
42 TWO summers' WORK IN" PUEBLO RUINS [eth. anx. 22 
 
 111 many of the ruins there are found at the base of the mesa on the 
 soutli and east sides rooms of a single stoiy which, from tlieir position, 
 we may designate basal rooms. They are now covered with debris, but 
 were once protected by the overhanging edge of the mesa, suggesting 
 cliff houses, of which they may be a survival. These basal structures 
 may have been used as granaries, but in none of them were remains 
 of roofs found. 
 
 With the exception of ruin a, group B, mo.st of the ruins show little 
 evidence of long occupancy; few logs or Ijeams remain in them, there 
 are no extensive deposits of debris, and there is a lack of large quan- 
 tities of pottery fragments such as are usually found about pueblos 
 which have been occupied for many generations. The general indi- 
 cation is that these buildings were inhabited in comparatively modern 
 times. 
 
 !None of the rooms show marks of surface plastering, except those 
 of grouxT B, where it is confined to tlie interior of the walls, as is the 
 ease with the older IIox>i buildings. 
 
 The size of the rooms is much greater than is common in verj^ 
 ancient ruins. No kivas are found, and it is believed that the 
 religious ceremonies were held in the ordinary domiciles. N"o build- 
 ing had a roof intact, but in many instances the remains of the roofs 
 and floors of the upper rooms were found in the chambers below. 
 
 The fact that wooden beams occur so abundantly in ruin a, grour) 
 B, implies that it was either the last pueblo to be abandoned in this 
 neighborhood or that the beams were taken from the others to it, and 
 when it "was deserted its inhabitants moved too far away to carry heavy 
 objects with them. Some of the timbers in the modern Hopi houses 
 are said to have Ijeen dragged from the Little Colorado, possibly from 
 old ruins. 
 
 Group A 
 
 Groui) A includes a cluster of ruins which as a rule are small and 
 have a general similaritj- in construct ion. It is situated about 15 miles 
 west of Little Colorado river. Folhiwing tlie road from Flagstaff to 
 Tuba to within about 11 miles of Tanner's crossing, after passing 
 Deadinan's flat the visitor turns to the right, and, proceeding i miles 
 eastward, finds himself in the midst of the group. There are no trails 
 or wagon tracks from the well-traveled Tuba road to group a, but 
 the country is so level that one can readily go overland to almost 
 any point. A castellated, truncated lava cone, the "Citadel" of 
 the groux), can be seen soon after one leaves the Tuba road, and 
 this prominent landmark gives the general direction of the ruins 
 among whicli it is situated. From the top of this citadel all the ruins 
 of group A, with one or two exceptions, are visible, and the visitor is 
 advised to inspect it first in order to determine the position of the 
 surrounding ruins (see plate vn). 
 
fEWKEs] GROUP A OF BLACK FALLS RUINS 43 
 
 THE CITADEL 
 
 The walls of the Citadel (figure i) are constructed of blocks of lava 
 and sandstone, and cover the top of ;i truncated elevation. They are 
 arranged about a leA'el central court or plaza, the surrounding walls 
 of which arc best x^reserved on the western side. The liill on whicli the 
 citadel is built liears evidence of having once l)een a volcanic cone, 
 and was an advantageous place of refuge for tlie inlialiitants of the 
 neighboring liouses, as it liad a commanding position, was difficult of 
 access, and was well fortified. As some of the structures were of two 
 stories, tliey appear to liave l)een permanently inhabited. 
 
 
 T-i^i 
 
 
 .^. 
 
 
 
 v^^-^'^- .■^^' 
 
 Fig, i. Tlie Citadel, gi-uup a. 
 
 Twenty-three small ruins were counted from this elevated position 
 (see plate vii). For convenience of description these may be desig- 
 nated A, B, c, etc. 
 
 Ruin A of group A is situated at tlie l>ase of tlie truncated mesa of 
 the Citadel. It is built of red sandstone, witli a few courses of lava 
 blocks, is 50 feet loug by li feet wide, and contains five rooms arranged 
 side by side. Although the house was evidently never more than one 
 story high, tlie many fallen building stones would seem to indicate 
 that its walls were once considerably higher than at present. Few 
 floor beams or rafters were detected. 
 
44 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 Near this ruin, at the base of the hill, are four walled inclosures, 
 one above another, suggesting terraced gardens. Their low walls are 
 composed of alternate rows of lava and sandstone. Near these former 
 gardens is a depression wliicli maj' once liave been a reservoir. This 
 ruin is the onlj^ one visited which was not built on an elevated mesa 
 at or near the edge of a canyon, 
 
 RUINS B, CI, AND D 
 
 There are remains of three houses, built of lava and sandstone 
 blocks, on a small lava hill a few hundred feet north of the Citadel. 
 On the same elevation there is a circular wall which maj' have served 
 as a fortification. Most of the walls of the ruins have fallen, and it 
 is almost impossible to determine the relationship of the former 
 rooms. There are also some small ruins on a lava hill near the 
 elevation on which b, c, and d are situated. 
 
 RUINS B AND F 
 
 A considerable distance from the last-mentioned cluster, but in the 
 same direction from the Citadel, tliere are situated two conspicuous 
 ruins visible from a considerable distance. One of these, on the top 
 of a lava mesa, is built of tlie same material of which the mesa is 
 composed; the other, situated at its base, is constructed of red sand- 
 stone. Near the latter, on a lava mesa, there are many pictographs, 
 representing spirals, frogs, snakes, and unknown figures. There is 
 much broken pottery near ruin F. 
 
 RUINS a, H, I, AND J 
 
 These ruins, especially G, H, and J (plates viii-xi), are constructed 
 of limestone, and are situated on the brink of a canj-on, at the bottom 
 of which, near ruin G, are mounds indicating the site of i. The 
 walls of G, H, and J are well preserved, and show some of the best 
 aboriginal masoniy in Arizona. 
 
 Ruin G (plate viii) had two I'ooms with walls rising 20 feet from the 
 rim of the canyon. The lower courses of the walls are much larger 
 than the upper, as is true of others in this neighborhood. The level 
 of the floors is indicated by courses of larger stones. 
 
 Ruin J (plates x, xi, figure o) is the l)est preserved of all the ruins 
 in group A, and presents exceptional features. It is situated on the 
 left wall of a canyon which is about 40 feet deep and equally wide. 
 It deepens and widens east of the ruin, and then narrows, forming a 
 natural corral inclosed by cliffs. Eight good rooms were noted in that 
 part of the ruin situated on the top of the canyon wall, and in the 
 canyon below it there were several semicircular basal rooms, some of 
 whicli were sheltered by an overhanging cliff. Similarlj^ sheltered 
 rooms are found in many of the ruins in this neighborhood, but 
 nowhere else are they so well preserved. There are no beams in 
 
GROUP A OF BLACK FALLS EUINS 
 
 45 
 
 place, but their former positions are shown in many walls by 
 openings, indicating that when inhabited the pueblo had two, 
 possibly three, stories. An inclosure which may have been a ninth 
 room is so filled with fallen walls that the details of its construction 
 or size could not be determined. 
 
 As none of the rooms have external lateral openings on a level with 
 the foundations, it is naturally supposed that all were entered by 
 means of ladders and hatchways. There are a raoderji doorway and 
 fireplace in one room, evidentlj- of later construction than the walls. 
 
 Perhaps tlie most problematic structures in this ruin are the small 
 cysts in the canyon walls east of the entrance. A thin layer of 
 softer rock has so weathered as to leave a horizontal crevice which at 
 intervals is divided by stones set on edge into receptacles a foot or 
 so deep. They were formerlj' closed bj' flat slabs of stone, only two 
 of which now remain in place. These cysts were nicely plastered, 
 and the slabs which closed them were luted in place with adobe. 
 Nothing was found in them to indicate their use, wbethei' as Imrial 
 
 ^,j.*.ivS;;.™»»&«'*"' -...."-''X . „ 
 
 ■■*"''"-''*"'l|l4,*'i,„,«l/,. 
 
 "'"'*\VA#? 
 
 Fig. 6. Plan of ruin .j, group A, 
 
 places for the dead or as bins for the storage of corn. Their number 
 was considerable, but thej^ were so small that their capacity could 
 scarcely have been more than a few bushels. This is the only ruin in 
 which such inclosures were found, and no theory is advanced as to 
 their former use. 
 
 RUIN K 
 
 Ruin K, which evidently'' formerly contained several rooms, is 
 divided into two sections and is situated on a high lava mesa difficult of 
 approach. The walls (tf the larger section inclose three well-i^reserved 
 rooms, and still rise to a height of about 8 feet. Five feet above the 
 base the red sandstone blocks of which the walls are built are 
 replaced by a course of stone of lighter color, which forms a liorizon- 
 tal band around the ruin. The second section consists of a low, 
 rough wall built along the edge of tlie cliff, inclosing a level space in 
 
46 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 front of the first section. There are isolated rooms in tliis inclosure, 
 and a depression Avhich may have been a reservoir. This ruin, like 
 many others, consisted of dwellings and a fort for protection. There 
 are instructive pictographs on the rocks near by. 
 
 At the base of the mesa on which the last-mentioned ruin stands 
 is a ruin of red sandstone with five rooms and a foundation of 
 unusual shajje. A huge rock, cubical in form, has fallen a few yards 
 from its former position in the liluff. Ruin L is built on the tox) of this 
 detached block, and its fairly well preserved walls are separated 
 
 Fig. 6. Section a, ruin A, group B. 
 
 from the bluff on all sides by a wide crevice. From a distance the 
 ruin appears to be perched on the bluff, but closer observation shows 
 its separation from the latter by an impassable natural moat. 
 
 This is an oblong ruin rising from the side of a deep, narrow 
 canyon, with walls consisting of alternating courses of large and 
 small blocks of red sandstone. Some of the walls have fallen, but 
 sections fullj' 10 feet high still remain in place. There are evidences 
 of five rooms, each two stories high, but most of the chambers are 
 
BLACK FALLS RUIKS 
 
 47 
 
 filled Avitli fallen stones. The cemetery of this pueblo lies west of 
 the ruin, where there are also remains of walls. 
 
 Small ruins maj^ be seen near the road from group a to group B, 
 a few miles to the left. Their walls are in good condition, but no 
 peculiar features were observed. 
 
 Geoup B 
 
 The largest of all the ruins in the Black falls cluster, and one which 
 bears evidence of having been inhabited for a considerable time, lies 
 about 35 miles northeast of Flagstaff and about S miles from the 
 Little Colorado. This structure is built on a ridge of sandstone 
 extending in a northeast-southwest direction, and consists of two 
 large buildings of moderate elevation (plates xii-xvi, figure 6). On 
 each side the ridge slopes gradually to a depression, the talus on the 
 
 
 ,'«.:»';»»ilv'il'*' 
 
 Plan of section A. rnin A. gronp B. 
 
 east covering a series of rooms, while on the Avest side, where the 
 slope is more abrupt, no I'ooms were discovered. The ruin is divided 
 into two sections connected bj' rows of one-story rooms, the walls of 
 which have fallen. Remains of a great number of roof and floor 
 beams are still scattered throughout the debris. These beams are 
 larger than those in any other ruin of the same size known to the 
 author. 
 
 It is difficult to determine the original number of rooms in the first 
 section of this ruin, as the tops of the walls have fallen, filling the 
 chambers with debris. How many basal rooms were buried in the 
 talus of fallen walls at the base of the mesa on the eastern side could 
 not be discovered. Room A of this section (see figure 7) is elevated 
 on a rocky base about 10 feet high. The chamber is small, and its 
 walls have fallen on two sides. The debris has been cleared out of 
 this room by Mr Doney, who found in it the desiccated remains of 
 an infant wrapped in four well-preserved cotton blankets. 
 
48 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [eth. anx. 22 
 
 Room B is ii small, narrow chaml)er witli good walls on three sides, 
 but the fourth wall, which was situated on the edge of the mesa, has 
 fallen over the brink. 
 
 The ground-floor chamber of room C is formed by a gap in the mesa, 
 from which a large cubical block has fallen. The walls of this cham- 
 ber are the natural rock, to the surface of which adhere fragments of 
 plastering. The lieams of the floor of an upper room still rest on the 
 edge of the gap, as in some of the ki^-as of "Walpi to-day, especially 
 those on the eastern edge of the luesa. These are liuilt in a depres- 
 sion, the solid rock forming the walls on three sides, the fourth wall 
 being of masonry. 
 
 Room D is Iraried under debris, and the Ijroken beams, which have 
 pressed down on a plastered banquette, are still A^isible. The reeds, 
 straw, and impressed clay which once formed a floor may be seen in 
 section. 
 
 ,, „„«,.>Nwi.,l, )'..-.««> ■*"■■ ^'MMi *"j'"'«-^-.,., , „„,.it„„, .„ 
 
 Fig. 8. Plan of section li. ruin A. f^oup B. 
 
 Room E has tN\-o stories, and the floor beams and rafters are still in 
 place but buried under debris. A high wall extends from the east- 
 ern wall of room E, crossing a depression in the clifl:, which is bridged 
 by logs serving as its foundation. 
 
 It seems within the bounds of i^robability that there were 30 rooms 
 in the first section of ruin A, group b, including the basal rooms now 
 deep beneath the fallen walls of the higher i^ortion of the ruin. On 
 the supposition that half of these were iminhabited, and that there 
 were four persons to each room in the remainder, the first section of 
 the ruin would have housed a population of 60. This, however, on 
 the basis of the pi-esent population of Walpi, as compared with the 
 number of rooms in the pueblo, is a rather low estimate. Considering 
 the population of the second section as about the same as that of the 
 first section, and that of the connecting rooms as about 30, the approxi- 
 mate population of the pueblos would have been 150. Estimated on 
 the basis of that of Walpi, the population would be 200. 
 
PEWKEs] GROUP B Of THE BLACK FALLS KUINS 49 
 
 The rooms of the second section (fignre 8), several of which are well 
 preserved, are lower than those of the first section, and the detritus has 
 covered the base so completely that the mesa is inconspicuous. Room 
 A (plate xiv) is nearly square and is built on two rectangular rocks, the 
 top of which forms the floor. One of these rooks forms a side of the 
 lower story of the adjoining room B, which is in the best condition of 
 any in this section. The walls of this room are well preserved, and 
 it was occuxjied as a habitation by a herder a few winters ago. There 
 is a lateral doorway through the wall on one side, and in one corner 
 is a fireplace communicating with a chimney, which will later be 
 described. This room is 12 feet 4 inches long by 9 feet 7 inches wide. 
 In the second section many walls are still standing high above their 
 foundations, indicating rooms now filled with fallen debris, in which 
 beams, fragments of pottery, and other olijeets nvAj be seen. Ten 
 large rooms were counted, several of which had two stories. As lias 
 been stated, there were ajaparently basal rooms on the eastern side. 
 The entire section is about 60 feet long. 
 
 A chimney-like structure (plate xv) is one of the most conspicuous 
 objects in this jjart of the ruin. It rises from the mass of debris 
 covering room B and communicates with the fireplace in room B, but 
 a vertical line from its top is 7 feet 10 inches from the nearest wall of 
 the room in which the fireplace is situated. Whether this chimney is 
 aboriginal or not, or whether it is a chimney at all, are open questions. 
 Excepting its state of preservation and fine masonry, no evidence was 
 found that it is of more recent date than the walls of the rooms. If 
 it is an aboriginal chimney, which is doubtful, its structure is unique. 
 It may be a ventilator, comx^arable with the chimney-like structures 
 described by Mindelefl in the kivas of Canyon de Clielly. 
 
 One of the finest reservoirs (plate xvi a) whicli the author has seen 
 in connection with a ruin was discovered near the bottom of the ele- 
 vation on which ruin A of group B is situated. Tliis reservoir is cir- 
 cular in shape, 50 feet in diameter, and carefully walled. It lies south 
 of the second section of the grouj), and apparently had a brealc in the 
 wall in line with the depression east of the ruin. It appears to belong 
 to the same type as those reservoirs on the East mesa of the Hopis in 
 which snow and rain are collected for future use. 
 
 There are instructive petroglyx)hs near ruin A, group B. A number 
 of rock etchings observed in a small canyon about a mile from the 
 ruin were pecked in a perpendicular wall, i3i-otected by the overhanging 
 rim of the canyon. These petroglj^phs were evidently made by the 
 former inhabitants of this region, as one of the best examples sliows 
 the same design as that figured on j)otterj" from the neighboring ruin. 
 There were likewise butterfijr, sheep or antelope, and other figures. 
 
 It would be quite impossible in this preliminary notice to give a 
 complete account of the archeologic objects which Mr Doney has 
 taken from this ruin, but even a preliminary sketch would be ineom- 
 22 ETH— 04 4 
 
50 TWO SUMMEES' WORK IN PUEBLO KUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 plete without some reference to them. One of the most important 
 objects is the desiccated bodj' of an infant wrapped in coarse cotton 
 cloth, allusion to which has already been made. This bundle was 
 inclosed in three small cotton kilts which were later washed and 
 found to be "as good as new." At the foot of the infant was a desic- 
 cated parrot ('?), some of the brilliant plumage of which is still to be 
 seen. This bird has a prayer stick tied to one leg, which makes 
 reasonable the belief that it was a ceremonial object. Another inter- 
 esting specimen in the Doney collection is the dried body of a dog, 
 which was found in one of the deep clefts in the rock near one of the 
 ruins. This dog has a head similar to that found by the writer in 
 the Chaves pass ruin. There are also several fragments of beauti- 
 ful cotton cloth and netting. Some of the specimens are embroidered, 
 others are painted with circles and other geometric designs. A heavy 
 wooden club, several planting sticks, and other Avooden objects are to 
 be seen in Mr Doney's collection. There are also many cigarette 
 canes, some with woven handles, as well as seeds of cotton, squash, 
 gourd, and corn, and many objects of shell, as tinklers, ornaments, 
 rings, and bracelets. One of the best Haliotis shells the author has 
 ever seen from a ruin was found in one of the graves. 
 
 There are also many large turquoise ornaments, some an inch or an 
 inch and a half square. The many metates are made of lava, and 
 are deeply worn, as if from long use. A copper bell from a grave 
 near ruin A is a remarkable specimen. It has the same form as the 
 bells from Arizona ruins, which the author has elsewhere described, but 
 on one side are ridges indicating eyes, nose, and mouth, apparently 
 made of strips of metal soldered or brazed to the surface. It is not 
 believed that this bell was the product of the former occupants of 
 these now ruined structures; more probably it was obtained I)}' them 
 through barter. 
 
 Across the depression north of rnin A, beyond the reservoir and on 
 toi) of a mesa, there is a rectangular ruin consisting of two sections 
 connected by low, parallel walls, which inclose a rectangular plaza. 
 It ax>pears that each section was composed of two single-storj^ rooms. 
 No beams or other evidences of roofing are now visible, but a consider- 
 able quantity of masonry has fallen into the inclosures. From the 
 base of the mesa to the ruin an old trail can be traced by rows of 
 stones on tlie eastern side, and on the same side there are likcAvise 
 remnants of rooms. Graves were found among the rocks at the base 
 of the mesa. 
 
 RUIN 
 
 Aliout half a mile north of ruin a of group B there is a fortified mesa 
 witli several rooms, some of which had two stories. The surface of 
 this mesa is flat, the rim is round, the sides ai-e perpendicular, but 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 BLACK FALLS KUINS 
 
 51 
 
 of nioderate elevation. Most of tlie walls built on the rim, continuous 
 with the mesa sides, have fallen, but sections of the houses 10 feet 
 high still remain, and the roof beams and wattling may be seen in 
 place in one or two rooms. 
 
 There are some fragments of broken metates made of lava, many 
 potsherds, and a considerable pile of debris at the base of the mesa. 
 Ruin A can be seen from the highest point, and the distant miin A of 
 group C is plainly visible. The cemetery is on the east side, among 
 the rocks at the base of the mesa. 
 
 Flu. y. Kuin A, group C', from the .yuuth. 
 
 CtKDLP C 
 
 KUIN A 
 
 This ruin, which lies 40 miles bj' road from Flagstaff and 5 miles 
 due west of Black falls, is one of the most impressive masses i)f abo- 
 riginal masonrj' in this section (plates xvii-xix, figure 0). It is 
 visible for many miles, and from a distance resembles an old castle 
 as it looms from the north end of an isolated, oblong, red-sandstone 
 mesa rising 15 feet al)ove the plain. The south end of the mesa is 
 higher than the north extremity, and on its rim api^ears to have been 
 built a low wall inclosing a plaza. Standing walls cover about one- 
 half the surface of the mesa. On its east side, about midway of its 
 
52 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [etH. ANN. 22 
 
 leiiKili, there is a gap 's^atli perpendicular walls extending about 14 
 feet into the side and almost bisecting it. 
 
 The following nn^aaurements of ruin A, group C, were made by Mr 
 Jack, who has kindly iilaced them at tlie author's di.sposal: 
 
 The longer axis of the inesa bears nortli 10° east, (tlie bearing was 
 obtained ^^y using the face of the eastern wall of the highest building). 
 The width of the mesa at the middle point, measured from the rim of 
 the overhanging cliffs, is about 05 feet. The height of the tallest 
 wall of room A is 19 feet above its foundation, on top of the mesa, 
 which is about 15 feet liigh. The inside measurements of the same 
 room are: To}) of mesa to probable position of first floor, 7 feet 
 inches; first floor to probable position of second floor, 8 feet; bench 
 ou which the floor beams of the second floor rest to the toi) of the 
 
 
 
 
 -J)i u ■ - '-^O 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 ''.'.'"'"1% 
 
 
 
 
 Fn;. 10, Plan of ruin a, group f^ 
 
 
 wall, o feet. It maj^ reasonably be concluded that the third story 
 was as high as either of the other two, or about 7 feet 6 inches, which 
 would make the original lieight of the wall al>out 23 feet. 
 
 The inside liorizoutal measurements of the north and south walls 
 of room A are not the sam(.\ Tlie former is 11 feet 4 inches, the latter 
 9 feet 9 inches. The east and west walls are 12 feet long. Room C 
 is 17 feet 9 inches long by 9 feet 7 inches wide. 
 
 A Ithough the standing walls of this ruin are tlie best i:)reserved of 
 any of those examined, no wooden beams were found in place, nor 
 were there remants of the flooring or other debris in the rooms them- 
 selves. This absence is explained bj^ the supposition that at the time 
 of the abandonment of the settlement, or later, the woodwork was 
 carried away for use in new habitations. Possibly they were taken to 
 
FE1VKES] GROUP C OF THE BLACK FALLS RUINS 53 
 
 ruin A of group B. There is good evidence thiat tliis ruin once liad 
 large floor beams, as is indicated by openings in the walls in which 
 they rested. 
 
 Examination of the ground plan (figure 10) shows that the whole 
 surface of the mesa was once covered with rooms, the walls of which 
 still extend to its edge. The higiiest walls, those wliich surrounded 
 room A, are three stories. The two outside walls rise directly from 
 the edge of the perpendicular cliff. There are several small oi)euings 
 at various levels, and holes in which rested the great beams that once 
 supported the flooring are readily seen. At the corners of the rooms 
 the masonry of the second story is bonded to that of the fii-st and 
 third, iniijarting solidity and strength to the high walls. There is no 
 entrance or passageway between rooms A and C, but access was had 
 to room A from room B. Room B is almost perfectly inclosed by 
 standing walls, formerly two stories high. The wall on the north side 
 has been overturned, and the many stones which have fallen at the 
 base make an entrance at this point possible. As is shown by the 
 depressions in the walls, this structure once had two large beams in 
 the roof of the first story, but they have disapi^eared. Room C has 
 one storj"; its walls are complete on all sides, and there is an interior 
 entrance into room D, and an e.xterior passageway. Rooms A, B, and C 
 are conspicuous from a distance and form the greater part of the I'uin. 
 At intervals on the rim of the mesa other walls are found, some sec- 
 tions of which are 4 or 5 feet high. It is difficult to trace the walls 
 of the rooms designated D and E. This ruin also has cave rooms at 
 the south base of the mesa, which recall those of the other ruins in 
 the Black falls cluster. 
 
 Plate XVII shows ruin a, group c, from the east. The tall, square 
 tower on the left of the plate incloses room a, and the lower wall 
 extending to the gap is the side of room v. The fragments of masonry 
 on the right of the gap are all that remain of the walls of room E. 
 The mounds on the mesa to the right of the last are remnants of an 
 encircling wall and of rooms which once surrounded the open space 
 on the end of the mesa. On this side of the mesa the upper part 
 overhangs the lower, forming a cave, but no indicatio7i of rooms was 
 detected here. 
 
 The wall on the edge of the mesa which shows at the left of ijlate 
 XVIII is a part of room D, and at the bottom of the cliff: at this point 
 can be seen the walls of the basal rooms built at right angles to tlie 
 cliff's. These are also shown in plate xix. 
 
 The cemetery is about 100 j^ards east of the ruin and is small in 
 extent. The mortuary ob.jects found in a single grave opened will 
 give an idea of the burial deposits. The graves are oval, and consist 
 of «j'Sts made of slabs of stone set on end and covered with other flat 
 stones. The upright stones were cemented together with adobe, the 
 covering slabs being apparently luted to the edges of the uprights. 
 These burial cysts were commodious, and in the one uncovered the 
 
54 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IK PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANX. 22 
 
 body, whieli \Yas that of a woman, la}' on one side, at full length, with 
 the head at the wider end. To the right of the hips were found a 
 decorated food bowl in which was a smaller bowl, a large and beauti- 
 fully decorated vase, and a second small food bowl. On the left arm 
 was an armlet made of a Pectunculus shell identical with those found 
 in the ruins of Homolobi. <Jn the Ijreast there was a remnant of a 
 wooden prayer stick painted green. Near the mastoid processes 
 were square ear pendants made of lignite covered Avith a turc^uoise 
 mosaic surrounding a central red stone. These are beautiful speci- 
 mens of turqi^oise mosaic, far superior to those now in use in the 
 riopi pueblos. The skeleton was in a very p(jor state of preservation, 
 probably because of the character of the soil, which is a cinder sand 
 through which water readily i:)ercolates. There is a general similarity 
 in the texture and decoration of tlie four pieces of pottery found in 
 this grave. They belong to the black-and-white variety and have 
 geometrical ornamentation. 
 
 !(//„. .1"I'""/Z. 
 
 '4 '^''i^li'""'" 'l"l'li||lW'1|>('i7/7--- 
 
 BASAL nOOM ^, 
 
 I ,'iwu"iii//':/,.,. , s 
 
 #"si..#;;» \f 
 
 I ■ / ' ' 
 
 Fig. 11. Plan of ruin b. group c. 
 KUIX B 
 
 About 2 miles from the large ruin just described, to the left of 
 the road to Schiiltze's sjiring, is a small red-sandstone ruin standing 
 on an isolated bluff. Tliis ruin cov^ers the top of the mesa, and is 
 conspicuous foi- some distance. The rim of the mesa overhangs in 
 places, as the lower strata are much eroded, and the ruin can be 
 entered at only one point. All the rooms of this ruin are single 
 storied, and most of the walls are high, though there is a consider- 
 able quantitj' of fallen stone in the rooms and at the base of the 
 mesa. 
 
 Room A (see figure 11) is a semicircular inclosure most of the walls 
 of which have fallen. It is perched over a pro.jecting tal.de or plat- 
 form, the rim of wliich the wall covers. The ground plan of room B 
 is nearly square; the walls are well preserved and rise directly from 
 the edge of the mesa, wliicli is steep on three sides. The interval 
 between rooms B and D is strewn with stones, but traces of low walls 
 can be seen. One of these walls is on the edge of the steep mesa; the 
 
FEWKEs] BURRO SPRING RUIN 55 
 
 other, i^arallel with it, almost divides tlie space in lialves. Tills is tlie 
 part of the ruin wliieli one enters Jirst after elimtiing up tlie talus of 
 fallen rocks. Room d is large, witli well-preserved walls 4 or 5 feet 
 high, and with a projecting platform on one side, on which onlj' 
 obscure indications of artificial structures may be detected. 
 
 Room F is rather small, witli walls built over a projecting platform, 
 resembling from below a bow window. Room e is well constructed; 
 it contains considerable debris, and its sides are continuous with the 
 perpendicular wall of the mesa. At the base of the clilf, just l)elow 
 room E, there is a low, almost circular wall, forming an Inclosure 
 somewhat similar to the basal rooms of some of the ruins already 
 described. Although in general its architecture does not difEer from 
 that of many other rectanguhir ruins previously discussed, the over- 
 hanging platform gives a unique appearance to the sti'ucture. About 
 300 feet eastward were noted the edges of flat stones which indicate 
 burial cj-sts. The Avhole length of this ruin is -46 feet, and the width, 
 including the projections at F and G, 21 feet. The sizes of different 
 rooms measured were : 
 
 Room B, 10 feet 8 inches by 9 feet 10 inches. 
 
 Room D, 1.5 feet 4 inches by 10 feet 5 inches. 
 
 Room E, 10 feet by .5 feet 10 inches. 
 
 The following bearings were taken from this ruin: 
 Group c, ruin A, bears north 13' east. 
 Mount Agassiz bears south 48 west. 
 Schtiltze's spring bears south 50" west. 
 
 RUINS NEAR HONANl's HOUSE AT BURRO SPRING 
 
 The Ilopi Indian Ilonani declared that there was a large ruin on 
 the mesa not far from his house at Burro spring. Tins ruin, how- 
 ever, was not visited, as Ilonani was away when the author passed 
 through that country. There is a legend that some of the clans of 
 Shumopovi once lived at this point, which is apparently ou the line 
 of migration from the ruins on the Little Colorado to the Middle 
 mesa of Tusayan." Ilonani is a prominent man in Shumopovi, which 
 fact may account for his occupation of land near the Burro spring. 
 
 The preceding description will give a general idea of the ruins in 
 this section. It is not possible to comjpare them with the ruins of 
 Homolobi, where most of the walls have disappeared or have so fallen 
 as to render the original plan unrecognizable. The difference in 
 building material employed in the construction of the pueblos on 
 Chevlon fork of Little Colorado I'iver must have imparted a some- 
 what different character to the buildings erected there, but there is 
 
 a The simple existence of a permanent spring of potable water in this part of Arizona may be 
 taken as indicative of ruins in its immediate vicinity, and when such a spring lies on or near an 
 old trail of migration, evidence of former settlements can not be difScult to find. Both Big 
 Burro and Little Burro springs lie on the pathway of migrations of the southern Hopi clans in 
 their journey from Homolobi, and were halting places for longer or shorter periods. 
 
56 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 some likeness between the ruins at Cliaves pass and the lava ruins 
 near Black falls. In this connection it inay be stated that there is 
 also a large ruin near Homolobi built of lava blocks on a lava mesa. 
 
 The racial and clan kinship of the former inhabitants of these pueb- 
 los is somewhat problematic, but it is quite likely that the people 
 were akin to the Ilopis. This is shown not only by the character of the 
 houses, but also by the i^ottery and various other objects found near 
 them. Both legendary and archeological evidences point to the con- 
 clusion that the people who once inhabited the pueblos near Black 
 falls came from the north, and were related to those who once lived in 
 cliff houses and other habitations on the Rio Colorado and its tribu- 
 tary, the San .Juan. liopi legends saj' that the Snake clans formerly 
 lived atTokonabi, on the Rio Colorado, and that they migrated south- 
 ward and built a pueblo about 50 miles west of the present Ilopi 
 towns, which they called Wukoki. This pueblo, it is said, still has 
 high-standing walls. The direction and distance of the Black falls 
 ruins from Walpi corresiaond pretty closely witli those given in the 
 legend, and while it may not be possible to identify any single ruin of 
 this cluster as Wukoki, the traditional Wukoki of Ilopi legend is not 
 far from Black falls. The tradition that the inhabitants of these 
 ruins came from the north is supported by the close resemblance in 
 character and decoration between their pottery and that of the San 
 Juan ruins. 
 
 It might naturally be supposed that there would be a close likeness 
 between the ijottery of the Black falls ruins and that of Homolobi, 
 and that kinship once existed between the inhabitants of these 
 pueblos on the same river. Close study, however, shows marked 
 differences, and the author is led to the belief that while both were 
 IDueblo peo]jle, and, therefore, similar iji culture, the clans which 
 inhabited Homolobi were not the same as those which live!" in the Black 
 falls villages. The clans which lived at Homolobi came from the far 
 south, through Chaves pass, while those at Wukoki came from the 
 opposite direction. Both evidently sought refuge in the Ilopi fiueblos, 
 where their descendants now live together. The clans from Homolobi 
 were the Patki, Patun, and Tabo (Piba), whose route to the Ilopi 
 towns was Yjy a trail which extends directlj' north past the " Giant's 
 chair." The clans from Wukoki were the Tciia and others who 
 migrated almost eastward when they sought their home in Tusaj'an. 
 
 OBJECTS FROM THE LITTLE COLORADO RUINS 
 
 Pottery 
 general features 
 
 The mortuary pottery from the three ruins, Homolobi, Chevlon, 
 and Chaves pass, is distinctive and typical, with general resem- 
 blances to that from other localities. As a rule it is more varied in 
 character than that from the true Tusavan ruins, Shumopovi, Awatobi, 
 
FEWKES] POTTERY FROM THE LITTLE COLORADO RUINS 57 
 
 and Sikyatki, though its decoration has many liliene.sses to tliat on 
 the pottery from these ruins. It has seemed best to discuss the 
 ceramic ware of these three localities together, but in so doing it is 
 thought necessary to mention the particular place fi-om which each 
 specimen was obtained." 
 
 It has been shown in an account of the pottery of Sikyatlii, wliere 
 conclusions were drawn from a large collection, that there was not a 
 single piece of glazed potterj' found iu that ruin. At Awatobi few 
 such fragments were found, but in the Homolol)i and Chevlon ruins 
 there were many glazed bowls, pots, and jars. 
 
 The question whether the ancient Pueblos glazed their ware has 
 been answered in both the affirmative and negative, and this differ- 
 ence, no doubt, is due to the want of a good definition of the term 
 glaze. Some of the bowls found at Ilomolobi and Chevlon have a 
 black vitreous covering resisting a knife point, but which is not the 
 gloss derived from polishing the vessel, but apparently from some 
 salt used in the preparation of the black pigment with whicli the 
 wai-e is painted. This glaze, however, has not been detected on auy 
 colors but black and green, or on anj' ware except the red, whicii is 
 so abundant in both the ruins here described. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to consider at any great length the various 
 forms of ancient pottery obtained in 1896, for this would simply 
 duplicate work already published in the author's account of Sikyatki. 
 Moreover, the question of varietj' of forms has already been amply 
 discussed by others. The mode of manufacture, technie, coloration, 
 and like questions were the first to attract attention of students, and, 
 while by no means exhaustively presented, are treated more exten- 
 sively than the character and meaning of the decoration. A few 
 types iDresent the various forms of potterj- from the ancient ruins, 
 and for a study of form alone the material in our museums is ample. 
 With derivation of symbols, however, the problem is very different, 
 for in a collection of thousands of specimens we rarely find two in 
 which the ornamentation is the same. In a general way it may Ijc 
 said that certain decorative types are followed, but the variations are 
 so malny that in attempting to present an adequate idea of ancient 
 ceramic ornamentation it is necessar_y to describe almost every speci- 
 men. Manifestly that would be impossible, and as we need classifica- 
 tion in this department of study, the following is proposed. 
 
 o Unfortunately for close study of the lesson taught by Pueblo pottery regarding: the migra- 
 tion of the ancient people of Arizona, the ruin from which ancient Tusayan ware was collected 
 is not mentioned in early writings on old Pueblo pottery. Thus, we find specimens from 
 Awatobi, Canyon de Chelly, and Sikyatki given one locality, ''Tusayan," and modern Tanoan 
 potteiy made at Hano by colonists from the Rio Grande bearing the same indefinite description. 
 Almost all the modern pottery from ''Tusayan " in the National Museum is intrusive in that 
 province, and is practically modified Tanoan. 
 
58 TWO SUMMEES' WOKK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 CLASSIFICATION BY COLOR AND SURFACE FINISH 
 
 The classification of pottery objects bj' color and surface finish 
 leads lis to refer them to the following groups: 1, Coarse unpolished 
 ware, undecorated; 2, coarse unpolished ware, decorated; 3, polished 
 ware, undecorated; and polished ware, decorated, which maybe again 
 divided into: 4, red and brown ware; 5, j-ellow ware; G, black ware; 7, 
 black and white ware; 8, red and black ware; 9, red, black, and white 
 ware; 10, white and green ware. 
 
 Coarse Unpolished Ware 
 
 Although a large collection of coarse ware was made in the excava- 
 tions, the forms obtained varied little from those described from 
 Awatobi and Sikyatki. Of more than usual interest were specimens 
 of coiled-ware bowls, the interiors of which were black and glazed. 
 These are represented by several specimens from the Chaves pass 
 ruins. 
 
 There is but one specimen of rough ware the exterior of which 
 was decorated (see figure 17). « The rudeness of the design on this 
 object is no doubt in x:>art due to the character of the ware. As we 
 go south the number of these specimens of rude coiled ware with 
 external decoration increases. They are not found in ruins near the 
 inhabited Hopi ijueblos, are represented by a few specimens atHomo- 
 lobi, increase in number at Chevlon, and are well represented in 
 ruins on the northern foothills of the White mountains. 
 
 Undecorated Polished Ware 
 
 While in a few cases polished ware was undecorated, this was excep- 
 tional, and only a few specimens were found, which all came from one 
 excavation. In certain instances there was evidently formerlj' an 
 ornamentation on some of these which had been obliterated ; on others 
 no sign of decoration could be discovered. The polished undecorated 
 ware was ordinarilj- red, but there were likewise specimens of white 
 and black undecorated ware. 
 
 Decorated Polished Ware 
 red and brown ware 
 
 Red and brown ware is distinctively characteristic of the ruins 
 found along the Little Colorado, and of those south of this river to 
 the border of Mexico. The decoi'ations on this ware (plate xxvi) 
 found along the Colorado liver are much more complicated than those 
 of southern Arizona, where plain red ware is almost universal. In 
 both regions the color is no doubt due to the composition of the avail- 
 able clay, and to changes in firing. Bricks made from this clay at the 
 
 fl A large number of these vessels were found in the more southern ruins excavated in 1897, 
 especially that near Snowflake, Arizona, where the largest collections were made that year. 
 As this pottery will be discussed at length in the report f(jr that year, it is barely mentioned in 
 this section of the memoir. 
 
FEWKES] POTTERY FROM THE LITTLE COLORADO RUINS 59 
 
 present time have much the same texture and color as the ancient 
 vessels — probably for the same reason. 
 
 YELLOW WARE 
 
 The fine yellow ware which is characteristic of the old ruins near 
 the inhabited Ilopi pueblos is not found in the Little Coloraclo ruins. 
 There are many i^ieces (plates xxvii, xxviii) which approach it in 
 color, but for the most i^art the}' lack that fine gloss which distin- 
 guishes ceramic objects of Sikj-atki, Old Shuniopovi, and other Hopi 
 ruins. While this difference may be in x^art ascribed to the chemical 
 components of the clay, the skill of the potter must also be given due 
 credit. While yellow ware was sparingly nnade in the southern 
 pueblos, it reached its highest development in the villages which are 
 nearest the modern Hopi. 
 
 In the decline of pottery making the fine old yellow ware has greatlj' 
 deteriorated, and, although clever llano artists copy it with some 
 success, they have never been able to equal the finest specimens which 
 the author has dug out of Sikyatki sand hills. 
 
 BLACK WARE 
 
 The Santa Clara pueblo Indians of New Mexico, as is well known, 
 make a characteristic black ware. The author has thus far failed to 
 find anjr specimens of this ware in Tusayan, l.nit in the ruins of Ilomo- 
 lobi, Chevlon, and Chaves pass several food basins were found the 
 interiors of which were blackened and apparently glazed in the same 
 manner as is the Santa Clara pottery. In no instance, however, was 
 the external surface thus blackened. Some of these food basins with 
 black interior were of coiled ware; others were of smooth ware, but 
 all were destitute of other decoration. 
 
 BLACK AND WHITE WARE 
 
 The so-called black and white ware is found almost universally in 
 cliff houses throughout the Southwest, and has been thought to be 
 characteristic of this kind of dwelling. In his excavations at Sik- 
 yatki, however, the author found several xjieces, and the same kind 
 was also taken from the older quarter of the ruin of Awatobi. Several 
 beautiful pieces of black and white ware, with decorations which are 
 identical with those of pottery from Colorado cliff houses, were taken 
 from the burial places at Old Shumopovi. In the Homolobi and 
 Chevlon ruins a number of most interesting bowls, vases, and dip- 
 pers of this kind of ware (plate xx) were exhumed, and the same style 
 of ware occurred at Chaves pass. It appears, therefore, that black 
 and white ware is not uncommon in ruins of pueblos in the plains as 
 well as in cliff houses, wliich is but one of many evidences of the 
 similarities in culture of the peoples inhabiting these two kinds of 
 ancient dwellings. The author was at one time disposed to regard 
 these pieces as heirlooms, but the consideralile number of specimens 
 
60 TWO summers' work IN" PUKBLO RUINS [eth. ann, 22 
 
 found would seem to indicate contemx^orary habitation of the villages 
 and cliff houses from which they have been taken. 
 
