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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
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CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 FROM 
 
 S.E;,-^u:rnliam 
 
-;Ht eo'^'' 
 
 ^f: HOMC 
 
THE 
 
 E. B. TREAT & COMPANY, 654 BROADWAY. 
 
 Cbtciigo, |U.; 
 C. VV. LILLEY. 
 
THE 
 
 BOYS IN BLUE; 
 
 HEROES OF THE "RANK AND FILE." 
 
 OOMPKIBING 
 
 Incidents and Reminiscenoes from Camp, BiTTLB-WELD, and Hospital, 
 
 WITH FaERATTVBS OF THE SaORIFIOE SuFFBEMa, 
 and TsniMPHS OF THE 
 
 Soldiers of the Republic. 
 
 BY 
 
 MRS. A. H. HOGrE, Associate Manager 
 
 Of the North-western Branch of the U. S. Sanitary Commission, Chicago, 
 
 WITH AN INTEODUCTION 
 
 By THOMAS M. EDDY, D.D. 
 
 WITH ILLUSTBATIONS FROM ORIGINAL DBAWINGa OP THE MOST STRIKING 
 SCENES OF THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 E. B. TREAT & OO 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. : C. W. LILLET. 
 1861 
 
p^^s^^^ f «?"! 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, 
 
 By Mrs. A. H. HOG-E, 
 
 In the Clerk's Oflfice of the District Coui-t of the United States for the Northern District 
 
 of Illinois. 
 
TO 
 
 -r 
 THE EETUENED, TEIITMPHAJJT SOLDEEES OF 
 
 THE GRAND ARMY OF TEE* EEPUBLIG, 
 
 AND TO THE MEIIOEY OF , 
 
 THE HONORED DEAD 
 
 WHOSE PEEOIOUS DUST LIES SCATTERED rEOM 
 MAI2TE TO TSXAS, 
 
 Wit aiotfe is JBtiiitattlr. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The G-rand' Review at Washington, Mat 
 
 23d and 24th, 1865, . . . Rawson, i'rontispiece. 
 
 "The Old Flag," Vignette Title. 
 
 Leaving !5ome and Friends for the 
 
 War, Nast, ... 32 
 
 The Triumphant March into Richmond, 
 
 April 2d, 1865, . . . . Momberger, . 112 
 
 Gen. Grant's Encampment at Young's 
 
 Point, in front of Vioksburg, . Roberts, . . 222 
 Battle of Missionary Ridge — The Pri- 
 vates' VicTOET, .... Roberts, . . 336 
 The Color-Bearer of the 127th Illinois 
 
 Regiment Planting the Flag on the 
 
 Ramparts of Arkansas Post, . I^oberts, . . 432 
 
PKEFACE. 
 
 I HAVE been repeatedly solicited to publish the experiences of 
 my three years' army life -while laboring in connection with tbe 
 U. S. Sanitary Commission, and have only consented to do so 
 through renewed importunities from quarters eminently entitled to 
 consideration. It has been urged, that sketches of the interior and 
 every-day life of the great Union Army, in hospital and in the 
 field, can alone convey a just idea of its animus and morale ; that 
 this work should be done at once, before facts become dim outlines 
 in the vista of memory, or engulfed iij the ocean of the past ; that 
 these simple sketches should be furnished by those wbo witnessed 
 and became part of them ; so that-in the future, they may be gath- 
 ered by the hand of some skilful artist, and wrought into the 
 mighty warp of the rebellion, embellishing its naked, outlines' and 
 bloody scenes, more richly than the gold and silver figures of 
 the femous gobelin art. My narrative is a simple statement of 
 facts, more eloquent than words, and deeds more thrilling than 
 fiction. The title of the book denotes its prevailing character. 
 It is an indisputable fact, that while our great military leaders 
 conceived and planned campaigns unparalleled in history, which 
 eventuated in such triumphant success, the " rank and file " of the 
 army largely endured their hardships, and with unflagging zeal 
 
14 PKEFACE. 
 
 conquered for us a glorious and honorable peace. None declare 
 this more boldly and persistently than our leading military men, 
 and none feel more desirous, that the patience, suffering, and 
 heroism of these brave men should be recorded. 
 
 I should be unwilling, no-w that the war has closed, to say 
 auo-ht to revivify, what should he buried issues ; but justice to the 
 soldier, and historical accuracy, compel me to represent affairs as 
 they were, thus placing the honor arid the shame where they justly 
 belong. The South, when it attacked the flag, threw down the 
 gauntlet, and unloosed tongues as well as swords. Without malice 
 or bitterness, the record should be made, as a warning to future 
 generations. The brave men who upheld the Government in her 
 hour of trial should be justified and magnified, while those who 
 inaugurated four years' fratricidal war, that robbed the_ Union of 
 half a million of freemen, broke unnumbered hearts, wrecked as 
 many homes, imposed a vast national debt, requiring heavy taxa- 
 tion, and clad the nation iu mourning, should be severely con- 
 demned, no matter how mistaken, prejudiced or sincere in their 
 course. , 
 
 It was my rare privilege to become personally acquainted with 
 many of our great military leaders, at their posts of honor and 
 danger. During the progress of the war, I had also the opportu- 
 nity of meeting and corresponding with our lamented President, 
 and distinguished statesmen at Washington, with regard to the 
 interests of the army. 
 
 Whenever the incidents of these interviews, or their letters, 
 have a bearing on the narrative, they are introduced. I also 
 give sketches of heroic wives and mothers, who laid more 
 than their lives upon their country's altar, and record some of 
 the deeds of the brave women, who followed the soldiers to 
 camp and hospital, to alleviate their sufferings — even to die, that 
 
PREFACE. 15 
 
 they miglit live. The self-denying liberality, labor and zeal of 
 thousands of our countrywomen are known of all men. Special 
 notice, however, of the women of the North-West, with whom I 
 labored for three years, must be admitted here, else should I fail 
 to offer an example, calculated to stimulate and encourage women 
 in all time to come. 
 
 In carrying out this plan, I have a long-coveted opportunity 
 to testify what I saw and heard of the various benevolent and 
 patriotic schemes for the benefit of the army, especially of the 
 glorious work of that hpaven-bom charity, the U. S. Sanitary 
 Commission, with which I labored from the beginning to the 
 close of the war. 
 
 The two. years that have elapsed since the close of my active 
 war life, form a vista through which past events and impressions 
 assume more just proportions, and have afforded time and oppor- 
 tunity for more cahn reflection and correct estimates than could 
 have been made at an earlier period. The people feel this, and 
 are now prepared to accept what has been winnowed by time, and 
 tested by absolute results. With these explanations I submit the 
 " Boys in Blue " to the soldiers and their friends, concluding with 
 a quotation from the speech of our lamented President at the 
 Philadelphia Fair. After praising the women of the war, he 
 added, truly : " Say what you will, after all the most is due to 
 the soldier, who takes his life in his hand and goes to fight the 
 battles of his country." 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 By Rev. T. M. Eddy, D.D. 
 
 He wlio keeps his guest shivering upon an ex- 
 posed veranda, or in a dreary hall, instead of 
 admitting him at once to his cheerful fireside, ex- 
 tends poor hospitality and questionable courtesy. 
 Let us not imitate the cold blunder, but make this 
 introduction a narrow one, and giving the " Open 
 Sesame," admit the reader at once to the good cheer 
 which awaits him. 
 
 Of " War-books " there may have been an over- 
 stock, yet this one stands alone, has no competitor, 
 trenches on no other, was needed, and because needed, 
 is here. The record of our recent eventful days 
 was sadly incomplete without such a volume, and 
 who else should write it? Gentlemen of eminence 
 
18 INTRODUCTIOlf. 
 
 in military, political, professional, and business life, 
 have urged Mrs. Hoge to undertake its preparation, 
 and, after personal inspection, have given her work 
 their enthusiastic approval, because of what it is. 
 
 She could not write an ordinary or dull book. 
 She has too much brain to be a prosy collector ; too 
 strong originality to be an imitator ; and has had an 
 experience too eventful to permit her to expend her 
 strength in collecting chronological memoranda, or 
 repeating worn-out details. 
 
 Mrs. Hoge is one of those women called into active 
 duty by the war, whose memory will remain. Born 
 where the shadow of Old Independence Hall fell 
 almost across her cradle, educated in an intense 
 patriotism, no wonder that her soul thrilled when 
 the Nation's great struggle caifte ! No wonder that 
 her eminent executive ability soon saw a work to be 
 done, and how women could do, for the country, 
 what men could not. 
 
 In the work of supply, in the arrangement and 
 outfit of hospitals, in preparing and forwarding stores, 
 such as the Government was incapable of furnishing, 
 in nursing the sick and wounded, she saw the work 
 of Women-patriots, and to it she addressed herself 
 
INTEODUCTION. 19 
 
 with marvellous industry and success. Capable of 
 seeing her way to the accomplishment of whatever 
 ought to be done, incapable of being discouraged by 
 official or unofficial neglect or opposition, she, with 
 others, worked out results so grand as to be matter 
 of wonder on both sides the Ocean. We will not 
 recite her history, nor trace her path from hospital 
 to hospital, from one department to another, nor tell 
 how she wrote, and journeyed, and talked and organ- 
 ized for the sake of the Army of the Union. 
 
 It will be a wonderful story, if ever some one shall 
 write, as it should be written, " Woman's deeds in 
 the War," and tell, as it should be told, the story of 
 her heroic toil. Enough is known, enough has been 
 told to excite the world's admiration, but much re- 
 mains untold. 
 
 From personal participation the Author is capable 
 of writing what few others can. She can tell the 
 story of the gradual upgrowth of the Sanitary Com- 
 mission, the formation of Soldiers' Aid Societies, Field 
 and River relief. Soldiers' Homes, in short, all the 
 varied methods by which Motherly, Wifely, Sisterly, 
 and Affianced love expressed itself, and much of it 
 she has so told in these chapters as to start teai's 
 
20 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 from eyes wMcli shall read them. We know not 
 where so much valuable information, as to the relief 
 work of the Army, is so well sketched, or in so brief 
 a compass. 
 
 It was well that a woman should tell the story, 
 for it was woman's work. 
 
 The title " The Boys in Blue," gives a key to the 
 Author's spirit. We saw her when the land was 
 ringing with the great names of Grant, Sherman, 
 Sheridan, Thomas, Meade, Farragut, Porter, and 
 other illustrious chieftains. She had glowing ad-" 
 miration for their genius, and honored their grand 
 achievements, but her sympathies were for " The 
 Boys," the brave fellows who stood on the picket 
 line, who went out as scouts and skirmishers, who 
 charged on blazing batteries, or against lines of steel. 
 She believed that nowhere were there truer or 
 nobler heroes than among enlisted men, who without 
 the insignia or emoluments of rank, fought the 
 liard battles of the nation. And when she came to 
 write, they were still first, and she tells how she 
 found them, what they did, and what the love of a 
 great loyal people did for them. 
 
 Not a professional history, of the Sanitary Com- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 mission, this volume is yet one of the best accounts 
 yet published of that gigantic national agency. In- 
 deed, it will be henceforth essential to a, correct 
 understanding of its method and machinery. 
 
 It is not a history of woman's part in our war, yet 
 nowhere else is that so well told, so touchingly and 
 truthfully. 
 
 It was not her design to write a history of the 
 war, yet the reader will find, as he passes through 
 its chapters, that he has been through the great 
 campaigns between 1861 and 1865. 
 
 It was not designed to be a book of anecdotes, but 
 almost every page is rich with incident. The Presi- 
 dential Mansion, the Departments of Government, 
 the Field, the River, the Hospital, the Battle, the 
 Retreat, the Grreat Fair, the final Return — each con- 
 tributes its proportion, so that the volume becomes 
 a genuine picture-gallery. 
 
 We commend it as a valuable contribution to the 
 historic materials of the War for the Union; as a 
 repertory of facts too important to be lost ; as a tes- 
 timonial to the devotion of the common soldier in 
 camp and hospital, as a record of woman's love and 
 woman's deeds, and as showing how a people, in 
 
22 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 earnest to save their country, took up and carried, 
 additional to their enorm-ous taxation, a financial 
 burden amounting to untold thousands, that they 
 might aid " The Boys in Blue," and keep them, in 
 their hearts, ever a citizen soldiery, an army, not of 
 " privates," but of husbands, sons, and brothers. 
 
 Some fascinating sketches are from the pen of 
 Mrs. Livermore. She and the Author were closely 
 identified in work and sympathy ; they were together 
 in the same narrow office ; together they travel- 
 ed, spoke, wrote and worked. So far diflPering that 
 each was supplemental of the other, yet so far re- 
 sembling as to secure unity of place and action, the 
 service thdy rendered jointly was of inestimable 
 value. 
 