 No specimen of the black and white ware in the collection is deco- 
 rated with designs representing human beings or animals, and even 
 pictures of birds, so abundant on other colored ware, are wanting. 
 The designs are pui-ely geometricai figures, which are ordinarily 
 regarded p„s the most ancient style of ornamentation. These geomet- 
 rical figures, however, are very complicated — as a rule far superior 
 to similar decorations on other colored ware. They duplicate for the 
 most part the patterns on black and white ware from the cliff dwell- 
 ings of southern Colorado and western New Mexico, the headwaters 
 of the Salado and Gila rivers. 
 
 Among the specimens of black and white ware there are several 
 dippers made of a very fine paste almost as comp)actly hardened as 
 rock. All of these, with one exception, were broken, and the single 
 unbroken specimen, one of the most beautiful in the whole collection, 
 disappeared from the table in the National Museum after it had been 
 seen and admired by many visitors. The author much regrets the 
 loss of this beautiful object, especially after it had been brouglit safely 
 to the National Museum. 
 
 While blaclc and white ware is abundant in the cliff houses of the 
 San Juan, it is relatively as abundant in the houses of the plains in 
 some parts of New Mexico, as may be seen in the great collections 
 made in recent times in the Tularosa A'alleJ^ 
 
 RED AND BLACK WARE 
 
 A majoritjr of the ceramic objects from the three ruins investigated 
 in 1896 were red with black decorations. This variety was so 
 abundant that it maj' well be stjded the characteristic pottery of the 
 Little Colorado and its tributaries. Black and red ware is found in 
 the ruins near the Zuiii river, an affluent of the Little Colorado, and is 
 also found in ruins widely distant from the Colorado, but we are justi- 
 fied in regarding this combination of colors as distinctive of the Colo- 
 rado drainage area. Some of the best specimens of the glazed ware 
 well represented in the collections of 1896 are of these two colors, the 
 black designs being almost always glazed. 
 
 The red color is due to the clay, since bricks made at Winslow have 
 practically the same color. The many specimens of red and black 
 pottery with marginal lines in white on the black form a transition 
 from this variety into the next, in which, however, the white is more 
 prominent. 
 
 RED, BLACK, AND WHITE WARE 
 
 The type of ancient pottery included in the above designation 
 (plates XXI, xxii) is, as far as research has thus far gone, peculiar to 
 the Little Colorado ruins. No specimen of it has yet been figured 
 (1896), and there are no examples of it in the different museums with 
 which the author is familiar. 
 
FEWKEs] USES AND SHAPES OF LITTLE COLORADO POTTEKY 61 
 
 The three distinctive coiors are red, black, and white — the latter 
 forming not simialj^ bordering lines in the designs, but being used as 
 a slip to cover a considerable surface of the object decorated. While 
 specimens of this kind of pottery do not occur in ruins near the 
 inhabited Hopi pueblos, it is probable that the modern use of a wliite 
 slip by potters in those villages is a lineal descendant of the ancient 
 method of decoration." 
 
 Phis colored ware is not found in ruins south of the Mogollon 
 mountains, but is confined to the Little Colorado river and its south- 
 ern tributaries. 
 
 WHITE AND GREEN WARE 
 
 A limited number of pottery objects of light color, with dark- 
 green glazed geometrical figures, were found in the Little Colorado 
 ruins (see plate XLiili). This kind of ware apxjears to be rare in the 
 Hopi country, ancient and modern, but whether it is indigenous or 
 intrusive the author has been unable to discover. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION BY FORM 
 
 The various forms of pottery are determined largely by the uses for 
 which it is intended. Thej' may be classified as follows: 1, food 
 bowls; 2, vases; 3, jars; 4, ladles; o, mugs or dippers; 0, canteens; 
 7, cups; 8, animal-shaped vessels; 9, slipper-shaped vessels. 
 
 Food Bowls 
 
 The food basins (plates xxiii-xxix) exceed in number all other 
 forms of pottery, and as a rule have the same shapes as those from 
 Sikyatki and Awatobi, described in the report on those ruins.* The 
 basins are ornamented on the interior with symbolic designs, in which 
 geometrical figures x^redominate. 
 
 There is a much larger proportion of designs encircling the exterior 
 of the ware in the Little Colorado pottery than in that of Sikyatki, 
 and curved lines are also more common. Some of the food bowls 
 made of red ware are very large, but from their fragile nature and 
 size the majority of these were broken. 
 
 Vases and Jars 
 
 The collection of Yases was very large, but the pieces are, as a"" 
 rule, smaller than those previouslj^ described from Sikyatki. Some 
 of tlie forms of these vases may be seen in the accompanying plates 
 (xxx-xxxv). The majority are glolnilar, with a slight neck, but 
 there are several in which the neck is elongated. 
 
 o The use of a white slip is a marked feature of the pottery now manufactured at the East mesa 
 of Tusayan. This appears to have been introduced after the fall of Sikyatki, for the fine yellow 
 ware of this pueblo shows no white superficial corering, 
 
 i> Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 189y, pt. 3. 
 
62 
 
 TWO SUMMEES WOEK IN PUEBLO EUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN, 22 
 
 The designs on vases are usuallj' geometrical; animal and human 
 figures are wanting. Some of these vases are very small, having 
 evidenth^ been used for j)ignients or condiments. The lip is some- 
 times decorated with parallel marks, but with one exception the 
 interior is destitute of ornamentation. A single specimen had an 
 
 r'- 
 
 Li^-S^' __ 
 
 Fig. 12. Ladle Tvith divided handle, from Chevlon (number 1570.51). 
 
 indented or concave base, to secure staljility, but in the majority the 
 base is rounded. 
 
 The distinction between vases and jars is more or less arbitrary, 
 the latter having, as a rule, a smaller orifice. 
 
FEWKEs] USES AND SHAPES OF LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 63 
 
 Ladles 
 
 Many ladles were found in isoi.i, the general forms of which were 
 in no respect peculiar. The most striking- variations are in the form 
 of tlie handles. They are usually decorated on the interiors, and 
 generally with geometrical patterns. 
 
 Fig. 13. Ladle with figure on handle, from Chevlon i number 15731 >6 1 . 
 
 Figure 12 shows a ladle with a double handle — a rare form. Figure 
 13 is a ladle with its handle decorated with a human figure. The 
 evidences of wear on the edge of this ladle are pronounced, showing 
 that it was probably used in dipping food from bowls or vases. In 
 modern times gourd ladles are generally used for drinking purposes. 
 
64 TWO summers' work in PDEBLO ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 Many ladle handles broken from their Ijowls occur in all the excava- 
 tions, and from the appearance of the broken end it is evident that 
 the handle was made separate from the bowl and was later joined to it. 
 A conical projection from the side of tlie bowl was inserted into a 
 cavity of the handle, which is sometimes hollow throughout, and was 
 then luted in place before firing. Several ladle handles were per- 
 forated, and in one specimen there were small pebbles which rattled 
 when the ladle Avas shaken. 
 
 The extremity of the ladle handle was at times fashioned into a rude 
 image, recalling the clown priests' heads so common on modern clay 
 ladles. The ladle with hollow handle opening at one end into the 
 bowl, which is so commonly made in modern times by the Pueblo 
 potters," has not yet been found in the ancient habitations of Arizona. 
 
 Fig. 11. Cup with bird designs. 
 Canteens 
 
 The canteens by means of which tlie ancients carried drinking 
 water were shai^ed somewhat like the modern canteen, but were more 
 flattened, and generally decorated. While canteens of this shape 
 from old Tusayan ruins are known, thej- have not yet been excavated 
 from any of the lAttle Colorado ruins. 
 
 The second kind of canteen, of which several were found, has a very 
 different form and probably a different use. While the former was 
 generally borne on the back, the second was carried in the hand. It 
 has an oval or globular form, with a handle which is hollow, having 
 an opening midwaj' in its length. It is possible that this form of 
 canteen (plate xxxvi h) was used to carry water for ceremonial j)ur- 
 poses from a spring to the ceremonial chambers, or possibly from 
 the houses to the fields. These canteens are of small capacity, and 
 are generally ornamented exteriorly with complicated designs. 
 
 a These forms of drinking ladles, made of clay or gourds, are used in the following way: The 
 water is dipped up in the bowl and the end of the handle is put in the n;iouth. A proper slant to 
 the bowl allows the liquid to pai^s through the handle into the mouth. The ancient ladles were 
 not used in this way, but were used as dippers are to-day. 
 
FEWKES] USES AND SHAPES OF LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 
 
 65 
 
 Cups 
 
 Fig. 15. Dipper from Homolobi (numljer 
 1511891 1. 
 
 The antiquity ot tlie eiip form of lionseliold utensil has lieen ques- 
 tioned, but from these excavations tliere seems no reason to doubt 
 
 that this form was made in preliis- 
 
 toric times. Numerous specimens 
 
 (figures 14-19) were found at 
 
 Homolobi, Chevlon, and Chaves 
 
 pass, and the material of which 
 
 they are made differs in no respect 
 
 from that of other vessels. 
 
 A very fine specimen of coiled 
 
 ware (figure 15) had a handle made 
 
 of two coils of cla.y artistically 
 
 twisted together. There were a 
 
 few specimens of cups with fiat 
 
 bottoms, liut the ma.jority were in the foi-m of small vases with 
 
 rounded base. The decora- 
 tion of the cups was external; 
 tlie interior was smooth, 
 without figures. Geometrical 
 figures predominated in or- 
 namentation. Several speci- 
 mens bore evidences of con- 
 siderable use, the rims being 
 in some cases much worn. 
 One of the best of these cups, 
 with handle made of two 
 coils, is shown in figure 16. 
 
 The bowl-shaped cup shown 
 in figure 17 is made of rough 
 
 coiled ware decorated on the exterior, and has a glossy, black inner 
 
 surface. The form of the handle is exceptional, and is not duplicated 
 
 in the collection. 
 
 Fig. Hi. Mug from Homulobi (numbei- 156.^91 1 
 
 Cup, rougli ware, decorated, from Chevlon (number 157CI95). 
 
 A number of vase-form vessels with handles connect the true mugs 
 with vases. The general form of these is the same, but the position 
 22 ETH— 04 5 
 
66 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 of the handles varies. In lignre IS the handle extends from the lip of 
 the vessel to near the eqnator, while in fignre 19 it is smaller, and 
 placed just below the neck of the vase. In figure 17 the handle is 
 confined to the equatorial I'eiiion. 
 
 There were several specimens of a mug form in which the body is 
 trifid. These forms were probably used for pigments or condiments, 
 and were of rough Avare, or were polished and sparingly decorated. 
 The external decoration of these cups varies in character as widely 
 
 as does their form ; but in 
 plate XXXIV the reader will 
 find some of the designs, 
 which are practically the 
 same as those on the in- 
 side of certain food bowls 
 from the same ruins. 
 
 Animal Forms 
 
 Pottery objects in the 
 forms of birds, though 
 common among the ce- 
 ramic productions of cer- 
 tain modern pueblos, are 
 rarely found in ancient 
 ruins. The excavations 
 made iji 18!)G brought several specimens of these to light, one of the 
 best of which was from Chevlon (figure 20). In this specimen we 
 have a well-made head recalling that of a duck, and three knobs 
 representing the tail and wings. Interesting in connection with this 
 specimen is the presence of triangular designs with terraced figures 
 j)ainted on the sides. 
 
 It may be supposed that the vase (flgui'e 21), with four knobs 
 
 Fig 
 
 >Ing trom Chevlon (nunibei- Vj7:l'M\. 
 
BIRD SHAPES IN LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 
 
 67 
 
 arranged at (^qual iutervals about the etiuator, is a liighly conven- 
 tionalized bird vase in which the head, wings, and tail are represented 
 by knobs or rounded elevations. Figure 20 has on one of the knobs a 
 head with goggle eyes and teetli, recalling a bird figure which is not 
 
 Fig. 2(i. Duck-sliaped vessel from Chevlon {"number L57(I18). 
 
 an anomalotis form in southwestern pictography. In view of tlie 
 identification of the terraced figures with wings, the ilecoratiou on 
 the equator of this bird-effigy vase are highly suggestive. 
 
 A second bird-form vase is shown in figure 22, in which the vessel 
 
 Fig. 31. Jar with four knobs, from Homolobi (number 1.5fiH54) 
 
 is elongated and has a round head projecting at one end, with a beak 
 like that of a parrot. The e_yes project from the head, and there is an 
 opening for a mouth. (;)n the side of the body there are parallel lines 
 representing feathers i^ainted in red and black. The tail is broken. 
 
68 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 A third kind of bird-form vase is more globular in sliaije, with head 
 appended to the rim. The wings and tail are represented by flgnres 
 drawn on each side of this vase, and eyes are painted on the sides of 
 the head. The strange raised S-shaped bodies on the sides of this 
 vase are of unknown meaning, but they suggest legs. A view of 
 
 Pig. 22. Bird-shaped vessel from Clievlon (number 157909). 
 
 this vase from one side is shown in figure 23. The length of the 
 appendages i-epresented in relief on this vessel suggests some long- 
 legged wading bird, jjossibly a crane. 
 
 Plate XXXVI a- shows a conventional effigy bowl in which the rim is 
 modified to represent the head, tail, and wings of a bird. 
 
 Fig. 28. Bird-snake vase from Chevlon fniiraher 157S11). 
 
 The preceding forms, representing all effigy objects which were 
 found in the excavations, naturally lead to a consideration of the great 
 difference in the ceramic technic of northern and southern Arizona 
 and New Mexico. As we go south there is an ever-increasing tend- 
 ency to combine relief with pictorial decoration; efligy vases, includ- 
 ing those in the form of men and animals, increase in number, until 
 
 ^*= 
 
FEWKEs] SYMBOLIC DECORATION OF LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 69 
 
 171 Mexico relief decorntioii l>ecoiiies the essential feature. In its 
 earliest development the head is I'aised in relief, while arms and legs 
 are indicated by ridges, as in a figure from the Nantacks, considered 
 later in this article. In the <Tila valley, clay reliefs of the human 
 figure on a jar or vase were attempted — a thing unknown in ancient 
 Tusayan. 
 
 Slipper-shaped Vessels 
 
 Several rough-ware jars in the form of slippers wei'e found in the 
 ruins excavated in 181)6. From the fact that many of these were 
 blackened witli soot, it is conjectured that they were formerljr 
 used for cooking vessels, and it is xjrobable that they were made in 
 that peculiar form in order that they might be used like Dutch ovens 
 and coals of fire might more readily be heaped over them. Many of 
 these slipijer-shaijed jars had one or more handles jjlaced on the necks 
 or prolongations of the rims. 
 
 These jars were always made of rougn ware, and were never 
 painted, as is the case with similarlj' formed vessels from the (rila 
 river and its northern triliutaries. They vai'y in length from a few 
 inches to a foot or a foot and a half. 
 
 DECORATIVE DESIONS 
 Gexeral Charac ter 
 
 The great value of collections of pottery from the Southwest, espe- 
 ciallj' from the ruins in Arizona, is to be found in tlic syndiolic di'co- 
 ration and its interpretation. Tlie collections in 1>^U('> were especially 
 instructive on account of the new localities from which they were 
 made and of the new symbols depicted. As is universally the case, 
 avian figures are the most common and the most elaborately con- 
 ventionalized. There are one or two instructive reptilian designs. 
 
 A study of the decoration on tlie i)Ottery of the Homolol)i, CJhevlon, 
 and Chaves pass ruins shows that the proj)ortion of geometrical to 
 animal designs is much larger than at the Sikj^atki or Shumopovi. 
 In the few instances where animals and human beings are depicted 
 the execution of the designs is ruder. This preponderance of geomet- 
 rical over animal figures recalls conditions characteristic of white and 
 black ware ornamentation. The predominance of animal pictogr.iphs 
 on pueljlo pottery in ancient times appears especially characteristic 
 of Tusayan. 
 
 The most novel results obtained from a study of the collections of 
 pottery were contributions to a knowdedge of ancient ijictography." 
 
 Even a superficial compaiison of the jiictography of the Little Colo- 
 rado pottery with that of the Sikyatki ware shows how inferior the 
 
 « The majority of forms of ancient Tusayan ware are well known to archeologists through 
 the Keam collection, some of the more striking specimens of which have been figured by Mr 
 Holmes in previous reports of the Bureau of Ethnology. 
 
7(.) 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [F.TH. ANN. 22 
 
 former is to the latter. A deeper 
 study confinus this conclusion. No- 
 where in the xiueblo regiou has the 
 ceramic art reached the high position 
 it attained in Tusayan in prehistoric 
 times. This development may be due 
 in part to the character of the material 
 used, but it is mainly owing to the 
 artistic instinct of the ancient Hopis. 
 In both the character of the paleog- 
 raph}- and the texture the ware of the 
 Little Colorado ruins is more like Zuiii 
 than llopi work. The ancient pueblos 
 on the Zuni river, a tributary of the 
 Little Colorado, closely resemble those 
 about Winslow and at the mouth of 
 Chevlon fork, but their potterj- is as 
 a rule inferior. 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 Flc. ~4. Footprints on inside of a \'asH 
 fritiii Homolt.iln {number l;')ti6iMI). 
 
 Human Figures 
 
 Pictures of human beings were very 
 rarely found in the excavations at 
 the Little Colorado ruins. This rarity 
 conforms with results from other ruins, 
 described by other archeologists, so 
 that the author suspects that delinea- 
 tions of the human figure, of which 
 several were found at Sikj^atki, indi- 
 cate a late stage in the evolution of 
 pottery decoration in ancient pueblos. 
 The drawings of human beings which 
 have been found are for the most piart 
 of the rudest possible character, show- 
 ing no elaboration such as would be 
 expected if the,y had been used many 
 generations for decoration. 
 
 Ikit a single complete figure of a 
 human Ijeing on pottery was ex- 
 humed in 18'.)G, and that was on the 
 handle of a ladle from Chevlon. The 
 specimen (figui-e 13) repi'esents a 
 woman with left arm lifted high above 
 the head. It has been identified as 
 the figure of a woman from the i:)res- 
 ence of the characteristic coiffure of 
 
HUMAN FIGURES ON LITTLE COLOEAD(.i POTTEBY 
 
 71 
 
 maidens, to which the author lias called attention in his account of 
 designs from Sikyatki. The end of the handle of this ladle turns at 
 right angles, and suggests an explanation for numerous clay objects 
 of like shape which have been found elsewhere. 
 
 Among human figures, howevei', may lie mentioned the unique 
 ornamentation on the inside of the vase from Homolobi (see figure 24), 
 where we have on one edge the representation of tlie head, neck, and 
 extended arms, (me of which carries a rattle, the other a spear. A 
 line of footprints extends across the inner surface of this vase, and 
 the body and legs are represented on the opposite side. It will lie 
 noticed that the portions of the human figure I'epresented at the two 
 ends of the line of footprints are complemental; the head and arms 
 appear at the l.Kittom, the bodj- and legs at the top. It would seem that 
 
 Ftg- 2.5. Quadruped figure on food bowl from Chaves pass (number 157570). 
 
 the artist intended to represent the tracks of a sested figure at the 
 bottom of the line of footprints, the marks being i^aired at tliatp)oint. 
 The inside of the food bowl shown in plate xxvii h is decorated 
 with a human face, in which eyes and mouth are represented. Above 
 the head is a crescentic figure in white, resembling the moon, into the 
 concave side of which project four ijairs of tubercles from the top of 
 the head. This is one of the few specimens from Homolobi in which 
 a human face i.s depicted. 
 
 Quadruped Fioures 
 
 There were a few pictographs of four-legged animals, two of which 
 are identified as mammalian forms. Mythical lizards and batrachiaus 
 are represented, but no complete picture of anj- reptile was found 
 which could be identified. 
 
72 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 One of the most interesting pictures of mammalian animals occurs 
 on a broken food basin from Chaves pass. This specimen (figure 
 25) represents an animal with long claws, a tail reaching above the 
 body to tlie head, two triangular ears, and an arrow-shaped tongue. 
 It is one of the few figures in which the intestinal tract is represented, 
 and it has two ej'es on one side of tlie head. 
 
 The design on the food bowl shown in figure 26 repi'esents a four- 
 footed animal which was identified by one of the Hopis as a bison, 
 and the hump on the back certainly suggests this animal. This 
 figure, like the preceding, has two eyes on one side of the liead, but, 
 unlike it, has the four legs all depicted in the same plane. The 
 
 Ftg. 2ti. Quadruped figure on food bowl from Clievlon fnumber loTlOi). 
 
 geometrical figures below tliis quadruped are of unknown meaning. 
 The bowl is of red ware, with black and white decoration, and is one 
 of the finest of tliis kind from the Chevlon ruin. 
 
 As a rule, vases are ornamented on tlie equator, and it rarely 
 happens that any design is found on the bottom. The specimen 
 shown in figure 27, however, has a design in that region resembling 
 a paw of som'e animal, possibly a bear or badger. Tlie form and chai'- 
 aeter of ware which distinguish tliis specimen are likewise highly 
 instructive. 
 
FEWKEs] FEATHER SYMBOLISM ON LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 73 
 
 Bird Fioures 
 
 The majority of the animal flgures on specimens from the three 
 southern ruins represented birds, many of which were highly con- 
 ventionalized. While there were many objects of pottery adorned 
 with feathers, this style of decoration was not as common or as 
 varied as at Shuinopovi, Sikyatki, Awatobi, or other ruins on the 
 Hopi reservation. The conventional forms of feathei's so common 
 on the decorated pottery of Sikyatki are not found in the designs 
 ornamenting the pottery of the Little Colorado ruins, but seem to be 
 confined to the pueblos in the present Hopi reservation. Thus, not 
 a single specimen of the conventional feather figured on the "butter- 
 fly vase" shown in plate cxxv of the Seventeenth Annual Report of 
 the Bureau of American Ethnology, part 2 (and also plate XL, Smith- 
 sonian RepoT't, 1S!)5), was found on any vessel from Ilomoh)!)!, Chevlon, 
 or Chaves ])ass." 
 
 Fig. 'i7. Vase with bear's paw design inumVier 1571H7I. 
 
 The peculiar symbol of the breath feather (Seventeenth Annual 
 Report of the Kureau of American Ethnologj-, plates CXXXYIII b and 
 CXLI c, (/) also appears to he limited to objects from i-uins near the 
 inhabited Hopi pueblos. On none of the many figures of birds shown 
 in the Little Colorado pottery have we anj^ such complicated symbols 
 appended to wing or tail. The figures of birds from Shumopovi 
 resemble those from Sikyatki, but no potter_y from a Little Colorado 
 ruin is found decorated with the conventional figure of the feather so 
 constant in the ancient ruins above mentioned. 
 
 It will be noticed in the figures of birds from Homolobi and Chev- 
 lon that the posterior end of the body has a triangular form which 
 apparently represents the tail. At one side of this triangular figure 
 are many short parallel lines, evidently intended to represent the 
 tips of the tail feathers, well brought out in the bird figures. 
 
 The design shown in figure 28 represents two birds, above which 
 are emblematic rain-cloud symbols with parallel lines representing 
 
 H ^Consult The Feather Symbol in Ancient Hopi Designs, American Anthropologist, v. U, n. 1, 
 January, 1898. 
 
74 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 falling rain. The fii^nires of these two ]nrds are decidedly Egyptian 
 in t'oiin. Their beaks are tnrned in the same direction, and both 
 have two eyes on one side of the head. The wings are of special 
 interest, to students of Hopi symbolism, for they are represented by 
 triangles — which is often the case in ancient Tusayan pictures 
 of mytliie l)irds. This bowl, found at Chevlon, is of the red 
 ware cluiracteristic of the Little Colorado ruins. The triangles at 
 the low(M- ends of the bird figures are tails, and the short parallel 
 knol)s represent the tips of the tail feathers. This is important to 
 
 Fif;. 28. Mythir- hii-d figures aud rain-cloud symbols on food howl from f'hevlon 
 
 (number 1.^7221 ). 
 
 reniemljer in the study of symbolism, I'or we sometimes hnd the same 
 syml)ols depicted alone on a \ase (see hgure ofi). 
 
 No specimen fi-((ni the liittle Cohiratlo ruins has a diametrical line 
 represeiiting ii "sky band" to which liangs the conventional figure of 
 a bird — a design socommon in the best Sikyatki ware. A good exam- 
 ple of this ornamentation is shown in a food bowl from Shumopovi 
 (see figure 7.'i, page 117). We miss also the star design and the 
 trifid cross so commonly associated in Tusayan ware with the bird 
 symbols. 
 
BIRD FIGURES ON LITTLE CdLOKADO POTTERY 
 
 75 
 
 Attention is called to the form of tlie tail of the two birds in figure 
 28 and to the triangular de- 
 signs called featliers seen 
 in the same figure. It 
 seems not improbable that 
 in the conventionalization 
 of bird figures the design 
 representing a bird may 
 be reduced to two trian- 
 gles, making an liourglass- 
 shaped figure. Suppose, foi' 
 instance, wings and head 
 be omitted in figure 28, the 
 tail and body would then be 
 two triangles joined at the 
 apices. 
 
 The design on a vase from 
 Homolobi shown in figure 29 represents four birds, each one of which 
 
 Fig. '^. Vase with four bird figures, from Homo- 
 lobi (number 15(jti76). 
 
 Fli;. ;^(l. Mytlii'- liii-d figure on food bowl from Chaves pass i number IoT-oIkJ). 
 
 has a crested head of feathers and widespread wings of triangular 
 form. The body is continued into tM'o triangular extensions, as is 
 
76 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 the case in so inany bird figures; and tlie taii feathers are indicated 
 by short, stumpy, parallel lines attached to one side of a triangle. 
 The middle of the body is represented by a lozenge-shaped figure, in 
 the center of which is a dot. Trifld triangular designs alternate 
 with the bird figures, and the bird figures are arranged as though 
 moving in a sinistral circuit. 
 
 The figure of a bird on a food bowl from Chaves pass (figure .'iO) is 
 characteristic. This represents a toothed bird, a conception ofteii 
 repeated in the ancient pueblo pictography. Both eyes are on one side 
 of the head, which is rounded posteriorily and prolonged into an upper 
 and lower dentate beak. The triangular wings are terraced or 
 
 Bird design on food bowl from Homolobi {number 156fiO.S). 
 
 not(^hed on one edge, and the tail is triangulai', with short, white 
 appendages representing feathers. Although a simple figure, this is 
 one of the most instructive bird designs in the collection. The con- 
 ception of a toothed bird is certairdy I'emarkable, but we find it still 
 current in the Walpi ritual, where it is personated, as in the so-called 
 Natackas which apj^ear in the Powamu, or Bean-planting, a ceremony 
 when the fields are prepared for planting. 
 
 The figure of a bird represented on a food bowl from Homolobi 
 shown in figure 31 is different from any elsewhere collected. Par- 
 
BIRD FIGURES ON LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 
 
 77 
 
 ticularly interesting is the drawing of the wing and the shape of the 
 body, M'hieli is bordered by small triangles. Both eyes are i-epre- 
 sented on one side of the Iread, and the tail feathers, fonr in number, 
 are rei)resenteil in a vertical i)lane. 
 
 Tlie food bowl shown in figure 32, from Ifomolobi, is decorated on 
 the interior with a design representing the head, neck, and legs of a 
 mythic liird. There are two eyes on one side of the head, and the 
 tongue has a tip like an arrowhead. The wings bear triangular 
 appendages representing feathers. The talons recall lliosc of the 
 
 Fig. H:?. Bird figure on food liowl from Homolobi (minibei' l.Vi.STl) i. 
 
 "nnknown reptile" from Sikyatki, figured in plate LXii of a pre- 
 liminai-y report, on that ruin." We have in this figure a representation 
 of both wings in the same plane, a constant feature in Pueblo draw- 
 ing. There is also a view of a bf)dy cavity, which is not rare in 
 modern Pueblo figures of animals. 
 
 One of the most striking pictures of birds is that depicted on tlie 
 interior of the food bowl from Chevlon, shown in figure 33. The 
 
 " Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 189.5. 
 
78 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [etH. ANN. 22 
 
 most remarkable of all the appeiidaKes are those on the tail, the mean- 
 ing' of whieli the author can not interpret. It was sometimes cus- 
 tomary to equip a. l.)ird figure with a long snout in whicli were teeth, 
 and this conception x^ersists among the Ilopis, as has been noted above. 
 It is interesting to note that in this figure, as in the majority of bird 
 figures from the Little Colorado ruins, the tail is represented by a 
 triangle, and the tail feathers or their tips by three parallel lines. 
 
 The interior of tlie food bowl shown in figure 34 is decorated with 
 a bird design which exhibits some of the notable violations of per- 
 spective common in ancient Tusaj'an art. We here find wings, legs, 
 
 Fig. 33. Jlythii' "bird figure on food bowl from Chevlon (number iri7384i. 
 
 and tail featliers shown on the same plane, notwithstanding that a 
 side view was intended. 
 
 The indication of the claws by crescents in tliis figure is interesting. 
 The same method is adopted in another bird figure, in which there 
 are in each foot two short parallel lines. This method is likewise 
 used in one of the designs from Sikyatki which was identified as rep- 
 resenting an unknown reptile." There is some doubt whether this 
 figure represents a lizard or a l)ird, for a considerable part of the 
 body is posterior to the appendages. If we consider the posterior 
 
 ' SeTenteentli Annual Repi.trt Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 2, 1898, figure 269. 
 
FEWKEs] BIRD FIGURES ON LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 79 
 
 appendage.s Hf< a irdiv of legs, they bend the wrong way, unless the 
 whole portion from the angle to tln^ claws is regarded as f(H)t. This is 
 not an avian feature, l)ut the xiresenee of seiuieii-eles and triajigles on 
 tlie body is characteristic of bird synil)olisni. 
 
 In studying the different ttguresof reptiles from ancient ixittery llie 
 author finds no other in which the feet have this form — which occui's 
 in undoubted t)ird figures from Ilomolobi and C'he^i()n. It might 
 therefore be concluded that the Sikj^atki figui-e was wi-ongly identi- 
 fied and should be called a bird. There are, howevei', almost fatal 
 objections to this identification. The most striking of these is the 
 
 Fig. 84. Bird figure nn food howl from Clievlon (number l.')7(IS4i. 
 
 elongated fonn of the body. The anterior appendage, which is 
 identified as a leg, can hardlj' be homologized with a wing, although 
 it must be confessed that the parallel lines may l)e feathers. 
 
 The reexamination of the figure in the light .shed on the sub.jeefc 
 by the bird figures from Ilomolobi reveals that it has l)otli bird and 
 reptilian features, and that the former predominate. 
 
 Two raptorial birds are painted on the food bowl shown in figure o5, 
 on opposite sides of terraced figures which recall cloud symbols. The 
 birds are shown in iiroflle, with both eyes on one side of the head 
 
80 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 and tail feathers thrown out of perspective. Wing.s are not repre- 
 sented, and tlie bodj' is covered Avitli cross-hatched lines. In a bowl 
 from Shuniopovi we likewise find two birds represented from a differ- 
 ent point of view, ;ind also terraced figures which have been inter- 
 preted as rain-cloud symbols. 
 
 The triangular designs on the vase shown in figure 36 are inter- 
 preted as feathers, or rather as the tails of birds with appended 
 feathers. The reason for tlie interpretation is to be found in the 
 studj^ of the bodies of birds as represented in the Little Colorado pot- 
 terv. The autlior has elsewliere shown several instances in Sikvatki 
 
 Fig. '■^1. Food buwl with liird designs. 
 
 pottery where symbolic featliers are represented as tied aliout the 
 neck of small vases, and even at the present day certain gourds in 
 wliieh sacred water is l)rought from si:)rings in kiva ceremonials have 
 feathers tied in this position. The triangle, as a featlier symbol, is 
 still found in certain altar pictures — as the snake-liglitning designs in 
 saiKl of tlie Anteloxje altars. It is interesting to notice that these 
 feather symbols liave parallel white lines on one side. 
 
 The only other symbol with which these triangular figures on the 
 Ilomolobi vase could be identified are triangular rain clouds, the 
 short parallel lines reijresenting falling rain. Tliese symbols M'ould 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 ORNAMENTATION IIF LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 
 
 81 
 
 also bo appropriate on this small vase, Imt there is more likelihood 
 that the triangles in this instance are feather symbols. 
 
 Insect Fkjures 
 
 In an aeeount of the insects nsed in pottery decoration at Sikyatki 
 attention was called to the use of the moth or butterfly and the 
 dragon fly. Both of these forms occur on pottery from the ruins 
 along the Ijittle Colorado, and their symbolism appears to be the 
 same in all tlie ruins in Arizona thus far studied. The butterfly is 
 commonly indicated by a triangular figure, which often becomes 
 highly conventionalized, as in plate XX v 7;. 
 
 :ifj. Vase with bird yymbola, from Homolubi (number 15BH8U). 
 Arachnid Figures 
 
 The si^ider plaj'S an important part in Pueblo mytliology, and the 
 so-called Spider woman is often mentioned in connection with the Suu 
 and the war gijd. 
 
 The design on the food bowl from Ilomololii shown in figure 37 
 represents a spider, and a figure of the sun on the outside of this 
 bowl recalls the legend of the Spider woman who married the Sun. 
 The association of these two syml)ols on an ancient vessel shows 
 the antiquity of this well-known legend. 
 
 22 ETH— 04 tj 
 
82 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [p:th. ANN'. 22 
 
 There are apijeuded to the cei)hfik">th()rax of tliis animal four jjairs of 
 legs, which iniinber distinguishes araeliiiids from insects; there are 
 two jaws at the anterior and a featlier at the posterior extremitj'. 
 
 The figure of tlie sun on the exterior of this food bowl is a simple 
 ring surrounding a white zone, in the interior of wliich is a black 
 spot. The four peripherally placed sets of three parallel lines are 
 supposed to represent eagle feathers, a constant featiire in sun 
 enililenis, or red horsehair, symbolizing the rays of the sun. The 
 sand picturi' of the sun in tlie Powalawu, a ceremony prec(_'ding the 
 
 Fici. S7. SjjidHi- and sun emiilem on food bowl from Homolobi (number ir»fi.S8S). 
 
 Powauiu in February, as made iir Oraibi, is identical with the design 
 on this food basin. 
 
 Kokyan wtiqti, or as slie is generally called, Kokya-n mana, tlie 
 Spider maid, was the parthenogeuetic motlier or grandmother of the 
 twin war gods, Piiiikofi hoya and Paliiha ho.ya. As she was supposed 
 to liave been impregnated by a sun's rjiy or a drop of water falling 
 upon her, the sun is therefore called the father of the twins. 
 
 In various curi-ent legends the Spider woman is represented as one 
 who can change her form at will, acting as mentor to the hero Piuikofi, 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 ORNAMENTATION OF LITTLE COLORADO POTTERY 
 
 83 
 
 generally perching (ni his ear, and whispei'ing her promptings from 
 that position. She assumes several roles and is designated bj' many 
 atitributal names. She is sometimes called "creator," but is an 
 earth goddess oi' mother rather than an artificer ot nature. 
 
 CtEOMetrical Designs 
 
 Tlie wealth of geometrical ornamentation (plates xxviii, xxix) in 
 Pneblo pottei'y decoration has attracted the attention of many stu- 
 
 Fto. :^. Three lines of life. Design on food bowl from Chevlon (number l.Tf)138) 
 
 dents, and a large literatnre has accumulated on that sub.ject. This 
 form of decoration is the simplest in motive, the most widely spread over 
 the jiueblo area, and also probably the most ancient. Its relations to 
 decoration of textile ai't products ai-e pointed out bj- several writers, 
 and there are many evidences of the evoh;tiou of complicated geo- 
 metrical figures from simple forms. There are also evidences of tlieir 
 origin by conventionalization of more elaborate patterns through 
 sjmibolism. 
 
 The design on the food basin shown in figure 38 is unique and highly 
 instructive in one important feature. Encircling bands or lines on 
 specimens of ancient pottery are ordinarily broken at one point, as 
 
84 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 can readily be seen bj^ an examination of figures in tlie report on 
 Sikyatki potterj-, as well as in the present memoir. The design before 
 us has three breaks in these encircling bands. The break in the 
 interior band is comiilicated by the addition of well-known terraced 
 figures. By modification in form and by the interlocking of these 
 appendages we i^ass easily to some of the most complicated geomet- 
 rical pattei'ns of Pueblo pottery. 
 
 A modification of the broken line about a vase appears in the 
 specimen shown in plate xxxvic. In this instance we find the band 
 continued into two narrow extensions, which interlock but do not 
 
 Fig. :{9. Gpometrinal designs on a food howl from Chaves pass (number ]57.53i^). 
 
 join. The figure which is thus formed is a common one in geomet- 
 rical ornamentation, as may be seen by an examination of the many 
 beautiful pieces of pottery obtained from the ruins in all parts of 
 Arizona. 
 
 Not less instructive than the last-mentioned in a stiidy of geomet- 
 rical ornamentation is the design in figure 30. The spiral figures on 
 two of the bands show a modification of the broken lines which are 
 characteristic, and tlie S-shaped ornaments on one of the other bands 
 are common on ancient pueblo ware. 
 
FEWKKS] 
 
 MOSAICS FROM THE LITTLE COLORADO RUINS 
 
 85 
 
 A t'oiubiiiMtion oi oblique linos and fvet, sliown in figure 40, is the 
 most inuisual design in the collections which it has l;)een the author's 
 fortune thus t'ai' to examine. Tlui same design is worked in a liasket 
 from the same ruin (figure (i3). 
 
 The design figured on the interior of tlie food bowl shown in fig- 
 ured! isuni(juc, 
 reminding one 
 of a swastil<a. 
 witli arms split 
 into two i^arts. 
 We recognize in 
 it the familiar 
 
 Fig. 4(). Broken 
 fret on food bowl 
 from Clievlon 
 (number 1.')789.'5). 
 
 Pig. 41. Food bowl with geometrical patterns (number 1.5(54:?7). 
 
 triangle and croolc, but tlie long scythe-like projec- 
 tions on the peripliery of the design are rarely found 
 in ancient pottery decoration. 
 
 The decoration of another food bowl from Ilomo- 
 lobi is likewise unique, but it is formed of familiar 
 decorative designs arranged in an irregular manner. 
 
 Ornaments 
 
 MOSAICS 
 
 The ancient pueblo peoples of Ai-izona were adepts 
 in making mosaic, some examples of which rival in 
 excellence the work of a similar kind in old Mexico. The author's 
 explorations in 1896 revealed different kinds of this craft, several of 
 which are unique. The southernmost ruin, that in Chaves pass, 
 jdelded the most beautiful specimen, but those found at Clievlon 
 were almost as fine, and the variety was greater. 
 
86 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 Fl<i. 42. Mosaic gorget from 
 Chaves pass 1 number 157850). 
 Length about 2 inches. 
 
 In the course of excavation tliere were found in the soil, near a 
 buried body, a large niinil)er of accurately squared turquoises which 
 were so small that they could liardly have served for ornament alone, 
 and with them were found worked shells covered with a tenacious 
 pitch. In one of these collections there are several larger fragments, 
 evidently turquoise ear x^endants. Later excavations explained the 
 
 character of these turquoises, for they were 
 found to be dni:)li(.'ated in specime7is of fine 
 mosaic ware. 
 
 It is well known that Ilopi women at the 
 present day wear ear pendants made of 
 square wooden jjlates, upon which are ce- 
 mented rude mosaics of turquoise. The modern work of this kind is 
 comparatively coarse, and evidently is made of (jld tur<iUoises, some 
 of which are perforated and were formerly used as beads. The tur- 
 quoise stones employed are not accurately fitted, and the black gum 
 in which thej' are embedded shows between the stones. The ancient 
 work (plate XLiv) is much finer and more beautiful than the modern. 
 Specimen 159850 is a turquoise mosaic set on wood, but it was so 
 bi'oken tliat it was impossible to tell what its form was. 
 
 The sx^ecimen shown in figure 42 is an elongated gorget, of wood 
 with shell and turquoise incrustation; it was 
 found at the Chevlon ruin, and is one of the 
 most beautiful of x^rehistoric mosaics. Figure 
 43 shows a pear-shax3ed x^cndant made of bone 
 with turquoise mosaic on one side and incised 
 chevrons on the ox^posite. It is perforated at 
 the blunter end as though for susx^ension. 
 The specimen was taken from the Chevlon 
 ruin, and is unique. The collection contains 
 also a numlier of fragments of turquoise and 
 other stone mosaics, and of catlinite and tur- 
 quoise embedded in gum on wood. These were 
 fi'om the Chevlon ruin. Many other square 
 ttirqtioises, evidently formerly x^arts of a mosaic, were collected at the 
 same ruin. 
 
 The sxJecimen shown in figure '43 was found near the mastoid x^rocess 
 of the skull of a woman. It was evidently an ear x^endant, one 
 attached to the ear Ijy a string. Two other sx^ecimens of lione incrusted 
 with stone mosaic were found at Chevh^n. 
 
 One of the most beautiful examples of mosaic was a worked shell of 
 Pectunculus giganteus covered with turquoise stones embedded in 
 X:>itch. It was found on the sternum of a skeleton from Chaves 
 Xsass, and was buried several feet below the surface of the ground. 
 Plate XLiv shows two views of this tinique and xJi'ecious sx^ecimen, 
 one from above and one from the umbo of the shell. In the former 
 
 Flci. «. 
 from 
 ]'5TK.52 1 . 
 inches. 
 
 Bone ear pendants 
 
 Chevlon i number 
 
 Length about 2 
 
ORNAMENTS FROM LITTLE COLORADO RUINS 
 
 87 
 
 a median rectangular fi-ag-ment of vt'd jaspei; its shown, and in tlie 
 latter appears the hole by -whieli the ornament was formerly sus- 
 pended. The latter likewise shows legs, suggesting a frog, turtle, 
 or toad. The arrangement of the lines of turtpioise on the opposite 
 rim, obscurely seen in the upper view, has been reganted as represent- 
 ing the hind legs of the same animal. The teehnic ot this nnjsaio 
 recalls work of the same general character on dirk handles and masks 
 from Mexico. 
 
 Several additional specimens of sinular stone mosaic on shells were 
 found, but these were much broken and impossible of restoration. 
 The mosaic frog was broken when found, but the anterior end was 
 entire and still clinging to the shell when dug from the ground. 
 
 A summary of the specimens of mosaic collected is given with their 
 catalogue numbers in the following list : 
 
 Number Article 
 
 (1740) Squared fragments of trnvjuoise fcirmerly incru.sted ou shell 
 
 157849 Square lignite pendant fur ear. with tnrqnoi.se in each corner 
 
 and middle 
 
 1.598.50 Penilant of wood incrn.sted with stones 
 
 157853 Pyriform ear pendant of liijne, with turquoise incru.station 
 
 158068 Fragment.? of a mosaic of turcinoise and other stones 
 
 157848 Fragments of stone mosaic on wood 
 
 157932 Fragments of stone mosaic on wood 
 
 157851 Mosaic frog. toad, or turtle 
 
 LIGNITE ORNAMENTS 
 
 One of the common uses of lignite was that of ornament. The 
 specimen represented in figure 44: is a square 
 ear pendant, taken from near the mastoid 
 process of a human skull in the t'hevlon 
 cemetery. It is made of lignite, nicely pol 
 ished and accurately si[nared. In each C(n'- 
 ner and in the middle on one face irregular 
 turquoises iii-e set in de^jressions, while on 
 the obverse, near the middle, there is an 
 eyelet in the substance of the i>endant. 
 The l)utton-sliaped gorget shown in figure 
 4-5, unfortunately broken, was flat on one 
 side, and convex on the opposite, which was 
 smoothly poli.shed. The stria^ across the 
 flat side suggest the xx'lishing stone, and 
 the perforations point to suspension by a 
 string or thong. This is one of the Ijest formed lignite buttons in the 
 collection, but ruder forms have been taken fr(jm other rnins. 
 
 Flo. 44. Lignite ear pendant 
 fri)Ui Chevlon (number 1.5T.S49). 
 Natural size. 
 
88 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [eth. anx. 22 
 
 Unwovkeil fi-jigiiiciits of liguite are rare, and the material appears 
 to have been Immglit to C'hevlon from some distance, although it is 
 common in the I'ocks near the modern Ilopi villages. 
 
 ''■'"*, „ ■ . i ■'' ■■■ '■■ 
 
 FtCt. 45. Lignite gorget. Sliglitly reduced. 
 
 SHELL ORNAMENTS 
 
 The collections made in the summer of 1806 were particularly rich 
 in ornaments made from marine shells. The largest number of these 
 were found in the ruins at C'hevlon and C^haves pass, although a con- 
 siderable number of specimens were collected from the ruins of the 
 Homolobi group. 
 
 The shells used in making these ornaments belong to the Pacific 
 coast fauna, and no doubt came through barter to the people 
 who once inhabited the towns of the Little Colorado, for it is well 
 known that there was a considerable trade in early times in these 
 shells, and long trips were taken by the Pueblo Indians for trade 
 purposes. 
 
 The intercourse of northern and southern peoples of Arizona 
 through trading expeditions continued to quite recent times, but 
 judging from the number of specimens which were found in 
 the ruins it must have been considerably greater in prehistoric 
 times than it is at present. In fact, much of the decline in this 
 traffic is jirobably to l)e traced to the modification of the southern 
 Arizonian aborigines and the introduction of new ornaments by the 
 whites. 
 
 One of the most highly prized of these marine shells was a species 
 
FEWKES] SHKLL ORNAMENTS FROM LITTLE COLORADO RUINS 
 
 89 
 
 il PectiiDi-ulusi slicUs wiMc lomid at. 
 
 Fti 
 
 4t In( isH(l aimlet tiom Chevlon (mimlier 
 ]o7S4->). DianiLtei dbout --i.v in(_'hes. 
 
 of Peetuiiculus," wliicli was worked iu man}- sluipes, or presei-ved iu 
 practically the same form as when taken from the sea. A iiiimher 
 of these wei'e very fresli looking; others wia-e more or less decayed. 
 
 Some of the most characteristic specimens ai-e sliidls witli round 
 holes in the middle. Il wonld appear that these ai-e ornaments; and 
 as one of these objects was found near the wrist bone of a man it, was 
 judged to be a wristlet. It is suggestive that these perf(M'ated shells 
 were generally found in jjairs, as though belonging to some dual 
 organ . 
 
 Five specimens of perfoi'ate 
 t'haves pass (one of them a 
 fi-agment smeared with gum), 
 and the same numberat Ilomo- 
 lobi. 
 
 Pectunculus shells were 
 worked into arndets, oi- large 
 rings,* by cutting out the wluide 
 middle of the shell, leaving the 
 rim, whicli was ground to a 
 smooth surface. The umbo 
 was carved into a shell-shaped 
 
 elevation, and the surface was often incised with characteristic ilesigns. 
 The following specimens were found : 
 
 Number Locality and description 
 
 1.>T824 Chaves pass: 8 specimens 
 
 157659 Chaves pass; 2 specimens 
 
 157704 Chaves pass: fcainil on a humerns 
 
 157205 Chevlon: with inserted tnrquoise 
 
 157H4:j Chevlon: with incised desitcn 
 
 155760 Homolobi: 2 specimens 
 
 157903 Homolobi: fragments 
 
 There are also several fragments from an unknown locality. 
 
 As a rule, the surface of these armlets is smooth and without 
 ornament, but one specimen (figure 40) was beautifidly decorated with 
 a characteristic incised fret covering the A\'hole outer surface. The 
 design consisted of a series of lines interlocking at exti-emities, though 
 not joining. This figure is one of the simple forms of a characteristic 
 decorative motive widespread oA^er the whole pueblo area. In its 
 sinii^lest expression it appears as two crescents turned in opposite 
 directions, with the two horns adjacent. It is thus painted on the 
 breasts of certain katcinas (personations of suisernatural beings), and 
 
 «The following specimens were taken from Homolobi, Chevlon, and Chaves pass: Number of 
 specimens, 111; incrusted with stone mosaic, ]; Incrusted with pitch, 1; armlet, incised, 1; arm- 
 let, inlaid with turquoise,]; armlets, not ornamented, 10 ( many additional fragments); ^vristlets, 
 41 (many additional fragments): finger rings, 80 (many additional f I'agments i ; fragments 
 incru.sted on wood, :?: carved in imitation of frog, 1; shells not woi'ked, :^; shells with medial 
 perforation, 20. 
 
 f> Popularly l)ut eiTonectusly called " eai'ilngs.'' 
 
90 
 
 TWO SITMMERS WORK TN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 Oil shields, or is CHit in pictographs. But it is in decoration of pottery 
 that this simple form reaches its highest moditication and complica- 
 tion, and it is remarkable how many complex figures can be reduced 
 to this simple type. The horns of the two crescents may elongate and 
 develop into sqiiare frets or spiral extensions, and these in turn may 
 be continued into triangular appendages with dentate or serrate mar- 
 gins. They maj' become terraced figures, their edges so close Ij' approxi- 
 mated as to be separated by zigzag intervals, wliich in all cases are 
 bnt the sj)ace left by the bi-eak. With all these modifications, no 
 matter how complicated, the motive can be reduced to the two horns 
 of adjacent crescents ox)ening toward each other, but not joining. 
 The break is comparable to that in encircling bands drawn on jjueblo 
 pottery, called the broken lines or "lines of life." Consider such a 
 line about a vase, bowl, or jar to be broken at several points, or, as 
 the author found in several instances, to have three lireaks, and the 
 ends so extended as to overlap the intervals either above or below; 
 modify the extremities thus extended into terraced figures, spirals, or 
 
 frets, and we have some of the 
 develoijments of this most char- 
 acteristic of all motives in the 
 geometrical designs of decorated 
 Piiel>l(^ pottery. This broken 
 line, with its modifications, is 
 used almost universallj' as a 
 decorative motive bj' Pueblo 
 potters, ancient and modern, 
 whether living in pueblos, cliffs, 
 or caves. The design on the 
 armlet shown in the figure is a modification of the same motive. 
 
 A single sxjecimen of armlet, shown in figure 47, has a turquoise set 
 iu the outer surface near the edge. The stone was probalily fastened 
 there with ijitch, the armlet being the only specimen of shell inlaid 
 witli turquoise in the collection. 
 
 The wristlets were made of the same genus as were the armlets, 
 but from smaller specimens. A number of these ornaments were 
 found ill some instances encircling the radius and ulna. The major- 
 ity were from Chaves pass. Twenty-nine complete specimens were 
 secured hei-e, together with niaiij' fragments, and one specimen was 
 found at Homolobi. 
 
 ]>raeelets made (.)f this shell are smaller, slighter, as a rule less care- 
 full}^ worked, but more abundant than the armlets. The majority 
 are perforated at the umbo, but the valves are so ground down that 
 there remains no space for the heart-shaped elevation; indeed, the 
 thickness of the shell would not admit of it. Like the armlets, they 
 are sometimes found free in a grave, as though cast there as a votive 
 offering, but there can Ije no doubt that they were bracelets, for in 
 
 Flfi. 47. Armlet vrith inlaid turquoise, from 
 Clievlon (number 157:?9.5). Diameter about 3i 
 inches. 
 
SHELL OBJECTS FROM LITTLE COLORADO RUINS 
 
 91 
 
 more than one instance the author lias taken them from the bones of 
 the arm. Similar specimens often have been described as ear pend- 
 ants, and they may in some instances have served for this purpose, 
 but all of these objects found in the Little Colorado river i^raves were 
 bracelets. 
 
 A nirmber of finger rings made from small specimens of Pectun- 
 culus were found at Chaves pass. 
 
 Two fragments of Pectunculns were fashioned in the shape of gor- 
 gets. One of these, from Chevlon, was perforated witli two holes; 
 the other was crescentic, with a single perforation. The latter was 
 found in a grave at Chevlon. 
 
 Unworked specimens of Pectunculns were not numerous, but three 
 were found at the Chaves pass ruins, and one at Chevlon. In this 
 connection may likewise be mentioned a clay 
 imitation of a Pectunculns shell from Kisakobi, 
 the site of old Walpi. 
 
 Two specimens from Chaves pass were 
 smeared with a tenacious pitch and probably 
 formerly incrusted with turquoise, sciuared frag- 
 ments of which were found near by. 
 
 Three species of Conns (C. fergnsoni, C. 
 priuceps, and C. regularis) were found in pre- 
 historic gi-aves. These were favorite shells for 
 the manufacture of rattles, and they are still 
 used for that purpose by the Hopis. Tln^ spire 
 was ground away on a plane at right angles to 
 the lip, making a conical ob.ject perforated at 
 the apex. The larger specimens (see figure 48) 
 were probablj' tied to a short crook, and were used as rattles with 
 which to beat time to the sacred songs. Smaller specimens, found in 
 great numbers on some of the skeletons, served as tinklers, and were 
 apparently tied to garments of the deceased in much the same fashion 
 that the tin cones are api)ended to the kilts of Snake priests in the 
 Snake dance. 
 
 The number of sjiecimens of Conns, especially of Conns princei^s, 
 was large, and the ma.jority were found at the ruin in Chaves pass. 
 One of the best preserved of the siDCcimens is shown in figure 48. 
 This Avas probably a part of an ancient rattle, and the cut shows the 
 hole which formei'ly served as the i)lace of suspension. Several of 
 the smaller specimens were found near the pelvis of a skeleton, as 
 though they were formerly tied to kilts, as is suggested above. 
 
 A single specimen of the Turritella shell was found at the Chevlon 
 ruin, but with the exception of a perforation near the lip it was not 
 worked. At the present day Turritella is so liighly esteemed that 
 specimens of it are attached bj' a string to several of the tiponis, or 
 palladia, of religious societies. 
 
 Fig. 48. Shell used for 
 rattle, f I'oni Ohevlon 
 (number 1.57S47), 
 
92 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 Fir -IP shell omament ±r in 
 Homolol)! (number ISt!:^!). 
 
 Haliotis shells were prized by the ancient Hopi pueblos, and are 
 still highly regarded and used for decoration among the modern 
 Tusayan Indians. Three specimens were found at Chaves pass. 
 These were entire, though very much eroded, when they were 
 
 dug out of the earth. They were the larg- 
 est and most beautiful sijecimens of Hali- 
 otis which the autlior has seen from ancient 
 Arizona ruins. Several fragments of this 
 shell were found, all apparentlj' worked, 
 two being jserforated for suspension. 
 
 A Strombus shell from the Ghevlon ruin 
 has a ring of pigmiMit aliout the umbo, but 
 one from Chaves pass is undecorated. 
 
 ()ne of the most highly prized foi' orna- 
 mental purposes of all Pacific coast sliells 
 was Cardium, which made its way by bar- 
 ter in prehistoric times throughout all the New Mexican and Arizonan 
 pueblos. 
 
 Figure 60, from Chaves pass, was a nicely carved 
 imitation of a toad or frog. A somewhat smaller 
 shell carving in the form of a frog is figured by 
 Holmes in a former report of the Bureau of 
 American Ethnology. 
 
 The fragment of a shell which the author is 
 unable to identify was found at the Chevlon ruin 
 (figure 51). The figure was elongated, with two 
 lateral extensions arranged in pairs on each side, 
 and suggested a highly conventionalized animal. 
 The author has no suggestion to make in regard to its former use, 
 and onlj^ two specimens of shell carved in this 
 shape were found by him. 
 
 Besides these more common shells, manj' speci- 
 mens of Melongena iiatula, Oliva angulata, and 
 Oliva biplicata or hiatula Avere obtained. 
 
 The crescentic shell ornament shown in figure 62, 
 which was evidently hung to some pai't of the 
 body by the hole midway in its lengtli, may have been a gorget, 
 or possibly a pendant for a 
 necklace. Its form is unique. 
 
 In addition to the specimens 
 of sea shells which preserved 
 enough of their natural form 
 to render identification possi- 
 ble, the author collected many 
 fragments of unknown relationship. It is probable that the major- 
 ity of these belong to some one of the species already mentioned. 
 Of unidentified fragments perhaps the most numerous were shell 
 
 Pig. 50. Shell frog 
 from Chevlon ( num- 
 ber 1.5T8.331. Length 
 about 1^ inches. 
 
 Fig. B1. Shell object 
 from Chevlon (num- 
 ber 1.572.51 ) . 
 
 Fig. 52. Shell gorget from Chevlon (number 
 157K,5II.| 
 
FEWKES] TRADE IN PACIFIC COAST SHELLS 93 
 
 beads, of which there were many hundreds. Some of these were 
 large and of coarse make, l»ut others wei-e so minute tliat it remains 
 a marvel how they could liave been manufactured with tlie rude 
 implements a stone-age people had at its control. In some instances 
 the perforations were but a trifle larger than the diameter of a fine 
 needle, with rim not over a sixteenth of an inch wide. The thickness 
 of these beads was not greater than that (jf paper. 
 
 AH the species of shells which were found in ruins belong to the 
 moUuscan fauna of the Paeifio, and are still used for ceremonial or 
 ornamental purposes iii modern Hopi pueblos. A majority of these 
 have been collected in cliff liouses and cavate dwellings, and likewise 
 occur in even greater numbers in tlie ruins along the Gila and Salado 
 rivers in southern Arizona. Not a single specimen was found which 
 could be traced to the Atlantic watershed, but tlie source of all was 
 the Pacific ocean, or, what is i^ractieally for our puriDoses the same, the 
 gulf of California. Still more significant is the fact that the art upon 
 them — the symbolism with whicli they are decorated — is identical 
 with tliat on the pottery of the ancient sedentary" pteople of southern 
 Arizona. 
 
 It may be said that the simple existence of these shells in the ruins 
 from the Gila valley to modern Tusayan can be explained on the the- 
 ory of barter, and that their distril)ution does not i^rove racial kinship 
 of former owners is self-evident. The theory that the .same syml)olism 
 and treatment of tlie material originated independently can not be 
 seriously urged in this case. While there is no proof one way or the 
 otlier that these shells were worked liy the people wlio lived in the 
 ancient ruins, it is probable that the ancestors of the Hopis may have 
 brought them in their migrations from the south. That the cul- 
 ture came to Tusayan from the south appears probable, and Hopi 
 traditionists claim that not only their culture, but also the ancestors 
 of certain component elans of their people came from tliat direction 
 into Tusayan. So far as archeological researches bearing on this 
 problem are concerned, thej' verif j' the claim that the remote ancestors 
 of the Patki people of Tusaj'an formerly inhabited the Gila-Salado 
 drainage area, and were closely allied to the Pimas, or some other 
 tribe of that slope. 
 
 Bone Implements 
 
 The collection of bone im]3lements was large and varied in character. 
 In the specimens from Chaves pass, where, from the natui'e of the 
 country, antelope were abundant, we find a large number of bone 
 implements made of the leg bones of the Cervidfe (see figure 53), 
 but in the ruins of the Little C'olorado, that is, Homolobi and 
 Chevlon, bird Ijones eommonlj' formed the material from which they 
 were made, and few large bone awls were found. 
 
94 
 
 TWO SaMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH, ANN. 22 
 
 The only specimen of a carved-bone iiupleiiieiiti is sliown iu figure 54. 
 It was made from tlie bone of a deer or antelope, and has a quadruped 
 carved on one end, the liead and hjgs being well represented. The 
 specimen is one of the few found at the small ruin of the Homolobi 
 grouii near the bank of the Little Colcjrado, about four miles from 
 Winslow. 
 
 The general f(jrm of one of the small bone awls is shown in the 
 
 Fl(;. 58. Bone awl from Chaves pa&s (number ].58n97). 
 
 accompanying cut, figure 53. As a rule, the bone of which they 
 are made is so worked that the rounded end fits the i)alm of the 
 hand and tlie sharpened extremity is continued to a needle-like fioint. 
 These awls are made of the bones of diffei'ent animals, of which the 
 turkey is tlie most ijopular. They were probably used in ancient 
 times in sewing or darning fabrics, possibly in weaving. The modern 
 
 Fig. M. Carved lione awl from Homolobi (num.ber l.")7H66) 
 
 Hopis used a few years ago in weaving a bone awl not very unlike that 
 figured above, but of late thej' have adopted an iron implement. 
 
 At Chaves pass seven small bone awls were found, at Homolobi 
 five, and at C'hevlon four. 
 
 Sixteen needle-like l)one implements with eyes were found at 
 Homolobi; fifteen were obtained at Chaves pass, and three at Chevlou. 
 
 Fig. .'Wi, Bone implement from Cliaves pass (number 1.5786T). 
 
 Anothei- l)one implement that was common at the Chaves pass ruins 
 was shaped like a bodkin. Thirteen specimens were found. 
 
 A numlter of bone tubes, some of which were perforated and others 
 not, were found in the excavations. Some of these tubes had holes in 
 the sides, diametrically opposite, and were identified as bird whistles. 
 One of these resembles the whistle still used in ceremonials con- 
 nected with making medicine in the modern Tusayan rites. 
 
FEWKEs] BONE IMPLF.MENTS FR(lM LITTLE COLORADO RTIINS 
 
 95 
 
 Fio. 
 
 Bniiu tulie from ILjmolulii mnuibrr 
 
 )f the 
 
 Five .speeiiiu'us of small liiilf-tubew .showed evidence of liMviii.!^ 
 been attached in jiairs, as the inai-lvini;' of 1lie bindiiit;' strinji' on the 
 bone is still visible. These were probably whistles, the noise lieing 
 made by a thin edge. 
 
 There are several l)one tnbes wliieh resemble "l)one implements" 
 found by Nordenskicild in the cliff liouses of the Mesa \'erde, where 
 they are considered " beads made of tlie liumerus of a lai'ge liird. prob- 
 ablj' the turkey."" Possilily 
 tlie tubes from Chaves pass may 
 likewise be beads, which, how- 
 ever, is not the case wi h the 
 Mesa ^'erde specimens. In the 
 account of the excavations at 
 
 Sikyatki similar bone beads, foun<l about tlie neck of one 
 skeletons, are mentioned. 
 
 Sixteen of these bone tube-like objects were secured at Homolobi, 
 three at Chaves pass, and one at Chi/xdon. 
 
 In addition to the common forms of implements already described, 
 mam' other specimens were obtained. Some of these were too fi'ag- 
 
 mentary t(.i make possible 
 an identific.dion of their 
 former \ises. Of these mis- 
 (•(dlaneous bone imple- 
 ments, eighteen complete 
 specimens and several 
 fragments were secured 
 from the ruins at Homo- 
 loin. A very few objects were found at Chaves pass and Chevlon. 
 
 The specimen shown in flgui-e 57 is on(^ of tin- most interesting 
 bone objects in the collection. It is made frojn a deer or antelope 
 leg bone, is flat on one side and i-ounded on the opposite, and tapers 
 to a sharp edge at one extremity. It was aftirmed liy one of the work- 
 men employed liy the author that this is the shaft of one of the .sticks 
 used by the stick swallowei's in their ceremonies. 
 
 Fig. 57. Stick used by stick swallower, fi-oni C'lievlun 
 I number ];3>'U7fi). 
 
 Turtle Carapaces 
 
 ISTear one of the skeletons in the cemetery at Chevlon wei'e found 
 two circular objects made of the carapace of a turtle belonging to the 
 genus Chrysemeis, but not the indigenous species. One of these was 
 perforated (.see figure 5s) and the other was not, but when found both 
 were in four fragments — not broken, but having fallen apart at the 
 sutures. The faces were ground smooth and tbe whole form had 
 been considerably changed. These disks may have lieen spindle 
 wdiorls. 
 
 uThe Cliff Dwellers o( the Mesfi Verde, Stockholm, isaa, j,l. xi., flg. 22. 
 
96 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PTTEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 Horn Objects 
 
 Two fragments of bone or liorn for which the author is unable to 
 assign any iise were dug up at Chaves pass. One of these was per- 
 forated, and had a uunil)er of indentations on the edge imparting to 
 it tlie appearance of a tire board. It mayliave been used in Icindling 
 fires. 
 
 Two fragments of deer liorn were found in one grave. These were 
 more or less worn, and one of the Hopis is rc^sponsible for the infor- 
 mation that chips of similar horns are at the present day drunk with 
 water as a medicine. "The deer," he says, "has a good heart." 
 
 Pigments 
 
 The custom of xilacing a small earthern vessel with different col- 
 ored pigments with the dead was practiced by the people of Chaves 
 
 pass, Chevlon ruin, Ilomolobi, and 
 Old Shumopovi. The pigments used 
 were the same as those now employed, 
 and had apparently the same cere- 
 monial significance. As these sub- 
 stances are now highly prized, and as 
 tliere is every reason to sui^pose that 
 thej^ were regarded in the same way 
 in ancient times, the burial of pig- 
 ments with the dead may have been 
 of the nature of a sacrifice. 
 
 Some of the modern Shumopovi 
 Indians Ijegged for fragments of 
 green carbonate of copper which 
 were found in the graves of their 
 ancestors, for use in painting their 
 
 ceremonial objects and for other purposes. 
 Specimens of red paint (sesquioxide of ir(ni 
 
 green paint (carbonate of copper), and 
 
 white paint (kaolin) were found at tlie 
 
 various ruins visited. Some were ground, 
 
 while others were in lumps occasionally in 
 
 the form of a cylinder or disk. 
 
 In his accoTint of tlie ruins of Sikyatki 
 
 the author called attention to ob.jeets in 
 
 the forms of disks, cylinders, and the like, 
 
 which were found in cemeteries of that 
 
 ancient pueblo. Their uses were said to 
 
 be problematic and he now has to record the finding of other objects 
 
 of the same nature and form which are equallj' enigmatic (figure 59). 
 
 One of these from Ilomolobi is a hemispherical fragment of kaolin, 
 
 Fig. .58. Disk of turtle shell, from Chevlon 
 ( nuniljer 1.57841 ) . Diameter nearly 3 
 inches. 
 
 l)lu(' paint (azurite), 
 
 >9. Xaolm cup fioni Chaves 
 pass ( number 157928} . 
 
FEWKEs] OBJECTS FROM LITTLE COLORADO E.UINS 97 
 
 recalling those exlmmed from Sikyatki; there was also a eylindj-ical 
 object of the same material from the Chevlon ruin, Itnt the most 
 exceptional specimen was a disk-formed object of Iraolin with a 
 depression in one side, resembling a small moi'tar. These A^arious 
 forms into which the easilj^ out kaolin is ^vorked would seem to li<ive 
 served some important office, the nature of which is unknown to the 
 author. Kaolin at the present daj^ is used for whitening cotton 
 blankets, sashes, and kilts, and for iiainting the bodies and limbs of 
 those who participate in sacred festi^'als. Possibly some of these 
 fragments are simply pigments. 
 
 Cloth 
 
 Considering the num])er of graves opened in the course of the exca- 
 vations, it is remarkable that so few specimens of cloth were found. 
 This may be ascribed, not to the poverty of the inhabitants of the 
 ancient tillages in woven fabrics, but to the rapiditj^ with which cloth 
 decays in the moist soil. One or two of the specimens which were 
 found were preserved Ijj' the copper carbonate \\ith which they were 
 
 Fig. 6(}. Matting from Chevlon (number 1579L'i). About .5 by 2} inches. 
 
 in contact, but the fragments were small and the manner of weaving 
 difficult to discover. From one of the specimens it appears that the 
 hair of some animal was used, and there is no doubt from others that 
 yucca liber was extensively employed. The impression of string was 
 observed on several sticks, lint the string itself was too much decayed 
 for identification. 
 
 Two fragments were discovered at Ilomolobi and one at Chaves 
 l^ass. 
 
 Matting 
 
 It appears that the bodies of tlie dead, especially at the Chevlon 
 ruin, were wrapped in matting, fragments of which were in many 
 instances well preserved. This matting was a loosely Avoven fabric, 
 made of vegetable fiber which the author is unable to identify, and 
 
 22 ETH— (M 7 
 
98 
 
 TWO SUMMEES' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 fETH. ANN. 22 
 
 was most abundaut in the C-hevlon ruin. It does not ai^pear to be 
 common in the interments at Chaves pass, and was only sparingly 
 foimd at Ilomolobi. 
 
 In the accompanying (nit (figure liO) a portion of one of the best 
 specimens of tMs matting is shown as a type. The specimen from 
 which this fragment was talcen is larg(.', amx)le enough to cover the 
 head and parts of the shoulders. 
 
 Basketry 
 
 The specimens of basketry found in tlie ancient burial places were 
 of two kinds, one corresponding with that now made at Oraibi and 
 
 Flf;. f'l. Basketry of OraiVji type, from Clieylon (nuLalji'i- ].')T9]Hl. Leni^tli aliout .^inrhes. 
 
 another similar to the basketry of the Middle mesa. It was the cus- 
 tom to l)ur}' these objects with the dead, as is still a common usage 
 in Tusayan, as receptacles for food and as other mortuary offerings. 
 These baskets were ornamented with wovcni 2)atterns, and in some 
 instances were covered with a thiclv layer of green, blue, or red paint. 
 In form thej^ were generally plaque-like, l)ut one of the specimens 
 
BASKETS FROM LITTLE COLoKADO RUINS 
 
 99 
 
 which was almost entire was deeper and basket-lilie. All were 
 browned with ag'e, and the majority of speoimens were fragmentary. 
 
 One of tlie best specimens of the (Jraibi style of liasketry is shown 
 in figure 01, which represents a sector of a plarpic in 
 which the colors are still preserved. The manner of 
 plaiting tliis liasket is the same as tliat practiced at 
 the Hopi i>^ieblo, as is shown b}' the accoinpanyiug 
 cut, figure 02. 
 
 The inhabitants of ancient Chevlon were familiar 
 with the method of making basketry bj' coiling, as 
 at the Middle mesa of tlie Ilopis 1o-day. Thei-e are 
 m.an)' specimens of this ancient c<iiled basketr\- iu 
 the collection, but the specimen sho^Tii in figui'e 0.'.! 
 is one of the most perfect fciund. The design is the 
 same as that shown on some of the ceramic objects. 
 
 One specimen of coiled ware and two fragments ^\'ei'e found at 
 Chaves pass, and twelve specimens of coiled ware and two of the 
 Oraibi xjattern at Chevlon. 
 
 F-niJS. Biisketryof 
 < )i;ul)i typi.', show- 
 ing jnanner ■ tf plait- 
 ing. 
 
 Fir;. Ii8. Basketry of i <nKtl t\l)t; trom Cllevlun muiuljer 1.57yi.5). Diameter aiiuut 5 inehes. 
 
 Prayer-sticks 
 
 Several foi'ms of 2n'ayer-sticks, orpahos, were collected from tli(.' dif- 
 ferent ruins in 18'.)0, but the majority were so decayed that their orig- 
 inal forms were unrecognizable. 
 
 Small prayer-sticks ijainted green wer(.' fouml at Sluimopo\"i, and 
 these were apparently not unlike those now used in the neigh i.ioring 
 pueblo. 
 
iOO TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. axx. 22 
 
 The palios from Chaves pass were paiuted l)i'iglit blue, the pigment 
 iTseil being azurite. ^J'hese liad a single stiek as I6ng as the arm, 
 between a half inch and an inch in diameter, and were apj^arently 
 laid by the side of the body when buried, in some instances resting 
 on tlie left arm. So tliorongidy decayed, however, was the wood of 
 which tliey were made that it ^^'as diflicnlt to take an nubroken speci- 
 men from the earth. 
 
 An nnnsual form of paho was found in a grave at Chaves i^ass. 
 It consisted of a wooden disk with a short handle, and was not nnlike 
 a hand mirror. Tlie whole object was painted green, with an obscure 
 figure in red on one face. The disk was perforated in tlie middle, 
 and there were markings or impressions of feathers on the green pig- 
 ment with which it was painted. In one of the graves a spheroidal 
 W'ooden oljject was found, with daubs of pigment upon it, which 
 recalls the squash pahos found in tlie Awatobi shrine, and has lilvc- 
 nesses to the modern prayer eagle eggs made of wood, such as can be 
 found in a shrine at Tiirkinobi, near Walpi. 
 
 The pahos from Homolobi and Chevlon are small, and as a rule 
 are painted green with copper carbonate. They were neither as finelj' 
 made nor as complicated as those of Sikj-atki, where the best ancient 
 praj'er-sticks j'et found have been obtained. In tlie Chaves jjass 
 graves the prayer-stick was very long and painted blue "with azurite 
 or green with carbonate of copper. 
 
 The most interesting and exceptional form of prayer-stick collected 
 in 1896 was that obtained at Chevlon. It was disk-like in form, had 
 an attachment at one end or on the rim, and was painted green and 
 decorated with red designs. The author has found no similar prayer- 
 stick in use in any Hopi ceremonial which he has witnessed. 
 
 Bow AND Arrows 
 
 Almost a complete bow and several fragments of arrows or reeds 
 were dug (_)ut of a grave at the Chevlon ruin. These were tMken from 
 the same place as the gaming reeds about to l»e mentioned. The 
 association of gaming implements and the weapons of a warrior in the 
 same grave is highlj' suggestive. 
 
 Gaming Canes 
 
 One of the mortuary liowls excavated from the Chevlon cemetery 
 contained five half canes (figure 64) which recall those used in the 
 Zuni game known as sholiwe." These reeds are not, however, marked 
 as are those now used at Zniii, and differ from those found on a 
 bowl from Sliumopovi (figure 74). The author believes, however, that 
 the game in which they were emplcn-ed was practically the same. 
 
 «Se6 Owens's figure of sholiwe a-eeds in Pr)pular Soienre Monthly, May, 1801. According to 
 Owens, four pieces of reed are employed in this j^ame by the Zuhis The manner of thi'owing 
 the reeds ia clearly indicated by this author 
 
OBJECTS FROM LITTLE COLORADO RUINfl 
 
 101 
 
 One or t\V(i food liowls were found in wliieli fitfUT-es of these ganiiui,^ 
 reeds are painted on the inside of the liowl, as is mentioned later in 
 this report. 
 
 Seeds 
 
 ]\Iany of th(^ fo(}d l)asins contaiiKMl seeds of maize or s(|uash, and 
 ears of matze from whieh the l<:ei'nels had decayed weiM' fcinnil in 
 several bowls. 
 
 The ears or cobs sliow 
 that the maize was a 
 small variety, like that 
 found in cliff houses 
 and still cultivated I)}- 
 the modern Hop! farm- 
 ers. The occurrence of 
 squash seeds in some of 
 the mortuary bowls is 
 Important, indicating 
 the ancient use of this 
 vegetable for food. It 
 may, in this connec- 
 tion, l)e Itoriie in mind 
 that one of the southern 
 clans of the Ilopi In- 
 dians was called the 
 Patuii or Scxuash fam- 
 ily, wliich is still repre- 
 sented at Oraibi and the 
 Middle mesa, altliough 
 it is extinct at Waljii. 
 Numerous other small 
 seeds too shriveled for 
 i d e n t i fi c a t i o n we re 
 found in the mortuary 
 offerings in the ceme- 
 teries of Homolobi and 
 
 Chevlon. It would seem from the nature ot n matrix in wliicli they 
 were inclosed that thev had been boiled or cooked in some waj". 
 
 Food 
 
 Almost every liowl found in the cemeteries contained I'ragments of 
 what appeared to have been food, but in most instances this was too 
 much destroyed to be identified. It Avas ordinarily in the furm of a 
 thin film coating the interior of the bowl, and was penetrated by 
 roots wliich had found their way from the surface of the ground. 
 There is little doubt that in some instances this food was one of the 
 many kinds of corn Ijread so common among the niodern ILjpis. 
 
 Gaming canes from Chevlon ( nnmbei- l.!>b(KJU i , Length 
 aliont 3.1 in<'hes. 
 
102 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 St(.ine Implements 
 
 In tlie typo "ponn(lini>- stones" are included stone implements, ordi- 
 narily of small and medium sizes, showing marks of battering at one 
 or hotli ends. jVpparently they were not attached to a handle, and 
 the indication is that they were simply held in the hand Avhen in use. 
 'With Hiese poundei's various .substances were liruised, pigments 
 were ground, lude was made more plial)le. and similar processes 
 
 were effected. Any 
 
 ^W^- 
 
 A -- ^ - ■ 
 
 ,. >. 
 
 ^ 
 
 K. 
 
 rounded stone conven- 
 ient to handle appears 
 to have been taken for 
 thispurpo.se. At Ilomo- 
 lobi thirteen stone ob- 
 jects were found which 
 were doubtless used as 
 liounding implements, 
 at Chaves pass four, and 
 at Chevlon two. 
 
 Stone axes were even 
 more common. At Ho- 
 
 molobi twenty-four specimens were found, at Chevlon two. 
 
 Several weapons, made of a black stone, one of which is shown in 
 
 flgnre 05, Avere collected at Homolobi. These were evidentlj- either 
 
 celts or spearheads, for there was no sign of hafting or of polishing, 
 
 and marks of fracture were apparent. 
 
 The specimen represented in figure 66 is of white stone, possibly 
 
 aragonite; it was the only weapon of this material which was found. 
 
 Tlic shape is regular and the surface smooth, and there is a groove for 
 
 a handle. It has four grooves cut on one edge and incised crosses, 
 
 FT(i. f.'>. stone iraplemont from Homolobi (number 1.378y5J 
 Lensrtll about Gl inches. 
 
 Fk!. (i(i. Stone ax from Homolobi (number 15702+1. Length about 7 inches. 
 
 two ill number, one of which is shown in the cut. No indication of a 
 handle accomx^anied this implement, which leads the author to sup- 
 pose that that part was of wood, which had long ago decayed. 
 
 There were several stone implements with a cutting edge on one 
 side which were probably used as knives. These are sometimes 
 curved, but generally straight. The best stone knives are two from 
 the Chevlon ruin. 
 
FEWKEs] STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM LITTLE COLORADO RUINS 103 
 
 Several of these knil'e-like objects liad dentate edges, as though 
 used for saws. 
 
 The author has elsewhere noted tlie frequency with which fragments 
 of obsidian, and chips from tlie same, occur in ancient Pueblo graves, 
 or on the surface of mounds, indicating ruins. The three sites 
 of expli;)rations in LSOii were not exceptional in tliis particular, and a 
 somewhat limited amount of material of tliis nature was collected at 
 Homololii, Chevlon, and Chaves pass. This material was prized in 
 ancient times for arrow points, spearheads, and Iciuves, and the sharp 
 edges of many of the chips were probably used for cutting. 
 
 Arrow points were found in large numbers at the various ruins 
 visited on the Little Colorado. 
 
 The present Hopi Indians use a grooved stone for polishing arrows. 
 These stones are ordinarilj- of a coarse sandstone, which acts as a file 
 on the wooden object rubbed back and forth in the groove. Similar 
 polishing stones are very common in ruins, assuming a number of 
 shai^es, and made of several different kinds of rock — as sandstone, 
 lava, slate, and even clay. It is probable that these stones were i;sed 
 for tlie same purpose as those employed in the modern kivas, as their 
 form has not changed from ancient times. 
 
 The differences in the polishing stones from the ruins at Homolobi, 
 Chevlon, and Chaves pass were not veiy great, as the sijuplicity^ of 
 the implement admits of but few varieties. Those from Chaves pass 
 were made of lava, which occurs onlj' rarely in the other two ruins. 
 There were double- as well as single-grooved XJolishing stones, and 
 shallow- and deep-grooved ones. It is possible that some of the per- 
 forated stones maj' have been used as polishers for arrows in much 
 the same way as the modern grooved stones are employed. One of 
 these arrow i)olishers had the shape of an animal, and was narrowed 
 to a head at one end. On this end was cut a mouth and two depres- 
 sions in the proper positions for eyes. The surface of the stone on 
 the side opposite that occupied by the groove was flat and smooth, so 
 that the object could be firmly placed when in use. 
 
 It appears to have been a mortuary custom among the people who 
 lived in the ancient pueblos along the Little Colorado to deposit with 
 women and girls at death a nietate and its grinder. These were ordi- 
 narily reversed when liuried, as though symbolic of the death of the 
 one who formerl.y used them. In one of the Homolobi graves tliree of 
 these metates with their corresponding hand stones were found, and 
 these were added to the collection. Thej' were made of rocks of dif- 
 ferent degrees of smoothness, and were evidently formerlj" used in 
 grinding corn in the same way as in modern Hopi pueblos. The maize 
 was bruised and roughly ground on one of these stones, then it was 
 passed to a finer-grained one, and ultimately to tlie finest of all. These 
 metates were much worn, showing long and constant Uf 
 
104 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 Many large aud very heavy luetates made of lava rock were found 
 at Chaves pass, Init tlicse were not bronglit to the railroad. Several 
 of these were worn so deep in one face as to form troughs. If there 
 were no other evidence of long occui^ation of this ruin the deeply 
 worn metates would furnish it. These nietates were bulky, and were 
 quarried in the liad lamls of the vicinity of the old pueblo. It is 
 instructive to note tliat metates, rather than smaller and inore port- 
 able stone objects, show the influence of geological environment, for 
 as a rule their size requires that they be made of tlie rock contiguous 
 to the ruin. Sandstone metates are commonest in the valley ruins, 
 lava in those built of lava rocks. Tiie same is true of the stones of 
 which the walls of the ancient habitations were constructed. 
 
 The material of the grinding stones is the same as that of tlie 
 metates. Thej^ are for the most part simple elongated slabs, some- 
 times with depressions along the sides to enable the manii:)ulator to 
 obtain a stronger hold. Like metates thej' show the eifect of wear on 
 one face, being generally rounded on the upper surface. Several of 
 these stones are doulile faced, or when seen in profile tliej' are trian- 
 gular. These specimens, which are of softer and finer rock than the 
 others, were undoulitedly used in the last stage of grinding the 
 kernels of corn into fine meal. Ten of these meal grinders were found 
 at Homolobi and Chevlon. 
 
 Stone implements of musliroom form are among the interesting 
 objects oijtained in our excavations. These are well adapted for 
 paint or pigment grinders. 
 
 The mortars in which paint is ground are ordinarily small stone 
 slabs with a depression in one face. These are sometimes rectan- 
 gular in form, often circular, and the dei)th of the depression varies, 
 being frequently verj' slight. The same variety of paint mortars is in 
 use to-day, and many of these stone objects now used in tlie kivas are 
 no doubt verj^ ancient. The small stones with one flattened face 
 were doubtless used as grinders; in some instances they are much 
 worn. The list of paint mortars includes two from Homolobi and 
 three from Chevlon. 
 
 Stone Slabs 
 
 The use of slats or slabs of stone decorated with figures painted in 
 various i:)igments has been described in accounts of several Hopi 
 altars. One of tlie most remai-kable of tliese is firobably the stone 
 called tlie Ilokona mana, or Butterfiy virgin, which is used in tlie 
 construction of tlie Antelope altar at Walpi. Two flat rectangular 
 stones stand l)ack of the sand picture of the Antelope priesthood in 
 the Snake rites at Sliumopovi, while the use of similar stones in the 
 various Flute altars maybe seen by consulting articles on these rites. 
 