 Mrs. Livermore visited some portions of the field 
 unattended by her colaborer, and her graceful pen 
 having recorded some scenes she witnessed, she has 
 kindly furnished them for this volume, adding to its 
 interest, and giving it, in the most effectual manner, 
 her indorsement and commendation. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 The personnel of the Union Army — illustrated by White River 
 Expedition. — Patience of soldiers illustrated. — First visit to a 
 military hospital at Mound City. — Wounded soldiers from Fort 
 Donelson. — French boy-soldier. — ^Wounded man from gunboat. 
 — Convalescent ward. — Rebel surgeon and his wounded men.^ — 
 Rebel surgeon on naval hospital boat. — Rebel prisoners at Camp 
 Douglas, Ohioago, . 33 
 
 CHAPTER ir. 
 
 Surrender of Fort Donelson. — Military aspect of Cairo and Missis- 
 sippi River. — Battle of Pittsburg Landing. — ^Military aspect of 
 St. Louis. — Five thousand troops marching through St. Louis. — 
 South-west Missouri the earliest battle-ground of the war. — The 
 wounded after the battles of BooneviUe, Dug Spring, Carthage, 
 and Wilson's Creek. — Formation of Western Sanitary Commis- 
 sion.^ Work of Western Sanitary Commission in St. Louis. — 
 Hospital work of St. Louis ladies in hospital wards. — Incidents 
 in St. Louis Hospitals, 43 
 
24 CONTENTS. 
 
 GHAPTEE in. 
 
 Sketcli of TJ. S. Sanitary Conunission. — ^Its origin. — Its -work in 
 hospital cars and at the battles of Eastern and Western armies. 
 — Poetic contribution by a private. — Dr. Bellows and Mr. 
 Teatman, 59 
 
 GHAPTEE IV. 
 
 Christian Oonnnission. — Its organization, work and extensive use- 
 fulness. — Letter from Mrs. Duffield, of Detroit. — ^Letter from 
 Agent of Christian Com mission at Brazos. — Ladies' Relief Soci- 
 ety of Philadelphia. — Governors and State Sanitary Commis- 
 sions. — Board of Trade, Chicago. — Lieut.-Colonel J. C. Wright, 73 
 
 GHAPTEE V. 
 
 The Woman's Council at Washington. — Resolutions voted. — 
 North- Western work. — Visit to President Lincoln. — Soldiers' 
 Home at Washington. — IT. S. Sanitary Coimnission warehouses 
 in Washington. — Douglas Hospital. — Convalescent camp inci- 
 dents. — Too early removal from hospitals iUoistrated. — ^National 
 buildings at Washington. — Long Bridge. — ^Martyrdom of CoL 
 Ellsworth, 81 
 
 GHAPTEE VI. 
 
 The supply- work of the North- Western Branch of the U. S.. Sani- 
 
CONTENTS. 25 
 
 tary Commission. — Volunteer aid of the press. — Necessities for 
 supplies at d5p6ts in advance of battles. — Result of earnest work 
 and thorough organization. — ^Wisconsin Aid Society. — ^Mrs. Colt. 
 — ^Michigan Branch U. S. Sanitary Commission. — ^Miss Camp- 
 bell' — Iowa Branch.— JJjs. T. E. Simpson, Minnesota North- 
 Western Branch Aid Societies. — Incidents of alleged misappro- 
 priations of stores at Mount Carroll. — Self-sacrifice and heroism 
 of North-Western women illustrated by striking iacidents. — The 
 manual labor of women to permit men to enlist. — ^Labors in Aid 
 societies. — Soldiers' rests and homes. — Female nurses, . . 95 
 
 CHAPTER YII. 
 
 SKETCH OF MES. BICKfRDYKE. 
 
 Mrs. Bickerdyke's amazing energy and fertile expedients. — ^Laun- 
 dries and bakeries. — ^Major-Gen. Buford. — Her refusal to nurse a'^ 
 Major-Greneral's son. — Her call to the hospitals from Ualesburg. 
 — Mra. B. and unfaithful ward-master in Brick Hospital, Cairo. — 
 Her trips on hospital transports after battle at Pittsburg Land- 
 ing. — Peat on the Fanny Bullet. — Sketch of the armada leaving 
 Fort Henry. — Mrs. B.'s hospital work at Savannah. — At Cor- 
 inth. — Removal of hospital in the midst of the battle of Cor- 
 inth,~Her work in smaU-pox hospital at Memphis. — Her laundries 
 at Memphis. — Her raid on Northern cows and hens for benefit 
 of Memphis Hospital. — Her personal gifts to soldiers. — Her 
 work at HuntsviDe. — Her work at Beaufort, Morehead City, 
 Wilmington, and fijially in Sherman's victorious army, . 116 
 
26 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE YIII. - 
 
 Visit of membera of the Commissiori^ to the army. — Dr. W, W. 
 Patton, Vice-President. — ^Mrs. Hoge and Mrs. Colt's visit to the 
 army at request of Commission. — Mrs. Safford at Cairo. — Cre- 
 dentials. — Passenger steamer Euth. — She is seized at Colmnbus 
 as transport of war. — Sketch of young soldier from Iowa, and 
 his story. — Contraband group. — Anecdote of Csesar. — Departm'e 
 from Columbus. — ^Island No. 10. — Approach to Memphis. — ^Her 
 former prosperity. — Blasted prospects. — Public square. — Jack- 
 son's statue. — Sketch of Southern desolation, and its cause. — 
 Arrival at Memphis. — Hospitals of Memphis. — ^Wounded soldiers 
 from Vicksburg. — Sanitary dgp6t, 132 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Departure from Memphis. — ^Arrival at Helena, — Wretchedness of 
 the place. — ^A sketch of the fir.t army Sabbath. — Embarkation 
 of 15,000 troops. — Sketch of a cavaby regiment. — ^Embarkation 
 of a battery. — Interview with General Grorman on fleet. — Deci- 
 sion to accompany White River Expedition. — Anxious father on 
 the Ruth. — Contrast between recruits and veterans. — Mouth of 
 White River. — Rumor of battle at Arkansas Post. — Organization 
 of battle fleet. — Entrance to the White River. — Description of 
 ils banks. — Council of War. — Changing weatheir. — Organization 
 of hospital on Ruth.— St. Charles. — Gen. Pisk's talk with a 
 rebel. — Cavalry regiment sent out as scouts. — Sufliering of the 
 men on marches. — Arrival at Duvall's Bluff. — Hardships of 
 
CONTENTS. 27 
 
 soldiers on transports. — The morality of the army. — Their en- 
 durance, 145 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 Transport hospital life on the Euth. — Sanitary stores dealt out. — 
 Death and burial of a hospital nurse. — Suddenness of soldiers' 
 deaths. — Schoolmaster soldier. — Young brothers of the 33d Mis- 
 souri. — Sick soldier behind a wheel-house. — Confiscation of cat- 
 tle. — Sketch of sickness and death of a Wisconsin soldier. — 
 Camp-cough. — Sight of St. Louis ladies on guard. — ^Isolation of 
 individuals and regiments in the army. — ^Visit from Miss Breck- 
 enridge. — ^Prayer-meetings on transports. — Sabbath services on 
 the Euth. — CoL Pile's remarkable sermon. — Trip down the river 
 on a gunboat. — G-en. Pisk's moral influence in the army. — Paith- 
 fiilness of surgeons. — Convalescent soldier nurses, . , 157 
 
 CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 Suffering of army at Young's Point. — Arrival at Cairo. — GuerUlas 
 and steamboat passengers — A collection. — The mother of Joseph. 
 — Mothers and wives en route for Memphis. — Hospitals at Mem- 
 phis. — Soldier's death at Adams Block Hospital. — ^Yisitiug the 
 patients. — Mr. Eeynolds in hospital. — Cheers for the Sanitary 
 Commission. — Wisconsin battery-boy. — ^Mrs. B.'s attention to a 
 wounded soldier. — Gen. John Logan. — Gen. McPherson. — Gen. 
 Webster, 180 
 
28 CONTENTS. 
 
 OHAPTBE Xn. 
 
 Departure from Memphis. — Journey down tlie Mississippi. — Fearful 
 reports of guerillas at Helena. — Disguise of steamer as gunboat 
 Arrival at Young's Point. — SHver W^ave sanitary-boat. — Inter- 
 views with Gen. Grant on Magnolia. — Donation of five bales of 
 cotton for soldiers' comforts. — Mode of worls: on sanitary-boat. 
 — Humorous incidents. — Story of Arthur- C. , the drummer- 
 boy. — Contributions by Mrs. Livennore, .... 198 
 
 CHAPTER Xni. 
 
 February 22d at Young's Point. — ^Naval salute. — Southern sun and 
 rain. — Gunboat fleet. — Capt. MacMUlan of Silver Wave. — Mid- 
 night scare. — ^Visit to Admiral Porter and flag-ship. — Eebel boy- 
 gunner. — Army pets. — Visit to naval hospital. — Naval regatta. 
 — Southern sunset, 212 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Description of camp-ground at Young's Point. — Funerals on the 
 levee. — Arrival of the steamer Des Arcs, laden with cofBms. — 
 Reception of stretchers, filled with patients, at sanitary-boat. — 
 Incidents. — Meeting Mrs. Gov. Harvey, of Wisconsin, on Silver 
 Wave. — St. Louis ladies on hospital-steamer City of Alton. — 
 Reception of patients. — Hospital breakfast. — Sketch of Miss 
 Breckenridge, 222 
 
CONTENTS. 29 
 
 CHAPTER XY. 
 
 Work at the Commission rooms. — A day at the rooms of the Sani- 
 tary Commission, by Mrs. Livermore. — Mode of raising supplies. 
 — " Where there's a will, there's a way," by Mrs. Livermore. 
 — "Women in the harvest-field," by Mrs. Livermore. — Mrs. 
 Livermore's army trip to Milliken's Bend, . . . 239 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Mrs. Livermore's trip fi:om Young's Point to Lake Providence. — 
 Visit to the Mercantile Battery at Milliken's Bend. — Trip up 
 the river to Cairo. — Contraband boy. — Eeflagee girl, , 270 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Gen. Grant's plans to reach the rear of Vicksburg. — Transports 
 running the batteries. — Overland march of the army to New 
 Carthage. — Cross the river at Hard Times. — Six successive bat- 
 tles to reach the rear of Vicksburg. — Assaults on Eebel fortifica- 
 tions. — Steamer "City of Alton" sent for wounded lUinois 
 soldiers. — Prisoners on board from St. Louis. — Incidents of 
 travel. — Prisoners' guard. — Camp of Union army in ravines and 
 rifle-pits. — Dining with regiments. — Southern bayous. — Visit to 
 rifle-pits. — Bravery and endurance of troops.— Incidents of the 
 visits. — Visit to the 113th regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry. — 
 Visit to its hospital. — Death of its color-bearer, . . . 286 
 
30 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Fast living in Chicago intensified 'at Vicksburg. — Army life at 
 Vioksburg. — Army trains. — Dust. — Grood-nature of the sol- 
 diers. — Thunder-storm. — Life in an army tent. — ^Bombardment 
 of Vicksburg. — ReptUes and Insects. — Climate. — Tornado. — 
 Visit to Lutheran clergymen in the ranks. — Brave German lieu- 
 tenant promoted from the ranks. — Wounded drummer-boy. — 
 A boy-hero, 302 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Necessity for increased suppKes. — Appeal to pulpits. — Resolution 
 to inaugurate a great Northwestern Sanitary Fair. — Resolution 
 to inaugurate a great Sanitary Fair. — Sketch of the Pioneer 
 Fair. — Work of preparation. — Pittsburg contributions. — Proces- 
 sion. — Lake County farmers. — Address of T. B. Bryan, Esq. — 
 Incidents of the procession. — Dining-haU. — Sensations of the 
 Fair. — Letter from Memphis hospitals. — Letter from Quincy hos- 
 pitals. — Letter from Hon. Schuyler Colfax. — Emancipation 
 proclamation. — Correspondence with President Lincoln. — G-old 
 watch presented to the President. — Incidents of the Fair. — Sol- 
 diers' dinner. — Anna Dickinson's Address. — Resolutions at close 
 of the Fair. — ^List of officers of the Commission, . . 332 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 Second Woman's Council at Washington. — Dr. Bellows' address. — 
 
CONTENTS. 31 
 
 Visit to Philadelphia. — Sketch of meeting at West Chester.^ 
 U. S. Sanitary Commission. — Pair mania. — Pittsburg Fair. — 
 Bazaar. — ^Monitor HaU. — Horticultural HaU. — Philadelphia Pair. 
 — Union Avenue. — ^HaU of Arms and Trophies. — Horticultural 
 Hall — Art Gallery. — President Lincoln's speech, . . 369 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 G-en, Grant assumes command of the Union Armies. — Continued 
 fighting. — Great need of sanitary supplies. — TJ. S. Sanitary 
 Commission and Soldiers' Home resolve to hold a Pair. — Great 
 plans. — Close of the war. — Less enthusiasm. — President Lin- 
 coln. — Trip to Washington. — ^Visit to Mr. Lincoln. — Interview.- ■ 
 President's levie. — ^Interview with Secretary Stanton. — Admiral 
 Farragut and Charles Sumner. — Miss Peabody, . . . 399 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 last Pair. — Reception of Eegiments. — Reception of Gens. Grant 
 and Sherman. — Gen. Sherman's speech. — Gov. Tates' reception 
 of Gen. Grant — Humorous incidents, . . . . 416 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Mr. Howe's enhstment. — Raising a county regiment. — Speech at 
 
32 CONTENTS. 
 
 the meeting to raise recruits. — Enlistment of his coachman in 
 same regiment. — ^He is made Postmaster of the regiment. — Ad- 
 vances money to pay regiment for two months. — His illness.— 
 Eetmn home to work for the boys 444 
 
Leating Home and Friends for the Wak. 
 
THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTBE I. 
 
 The personnel of the Union Army — illustrated by White River Bspedi- 
 tion. — ^Patience of soldiers illustrated. — First visit to a military 
 hospital at Mound City. — Wounded soldiers from Port Donelson. — 
 French boy-soldier. — Wounded man from gunboat. — Convalescent 
 ■ward. — Rebel surgeon and his wounded men. — Rebel surgeon on 
 naval hospital boat. — Rebel prisoners at Camp Douglas, Chicago. 
 
 When the echo of the first rebel gun reached the nation's 
 ear, the uprising of the loyal masses of this great Republic 
 was not only an inspiration, but a prophecy — not only a 
 foretelling, but foreshadowing of the redemption that drew 
 nigh, and has now been fulfilled by God's overruling power 
 and the strong arms and brave hearts of the "Boys in 
 Blue." 
 
 "When husbands left their wives and little ones, praying 
 and weeping between the porch and the altar; when boys 
 sprang heroes from their mothers' arms to the front ranks of 
 battle ; when lovers buckled on their armor, looking aloft to 
 the emblem of freedom, and deferred the day of hope ful- 
 filled till the old flag should be vindicated, oV their union made 
 
34: THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 eternal beyond the grave, God moved the hearts of men as 
 they had never been moved before. 
 
 The personnel of the Union army differed from all others, 
 except that of the army of the Eevolution. IS'ot only did 
 hills and valleys, cities and hamlets, pour forth a stream of 
 volunteers, till the Government said, " It is enough," but the 
 best blood of the land filled up its rank and file. Judges, 
 lawyers, legislators, professors, students, merchants and far- 
 mers, stood shoulder to shoulder with artisans, mechanics 
 and laboring men, in this great struggle for the maintenance 
 of our nationality, and for the establishment of free princi- 
 ples throughout the world. 
 
 I recall a steamer on an expedition which I accompanied, 
 that contained an Iowa regiment, which numbered in its rank 
 and file judges, county clerks, lawyers, professors and minis- 
 ters. I saw these educated, noble men, eating hard-tack and 
 raw pork from the heads of unsightly barrels, with no mod- 
 ern conveniences save a jack-knife; while those who had 
 graced society at home, controlled votes and shaped public 
 opinion, lay on the hurricane-deck and open guards of a trans- 
 port during a pelting storm of sleet and snow, with no pro- 
 tection but a soldier's blanket, and no pillow but a knapsack. 
 I saw these men refuse the tin-cup of warm tea, and treat of 
 soft biscuit, when they were covered with the' mud and snow 
 of an Arkansas march, because, as they said, their fellow- 
 soldiers needed it more. 
 
 They impressed me with awe, amounting almost to rever- 
 ence, on that occasion. All their plebeian surroundings 
 could not conceal the scholar and the gentleman. At the 
 time I knew not whence they came, or who they were, but 
 
INCIDENT OF 113lH ILLINOIS. 35 
 
 • 
 
 felt their power, as they sat in silence and bodily weakness ; 
 and when they bade me pass on to the more needy, I obey- 
 ed without remonstrance. Could such men be conquered ? 
 Could such inspiration, such indomitable will, such stern 
 principle, be subdued ? The memory of our soldiers' hero- 
 ism is inspiring, the recollection of their- long-suffering 
 and patience, overwhelming. They form the most striking 
 human exemplification of divine patience the world has 
 ever seen. 
 
 During the war, the shadow of death passed over almost 
 every household in the land, and left desolate hearth-stones 
 and vacant chairs. Shots at long range entered dwellings 
 even in the most sequestered vales, and on the loftiest moun- • 
 tain ranges. Thousands of mothers, wives and sisters at home, 
 died and made no sign, while their loved ones were hidden 
 in southern hospitals, prisons or graves; and all this, that 
 our nation might be perpetuated, the principles of human 
 freedom established, and . the hand of the world's dial-plate 
 moved forward a degree, even though it cost the lives of half 
 a million of freemen to accomplish it. A simple incident will 
 illustrate this determined patriotism more strikingly than a 
 thousand general statements. 
 
 "When the 113th Illinois Regiment was stationed at Camp 
 Douglas, Chicago, my son being its colonel, I visited it fre- 
 quently, to administer to the wants of the sick. On one oc- 
 casion, I saw a member of that regiment sitting on a bench 
 with a son on either side of him, of ten and twelve years 
 old, lovingly leaning on their father's bosom. It was a 
 touching. sight, and at his request I sat beside them. I said, 
 "Are these your only children ? " " No," he replied, " I have 
 
88 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 k 
 
 a wife and seven children." "Was your wife willing 
 to have you leave your home?" "We ha,d many talks 
 together before she consented. She could not, at the first 
 call ; but when the second came, we concluded 'twas bettei 
 to run the risk of leaving her a widow and the children 
 fatherless, tha"n to risk losing this blessed country, with all 
 its institutions. I keep these boys with me to the last, and 
 go home every Sunday in the neighborhood, to teach Sabbath- 
 school. I have made great sacrifices to come. I have a fine 
 stock-farm, and had as happy a home as man could desire 
 here below. I have pushed off my stock at a sacrifice, 
 rented my farm, and my wife has gone to her father's 
 house, to remain in my absence. I have started to fight for 
 my country, and with Grod's help do not mean to look back 
 and never. return, till I can come home victorious or in my 
 coffin." I followed that man's course, and he kept his word 
 to the letter. He was in the first advance on Vicksburg, 
 and when the army retired to the transports he believed his 
 country lost. He said he had no desire to- live, and his great 
 heart broke. He lay down in silence, and, without any ap- 
 parent disease, breathed out his consecrated life on his coun- 
 try's altar. He was carried back in his cofiin, and the God 
 of the widow and fatherless has wonderfully sustained his 
 widow and children. 
 
 The war has now ended, the larger portion of the army is 
 disbanded, and already absorbed in the pursuits of civil life, 
 exhibiting even a greater marvel than its inspired gathering 
 and organization. , Mothers, wives and maidens, have received 
 their sons, husbands and lovers back again, some unharmed 
 in body and untainted in soul. But alas ! how niany have 
 
SCOPE OF THE WORK. 37 
 
 opened their hearts and arms to receive the battered remnants 
 of a once vigorous .manhood, rendered dearer and more 
 sacred by the mark of the destroyer, and the tokens of suf- 
 fering and heroism. Those of us who had drifted into posi- 
 tions new and hitherto untried, accepting duty in whatever 
 shape offered, have also been mustered out, returned to the 
 homes won for us by our brave army, and are turning our 
 efforts into other benevolent channels, or recuperating over- 
 wrought powers for future labors. The earnestness of life 
 has been so thoroughly realized by those who participated in 
 army labors, that the sham and frivolities of society seem in- 
 sufferably tame and insipid. Sitting beside my sanitary desk, 
 the daily companion of three years' toil, unless when absent 
 in the army or in its interests, I involuatarily slip out of the 
 present, and lapse into the past, so full of great events, of 
 thrilling scenes, of busy work and earnest living. A letter, 
 a memorandum, a sanitary or military report, a wounded 
 soldier, or suffering soldier's widow or orphan, is the magi- 
 cian's wand to lift the curtain of the past, and bring a throng 
 of sad and sublime memories, scenes and persons, passed 
 away forever, but never to be forgotten. 
 
 I propose in this narrative to tell the simple story of the 
 soldiers. Abler pens have recorded the lives and deeds of 
 our great military leaders. The political aspects of this ter- 
 rific struggle have been, and will be, discussed by statesmen 
 and historians. My aim shall be to give a photographic 
 view of 100,000 men, whom I have seen in hospitals, and tell 
 the story of their heroism, long-suffering and patience, even 
 unto death. I would sketch our great Western army, as it 
 lay in the swamps at Young's Point, and was encamped, in 
 
38 THE BOYS IN BLUE, 
 
 the ravines and ensconced in the rifle-pits at Vicksburg. I 
 desire to give a correct idea of the transport life of our 
 soldiers, from, the hour they went forth in the freshness of 
 youthful vigor, and " all the pomp and panoply of war," till 
 hundreds lay prostrate with the exposure and fatigue of trans- 
 port life and Arkansas marches. I seem to-day, as I read a 
 letter written by me from Mound City Hospital, to be enter- 
 ing it for the first time. 'Twas on an April day I made my 
 first visit to a military hospital. The apple- trees. were in full 
 bloom, and the time for the singing of birds had come. It 
 was 'soft, balmy, and verdant as June. 
 
 Various reports of abuses in the hospitals and the division 
 of sanitary supplies, had reached the ears of the Hon. Mark 
 Skinner, the foster-father of the North- western Branch of the 
 U. S. Sanitary Commission, and E. "W. Blatchford, its inde- 
 fatigable and efficient Treasurer. These gentlemen urged 
 Mrs. Livermore and myself to visit the hospitals at Cairo and 
 Mound City, investigate carefully their administration and 
 condition, and report to the Commission on our return. This 
 we did, to the best of our ability. It is not necessary here to 
 say more, than that we were satisfied that the sanitary stores 
 were wisely appropriated, under the supervision of Mother 
 Angela, at Mound City, and by Miss Safford {yclept the 
 " Cairo Angel," by the soldiers), in the hospitals of Cairo. 
 I confess to a sinking heart as I first entered the wards of 
 this hospital at Mound City. It was a huge brick structure, 
 three stories high, whose walls alone had been erected before 
 the war for a warehouse. At the breaking out of the rebel- 
 lion, the Government fitted it up as a hospital for our sick and 
 wounded soldiers. It contained 1,200 beds, its various wards 
 
"WOUNDED SOLDIEE FROM DONELSON. 39 
 
 communicating by doors and passage-ways, so arranged that 
 the eye could take in several at a glance. 
 
 The first view . revealed a succession of cots covered with 
 the dainty -looking sheets and pillow-slips of the Sanitary 
 Commission, and white counterpanes from Grovernment. 
 The inmates of these cots lay white, silent, immovable as 
 marble statues. Beside each bed stood a small table, con- 
 taining a sick cup, tumbler of water, and medicine. Over 
 the head of each hung a slip of pasteboard with the inmate's 
 number marked upon it, for men in hospitals were nameless, 
 and became mere numerals. A warm sun shone through 
 the open windows, and the balmy air rustled the soft white 
 curtains that shaded them. The gentle touch of the hand of 
 woman was visible everywhere, and on many of the cots 
 were laid boughs of fresh apple-blossoms, that made the air 
 fragrant, and spoke of life and hope to the mangled and lan- 
 guid heroes beneath them. 'Twould fill this volume were I 
 to tell all I saw arid heard this first day in the hospital. "We 
 paused at each cot, pressed each hand, when there was one 
 to press, smoothed each brow, and said as many brave arid 
 tender words as our burdened hearts would permit. 
 