 Of a similar nature, no doul)t, is the painted stone slab shown in 
 plate XLVI, found in a grave at tlie Chevlon ruin. This object, which 
 is much larger than any of those which have been mentioned, is painted 
 
FEWKES] STONE SLABS FEOM LITTLE COLdRADO RUINS 105 
 
 on both sideis with highly .suggestive ch.'.siguis of ;i- synil_iolie nature. 
 The tleeoration on one side is almost wliolly olilite rated, but on one 
 corner we detect cleaidj^ the modern symltols of the dragon fl}'. The 
 pigments with which this stone is pairited wen^ easily washed off, 
 and this accounts for the loss of the decoration on the surface 
 which was ni^perniost as it lay in the grave over the body. The 
 design on the other face, however, is more distinct. II consists 
 of three triangular figures inclosed in a f)order, recalling a sand 
 mosaic such as is nsed in modern pi-escntations of the Iloxn ritual. 
 Two colors, black and white, are readily detected in the border — 
 the black outside the white. The field inclosed by this border is yel- 
 low, iind the three triangular figures are black, with inclosed rec- 
 tangles, which are white. At thi^ apex of each triangle there is a rude 
 figure of a bird painted red, in which the head, body, and two tail 
 feathers are well differentiated. 
 
 The whole character of the design on this stone calls to mind the 
 decorations on the walls of a kiva of a cliff dwelling of the Mesa 
 Verde, described by Xordenskiold, and figured in his beautiful 
 memoir. In the designs on the kiva wall of "ruin 0" we find groups 
 of three triangles arranged around the whole estufa at intervals 
 on the upper margin of a dado, and each of these triangles is sur- 
 rounded b}' a row of dots. The field on which they are i^ainted is 
 yellow, and the triangles and dots are red or reddisli brown. On a. wall 
 of Spruce Tree house Kordenskiold found a similar dado with tri- 
 angular designs, and it is interesting to jiote that in the figure of this 
 ornamentation which he gives rude drawings of Ijirds appear in 
 close pi'oximity to the triangles. 
 
 The interpretation of these figures must be more or less hypothet- 
 ical. The custom of ornamenting house walls with a series of trian- 
 gles on the upper margin of a dado is still observed in the modern 
 Hoi^i villages, where, however, the position of tlie triangular designs 
 is reversed as compared with that of those on this stone slab. 
 
 The triangle is a symbol of the moth or butterfly, which, \vhile 
 appropriate on women's blankets or house walls, would hardly appear 
 to have special significance on the slab in question. Still, as has been 
 pointed out, one of the most venerated ob.jects on the Antelope altar 
 has the figui'e of a butterflj- ui^on it. 
 
 Much more likely is it that these three triangular figures sur- 
 mouided by l)irds are rain-cloud symbols, and that this slab of 
 stone was formerly used in a ceremonial which had for its object 
 rain making, and to this conclusion the dragon-fly sj'mbols on the 
 reverse side also point. This stone is an altar slab with rain-cloud 
 symbols. 
 
 In the Chevlon ruin the author found several flat stones, one of 
 considerable size, which were marked with blackened circles. The 
 largest of these, fully 3 feet sriuare, was not brought to Wash- 
 ington, and the photograph which was made of it soon after it was 
 
106 TWO SUMMEES' WORK IN PUEBLO EUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 removed from the grave was a failure. These circles, apiiarentJy 
 made bj- smoke, are of unknowu origin aud use. On the largest stone 
 they are arranged in two rows, four in eacli row, the peripheries touch- 
 ing. The stones were inverted when found, and occurred in the cem- 
 etery at Chevlon only. 
 
 Many graves at Chevlon and Homolobi were, as has been stated, 
 indicated by upright stones or Hat slabs of rock. As tlie digging went 
 below the surface it was sometimes found that the skeleton was covered 
 by a similar flat rock, and in a limited number of cases these rocks 
 were perforated. The holes were sometimes not larger than a broom 
 handle, often capacious enough to permit the insertion of the arm, and 
 in one instance a foot or more across. Oval, round, aud rectangular 
 orifices were found, and in several cases a considerable amount of 
 labor must have been expended in making them. 
 
 Slabs with the smaller circular holes were also found in the floor of 
 a room where there was an intermural l)urial. Explanations more or 
 less fanciful have been suggested for these perforated stones, one of 
 which was that the rock had been placed above the body and the hole 
 in it was for the escape of the soul or breath-body. The slabs were 
 found above the l)odies of several deceased Homolobeans, and the 
 modern Hopi interin-etation of the perforation is offered for what it is 
 worth. 
 
 Disks 
 
 Small disks were found in all the ruins which were studied, and 
 while tliese had like forms they were made of various substances, as 
 of stone, potterj^ and shell. Thej- are generally circular in form, rarely 
 perforated, and often ground on their edges. The unperforated speci- 
 mens are supposed to, have been formerly used to cover a hole in a jar 
 in much the same Avay as similar fragments are now used in flower- pots. 
 The perforated siieeimens were probablj' used in much the same way 
 as wooden disks are employed in modern i^ueblos, as parts of drills for 
 perforating stones, shells, or other hard substances. The specimens 
 of this problematic group of objects, and the localities from which 
 they were gathered, are mentioned in the appended list. 
 
 Numlter Locality and material 
 
 1580.50 Chaves pass; stone 
 
 1.57706 Chaves pass; red pottery 
 
 1.58079 Chaves pass; red X)ottery 
 
 158078 Chevlon; red pottery 
 
 158080 Chevlon; red pottery 
 
 157963 Chevlon; stone 
 
 156480 Homolobi; pottery 
 
 157965 Klsakobi; pottery 
 
 158093 Little Colorado vnins 
 
 158164 Jeditoh; shell 
 
 158165 Jeditoh; shefl 
 158060 Chaves pass; galena 
 158095 Chevlon; wood 
 
fewkes] objects from little colorado ruins 107 
 
 Fetishes 
 
 The iiunibei- of .<;-r;ivos in which siiiootli, w;itei'worii stones, (luartz 
 crystaLs, and fossil eeplialopods ocenr in otiiei- ruins lias been noted 
 in the account of Awatobi and Sikj-atki. A considerabh; numlier of 
 these objects were found in the Little Colora(hi ruins; tlie fossils 
 included a tooth and remains of several crinoids and of an ammonite. 
 
 Similar objects are still used in Ilopi ceremonies, and it is well to 
 call attention to the fact that some of the jiriests begged the author 
 to give them these ancient objects that they might use tliem in the 
 preparation of medicine and in other sacred or ceremonial ways. 
 
 Some of the smooth stones may have been used in polishing 
 pottery, but this can hardlj- be said of the quartz crystals and the 
 botrj'oidal specimens. 
 
 Fossil cephalopods, called koaitcoko, although veiy common in the 
 rock strata underlying the modern pueblos, are sometimes looked 
 upon by the Hopis with great rev(n'ence, and are used in several mod- 
 ern ceremonies. One of the best-known instances is in the tiponi of 
 the Lalakofiti, desci-ibed in an account of the unwrapiiing of that 
 palladium, as follows:" 
 
 The chief priestesses and Kwatcakwa then untied the Imndles upon the altar. 
 They first unwrapped the buckskin thcjug which bound one of them and took from 
 the top a large number of sticks of different lengths, to each of which nnmerous 
 feathers were tied. In the midst of these sticks there was an ear of popcorn sur- 
 rounded by a mat made of eight black feather-sticks tied together. This mat, 
 surrounding the corn, rested upon a cloth. Removing this cloth from the cradle, 
 there appeared below it a nicely folded piece of buckskin painted on the border, 
 with the rain-cloud ornaments painted black, the falling rain being represented 
 by fringes. "Within this skin there were many breath- feathers and a single reed, 6 
 to which feathers were tied. Below the buckskin there were many bean and 
 melon seeds. Within the bundle of breath-feathers there was a fossil shell, frag- 
 ments of another, and the piiion branch. The basket itself, which forms the 
 cradle, was made of a continiious coil of wickerwork, rectangular in shape. 
 
 When the priestess had undone this bundle, the contents of which were consid- 
 ered so sacred that we were not allowed to touch them, she carefully repacked it. 
 She first put in the seeds of beans, corn, and melons, and then a numlier of breath- 
 feathers. She sprinkled these with metallic iron dust [micaceous hematite] and 
 added a piiion branch (pine needle). On these she placed the cloth in which the 
 fossil shell was tieil and the reed with its feathers. Above this she tied around 
 the ear of corn the old prayer-sticks, to which she added a new one which she 
 had prex)ared. The black sticks were said to be old mgn and the seeds to lie food. 
 The fossils, which are called koaitcoko,'' were found later to be one of the numer- 
 ous cephalopod fossils abundant in certain jilaces. It was said that these sacred 
 specimens came up from the under world. The contents of each bundle were sub- 
 stantially the same. 
 
 It will be seen from this ciuotation from a description written in 1892 
 that one of the most sacred objects in the bundles before the reredos 
 
 o The Lalakonti; A Tusayan Cei'emony, in the American Anthropologist, v. .5, p. 121, April, 1S92. 
 (^This resembled the so-called i-eed <'i{,'arettes used in othei- ceremonies, 
 c The same name was given foi- the whole bundle. 
 
108 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [etii. AXN-. 22 
 
 of the Lalakoilti altar was a fossil ceplialopod, which, so far as could 
 be judged, was of the same species as some of those taken from the 
 Little Colorado i-uins iu 1896 and from Sikyatki in 1895. 
 
 The ceremouial use of fetish stones in modern Hopi rites has been 
 described by the author in several pul)]ications, from wluch the fol- 
 lowing quotation " is taken as one of the most complete : 
 
 Saliko lironght from her house six ears of corn, a creiiellate vessel [medicine 
 bowl] , and another bag of fetishes. * * * Saliko took a handful of meal from 
 a tray at the poiiya [altar] , prayed upon it, and then, kneeling about 4 feet in 
 front of the altar, sprinkled intersecting lines. She placed the crenellate vessel 
 in the center, and then arranged ears of corn upon the lines, beginning at the 
 northwest, where she placed a yellow ear, followed by a blue, red, white, black, 
 and an ear of sweet corn, as shown in the diagram. From her bag she took out 
 six smooth waterworn pebbles, the largest of which was ]+ inches by three- 
 fourths of an inch in size, and placed them close beside the ears of corn. Begin- 
 ning at the yellow ear. she laid down by it a piece of opaque quartz with a 
 smoky iron streak; at the bine, a piece of the same with a faint bluish tinge; at 
 the red. a piece with a reddish tinge: at the white, a jiiece of translucent quartz; 
 at the black, a piece of shining black iron ore, and at the last, a crystal of bluish 
 quartz. 
 
 Less detailed is the author's description of the use of these rock 
 crystals in another Ilopi ceremony : '^ 
 
 The priest. Ametola, first made a bed of fine field sand on the floor, and 
 then rapidly traced on the sand three cross-lines of meal, corresponding to the 
 six primary directions. Over their junction he placed a medicine bowl, but not 
 that before the altar. Around the bowl he laid, at the ends of the lines of meal, six 
 ears of corn, with points directed toward the bowl. Beside each ear of corn he 
 placed an aspergill and a rock crystal. Within the bowl he dropped several rock 
 crystals and a little honey. 
 
 In the Naacnaij'a, or ISTew-tive ceremony, smooth jiebbles and 
 quartz crj\stals likewise play important parts in making medicine : 
 
 He placed the first group of six skins upon the meal lines, as indicated in the 
 diagram. He then arranged the ears of corn upon the skins, and close beside 
 them he placed the six pebbles (each having some requisite peculiarity, but no 
 opportunity offered to examine them closely), and finally another set of six skins 
 was deposited upon the right of those first laid down, . . . 
 
 Eight songs were sung while he was placing these objects, and during the sing- 
 ing of another group of eight songs the asperser laid the x^ebbles in the nakwipi 
 [medicine bowl] , and then rested the ears on end within it. He then .slightly 
 dipped the tail or the distinctively colored end of each bird skin and each feather tip 
 into the water, afterward laying it down in the place from which he had taken it. 
 He also sprinkled pollen in the bowl, and aspersed to the six directions with each 
 ear of corn as he took it out and laid it in its former jilace. The song was an hour 
 and a half long, and just as it closed the asperser took from one of the chief's bags 
 a quartz crystal. Sucking it, he passed it to a young man sitting near, stitching 
 a kilt, who went i^p the ladder and reflected a ray of sunlight into the nakwipi, 
 and afterward the crystal was put into the liquid. <■ 
 
 In the Niman Katcina (festival celebrating the departure of the 
 katciuas) we find these crystals and medicine stones likewise used 
 
 a AmericaB Anthropologist, v. 5, p. 221, July, 1893. 
 '' AmeTic?an Anthropologist, v. '>. p. UV, April, 1893. 
 ''Journal of American Folklore, v. 5, p. 192-193. 
 
FEWKE^] FBTISHES FROM LITTl.E COLORADO KlIINS 109 
 
 iu niixino- tlic charm liquid, as the author lias elsowhere descriijed as 
 follows : " 
 
 Upon the ears of corn were then laid the nakwiowa. small quartz crystals, 
 elongated, black, pipestem bodies and shell Ijeads, One ur two of these were 
 placed on the end of each ear of corn at a iioint nearest the nakwipi, one behind 
 the other. Two similar quartz crystals were placed in the nakwipi. These 
 sacred stones were laid on the corn in the same order as above nientii >ue(l for the 
 ears of corn and aspergills. Intiwa's assistant then took a qnartz crystal, one of 
 the nakwiowa, and, standing on the lower round of the ladder leading out of the 
 kiva. held it in the direct rays of the sun and threw the reflection into the water 
 contained in the nakwipi. This ceremony, by ^yhich a ray of light from the sun 
 (Dawa) is introduced, was observed in silence. . . . After several strains of 
 this and other similar songs had been sung, Intiwa's associate took up the ear of 
 corn on the north side of the bowl, held its end over the nakwipi, and. pouring 
 water (liquid) from a small spherical goiird upon it, washed off the medicine 
 stones into the nakwipi with great solemnity. . . . After the washing of 
 these stones into the liquid, a song with quicker time and more rapid motion of 
 the rattles was taken uj) and continued for some minutes. 
 
 The above quotations from descriptious of ceremonies, and others 
 which might be mentioned, show how often small waterworn pelibles, 
 or qnartz crystals, are used in making charm liquid or "medicine" 
 by the modern Ilopi Indians, and the same kind of stones discovered 
 in ancient graves x>robably had a similar u.se among tlie ancients. 
 Indeed, one of the quartz crystals from a grave was appropriated for 
 his altar l_\y a Shumopovi priest. 
 
 The use of two small stone cylinders, one of lava (number 157084) 
 and the other of a light gray stone (numljer 157983) each having a pit 
 or depression in the end, is problematic. Similar shaped stones are 
 sometimes used in modern Ilopi ceremonies to indicate the zenith. 
 
 Among the fetishes found in Ilomolobi graves maj' be mentioned 
 a rude bird made of unburnt clay,* the only specimen of animal ehigy 
 which was found in all the excavations in 189G. On the surface of 
 one of the mounds of the smaller ruin at Chaves p>ass, however, the 
 author picked up a small imitation of some unknown animal, which 
 was rudely carved, and reminded him of the so-called "hunting 
 stones," or fetishes, of the Zuiiis. 
 
 The occurrence of I'ude eftigies of animals in prehistoric Arizonian 
 graves may pos.sibly be interpreted as substitutional sacrifices, and if 
 tills interpretation is correct, it would seem that in ancient times 
 birds, which are now represented by effigies, were sacrificed. It is 
 much more likely, however, that these images represent animals which 
 the ancient worshipers desired, and that they were forms of prayer 
 bj' signatures. Small figurines of domestic animals are made for this 
 purpose at the present day by the Ilopi priests. 
 
 o Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology, y. 2, 18fJ^, p. 75, TH, 77. 
 
 &Tliis effigy is very unlike the Ijurnt clay imitations of birds which have been described in the 
 author's account of the ruin Awatobi. It is very rudely made, simply pressed into shaped Ijy the 
 fingers, and is without decoration. The Awatolii clay birds are probably used as pendants, 
 while that found at Homolobi appears to be simply a mortuai-y offering. 
 
110 TWO summers' work in pueblo EUIMS [eth, ANN. 22 
 
 Human Crania 
 
 A particulai'lj' floe collection of crauia was obtained in 189(3 from 
 Chevlon and Chaves pass. One specimen from the latter place had 
 the facial and frontal bones stained green. 
 
 AxiMAL Remains 
 
 Althongh the prehistoric Puel.ilos of Arizona and New Mexico appar- 
 ently had no sheep, horses, or cattle, they domesticated several ani- 
 mals, and used many more tor food. The bones of these animals 
 occnr both in houses and graves — more abundantly in the former, 
 especially in the Homolobi ruins, where the author made a consider- 
 able collection of them. They have been identified by JMr F. A. 
 Lucas, of the National Museum, and are as follows: 
 
 Cants familiaris, domesticated dog; a cranium of- tlie broad-skulled 
 
 Eskimo type. 
 Cams frustror, coyote; probably jaw and leg bones. 
 Felis ooncolor, puma; jaw of young. 
 Lynx rufus, wild cat; jaw. 
 Taxidea berlandieri, badger; two claws. 
 
 Cariacus macrotis, mule deer; leg bones, antlers, and part of jaw. 
 Antilocapra americanus, antelope; leg bones, part of jaw, and liorns. 
 Castor canadensis, beaver; collar bone. 
 Lepus texianus griseus. jack rabbit (many si^ecimens). 
 Lepus arizonae minor, small rabbit (many specimens). 
 Cynomys, prairie dog; skull and odd bones. 
 Ovis canadensis, mountain sheep. 
 Spermopliilus, ground squirrel; tooth. 
 Thomomys, gopher; skull. 
 Corvus corax sinnatus, raven; wing bone. 
 Bubo virginianus. great liorned owl; tarsus. 
 Aquila chrysaetos. golden eagle; claw. 
 Buteo borealis, red- tailed hawk: wing bones. 
 Cathartes aura, turkey buzzard; wing bones. 
 
 Meleagris gallopavo mexicana, turkey (many specimens — some of young). 
 Grus mexicanus, sandhill crane; wing bones. 
 Anas sp., duck; piart of sternum, 
 Phalacrocorax sp., ojrmorant; 1 bone. 
 
 Miscellaneous Ob.jeots 
 
 The manner of building the roofs and floors in the HomnloTii ruins 
 was practically the same as in the nujdern Tnsayau pueblos. A large 
 number of rafters were taken out of the walls, many of which were in 
 place, while some had fallen in, broken by superimposed weight. In 
 several instances these beams were well preserved; in others they 
 were much decayed. Several fragments of the clay with which the 
 roofs were covered were collected, and in one impressions of reeds 
 were evident. 
 
 Asbestos appears to have been considerably prized by the iuhabi- 
 
FEWKES] OBJECTS FK(_)M LITTLE CC.lLOKADO EUINS 111 
 
 tants of the Chaves pass ruins, ami a single specimen was added to the 
 author's collection from these ancient towns. 
 
 A few fragments of a bird's egg, too broken to be accurately iden- 
 tified, were collected in a grave at Horaolobi. This was xiossibl.y an 
 eagle's egg, and it may be mentioned that in certain Ilopi ceremonials 
 at the present day imitations of eagles' eggs made of wood are at 
 times placed in modern shrines. The author has no knowleilge, how- 
 ever, of a modern mortuary use of birds' eggs, but suspects tliat the 
 egg of the turkey, which we know was domesticated by the ancient 
 pueblo peoi^le, may have l.)een eaten by them. If this supposition be 
 well founded, the fragment of birds' eggs in a grave at Homolobi may 
 be a remnant of food offerings. 
 
 A single specimen of galena was taken from a grave at Chaves pass. 
 This mineral was probably used as a pigment, but it is not common, 
 and is not used by the modern Ilojiis in painting the body <ir an}' of 
 their ceremonial paraphernalia. 
 
 A small copper bell was found in a grave at C^haves pass. This 
 object is shown in figure 67, from t\\'o faces. It was appai'ently 
 formed of beaten native copiaer, l:)ut the eyelet would seem to indicate 
 a knowledge of soldering. One side was so broken that a small splier- 
 ical body which served as a clapper could be 
 easily seen. The metal was much cijrroded, 
 but not so much. as to prevent the bell emit- 
 ting a sound when shaken. 
 
 Among other miscellaneous ob.jects taken 
 bj' the author were a fragment of xjotter's clay fig. 67. Copper beii from 
 
 j> TT 11- 11^ 11 1 "^1 Chaves pass. Diameti.'r 
 
 from Ilomolobi, a sulphur nodule and several abcjut ' in.-ii 
 
 dried lizard tails from Chaves pass, a fi-ig- 
 
 ment of asphalt and some perforated cedar berries from Clii.'vlon. 
 
 Several rectangular fragments of red pipe clay, one of which was 
 pei'forated as though for suspension, were found at Ilomolobi. 
 
 The ob.ject of the large and small rectangular or trapezoidal plates 
 of mica and selenite found at Ilomolobi and atChevlon, ingi'avesand 
 elsewhere, was not wholly clear. Xo specimen, however, was lirought 
 back from Chaves jjass, and no natural deposits of selenite were 
 notici'd in the latter locality. 
 
 RUINS OF OLD SIIUMOPOVI 
 
 General Features 
 
 Although in the rep(n't of the author's i.-xcavati(nis at Awatobi and 
 Sikyatki, in ]8'.)5, an extended account has been given of tlie arche- 
 ology of pueblos near the East mesa, no work was done on the numer- 
 ous ruins at Oraibi and the Middle mesa. The author was particu- 
 larly anxious to compare potterj' from some of these ruins with the 
 beautiful series which had been collected in 1895 at Sikyatki, espe- 
 
112 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 cially iis numerous specimens had been sold to traders from Old 
 Shuniopo\'i, and almost all of these were identical with those from 
 the East mesa. 
 
 There is evidence that Shumopovi was one of the oldest settlements 
 on the Middle mi.'sa, but the legends of this pueblo have never been 
 carefully studied, and tlie component clans are in'acticallj^ unknown. 
 The pueblo stood in the foothills near a spring when the Spaniards 
 first came into the countrjr, and its name can easily be recognized in 
 Espejo's list of Hopi towns at the end of the sixteenth century. 
 
 There is a uniformity in statements that the founder of Oraibi, 
 Matcito, lived in Shumopovi before he sought the cave where he lived 
 when Oraibi was built, and probablj' Shipaulovi was founded by 
 clans from it in the eighteenth century. The size of the old ruin 
 shows that in ancient times it had a large population. 
 
 The reeoi'd of work at Old Shumopovi can be given in a few 
 lines. Foi- several years it has been known that a wealth of beautiful 
 pottei-y lies buried in the cemeteries of that ruin (plate lii). That 
 the number of objects destined to be removed from this place is lai-ge 
 is probable from the great size of the cemeteries and the small portion 
 of them which has yet been dug over. The author therefore began 
 work witli high hopes of a great harvest. About twenty Indian 
 workmen from the East mesa and a few from Shumopovi were 
 emploj^ed as excavators, and in the first two days of work they took 
 out of the burial places over one hundred specimens. 
 
 On the evening of the second day the chief of Shumoijovi, Nacihip- 
 tewa, went to the camp of the workmen and forl)ade them to continue 
 the work. It seems that the chiefs of the three villages, Mishongnovi, 
 Shiijaulovi, and Shumopovi, had assembled in council on the night of 
 the author's arrival and decided that his work sliould not go on. 
 For some reason they had not communicated their wishes to the 
 author, but went directly to the Indians, working on their feelings 
 and threatening them with trouble if they continued excavating. As 
 soon as the author learned of the objection he immediatelj- called a 
 council of tlie chiefs at his camp, and learned from Nacihiptiwa that 
 he did not wish the work to go on, fearing that it would cause great 
 winds which W'onld drive away tlie rain clouds. The author respected 
 Ills wishes and ceased work at Shumopovi, discharging his workmen. 
 Had lie been able to complete the work at this ruin there is little 
 doubt that over a thousand bowls could have been taken from tlie 
 burial places of that ancient pueblo. 
 
 It would appear from the examination of the Shumopovi cemeteries 
 that the}^ were distributed among the foothills east of the main spring 
 of the present town. From the quantities of l)roken pottery in this 
 region, it is evident that their extent was very considerable. In soiiie 
 instances iDurial places were separated a considerable distance from 
 the ruins of the pueblo, in others they were quite near the founda- 
 tion of the walls. 
 
FEWKESJ 
 
 RUINS OF OLD SHTIMOPOVl 113 
 
 A small cemetery was ilLscovered about a. quartei- of a mile east of 
 the ruins, where there is a ]iatch of sand in whieh i;row a few dwarf 
 peach trees. Tlie anth(jr camped at this point, which was as near as 
 he could ai^proach the laiin with his wa.iiou, and immediately after Ids 
 arrival a family of Shnmopovi peoi)le came down fi'om the mesa and 
 began to hoe the squash pbmts which t^i'cw there — an act ^\■llich \\as 
 interpreted to mean possession. Tlie Snake chief of Shnmopovi liad 
 a brush house, called a kisi, overlooking his farm, on a small hillock 
 near this buiial place. 
 
 Till? ancient i:)uelilo can l:)e traced for several hundred feet, but its 
 old walls have been buried or leveled, and very few evidences of its 
 architectural plan can be made out by suxierficial studies. Tlie 
 mounds of the (jld site are covered witli fragnnuits of pottery of the 
 finest character, beautifully ornamented," with the characteristic 
 Sikyatki symbol 
 
 Pottery from the Ruins 
 general features and form 
 
 A superficial examination of the pottery of this old pueblo shows 
 what a more intimate study denionsti'ati.^s— that it is very similar to 
 that from i-uins near the East mesa, and tluit it dilfcrs from Ihai of 
 the Little Colorado pueblos. The majority of the pieces belong to the 
 fine yellow ware (plates xlviii, l), smoothly polislied and elaborately 
 decorated. There are a few examples of red and lilack ware and 
 one or two specimens of black and white ware (plate XLix), but Ihe 
 yellow ware predominates, as it does at Sikyatki. Tins is undoubt- 
 edlj' due to the chemical constituents of the clay used in its manufac- 
 ture. There are no specimens of red, l)lack, and white ware, and no 
 black and no glazed varieiies. 
 
 The resemblance, which amounts almost to an identity, in the char- 
 acter of the pottery of Sikyatki au<l (Jld Shnmopovi, as well as 
 the similarity in the symljolism, adds weight to the belief that these 
 pueblos were inhabited .synchronously. 
 
 There is no essential difference in the shai^es of the pottery fi-oni 
 this ruin and of that from the i^ueblos on the Little Colorado, where 
 food bowls, vases, jars, ladles, and dipi3ei-s are represented. In plate 
 LI two of the best specimens are figured, but thei'e are many others 
 in the collection of equal beauty wliich have not been reproduced. 
 
 There were two specimens of food bowls from ShnmopcN'i with 
 snouts, one of which is shown in the accomx:)anying cut (figure 08). 
 This form appears to be rare, and has not jet been found in tlie 
 ruins along the Little Cc^lorado river. 
 
 "A very fiue collection of luortuai'y pottery Tras mado at Sliumopori liy ^Ir T. V. Keam, after 
 the author was obliged to abandon work there. Many of these pieces are now in the Field 
 Columbian Museum at Chicago, which purchased the collection. 
 
 22 ETH— 04 H 
 
114 
 
 TWO SUMMEES WORK IN" PUEBLO EUINS 
 
 [ETH. AXN. 22 
 
 DECORATION 
 
 The picture wiitiiig on Sliuniopovi ware closely resembles that on 
 the ware of the niins near the East mesa, and though from the limited 
 examination whi(/h was possilile on account of the size of the collection 
 
 Fig. I;i.'^. Bowl with snout, from Slinniopovi niumbei' J5TS17). 
 
 few new forms were found, tlie author is able to add some instructive 
 pictures to tliose ali'eady known from this region. On the Avliole, Old 
 Shumopovi pictography is like that of Sikyatki and j\.watobi, and 
 differs from that of Ibunolobi. The geometrical tigures do not widely 
 
 Fic. r.O, Phiuied Snake. Desi-n on loorl lin-vvl from Sliumopoyi (nnm'ber l.^TTOO), 
 
 differ from those of otlier pueblo regions in Arizona aiortli of the 
 Mogollones, and are of the same typo as those of Cluivi-s pass, Chevlon, 
 and Ilomolobi. 
 
POTTERY FROM OLD SPIITMdPoVI 
 
 115 
 
 Plate LI shows tlie face of a iiiaskocl daiirer, tlu^ ti-caluiciit <if tlio 
 left eye of which resembles that of this oi'i;;in in eertaiii Zuni masks. 
 
 The only fig'ure of a reptile which was found at Shumctpovi was 
 drawn on the inside of a food bowl (sci- ii^ure (lO). This ligun.' is so 
 different from any representation of the Plnmed Snake that 1 lie author 
 has hesitated to ivfer it to this m^-thic being-. The feathers on the 
 head, if such they be, are two semicircular liodies, an<l the tongue is 
 represented l\v a liue with arrowpoint termination. The ey«'s are both 
 on one side of the head, and the lines on the head and body are incised, 
 making designs which are higlily successful from a decorative point 
 of view. The bowl is a. small one, and is made of the fine yellow ware 
 characteristic of ancient Tusayan ruins. 
 
 An examination (if liird lignres from Shumopovi shows a marked 
 
 Fig. 71). Mytliic l")iri-l and gauiL' of cliaiiL-e. Desiy:nt.in luudliuwl fi-uin Sbumoiinvi i number ].-)T714). 
 
 difference from those of the ruins on the Little Colorado and a close 
 likeness to tliose of Sikyatki and other ruins near the East mesa. 
 Specimens were found with the peculiar conventionalized foi-m of the 
 "breath feather" so constant in the collections made in iso.i), and there 
 were fine specimens of the sky band and the dependent bird. The 
 design represented on the food bowl shown in figure 70 is veiy instruc- 
 tive. F]-ora a comparison with other figures of Kwataka tin." author 
 is led to refer this figure to tin^ mythic bird-num god. The head rep- 
 resented in profile has two triangular feathers, and on tlie throat and 
 breast appear the terraced designs so often found in tiird S3-mbols. 
 The feathers of the wing are ti'iangular. Thei'e are reasons of a com- 
 parative nature which lead the author to l)elieve that the band on 
 which the bird rests represents the sky band, and llie ring represents 
 
11(1 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [F.TH. ANN. 22 
 
 either the e;ii-th or the sun. The position of the three tail feathers 
 in this drawing is tliorouglily cliaracteristic of ancient pueblo art. 
 Instead of lieing drawn in a horizontal i^lane, as they naturally would 
 be in a side view of the bird, they appear in a vertical plane, as often 
 occurs in these figures. This characteristic arrangement of the tail 
 feathers is common in the decoration of modern vases from Acoma, 
 where the bird is a constant ornament. It may also be seen in the 
 avian ligures which decorate many of the ancient bowls, vases, and 
 .jars from Siiiyatki and AwatolM. The terraced figures on the under 
 side of the head are of f refluent occurrence in bird designs. The three 
 cross lines occur on several Sikyatki bowls and represent stars. 
 
 The design on the food bowl from the ruin of old Shumopovi, shown 
 in figure 71, represents a bird god, as is shown l)y the tliree tail feathers 
 
 and the triangular wings. Tiie head 
 takes the form and bears the syml)ol- 
 ism of that of a masl^ed katcina still 
 personated in Tusa^'an. The horn on 
 tlie left side of the head terminates 
 in a conventional figu.re of a featlier, 
 and the design on the right-hand side 
 is a >s}'mbol of the squash flower. On 
 the face is the terraced sj'nibol of a 
 rain cloud, still used in modern Ilopi 
 s}"m])olism and vei'y common in an- 
 cient bird figures. Witliin this ter- 
 raced figure are represented the dragon 
 fl}', i-ainbow, and falling I'ain. It will 
 be noticed that each of tlie two exte- 
 rior tail feathers bears two smaller 
 white lines. Similar symbols charac- 
 terize the figures of the war god, and 
 are said to indicate the hawk. There 
 are legends extant that these are 
 markings made by the claws of some 
 animal in its struggles. Thej^ ai'e 
 found on the cheeks of idols of the war god in several pueblos, as Sia, 
 Zufii, and those of Tusaj^an. 
 
 The avian figure on the food bowl shown in figure 72 represents 
 a raptorial bird with extended Aving. The homology of the two long 
 bodies dependent from the lireast is apparent when we compare them 
 with tlie symbolic feather on Sikj'atki pottery. They represent the 
 breast feathers of the eagle; the symbol is still preserved in modern 
 Hop! ceramics, but, so far as is known, has not j^et been found on 
 potterjr from the Little Colorado ruins. 
 
 Both eyes are represented on one side of the head, and the bealt is 
 
 Fk;. 71. Bird design on food 
 Shumopovi (number 15' 
 
 }Owl from 
 r<15). 
 
DESIGNS ON OLD SHUMOPOVI POTTERY 
 
 117 
 
 curved like that of raptorial birds, which are so common in the deco- 
 ration of Homolobi Avare. This figure also shows a very common vio- 
 
 Ftg. 73. Mythic bird design on iood b^^Yl from Sliumopovi (nuinl>er 1.571841. 
 
 lation of perspective among ancient and modei'n Hopi artists, for the 
 
 tail feathers are turned from the natural hoi'izontal to a vertical plane. 
 
 The design shown in figure 73 represents a bird iu wliich the curved 
 
 Fio. 
 
 Symliolic bird design on food bowl from Shnmopovi (number l.'i7771). 
 
 body above is the head, the two lateral ti'iaugles the wings, and the 
 three pointed bodies the three tail feathers. The two curved bodies, 
 
U8 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO EUINS 
 
 [eth. axn. 22 
 
 one on each side of the tail, are backward extensions of the bodies 
 which assume different forms in as many different representations. 
 
 This is a. form of bird symbolism unknown in pictography from the 
 Little Colorado ruins, but very common, in many variations, at Sik- 
 yatki. Its reduction to bird synibolism may lie readily followed by a 
 comparison with the series given in the report on the field work of 
 18'.)5.« 
 
 ({ 
 
 Fig. 74, Gambling canes and bird. Design on food bowl from Sbumopovi (number 157735). 
 
 The food bowl shown in figure 74 is a beautiful specimen of yellow 
 ware, decorated on the interioi- with two figures, one representing a 
 bird and the other four canes used in a game still played in modern 
 pueblos. The bird figure evidently represents the Heart-of-tlie-sky 
 god, whose syml)ol is a star, which is represented on the head of this 
 divinity in designs from Sikyatki figured in the account of the expe- 
 dition of 180.5. The wings and tail feathers, three in numlier, are 
 easily recognized. 
 
 The four gaming canes are marked in different ways, and corre- 
 spond with the four cardinal points. Their markings are, however. 
 
 "' Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 3, 1898. 
 
FEWKES] DKSIGNS OlSr OLD SHUMOrUVI FOTTKRY 119 
 
 different from tiiose on a set of these canes taken from the rnin at 
 tile mouth of the Chevlon fork, to which reference lias alreadj- been 
 made. 
 
 These canes, corresponding in a general way with those used in 
 Zufii in the game toshalewa, are rarely employed at the East mesa, 
 but the occurrence of figures of them in old Tusayan ruins indicates 
 the age of this game in the jiueblo area. While the markings on these 
 objects are not the same as those on the Zuhi, the variations are no 
 greater than would be expected, considering the ruin in which they 
 wore found. The general character of the game was evidently veiy 
 similar. 
 
SUMMER OF 1897 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In continnation of t.Iie field work in Arizona in 189G, the results of 
 which have l)een given in the preceding pages, the author again vis- 
 ited this Territory in 1897, remaining about three mouths, from June 
 25 to September 30. 
 
 He was accompanied, as in 1896, by Dr Walter Hough, of the 
 National Museum, who rendered most valuable aid, and also bj' Mr 
 F. W. Hodge, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, who joined the 
 party at the close of Julj^ remaining with it during the visit to the 
 Hopi Snake dances in the following month. 
 
 He was aided also by Mr Frank Zuck, of Ilolbrook, Arizona, and 
 a number of j'oung men from Taylor and Snowflake who were 
 emploj-ed at Four-mile ruin as laborers. In the Pueblo Viejo Mexi- 
 can workmen were relied on, all of whom performed their duties very 
 satisfactorily. 
 
 . The collection obtained in 1897 was smaller than that made in pre- 
 vious years, but it was more varied and more instructive in its bear- 
 ings on questions of the migrations of the prehistoric people of Arizona 
 than any other thus far made. The ethnological side of the work was 
 not neglected. Dr Hough continued his studies of ethnology inaugu- 
 rated in the previous years, and has alreadj* published the new mate- 
 rial obtained by him in the American Anthropologist. "■ 
 
 As the author visited Tusayan at the time of the Snake dances, he 
 made new observations of the Mishougnovi variant of this ceremony. 
 A record of his studies of this subject is found in the Nineteenth 
 Annual Report of tlie Bureau of American Ethnology, with accounts 
 of the Flute dance at tlie same pueblo, compiled from notes made in 
 lS9(j. 
 
 On his return from the Soutliwest the author prepared a prelim- 
 inary account of the arclieological work, and it was published with 
 illustrations in the Smitlisonian Report for 1897. This account was 
 limited, and contains only tlie more salient results of the worlc. The 
 present report is intended to be more complete, but is by no means 
 exhaustive. 
 
 The primary aim of the expedition was the collecting of specimens. 
 To accomplish this the author was obliged, because of limited forces, 
 to spend much of his energy, to the neglect of other lines of investi- 
 
 "V.8, May, 1897. 
 120 
 
™WKES] EXPEDITION OF 1807 121 
 
 gation. The collections of 1807 number m few short of 1,000 entries 
 in the eatalog of tlie Nalioual Museum. In gatliering this material 
 the gi'eatest care was taken to label it properly. Neglect of this 
 obvious duty has destroyed much of tlie intrinsic value of many col- 
 lections, and has led to erroi'S in conclusions which might readil}' have 
 been avoided. 
 
 The present report completes the record of notes and other data 
 bearing on the collections made in the three years during which the 
 author has had the honor to direct field work in the Southwest for the 
 Smithsonian Institution. There are many obscure x^oints touched 
 upon wliich would be greatly illuminated Avere it possible to continue 
 this lino of investigation. So closely connected, however, are the 
 archeolog'ical and ethnological i^roljlems of the Southwest that the 
 former can not be exhaustively treated while the latter are so imper- 
 fectly solved. 
 
 PLAN OF THE EXPEDITK^N 
 
 The summer's held work of 1S!)0 verified by archeolog'ical evi- 
 dences the truth of the statements of the Hopis that sonu' of their clans 
 once lived at Ilomolobi on tlie Ijanks of the Little Cohn-ado, not far 
 from Winslow, Arizona. It was desirable to sludy several other 
 ruins on this rivei' oi- its triljutaries, and t(.i comx^are objects indicative 
 of the culture of their ancient i)eople with those of this undoubted 
 home of early Ilojii clans. The author therefore examined ruins 
 near Pinedale, on n small soutlieru triliutary of this siream ru;ar its 
 source in the foothills of the ^Vliite nunintaius. While employed at 
 this ruin he heard of an extensive, undescribed ruin near the 3Iormon 
 town SnowflaivC, situated on th(^ same stream as I'inedale, but farther 
 north. These ruins at Pinedale and Snowflake are almost on the 
 meridian of modern Walxti and the nioutli of tlu^ San Pedro river in 
 the Gila valley. 
 
 There is iiistorical evidence that at one time the Ilopis used a 
 southern trail from their pueblo to tlie Gila, XJenetrating to the ranch- 
 erias of the San Pedro, and that this trail was rendered imjjassable 
 by the iucui-sions of hostih^ Apaches in comparative!)' late Iiistorical 
 times. An examination of old puel)los situated on or near tliis 
 ti'ail was believed to have considerable importance in cininection 
 with legends ;uid with historical evidences that it was used by puelilo 
 X)eoi)lcs. 
 
 Having sttidied the ai'cheology of the ruins (ni Sduthei'ji trilju- 
 tai'ies of tlie Little Colorado, the autlior made Ids way south of 
 th(^ White mountains to that jiart of tiie Gila valley wiiieh is locally 
 known as Pueblo Mejo, an archeologically uninvestigated region 
 which was formerly densely Xjoj^iulatiMl and extensively farmed. He 
 desired to discovei- tlio relationsliip of the foi-mer x)eople of this valley 
 with those of the Little Colorado, as well as witli those of tlii» Gila 
 and Salado rivers, near Temxie and Phoenix. He likewise wislied to 
 
122 TWO summers' work IN" PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 trace the similarities, if any, of tlie art remains of tliese ancient 
 farmers with those of jjeoijles who once lived on the Little Colorado 
 and its southern tributaries — what resemblances there were in 
 implements, pottery, and other art products, and what likeness in 
 manners and customs, as indicated by archeoloijical data. 
 