 Our solemn round was stopped, and the current of our feel- 
 ings changed, by the sunny smile of a Saxon-faced boy, with 
 eyes as blue, and hair as fair, as though he had never heard 
 the din of battle, nor mingled in its scenes of blood and car- 
 nage. He looked as I fancy David did when he went out 
 to tend his father's flocks, for he was "fair of countenance," 
 and had a smile, such as makes a mother's heart leap with joy 
 and pride. He had scarce seen nineteen summers;' yet there 
 he lay as a mummy, legs and arms bandaged. And there he 
 
40 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 had. lain five weeks, as the sister told us, and had been that 
 day turned on his side for the first time. " My boy," T said, 
 as I passed my fingers through the damp curls that clustered 
 round his brow, " do you suffer much? " " Not as much as I 
 did," he replied. The nurse said, "We call this boy our 
 miracle, for through all his long weeks of suffering, he has 
 never uttered a murmur, and is almost always as you see him 
 now — smihng, happy and grateful." " Why shouldn't I be ?" 
 said he ; " I've the best of care, and I'm suffering for the old 
 flag." " Tell me," I said, " when and where were you wound- 
 ed? But first tell me, have you a mother? " The bright blue 
 eyes moistened, as he said softly, "Yes, and I hear from her 
 often ; but she hasn't the money to come to me, and I.send her 
 word never to mind, for I have almost- a mother here. " We," 
 looking at a boy in the adjoining cot, " are farmers' sons from 
 Illinois. We lived neighbors, went to school together, and 
 enlisted at the same time, in the same company. We were 
 wounded about the same hour, in the attack on Donelson. 
 We fell near together, and lay from Saturday morning till 
 Sunday afternoon, before we were picked up." " How did that 
 happen ? " I asked, quickly. " Why, you see," said he, " they 
 were so busy taking the fort, they had no time to bother 
 with us." " But did you not think it monstrous to be left 
 so long without help?" "Of course not," said he, with a 
 look of astonishment, " how could they help it, they had to take 
 the fort ; " and his eye kindled as he said, " and when she was 
 taken, and we heard the cheering oF the boys in the front, 
 I tell you, not a man of us that could speak, but cheered, 
 and even the men with only stumps tried to raise them and 
 huzza." " Did you suffer much ? " He bit his lip. " I don't 
 
FRENCH BOT-SOLDIEE. 41 
 
 like to think about that," he said. "We had to be chopped out, 
 we were frozen so fast in the mud ; and then the rebels, the 
 devils, had stripped us almost naked; but we were thankful 
 they didn't serve us as they served some we saw. Jem," said 
 he, as his sunny face was clouded with wrath, "didn't we 
 see them pin some poor fellows to the earth with their bayo- 
 nets, because they tried to hold on to their watches and 
 pocket-books? " "Aye, aye," said Jem ; " I want to get up 
 and make them sweat for it, I do." " Well, boys, you've had 
 a hard time, and got more than you bargained for. Do you 
 rue it?" "Not a bit of it; we came in for better or worse, 
 and if we got the worse we oughtn't to complain." Thus 
 talked this boy, nine months only from his mother's wing. 
 
 As I turned, I heard a groan, a rare sound in a military 
 hospital. It proceeded from a French boy, who had been 
 wounded at Donelson, placed in an ambulance with his feet 
 projecting, and was thus carried several miles. In conse- 
 quence of this treatment, his feet were frightfully frozen. 
 Every device of medical skill had been tried in vain to save 
 them. The physician had just decided they must be ampu- 
 tated, and the boy, with quivering lips, was begging for the 
 operation to take place. 
 
 Opposite the French boy lay a stalwart man, an Ajax in 
 proportions and muscular development. The death-like pal- 
 lor of his skin contrasted painfully with the blood-stained 
 clothes upon his breast. He had just been brought in from a 
 gunboat, where he had been struck by a piece of shell. His 
 dark eyes gazed wistfully into mine as I bathed his temples, 
 and he essayed to speak ; but the tongue was stilled forever. 
 He was slipping silently, but surely, into eternity. None 
 
42 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 knew his history, or whether he had wife, mother, or child to 
 mourn for him. I fancied that his imploring eye told the sto- 
 ry of loved ones at home, and as I sat beside him felt assured, 
 from the pressure of his hand, that their memory was min- 
 gling with his prayers and hopes beyond the grave. 
 
 All scenes were not as sad as these. Whil'fe we were yet lin- 
 gering in the convalescent ward, a nurse approached with a 
 basket of oranges, and the eager hands of scores of convales- 
 cents were reached forth to take the tempting fruit. All of 
 the men were clad in the comfortable dressing-gowns of the 
 Sanitary Commission ; some were resting on their cots", or in 
 their chairs ; some writing to absent friends ; some chatting 
 merrily ; some reading, and some playing checkers. I could 
 but bless Grod for the munificence of the good people at 
 home, who kept the coffers of the noble institution supplied. 
 
 I saw here many rebel prisoners, enjoying the same 
 comforts and privileges as our men. "We conversed freely 
 with them, and they bore uniform testimony to the liberality 
 and kindness of their treatment. A rebel surgeon had 
 voluntarily given himself up as prisoner, that he might 
 attend to the men of his division. He was permitted to 
 do so, and furnished with medicine. At that time, none 
 had conceived of the atrocities to be practised on our 
 brave men, in wretched Southern prison-pens. Grod be 
 praised! no such inhumanity rests upon our skirts. In 
 almost every hospital that I have visited, I have seen sick 
 or wounded rebels, and can unhesitatingly affirm, that in 
 all respects they were as well treated as our men. 
 
 On one occasion, when visiting the naval hospital at 
 Young's Point, I was taken by the surgeon to see an invention 
 
EEBEL PRISONERS AT CAMP DOUGLAS. 48 
 
 of his skill to save a terribly shattered arm that could not 
 bear any pressure. A plaster-of-paris cast had TJeen made, 
 and so nicely adjusted to the arm that it could rest and have 
 soothing and cooling applications made, without the slightest 
 movement of the limb. I was delighted with the ingenuity 
 and success of the plan, and said, in the cheerful tones with 
 which I always addressed soldiers, " "Why, my dear fellow, 
 your right arm, that has fought so nobly for the old flag, will 
 soon be all right, and j'^ou will be ready before long to try it 
 again ! " The bright smile and animated response failed to 
 come as usual — moody silence and a scowl were my only 
 answers. I looked inquiringly at the surgeon, and saw mis- 
 chief in his eye. As I walked away, he said, chuckling, 
 "You gave the rebel Major a pretty hard hit." "I am glad 
 I did," I replied; "but why did you not tell me?" 
 " 'Twas too good to spoil," he said, rubbing his hands in 
 glee, "and he needs it." 
 
 While on this subject I will state, that, during the winter 
 of 1865, Mrs. Livermore and myself visited Camp Doug- 
 las, in the vicinity of Chicago, where there were 10,000 
 rebel prisoners. General Sweet, with his usual courtes}'', 
 furnished us an escort to the camp, although at the time 
 visitors were not allowed; but he knew our object was 
 to procure correct information. We spent the entire morn- 
 ing in examining the camp ; visited the barracks, the 
 laundry, the bakery, the kitchen, the hospital, and found all 
 studiously clean, well ventilated, and well supplied. The 
 odor of the soup for dinner was appetizing, and the neatness 
 of the kitchen inviting. The men looked healthj' and con- 
 tented. The number of men sick was not large in proportion 
 
44 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 to the huge camp, and the hospital was in excellent order. 
 In all respects, it equalled in comfort the camp of the 
 Federal soldiers, and filled us with wonder at the godlike 
 magnanimity of a government that could and would thus 
 return good for evil done to our prisoners, then suffering and 
 dying by thousands in Southern prison-pens. Some of the 
 fearful tragedies of those charnel-houses have been made 
 known, and stand as a fearful blot on the civilization of the 
 19th century ; or, rather, an exemplification of the " barbar- 
 ism of slavery." The recording angel has written them 
 where they must one day be met, in the sight of angels and 
 men, when the tears and groans of these martyrs of liberty 
 will cry aloud for vengeance. Such fearful witnesses might 
 well appall the stoutest heart. "Behold the tears of the 
 oppressed, and they had no comforter." (See Appendix.) 
 
SURRENDER OF FORT DONELSON. 45 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Surrender of Fort Donelson. — Military aspect of Cairo and Missis- 
 sippi River. — ^Battle of Pittsburg Landing. — Military aspect of St. 
 Louis. — Five thousand troops marching through St. Louis. — South- 
 •west Missouri the earliest battle-ground of the war. — The wounded 
 after the battles of Boonville, Dug Spring, Carthage, and Wilson's 
 Creek. — Formation of "Western Sanitary Commission. — Work of 
 Western Sanitary Commission in St. Louis. — Hospital work of St. 
 Louis ladies in hospital wards. — Incidents in St. Louis Hospitals. 
 
 No one living in the North-West, can forget the wild enthu- 
 siasm occasioned by the surrender of Fort Douelson. It 
 was the first decisive victory of the Union arms, and was felt 
 by the people to be the pledge and forerunner of many to fol- 
 low, la the garden City, Chicago, all the bells were madly 
 rung, salutes were fired, schools dismissed, business suspended, 
 men embraced each other in the streets and wept, processions 
 were extemporized, omnibuses, express wagons, teams and 
 drays, filled with the shouting multitude, drove through the 
 principal thoroughfares, always stopping before the rooms of 
 the Sanitary Commission to give three hearty cheers. This 
 battle was fought on the 13th, lith, and 15th of February, 
 1862. At that inclement season, our brave troops lay outside 
 the intrenchments of the fort three successive daj^s and nights, 
 in a pelting storm of sleet and snow. They fought their way 
 to the breastworks, and over them, inch by inch ; only stop- 
 
46 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 ping when darkness covered them. At the close of the third 
 day, victory perched on the banner of freedom ; but not until 
 it had been dyed in the blood of its defenders. Gen. Grant 
 received the surrender of 10,000 men, under the rebel Gen. 
 Buckner ; and thus commenced that series of successes that 
 placed the rank and file of our army in the foremost line of 
 the world's armies, and its gallant leader at the very height 
 of military renown — the Commanding General of the unpar- 
 alleled armies of the Union. 
 
 In the midst of the hosannas of the multitude, a pang shot 
 through my heart when I thought of the sacrifice the victory 
 had cost, of the mangled bodies, open graves, broken hearts, 
 and scattered hopes that must follow in its train. I had not, 
 however, comprehended the full reality of the war till I 
 reached Cairo. At home, society was imdisturbed, business 
 prosperous, places of amusement filled, churches sustained, 
 schools well patronized, people marrying and given in 
 marriage, one going to his farm, and another to his mer- 
 chandise, as though the voice of war had not been heard n 
 the land, and no sacrifices were necessary. The second call 
 for 300,000 more^ had not yet heen heard in almost every home 
 in the land. 
 
 At Cairo, every step kept time to martial law and music. 
 The tramp, tramp, tramp, of the Boys in Blue muttered 
 from morn till night. Military sentinels met lis at every 
 turn. The fife and drum piped and rolled incessantly. 
 Transports, laden to the guards with their precious living 
 freight, were constantly arriving from above, and leaving 
 for the Tennessee, where the Western army was massing for 
 a prospective conflict — none knew when nor where. 
 
BATTLE OF PITTSBURG LAIJDING. 47 
 
 It proved to be Pittsburg Landing, which, bloody battle was 
 fought soon after, on the 6th and 7th of April, when the 
 Western Union Army, under Gen. Grant, and the flower of 
 the rebel army, under Gens. Johnston and Beauregard, met 
 and tested their strength, and fought with desperation, both 
 sides feeling that the result of that battle would, to a great 
 extent, settle the question of the Western campaign. The 
 rebel force had the advantage of the attach^ under their 
 chosen leaders, and perfect confidence of victory, which for 
 the first day appeared to favor them. Troops less brave 
 and staunch than ours, would have been faint-hearted ; per- 
 haps surrendered. But No Fail was there ; and when the 
 artillery was massed and skilfully disposed by Gen. Web- 
 ster, the able chief of artillery, the gunboats brought into 
 action, and Buell's command came up double-quick, after a 
 forced march of forty miles, and rushed into action with an 
 eagerness and enthusiasm that inspired the army, the tide 
 turned. A battle-field miles in circumference, watered with 
 human blood, and strewn with the mangled frames of 20,000 
 men on both sides, told the story of the desperation of the 
 fight, and the value of the victory. 
 