 One of the most important objects of the expedition was to add to 
 the sum of available ijaleographical material from different sections 
 of the valley drained by ihe Little t^;)lorado river. Although the 
 amount of this material now in museums is large, an increase of it 
 was considered desirable. It lias been ijointed out elsewhere that 
 pictures on old pottery are objective expressions of religious sym- 
 bolism, and that tliej' should be treated as such. Each ruin has 
 its characteristic designs, and there are features peculiar to certain 
 localities. An interpretation of this Inglilj' interesting pictograx)hy 
 can be facilitated by the discovery of new i^ictures, and the more 
 numerous the localities from which it is obtained the more important 
 will be its teaching. A discover}- of the geographical limits of the 
 same symbolism is important, and its connection with the migration 
 of <;-ertain clans is significant. 
 
 The influence of environment on ancient pottery is a subject of no 
 less interest than that of its symbolism. As we pass, in the South- 
 west, from one locality to another, the ingredients of the claj' from 
 which pottery is made change, and the action of fire upon these com- 
 ponents leads to modifications in their colors Avhen they are used in 
 decoration. It would be instructive to follow these changes in their 
 manj' modifications and determine Avhat relations exist between the 
 distribution of various clays and different colored pottery. This 
 would require a collection of ceramic wares from many localities. "We 
 can rely only in part on classifications of pottery based on colors as 
 indicative of kinship. PeoiDle of different stocks make pottery of the 
 same colors when they use the same or similar clays. Decorations of 
 the same kind, or an identical symbolism, are a much more trustworthy 
 basis of classification, although not alwaj-s reliable. 
 
 The ruins studied in 1897 were chosen with a view of obtaining 
 comparative data concerning pottery and its decoration from localities 
 in different latitudes of Arizona as nearly as possible on the same 
 meridian as those studied in previous years. 
 
 The investigations at Kintiel were especially directed toward the 
 future i^lotting of an archeological meridian through Zufu as a liasis 
 of comparison with the Tusayan zone, in which Walpi is situated. 
 
 It is possible for the expert student of modern pueblo pottery to 
 determine at a glance the i^ueblo in which any xjiece was made. 
 Thus, no specialist would inistake a Zuiii vase for one from Acoma 
 or confound a Tusayan food bowl with one from Laguna or Santa 
 Clara. Tliis exact knowledge has become possible fi'om the fact that 
 our museums are rich in modern ware and familiarity with its char- 
 
f'EWKES] 7'LAN OF ISilT EXPEDITION" 123 
 
 acteristics is i^ossiblo; but an aliility to identify modern i)ueblo iiot- 
 teiy by its symbolism is of little help in the deteniiination of ancient 
 ware from the several localities. To determine wheflier an ancient 
 vessel came from near Zuhi or from the neiyhborhood of Walpi we 
 ninst study tyx)ical collections of ancient ware. From investigations 
 thus far conducted the aullior is able to distinguish ancient Hopi 
 from ancient Zuni pottery, l>ut the geographical limits of each are 
 unknown to him and he is wholly unable to distinguish ancient Jemez 
 ware from that of Acoma, Sia, or Cochiti. For a i^rovisional classifi- 
 cation the author has divided tlie pueblo area, into a number of par- 
 allel zones extending north and south. Tusayan lies in one of these 
 zones, Kintiel and ZuiTi in another. Whatever zones it ma}' be nec- 
 essary to make to facilitate tlie study of ancient piottery of the eastern 
 pneljlos does not concern the present rejjort, but it is worthy of note 
 that thus far ancient material froju them is so limited that even a 
 j)rovisional determination of these areas is premature. 
 
 The author has collected no legends of the Ilopi Indians which 
 refer in aiiy way to the ruins excavated in 1897, and he believes it is to 
 the Zunis rather than to the Ilopis that we should look for traditional 
 accounts of them which may still survive. Nor has he found anj^ his- 
 torical reference to old liouses on the Little Colorado river, although 
 Four-n)ile ruin is situated west of Zuni, and may have lieen one of 
 the pueblos of the Ciiiias, a sedentary tribe nn?ntioned l)}- Spanish 
 writers in the seventeenth century-. Though this name is said still 
 to survive in Zuni legends, the author has thus far failed to elicit 
 any information in Ilopi stories regarding the ancient C'ipias" (see 
 page 23). 
 
 The xiueblos in tln^ region soutli of Holbrook ai-e too far east to be 
 referred to the Patlvi and other clans which claim Homololji as their 
 former home; and their surroundings do not in any way agree with 
 the current Ilopi account of Palatkwabi, the " Old Red land," or the 
 "Giant Cactus country." It is always to the mountains south of 
 Winslow tliat the old men of the Patki clan point M'hen they tell of 
 tin.' place of origin of their forefathers. It is insti-uctive to remember 
 that the invasion of the Apaches, directed against the modern Ilopi 
 pueblos, was always from the south, while that of the Utes was from 
 the north. The earliest historical account of the contact of the Apa- 
 ches with the Ilopis indicates that these Athapascan nomads shut 
 the latter off from their southern kindred by occupying the trails 
 to the Cila and causing Ilomolobi to be abandoned, and then pressed 
 north against the nn:»dern towns. 
 
 "The Hoin name uf the inudei-n pneiilu Lsleta is Tcipiya. 
 
124 TWO SUMMEKS' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 KINTIEL 
 
 The Kuin and its Cemeteries 
 
 Up to within a few years, especially since the American occupation, 
 a ruin called Pueblo (Irande has been designated on most maps of 
 Arizona and New Mexico. This pueldo lies about 25 miles north of 
 the railroad station of Navajo, and ten years ago it was one of the 
 best ruins of the Southwest, approaching in the ijerfeetion of preser- 
 vation the famous ruins ot the Chaco canyon. To the Navahos who 
 range that region the ruin is known as Kintiel, or Broad house. On 
 the author's first visit to it, ten j'ears ago, the walls stood higher than 
 a nuin's head, and tlie rooms were prol)ably in about the condition in 
 which they were shortly after its abandonment. At present very little 
 of tlie ancient walls remains, for they have been torn down by a 
 trader, who has used the stones of which they were maiie in building 
 a house and store in about the center of the ruin. In fact, where the 
 foundations of the walls of this fine ruin once stood, nothing now 
 remains l)ut a trench, for the lower courses of stones, being the largest, 
 were sought out for building material in preference to the smaller 
 stones which were placed upon them. 
 
 The documentary history of Kintiel is a sliort cliapter. Early 
 Spanish accounts do not mention the place, and the Spanish name 
 Pueblo Grande appears onl^y on later maps of the country. There is 
 said, however, to l)e a legend concerning it among the present ZuTiis, 
 which is mentioned in tlie Fourth Annual Report of the director of 
 the Bureau of American Ethnology (1883): 
 
 Pending the arrival of guods at Moki, he [Mr dishing] returned across the 
 country to Zuiii, a measure . . . enabling him to observe more minutely than on 
 former occasions the annual sun ceremonial. En route he discovered two ruins, 
 apparently before unvisited, both, according to Zuiii tradition, belonging to the 
 Hle-etakwe, or the northwestern migration of the Bear, Crane, Frog, Deer, 
 Yellow-wood, and other gentes of the ancestral pneblo. One of these was the 
 outlying structure of K'in'ik'el, called by the Navajo Zinnijinne and by the Zuiii 
 Heshotapatliltaie . 
 
 It is interesting to note that all the above-mentioned Zufii clans 
 Inu'c or Inid representatives in the Ilopi puel->los, and that at least 
 three of them, viz. Bear, Deer, and Yell(»v.-\vood, wliicli is jn'obably 
 tlie Ilopi Kokop clau, are reputed Ijy the AValpi traditioualists to 
 have come into Tusaj'an from the East. Wliether or not these fam- 
 ilies of eastern origin are descendants from Kintiel people is iuipossible 
 to say, on account of the author's unfaniiliarity with the uiigi'ation 
 legeiKls of these ] articular clans. It is instructive to learn tliat with 
 the exception possilily of theFrogclan no Patki or Rain-cloud people 
 have yet been mentioned from Kintiel, noi- do any of the traditions of 
 tiie Patki people mention Kintiel as their former home. 
 
FEWKES] KINTIEL RUIN 125 
 
 No further mention of these ruins is known to the author until the 
 description liy A''ict()r ^lindeleff, in his vei-y imxjortant account of 
 Tusayau ami Cibolan archilectui-e, published in the Eighth Annual 
 Report of the ]!nreau of American Ethnohigy. 
 
 Fortunately for science, Mr Cosmos Mindeleff camped at Kintiel 
 ruin before its destruction and made excellent photographs and plans 
 of the ruin. Tie likewise conducted limited excavations, which were 
 later recorded in a report of the liureau of Americ;in Ethnology. 
 
 Recognizing, on his arrival at Kintiel, thatit would ])r impossible to 
 add much to what had been recorded in regard to a ruin so mutilated 
 as Kintiel now is, the author naturally sought to learn what he could 
 from excavations. The results were somewhat <lisappointing, and, 
 as compared with tlie collections made at other ruins, only a lew 
 specimens were obtained from this large pueblo. 
 
 There is one feature in the architecture of the walls of Kintiel which 
 seems worthy of special notice, a feature which XordenskiOld recog- 
 nized in Mesa Verde ruins, and which the author li;is described in 
 the I'ound house near Montzeimer's rancli,* viz, the dift'erence in size 
 of the l:)uilding stones in the walls and foundations. The largest stones 
 occur at the base, or in the lower courses, the smaller in the more 
 elevated portions of the walls. This arrjingement has a wide distri- 
 bution in other parts of the Southwest. 
 
 The nearest point on the railroad to Kintiel is the station Navajo, 
 from which there is a good road to the ruin. This road passes in sight 
 of several small mounds with indications of former houses, and not 
 far from Navajo station there are several ruins, some of considei'able 
 size, but all in a poor state "(jf preservation. All of these are here 
 referred to Zniii rather than Ilopi clans, for the fragments of potteiy 
 which were collected on them resemble the pottery of ancient Zuhi 
 ruins. 
 
 The exact lines of demarcation between ancient Zuiii and I lopi ruined 
 pueblos will xjrobably be impossil)le to find, mainly Ijecanse tliere is 
 little doubt that the distinctive features between Zuiii and Walpi, so 
 marked in modern times, did not exist in ancient times. C'lans from 
 certain pueblos now in ruins in this region sought union with the 
 population of Zuiii; (jthers went to modern Tusayan and were incorpo- 
 rated into the population of the villages there. Other fannlies drifted 
 out of Zuiii and founded puelilosof their own or halted in their migra- 
 tion from Ciliola to Tusaj'au and enacted pueblos which were aban- 
 doned after a few years or generations. 
 
 Kintiel may be classified as a circular ruin (see plate Liii). This 
 form is unlike that of any Tusayan i-uin, with possibly the exception 
 of the two mounds called Kiikutcomo, above Sikyatki. Round ruins 
 are foreign to the Hopi country and are absent from all the portion 
 of Arizona south of the present inhal)ited pueblos of the Hopi reser- 
 
 " .Juuriial of Auiei'icaii Ethnoluj^'y and Arclii"eoloj^y, v. 1, IWIJ, p. 1:^7. 
 
126 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 vatioii. The same may be said of i-ound rooms or kivas. When, how- 
 ever, we enter the Zufii l)elt, whieli extends from the San Juan and 
 Maneos ea.nj^on cliff honses south tlirough Zuhi, we find both circular 
 and rectangular rains, with circular rooms especially noticeable in 
 the cliff houses. Kintiel is one of these, and architecturally, there- 
 fore, belongs to the Zuiii series, as its geograpliical position and pottery 
 clearly indicate. 
 
 Kintiel is not, however, perfectlj' round, but is broader than long, 
 assuming a shape comparable with that of a moth with extended 
 wings. Tlie two sides were built on sloping land, and between them 
 there runs a depression corresponding to the body of tlie insect of our 
 comparison. This median depression is at right angles to the broad- 
 est part of the ruin, and in it is the .spring which furnished the water 
 supplj^ The present occupant of the ruin, an Indian trader, has 
 erected his buildings within theinclosure of the ruin near this depres- 
 sion, and has dug out the ancient spring, which famishes abundant 
 water for his purposes. In excavating this spring he found the 
 inclosing walls still intact, with a flight of stone steps bj- which the 
 ancients once descended to the water. Notwithstanding sanitary 
 objections to such a position for the spring, especially when the 
 population of the surrounding houses was large, from a defensive 
 point of view it was perfect. The violation of sanitary laws among 
 the modern pueblo peoples implies that among the ancients there was 
 little regard paid to health in the choice of a water supply, and little 
 care in keeping the water pure. 
 
 Extensive excavations at Kintiel revealed a cemetery on the eastern 
 side of the northern section. Tlie burials were made close up to the 
 outer walls of the buildings, as at Ilomololn, but no uniformity in the 
 orientation of the bodies was noted. No undoubted evidences of cre- 
 mation were detected, and all skeletons exhumed were from subur- 
 ban cemeteries. A limited number of sp)ecimens of mortuary pottery 
 was obtained in the neighborhood of these skeletons. Many of these 
 specimens were broken, but others were whole and in good condition. 
 
 The author is in(dined to regard Kintiel as a comparatively modern 
 pueblo, one of many which were f oundeil later than the earliest Spanish 
 invasions. One reason which led to this conclusion is the fine pres- 
 ervation of the buildings. Up to within a decade thej^ had not the 
 appearance of antiquity which old ruins always show, nor are there 
 now any large refuse heaps or potterj^ burning places, which so often 
 indicate great age, about it. The few graves in the cemeteries and 
 the distance apart of those which do exist may he regarded as negative 
 evidence of limited value, for it may be said that we may not have 
 happened upon the populous graveyards. Yet much more earth was 
 moved in the excavations than at Ilomololti, and onty a tenth as many 
 interments were brought to light, and the natural infei'ence is that 
 the pueblo was not old. Nothing, however, indicative of white men's 
 
FEWKKs] KINTIEL KUTN 127 
 
 influence was fonniT in the rnin. Although it may havi_' lieeii iiihal)- 
 itecl sini'e tlie discovery of Arizona., tliere is no evidence tliat Spaniai'd 
 or American ever visited it wliile inhal)ited. 
 
 Tliere is a close resemblance between Kintiel, as it was ten years ago, 
 and the Pueblo Bonito and other great houses of the Chaco canyon, 
 and fi'oni its general appearance as compared witii these tlie author 
 believes that it is of abcmt the same age. 
 
 There is a Navaho tradition that at least one of tlie Cliaco ruins was 
 built by Zufu chins, which would indic'ate a r(.'a.son for the similarity in 
 the construction of Kintiel or Pueblo Grande and its namesake in 
 the above canyon." Kintiel also resembles arcliitecturallj^ the well- 
 preserved Zulli ruins at Archeotekopa, which is described elsewliere,* 
 but we need much more information about these interesting ruins, 
 especially about their pottery and the Zuni legends concerning them, 
 before it is possible to form anj^ ti'ustworthy conclusions. 
 
 Kintiel is situated on the Leroux wash,'- which flows north of 
 Holbrook, and turning south empties into the Little Colorado west 
 of tlie town. Tlie wagon I'oad goes from Holbrook past the X ranch 
 up the wash to the ruin of Kintiel. There is a ruin of some size at 
 Tanner's spring, fi'om which place the author has seen several fine 
 specimens of potteiy. As these fragments closelj' I'esembh^ the Kin- 
 tiel pottery, it is probable that the ruins lielonged to the same or 
 to closely related xieople. 
 
 There is also a rnin of some size near Ilnblieirs store, at the Puelilo 
 Granado, aliout the same distance? north of Kintiel that Navajo sta- 
 tion is south of it. Pottery from this ruin is ancient, much older 
 than that from Kintiel. West of this ruin, at Eighteen-mile spring, 
 there is a circular ruin which must also lie referred to the ZuiTi belt. 
 The author has been told that there is a Spanish inscription of the 
 seventeenth centniy not far from this spring, but he has never seen it. 
 
 The number of rooms at Kintiel would lead to the lielicf that the 
 population was large, certainlj^ reaching into the hundreds. There 
 were evidently several clans living there, and at the lowest estimate 
 we are justified in believing that 300 people found shelter witliin its 
 walls. Probably the population was nearer 500 souls, or about the 
 same number that formerly lived <it Sik^yatki. 
 
 A small stone inclosure, axiparently a shrine, was found a few feet 
 from the outer wall of Kintiel, on the south side. Its contents were 
 carefuUj^ gathered together and added to the collection. The olijects 
 found in this inclosure consisted of a number of curiously formed 
 stones and concretions, any one of which might, from its odd shape, be 
 regarded as a fetish. Several of these stones were rudely worked into 
 
 "The name Kintiel, rir Broad House, is applied by the Navahos to at least two circular pueblo 
 ruins in the Southwest. One of these is in the Chaco canyon, and is said also to have been con- 
 structed by the Zuiais. 
 
 ^Journal of American Ethnology and Archo?olog:y, v. ]. 1-sf)]. p. 13:?, 
 
 cNamed from the famous guide and trapper Ler<aix, whose knowledge of the Southwest was 
 of such great value to early explorations in this region. 
 
128 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 animal shapes, with head, eyes, and mouth represented. Similar col- 
 lections of stones are common near the approaches to the modern 
 Hopi towns and are ordinarily called shrines of the god of death, 
 Masauu. It is customarj^ for a Hopi Indian, on approaching the 
 pueblo, to throw on these piles any small stone he may have found, and 
 in much the same waj', no doubt, the pile of stones found at Kintiel was 
 formed, for this same custom of casting stones in a pile exists at 
 Zuni, the imeblo to whose jDeople those of Kintiel were allied. 
 
 Just soutli of the two standing sections of wall there was a cluster 
 of stone cysts, probably ancient ovens. They varied in size from 1 
 foot or 2 feet stpiare to larger dimensions — by 3 feet. Cliarred 
 wood and ashes were found in some of these, and the bounding stones 
 showed the action of fire. These structures reminded one of the 
 suburban, communal ovens, which have been described" in the ZuHi 
 ruin, Ileshotauthla. The communal ovens at the latter ruin, like 
 those at Kintiel, are situated Just outside the walls of the pueblo, 
 but unlike them tliey are, as a rule, i-ound, and of equal size. It 
 would appear that cooking was done in tliese ovens rather tlian iji 
 the dwelling houses. The Hopi food called pikame, made for cere- 
 monial feasts, is still cooked outside the dwellings, and the Zuiiis 
 likewise have ovens separated from their houses, as is common in 
 ]N[exican towns in the Southwest. 
 
 The cemeteries east of Kintiel revealed many slvcletons in fair 
 preservation, and it was noticed that those near the surface were 
 mostly of infants, the adults, as a rule, being found deeper. The 
 first skeleton excavated was tliat of an infant buried under a flat 
 stone 2 feet below the surface. Tlie grave had mortuary objects 
 in the form of a few miniature rough bowls and a small jar of coiled 
 ware. As the excavations penetrated deeper, there were found many 
 fragments of pottery, broken ladle handles, aslies, and other indica- 
 tions that this was the dump place of the neighboring pueblo, the 
 outer wall of which was 50 feet away. 
 
 One of the most instructive burials at Kintiel was found in the east 
 cemetery. This was interpreted as a secondarj' interment. It con- 
 sisted of human bones stripped of flesh and deposited in the earth 
 with customary mortuary vessels. The reason for the belief that 
 these bones were not covered with flesh when the bowls were placed 
 upon them is that their position was not t.liat which they would have 
 had if articulated. The femurs were placed in the reverse of the 
 natural position, and a humerus was found crossing the femur. No 
 skull or pelvis was found in the grave. A flat earthen disk was luted 
 to the neck of a vase jilaced on the bones, and there was a food bowl 
 near by. 
 
 "Journal of American Ethuology and Arohieology, vol. 1, IbV^l, p. IH'S. 
 
i-EWKEs; KINTIEL E(l]N 129 
 
 Pottery from the Ruik 
 general features and form 
 
 The pottery from this ruin Ijeloiigs essentially to the Zuni type, 
 and is very different from that of the Tusayan series. It is, as a rule, 
 of eoai-se texture, and decorated with rude sj^mbols. We miss in it 
 the fine yellow ware for whieli Tusayan is famous, alid find in its 
 place abundant red pottery, with a comparatively large proportion of 
 blaeli and wliite. The decorative designs are mainly geometrical, 
 and picture writing is very limited in quantity. Tlie decoration is 
 essentially diffei'cnt from tliat of Sikyatki, and resembles closely tliat 
 of Hesliotautlila and Ilalona, two ruins near Zuili puelilo. 
 
 The greater the numlier of ancient Zuni pottery objects which 
 were examijied, the stronger became the belief that tlie ancient x^otters 
 of this region were inferior to the ancient Hopis in their ceramic 
 productions. Modern Zuni ware is certainlj' as fine as modern Ilopi, 
 and, a iiriori, the author sees no reason why the older pottery of one 
 region shoiild be inferior to that of the other. lie formerly supposed 
 that this inferiority was due mainly to imperfect collections and that 
 the best examples of ancient Zuiii ware were still under ground, so 
 that the known speeimcTis gave an imperfect idea of 'what other and 
 larger collections might reveal. 
 
 While these earlier conclusions may be verified by later studies, 
 the author now inclines to the belief that the ZufLis never advanced to 
 the same jierfection in the ceramic art as did the Hopis. It must be 
 confessed, however, that potter}- has been taken from the cliff houses 
 north of Zuiii whicli is as fine as the Tusa3'an ware, and if this excel- 
 lent pottery is classified as Zuiii ware, an unfavorable criticism is 
 not just. So far as texture is concerned, the Tusayan ware is superior 
 to all others in the Southwest, with the exeei^tion of tlie black and 
 white ware of cliff dwellers. In the character of designs the superi- 
 ority is even greater. In the evolution of Pueblo decoration tlie 
 development of ornamentation advances from geometrical xaatterns to 
 rude picture writing, and, as a rule, the pottery on which the former 
 predominate is inferior to that on which the latter is most prominent. 
 Not that we should regard this a hard and fast law without exception ; 
 the cleverest potters often adorn their wares with simplest patterns; 
 but in a ruin where most of the pottery is decorated with geometrical 
 figures, and the few existing pictures of animals — as birds, rei^tiles, or 
 human beings — are rudelj' made, tlie artistic development is inferior 
 to that where the conditions are reversed. 
 
 Judged by the criterion of designs, Tusayan decoration of ceramic 
 ware shows a superiority over all others in the pueblo area, as any- 
 one will confess who impartially examines large collections from differ- 
 ent areas of the Southwest. 
 
 It would appeal', too, that this high development was autochthonous, 
 22 eth— (14 '.;» 
 
130 
 
 TWO SUMMEES WORK IN PUEBLO EUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 Fig. T.J. Dipper with decorated haiidl' 
 frnni Kintiel. 
 
 and oiiginated Avithiii the limited area in tlie midst of which the 
 pre.sent Ilopi villages are situated, where not only the decoration, 
 but also the ware itself is superior. Strangely enough, the more 
 ancient the ruin is, the better is the pottery. This may have a bear- 
 ing on certain theories regarding the ancestors of the Hopis, for we 
 have been accustomed to hear them spoken of as rude Shoshoneans 
 
 akin to some of the lowest tribes of 
 the Rocky mountains, who have 
 adojDted a pueblo life after they came 
 into the pueblo area. The author's 
 researches show that only a small 
 part of them claim to have sprung 
 from the north, but from whatever 
 source they came, and whether they 
 adopted the xiueblo life after their 
 arrival or not, they reached a higher 
 cidture, judged by artistic excellence 
 of ijottery, than anj' other pueblo 
 people. 
 
 Some of the specimens of coiled 
 ware from Kintiel are remarkably fine. One of the best is almost 
 black, as tliough discolored by constant use in the fire, and was 
 evidently a. cooking jtot. 
 
 The accompanying figure (75) of a dipper fi-om Kintiel might readity 
 be mistaken for a like ob.ject from the cliff houses of the Maucos 
 canyon. It is a common form of 
 black and white ware almost uni- 
 versal throughout the Southwest. 
 The forms of pottery from K intiel 
 are not exceptional, for all the types 
 which were found there occur else- 
 where. The rough ware, universal 
 in the pueljlo area, is abundant in 
 the Kintiel gi'aves, and leads all oth- 
 ers in number of specimens (see fig- 
 ure 76). This is in marked cont)-ast 
 to colled ions f ron] Sikyatki and the 
 Little Colorado ruins, where smooth 
 decorated ware j^redominated. 
 
 There were eomparativel\' few 
 food vessels, and no large vases 
 were obtained. Cups, ladles, vases, and slii:)per jars were the most 
 common pottery forms. A three-lobed cup of red ware was dug out 
 of the eastern cemetery. This form is exceptional in the pueblo 
 ruins which the author had previously examined, but beautiful spec- 
 imens have been found at Ilomolobi and Chevlon. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Coiled vase from Kintiel (number 
 ir«91lj). 
 
FEWKEs] 
 
 POTTERY FROM KINTIEL 
 
 131 
 
 T wo-handleii howl from Kintiol ( mim'ber 
 ITfiSHC). 
 
 The jiinphora form of n'lobultir vessel is rave in Soutliwestern ruins, 
 
 but is represented l>y a single specimen (Jigure 77) from Kintiel. Tliis 
 
 vessel is of black and white 
 
 ware, aiid tlu^ design on the 
 
 equatorial region is cliarac- 
 
 teristie. 
 
 A ver)- gooil specimen of 
 
 globuhxr form (figure 7S) 
 
 was found at Kintiel. This 
 
 was made of l)lack and white 
 
 ware, and is one of the finest 
 
 specimens in the collection. 
 All these examples are 
 
 white ware decorated with 
 
 figures in lilack, and tlie ^m. 
 
 wliite is a slip rubl)ed over 
 
 coarser clay. In firing, since the contraction and exxjansion of this 
 
 slix> is not the same as that of the base on 
 which it is laid, we lind a. crackled surface 
 unknown in trne aireient llopi pottery. 
 
 ]Many of the ladle handles were i)erfo- 
 I'ated with ri:iws of holes; several wei'C dec- 
 orated with alternate i>arallel and longi- 
 tudinal bands, a. type of ornajnentation 
 which is foujid as far south as the northei'n 
 border of Old ^Mexico and has been re- 
 corded from ^lexican ruins in Chihuahua. 
 
 Several fragments of the necks of vases witli jjits or (h^pressions were 
 
 found. Some of these pits resend.ded siimll cups, 
 
 but tlie author b(dieves the depressions are finger 
 
 holds, by which the vessel Avas carried. Fragments 
 
 with similar depressions are found elsewhere in tlie 
 
 Southwestern ruins, and there are one or t-wo com- 
 plete vases with the sanu' finger holds, in which 
 
 there can be no dtiubt of their use. 
 
 DECORATION 
 
 The limited numbei- of specimens of pottery from 
 the ruin makes it necessary to speak of this asx^ect 
 of the srrljject in a. A'cry general way. 
 
 Tliere is little simihirity of jiicture design l)etween 
 these sxiecimens and tliose of modei-n Zufu which 
 have been examined, save in geometrical patterns; 
 so that the aTithor is led to srrggest a theory to 
 account for this fact, similar to that which he has elsewhere advanced 
 to explain the change in symbolism in HoxdI jpottery. The differences 
 
 "^^JiS^swwii^iai^fe^a^^ 
 
 Globular bowl from. 
 Kintiel. 
 
 Fi( 
 
 Handle of 
 
 ciii>i.)er from Kintiel. 
 
/ / 
 
 132 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 KTH. ANN. tl 
 
 Fig. so. 
 
 Frog design - 
 Kintiel. 
 
 Ill bowl from 
 
 between modern and ancient Ilopi ceramic designs are dixe to the 
 advent of new clans as colonists, for these new arrivals introduced 
 their strange cnltus, of which, np to that time, the Hopis were igno- 
 rant. Possibly a similar explanation 
 may account for some of the designs on 
 modern Zuni pottery. Modern vessels 
 from these two regions bear, liowever, 
 widelj' different decorations. The many 
 lilcenesses between ancient Zuni ware 
 and that of Kintiel are tlie main reasons 
 for his association of the two, but these 
 similarities are mainly in geometrical 
 patterns. 
 
 One or two specimens of pottery from 
 Kintiel had handles decorated with the 
 forms of animals, and one of these, of 
 black and white ware, was particularly 
 Avell made (see figure 79). Tlii- intention was evidently to rpprcsent 
 some many-leg.ged animal, combining painting with sculpture. 
 
 A knob on one vase has been ident- 
 ified as a reprpsentatiou of the head of 
 an antelope. This is an unusual form 
 of decoration. 
 
 The modification of the handle of a 
 dipper into an animal form is not rare 
 in ancient pueblo pottery, and the 
 atithor has seen specimens in which a 
 
 mamnml, possibly a bear, was represented in that Avay. In modern 
 jitieblo i)ottery, animal forms are very common, and they are espe- 
 cially abundant in modern Zuni ware, 
 as an examination of the rich collection 
 in tlie National Museum will denum- 
 strate. This method of ornamentation 
 is not very common in pottery from 
 ancient or modern liopi towns, though 
 the Ilopi pi'iests called "mudheads" or 
 "clowns" are often represented on the 
 handles of ladles, and in the large col- 
 lections from Sikyatki not a single speci- 
 men adorned in this manner can be 
 found. 
 
 One of the vessels from Kintiel was 
 decorated on the interior witli what seems to be a tigure of a lizard or 
 tailed batraehian (see figure 80). The design is simple, and is not 
 unlike figures which are found as pictographs in the Canyon de 
 Chelly and elsewhere in tlie !S(jttthwest. 
 
 Food bowl from Kintiel. 
 
 Fk 
 
 Bird design on food Ixjwl 
 from Kintiel. 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 DECORATION OF KINTIEL POTTERY 
 
 133 
 
 Fig 
 
 Cnp from Kintiel {num- 
 ber 176H11 1, 
 
 The decoratiou on the exterior of the food busiii sliowii in figure 
 81 i.s highly characteristic and niarkedlj^ different from that on 
 Sikyatki pottery. In this specimen tlie design on the exterior con- 
 sists of a number of interlocked S-shaped figures, which are like- 
 wise found on the pottery of the Little Colorado ruins. The external 
 decorations on the food basins from Sikyatki are, as a rule, rectilin- 
 ear, and ('urved figures are rare or unknown. A verj' much mutilated 
 figure of a bird which decoi-ates a bowl is .shown in figure 82. 
 
 The accompanying illu.stration (figure 
 83) gives a good idea of a Kintiel mug of 
 black and white ware and the calcareous 
 incrustation with which the ma.jority of 
 these ancient vessels was covered. This 
 mug is decorated with geometrical pat- 
 terns, tlie nature of which may be seen in 
 the illustration. - Like many others from 
 Kintiel, it was covered with a calcareous 
 deposit, which can readily l:)e removed by 
 washing. 
 
 One of the best specimens of white ware 
 from Kintiel is shown in figure 84. The 
 striking feature of this dix^iier is the form 
 of the handle, which is made in imitation of the head of some animal. 
 There were several specimens of bowls and other vessels with heads 
 of aniinals, a feature also common in Tusayan ceramics. 
 
 Miscellaneous Ob.jects from the Huin 
 
 The stone objects from Kintiel are in no respect peculiar, and con- 
 sist of mauls, hammers, axes, spearheads, and arrow points. 
 
 A small slab of stone had three 
 cavities, arranged in a triangular 
 form, in one surface. There were 
 several clay disks, some with a cen- 
 tral hole, others imperforate. Rect- 
 angular gorgets of red stone were 
 perforated at one side as if for sus- 
 pension. There is also a tuliular 
 l^ipe of red stone in the collection. 
 Symmetrical spherical stone balls, ranging in size from a marble to a 
 baseball, were picked up on the surface. 
 
 No prayer sticks were found in the graves, but in one of the food 
 basins there was a collection of several hundred short sections of wood 
 about the size of a small lead pencil, and beveled at both ends. These 
 were about an inch long, reminding one of sticks called the "frog 
 spawn," wooden symbolic objects made in the Walpi Flute and Snake 
 ceremonials. 
 
 Fig. m. Dippar frum Kintiel. 
 
134 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 Bone objects — awLs, needles, bodkins, and the like — were numerous. 
 Bone tubes of different sizes were likewise found, and a small bone 
 gouge accompanied one of the skeletons. 
 
 Fifteen well-preserved human skulls, excavated from the Kintiel 
 cemetery, were brought to AVashington. 
 
 KINNA ZINDE 
 
 If we compare the Zuiiian and Tusa3'an meridian zones of ruins 
 architecturally, we find that they closely resemble each otlier, or, if 
 there is any one feature which distinguishes them as groups, it is the 
 predominance in the former of circular ruins. Circular ruins are 
 absent in the Tusayan series, while more than a third of tlie Zuni 
 series of ruins are round, oval, circular, or semicirculai' — rectangular 
 and round combined. The cause of this predominance is unknown, 
 fdr the explanations which have been advanced to account for round 
 ruins in the Zuiii belt would seem to be equally applicable to tlie 
 Tusayan belt, where round rui.ns are absent. 
 
 Not far from Kintiel there is a small, well-in-eserved ancient house 
 called by the Navahos Kinna Zinde. This ruin is in a good state of 
 preservation, the stone walls rising high above the foundations. 
 
 As seen from one side Kinna Zinde looks like a round tower, such 
 as are found elsewhere in the Zufii belt of ruins. A closer examina- 
 tion, however, I'eveals the fact that only one end of this ruin is round, 
 the remainder l)eing rectangular. 
 
 The ruin is situated on a slight elevation overlooking a fertile plain. 
 Flooring indicative of two stories is visible, and the poles of an old 
 ladder by which there was formerly communication from one story 
 to another are still in place. These poles were notched for the inser- 
 tion of rungs. 
 
 The authoi' was struck wtth the scarcity of pottery fragments and 
 other refuse in the neighborhood, and it was concluded that this 
 building had not been inhabited for any cons!deral)le time. It showed 
 no signs of age, and probably was contemporary with Kintiel, which 
 is a few miles away. Kinna Zinde Avas possibly onlj' a summer farjn 
 home, peopled by farmers from Kintiel, comparable with Pescado or 
 Ojo C'aliente on the Zuni reservation. In 's\intei' the inhabitants 
 retired to Kintiel, aud in summer they used Kinna Zinde as a pro- 
 tected outlook over their fai-ms. Its position was well chosen for this 
 puri)ose, and it was abandoned at about the same time as Kintiel. 
 
 RUINS NEAR HOLBROOK 
 
 There are few remains of ancient x)ueblos near Ilolbrook, Arizona, 
 and the Hopi trail from that town to Jeditoh valley is not known to 
 pass any consideraltle ruin. The author has always been astonished 
 that the fine spring at Bitarhtttce, the Red cliffs, about 40 miles 
 from Holbrook, on the road to the Hopi towns, appears never to have 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 RUINS ^asITED IN imi 
 
 135 
 
 furnished water to a neiK'hboriiiL;' puel.)l(i." Wlieu the Ilopis went 
 back and fm-tli to the Little Colorado, in ancient limes, before Hol- 
 brook was Imilt, they took the shorter route to lloniolobi. That in 
 their eouiniunication with Zuni they did not use this trail to the river 
 is evident, for the Zufii trail strikes the railroad far to tlie east. 
 
 Both Ilopis an<l Zunis in tlieir interconiinunication used tlie trail 
 through Kintiel, because there was nothing to invite tJu^ni any other 
 way. The gjiteway of modern Tusayan to the southern settlements 
 was past Big- and Little Btirro springs, from llomolobi, and if we 
 follow that trail we pass many ruins, for the simple reason tliat it 
 is the ancient route of migration. Pueblo Indians, in their journej-s, 
 go from puelilo t(i puelilo, stopping for entertainment, so wherevci' 
 we find an ancient trail, there we may expect to find at intervals the 
 ruins of (dd villages. 
 
 Objects from WrtonRUFF Bctte 
 
 One of the most conspicuous mountains south of II(il1)rook, visible 
 for some distance along tlie railro.id, is a co]uc<d butt<' called the Pieta 
 mountain or Woodruff liuttc. 
 It was not the author's gooil 
 fortune to visit its summit, but 
 he obtained by purchase a few 
 specimens from that place. 
 The most interesting of these 
 were two small stone fetishes or 
 bird effigies (see figure S.5); there were also some pendants, a few 
 beads, and other ornaments. The bird effigi(»s were very skillfully 
 carved of stone, and were perfoi-ated, evidently for suspensinu. They 
 may have served as fetishes, for the}' closely resemble sinular carved 
 objects which are commonlj' sold at Zuhi. 
 
 ^#^ 
 
 
 stone 1 )irds from Woodruff 1 )utte i niTinl )er 
 .ITT.SIIHk 
 
 Ancient Habitations in the Petrified Porest 
 
 Learning that there were evidences cjf ruins in the famous petrified 
 forest of Arizona, near Ilolbrook, the author made two visits to it land 
 examined a number of ancient mounds within its area. Xone of the 
 ruins which were seen gave eviilence of large size or of a <'onsidei'able 
 population. 3Iany fragments of ^lottery resembling ancient Zufu ware 
 were found, and a few stone implements and metates were picked u^) 
 on the surface of the ground, but the number was too small to 
 encourage extended excavations in ;iny of the small ruined house 
 clusters which exist in this locality. 
 
 An Indian burial was found on the highest point of one of those 
 strange hillocks of the "bad lands" in wliich th(_^ forest is situated, 
 
 o The reader is reminded tliat tttis report was written in 1898. Dr Hough's important dis- 
 coveries in this region were made in 1901 (see Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1901, 
 p. 2T9-a«j. 
 
136 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [etH. ANN. 22 
 
 but the skeleton was too poorly preserved to add to the colleetious. 
 There is a large riii)i near Adamana station, and others in the Petrified 
 
 Forest reservation. 
 
 FOUR-MILE RUIN 
 
 (tEneral Plan 
 
 This rnin is situated 4 miles from Snowflake, and about 2 miles 
 from Taylor, Arizona, and is one of the lai'gest in the vicinity. It 
 had never been visited prior to the author's work there in 1807, and 
 no specimens from this locality are known besides tliose which he 
 collected. 
 
 The ruin is situated on a bluff overlooking a tributary of the Little 
 
 Fig. ati. View of Four -mile ruin from river bed. 
 
 Colorado called Pinedale creek. One end of the ancient, pueblo over- 
 looks the stream; the other extends along a Ioav crest at right angles 
 to its banks. On the northern and southern sides there are narrow 
 plains, that on the south being apjiarently composed of alluvium 
 brought down and deposited hj the stream, oi' washed from higher 
 neighboi'ing hills by torrents of rain, which are often verj' violent 
 in this region. The general form of the ruin is irregularly rectan- 
 gular, with no well-defined evidences of a central plaza in the w^estern 
 part. The eastern region, however, has a flat top with scattered 
 rooms, and was evidently well situated for ceremonial dances or other 
 gatherings. 
 
 The larger j^opulation lived in the western part of Four-mile ruin, 
 and jjrobably the eastern region was not permanently inhabited. 
 
FEWKEs] FOUR-MILB RUIN 137 
 
 In this part of the ancient village there were remnants of circular 
 rows of stones, which suggested shrines, and certain piles of refuse 
 composed in part of ashes, as thougli remains of fuel used in firing- 
 pottery. The eastern quarter of the town does not appear to have 
 had an inclosing wall, and no signs of kivas or ceremonial chambers 
 were detected. It was the only flat place near the pueblo at all suited 
 for sacred dances, and it probably was used for that pui-pose. 
 
 The accompanying cut, figure 80, shows the appearance of Four- 
 mile ruin from the bed of the stream, and gives a fair idea of the 
 bluff upon which the mounds are situated. The north cemetery is 
 situated at the left of the highest point, and the camp of our party 
 is seen at the extreme right. 
 
 A Room in the Ruin 
 
 In oi'der to stndj' the architecture of the rooms of Four-nrile ruin, 
 earth was removed from one of the best ijreserved and its dimeiisions 
 were oarefuUj' ascertained. This room had in the past been washed 
 out by torrents of water, and was on that account easy to clear. It 
 was situated on the north side of the highest mound, near the line of 
 separation between east and west jiortions of tlie ruin. 
 
 The floor was found about 7 feet Ijelow the surface. It was paved 
 with large flat stones, nicely fitted to each other, and apparently set 
 in adobe. On the east side there was a raised banquette extending 
 across, and <!orresponding in a general way with the spectator's sec- 
 tion of a Tusayan kiva. It resembled even more closely the raised 
 floor which the author has elsewhere described in the cavate rooms 
 of Verde valley and the cliff-house rooms of the Red Rock country in 
 the same vallej'. 
 
 About midway in the length of the raised iiortion, neai' Ihe remain- 
 ing floor of the room, there was a small crj'pt or inclosure formed of 
 flat stones set on edge, and similar in form and position to those 
 found in the kivas of the cliff palace of the Mesa Verde. The author 
 has seen a like structure in San Juan pueblo on the upper Rio Grande. 
 In the floor itself there was a dejjression lined with stone slabs, which 
 may have been a fireplace. The top of the banquette was made of 
 smoothly worn flat stones,- and its side was plastered. Several verj^ 
 finely drilled holes penetrated the flags covering the floor and ban- 
 quette, the arrangement of which is shown in plate LViii. These 
 were about the same size (that of a broom handle) as the symbolic 
 opening called the sipapu in the floor of a Ilopi kiva,« and when the 
 first one was found the author was inclined to interi)ret it in the same 
 way. The subsequent discovery of many others left him in doubt as 
 to their proper interpretation. 
 
 cTlie sipapTi of a kiva is symbolic of the opening in the earth through which races, in earliest 
 times, are said to have emerged from the under world. 
 