 I was surprised when visiting the East, the following 
 autumn, to find that the importance and magnitude of this 
 fearful struggle, which commenced at Shiloh and culminated 
 at Pittsburg Landing, was not appreciated there, as it was 
 nearer to the scene of action. It must be remembered that 
 representative portions of the flower of the Southern army, 
 magnificently drilled and equipped, were there. I heard an 
 officer who was engaged in the first brigade that met the foe, 
 say, that m the midst of all the excitement of a sudden call 
 
48 TKE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 to meet the outaumbering force, he could but admire the 
 advancing host as it marched forward in line of battle, three 
 deep, with the artillery at stated intervals, well covered, the 
 silver equipments of the New Orleans Orescent Brigade glit- 
 tering in the morning sunlight, and the well-drilled divisions, 
 with their banners aloft, moving almost as one man, without 
 a sound or a cry, although our musketry was pouring into 
 them. They did not return the fire till within a hundred 
 and fifty yards, when every weapon of war was let loose on 
 both sides, and such a fire of musketry poured out as 
 literally drowned the artillery, and cut off the tops of an acre 
 of saplings not thicker than a man's thumb, till they looked 
 as though they had been mown by a giant reaper. The 
 people of the South had, has it were, staked their all on this 
 battle, and were sure to win, they thought. Their plans 
 were adroitly laid. Home traitors in the Northern States 
 were their, sworn allies, and stood ready to aid and abet 
 them when they should have wiped out the Union Army, 
 or so effectually crippled it that they could " carry the war 
 into Africa." Telegraph wires were to be cut, transports and 
 rolling-stock of the railroads seized, great pork and grain 
 warehouses, and government stores, appropriated for future 
 operations, with the prestige of victory to inspire their men. 
 It may be said, this could -not be ; nevertheless, the raids 
 into Pennsylvania and Maryland, admonish us that if the 
 victory of Shiloh had been a defeat, the soil of our loyal 
 North Western States would have been drenched with the 
 blood of her brave volunteers, an immense amount of prop- 
 erty destroyed, treason inspired and strengthened, and the 
 glorious consummation deferred, God only knows how long. 
 
HOME TRAITORS— PASSAGE OF TROOPS AT ST. LOUIS. 49 
 
 * 
 
 The gloom that pervaded the country before the victory at 
 Donelson, was but a faint shadow of the gloom that defeat ■ 
 at Shiloh would have caused. All honor then to the heroes 
 of these bloody fights ! They stood like a living wall of 
 adamant between us and destruction, and silenced forever 
 the vain boast, that " one rebel could whip five Yankees." _ 
 Every blue-coat should be sacred, and the wives and chil- 
 dren of every man who fell in our defense, be considered as 
 our own charge, to be cared for and trained for usefulness. 
 The day of this fearful battle of Pittsburg Landing we spent 
 at Mound City Hospital, whose beds were soon after filled 
 with its suffering heroes. 
 
 But to return to our journey and a point of time prior to 
 this memorable battle, "We found the warlike atmosphere 
 and military display at St. Louis, our next point, still more 
 imposing and thrilling. The business of the city was pros- 
 trated by the closing of the Mississippi, and by the treason 
 of a large portion of her citizens. Whole blocks of stores 
 were occupied as hospitals or military headquarters. Five 
 thousand men, fully equipped, and two batteries with their 
 guns, carriages and horses, passed through the main streets 
 of St. Louis, on their way to the Tennessee, the day after 
 our arrival there. The sight was not only novel, but sub- 
 lime. The determined and solemn tread of the men, thfe 
 grim looks of the " war-dogs," and the tearful interest and 
 solemn silence of the crowd of spectators, said that this was 
 no holiday parade, but a stake for life or death. • One 
 young captain, who had travelled from Gentralia with us, 
 lightly touched his cap as he passed the Planters' House; 
 but even his joyous face was sobered. These troops reached 
 
50 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 t 
 Pittsburg Landing Just in time for the battle, and their ranks 
 
 were fearfully thinned by those two long days of stand-up 
 fight, without intrenckments on either side — the only such in- 
 stance on the record of the war of the rebellion. The loss to the 
 Union Army is variously estimated at from 10,000 to 15,000 
 men, and on the enemy's side an equal number put ^^hors de 
 combat." 
 
 The fortifications of St. Louis were complete and sightly. 
 General Fremont had spared neither pains nor expense in 
 their erection and perfection. The breastworks were sodded 
 like hanging gardens, and the trenches, with their budding 
 green borders, looked peaceful and inviting. The huge guns 
 were polished to silvery brightness, and stood with open 
 mouths gaping at the city, ready to pour a storm of iron hail 
 into her bosom, if she raised her hand against the stars and 
 stripes. These peacemakers proved their right to the title. 
 Our chief interest and occupation, however, were our visits to 
 the numerous hospitals, then filled and in successful opera- 
 tion, in St. Louis ; and the Soldiers' Home, just inaugurated. 
 
 South-west Missouri had become the earliest battle-ground 
 of the war, owing to the persistent treason of a large portion 
 of her inhabitants, under the lead and inspiration of General 
 Price. St. Louis, consequently, became the Headquarters 
 of the Military Department of the "West. During the sum- 
 mer of 1861, the battles of Boonville, Dug Spring, Carthage, 
 and Wilson's Creek (the monument and mausoleum of the 
 renowned Gen. Lyon), had been fought with desperate valor 
 and bloody results. The spontaneous creation, organization 
 and irnmediate action of so large an army, fully accounted 
 for the small amount of preparation for the care of the sick 
 
"WEST. SAN. COMM. AND BATTLE OF PEA SIDGE. 51 
 
 and wounded. The absence of railroad facilities in the im- 
 mediate neighborhood of these battles, added greatly to their 
 horrors. After the battle of "Wilson's Creek, which was to 
 Missouri what Shiloh was to the West, several hundred of 
 our wounded men were carried in ambulances and army- 
 wagons from Springfield to Rolla, over rough roads, a dis- 
 tance of one hundred and twenty miles. At this point, the 
 terminus of the south-west branch of the Pacific Railroad, they 
 were transferred to cars, in which they could be more easily 
 moved to St. Louis, where the hospital accommodations 
 were found to be entirely inadequate to their comfortable 
 reception. 
 
 At this particular time, Miss D. L. Dix, a lady whose emi- 
 nence^in the cause of suffering humanity is well known to 
 the public, was providentially in St. Louis. After a confer- 
 ence with her, G-en. Fremont issued an order for the estab- 
 lishment of a Western Sanitary Commission. James B. 
 Yeatman, Esq., was President of the organization, and Rev. 
 W. Eliot, D.D., his able and faithful co-laborer. C. S. 
 Grreely, Esq., J. B. Johnson, M.D., and George Partridge, 
 Esq., composed the remainder of the board. 
 
 From the commencement to the close of the war our sol- 
 diers endured untold hardships, and manifested unflinching 
 courage and patience. There was a large balance, however, 
 in favor of those engaged in the campaigns of the last two 
 years of the war. The thorough organization of the Medical 
 Bureau, and increase of the supply-table, the complete ar- 
 rangements and facilities for the transportation of the sick 
 and wounded, greatly mitigated the sufferings of the pa- 
 tients. The growing confidence of the people in the Sanitary 
 
52 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Commissions, andtHe substaiitial aid afforded them, enabled 
 . their officers to cooperate much more efficiently with the 
 medical staff of the army, and render theni that aid they so 
 much required in the discharge of their multiform and ardu- 
 ous duties. The later battles were also mainly fought within 
 the I'each of facilities for transportation by rail or water, and 
 thus the poor boys were saved torturing journeys in army 
 wagons, or at best, in ambulances, oyer roads almost impass- 
 able, over hills almost mountains, over corduroy roads, or 
 bridgeless streams, ' through a country infested with gueril- 
 las, and stripped asbare of food for men or horses, as if an 
 army of locusts had swept over it. There were then com- 
 paratively few hospital garments, delicacies, or even stimu- 
 lants or sedatives, to nerve the poor fellows for frightful 
 operations, or the indescribable tortures of these rough 
 journeys. 
 
 At the battle of Pea Eidge, which was fought on the 7th 
 of March, 1862, when the Union army, led by General Curtis, 
 whipped the rebels, who were thrice their number, we had 
 about a thousand killed and wounded. The battle-field was 
 two hundred and fifty miles beyond Eolla;; badly wounded 
 men could not be removed such a distance, with such insuf- 
 ficient transportation, and were consequently obliged to 
 depend on extemporized hospitals, consisting of churches, 
 barns, public buildings, or the ' dwellings of their ene- 
 mies, totally unsuited to their necessities; or were sent 
 forward to Springfield, one hundred and thirty miles distant, 
 because there was no place for them at a nearer point. My 
 blood chills as I pen these lines ; for I remember the agony 
 of those whom I have seen carefully borne on stretchers 
 
SUFFERINaS OF THE WOUNDED IN TEANSPORTATION. 53 
 
 properly stimulated, skilfully treated, and supplied with all 
 the comforts and delicacies of the Sanitary Commissions. 
 What must have been the sufferings of these earlier heroes 
 of the war, when racked and torn with joltings that taxed 
 my utmost strength, when in perfect health, in a few miles' 
 ride, God and themselves only know; but through all this, 
 their patience &iled not, and their fortitude remained un- 
 shaken. I Well remember, while in St. Louis, meeting a 
 sanitary agent who had just returned from a journey to take 
 supplies to the sufferers at Pea Eidge. He said he had seen 
 a deal of war before, but never such a mass of mangled, 
 parched, filthy, unshaven and unshorn humanity as he saw at 
 Pea Eidge. I asked how they bore this accumulation of 
 horrors. " Like angels, not men," he said ; " and were as 
 grateful for the supplies I took them as if they had been 
 convicts, not heroes who had earned them ! " This spirit was 
 born with the army, and remained with it from the begin- 
 ning to the end, and has baffled all investigation to discover 
 its cause. It was one manifestation of God's power in the 
 work of our national redemption. 
 
 But to the hospitals. In some respects, the arrangements 
 of those in St. Louis differed from any that we have seen else- 
 where during- the war. A large marble, front building, five 
 stories high, had been rented at a nominal price, and fitted up 
 as a military hospital. In the nature of the case, the ventila- 
 tion could not be as perfect as in a building erected for the 
 purpose ; but the admirable arrangements for bathing, diet- 
 kitchens, and all possibilities of light and air, marvellously 
 supplied the deficiency. An efficient, intelligent, and refined 
 female was placed in charge of the diet-kitchen, which means 
 
54 THE BOYS IK BLUB. 
 
 simply a room, range, and cooking-utensils, suitable for the; 
 preparation of delicacies for the sick. The specialty to which. 
 I refer is this ': over the wards of these hospitals presided ten- 
 der, earnest women, from the best families of the city, who 
 had volunteered to visit them daily, administer to the comfort 
 and welfare of their inmates in various ways, and see that 
 each man was supplied with all that he required or desired, 
 if suitable for him. The effect of this arrangemeat was more 
 easily- felt than described. 
 
 I have visited many institutions more spacious, com- 
 plete, scientific, and inviting in their externals; but have 
 never seen one that had such a home-like air, such an 
 obaTwIon of manner among the inmates, such a perfect 
 confidence, manly independence, and manifest sense of. 
 motherly and sisterly kindness, as the St. Louis Fifth Street 
 Hospital, except Mother Bickerdyke's hospital at the Gay- 
 oso Block, Memphis — in fact, wherever she was found. We 
 had an admirable opportunity of witnessing the routine of 
 these noble women's daily hospital labors, as we sojourned 
 under the roof of an old and dear friend at St. Louis, who 
 not only stood firm when patriotism was at a discount, but 
 devoted herself and her abundant means to the relief of the 
 suffering soldiers. A daughter at home conducted the cor- 
 respondence for the ward, notified wives and mothers that 
 their loved ones were smitten with disease, or prostrate with 
 wounds, or perchance sleeping the sleep that knows no 
 waking. A precious lock was clipped from each weary 
 head before it was laid away to rest. The cherished photo- 
 graph of wife or mother, that had been carried next his heart 
 or clasped in his dying hand, the porte-mo'nnaie, the watch, 
 
ST. LOUIS HOSPITAL. 54 
 
 the chain, the knife, the Testament— almost the only treas- 
 ures a soldier can cling to through the march and fight — 
 were carefully secured and transmitted, with words of love 
 and sympathy, as if from the pen of kindred. 
 
 Bach day, as we sat at breakfast, large covered baskets 
 were brought in, filled with choice dainties from the bounti- 
 ful table, and a raid made on the" well-filled larder of the 
 cook. She received her orders for so many gallons of soup 
 at noon, or fresh boiled eggs, or rice puddings, or sago, or 
 jelly, as the case might be, for each man had been consulted, 
 his wants recorded and gratified, unless forbidden by the 
 surgeon. The sons were delegated to purchase oranges and 
 grapes, to be carried to the ward at such an hour. The 
 carriage was ready to convey us thither when we rose from 
 the table, the mistress of the mansion; oftentimes, not to 
 return to her luxurious home till daylight had departed. 
 "Within a stone's throw dwelt two noble women of large 
 means, who had come from Philadelphia and joined in this 
 labor of love and patriotism. Years afterwards they had the 
 mournful privilege of sheltering one of St. Louis's noblest 
 hospital laborers in their Philadelphia home, when she had 
 contracted a fatal disease in a hospital of that city, where she 
 was studying surgical nursing foy the purpose of laboring as 
 nurse for the soldiers more efficiently than ever. The very 
 countenances of the men told the tale of such womanly, 
 refined, unselfish devotion to their interests. When no 
 minister of God was near, these holy women read the Bible 
 and prayed with the humble, oft penitent heroes, and went 
 down with them to the shores of the silent river. 
 
 One morning, when walking a ward of the Fifth Street 
 
§6 THE BOYS IN BLUE.; 
 
 Hospital, we Noticed a mutilated and attenuated form, his foot 
 amputated, and his face literally turned to the' wall. Moi-; 
 tification had .commenced, a secondary operation had been' 
 declared useless, and he had been told he must die before the 
 rising of another sun. His spirit rose in rebellion. He said 
 he could not die, without seeing his wife and child. The 
 doctor must save him that long, and then he relapsed into 
 gloomy silence. The gentle woman in charge of the ward 
 bent oyer him till the big tears plashed on his despairing 
 f^ce. She did not, speak for some minutes; then, clasping 
 her hands, in a low tone she prayed for him. The heavenly 
 medicine reached the heart; the stern will was subdued. 
 He joined in her petition for resignation, arid at the close 
 devoutly said, " Thy will, Lord, be done." He then, 
 requested that a letter might be written to his wife, contain- 
 ing his last message of love and hopes of heaven, where be 
 was sure to meet her ; and added, " Don't forget to send her 
 a, lock of my hair ; she'll think a sight of it." He asked one 
 more favor : "..Won't you stay with me to the last, dear lady, . 
 if you can stand it?',' ".I will," she replied; and she did; 
 As the shades of evening gathered, she clipped the lock of 
 hair and .closed tha sightless eyes, and then went home to 
 write to Mai'y and the little one. 
 
 ; In a ward of the Fourth Street Hospital lay a rebel drum^. 
 mer-boy. He had evidently been trained by a tender mother, 
 and received a mother's care in the hospital. After many 
 fluctuations between life and death, the scale went down, 
 and the surgeon told the lady visitor she must tell her 
 young charge he had but a few days to live. "With 
 a- faint heart, but with motherly tenderness, she fulfilled 
 
REBEL DSUMMER-BOY. 57 
 
 the sad task. Herwas greatly distressed at. first; and 
 said, " 0! canH I see my molher?" "No, my boy," she 
 replied, "but /will be your mother, and write to her, and 
 tell her all about you, and just what you tell me." He was 
 comforted ; and after lying silent for a while, looked up. 
 " Tell her," he said, drawing his little Testament from under 
 his pillow, "I have read this whenever I could, and never 
 forgotten what she taught me about Jesus. Tell her I love 
 Him, and hope to meet her in heaven." . He then looked ear^ 
 nestly at the lady and said, " Can you love me when I am 
 on the other side?" "Surely I can, my dear boy; you 
 knew not what you did." She saw there was something 
 unasked that he wanted, and she pressed him to tell hen 
 "Lady," said he, "will you kiss me like my mother, every 
 day while I live, and when I come to die will you stay with 
 me and kiss me at the last?" "I will," she said, stooping 
 over, and giving him his mother's kiss. And so she did 
 daily, and it always brought a grateful smile of love.i At 
 last the shadow of the sable-winged messenger deepened, 
 and the' boy sank rapidly.. The surgeon endeavored to per- 
 suade the faithful watcher to leave, as she was weary, and 
 the boy unconscious. She refused, for she had given heu 
 word she would remain till the last, and she did. When 
 the spirit seemed almost gone, earth receding, and heaven 
 opening, she bent over him and imprinted oae last kiss on 
 the marble brow. The thin fingers that she held quivered, 
 the eyes faintly opened, and the shadow of a smile flitted 
 over the pale face. 
 
 I cannot take -leave of St. Louis and its noble men and 
 women, without bearing my feeble testimony to the admira- 
 
58 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 ble organization and efficient management of the various 
 branches of hospital relief under their care. James B. 
 Teatman, Esq., devoted his entire time to the work of the 
 Commission, and brought all his rare executive ability, large 
 business experience, and humane heart, to bear upon this 
 great scheme of benevolence and patriotism. Not satisfied 
 with incessant labor at home, he visited the active field of 
 almost the entire Western army, and from personal inspec- 
 tion and contact with the men, became infused with their 
 spirit, appreciated and understood them and their necessities. 
 His' courtesies, and the opportunities afforded to us as dele- 
 gates of the N'orth-Western branch of the United States Com- 
 mission, were of much value, and were gratefully appreciated. 
 Dr. Eliot, his co-laborer, is so extensively known for his 
 ability, earnestness, and single-heartedness, that it will be 
 readily understood that two such men, sustained and sur- 
 rounded by the noble band of women with whom we met, 
 and of whom we heard, were able to perform a work and 
 bless our Union army, so as to turn back the stealthy foe, and 
 with God's blessing save thousands of lives and incalculable 
 suffering. I will only add, that from the beginning to the end 
 of the war, the "Western Commission and the United States 
 Sanitary Commission, of which I shall soon , speak, walked 
 side by side in the Western armies, and maintained to the 
 last good-fellowship and wholesome rivalry without jealousy 
 or vituperation. 
 
SKETCH OF U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 59 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 Sketcli of U. S. Sanitary Commission. — Its origia. — Its work in hos- 
 pital cars and at the battles of Eastern and Western armies.— Poetic 
 contribution by a private. — Dr. Bellows and Mr. Teatman. 
 
 From the fact that the supplies of the United States Sanir 
 tary Commission were found not |,o be keeping pace with the 
 expansion of the army, it was determined by the members 
 of that Commission to call together the female representatives 
 of its various branches, in order to organize more thoroughly 
 the work of supply, and secure a steady, reliable stream of 
 those comforts, found by the experience of almost two years, 
 to be so indispensable to the relief of sick and wounded 
 soldiers. Mrs. Livermore and myself were selected by the 
 Board of the Chicago, or North- Western Branch, to represent 
 them in the Woman's Council, held at Washington, Novem- 
 ber, 1862. In the face of almost insuperable obstacles of a 
 domestic character, we yielded to their urgent wishes and 
 attended the meeting. 
 
 We had both labored with the Commission from the begin- 
 ning of the war, as occasion demanded, but were not familiar 
 with its history or plans ; content to work as opportunity 
 offered. At Washington we met the representative women 
 of all the Eastern branches, but none from the West. We 
 had the privilege, while there, of ascertaining the cause and 
 
f,(J THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 JFacts of the origin of this great organization, its animus and 
 modus operandi. A brief sketch of what we learned on these 
 niatters, will be a proper introduction to the account of our 
 visit to Washington, which was fraught -with interesting inci- 
 dents, and led us into the war life, which occupied all our 
 powers of body and mind, from that time till the collapse of 
 the rebellion. The necessity , for an organized effort to miti- 
 gate the horrors of war^ and prevent or alleviate the sufferings 
 of our brave volunteers, who had so promptly rushed -to 
 arms, occasioned the establishment of the U. S. Sanitary 
 Commission. The- experiment of rendering some such assist- 
 ance had been successfully made in the Crimean war, and had 
 •saved thonsands of lives, elevated the morale of the army, 
 and- made the name of Florence Nightingale not only immor- 
 tal, but a household word wherever Christianity prevails, as 
 the pioneer of female effort and relief in camps and hospitals. 
 - It is with some excusable pride I record the fact, that the 
 first meeting in the United States, to consider and act upon 
 the necessities of our soldiers and plan for their relief, was one 
 of fifty or sixty women, called in NewrYork, April 25, 1861, 
 just ten days after the fall of Sumter, D. D. Field, Esq., was 
 its chairman. The Rev. Dr. Bellows explained the objects of 
 the meeting. The nation was then trembling in the balance. 
 Men's hearts failed them, and their knees smote one against 
 another. Vice-President Hamlin was in !N"ew York, it was 
 said, to make such arrangements as it was feared would 
 be necessary to transfer the ofi&cial power of the Government 
 to that city, for the rebel forces threatened to interpose and 
 cut off communication with "Washington. No wonder he 
 -made an eloquent speech on that occasion. The national 
 
U. S. SANITABY COMMISSION. 6h 
 
 pulse was quickened, patriotism aroused, and in its holy 
 enthusiasm burst over all boundaries, and went on increasing 
 till, on April 15, 1865, the Stars and Stripes waved again 
 in triumph over the sea-girt walls of Sumter, as the nation 
 had declared they should. 
 
 At this woman's meeting a committee of organization was 
 appointed, that brought in articles which united the women 
 of New York in a society, called the " "Woman's Central 
 Eelief Association," which continued its faithful labors to 
 the end of the war. Dr. Bellows,, who has advised and 
 shaped to a considerable extent the benevolence of thous- 
 ands of the women of the land engaged in sanitary work. 
 ' went on to "Washington to ascertain what aid was needed 
 by the Government in this emergency, and what it would 
 permit a voluntary association to do. "While there, to use 
 the words of. another, he arrived at. the basis of the 
 Sanitary Commission, and thus "the wisdom and devotion 
 of one man gained on that day the greatest relief to suflPering , 
 humanity, ever wrought out by any human organization." 
 In the face of overwhelming labors already pressing upon 
 him. Dr. Bellows accepted the position of President of the 
 United States Sanitary Commission, and performed its hercu- 
 lean labors to the end of the war, never relaxing his zeal or 
 efforts, and has received as the only reward for this self-sacrir 
 ficing labor, the approval of his own conscience, and a knowl- 
 edge of the vast amount of relief the Commission has been 
 able to bestow on our sick and suffering- army. 
 
 On the 9th of June, 1861, the Commission was ordered by 
 Simon Cameron, Secretary of "War, and approved by the Pre- 
 sident. The Board of the "Clnited States Sanitary Commission 
 
62 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 added to its numbers from time to time, till they increased to 
 twenty-one. The doctor was singularly favored in his asso- 
 ciates. They were such men as Dr. Elisha Harris, Professors 
 A. D. Bache and "Wolcott Gibbs, the able and administrative 
 Drs. Van Buren and Agnew, the skilful financier and faithful 
 treasurer, George T. Strong, Esq.,' &c., and that marvellous 
 genius of organization, F. Law Olmstead, who took tbe great 
 Conception of the Commission, moulded and elaborated it 
 into an almost perfect system. Thus managed, it went for- 
 ward in its labor of love, with a widening, deepening chan- 
 nel ; its wants fully supplied to the end, by the increased 
 confidence and love of the people. The munificence of Cali- 
 fornia to the United States Sanitary Commission was remark- 
 able. She pledged herself for the sum of $25,000 monthly 
 during the war, and expressed entire confidence in the wis- 
 dom of its management, placing no limitation as to the dis- 
 tribution of her funds. This prompt and liberal assistance, 
 and constant support in the early history of the Commission, 
 enabled it to continue its disbursements, and carry out its 
 great and varied plans of relief, until success had secured 
 the confidence of the people, and stimulated supplies in pro- 
 portion to necessities. 
 
 The work of the U. S. Sanitary Commission was twofold 
 —prevention and relief. Although in the prosecution of its 
 vast labors, the system was greatly extended and elaborated, 
 its entire work, might properly be classed under these two 
 heads, thus proving the breadth and wisdom of its conception. 
 
 The Sanitary Commission was never intended to supplant 
 or interfere with the Government in its care of the troops. 
 It was the supplement to the Medical Department, and was 
 
U. S. SANITARY COMMISSIOK. 63 
 
 rendered necessary by the sudden expansion of the army 
 and the incapacity of the Medical Bureau to meet the result- 
 ing exigency. It proposed by careful inspection and re- 
 search, to ascertain the most approved methods of sanitary 
 "reform in camps and hospitals, and by tracts, personal effort, 
 and counsel with the medical staff, to introduce them into 
 the army. It aimed to be, and was, the handmaiden of our 
 beneficent government; not her critic or her foe. It was 
 the golden link that bound " the boys in blue" to their homes 
 of love and comfort. It was the magnetic zone that encircled 
 the army, and by establishing the silent but significant inter- 
 course that reached everywhere, and was constantly main- 
 tained, elevated the morak of our unexampled army, and 
 made them feel, though they had gone out from us they 
 were still of us. 
 