138 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PTTKBLO RUINS 
 
 [KTH. ANN. 22 
 
 The structure of the walls was interesting. Thej' Avere made of 
 adobe, but at regular intervals the much decayed remnants of upright 
 posts were found emliedded in them. These posts (flgure 87) are 
 thought to be comparable with similar logs used in the construction 
 of the adobe walls of houses in the (lila valley, as described in a sub- 
 setiuent account of the architecture of the buildings of the Pue)>lo 
 Yie.jo (page 177). There were no latei'al windows in this room, and 
 the entrance was i)r()bably from the roof, no remains of which were, 
 however, discovered. 
 
 In order to determine the number of superimposed rooms in the 
 highest part of Four-mile I'uin, the author followed the walls down 
 
 Fig. 87. Upright posts in wall at Four-mile ruin. 
 
 from the surface of the main mound, penetrating tlirough two flooi-s 
 before he came to the lowest, which rested on the undisturbed soil. 
 It may, therefore, be concluded that tlie pueblo in this part had an 
 altitude of three stories, and it is jirobable that there was still a 
 fourth above, the remains of the walls of which the author was unable 
 to trace. There were no walls standing above the ground at any 
 point on the mounds, and the general apx)earance of the ruin is that 
 of great age. 
 
 As a rule, the oldest ruined pueblos in the open lilain are destitute 
 of walls standing al)ove ground : those with high walls are more mod- 
 
"EWKKs] FOUR-MILE RUIN 139 
 
 ern. This is not a universal law, but it can be relied on with fair cer- 
 tainty. Ruins on hilltops liave, as a rule, higher walls above ground 
 than those in the plains, even when they are of equal age. Cliff houses, 
 on account of their sheltered position, jireserve their standing walls 
 longer than any other type. No doubt one reason why xineblos of 
 the plain, especially such as those in the valley of the Little Colo]-ado, 
 so seldom have free walls above ground, is their burial bj' the dense 
 sand storms which sweep over them, especially in the spring months. 
 The destructive rains in time wash through their roofs, and water, 
 making its way into the joints of the upper layers of the walls, causes 
 them to topple over, forming deltris at their base. These foi-ees take 
 time, but, except in those ruins whicli have walls wholly of stone, the 
 most ancient are reduced t<» simple mounds peneti-ated by house walls 
 which never rise above the surface of tlie ground. 
 
 Suburban ( )vens 
 
 In searching f(.>r the north cemetery the author began a trench 
 just outside of the bounding wall, and on e.vcavating a few feet 
 below the surface found several cysts like those at Kintiel, which 
 were tilled with ashes and charred W(wd. These are interpreted as 
 suburban ovens. Similai' structures were found at Cihevlon in bSOG, 
 and it is not improbable that thej' will later be found in nmny other 
 ruins of the Little Colorado river. 
 
 Many authors have referred to the alisence of flrei)laces in anci(3nt 
 pueblo rooms, and the existence of chimneys in prehistoric times has 
 not yet been proved. The discover}' of suburlian ovens indicates 
 that cooking was done in the o^jen, just as is the case with certain 
 kinds of food in modern pueblos. 
 
 Cemeteries 
 
 It was with considerable difliculty that the author was able to find 
 the burial places of this pueblo, and some time was consumed in the 
 search. In the ruin at Ilomolobi and on Chevlon creek the inter- 
 ments were discovered just outside the outer walls of the x)ueblo, and 
 it was natural to look in these places for burials at Four-mile ruin. 
 Extensive trenches failed, however, to reveal any indication of the 
 dead in this part of the mounds. No burials were found close under 
 the walls. 
 
 In the course of an examination of the level r(>gion some distance 
 north of the mounds, near the rivei- bank, the author unexpectedly 
 discovered a human bone j)rojeeting from the soil. This indication 
 was sufficient, and systematic work in the vicinity brought to light 
 many skeletons and moi'tuary oI>jects. 
 
 There can not be a doubt that in tlie time which has elapsed since 
 the burials Avere made the stream has encroached upon this ceme- 
 
140 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 terj', washing awny the superficial soil and leaving a great number of 
 small bowlders. Digging among tliese stones was very difficult, and 
 many of the burial objects of pottery were broken in extracting them 
 from the earth. This part of the stream bed is not flooded except at 
 times of freshets, and it is covered with a scant}' vegetation, composed 
 mainly of small clumps of sage brushes. This vegetation gave indi- 
 cation of the existence of graves, for a skeleton was found under 
 almost every bush, often Vjuried less thaii a foot below the surface. 
 
 A second larger cemetery Avas found on the opposite side oi the 
 ruin at about the same distaiice from the houses as was the first. The 
 burials at this place were very deep, but the soil was a sandy allu- 
 vium in which the pottery was better lareserved. As far down as the 
 soil was penetrated skeletons and pottery were found. The greatest 
 difficult}' in getting them was due to the caving in of the embank- 
 ments. Most of the finest specimens were obtained at this point, but 
 the suxjply was Ijy no means exhausted. 
 
 The bodies were buried extended at full lengtli, and with no effort 
 at a common orientation. Most of the skeletons were poorly pre- 
 served, even the larger bones crumbling as thej' were removed from 
 the graves. A number of perfect skulls, including those of adults 
 and children, male and female, were, however, obtained from both cem- 
 eteries. No evidence was noticed of an attempt to cover the bodies 
 with logs, as was done at the Chaves pass ruins, or with flat stones, 
 as was so common at Ilomolobi. No fragment of a wrapping of mats 
 or basketrj- was found. 
 
 A cooking pot found in this cemetery contained a lumij of clay, 
 rib bones of some mammal, a stone polisher, and many cedar twigs. 
 Within tliis bowl were two smaller vessels turned upside down. 
 
 Most of the pottery found in the cemeteries of Four-mile rain was 
 covei-ed witli a tenacious, white, calcareous deposit, which was easily 
 removed \)y washing. 
 
 Collections 
 
 POTTERY 
 Principal Types 
 
 The pottery of Four-mile ruin is essentially the same as that found 
 at Ilomololji and Chevlon in 1890, and consists of about the same 
 proportion of decorated and of rough, coiled ware, the former 
 predominating. 
 
 The rough ware ditt'ers but little from that of the pueblos already , 
 mentioned, but there is a great increase in the number of specimens 
 of this ware with a smooth blackened interior. The percentage of 
 this kind of pottery increases as we go south from the ruins about 
 the inhabited villages of the Ilopis, and is greatest in the ruins on the 
 Gila-Salado watershed. The blackened interior resembles the black 
 
FEWKEs] PtiTTERY FROM FOUK-MILE RUIN 141 
 
 ware of Santa Clara pueblo, Init no vessel was t'ound at Four-mile 
 ruin whose exterior was of this color. 
 
 One of the kinds of rough ware which is well I'epresented at Four- 
 mile ruin is that decorated on the exterior with geometrical patterns 
 (see figure 88). The pigment was applied to the rough outer surface 
 of the coils. Commonly, however, the interior was smooth and black- 
 ened, as with certain other rough-ware vessels. 1'he predominating 
 color of pottery from this ruin was red, and almost all forms were 
 made in this color. It is the characteristic color of pottery in the 
 Little Colorado ruins, and is found as far south as Pinedale, reap- 
 pearing again in the Cila liasin. 
 
 Bowls of red ware with black decorations having a margin of 
 wliite occur in many of the Little _ 
 
 Colorado ruins. Fine vases of these 
 colors, in which white predominates, 
 especially around the iieck, are char- 
 acteristic of luins in thisvallej'; the 
 author has found no record of them in 
 the neighborhood of the llopi towns, 
 or south of the Mogollones. A repre- 
 sentative specimen of this type is 
 figured in the authoi'\s preliminary 
 
 , £ -I o(-i/' rn\ ■ • i. Fig. 88. Ornamented rough bf'wl fi'om 
 
 report for 18f:M,. IhlS ware is not as Four-mile ruin .number 1T714»,. 
 
 fine as the characteristic cream and 
 
 j'ellow ware of Sikyatki, but is often made of a finely ground clay 
 
 sufficiently well bui'ned in firing to give fine specimens. 
 
 Gila Type 
 
 The characteristic pottery of the Gila valley is a l:)rownish ware, 
 ornamented with red, and is very easy to identify. A specimen of 
 this ware has been figured in color in a preliminary report for 1807. 
 As far as is known, tliis kind of ware is generally confined to the Gila- 
 Salt river basin. In the excavations of tlie cemeteries at Four-mile 
 ruin two .specimens of this peculiar ware were discovered, but the 
 author does not regard the adventitious occurrence of these speci- 
 mens, So different from the others in the same ruin, as anything more 
 than examples of intrusion, and l)elieves that they were brough there 
 from a distance. As a rule, there is considerable similarity in the 
 coarse types of pottery from Four-mile ruin and from Pueblo Vie.jo, 
 the upper part of the Gila valley, which the author has not regarded as 
 illustrating a theoiy of transportation of specimens; but the sporadic 
 appearance of a prominent tyjie of Gila pottery so different from the 
 others appears to him to demand such an explanation. We may sup- 
 pose that these specimens went over the watershed of the Gila and 
 Little Colorado in the packs of traders, or possibly were carried by 
 migratory clans. They were not iiiauufactured l)y the people in 
 whose cemeteries they were found. 
 
142 
 
 TWO SUMMEES WOEK IN PITEBLO EIIINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 Forms 
 
 There is nothing peculiar in the tomis which the pottery from this 
 ruin assumes, though there were a few specimens different from any 
 yet obtained from the Southwest. One of the most beautiful of these 
 was a globular vessel of red ware, with a graceful neck and sj'mmet- 
 rical handle. The ornamentation on this vessel was blaclc and glazed, 
 the design representing a highly conventionalized bird. This speci- 
 men Avas perfect, with the exception of a sniall chip in the lip of the 
 orifice. Although a long search for the missing fragment was made 
 it could not be found. 
 
 An oval vessel with a hollow handle with external opening recalls 
 similar objects called canteens in other reports. They were doubtless 
 used for transportation of water, and may be classified as a ceremo- 
 nial type of pottery. 
 
 An unusual form, seen in figure 80, is shaped like a saucer, and is 
 
 Ftg- '^9, Small feaucer from Pour-mile rxiin (niimber ITTIHI). 
 
 decorated exteriorly with an artistic arrangement of triangles in 
 black, bordered with white lines. 
 
 Food bowls predominated in the collection, and the majority of the 
 vases were small. 
 
 Decoration 
 
 The contribution of the picture writing on pottery from this ruin is 
 highly instructive, and connects the people of Four-mile ruin with 
 those of Homolobi and Chevlon. As on the potterj^ from the latter 
 ruins, bird figures are particularly abundant, but there are represen- 
 tations of human beings, mammals, reptiles, and insects. 
 
 While, however, there is a general similaritj^ between the ceramic 
 pictures of this ruin and those of the pueblos mentioned above, this 
 resemblance does not extend into details, and the same may be said 
 with regard to other pueblo paleography. The picture writing of 
 each pueblo has an individuality which seems to indicate that it was 
 
FEWKEs] DECORATION OF FOUR-MILE POTTERY 143 
 
 independently develojjed, adapting certain general foi'nis or jiattems 
 to special ideals. The causes of tliis divergence in tlie designs on 
 ancient pottery are no nioi-e comprehensible than tlie differences in 
 the decoration ot modern pottery in two different pueblos. Why, for 
 instance, should the symboli.sm of Walpi differ so juarkedly from 
 that of Zuiii, when there are so many points in common between 
 the rituals of the two pueblos V The differences in the i)ueblos are 
 mainly due to their elan composition, to the relative i^romineuce of 
 different families in them. 
 
 HUJIAX FIGURES 
 
 The student of the modern llopi ritual is familiar with the use of 
 helmets in ceremonial dances, and the author has j)ointi'd out tlie 
 limitation of those helmets to the rites from the advent of the kat- 
 cinas at the winter solstice to the Niman, their departure in July. 
 Katcina dancers among the Hopis are masked, and th(^y are the only 
 masked dancers in the calendar. Studies of the ancient pictography 
 from Sikj^atki have not revealed a single figure wearing a mask; but 
 the majority of the human figures on modern pottery Avear masks or 
 ceremonial helmets. The interpretation which is advanced for this 
 fact is that the ancients in Tusayan were not familiar with masked 
 figures, not having them in their rites, but tliat in the growth of the 
 ritual new clans, in modern times, introduced masked katcinas, and 
 consequently modern potters now make figures of tjiem on their pot- 
 tery. The logical conclusion would be that, if we find in any rtiin a 
 picture of a jnasked personage, the inhabitants of that pueblo must 
 have seen a katcina. One of the pictures found on a bowl from 
 Four-mile I'uin leads to the belief that katcinas were known in that 
 pneblo, for it represents a masked dancer (see figure 00). 
 
 The design maj' be interpreted as follows: The figure is evidently 
 intended to be a drawing of a human being. The head has the form 
 of a mask, in which are slits for eyes; the knobs I'epresent feathers. 
 The three semicircular figures on the lower end of the body resem- 
 ble rain-cloud symbols, and the double row of rectangles witli inclosed 
 dots I'ccall tlie syml»ol at present used by the ITopis to reiirc'sent an 
 ear of maize. 
 
 There is little doubt that the figure shown in plate xxiv represents 
 a human being. All i^arts except the head are recognizable, and as we 
 know from another specimen that ancient Pueblo artists could repre- 
 sejit a human head very cleverly, we are called upon to explain why 
 they substituted for a head the strange device which is found here. 
 The possible explanation is that it represents a mask. The designer 
 intended to figure a masked human being or katcina. Now, diffierent 
 katcinas are distingutshed by symbols drawn on their masks or hel- 
 mets, consequently the next step is to compare the helmet of the 
 masked figure from the Four-mile ruin with those known in the Hopi 
 system. 
 
144 
 
 TWO SITMMEES WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 The autlioi- finds one higliljr sugrgestive appendage to the head — 
 the radiating crest resembles the feathers in figures of a mythical 
 conception called Shalako. We have here a picture with a helmet 
 adorned with a crest of feathers, recalling a Shalako, which is a Zuili 
 as well as a Hopi conception, derived in Tusayan and Zuiii from the 
 same source, or from some of the ruins along the tributaries of the 
 Little Colorado. The logical conclusion would be that the peoijle of 
 Four-mile ruin likewise recognized this being. 
 
 Apropos of the possibility, revealed by this picture of a masked 
 
 Fig. 9i). Human figure on food bowl from Four-mile ruin (number 1TT061). 
 
 dancer, that masked or katcina dances were once celebrated at 
 Four-mile ruin, attention is called to the short distance of this ruin 
 from a legendary home of the katcinas 7iear St John, New Mexico." 
 Both Hopi and Zuili legends regarding the ancient home of these 
 beings cluster so definitely about a ruin near this town that we maj' 
 suppose that the former inhabitants of that mythical place possessed 
 a knowledge of the cult. To the lake near by both Zunis and Hopis 
 
 « Kotliualewil of the Zuiii legends: Winema of the Hopi. It would be a most instructive work 
 from a mytho-archeological point of view to investigate the antiquities in the neighborhood of 
 St -John, especially near the lake so often mentioned in legends. 
 
FEWKEs] DECORATION OF FOUR-MILE POTTERY 145 
 
 make pilgrimages for sacred water; here, liliewise, tliej' carry prayer 
 plumes. The locality is sacred to the priests of the katcina cult in 
 both pueblos. The logical implication is that some of their ancestors 
 once lived there. 
 
 The distance of the Four-mile ruin from this iilace so closely con- 
 nected with the katcina cult is not as great by many miles as between 
 it and Walpi, not much greater than between it and Zuiii; so that it 
 is certainly not improbable that the cult which has made its influence 
 felt on these modern jDueblos should have lieen practiced in the pueblo 
 now called Four-mile ruin. 
 
 Another picture of a human face, body, and arms is aiso instructive. 
 The head of this figure (see plate xxv a) is unlike any other, but the 
 appendages are closely paralleled in figures on certain ancient vessels 
 from Oraibi. The mouth is represented by a triangle, as is also the 
 case in modern Hopi pictures of the sun god. The arms to the elbows 
 are raised to a level with the head, which is circular, with two large 
 ej-es. The two appendages shaped like quadrants are supposed to 
 represent feathers. The bowl on which this picture occurs is broken, 
 but it is one of the most beautiful specimens of red ware in the 
 collection. 
 
 A rude figure of a quadruped decorated one of the largest food 
 bowls found at Four-mile ruin. Designs of this kind are common in 
 j)ictograi3hs, but are rarely jpresent in pottery decoration. It has been 
 suggested that this figure was intended to represent a dance figure, 
 and that the caudal appendage shows the fox skin which is at i^resent 
 almost universally worn bj^ participants in the sacred dances. It is a 
 widespread belief among the pueblo people that in early times, more 
 especially when the human race inhabited the undw- worlds, human 
 beings liad tails." Perhaps the ancient potter had this myth in mind 
 when some of the human figures represented on old pottery were 
 painted. 
 
 QUADRUPED FIGURES 
 
 One of the best examples of picture writing from Four-mile ruin 
 occui's on a vessel of fine chestnut ware not unlike that of Sikyatki. 
 The author formerly regarded this as a picture of a reptile, or possi- 
 bl3' of a horned toad, but there are reasons for identifying it as a 
 quadruped, possibly the raccoon. 
 
 The general form of this figure is shown in plate LX h. The head 
 has a triangular appendage, the throat is spotted, and the jaws are 
 armed with teeth. Two ej^es are placed on one side of the head, as is 
 often the case in Pueblo drawings of animals. The body is crossed 
 by i)arallel and zigzag lines, and in places is decorated with crosses 
 and dots. 
 
 The quadru]ped figures on the exterior of Ijowls are mentioned later. 
 
 « Many ancient legends refer to the caudal appendages i)f men in very ancient times, and it is 
 sometimes stated tliat tlieir tails were cut oft: by a cult us hero. These traditions are not confined 
 to the Hopis, but are reported from other pueblos, 
 
 2:3 ETH— 04 10 
 
146 
 
 TWO SUMMEES WORK IN PUEBLO EUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 BIRD FIOUEBS 
 
 Figures of birds predominate in the pictography of all the ancient 
 pueblo ruins which have been studied. This is true no less of Four- 
 mile ruin than of those lower down on the Little Colorado river. In 
 their delineations of bird figures, however, the artists took strange 
 liberties with nature, representing birds unknown to students of 
 ornithology. One of the most interesting of these from Four-mile 
 ruin was a toothed bird drawn on the interior of a food basin. That 
 
 Ftcj. ill. Bird deRi^n on food T>owl frora Four-mile ruin (number 177903). 
 
 this picture was intended to represent a bird would seem to be shown 
 by the representation of wings and tail, though but for the latter 
 organ it might be suggested with some justice that a bat was intended. 
 In all tliese representations of mythical animals the imagination had 
 full sway. It was not the bird with which the artist was fa.miliar 
 through observation, but a monstrous creation of fancy, distorted 
 by imaginations — real only in legends — that the potter painted on her 
 vessels. Hence, we can not hope to identify them, unless we are 
 familiar with the mythology of the painters, much of which has 
 
DECORATION OF FiJUR-MILE POTTERY 
 
 U7 
 
 perished. The comparatively large number of Ijird figures on the 
 ancient pottery indicates a rich pantheon of bird gods, and it is 
 instructive to note, in passijig, that personations of birds play impor- 
 tant parts in the modern ceremonies Avliich have 
 been introduced into Tusayan from the south. 
 
 One of the best figures of a bird found at Four- 
 mile ruin is show)i in figure 01. The various 
 organs can lie recognized without a detailed 
 description, but the form of the wings is some- 
 what different from that thus far shown in picto- 
 grajdis. 
 
 In the next design (figure 92) we have at opjjo- 
 site angles of a rectangular figure representa- 
 tions of birds, alternating with triangles drawn 
 
 on the remaining angles in a characteristic Zuiii and Ilopi manner. 
 This is one of the few figures in which l.nrds are represented by 
 triangles. 
 
 Fig. 92. Bird design ou 
 food 1 lowl tv nil Pour- 
 mile ruin. 
 
 Fig. !':}. Bird designs on forid l)owl from Fonr-niile rnin i nnniljer ITTlTHi, 
 
 The bird design reiDroduced in figure 93 shows a long curved snout, 
 and parallel lines representing feathers on tail and wings. The two 
 legs are thrown out of perspective, but so closely do they resemble 
 
148 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 those of some other Tiirrl flgures that there can be little doubt of their 
 hoinology. In the same inclosuve in which the bird is depicted there 
 is also a flgiire of a dragon fly, and outside the inclosure is a j)icture 
 of another bird. This is one of the most interesting avian jjictures 
 from Four-mile i-uin. The representation of tail feathers by parallel 
 lines in this figure is corroborative of the same intei'pretatiou of 
 parallel lines elsewhere shown on ancient Pueblo i^ottery. The 
 form of the head and the long curved beak is common in several 
 other pictures of thirds, and an effigy vase with beak of a like 
 structure is described from Chevlon ruin in the report of the 
 expedition of ISOG. 
 
 Ftg. 94. Birrl desiarn on food Ijowl from Four-milf. ruin (number 177173). 
 
 A verj^ highly conventionalized bird figure is shown in figure 04, 
 where the different jjarts are represented by geometrical lines. 
 
 BUTTERPJ.Y FIGURES 
 
 A large and lieautiful fooil l)owl of red ware (iDlate XXY J>) found 
 at Four-mile ruin, had an unusual design representing a moth or but- 
 terfly, proliably the latter, depicted on one segment of the interior. 
 In this design (figure 9o) two eyes are represented on one side of the 
 hi'ad, there is a coiled antenna, and the body and the border of the 
 wings are marked with rows of dots. These dots are common fea- 
 tures in butterfly figures, as may be seen in modern drawings of this 
 insect among the Ilopis. 
 
FEAVKES] 
 
 DECORATION OF FOUR-MILE POTTERY 
 
 149 
 
 FEATHER DECORATION 
 
 Rexjresentations of the feather, ofteu highly eouventioualized, are 
 very eomiuou in the designs on ancient Ilopi pottery, and, as tlie 
 autlior has shown in a previous article, different kinds of feathers 
 have characteristic forms. These designs have been detected thus 
 far in the ruins about the inhal)ited Ilopi villages, at Sikj'atki, Shu- 
 mopovi, and Kisakobi or old Walpi. They liave not been found, with 
 one exception, in the ruins along the Little Colorado river, though 
 
 Fig. 0.5. Butterfly design ou food bowl from Four-mile ruiu (number ITTllOj. 
 
 the author has been al)le to examine much larger collections froni this 
 region than from either Shumopovi or Kisakobi. 
 
 One of the feather symbols was shown to be the triangle, a form of 
 which is still preserved in the decoration of modern ceremonial para- 
 phernalia. This tj'pe of feather design seems to be common in the 
 Little Colorado pottery, but is more difficult to recognize and is also 
 less common here than it is in the highly instructive symbolism of 
 Tusayan. 
 
150 
 
 TWO SUMMERS AVOKK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH, ANK. 22 
 
 flEOMETKICAL FIGURES 
 
 There were many speeiiiieiis of potterj' from Four-mile ruin deco- 
 rated "with the various geometrical figures so comm.ou on all ancient 
 Pueblo Avare of northern and central Arizona. The types were 
 terrace figures, si^irals, frets, bands, dots, bars, and zigzags. The 
 proportion of geometrical figures, as compared with representations 
 of animals, was large. As we investigate ruins more and more dis- 
 tant from those about the Ilopi villages, this proportion increases; 
 and if we considered geometrical motives as older and simpler than 
 
 Fig. 96. Sun emlilem on food ho'n'l from Four-mile ruin fnumbei- 17T0.")8). 
 
 figures of animals, it woidd seem that ijottery ornamentation reached 
 a higher development in Tusayan, where drawings of animals and 
 human forms x^redominate. 
 
 The geometrical figures on the outside of food l30wls from the ruins 
 on the southern affluents of the Little Colorado are more elaborate 
 than those on the northern (see plate LXiii). Modifications of the 
 broken line, either in spirals, frets, or bands, are common features of 
 the ruins in lioth regions. 
 
 An instructive piece of pottery from Four-mile ruin was a small 
 food bowl ornamented on the inteiior with a ring (see figure 9G), from 
 which radiated serrated bars, the significance of which is unknown. 
 
DECORATION OF FOUK-MILE POTTERY 
 
 151 
 
 In the rich collection of Sikyatki pottery the author found a larger 
 food bowl, the interior of Avliich was also decorated with a ring, and 
 to this ring undoubted feather sj^mbols were added. It may l)e sug- 
 
 Fia. 97. Bowl with double spiral design, from Four-mile ruin (number ITTirfi). 
 
 gested, therefore, that the serrated appendages to the ring in the 
 above-mentioned specimen may likewise be conventionalized feathers, 
 
 and there are other grounds for in- 
 terpreting them in this way. 
 
 The small food bowl shown in 
 figure 07 is ornamented with an 
 exceptional design, a spiral enlarg- 
 ing from the center to tlie rim of 
 the bowl. This bowl is interesting 
 as the onlj- one of a pronounced 
 heart shape. This form of spiral 
 is instructive, showing the break in 
 the line so characteristic of ancient 
 Pueblo designs. 
 
 The decoration shown in the ac- 
 companying cut (figure 98) is pecul- 
 iar, but elfeetive. The two vertical lines mi the neck are repeated on 
 the opposite side. Similar markings are found on vases, food bowls, 
 dippers, and ladles in all Tusayan ruins, and represent feathers. 
 
 Fig. 9ti. 
 
 Decorated vase from Four-mile 
 ruin (number 177234). 
 
152 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 Tlie design shown in tlie next ent, figure 09, is unique among all 
 forms of ornamentation known, and its meaning is incomprehensible 
 to the author. 
 
 One of the most characteristic designs, with a sjiiral motive, is 
 shown in plate LXiv, which is tyincal of inanj^ figures on Four-mile 
 ruin pottery. Tliis design is characteristic of the Little Colorado 
 river ruins, especially on the red ware so common in them. 
 
 Tlie general character of the geometrical ornamentation of food 
 bowls may be seen in plates xl-xlii, lxiii. 
 
 Fig. 99. Unknown design on food bowl from Four-mile ruin (nnmber 177126). 
 
 EXTERNAL ORNAMKNTATIOX ON FOOD Bi;iWLS 
 
 In his account of the ceramic objects found at Sikyatki the author 
 has figured some of the more prominent designs from the exterior of 
 food bowls and has attempted a discussion of their significance. In 
 the abundant material collected from that ruin no specimen was found 
 witli figures of animals, with the exceiition of a highlj' conventional- 
 ized bird. Spiral designs were very rare, the main forms being rec- 
 tangular geometrical designs with added feathers. In two instances 
 
FEWKEs] DECORATION OF FOUR-MILE POTTERY 153 
 
 there were human hands or animal i^aws. A dot with parallel or 
 slightly radiating lines was a common featnre, and the ornamentation 
 was, as a rule, confined to zones or limited to one point on the lim. 
 
 The external decoration on food bowls from the Four-mile ruin 
 differs greatly from that of the Sikyatki collection. Both rectangular 
 and spiral designs occur, and several specimens have figures of mam- 
 mals and birds. 
 
 As a rule, the external decoration is continuous on the outside of 
 the food bowl, and is not, as is generally the case at Sikj^atki, con- 
 fined to one i^ortion. Some of the typical forms of external decora- 
 tion are shown in jilate Lxiii. 
 
 In the account of the potterj' from Sikyatki attention is called to 
 the predominance of straight lines and rectangular figures on the 
 
 Fig. 100. Bear design on exterior of food bowl from Four-mile ruin (number 176999). 
 
 exteriors of the food bowls. Curved lines, and especial!}' spirals, 
 were iiractically absent in this decoration. This is also true of the 
 collection of food vessels from Shumopovi, where a considerable 
 number were obtained in 1896. Another peculiarity of the external 
 ornamentation of Sikyatki pottery is a design in which we have a dot 
 from which extend short parallel or slightly divergent lines; these 
 have been interpreted as repesenting a nakwakwoci or feathered 
 prayer string. 
 
 The external designs on food bowls from the Little Colorado ruins 
 have a large proportion of spirals, and thus far there have not been 
 found the dot and appended parallel lines mentioned above. It 
 seems, therefore, not improbable that this particular form of the 
 feather is i)eculiar to ruins in the immediate vicinity of the present 
 Hopi pueblos. 
 
154 
 
 TWO SUMMERS AVOEK IN PUEBLO EUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN, 22 
 
 On one of the food bowls from Four-mile ruin tliere was a represen- 
 tation of a large mammal which calls to mind a bear (see figure 100). 
 This is the onlj^ instance known to the author of a rejjresentation of 
 this animal on the outside of food vessels. 
 
 Pictures of birds are found on the outside of sevei-al bowls. One 
 of the most exceptional of these is the "twin-bird" design (figure 101), 
 
 Fig. 101. Twin bird design on exterior of food bowl from Pinedale (number 176S!<Sl. 
 
 which represents two birds attached by their tails. These peculiar 
 forms are likewise found at Pinedale and other ruins high up in the 
 White Mountain reservation. 
 
 The figure of the bird shown in figure 102 is found on the exterior 
 of a food bowl from Four-mile ruin, and is one of the few bird draw- 
 
 FiG. 102. Bird design on exterior of food bowl from Four-mile ruin (number 177378). 
 
 ings from the outside of a liowl. The manner of representing the 
 claws is one often adopted in avian figures. Parallel lines, for tail 
 feathers, are repeatedly found in Southwestern pictograiihj'. 
 
 On one of the food bowls we find the accomi^anjang symbol 
 (figure 103), which reminds one of the modern rain cloud, so promi- 
 nent in Plopi symbolism. It has, however, resemblances to the paw 
 
DECOEATIOTM" OF FOUR-MILE POTTERY 
 
 155 
 
 of the bear or ])adger, antl from tlie fact that a mammal identified 
 as a bear is found on the exterior of the howl illustrated above 
 (figure 100), it is probable that this symbol likewise should be referred 
 to that animal. 
 
 The very chaste form of geometrical decoration shown in figure 104 
 
 Fig. 103. Bear's paw desigu on exterior of food bowl from Four-mile ruiu iuumber 177277). 
 
 was found on the outside of a food bowl from Four-mile ruiu. It is 
 a composition of triangles, T-shaped figures, and terraced designs, 
 arranged on a shaded rectangle. 
 
 RAIN-CLOUD DESIGNS 
 
 Three tj'pes of rain-cloud symbols are used in the modern Hopi 
 ritual. These are the rectangle, the semicircle, and the triangle. 
 The two former are ordinarily triune. We have either three semicir- 
 
 FiG.lUl. G-eometrical design ou exterior of food Ijowl from Foui'-mile ruiu i number 177LMJ0). 
 
 cles or three rectangles combined, tlie latter appearing as a stepped 
 figure. The numl)er of components may be multiplied, in which case 
 M'e find many semicircles approximated, their shapes somewhat modi- 
 fied by the juxtaposition, or many rectangles combined, forming 
 terraces. 
 
156 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ann.22 
 
 It is easy to mention instances of rectangular rain-cloud symbols 
 represented in the modern ceremonial paraijhernalia. We find them 
 carved into tablets on the heads of many dolls and idols. The Humis 
 katcina dancers wear them on their helmets. They are painted on 
 the uprights of altars, woven into baskets, and embroidered on sacred 
 dance kilts. 
 
 This terrace form occurs as a rain-cloud symbol on several bowls 
 from the ancient ruin of Sikyatki. It is also found on mortuarj- stone 
 slabs at the same ruin. The four sides of the ancient shrine in the 
 Awatobi kiva had rectangular rain-cloud symbols of different color, 
 showing that this form was recognized in this pueblo. The author 
 has elsewhere pointed out its existence in the Homolobi ruin, and now 
 the same type is reported from Four-mile ruin. While, as a general 
 thing, this form is the predominating type of rain-cloud symbol used 
 in the katcina celebrations, it is not confined to them, but is also found 
 in the Flute ceremonies and elsewhere. 
 
 The semicircular type of rain-cloud symbol is no less common than 
 the rectangular in the modern decorations, and, while most abundant 
 in ceremonials which occur between the departure of the katcinas and 
 their advent, it is not wholly absent in the masked dances. This 
 form has not yet been found on ancient Hopi pottery — which fact 
 leads to a belief that it is of late introduction. It is, however, very 
 conspicuous in the ceremonials introduced into Tusaj'an by the Patki 
 or Rain-cloud people, and it is a significant fact that the totemic sig- 
 natures of members of this family have the same form. A ready 
 explanation of the existence of this motive in Walpi would be that 
 the southern clans introduced it, and its occurrence in the Snake 
 ceremonjr would be interpreted as an example of intrusion. 
 
 The semicircular type of rain-cloud symbols is not considered a 
 development of the rectangular, or vice versa; but it is thought to be 
 a new sym1;)ol of foreign origin, the rectangular l)eing the older in 
 this particular locality. 
 
 The triangular rain-cloud symbol is less common in modern designs, 
 and is rare or unknown in ruins near the modern towns. The majority 
 of examples of it come from the Little Colorado ruins, but it occurs 
 on some of the idols used in Walpi at the present day. 
 
 A food bowl decorated witli triangles arranged in such way and with 
 such an association that they may be interpreted as rain-cloud sym- 
 bols was found at Sikj^atki, but this interpretation is doubtful. 
 Another bowl from Shumopovi admits of the same interpretation. 
 
 A symbol of the rain cloud among the people of the pueblo — now 
 a ruin — at the mouth of Chevlon fork, was a triangle inclosing a rec- 
 tangle. These symbols were found on a stone slab excavated from 
 that ruin in 189G, and were figured in reports of the work accom- 
 plished in that year (see plate XLVI). A beautiful large food vessel 
 
RAIN-CLOUD SYMBOLS ON POTTEKY 
 
 157 
 
 dug out of the iioi-tli cemetery at Fouv-inile ruin, shown in figure 105, 
 is decorated witli triangles whicli are also supposed to be rain-cloud 
 sj'iubols. Al>ove them is a semicircular band which is identitied as a 
 reiiresentation of the rainbow. 
 
 An example of the triangular form of symbol representing the rain 
 cloud is found on one of the effigies of the Flute altar, and is figured 
 in an account of the ^Valpi Flute observance." JMany of the rattles 
 used in katcina dances have on each of their flattened sides four tri- 
 
 Fio, 10.1. Olnufl emblem ou food 1»i)wl from Pour-mile ruin (numl:iei" lri7S-yt). 
 
 angles united at one angle, and with parallel lines rein-eseuting fall- 
 ing rain on the sides opp)Osite their union. These figures have a 
 distant resemblance to feather symbols, as may 1 >e seen by comparison 
 witli some of tlie bird designs from Chevlon ruin. 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing account that thei-e are three types 
 of I'ain-cloud sjanbols in use in the modern Hopi ritual, the semicircle, 
 rectangle, and triangle. 
 
 In the same way it can ]h' shown that there ai'e at least two tyjies 
 
 ".Journal <if Amei'ican Follc-Lore, v. s, ii. :27, pi. ti, fiy:. 1. 
 
158 TWO SUMMEES' work; IN" PUEBLO EUINS [eth. AxNN. 22 
 
 of sun .S3'mbols, and there are other instances which might be men- 
 tioned of two or more sj'mbols representing the same thing. This 
 duplication is explained by the composite nature of the tribe, one 
 family adding one type, another a second, and so on. In the amalga- 
 mation of the clans each of these symbols becomes no longer limited 
 to the family which brought it to the pueblo. While the semicircular 
 rain-cloud symbol predominates, the survivals of the triangular and 
 rectangular are numerous and suggestive. 
 
 The oldest form in Tusayan, so far as archeology teaches, is the 
 rectangular, but the triangular is possibly ecj^ually ancient in the 
 ruins along the Little Colorado. 
 
 Character and Treatment of Mortuary Pottery 
 
 It must be confessed that the pottery now jjlaced over the dead is 
 of poor quality and scanty in ciuantitj', as compared with that used 
 by the ancients for that purpose. The fine ware rarely serves this 
 purpose, but is retained in the household. It maj' be interesting to 
 note that among the modern Hopis special pottery ob.jects are not 
 manufactured for mortuary purposes, and the same is true of ancient 
 burials. In the latter many of these objects show manifest signs of 
 former use in the household. 
 
 To what extent the survivors of the deceased purpose!}' broke 
 mortuary vessels, nicked fragments from them when they were depos- 
 ited in the graves, or in other ways sj^mbolicallj' "killed" them, it is 
 very difficult to say. Many mortuarj' vessels have been found wliieh 
 were as perfect as when made; others were undoubtedly purposely 
 broken before they were deposited with the dead. The great pres- 
 sure of the earth above them doubtless fractured the largest number, 
 and many were broken while being extracted from the soil. There is 
 no direct evidence that mortuarj' potterj' was ever to any great extent 
 purposelj' broken before it was deposited in the cemeteries of Four- 
 mile ruin. 
 
 potter's OUTFIT 
 
 One of the bodies exhumed from the northern ceanetery was accom- 
 panied by a i^otter's "outfit," consisting of the different ingredients 
 used in making pottery and of smooth stones and other implements 
 with which it was made. In other ruins the author has found masses 
 of i^otter's clay such as are used by the potter, but nowhere as complete 
 a collection of claj's, jiigments, and the like as in this grave. 
 
 The ob.jects were: 
 
 1. Knife made of a rib. for cutting clay 
 
 2. Knife made of a lib, for cnttin;,' clay 
 ?>. Stone for nibbing, stained green 
 
 4. White clay 
 
 5. Yellow clay 
 
 6. Greenish clay 
 
 7. Micaceous hematite 
 
FEWKES] IMPLEMENTS FROM EOUR-MILE RUIN 159 
 
 STONE IMPLEMENTS 
 
 Comparatively few stone implements were collected at Fonr-niile 
 ruin, and they were, for the most part, so similar to those from other 
 Little Colorado ruins that much space need not lie here devoted to 
 them . 
 
 There were fonud several serrated stone implements which seem 
 worthy of special mention. They are made of hard stone, chipped to a 
 sharp, toothed edge. The use of an implement of this kind is obvious; 
 for with it, as with a file, a number of mechanical operations, such as 
 sawing, filing, and scraping, are possible. Specimens of this form 
 occur at almost every large ruin at whicli the author has worked iu 
 the last two years, and many of them were picked up from the surface 
 of the ground. 
 
 The number of small stones showing peeking or artificial working 
 whicli can be found at a Southwestern ruin is much larger than the 
 proportion in collections would seem to indicate. From their great 
 weight, as well as their numbers, tlie majority have to be left liehind, 
 and as a rule those which are destitute of a sx^eeial form are rejected. 
 
 It was apparently the Indian custom to pick up anj^ stone near at 
 hand, to use it for pounding or other xmrposes as long as needed, and 
 then to cast it away. It thus happens that innumerable stones 
 slightly pecked on one or all sides, but without the form of any imple- 
 ment, are very numerous upon the mounds of almost every ruin. 
 
 The burials in the north cemetery were deep, and there was evi- 
 dence that a considerable cpiantity of soil had been deposited over 
 them, having been washed down from neighboring mounds. jV few 
 feet below the present surface of the ground in this superimposed 
 soil the stone object shown in figure 10(j was found, the probalile use 
 of which was a subject of some speculation. Having occasion later to 
 open a room in the mounds above the point where this stone was 
 discovered, the author found on the floor, several feet below the 
 surface of the soil which filled the room, other specimens having the 
 same general shape and character. In a gully between the room and 
 the cemetery there was still another of these objects— making in all 
 seven specimens. 
 
 The localities in which these stones were found indicated that tiiey 
 all belonged together, and that the two found outside the room had 
 been separated from the others and had been rolled down the sides of 
 the mounds, perhaps by the water, the course of which is marked hy 
 deep gullies in their sides. The forms of all these stones are much the 
 same, irregular, ovate, with one flat side, and truncated at one pole. 
 Thej' were evidentlj' fa.shioned with care, and, as the rock is hard, they 
 must have been made with consideralile difficTilty. All had a small pit 
 or depression on the flat side near the rounded pole. 
 
 Several suggestions were made by members of the partj' regarding 
 the possible use of these stones, <if whicli the following seemed to be 
 
160 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 the liest: That these stones are simply supports for rods used in 
 weaving girdles, especially the great white sashes worn by katcinas. 
 Identical supports for rods of this kind are used at the present day 
 for the same purpose. 
 
 The frequencj' with which stones used for grinding corn are found 
 in graves may be explained hj their prominence in the life of the 
 women, in whose graves thej- generally occur. These utensils are 
 ordinarily found in a reversed x^osition near the middle of tlie bodj^ 
 The custom of bur-^ing metates in graves is kncoai from tlie ceme- 
 
 13515^ 
 
 
 Fig. mo. Stone used in belt frame, from Four-mile i-uiu. 
 
 tei'ies at Silvyatki, llomololii, Chevloii, t'luives pass, and Four-mile. 
 A doubtful instance occurred in the Kintiel burial ground, where a 
 metate was found in the graveyard, but not near any skeleton. 
 