 I shall endeavor to show the modus operandi of the U."S. 
 Sanitary Commission, by representative cases, as I proceed 
 with this narrative, believing that these illustrations will bet- 
 ter prove its work than bare statistics or general statements. _ 
 
 Whenever I visited the army, it was under the auspices of 
 this Commission, consequently the scenes I portray, and the 
 incidents I relate, were met in connection with that organi- 
 zation. My statements of the extensive relief and comfort 
 that I saw given to our suffering soldiers, are the best refu- 
 tation I can furnish of the industriously circulated slanders 
 that nothing scarcely reached the soldiers. The most em- 
 phatic denial that I can offer to the sweeping denunciations 
 of surgeons, female nurses, and hospital stewards, is to state 
 what I witnessed of their laborious and faithful efforts in be- 
 half of the army. The most comprehensive view I can ira- 
 
64 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 part of the women's portion of tMs work, is to ptotograpli 
 an aid society, and ask you to multiply it by 15,000, The 
 best idea I can convey of the sacrifices of wives and mothers, 
 is to hold up isolated cases, and ask you to multiply them 
 indefinitely. ' ' ' • ' 
 
 At tte close of this brief and imperfect outline of the con- 
 ception, organization and intentions of the Commission, I 
 proceed to give a rapid sketch of its relief work in -different 
 departments of the Union army. In the commencement of 
 its, work, the U. S. Sanitary Commission confined its distri- 
 bution of supplies to the sick of the fresh regiments, constantly 
 arriving at "Washington^ . 
 
 From the confusion and inexperience consequent on a new 
 and sudden organization, it was impossible for the officers of 
 the army to meet these exigencies. After the disastrous 
 flight at Bull Eun, the relief work began, by supplying the 
 fainting fugitives with cold water. While the Army of the 
 Potomac lay around Washington, the" Commission gave 
 . relief to each- regiment, and sent supplies to th"e wounded, 
 after the battles of' Edwards' Ferry, Ball's Bluff, and 
 Drainesyille. The full strength of the newly-fledged powers 
 of th& Sanitary Commission in the relief work, were- not 
 developed and exercised till the Peninsular campaign of the 
 spring and summer of 1862. At that time the Commission 
 applied to the Quartermaster-Greneral for a steamer, to be 
 used as a hospital transport. The Secretary of War issued 
 an order to that effect, and the Daniel Webster was assigned 
 to the Commission, April 25, 1862, for the reception and 
 conveyance of sick and wounded soldiers. Then followed 
 the Ocean Queen, capable of containing one thousand 
 
Y. VOLS. 65 
 
 patients, and tte Elm City, and tlie Knickerbocker, and 
 
 ft 
 Spanlding, etc., etc., in quick succession. 
 
 These steamers went back and fortb from battle-fields to 
 Nortbern hospitals like winged messengers of mercy. Could 
 the cabins and decks of these vessels tell the story of the ago- 
 nies within their precincts, and disclose to the patient home- 
 workers who supplied the funds and filled the store-houses of 
 the Sanitary Commission, the blessed results of their work, 
 methinks the heart of every man, woman, and child who had 
 helped to work out this great salvation of our army would 
 leap with joy, and the hearts and hands of those who withheld 
 both time and money would be paralyzed at their own sapine- 
 ness. The beautiful manifestation of the love and heroism of 
 the laborers in those revolting scenes would appear, as it was, 
 the silver lining to the cloud of war. Their names, like the 
 "Boys in Blue" whom they won back again to life, are 
 unheralded with victories, but are recorded higher up, where 
 "God seeth not as man seeth, and judgeth not as man 
 judgeth." The following graceful tribute to one of these 
 hidden workers expresses the prevailing feeling of the " rank 
 and file" toward these ministering angels. As they are the 
 production of a private's pen, and the tribute of a private's 
 heart, they are eminently entitled to a place in this volume. 
 They were written by a member of the 16th Eegiment, New 
 
 York Volunteers, and addressed to Mrs. , after being 
 
 under her care on a Commission boat at White House:— 
 
 " Prom, old St. Paul till now, 
 Of honorable women not a few 
 Have left their golden ease, in love to do 
 The saintly work which Chris1>-like hearts pursue. 
 5 
 
66 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 "And such art thou — Grod's fair apostle — 
 Bearing his love in war's horrific .train ;, 
 Thy blessed feet follow its ghastly pain, 
 And misery and death without disdain. 
 
 " To one borne from the sullen battle's roar, 
 Dearer the greeting of thy gentle eyes, 
 "When he aweary, torn, and bleeding, lies, 
 Than all the glory that the victors prize. 
 
 " "When peace shall come, and homes shall smUe again, . 
 A thousand soldiers' hearts in Northern climes, 
 Shall tel their little children in their rhymes 
 Of the sweet saint who blest the old war times." 
 
 The Sanitary Commission aimed at military exactness 
 and method in its work, in order to secure the greatest 
 possible amount of relief in the shortest time, and not to 
 interfere with, established army regulations. The charge of 
 red-tape, that was sometimes urged against its work, grew 
 out of the methodical arrangement of the various parts. ISTo 
 human organization is perfect ;. consequently,^ by the ineffi- 
 ciency or carelessness of agents, no doubt at times there was 
 unnecessary delay. In my extended experience in the work 
 of the Commission, I am prepared to testify, that its strict 
 adherence to method and precision, maintained to the last 
 the confidence of the army and the people. 
 
 As an exemplification of this organized method, the corps 
 of workers for hospital transports was subdivided into squads. 
 At the landing on" the Potomac, to which the; eastern boats 
 returned from northern hospitals, was a certain number of 
 men and women, under the guidance and direction of Mr. 
 Olmstead, who for a time gave himself, with all his com- 
 
HOSPITAL TBANSPOETS. • 67 
 
 manding executive atility, to this work. When the freight 
 or hospital cars from the battle-field, or ambulances and 
 stretchers from nearer hospitals arrived, they were ready for 
 them. The stretchers were carried up the companion-way, 
 or elevated by pulleys, lowered in the same manner to the 
 cabin, and the men then hoisted to the berths, or placed 
 
 •on cots. Many of these men were raving in the delirium 
 of fever, fainting from exhaustion, or maddened with 
 festering or undressed wounds, unamputated limbs, and rag- 
 ing thirst, whicb must be quenched before the removal could 
 take place. Sometimes these terrible processions came so 
 thick and fast, that every berth was filled ; then the cabin- 
 floor, then the guards and the gang- way and hurricane- 
 deck and the hold, till the vessel, from stem to stern, became 
 a mass of wounds and bruises and putrefying sores. So 
 closely were these men packed, that scarce room was left 
 to plant tjie foot of relief without touching the quivering 
 mass of nerves. Even if the foot of the merciful found a 
 base of operations, it was oft-times submerged in the blood ' 
 of the sufferers. Thus it was after'Shiloh's bloody battle. The 
 cabin floor of the hospital boat, where the operations were 
 performed, ran in streams of blood, and legs and arms, as 
 they were rapidly dismembered, formed a stack of human 
 
 •limbs. 
 
 Those men and women who went from Chicago to Cairo, 
 to meet the boats bearing the wounded from Pittsburg 
 Landing, and had courage to enter these receptacles of 
 human misery, carrying cold water, stimulants, sponges ^nd 
 bandages, thought their dreadful work was done when they 
 had waded through three decks of mangled heroes. When 
 
68 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 about to leave, they heard piteous moans. Following them, 
 they reached the hold of the vessel that was crowded with 
 the worst cases, begging' for water, air, or wife or child, to 
 help them. As they stood petrified with horror, the gurgling 
 and gasping sound of dissolving nature was heard. Little 
 could be seen, for darkness reigned, except the dim light of 
 the lantern, which only served to make the darkness visibl^ 
 'Twas well perhaps this hold of misery was curtained, for 
 that night of horrors would bear no additions. Stretchers 
 were brought, and these battered, often almost remnants of 
 bodies, were tenderly laid upon th^, carried to the ampu- 
 tation-room or hospitals, where clean cots, gleaming white 
 sheets, pillow-slips, fresh bandages and shirts, restoratives or 
 sedatives were applied, life restored sufficiently to open eyes, 
 and loosen tongues to cry out, " Oh ! this is just like home." 
 Miss Safford, of Cairo, met many such fearful proces- 
 sions. Her slight form and elastic step, seemed not to 
 touch the plank as she flew down with her basket ori her 
 arm, and found a footing as a bird does on a spray ; and so 
 the soldiers called her the " Cairo Angel." With a calm 
 dignity and self-poise that never blanched at any sight of 
 horror, with a quiet energy and gentle authority that com- 
 manded willing obedience, she gave her orders to the nurses, 
 dressers and stewards, till rapidly and imperceptibly shd? 
 brought light out of darkness, and order out of confusion. 
 She toiled on thus a year or more, in connection with 
 the North-western Branch U. S. Sanitary Commission, 
 spending largely of her own means, and washing even the 
 dust-stained feet of the suffering heroes, till the frail form 
 bent lower and still lower, the color faded from her cheek. 
 
HOSPITAL TRANSPORTS. ' 69 
 
 the light from her eye, the spring from her step, and her 
 loving friends forced her away from her labor of love to 
 sunny France and Italy, and the bracing air of the Alps, to 
 drink in fresh health. After years of suffering, she still 
 lives, alas ! not yet restored. " God bless the Cairo Angel," 
 say the " heroes of the rank and file ;" and so say all that knew 
 her and her blessed work. To go back to Yorktown, White 
 House, or Harrison's Landing, the successive bases of the 
 Sanitary Commission on the Potomac. A second squad of 
 the hospital corps was detailed to accompany the patients 
 North, to the hospitals. These patient workers were taxed 
 to the utmost to meet the continued requisition s*f hospital 
 transports. I have labored on more than one of these, and 
 can testify, no duty was more exhausting in its character, 
 nor more important in its results. ' It lacked the excite- 
 ment of the first rush of the army of sufferers, but required 
 that patience, tenderness and skill that fail not, neither grow, 
 weaty. The number of the attendants was generally limited, 
 and the wants of the patients innumerable, as they recovered 
 consciousness, or approached convalescence. 
 
 The comprehensive and extensive system of hospital 
 transports, was continued by the Commission from this 
 time forward, in the armies of the "West as well as the East ; 
 and when the battle-field was inaccessible to water transporta- 
 tion, hospital cars, with swinging hammocks, were fitted up, 
 and kept running continually from Chattanooga to Louisville. 
 The battles of Fair Oaks, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettys- 
 burg, and the later battles in Yirginia, as well as the battles 
 of Gauley's Bridge, Donelson, Shiloh, Perrysville, Vicksburg, 
 Corinth, Missionary Eidge, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta — in 
 
70 THE BOYS IN BLUE.- 
 
 fine, the entire brilliant series of the Western battles, were 
 relieved and supplied in a surprising manner, with clothing, 
 delicacies, stimulants, vegetables, sour-krout and anti-scorbu- 
 tics,'till the Sanitary Commission became the watchword of 
 the sick soldier, and the rainbow of promise on the dark 
 cloud of war. Ship Island, the Teche country, North and 
 South Carolina, Kew Orleans — indeed, the whole Department 
 of the Gulf — shared its benefits, and at a later period in 
 the history of the war, ship-loads of supplies were sent to 
 Savannah, with the members of the Commission attending 
 . them, often at great personal sacrifice. 
 
 The work: of inspection performed by the U. S. Sanitary 
 Commission in the army, has been but little understood by 
 the people at large. Its results were prodigious, and were 
 thus appreciated by the army and sanitary workers. The 
 experience of the British troops in the Crimean war had 
 taught a fearful lesson of mortality consequent upon a lack 
 of sanitary precautions. The deaths in that army in Janu- 
 ary, 1853, amounted to ninety-seven per cent, from disease. 
 By the introduction of sanitary reforms, they were reduced 
 in ten months to twenty-five per cent. In our American 
 army, even in the swamps of the Peninsula, where malarious 
 poison was as rife and deadly as in the Crimea, the mortality , 
 did not exceed sixteen and a half per cent, from disease. No 
 one will assert that this vast difference was owing to the 
 superior material of our troops. 
 
 The experience of the Crimean war had led the Sanitary 
 Commission to investigate the subject, and their scientific 
 deductions and applications of sanitary principles,' for the pre- 
 vention as well as cure of disease in camps and hospitals, are 
 
FEDERAL PBINCIPLE OP tJ. S. SAN. COMMISSION. 71 
 
 I 
 
 the only satisfactory solution of this gratifying fact. The 
 Soldiers' Homes, Lodges, and Bests, under the care of the Sani- 
 tary Commission, were limited only by their necessity. The 
 Eack-Pay Agencies secured vast amounts of blood-bought 
 earnings that would have otherwise been lost to the brave fel- 
 lows, too feeble or too poor to prosecute their claims, and the 
 Commission has just closed this branch of its work. The 
 •Hospital Directory, established in each department of the 
 Sanitary Commission, enabled friends to ascertain the situa- 
 tion of their sick and wounded relatives, as its connection with 
 hospitals and regiments was as prompt and accurate as the 
 nature of the case would admit, and enabled thousands to 
 reach and nurse their friends, and as many more to secure 
 their precious remains. 
 