 STONE SLABS 
 
 The pi'esence of stone slabs, some of which are of considerable size, 
 has been recorded in several ruins of New IMexico and Arizona, and 
 these objects were also found at Silcyatki, Ilomolobi, and Kintiel. 
 Several of these specimens were collected at Four-mile ruin. Manj' 
 of the i)erforated stones were extracted from the floors of the kivas, 
 
STONE SLABS FROM FOUR-MILE RUIN" 
 
 161 
 
 others, generally with an orifice of larger size, from the soil covering 
 the rooms. * 
 
 It has been snggested that S(nne of these iierforated stones were 
 formerly tiuilt into walls of rooms to partially close the passageway, 
 
 Fig. 107, Stone slab from Four-mile ruin. 
 
 but their presence in graves is not readily explained by this theory. 
 Their fashioning demanded considerable labor, and the author recalls 
 one of these perforated stones where the edge had been worked smooth 
 with great care. 
 
 22 ETH— 01 11 
 
162 TWO summers' work IN" PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 In his report on the operations in 189G at Homolobi and the Chev- 
 lon ruin, the author called attention to the presence in graves of 
 stone slahs on which figures of rain clouds were depicted, and in the 
 excavations at Slkj'atki he found siniilarlj^ decorated stone objects. 
 The practice of burying stone slabs ornamented with rain-cloud sj'm- 
 bols was not unknown at Four-mile ruin, as one of the objects from 
 graves at that place attests. This specimen has a rectangular form 
 and is decorated with a terraced rain cloud painted in black out- 
 line on one side. It is possible that the grave from which this slab 
 was taken was that of a priest, and that this object was formerlj' used 
 in ceremonies, as is the case with certain altar paraphernalia of the 
 same character in the modern ritual of the Hopi Indians. The repre- 
 sentation of the rain cloud on a mortuarj^ stone slab is the expression 
 of the idea that the dead become rain makers or rain gods. This form 
 of ancestor worship is a highly modified one, which can be directly 
 traced to the arid environment in which the 
 ancient people lived, and their status as agricul- 
 tiirists, which made rain a prime necessitjr to 
 them. 
 
 This slal"> was likewise decorated with a row of 
 triangular markings, and had perforations at the 
 corners. A second slab, of less regular form, 
 Avas likewise found at Four-mile ruin, but upon 
 it the terraced rain-cloud figures were not as 
 FiG.108. Copper bell from distinctly drawii as on the preceding. There 
 
 Four-mile ruin (number -, . -, ^ -,, ,,, 
 
 177804). was also found a stone slab with rectangular 
 
 figure of unknown meaning drawn upon it with 
 black pigment. A stone slab somewhat like this was found at Sikj-atki 
 in 1895. 
 
 While strolling over the mounds the author found a slal) of stone of 
 unknown use (figure 107). It was set uijright and photographed. 
 The object was about -4 feet long and about 8 inches wide, taiiering 
 slightly, and smooth on all sides. This slab had without doubt 
 been worked into a regular form, and was a lintel of a doorwaj' or 
 some other part of a house. 
 
 COPPER BELL ' 
 
 The occurrence of bells made of copper has been recorded from 
 several ruins in Arizona. The specimen obtained at Four-mile ruin 
 (figure 108) is in no respect different from those previouslj' mentioned, 
 and belongs to the type constantly found in the Gila valley and in old 
 Mexico. From the limited member of these bells in Ai-izonian ruins 
 very meager conclusions can be drawn, but the author supposes that 
 they were introduced from the south, rather than that they were manu- 
 factured by the foi-mer inhabitants of the ruined pueblo. There are 
 indications of great antiquity in some ruins where they have been 
 found. 
 
FEWKEs] OU.JECTS FROM FOUR-MILE RUIN 163 
 
 Tho 1.1. '11 was t;ik(?n fi'oiii tlio liand oil a skeleton exhumed from the 
 cemeteiy Tiortli of the pueblo. It was mueh corroded, and broken on 
 one side, and the small stone which served as a clapper had become 
 firmly fixed to the inner wall by the eoi-rosion of the copper. 
 
 PRAYER-STICKS 
 
 No fragments of mortuary x>rayer sticks were fcnind in tlie cemeteries 
 at Four-mile ruin, but this negative evidence does not prove that they 
 were not in use among the inhabitants. The .soil is so moist that there 
 is doubt if these wooden objects would last long in it, thoiigh Iheir 
 preservation in the Chevlon ruin, where somewhat similar condilions 
 prevail, shows that their absence at Four-mile ruin may furnish i)osi- 
 tive proof that they were not used i7i burial. 
 
 GOURD RATTLES 
 
 One of the instructive olrjects taken from the north ceii'ietery at 
 Four-mile ruin was a rattle made of a small gcnird. This rattle had 
 an oval shape, and was decorated M'ith red and green paint, on 
 which w'as the imx)ression of feathers. The handle, which was brolcen 
 from the rattle, was not found-. The occurrence of this gourd rattle, 
 identical with those still used in Pueblo cei'emonials, gives archeo- 
 logical evidence of its use in ancient times, prol)ably as an accom- 
 paniment to songs in religious rites. 
 
 ORNAMENTS 
 
 Although fully as many skeletons were exhumiMl from Foui'-mile 
 ruin as from some others, the small nujnber of marine shells, as 
 compared with those found at Homolobi and Chaves pass, was notice- 
 able. Though the ruin is situated in a latitude soutli of Chaves, 
 only a few fragments of shell were found there, while there were 
 several hundred specimens from the latter ruin. This can be explained 
 only by the theory that the Chaves pass and Homolobi people, had 
 more marine shells than those of Four-mile ruin, that they were in 
 more direct contact with the ocean, or with x^eoiile who (jf)tained them 
 from the sea by barter or otherwise, thus indicating a direct relation- 
 ship between them and peoples of the south. The ancient trade in sea 
 shells was along the Gila river, up its northern tributaries, and across 
 the Mogollones to the Little Colorado river. Chaves pass was in 
 the direct line of this trade; Four-mile ruin was not, and the scarcity 
 of sea shells in the latter locality is explained by its distance from the 
 sea and the difficulty in reaching tribes nearer the Gulf of California. 
 
 The scarcity of beads and turquoise ornaments in the collections of 
 1807 was in marked contrast with the wealth of these objects at 
 Homolobi and Chevlon. While this rarity may be in part due to the 
 limited amount of soil removed in the work, it must also be remem- 
 bered that the jjueblos which were excavated in 1897 were smaller. 
 
l64 TWO summers' WOKK IN" PUEBLO RUINS [eth, ann. 22 
 
 BONE IMPLEMENTS 
 
 The bone implements found at Four-mile rnin were similar to those 
 collected in 189G at Chaves pass. Tliej^ consisted of awls, needles, 
 and bodkins, many of Avhich were made from the wing and leg bones 
 of the wild tnrkey or tlie tibia* of antelopes. There were also larger 
 implements made of the bone.s of antelope and deer. 
 
 ANIMAL REMAINS 
 
 A large collection of animal bones was obtained from the rooms at 
 Four-mile ruin, but they have not yet been identified. 
 
 RUINS NEAR FOUR-MILE RUIN 
 
 Within a radius of a few miles of Snowflake there are several 
 ruins, some of which ai'C of considerable size. The ruin near Shum- 
 way is one of the largest of these, and would well repaj' extensive 
 excavations. There are ruins on the opposite side of the creek from 
 Four-mile ruin, but these are smaller, and the elevations on which 
 they stand have Lieen diminished bj^ dei^osition of the soil by the 
 stream about tlieir bases. The cemeteries have been so deeply buried 
 under the accumulated earth that extensive excavation would be 
 necessary to lay bare the objects which they contain, and, as the 
 mounds themselves are small, the author did not attempt this work. 
 The collections made at Four-mile ruin will imdoubtedly serve as 
 typical of those which could be taken from adjacent mounds, as the 
 people of this whole neighborhood were probably in about the same 
 stage of culture. 
 
 RUINS AT PINEDALE 
 
 The Bltildings 
 
 The road leading south from Ilolbrook to Fort Apache, in the 
 White mountains, divides just beyond Taylor, and one division con- 
 tinues to a small settlement among the pines, which is called Pine- 
 dale. This is a beautiful x^laoe to camp, surrounded bj' high trees, 
 is well watered, and in places has fertile stretches of land suitable 
 for farms. Two extensive ruins reported to me from that locality by 
 Mr Frank Zuck, of Holbrook, promised interesting results if proper 
 excavations were made in or near them. 
 
 Aceoi-dingly, work was begun, with 5 Mexican laborers, near the 
 middle of July, and extensive excavations were made in the larger 
 ruin. The results were not as satisfactory as had been hoped, but 
 several important facts were brought out by the attempt. A small 
 collection rewarded the work at this place. 
 
 The two Pinedale ruins lie on either side of the road just beyond 
 the church of the town, and a few hundred feet from the new stone 
 schoolhouse, one of the best in this part of Arizona. 
 
PEWKEs] • PINEDALE EUIN8 165 
 
 Of these two ruins, that on the left of tlie I'oad is tlie remains of a 
 pueblo of compact form, with a central plaza obscurely indicated. 
 From the general appeai'ance of the ruins it is judged that the pueblo 
 was at least several stories high, but no sign of wall was seen above 
 ground. 
 
 The ruin to tlie right of the ro;id covered more ground tlian the 
 other. It was of rectangular form and apparently single storied. 
 This ruin was evidently an ancient one, and many tall, tine trees were 
 found growing from the soil in the rooms. The walls, howe\"er, liad 
 so fallen in tliat tliere were not more tlian traces of houses to be seen 
 marking tire former extent of the ruin. There was no evidence at 
 any point that tlie rooms ever had more than a single story; and 
 evidences of the gateway's entering the ancient plaza were sought in 
 vain. 
 
 The relationship of these two Pinedale ruins to each other api^ears 
 to be as follows: Tlie compact ruin on the left side of the road appar- 
 ently contained the greater part of the iioxiulation, while the rectan- 
 gular building served as a place of refuge, for which its mode of 
 construction made it admiralilj' suited. If the theory is a correct 
 one, it is probable that the rectangular portion was of later date tlian 
 the compact one, and tJiis is also indicated bj' its general appearance. 
 
 At various localities in the Southwest are found in close proximity 
 ruins of buildings which apparentlj^ have a somewhat similar rela- 
 tionship. Thus in the Tsegi eanj^on one sometimes finds extensive 
 ruins at the base of a cliff, and in the caverns above inaccessible cliff 
 houses. Another very good illustration can be seen near Ramah, not 
 far from Zimi, where there is a fine rectangular ruin on the hilltop 
 and the remains of an extensive puelilo at the base of the same eleva- 
 tion. The more inaccessible of these buildings was iirobably a place 
 of refuge for the inhabitants of the more exposed pueblos in the plain 
 and their contiguity made access from one to another easy. The same 
 explanation may also be suggested for fortified hilltops near ruins, 
 so well illustrated in so-called trincheras of the Verde valley. 
 
 In localities like that of Pinedale, where there were no adjacent 
 caverns or hilltops convenient for fortification, a special building 
 was erected for defense and refuge. This method was adojited in the 
 Buena Vista ruin, situated in the Pueblo Viejo, to which reference 
 will be made later. 
 
 It would appear that a specially erected building for refuge and 
 another for habitation is a far less practical arrangement for defense 
 than a combination of both in one. This has led to the building of 
 habitations on inaccessible heights, in caves, or on mesa tops, or to 
 the construction of the pueblo in such a form as to make it easy of 
 defense. Thus, the houses are so placed that the highest wall is on 
 the outside, where it sometimes rises to the altitude of several stories, 
 sloping toward the middle of the town. Entrance into such a walled 
 
166 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PITEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 town might be either by ladders, which could be drawn on 
 the roofs, or through breaks in the walls or gatewaj's. 
 
 The circular form of building would be a natural evolu- 
 tion of this form of a fortified pueblo, a survival of a plan 
 of encampment adopted by nomadic Indians, as others 
 have pointed out. No doubt sociological and other rea- 
 sons also plaj'ed a part in tlie circular arrangement of 
 liouses inhal)ited by different clans, but the princi- 
 pal cause was the need of defense. 
 
 i^.Tl 
 
 Fig. 109. Bone implement from 
 Pinedale ruin (number ] 70964 i. 
 
 Collections 
 
 From one of the cemeteries of tlie larger Pine- 
 dale ruin several skeletons wei-e exhumed. It was 
 situated close to the outer wall, as at Ilomolobi 
 and Chevlon, and the skeletons were accompanied 
 with m(.)rtuary jiottery. Tliere was no good evi- 
 dence tliat tlie ancients in this pueljlo burned their 
 dead, and logs or stones were not found over them 
 as at Chaves pass. Tliis was surprising in so atoU 
 wooded a region. The bodies were not, apparently', 
 wrapped in matting. 
 
 The potterj' is essentiallj' the same as that taken 
 from ruins farther down on the Little Colorado, 
 and the decorative symbols are much tlie same 
 as at Four-mile ruin. With the exce]3tion of a \)\c- 
 ttire of a bird on the interior of a food bowl, and 
 several more conventionalized bird designs on the 
 exterior of another, no animal pictures were found. 
 Tlie majority of the decorations were of the geo- 
 metrical type. Rough ware and decorated pottery 
 occurred in about equal proxiortions. One of the 
 most beautiful specimens of red Avare obtained 
 in 1897 was exhumed at Pinedale. The 
 decorations, both interior and exterior, were 
 well made and the ware itself was of the 
 finest type. Mr Zuck discovered tliis ceme- 
 tery of the ancient Pinedale ruin in the year 
 1800, and removed from it several vessels 
 which will compare well with any yet found 
 in the Little Colorado basin. There is evi- 
 dence, therefore, that as we leave tlie river 
 tlie potteiy does not deteriorate. 
 
 Several farms of bono implements were 
 obtained from the excavations at Pinedale 
 ;)/ ruin. These came chieftj' from the former 
 dwelling rooms, and were rarely found in the 
 cemeteries. They consist of awls, bodkins, 
 
FEWKEs] COLLECTIONS FROM PINEDALE 167 
 
 pins, needles, and pointed implements used in weaving and sewing. 
 The largest specimens were made from the bones of deer and ante- 
 lope « ; the smaller, for the most part, from bones of rabbits and birds. 
 
 A bone implement was found in Pinedale rain cemetery for the 
 use of which there is no satisfactory explanation. It is made from a 
 human arm bone, cut off a short distance from the trochanter. There 
 can be no doubt that the cut is actiflcial, as the marks of a primitive 
 instrument are visible, while there was evidently an eJfort to polish or 
 otherwise work the surface of a similar specimen. The nux.jority of 
 these bone objects were made of the humerus of the wild turkey, one 
 only being made of a human bone. 
 
 One of the most exceptional bone objects found at Pinedale was an 
 implement with two long prongs, unfortunately broken at the end 
 (see figure 109). 
 
 A shallow house-burial in one of the rooms of the ruin to the right 
 of the Pinedale road contained calcined bones, evidently human, a 
 copper buckle, and a few army buttons showing the action of fire. Tliis 
 was evidently an intrusive burial, much later than the otliers, and 
 there is reason to believe that it was uu^de long after the room in 
 which it was found had been deserted, though there was no way of 
 telling wliether the fragments of the skeleton wore those of an Indian 
 or Avhite man. 
 
 The tall trees growing from the debris filling the rooms of the rec- 
 tangular ruin at Pinedale show that the pueblo was of great age. 
 Fortunately, one of these had been sawn down, revealing tlie number 
 of rings indicative of its age. Though it was not jjossible to count 
 these with certainty, over 100 concentric layers could be made out 
 without difficulty. In the room where tliese meiallic objects were 
 found grew one of the largest of the trees. 
 
 A considerable collection of crania was made at Pinedale, as at Kin- 
 tiel and Four-mile ruins. 
 
 STOTT RANCH RUIX 
 
 During the troubles in the Tonto basin a few years ago, a party from 
 the basin visited a ranch owned by a man named Stott, a few miles 
 west of Pinedale, and hanged him for alleged horse stealing. The 
 ruin called by his name is a few rods from liis cabin, now deserted. 
 It is a fine ruin situated in a beautiful park of lofty pine trees, and 
 offers opportunities for archeological study, Imt is inconvenient for 
 extensive work on account of its distance from a base of supiilies, the 
 nearest place, Pinedale, affording only a limited supply of provisions. 
 In general character this ruin resembles those near Pinedale, and the 
 few fragments of pottery which were picked up on the surface are 
 identical with those from Four-mile ruin, near Snowflake. A mile or 
 
 "The pueblos near haunts uf deer and antelope have a lar^^'er proportion of Ijones of these 
 animals: those in the plain have more bones of rabltits and birds. The fauna of the region is 
 accui'ately reflected in the bones found in its ruins. 
 
168 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 more southwest of this ruin there is still another, much smaller, 
 crownini>- a hill top, with evidences of a considerable former popula- 
 tion. Man}? fragments of potterj? were sti'ewn over the surface of the 
 ground, and a few foundation walls were traced, especiallj' on the 
 highest i^oint of the hill, but none of these rose above the surface of 
 the mounds. The general character of all these ruins is the same as 
 that of the Little Colorado series. 
 
 RUINS IN PUEBLO VIEJO 
 
 The Valley and its History — General Features of the Ruins 
 
 It will be seen by an examination of a map of Arizona that the 
 ruins at Pinedale and Stott's ranch are verj? near the sources of some 
 of the southern tributaries of the Little Colorado. They are situated 
 high np on the northern foothills of the mountain area, the White 
 mountains, which high lands constitute the watershed between the 
 Gila and Little Color-ado drainage areas. Although the distance is, 
 comparatively siaeaking, short in a direct line from the sources of the 
 tributaries of these two rivers, the intervening countrj? is very broken 
 and in places is impassable. It is especially desirable from an ethno- 
 logical point of view to examine whatever ruins may exist in that 
 region, since they may be regarded as frontier settlements of ancient 
 peoples which, with man 3' points in common, have many differences; 
 but the author did not find it possible to do this. 
 
 It was, however, possible to take up the problem whether there is 
 a close likeness between the ancient culture of the Upper Gila and 
 that of the people who lived near Phoenix and Tempe. The author 
 went around the White mountains, via the Southern Pacific railroad, 
 and approached the Gila from the south. The section of this valley 
 chosen for archeological study is almost directly south of Pinedale, 
 and is locallj' known as Pueblo Viejo. 
 
 The name Pueblo Viejo is given to a portion of the valley of the 
 Gila from Pima to San Jose, between Mount Graham and the Bonita 
 mountains, forming the greater part of Graham county, Arizona. 
 
 This valley was ti-a versed by the "Army of the West" in IS-tT, and 
 the attention of Americans was fij'st called to it by the reports of 
 Emory and '.loluiston, in their " Notes on a Military Reconnoissance," 
 published by Congress shortly afterward. These reports mention the 
 antiquities of the vallej", and have remained for fift.y years the only 
 available accounts of them. These authors refer to and ligure some of 
 the characteristic fragments of potterj', and s^Deak of circular ruins. 
 No remains of circular buildings can now be detected, and the author 
 has grave doubts that the circular form of buildings ever existed in 
 this region. The circular structures were more likely reservoirs. 
 
 This valley was proliably known to Spanish explorers as far back 
 as the seventeenth, and possibly the sixteenth, century. The com- 
 
FKWKKsi PUEBLO VIEJO RUINS 169 
 
 nionly accepted route of Coronado would liave led him to cross the 
 Gila not far from the mouth of its tributarj^ the San Pedro, where 
 there was a trail to Moqui, and probably also to Zuiii. If, however, 
 as is urged by Dellenbaugh, he took a still more easterly route, and 
 Cibola was situated near the Florida mountains and not at Zuiii, 
 Pueblo Viejo and the Gila river are far to the west of his route. 
 
 Documentairy history of the Pueblo Viejo in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury is iDraetically wanting. Noue of the great Spanish explorers 
 passed through the valley in this epoch, when the region was entered 
 along the Rio Grande by way of El Paso del Norte. 
 
 In the first decade of the eighteenth century there were apparently 
 no rancherias in the Pueblo Viejo valley. The accounts of the several 
 expeditions of Garces, and contemporary maps, give no indication of 
 inhabited rancherias east of the mouth of the San Pedro, and no 
 mention is made in the diarj^ of this devoted priest of people other 
 than Apaches living on the upper Gila. But the existence of ruins 
 near tlie mouth of the San Pedro is noted, though it is highly probable 
 that they became such long before that time. 
 
 With the advent of Apaches the population of Pueblo Viejo 
 retreated to the west, abandoning their farms one after another, 
 until thej' came to the Aravapa canyon. Here they may have inter- 
 married with other stocks, and the Sobaipuris of the earlj' years of the 
 eighteenth century probably contained some of their descendants. 
 They or other survivors never returned to their old homes in the rich 
 plains they had abandoned. 
 
 Pueblo Viejo was apparently uninhabited by Mexicans or sedentary 
 Indians at the time of the passage of the Ariny of the West, and 
 the mounds indicating former houses were frequently noticed at that 
 time. Their age was even then a subject of comment. 
 
 The appearance of Pueblo Viejo at this time was probably not imlike 
 that of those sections which are not now farmed. A dense growth of 
 mesquite and cactus covered a sandy soil, which in the dry season 
 turned to dust, covering the traveler or hovering in clouds behind 
 him. Mo.st of the larger specimens of mesquite and other trees 
 have long ago been cut down, but the great growth Avhich this tree 
 may have reached can be judged from a few survivors. In places 
 along the bank of the Gila there were clumps of cottonwood trees, 
 some of which even now present a delightful sight to the weary 
 traveler. In the rainy season the river overflowed its banks, flood- 
 ing the neighboring valley for miles. The river, although fordable in 
 the drj' season, was so swollen after rains in the mountains as to be 
 impassable. 
 
 The scenic beauties of the valley have not changed since the 
 Indians lived on the Gila banks. The lofty Graham mountain, the 
 black sides of which glisten with streams of water, is a lieautiful 
 sight from almost any pai't of the middle region of the valley. It 
 
17U TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [etr. ANN. 22 
 
 is covei'ed in places with tall pines and other trees, and is a grateful 
 place of resort in the hot summer days. The still more picturesque 
 Bonita mountains, with their serrated summits, hem the valley on 
 the opposite side, and north of these is a broken countrj', almost 
 impassable, j'et with ruined cliff houses and other evidences of a 
 former occupation. 
 
 The many ruins in the Pueblo Viejo are all of the same type, viz, 
 clusters of raucherias with a central building which may have served 
 as a citadel for defense. Whether any special building was set aside 
 for a ceremonial room or temple is an unanswered question, but 
 there is some evidence that the central building maj' have sometimes 
 served for that purpose. 
 
 Although a number of clusters of mounds were found in Pueblo 
 Viejo, there were two which were specially examined — that at Solo- 
 monville, called Eplej''s ruin, and that at Buena Vista, a short dis- 
 tance higher up the river than San Jose. The limited time which 
 could be spent in this region made the trip scarcely more than a 
 reconnoissance, which it is lioped at some later day to follow up 
 with sj'stematic exploration. 
 
 Distribution op Ruins in Pueblo Viejo 
 
 In ancient times, when the vallej^ was populated bj' a sedentary, 
 agricultural race, aboriginal dwellings were thickly scattered over 
 the plain between the left bank of the Gila and the Graham or Pina- 
 leuo mountains. These dwellings were high up on the neighboring 
 foothills as well as in the level plain, adjoining the river. In 
 places houses were clustered together, forming a village, but the 
 majority were isolated, dotting the whole valley. A compact, 
 communal town of the pueblo type, such as is met north of the 
 Apache reservation, was not found, and even when the population 
 was concentrated the villages were composed of many clusters of 
 small liouses, separated from each other. As a rule, however, in 
 such a cluster one central structure was much larger than the 
 remainder. This centrallj" placed building, which is shown in the 
 plan of the Buena Vista ruin (plate Lxvi), resembles a type common 
 in the Gila, Salado, and Verde valleys, where we find a central house 
 surrounded by many mounds, indicating that a suburban population 
 was settled about it. 
 
 The majority of the clusters of mounds which were examined were 
 situated in the plain not far from the river. This choice was evi- 
 dently advantageous for an agricultural life, and the want of com- 
 pactness in the houses would seem to indicate that the farmers had 
 not yet been harried and driven to seek shelter from marauding nomad 
 tribes in walled pueblos. 
 
fEWKEs] PUEBLO VIEJO KUINS 171 
 
 Epley's Ruin 
 
 This is the largest ruin in the vicinity of Solomonville, and lies on 
 tlie outskirts of tlie to^vn, on the road to San Jose. From its position 
 it was the most convenient to study, and consideraljle work was done 
 in the mounds which compose it. The majority of the mounds had, 
 however, been leveled to the surface of tlie plain by Mr Epley, and 
 as the place is a favorite quarry for adobe makers, their excavations 
 have destroj'ed most of the ancient walls. 
 
 Just back of the Eplej' farmhouse there still existed (1897) one 
 oi the tallest mounds, which had been partiallj' excavated bj^ Mr 
 Adams. The author's party continued his work, but discovered 
 nothing of interest save the walls of rooms, all of whicli were of 
 great thickness. From the size and position of the cluster the author 
 concluded that it was the remains of the central building or citadel 
 of the group. 
 
 The smaller mounds which dotted the farm around it were traced 
 almost to the river bank. The remains of house walls could be dis- 
 covered in most of these, but excavations in the majority of the rooms 
 developed verj^ little of archeological worth. A few large ollas made 
 of rough ware wave taken from the mounds at the eastern end of 
 the farm, but they were all broken. One or two slipper-shaped jars 
 and food bowls of decorated ware were dug from the same rooms. 
 Perhaps tlie most important objects from Epley's ruin were the 
 skeletons of two infants, buried in the floor, accompanied by mortuary 
 bowls and small vases. 
 
 A considerable number of whole bowls and vases were offered for 
 sale by persons, mainly Mexicans, living in the neighborhood. It 
 was reported that these had been taken from Epley's ruin bj' the 
 adobe makers, and there is no doubt that such was the case. 
 
 While the author was at the ruin a party of these laborers unearthed 
 from the level land, a lumdred yards east of Epley's house, a deco- 
 rated vase (plate Lxviii) filled with burnt human bones, which were 
 secured and added to the collections. 
 
 It was customary, before the burial of these cinerary urns, to cover 
 the orifice with a circular burnt-clay disk, which was carefully luted 
 in place with adobe. These urns were deposited not far from the 
 pyral mounds, on which the cremation occurred, and were buried only 
 a few feet below the surface of the ground. The adobe diggers 
 reported that thej' always found a number of these ollas in clo.se 
 approximation, and that burnt bones were generally found within 
 them. 
 
 BUENA YlSTA 
 
 The best preserved of all the mounds in the Pueblo Viejo which 
 were visited is situated at Buena Yista, a few miles east and noi-th of 
 San Jose, and is probal)ly the ruin which gave the name (o the 
 
172 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth, ann 22 
 
 whole valley; San Jose being sometimes called San Jose de Pueblo 
 Viejo. The ruin of ]>uena Vista is typical of those lower down the 
 river — of the mounds less disturbed bj' the farmer. Indeed, it is 
 probably in about the condition in which all the ruins were when 
 Emory passed through the valley. 
 
 The site of the cluster of mounds of Buena Vista is a high bluff, at 
 the base of which, on one side, flows the Gila river. A few modern 
 adobe houses, inhabited by Mexicans, have been built on the bluff, 
 and some of the ancient walls have apparently been utilized in these 
 modern structures. The largest and most conspicuous ancient build- 
 ing is an irregular stone structure which is situated somewhat back 
 from the edge of the bluff, and is now used for a corral. The walls 
 which composed it have tumbled down, but enough remains to indi- 
 cate its ancient form. Apparently it was formed of manj' rooms 
 which were built about a central x)laza; stones were oxtensivelj' used 
 in its construction. 
 
 Surrounding this larger stone inclosure thei'e lie at intervals low 
 mounds, some of which betray evidences of rooms, while others are 
 simply ash heaps. Two large circular depressions, a few hundred 
 feet from the central building, are conspicuous. The limits of the 
 cluster of mounds which compose Buena Vista could not easilj' be 
 determined, and probably no two persons would agree upon their 
 extent. The more prominent, however, are sketched in the accom- 
 panying plan (plate Lxvi). 
 
 It would hardly be consistent to call this cluster of mounds the 
 ruins of a pueblo, as we ordinarilj^ understand the word. They lack 
 compactness and mutual dependence. The houses, save the large 
 central building, are more like farm houses, or isolated buildings, of 
 one storj% with a few rooms, inhabited by a single family. They may 
 better be known as rancherias, which have been arranged in a cluster 
 for certain mutual advantages. Among these was probably nearness 
 to a central house which might serve as a place of refuge, or, pos- 
 sibly, for ceremonj'. The vicinity to the large circular depressions 
 in the ground, which may bo interpreted as reservoirs, was also a 
 decided advantage. The presence of small mounds of ashes near the 
 larger mounds containing remains of house walls would seem to indi- 
 cate that each family had an individual burning place for its pottery. 
 Possiblj' the dead were cremated on these mounds, which accounts 
 for the absence of cemeteries, and for the ollas with calcined human 
 bones sometimes found buried in them. 
 
 Architectui-allj' there is very little likeness between this central 
 large stone inclosure or house with many rooms and Casa Grande, the 
 best-known building of the Casa Grande group. This difference is 
 in part due to the character of the building material, but more to the 
 plan of the building itself." The large central stoue structure of 
 
 n From jVIindeleff's valualjle desci-iption of the Casa C-irancle p:Toupof ruins it appears tliat Casa 
 Grande was neither central nor the largest structure in the cluster of buildings. 
 
FEWKEs] PUEBLO VIEJO RUINS 173 
 
 Buena Vista is more like those north of tlie Wliite mountains and 
 resembles closely the rectangular ruin at Pinedale. We have in the 
 Buena Vista ruin resemblances to both the lower Gila ruins and 
 those of the southern tributaries of the upper Little Colorado. 
 
 Thus far in his archeological studies the author has failed to find 
 in the belt of Arizona ruins from Sikyatlvi south to the Gila anj^ 
 ro(mis wiiieh he can positivelj' identify as kivas or ceremonial cham- 
 bers. As is well known, however, each of the modern Hopi pueblos 
 has one or more of these rooms, though some of the important secret 
 ceremonies in the modern Hopi pueblos are performed not in special 
 kivas, but in the oldest homes of the clans. 
 
 There was no room found in the Pueblo Viejo ruins which could be 
 called a special ceremonial room, and in the large ruins at Chevlon, 
 Homolobi, and 'Chaves pass no undoubted kivas were found. The 
 room described in the preceding account of Four-mile ruin ma3', how- 
 ever, be regarded as a ceremonial chamber. The kiva, as we now 
 find it in Tusayan, is a late innovation, and was probablj- introduced 
 from tlie eastern pueljlos. Its existence in Four-mile ruin maj' be 
 accounted for by the position of this ruin. 
 
 Other Ruins 
 
 Many objects of pottery have been dug up near the San Jose 
 settlement, and there are one or two mounds near by indicative of 
 ancient dwellings. If there ever was a large cluster of mounds on the 
 present site of the town, they have been wholly obliterated bj- its 
 inhabitants. 
 
 There is a mound of some size on the right bank of the irrigating 
 ditch, .just as one enters the town from Solomonville, but one side of 
 it has been worn away by freshets from the San Simon. It serves as 
 a'protection for the neighboring farm, which lies between it and the 
 river, and on that account the owner refused to allow it to be dug 
 away. A few daj^s' labor at this ruin would bring to light objects of 
 archeological value, for a beautiful vase rewarded an hour's superfi- 
 cial scratching of the exposed bank. One of the finest ollas obtained 
 from the Pueblo Viejo was purchased from a San Jose man, who dug it 
 out of this mound while working at Buena Vista. As charred human 
 bones were found in it, this vase, figured in jjlate lxix c, is regarded 
 as a cinerary urn. 
 
 There were formerly several mounds indicating ruins near Thacher, 
 but these have been mostly leveled and can not now be traced. A 
 number of mounds are still visible at Mr D. Olnej^'s ranch, and lines 
 of stones, the foundations of ancient walls, can still be traced in the 
 road in front of Mr Lem Place's house. The large mounds on Mr 
 Peter Anderson's farm have been destroj^ed, and there are many 
 others near it which have met the same fate. It may be said that in 
 ancient times the houses of the aborigines dotted the vallev through- 
 
174 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. a.n-n. 22 
 
 out its entire length, from Bnena Vista to Pima, and the indications 
 are that the population was larger and had a greater number of acres 
 of land under cultivation than at the j^resent time. 
 
 In a valley which was so densely populated we should expect to 
 find a large number of antiquities, stone implements, ollas, and other 
 forms of pottery. From all that can be learned comparatively few 
 specimens have been dug out of the ground, although there are sev- 
 eral private collections of some size. Different farmers have told the 
 author of plowing off the necks of rows of buried vessels, and work- 
 men on the irrigating ditches report finding pottery in abundance in 
 several places far from mounds; but the large majoritj'- of relics are 
 still under ground, and probably will remain there for years to come, 
 now that the fields above them are cultivated. The only collections 
 of any size which have found their way to public institutions, and 
 are therefore available for studj^, are one of a few specimens in Tucson 
 and that which was brought back to the National Museum. 
 
 Changes in the Valley Since 1847 
 
 Great changes have been wrought in the appearance of Pueblo Viejo 
 since Emory passed through it in 1846, for if any white man lived 
 there at that time he says nothing about him. There were evidently 
 no settlements, for he wrote : 
 
 Everywhere there were marks of flowing water, yet vegetation was so scarce 
 and crisp that it would be difficult to imagine a drop of water had fallen since last 
 winter. . . , The dust was knee-deep in the rear of our trail: the soil appeared 
 good, but for whole acres not a sign of vegetation was to be seen. Grass was at 
 long intervals, and, when foimd, burnt to a cinder. 
 
 In a prophetic way he added : 
 
 The whole plain, from 3 to 6 miles wide, is within the level of the Gila, and 
 might easily be irrigated, as it no doubt was by the tenants of these ruined 
 houses. « 
 
 Ancient mounds, in much the same condition as those in Pueblo 
 Viejo formerly were in, still remain in the long stretch of country 
 between Geronimo and Dudlej'ville, across the southwestern corner 
 of the Apache reservation, wherever there are plains along the Gila, 
 but white settlers have worked marvels in other x^arts of the valley, 
 which may now be said, using a familiar simile, to "blossom as the 
 rose." At present Pueblo Viejo, from Kuena Vista to Pima, which 
 towns mark the limits of the author's acquaintance with it, is one 
 succession of cultivated farms of corn, alfalfa, and melons, a garden 
 of Arizona in which any crop can be raised. 
 
 It seems incredible that in fifty j'ears such great changes should 
 have taken place, yet it was to be expected, for in prehistoric times 
 
 a Notes of a Military Reconnoissance, Washington, 1848, p. 68. 
 
FEWKEs] PUEBLO VIEJO RUINS 175 
 
 Pueblo Viejo was a garden spot, and there is every reason to believe 
 that when it was inhabited by aboriginal farmers more acres of its 
 land were under cultivation than at present. 
 
 Former Population op the Valley 
 
 If we judge from the number of ruins, the capacity of ancient reser- 
 voirs, and the size of irrigating ditches, the extent of the terraced 
 gardens, and other evidences of aboriginal agriculture, Pueblo Viejo 
 was formerly densely populated. To be sure, there is no proof that 
 all the ancient buildings were simultaneously inhabited, and, on the 
 other hand, there is no reason to suppose that they were not. 
 
 The aboriginal population was not huddled into a few beehive 
 pueblos for protection, but was spread over the plains in small 
 rancherias, or farming hamlets, dotting the valley from one end to 
 the other. The evidences of the large ancient population are, how- 
 ever, rapidly disappearing, and in a few years will have completely 
 vanished. 
 
 Cremation op the Dead 
 
 There were apparently two methods of disposing of the dead prac- 
 ticed by the ancient people of the Pueblo Viejo ruins, viz, house- 
 burial and cremation. 
 
 Evidences of the former method were found at Eplej^'s ruin and at 
 Buena Vista, and the same are reported from tlie ruins near Thacher 
 and elsewhere. The skeletons found in house-burials at Epley's ruin 
 were mostty those of infants, and were accompanied with mortuary 
 food vessels and bowls, generallj^ rude ware. It was also common to 
 find metates in the neighborhood of such interments in such positions 
 as to indicate that they were placed there by design. 
 
 Evidences of cremation were common, consisting of calcined human 
 bones in mortuary oUas, with ashes, evidently of bones, buried on 
 certain low mounds adjoining the houses. It was apparently the 
 ancient custom to burn the dead on certain pyral mounds and then 
 to gather up the remains of the burnt bones and deposit them in small 
 rudely decorated vases. A circular disk made of potterj' was luted 
 to the orifice of these vases and the whole was buried in an upright 
 position near the edge of the mound upon which the burning took 
 place. In its neighborhood there were also placed jars or other 
 mortuary objects, as in the case of intramural interments. 
 
 This method of disposing of the dead is similar to that adopted by 
 the ancient people of the great ruins of the Gila-Salado region, add- 
 ing one more indication of a close resemblance between the ancient 
 Inhabitants of the Pueblo Viejo and those lower down the Gila river. 
 
 There survive among aboriginal people of the Gila-Salt valley two 
 distinct forms of disposal of tlie dead, burial and cremation. The 
 
176 TWO SUMMEES' WOEK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 fact that some of the tribes in this region burned their dead and that 
 others did not was mentioned by historians in tlie middle of the fif- 
 teenth eenturj^, and it would seem possible that here we have evi- 
 dences of two distinct stocks in the valley. These two stocks had 
 partially consolidated, forming a people which built the great houses. 
 Certain clans of the compound stock, like their ancestors, cremated 
 the dead ; others interred their deceased. The custom of burning the 
 dead does not appear to have been carried into the Little Colorado 
 valley. 
 
 In this connection, statements of Castaiieda that the Cibolans 
 burned their dead is instructive. The author has not, however, dis- 
 covered north of the Mogollones any archeological evidences of 
 cremation, and is unaware of anj^ well-authenticated statement that 
 thej' have been found in any Zuiii ruin. The suggestion that the 
 present Zuiiians in mortuary customs perform certain ceremonials 
 which sj^mbolize burning the dead has been given some weight, but 
 this might be interpreted as a survival transmitted to modern times 
 bj' clans who came from the south. Our knowledge of the nature of 
 this reported Zuili survival is very vague. 
 
 Architecture 
 
 The houses of Pueblo Vie,io are arranged somewhat differently 
 from those of the Little Colorado and its tributaries. The tendencj' 
 in the latter regions is toward consolidation, toward a close approx- 
 imation into a communal pueblo, while the buildings in the Pueblo 
 Vie.io are more like rancherias or farm dwellings. Each of the 
 houses was small, apparently inhabited bj' a single clan, and they 
 were generally grouped in clusters, which maj' for convenience be 
 stjded villages. 
 
 There is generallj' found in the midst of, or near, such a cluster of 
 small houses, a larger building which occupied the relation of a 
 citadel, or, possibly, a ceremonial room ; it may be single or composed 
 of several chambers. This feature can be well seen in the accompa- 
 nying plan (plate Lxvi) of the Buena Vista ruin, one of the least 
 changed of those in the Pueblo Vie jo. The existence of a central 
 room with clusters of small houses near or about it reminds one of the 
 Casa Grande group near Florence, Arizona. 
 
 There is no region of the Southwest from which better examples of 
 the influence of environment on architecture can be cited than in the 
 Gila valley. The majority of houses in portions of the valley where 
 stones are absent were built of adolje, while in the ujDper part of the 
 river valley, where rock is more abundant, we find that the inhabi- 
 tants utilized it as a building material. Thus, while adobe forms the 
 greater part of the walls of Casa Grande, the great central room of 
 Buena Vista was constructed of rock. 
 
FEWKEs] ARCHITECTURE OF PUEBLO VIE.TO RUINS 177 
 
 In the majority of houses in Pueblo Viejo there -were tliree build- 
 ing materials employed in the walls, namely, stones, adobe, and logs. 
 
 River-worn stones arranged in i-ows are in many places all that 
 remain of the ancient walls of rooms. It would seeni that they for- 
 merl}^ served as foundations, and were sometimes inserted in the 
 sides of the house, but in neither case were the.y closely fitted 
 together. Thej' imparted a certain solidity to the walls, and, wlien 
 used in foundations, prevented erosion at a weak point in its struc- 
 ture. No attempt to dress these stones, or, indeed, to break them, 
 was noticed, but they were laid together with clay — the main building- 
 material employed. 
 
 There were many and conclusive evidences that logs were emi^loyed 
 in the construction of the house walls. These logs were driven 
 upright along the lines of the foundations at short intervals, and 
 gave strength to the walls and sui^port to a roof which co-\'ered 
 the chamber. The spaces between them were filled in with stone 
 and adobe. 
 
 In the early accounts of the ancient habitations of Pueblo Viejo 
 by Emory and Johnston mention is made of these logs, and many of 
 them were still standing in place when the Army of the West 
 passed through the vallej' in 1847. Old residents of San Jose say 
 that when they first took up their abode in the iDlace the upright 
 logs in some of the Buena Yista house-clusters were still visible. 
 Only a few now remain above ground, yet the bases (jf several were 
 discovered bj^ the author's excavations. 
 
 The rapid disax^pearance of these logs can doubtless be piartly 
 explained by their use as fuel. Foi- years the mines in the neighbor- 
 hood employed laborers cutting fii'ewood, and the large mes(]uite 
 bushes were used for that purpose. No doubt the logs of the early 
 buildings were among the first gathered by them. 
 
 Terraced Gardens 
 
 Students of Southwestern archeology are familiar with rows of 
 stones marking off the surface of the land in rectangles of great reg- 
 ularity. Some of these lines of stones extend for several hundred 
 feet. They occur on level mesa tops or on side hills, but there is 
 rarel.y any broken pottery or other evidences of human habitation 
 about them. Various interpretations have been advanced to account 
 for these regular rows of stones. By some authorities they are suf)- 
 posed to be the remains of house walls, or foundations of the same, 
 and as such they are commonly pointed out to the visitor. Minde- 
 leff speaks of them as "bowlder sites," and describes many from the 
 Verde valley. Similar bowlder sites are very abundant, especially 
 on the sides of the mesa bounding Pueblo Viejo, in the San Simon 
 valley; probably a correct interpretation of them in these localities 
 22 ETH— Oi 12 
 
178 TWO summers' work in PXJEBLO ruins [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 would equally well apply to other bowlder sites, as, for instance, those 
 of the Verde valley. 
 
 The arrangement and size, and absence of remains of human life near 
 these lines of bowlders have led the author to abandon the commonly 
 accepted theory that they have relationship to house walls, or, indeed, 
 to habitations of any kind. The small size of the bowlders employed 
 shows that they are not fortiheations, and they should not be con- 
 founded with tri7ieheras or fortified hilltops so common in southern 
 Arizona and northern Mexico. They maj' be regai'ded rather as the 
 walls of terraced gardens, so lilaced as to divide different patches of 
 cultivated soil, or to prevent this soil from being washed down to the 
 plain below. 
 
 Yerj extensive terraced gardens may be seen not far from San Jose, 
 and all along the mesa near the Solomonville slaughterhouse. It 
 would seem from their distribution that not only irrigation ditches 
 Avatered the valley of Pueblo Viejo, but also that water was in some 
 way carried up the hillsides, so that land now barren was in ancient 
 times cultivated bj' the peo^Dle of this region. 
 
 As no remains of raneherias Avere found near some of these ter- 
 raced gardens, it is evident that the farmers who tilled them had to go 
 a eonsideral.)le distance from their homes to plant and harvest their 
 crops. 
 
 The use of terraced gardens still survives among the modern Ilopi 
 Indians, and these structures may still lie seen on their I'eservation, 
 at Wipo and Kanelba on the East mesa, as well as on the Middle mesa 
 and at ( )raibi. The size of the gardens on the East mesa is much 
 less at the present day than in former times; those which have been 
 abandoned closely resemble the rectangles inclosed by lines of stones 
 in the Yerde and Gila valleys. 
 
 Prehistoric Irrigation in Pueblo Viejo 
 
 There are evidences that the ancient farmers of the Pnelilo Viejo 
 irrigated their farms, for remains of extensive aboriginal ditches can 
 be seen at several points. These old canals are clearly visible in 
 that part of the valley which is not at present culti^'ated, but traces 
 of them have naturalh' disappeared before the plow of the white 
 settler. The remains of large circular reservoirs can be readily traced 
 neai- some of the house clusters of Buena Vista, and not far from 
 Epley's ruin, where there is a reservoir from which was undoubtedly 
 drawn the water supply of that neighborhood. At the time of the 
 author's visit this reservoir was full of water, which was used on the 
 farm. 
 
 The modern aceqiiias, the San Jose and Montezuma ditches, follow 
 in part of their courses the ancient canals, as the author has been 
 informed by an old settler in Solomonville ; and a section of a side 
 canal at right angles to the Gila may still (1897) be traced near San 
 Jose. 
 
™WKES] POTTERY FROM PUEBLO VIEJO 179 
 
 There can hardly be a doubt that water was carried in large earthen 
 vessels to some of the terraced gardens, the altitude of which above 
 the water in the river would make irrigation otherwise impossible. The 
 surface of the land near the banks of the stream is continually shift- 
 ing, on account of erosion due to heavj^ freshets and overflow of the 
 river banks. On this account manj' of the ancient canals have been 
 filled with soil, or their banks washed down to the level of the sur- 
 rounding plain. 
 
 Pottery from Pueblo Vie.jo 
 
 The pottery from the Pueblo Viejo ruins is identical with that from 
 lower down the Gila river, at Phoenix and Tempe. It differs very 
 markedly from that of the White mountains. 
 
 color and surface finish 
 
 As a rule the Gila potterj' is coarse, and the decoration is simple, 
 consisting mostly of rectangular geometrical designs. It may be con- 
 sidered under the following types : 1, undecorated rough ware; 2, deco- 
 rated rough ware; 3, undecorated red ware; 4, decorated black and 
 white ware; 5, decorated gray ware, 
 
 Undecorated RouciH Ware 
 
 The larger ollas found in excavated rooms are almost always made 
 of a rough coiled or indented ware of coarsest manufacture. These 
 were cai^acious enough to contain several gallons of water, and were 
 apparently used for that iDurpose. The exteriors of many were black- 
 ened with soot, as though they had l)eeu used for cooking, as is at 
 present the custom among the Pueblo Indians. 
 
 Most of the large specimens of this rough ware wei'e broken, appar- 
 ently liy the falling of walls or other debris upon them. It may also 
 be mentioned that they were almost universallj' found in liouses, 
 and that one contained the skeleton of an infant. 
 
 Small rough-ware vessels also occur, brokeii or entire (see plate 
 LXVii). The author has limited this grou}) to those specimens of 
 pottery of rough ware in which there is no shining black slip on the 
 inner surface. No food vessels of rough ware were found, lint all 
 specimens of this form, of which there were many, had a polished 
 black interior, and belong to the second group. 
 
 Decorated RouitH Ware 
 
 In this group are placed those food vessels in which the interior is 
 covered with a black slip, which reminds one of the modern ware of 
 Santa Clara pueldo. As will be seen by consulting a plate showing 
 this type (plate Lxvii), there is some variation in the arrangement of 
 the indentations and coiling in this ware, but no color decoration 
 was attempted. Bowls of this kind are often rubbed smooth on the 
 outer surface, but decoration by indentation or coiling is common. 
 
180 TWO summers' WOEK in pueblo EUIUS [eth. ANN. 22 
 
 Undecorated Red Ware 
 
 A number of pieces of pottery of bright red color, made of coarse 
 paste, were found in the Pueblo Viejo ruins. These were smoothlj- 
 polished on the exterior, but as a rule were not decorated. In gen- 
 eral appearance they resemble the ware still made bj' the Papago 
 Indians, and thej' were commonlj^ large, narrow-mouthed vases. This 
 kind of wai'C was found to be abundant in (;aves where sacrificial 
 vessels were found. Disks made of it often cover cinerary vases. 
 
 Decorated Black and White Ware 
 
 The white ware with black decorations, generally in geometrical 
 designs, was sparingly represented in the Pueblo Viejo ruins, which 
 is in marked contrast to its prominence in cliif houses near the sources 
 of the Gila in New Mexico. This ware is so rare in the vicinity of San 
 Jose that the author is inclined to regard it as intrusive in that region. 
 
 None of the specimens found are at all comparable in the wealth 
 of their ornamental designs with similar ware from ruins in the 
 western part of Socorro count j-, New Mexico," or in the cliff houses 
 near the sources of the Gila and Salado rivers. 
 
 Decorated Gray Ware 
 
 The characteristic decorated ware of the Gila valley and its tribu- 
 taries is grayish and is decorated with red; a sx)ecimen is shown in 
 plate Lxviii. With the exception of a few siaoradic specimens which 
 have been transported to i^ueblos, now ruins, north of the White 
 mountains, this ware has not been found in any valley except those 
 of the Gila and its tributaries. 
 
 This pottery bears a smooth polish, is never glazed, and is generally 
 decorated with geometrical figures: scrolls, terraces, stars, and key 
 patterns. It assumes a great varietj' of shapes, and was ajaparently 
 used in much the same waj^ as is the yellow or red ware of northern 
 Arizona. 
 
 DECORATION 
 
 The decoration of the i^ottery from this region is mainly in geometri- 
 cal patterns, resembling that of the pottery from the Little Colorado 
 basin. No specimen with picture writing was found, so that this source 
 of information regarding the mythology of the owners is practically 
 wanting. Even pictures of birds, so common north of the Mogol- 
 lones, are absent. The ancient i^eople of the Pueblo Yiejo had not 
 carried pottery decoration beyond the geometrical stage, as far as can 
 be judged from the specimens examined. Food bowls, almost identical 
 
 a The beautiful collections made in this i-egion by IMr H. Hales are now preserved in the 
 National Museum, and are well worth study and description. For an account of the ruins 
 near Tulerosa see N. Francis Duff, The Prehistoric Buins of the Rio Tulerosa, in Bulletin of the 
 American Geographical Society, v. 3fl, n. 3, 1897. 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 DECORATION OF PUEBLO VIEJO POTTERY 
 
 181 
 
 Fig. 110. 
 
 Decorated slipper jar from Pueljlo Viejti 
 ( jiuniber 1775'^-J). 
 
 in form with tliose of Tnsayaii, have their interiors decorated with 
 rectangular patterns, sometimes with terrace figures, hut rarelj' with 
 si^irals. Encircling bands are often broken at one x^oint, forming 
 "life lines," and zigzag lines are not uncommon. Few specimens with 
 externa] decorations were found. Vases were generallj;' decorated with 
 the same simple geometrical patterns as were the food bowls, with no 
 attempt to depict human or animal forms. It is unfortunate for 
 the student of Gila valley 
 ceramics that pictographic 
 material is so scanty, as it 
 shuts him out from most 
 instructive data regarding 
 ancient life in this part of 
 Arizona. 
 
 A finely made human head, 
 forming the handle of a 
 ladle, was dug out of an 
 ash heap in the Buena Vista 
 ruin. This was the only 
 handle modeled in huniari form which was found, though objects of 
 of this kii^d are said to be common lower down the Gila I'iver. A 
 like ornamentation is not a rare feature of ladle handles from the Little 
 Colorado ruins. 
 
 The broken encii'cling band, called the "line of life," occurs on 
 many of the decorated pieces of pottery, and the H figure, so com- 
 mon on tlie exterior of liowls north 
 of the mountains, was found on a 
 single fragment of pottery from 
 Pueblo Viejo. 
 
 There were a few specimens of 
 clay slippers which were orna- 
 mented on their upper side. One 
 of these is shown in the acconi- 
 l»anying cut (figure 110), in which 
 the design of the decoration can 
 be partially seen. It is not im- 
 probable that the " foot of an idol," 
 jnentioned by Emory and his offi- 
 cers, was one of these slipper jars. 
 Another specimen from the Piieblo Viejo, in which the likeness to an 
 Indian moccasin is close, is shown in figure 111. The specimen is, 
 however, much smaller than a human foot. 
 
 The accompanying illustration, plate Lxviii, shows two views of 
 one of the most richlj' decorated vases from the Pueblo Viejo, and 
 exhibits several of the commoner geometrical designs from the Gila 
 ruins. This vase was dug up near San Jose, and was probably a cin- 
 
 FlQ. ill. Moccasin-sliapcd jar from Puebl 
 Viejo. 
 
182 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 erary olla, as it contained, when found, cinerated human bones. The 
 ware is characteristic of the Gila, though a few straggling specimens 
 of similar pottery have been found at Four-mile ruin near Snow- 
 flake. It will be observed that the decoration of this vase is wholly in 
 geometrical j)atterns, a common feature of all ornamented ware from 
 the Pueblo Viejo. Almost all geometrical forms are represented — 
 spirals, bars, terraces, stars, and squares with dots. 
 
 In plate lxix other forms of decorated ware from Pueblo Viejo 
 are represented. Figure n shows a small saucer, with exterior and 
 
 Fir:. 11:3, Arrow polisher from Pueblo Viejo (number 17T.569). 
 
 interior decoration of rectangular bands of black; the margin is white. 
 Figure,' h shows a small vase of typical Gila potterj', ornamented with 
 zigzag red bands, which was excavated from the Buena Vista ruin. 
 The vase r was dug out of the flat near the western mounds of Epley's 
 ruin. It was found by Mexican laborers making adobes, and con- 
 tained a calcined human skeleton. The external surface of this vase 
 was smooth, and the decoration consisted of series of terraced figures, 
 recalling tliose geometrical designs so prominent in all ancient pottery 
 from Arizona. 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 collections made in 1897 
 Stone Objects from Pueblo Viejo 
 
 183 
 
 IMPLEMENTS 
 
 The ancient people of Pneblo Viejo were still in the stone age, and 
 their implements wei'e similar to those fonnd elsewhere in the South- 
 west. The stone hatchets are, as a rule, finelj' made, as is generally 
 the ease in the Gila and Salt river ruins. A considerabh' number 
 were collected, some of which werjraniong the finest known to the 
 author. They were, however, identical with stoue imxilcments that 
 have already been collected in otlier parts of Arizona. Thei-e was 
 nothing strikinglj^ peculiar in the arrow and spear j^oints collected in 
 this region. The stone axes were finelj' polished and \-ery numer- 
 ous. There were many hammer stones, 
 pounders, rubbing stones, stone knives, 
 and drills. 
 
 Although nothing distinctive was noticed 
 in the arrowheads, a fine eidleetion of tliese 
 implements made of volcanic glass, from 
 the cave in the Nantacks liereafter dis- 
 cussed, should be mentioned. A number 
 of spherical stones, varying from tlie size 
 of the fl-st to that of a lai'ge marble, were 
 picked lip on the surface of the mounds. 
 Some of these may belong to a type of stone 
 objects referred to in early accounis as 
 being used by the people in warfare. 
 They are thus mentioned l)y C'astane(la : 
 "Farther off was anotlier large vilhige, 
 where we found in the court-yards a great 
 numl)er of stone lialls of the size of a 
 leather bag containiug one arrol^a. They seem to ]ia"\"e lieen cast 
 with the aid of machines, and to have lieen employed in the destruc- 
 tion of the village." What tlie nature of this machine was we are not 
 told, but it was possil)ly a kind of sling. Problematic stone disks 
 with depressed faces and circular forms are not rare. SunxDle stone 
 disks of the same shape, but i^erforated, may once have been attached 
 to drills. There were pottery disks which were supposed to have 
 had a like use. 
 
 Ari'ow xiolishers (fignres 112, llo) or grooved stones for rubbing 
 down wooden sticks occur in nnmljers. The depressions in some of 
 these were so smootli that their efficiency in grinding must liave been 
 small, while in general shape and size they correspond so closely with 
 those stones which are still used for that iiurxDose that there can be 
 little question as to their use. 
 
 A large number of metates, or stones for grinding corn, were col- 
 lected in the excavations at Epley's ruin. These were made of several 
 kinds of rock, the favorite being lava or malpais. Evidences of long 
 
 Uli. Arrow polisher fruru 
 Puelil" Vi.-jo. 
 
184 
 
 TWO SUMMEES WORK IN PUEBLO EUINS 
 
 [eTH. ANN. 2"2 
 
 use can be seen in the deep depression which has been ground into 
 them, even when the rock was very hard. 
 
 The form of metate with three legs (flgare 114) is more Mexican than 
 any which was found nortli of the "White mountains or in tlie Little 
 Colorado vallej', and is not Tinlike rude specimens from Central 
 America. 
 
 Small stones with a regular depression in one face were used for 
 
 Fig. in. Metate from Pueblo Viejo (numbei- 1TT4T1). 
 
 grinding pigments, and the remnants of color were still found on 
 them. Green, red, j'ellow, and white pigments such as are still used 
 by the Pueblo Indians were found in many of the rooms. Oblong 
 or oval stones, with a flat face, worn on one pole, served as rubbing 
 
 stones bj' wliich tliese 
 substances were ground 
 to powder. There was 
 sometimes considerable 
 skill shown in the way 
 these stones were fash- 
 ioned. They were some- 
 times mushroom-shaped, 
 witli a circular disk and 
 a slim handle. 
 
 One of the finest 
 wrought of all the mor- 
 tars was purchased from 
 a Mexican in Solomon- 
 ville. It was elongated, 
 trencher-shaped, with 
 knobs at the extremities. 
 Tlie rock of wliich it was made, though very hard, was worked with 
 consideralile skill. Tlie Mexican who sold it had used it for bruising 
 vegetable substances. No doubt this is but a continuation of its use 
 in prehistoric time, long before white men came into the country. 
 The author saw a beautiful mortar" made of a green stone, which 
 
 Unknown stone object from Pueblo Viejo 
 (number 177677). 
 
 f Attempts to purcbase this fine specimen failed. 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 COLLECTIONS MADE IN 1897 
 
 185 
 
 was said to have been taken out of the ruins near Solomouville. This 
 was one of tlie finest paint mortars whicli lie ever saw from tlie 
 Southwest. 
 
 One of the nn.ist exceptional of stone objects from the Puel)lo Viejo 
 ruins is sliown in tlie annexed cut (figure 115). It luis a regular 
 dislv form, and is carefullj' worked from a lava stone. The form 
 is that of a X)aint mortar. 
 
 stoxp: slabs 
 
 Early in the jiutlior's studies in the Pueblo Viejo, his attention was 
 called to a stone slal» shaped like the sole of a shoe (figure 110), to 
 which it was oom2)ared by the Mexican who owned it. Tliis object 
 
 Fig. lib. Ceremunial atont; slab from Pueblu Viejo (number 177.>75i. 
 
 was flat or slightly convex on one face, flat on the opposite, and liad a 
 sliallow gi'oove on the nr,irgin. Tlie border on the flat side was orna- 
 mented with a number of parallel scratches arranged in clusters. 
 
 Later the author detained other stones of the same shape and of 
 about tlie same size; one of the most instructive was a specimen of 
 irregularly I'ectangular form, with a liird's head carved on one edge, 
 and the tail on the otlier (figure 117). 
 
 There is an interesting modification of the same class of objects 
 in the collections of the National Museum — a circular stone slab of 
 which the body of a snake, with head and tail skillfull}' carved, f<jrms 
 the margin. These objects, which are not rare in the ruins of the 
 Gila and Salt river valleys, are called ceremonial slabs, and were 
 probably used in much the same way as are the stone slabs orna- 
 
186 
 
 TWO SUMMERS WOKK IN PUEBLO RUINS 
 
 [ETH. ANN. 22 
 
 mented with designs which have been repeatedlj' described from 
 Hopi altars. In fact, some of those now in use distinctly resemble 
 those from the Pueblo Yiejo. 
 
 OTHER STONE OB.JECTS 
 
 It was intevesting to find in tlie ruins of the Pueblo Vie jo a number 
 of obsidian nodules, and flakes of the same material. Fragments of 
 
 Fig. 117. Ceremouial stone slab from Pueblo Viejo (number 1TT.5T8), 
 
 volcanic glass constantly occur in ruins north of the mountains, along 
 the Little Colorado, and at Sikyatki. 
 
 The fact that over a dozen specimens of quartz crystals were found 
 shows that tliese ob.i'ects were prized, and were probably used in cere- 
 monials, as is the custom 
 in modem pueblos. 
 
 Perforated c i r c u 1 a r 
 stones, varying in size 
 from that of a silver dol- 
 lar to several inches in 
 d iameter, were found, 
 wliile similar disks made 
 of pottery were common. 
 Manj' of the latter were 
 not perforated. Their 
 form suggested that they 
 were used in gaming. 
 Tlieso disks occur along tlie wliole lengtli of the Gila river, and are 
 also found more sparingly in ruins north of the Mogollon mountains. 
 The ancient inhabitants of the Pueblo Viejo villages prized for 
 ceremonial purposes stones of curious or strange shape, espeeiallj' 
 those which were botryoidal. One of the most striking of tliese is 
 shown in the accompanying cut (flgure 118). It is tj^pical of several 
 which were found in the San Jose ruin, at Buena Vista, and near 
 Solomonville. 
 
 stone fetish from Pueblo Viejo. 
 
fewkes] ruins visited in 1897 187 
 
 Shell Ornaments from Pueblo Viejo 
 
 Several specimens, generally ornaments, carved out of Ilaliotis, 
 Conus, or Peetunculns shells, were collected in tlie Pueblo Viejo 
 ruins. The largest of these were armlets and wristlets. Shells cut in 
 the form of animals are among the characteristic objects of the Gila- 
 Salado ruins, and occur in all great collections from this region. We 
 find various animals represented, as lizards, birds, rabbits, and 
 snakes, as well as circles, crosses, rectangles, and the liiie. They are 
 ordinarily perforated — generally at the eye, sometimes at the heart, 
 of the animal represented. The universality of this perforation 
 implies suspension, and the author believes that it will later lie found 
 that they were worn on the necli or body. It is not improbable that 
 thej' Avere personal fetishes, possil)lj^ representing totems. 
 
 CLIFF HOUSES ON BONITA CREEK 
 
 There are manj^ cliff liouses and oilier ruins of aboriginal dwell- 
 ings in a fair state of preservation along Bonita creelc, is miles north 
 of Solonionville. A very good account of these, written ])y Professor 
 William Stone Devol, of Tucson, lias been imblished, with a half-tone 
 illustration, in the Graham C'ounty Bulletin. These remains would 
 repay more extensive study and no doulit yield collections of consid- 
 erable archeological value. These cliff liouses resemble in general 
 character those near Silver City, New Jlexico. 
 
 RUINS IN THE FOOT HILLS OF MOUNT GRAHAM 
 
 There are many I'uins, mostly small, on the mesas and foot hills 
 of Mount Graham, having the same general character as tliose 
 lower down tlie valley, near the river. Ilie fragments of pottery- 
 strewn aliout upon tliein are identical with tliose from the mounds 
 of the plain, and there is reason to believe thej were made by the 
 same people. While these ruins occui- at several places on the mesa 
 and liills at the base of Mount Graham, that at the place called Cie- 
 nega is one of the largest, but it does not differ radically from those 
 of the banks of the Gila. 
 
 SACRIFICIAL CAVES 
 
 The use of caves for ceremonial purposes was a feature in the life 
 of the ancient people of Pueblo Viejo. The mountains near the 
 Pueblo Viejo have many caves suitable for tliis purpose. They occur 
 in limited number near the modern Hopi pueblos and elsewhere north 
 of the jMogollones. 
 
 The author A'isited one of these sacrificial caves in the Graham 
 mountains, and found many evidences of its former ceremonial use. 
 There were bushels of prayer sticks on the floor, and a few fragments 
 of basketry, but no pottery or earthenware rewarded the search. 
 
188 TWO SUMMEES' WORK IN PUEBLO EUIN8 [eth, ann. 22 
 
 The fragments of basketry were made with a technique similar to 
 that of the basket plaques of the Middle mesa. The prayer sticks 
 were painted red at their extremities, and were, as a rule, about the 
 size of a penholder. This cave, called Adams' cave, has been rarely 
 visited since its discovery by Mr B. B. Adams, of Solomonville, but 
 will well repay a visit by an archeologist. There is little doubt that 
 there are other similar caves on the northern side of the Graham 
 mountains which have not been entered by white men. 
 
 COLLECTIONS FROM A CAVE IN THE NANTACKS 
 
 In the broken, almost inaccessible, country north of Pueblo Viejo, 
 there are many caves, some of which are quite extensive. The larger 
 and more open were utilized b.y ancient builders in the construction 
 of cliff houses. Many caves in this region have narrow entrances into 
 passages which extend with manj' ramifications far into the bowels of 
 the earth. The nature of the objects found in most of them shows 
 that the caves were not inhabited, but were resorted to for purposes 
 of prayer and sacrifice by a sedentary people 
 akin to that whicli has left so many ruined 
 houses in the Southwest. 
 
 A few years ago some young men from 
 Pima, a settlement in the Pueblo Viejo, ex- 
 plored one of the caves in this region, and 
 obtained fi'om it a collection of some size and 
 Fig. 119. Indented bowl from considerable arclieological interest. 
 ? "^r %!^ Nantacks rj.^^ atteiiticii of the autlior was called to 
 
 (number 1* tfeb). 
 
 this collection early in the summer of 1897, 
 and in September he visited Pima, and secured many of the objects 
 for the National Museum. 
 
 The collection has been divided by those who obtained it into four 
 parts, one of which had been sent to Utah : another was owned by a 
 man who did not care to sell. The other two parts, numbering almost 
 100 specimens, were i^urchased. They contain all the typical forms 
 of the other two, and a few specimens which were unique. 
 
 All the specimens were small votive offerings, but those who had 
 entered the cave declared that thej' left behind all fragments, of which 
 there were many, so that we may suppose that there were larger 
 vessels thus abandoned. The specimens were, as a rule, rough ware 
 pottery (see figure 110), smooth, undecorated red ware, turquoises, 
 arrowheads, fragments of marine shells, and white pigments. 
 
 A large number of clay disks occur in the collections. The.se were 
 not unlike similar formed objects which were found at Epley's ruin, 
 and probably were originally luted to the orifice of the small vases 
 in much the same way. 
 
 There were globular vases (see figure 120), one of which had two 
 perforated tubercles, one on each side of a small orifice. These 
 
PEWKES] 
 
 COLLECTION'S MADE IN 1897 
 
 189 
 
 remind one of those vessels in which saered wnter is carried in cere- 
 monies among- the Pueblos. 
 
 Another small globular vase had the whole exterior covered with 
 indented tul)ercles, not perfonited but evidently ornamental. This 
 tj'pe has l)een found in sohk^ of the Little 
 Colorado ruins. A long tut>e with similar 
 tubercles over its surface, made of rough pot- 
 tery, may have lieen an ancient pipe or cloud- 
 blower. Neither of these objects had designs 
 painted upon them. 
 
 From the great C|uantity of turcjuoise beads 
 and obsidian arrow-points it would apx^ear 
 that large numbers of these olijects were scat- 
 tered over the floor of the cave. As the col- 
 lectors exercised no special care to gather everything which they saw, 
 no douljt the quantity of these objects coidd be much increased by 
 a reexamination of the cave. 
 
 FiG.r20. Small amphora from 
 a cave in the Nan tacks (num- 
 ber i;T463i. 
 
 EFFIGY VASES FROM SOUTHERN ARIZONA 
 
 Potterj' objects in the form of human l)eings are manufactured in 
 
 some of the modern pueblos, and 
 these grotesque figures may be pur- 
 chased in traders' shops where mod- 
 ern Pueblo pottery is sold. An ex- 
 amination of large collections of an- 
 cient i)iieblo pottery frctm northern 
 and central Arizona has failed to re- 
 veal a. single specimen of a vase made 
 in the liuman form. This, liowever, 
 is not true of pottery from all parts 
 of the pueblo area. The ancient peo- 
 ple of southern Arizona manufac- 
 tured liuman efSgies in clay, the 
 typical forms of which have not, so 
 far as is known, been described. The 
 particular interest attached to the 
 v^ases here described, which justifles calling them into prominence by 
 special mention, is due to the raritj- of this type in ancient pueblo 
 collections, its reappearance in certain vases from Arkansas, and its 
 common occurrence in the northern States of old Mexico. 
 
 The accompanj'ing illustration (figure 121) shows one of these vases 
 from the cave in the Nantacks mentioned above. It is made of 
 coarse material and has a rough exterior, with patches of a calcareous 
 deposit on the surface. This deposit of lime is found in greater or 
 less amount on most of the specimens from this cave, and was depos- 
 ited on them by water charged with lime percolating from the rocks 
 
 Fig. 121. Human effigy vase from a cave 
 in the Nantacks (number 177519 1. 
 
190 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. anxn, 22 
 
 in which the cave was formed. Attempts to rub off this film are evi- 
 dent in some places; but elsewhere, as under the right eye, consider- 
 able patches remain, jirobably concealing sj'mbols on the right cheek. 
 
 The head is marked off by a constriction representing the neck, 
 and the eyes, nose, mouth, chin, and ears are well represented. As is 
 generally the case with idols of stone, wood, or clay from the pueblo 
 region, the details of the head are better represented than those of 
 the body or limbs. 
 
 No attempt was made in this vase to rej^resent the legs, and the 
 arms are simply irregular ridges, one on eacli side of the body. The 
 shape of the body is irregularly globular; the base is flat. The vase 
 is of about uniform thickness, the outlines of its cavity conforming 
 in a very general way with the elevations and depressions of the 
 oiiter surface. 
 
 The author supposes that this vase was filled with votive offerings 
 when it was placed in the cave, and that in course of time its contents 
 were washed out. The nature of the offerings maj' be conjectured 
 from the fragments of shells, turquoises, and other objects reported 
 as strewn about the floor of the cavern. 
 
 The short parallel lines painted with white pigment under the eyes 
 are worthj- of a passing notice. These are the only sjanbols on the 
 face, and consist of a few .short lines extending downward from the 
 lower ej'elids. If the reader will examine the collection of Zuiii dolls 
 which are exhibited in the " Potter j- Court" of the National Museum, 
 now installed, he will find one labeled Zuiii Ilehea katcina,""' which 
 has the same markings on the cheeks as has the effigj' vase from 
 the Nantacks. 
 
 It is instructive to note the similarities of this effigy vase with those 
 from Casas Grandes, Mexico, and from Central America, which are so 
 close that the vase might readily be mistaken for an illustration of a 
 type from northern Mexico or even Central America. 
 
 It appears that wliile this vase has a foi'ni unknown in collections 
 of ancient pottery from ruins along the Little Colorado and its tribu- 
 taries, it is not unique in those from the Gila-Salado watershed. 
 
 The lesson taught l.)y the presence of this effigy vase in the Nantacks 
 and the Gila-Salado basin and the absence of similar forms north of 
 the Mogollones ma}' be summed up in two words, ' ' Mexican influence. " 
 The distriljution of this form of Mexican ceramics did not cease at 
 what is now the southern frontier of Arizona, but extended to ruins 
 along the Gila valley and its tributaries high up into the highlands 
 to the north, where these streams rise. As far as is known, this was 
 the most northern extension of this ]_3articular form of ceramic tech- 
 nic in Arizona. Southward from this localitv the relative number of 
 
 " Hehea katcina is a Hopi name, and the doll representing this person at Walpi has not the 
 same markings on the face as the above. The Hopi variant has parallel zigzag lines above both 
 eyes and on the cheeks. The name given above is that by which the Zuni doU is known to the 
 Hopis, 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 EFFIGY VASES FROM SOUTHERN ARIZONA 
 
 191 
 
 human effigy vases increases, unil they become very common in Chiapas 
 and Oaxaca. Bnt, it may be iirged, why is it necessary to interpret 
 tliis form as due to Mexican influence? The advocate of the inde- 
 pendent evolution of teclmology will doubtless say that the manufac- 
 ture of a hiiman effigy vase is no great trick and had been evolved 
 independently again and again in different regions (jf alioriginal 
 United States. Some clever potter of the Nantacks, it may be said, 
 invented this form. Why, it might be asked in reply, did not the 
 potters north of the Mogollones also invent the same form? for they 
 were equally skilled, and their ceramic ware was more variegated 
 and elaborate. What explanation is offered on the theoi-}- of inde- 
 pendent invention of the increase in the relative number of effigy 
 vases as we go south? 
 
 It seems probable that the presence of human effigy vases in south- 
 ern Arizona and their absence in 
 the northern part of the Territory 
 is in harmony with a theory of 
 the influence of Mexican art in 
 the former region. While rec- 
 ognizing the potency of this in- 
 fluence in southern Arizona, we 
 are not necessarily called upon 
 to aece]3t a connection among all 
 potters who have made human 
 effigy vases, or even between 
 those of ancient Arkansas and 
 Chihuahua, whose effigy prod- 
 ucts have some similarity. 
 
 There are many like ceramic 
 forms and decorations among 
 different people, invented iiule- 
 pendently, and there is no reason 
 to doubt that human effigies in 
 the form of vases were so in- 
 vented in several well-known 
 
 instances. Inhere are also cases where identitj' in form and sjnnliol 
 can better be explained bj' barter. Possibly the effigy vase described 
 abo^'e belongs to the latter category. It would he premature to 
 build conclusions on a single specimen, and more infornuition regard- 
 ing the distriljution of ancient human effigy vases i]i the Southwest is 
 desired. These vases have not j^et been found in Arizona north of 
 the White mountains, but they are represented from several local- 
 ities in the south. The question awaiting answer is, AVhat is their 
 northernmost extension? 
 
 Fig. 122. 
 
 Effigy vase from Pueblo Viejo 
 (nnmbor lT738:*i. 
 
 An effit 
 
 ■y V 
 
 ase found near San Jose (figure 122) is instructive as 
 
 recalling a kind of pottery common in the northern Mexican states. 
 
192 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RQINS [eth. ann. 22 
 
 This iDiece was brought for sale by a workman, who declared that he 
 had dug it up at San Jose. Tlie author was at first inclined to believe 
 that it was not found in Pueblo Viejo valley, but critical examination 
 of the ware convinced him that the testimonj' of the man who brought 
 it could be trusted. It is made of coarse red ware, like other vessels 
 from this locality, and is undecorated. It is shaped like a dumbbell, 
 and the two parts are of unequal diameter. The remarkaljle tiling 
 aliout this vase is the human nose and ears, in relief, reproduced sev- 
 eral times on its sides. This would hardlj'" be worth}' of special men- 
 tion were we considering the pottery of old Mexico or of some other 
 parts of the United States, but like the eflBgy vase above mentioned, 
 f I'om the caves of the Nantaeks, it is exceptional in the pueblo region. 
 
 One of the best specimens of clay ef&gies was found in an ash heap 
 at the Buena Vista rum. It was evidently a handle of a dipper or 
 saucer, and was well made and well proportioned. 
 
 The frequency with which these effigy ceramic objects occur as we 
 go south is, as has been stated, higldy suggestive. Unknown in the 
 ancient ruins of northern Arizona, they are not rare in the Gila vallej- 
 and its tributaries, and their number greatly increases when we pass 
 the boundarjr line into the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua. 
 This is undoubtedly an advance in pottery manufacture, and, with 
 this advance a corresponding decline in the decoration of vases with 
 paintings is to be expected. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF DECORATED POTTERY IN ARIZONA 
 
 In plate LXX the author lias tried to plot the distribution and rela- 
 tive abundance of different colored pottery in the ruins studied bj' 
 him in the years 1895, 189G, and 1897. A normal line is represented 
 on one side and tlie relative amount of each kind of colored pottery is 
 indicated by abscissas froni tliat norm, arising from a point repre- 
 senting the latitude of each ruin. In order to determine the j^roper 
 Xiercent of the kind of potterj' in each ruin, the number of pieces 
 obtained was counted, and the pi-oportions of those referred to 
 different colors were reduced to decimal fractions. In the case of red 
 ware this was only an approximation, foi- the limit of this type was 
 hard to determine. 
 
 Certain general laws la&y be deduced from a study of this map. 
 Black and white ware, which is so xn'ominent a feature of oliff-house 
 potter}', has a limited distributi(jn in all the ancient ijueblos south 
 of Tusayan proper. Its jiroportion increases in the Kintiel zone. 
 
 Yellow ware is the characteristic pottery of Tusayan and is limited 
 to the ruins near the inhabited Hopi villages. It is not represented 
 at Kintiel. 
 
 Red ware is characteristic of the Little Colorado. Red, white, and 
 black ware is not found in the north or south, but only near the 
 Little Colorado and its tributaries. 
 
FEWKES] DISTRIBUTION OF POTTEET IN ARIZONA 193 
 
 A brown potterj", witli black decoration and red bands, is charac- 
 teristic of tlie Gila valley ruins. 
 
 Study of the material collected in 1897 suggests the conclusion that 
 the higher we ascend the Little Colorado river the greater are the 
 differences between the archeological olijects found on its banks and 
 those of the ancient Ilopis who lived at llomolobi. These differences 
 seem not to diminish as we ascend the Zuiii river and other tributaries 
 of the Little Colorado in the Zuiii reservation. At Four-mile ruin we 
 And both Znni and Hopi characteristics in ancient pottery, and no 
 doubt some of the people of this pueblo were akin to the ancient Zufii 
 stock. 
 
 There was jtrobably not so close a likeness between the ancient 
 people of Pueblo Viejo and those of modern Tusayan as between those 
 of the Verde and Tonto villages and the Hopis, although there is a 
 resemblance among all the ruins of the Gila vallej' and its tributaries. 
 As a general rule, the culture of jirehistoric peoples dwelling along 
 the banks of a river has a marked uniformity, while that of those 
 separated by mountain ranges is more varied. There is therefore a 
 general likeness between the art products of the Gila valley and all 
 its tributaries, and those of the Little Colorado are similar, but the 
 archeology of the two drainage areas differs considerably. 
 
 EVOLUTION OF THE PUEBLO TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE 
 
 The Spanish word "x^ueblo" has come to be used in ethnology 
 with a special meaning, and is now applied to a certain kind of 
 Indian dwelling. While the Spanish explorers applied the term to any 
 large cluster of houses it is well to limit it, as is now generally cus- 
 tomary, to a communal village in compact form, with the different 
 rooms adjoining. In this restricted meaning the clustei's of houses 
 in the Pueblo Viejo are not pueblos, but are better called composite 
 rancherias. 
 
 A pueblo, then, may be regarded as a collection of rancherias the 
 component houses of which have become so approximated that thej" 
 adjoin, forming a compact village. Each clan has its own rooms and 
 has no rights in others, though the walls may adjoin. 
 
 We have a verj' good illustration of a communal form of archi- 
 tecture in early Mormon settlements, as Brigham and Sunset, now 
 in ruins near Homolobi. When these towns were built they were 
 palisaded, and all the different families were protected bj' an inclosing 
 wall. The houses joined, inclosing a central open space, much as in a 
 small pueblo. Had there been no danger from Apaches or other 
 predatory Indians, these Mormon families would probably have set- 
 tled on separate farms, but it must also be borne in mind that there 
 was community of life among the inhabitants which does not exist in 
 Pueblo settlements. Each clan in the latter is independent; all fam- 
 ilies in the Mormon towns mentioned had common property. This 
 22 ETH— Ui 13 
 
194 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth, ANN, 22 
 
 community of life no donbt explains in part the pneblo-like character 
 of the Mormon settlements, but mntual defense was an important 
 factor in the determination of the form of their villages. 
 
 The pnelilo, therefore, as we find it today, is a survival of con- 
 solidated cliff houses, cavate villages, or rectangular and circular 
 towns of the plain, which have assumed their form for the sake of 
 defense. But these forms are secondary; in localities and at times 
 when defense was not necessary the aboriginal farmers erected more 
 or less isolated dwellings or ranches, each with few rooms and with 
 accommodations for one clan. 
 
 In very ancient times the inhabitants of the Gila were scattered 
 over the land, or their homes were clustered together, but were not 
 iinited in a compact form with adjoining walls. Even then, however, 
 thej' had certain common houses for defense or religious purposes, of 
 which Casa Grande is a good example. 
 
 As the clans moved into exposed regions in which they were raided 
 bj' hostiles they naturally built their houses in jDueblos or forms best 
 calculated for defense. 
 
 It is interesting to note that when this pressure of necessity for 
 defense was removed the former distribution of small farmhouses 
 over the land returned. When the elan was no longer forced to 
 huddle under the same roof with its neighbor, it returned to the 
 isolated rancheria. In this way large pueblos have disintegrated, 
 first into summer farming villages, later into individual farmhouses. 
 Thus, a law of the struggle for existence and survival of the fittest 
 can be educed to account for pueblo architecture in the Southwest. 
 There is nothing in an arid environment to lead agriculturists to hud- 
 dle into pueblos, and it was not until nomadic robbers forced them to 
 do so that they adopted this form of life. 
 
 The semi-deserts of the Southwest are not valuable lands for agri- 
 culture, and yet the aboriginal people of this region were preemi- 
 nently farmers. This is explained by the fact that it was impossible 
 for hunters to remain in that culture stage, for there was no game; 
 it was alike impossible to be fi.shermen, because there were no fishes. 
 The people were forced bj' pressure of climatic conditions either to 
 become farmers or to perish. In more fertile lands, where game was 
 abundant, there roamed nomadic hunters with whom thej^ were unable 
 to successfully contend. Thus in an arid desert land the individual 
 farmer became secure in his poverty from his warlike fellow-man. 
 When, by his industry, he gathered jn-operty beyond his immediate 
 needs, the nomads sought him out to despoil him of his possessions. 
 To meet these attacks he joined his neighbors, building his houses in 
 clusters, which, for additional protection, were finally consolidated 
 into a pueblo form. As the enemies grew stronger the size of pueblos 
 Increased by consolidation. The form which the builders adopted 
 was that best fitted fo^ mutual protection. It has always been so 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 PUEBLO TYPE (JF ARCHITECTURE 195 
 
 with agricultural ]nan when pvessetl bj^ his foes, and on this account 
 ;i clifl-buihling stage of culture is limited to no race or country. Its 
 existence is purely a geological question. 
 
 The Southwest is thus full of I'uins of former abodes of farmers, 
 some of which were iidiabited by a single clan, others bj' several 
 clans. Each has had its own history or its own episode in the 
 general history of the struggle of nomadic robber and sedentary agri- 
 culturist. Aimlessly to himself, perhaps, but in obedience to a law 
 of development, man has drifted from place to place to escape his 
 enemies, until he has been molded into the peculiar culture which we 
 call Pueblo. This culture is a highljr specialized form, and is the 
 direct outgrowth of the i^eculiar climatic conditions of the Southwest. 
 
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