 The supply work of the Commission was placed chiefly 
 in the hands of the patriotic women of the land, who 
 stimulated and furnished the enormous amount of com- 
 forts and delicacies that saved so large a number of lives 
 and alleviated so much suffering. The system of sanitary 
 depots, hospital-transports, hospital-cars, diet-kitchens, and 
 relief-stations, completed the circle of sanitary labor, that 
 embraced in its beneficent arms the sick and wounded of the 
 Union army ; lifting them from battle-fields into stretchers 
 and ambulances, plying them with restoratives, placing them 
 in clean cots, clothing them afresh, and vigorously guarding 
 them from neglect or abuse. By its quick and untrammelled 
 movements, the Sanitary Commission often stayed the ebbing 
 tide of life, till care and nursing could complete the work of . 
 restoration. ' The entire labors of the Sanitary Commission 
 were based on the federal principle. Its ministrations were 
 
72 THE BOYS IN BLUE, 
 
 Bot limited by State boundaries, and it knew no soldiers but 
 the soldiers of the Union. Although its broad and just policy 
 excluded sectional zeal, and appealed only to the most en- 
 larged patriotism, it grew rapidly in favor, and, it is believed, 
 strengthened and developed the federal principle for which 
 our armies were contending, and which is the only true 
 basis of our nationality. 
 
 , This imperfect sketch is a bare and meagre outline of the 
 blessed work of the U. S. Sanitary Commission. Its com- 
 plete history, and the record of its teachings and experience, 
 will ere long be furnished for the satisfaction of its hearty 
 friends and liberal contributors ; also as a guide to future 
 patriots and philanthropists. 
 
CHEISTIAIT COMMISSION. 73 
 
 CHAPTEE lY. 
 
 Clhristian Commission.— Its organization, -work, and extensive useful- 
 ness. — ^Letter &om Mrs. Duffield, of Detroit. — ^Letter firom Agent of 
 Christian Commission at Brazos. — ^Ladies' Relief Society of Philadel- 
 phia. — Governors and State Sanitary Commissions. — ^Boaxd of Trade, 
 Chicago. — Lieut-Colonel J. C. Wright. 
 
 In the second year of the wax there was a strong desire on 
 the part of the Churches of the land to provide for the spirit- 
 ual wants of the soldiers, as the Sanitary Commission was 
 providing for their temporal necessities, although, as I have 
 reason to know, they often did more than that. In view of 
 the separation of these tnen from their homes and religious 
 privileges, the destitution of religious reading, and the temp- 
 tations of camp life, an organization to meet these emergen- 
 cies was formed January 28, 1862. The president of this 
 highly important organization was George H. Stuart, of 
 Philadelphia, a man eminent for religious zeal, and liberality 
 in proportion to his large means and high position. He had 
 been mainly instrumental in its formation, and continued to 
 be its ruling spirit till the close of the war. Joseph Patter- 
 son, Esq., of Philadelphia, was treasurer, and Rev. W. E. 
 Boardman, secretary. Under tjie guidance and inspiration 
 of such men, the organization rapidly grew in power and 
 influence, and extended its missionary work to a million of 
 men within the army lines — a work as sublime and extensive, 
 
74 THE BOYS IN BLUE, - 
 
 in a spiritual point of view, as that of the Sanitary Commission 
 in a temporal one. As the Christian Commission lengthened 
 it^ cords and strengthened its stakes, it was deemed expedient 
 by some of those who controlled its operations, that a provi- 
 sion for its supply work should be more extensively secured 
 within its own organization. In its earlier history the sup- 
 plies were entirely drawn by its delegates from the U. 
 S. Sanitary Commission, whose business and, pleasure it 
 was to furnish them, whenever it could be done without 
 interfering with the system.atic rules of the relief work of the 
 Commission. 
 
 In order to stimulate supplies and donations, branches 
 were established in all the loyal States, circulars and 
 appeals sent out, and meetings of a deeply interesting, 
 character held in all the principal cities, not excepting the 
 national capital. Societies, tributary to the Christian Com- 
 mission, were formed throughout the country, and a large 
 amount of money and supplies contributed. I take pleasure in 
 quoting a paragraph from the printed report of the Christian 
 Commission, published April, 1864: "Our relations to the. 
 Sanitary Commission have been of a most kind and pleasant 
 character. They have received at their storerooms, and for- 
 warded, all supplies destined for Nashville and points beyond, 
 with a degree of promptness truly commendable. The work 
 of the two Commissions has thus been blended, like the union 
 of the body and soul for which they labor." 
 
 I had the privilege of visiting the Army of the Tennessee 
 in the winter of 1863, with W. Eeynolds, Esq., the indefati- 
 gable and 'able President of the Pennsylvania Branch of the 
 Christian Commission. I also met the devoted Burnell, one 
 
LIBERAL CHRISTIAN COMMISSION. 75 
 
 of its delegates, in the swamps at Young's Point. In both 
 cases I felt the blessing of united action, and the supplemen- 
 tary relation of each Commission to the other. Mr. Eeynolds 
 was the warm friend of both Commissions, and confirmed what 
 I had heard, by saying that he blessed God for the Sanitary 
 Commission, from whose stores he drew ad libitum whenever 
 he visited the army, which was very frequently. In like 
 manner I found the stores of religious books, tracts, and 
 soldiers' hymn-books, always on hand by the Christian 
 Commission, invaluable to me in my visitations. 
 
 Some good people feared that two such great organizations 
 could not work in the same field without collision. For this I 
 could see no reason, as they formed component parts of a great 
 whole. In the words of Mrs. Isabella Duffield, of Detroit, in a 
 letter published by the Christian Commission, " I think of the 
 Christian and Sanitary Commissions as twin brothers going 
 forward to their glorious work." It must be admitted, with 
 the imperfection consequent on all human efibrts, there was 
 at times suspicion of interference. At the front, however, 
 they worked shoulder to shoulder. This I have continually 
 witnessed in the armies of the West. The Eev. Edward P. 
 Smith, a prominent official of the Christian Commission, and 
 Eev. Dr. Thompson, of New York, both bore similar testi- 
 mony in a letter published by them after visits to the army. 
 I take great pleasure in introducing a letter received by 
 E. "W. Blatchford, Esq., Treasurer of the ■•ISTorth-western 
 Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, dated 
 March 13, 1866: 
 (Copy.) Beazos, Santiago, TEXia 
 
 B. W. Blatchford, Esq.— J'ear Sir— As the work of the 
 
76 THE BOYS m BLUB.. 
 
 Christian Oommission in Texas draws to its close, I feel it to 
 be my privilege to acknowledge the receipt of large supplies 
 of stores from the North-western Sanitary Commission. 
 
 We had expected, from the nature of the supplies, to have 
 lost a large percentage in transportation, but what was 
 our joy and surprise to find, in all, only twelve packages 
 missing. One box of whiskey perished between Brazos and 
 Brownsville. I hare never known of stores being more 
 judiciously applied, especially butter and fruit, the latter of 
 which was prepared in our rooms and carried to the sick 
 three times a day. All the sick on the line of the Eio Grande 
 Eiver have not wanted for comforts during the past four 
 months. The hospital work, both at Brazos and Browns- 
 ville, has been superintended by Mrs. Jeremiah Porter (agent 
 of the North-western Branch U. S. Sanitary Commission), 
 who has been interested in the spiritual and bodily welfare 
 of our soldiers. "We thank God she has been in our midst. 
 To me the work of both Commissions has been precious, 
 and I return hence thankful that I have been privileged 
 to labor in such a heavenly field. 
 Truly yours, 
 (Signed) Wm. Kiekbt, Agent G. 0., 
 
 25ih Army Corps. 
 
 Denominations not acting with the Christian Commission, 
 formed their own organizations to supply the spiritual wants 
 of the soldiers embracing their views, and labored zealously 
 in their behalf, sending reading matter, bibles, hymn-books, 
 and delegates. I could no more tell the story of the " Boys 
 in Blue " without the Commissions and their glorious leaders. 
 
ladies' relief society of PHILADELPHIA. 11 
 
 than I could talk of tte war of the rebellion without the 
 Stars and Stripes, and Grant and Sherman. When the 
 history of this war shall be read, and its leaves turned over 
 in sickening horror, the pure white pages that tell the story 
 of the Commissions and kindred institutions, embracing in 
 their arms the sick and wounded scattered over three thou- 
 sand miles of army lines, supplying their spiritual and tem- 
 poral wants, will be as oases in the desert and springs of 
 water in a dry and thirsty land. 
 
 I would make honorable mention of still atiother associa- 
 tion, the "Ladies' Relief Society of Philadelphia." It was 
 an independent organization. Mrs. Judge Joel Jones was 
 its president; Mrs. Stephen Col well, treasurer; Mrs. Dr. 
 Harris, secretary. The indefatigable Mrs. Harris repre- 
 sented this Society in the army, and carried blessings in her 
 train. I was informed by its ofScers that almost unasked 
 ^jthe monthly contribution of $1200 was paid into the treas- 
 Tiry, and. thus supplied materials for the^continued |ferk of 
 the Society. Under the admirable management of such 
 women it became a power for good to the suffering soldiers. 
 The letters of Mrs. Dr. Harris, who writes as well as she 
 works, have been published by the Society and extensively 
 read. They are deeply interesting, and will well repay perusal. 
 The GoYERNORS of the Korth-westem States threw them- 
 selves into the army work with an- ardor that was as striking 
 as any other feature of this remarkable war. They stumped 
 their respective States to stimulate enlistments. Richard 
 Yates, Governor of Illinois, achieved miracles in this respect, 
 and then followed the brave boys to the field with sympathy, 
 love, and assistance, and frequently visited them in person. 
 
78 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Governor Harvey, the beloved ruler of "Wisconsin, found a 
 watery grave at Pittsburg Landing, whither he had gone to 
 watch over the interests of the Wisconsin soldiers : and his 
 bereaved widow has, since his death, devoted her entire time 
 to soldiers' interests. Governor Morton's careworn face, 
 when I last met him at Vicksburg, revealed the secret of 
 overtasked powers, that have since driven him to foreign 
 lands to rest and recuperate. No need to multiply names. 
 They are recorded in the nation's heart, and will adorn the 
 .page of history. 
 
 Each of these States had a Sanitary Commission called 
 by its name, which undoubtedly rendered valuable assist- 
 ance to the soldiers. During the last two years of the 
 war there was an increased preference for the federal 
 principle of the Sanitary Commission. Nevertheless, these 
 State organizations were undoubtedly of value, and were 
 the almoners of untold blessings. Has the world evea^ 
 witnegied such a^ strife for benevolent organizations, and 
 a field so thoroughly occupied, that none might be excused, 
 or rather denied, the privilege of giving and working? 
 
 From the history of the great Volunteer work for the army 
 it must not be inferred that the government was lax or ineffi- 
 cient. On the contrary, it is the universal testimony of all 
 who visited the field, and engaged in the work of the Commis- 
 sions in the later years of the war, that the beneficence of 
 the government to its army is without a parallel. Large as 
 have been the gifts of the people through the various X3om- 
 missions, they have not been a tithe of what this model 
 government expended and bestowed upon her brave sick 
 and wounded soldiers. The work of the Commissions was 
 
BOAED OP TRADE OF CHICAGO. 79 
 
 supplementary, and with fheir aid the spectacle of the hospi- 
 tals, and the small percentum of deaths from wounds and 
 sickness, ^tonished the, scientific world. The quality and 
 liberality oiThe soldiers' rations, and the comfort and char- 
 acter of their clothing .and equipments, amazed all who 
 beheld them, and were considered ample and satisfactory by 
 the " rank and file " themselves. War is not romance, but 
 terrible reality ; and with all possible and actual ameliora- 
 tions cannot be made comfortable. Of this none should com- 
 plain, but bless God that so much relief was afforded. 
 
 I would not close this sketch of patriotic benevolent efforts 
 without alluding to the noble action of the Board of Trade 
 of the city of Chicago. That organization made its record 
 in the city where I dwelt, and acted in concert with the 
 North-western Branch of the U.. S. Sanitary Commission 
 • with which I was identified ; a sufficient explanation of the 
 notice of a local and patriotic movement. 
 
 The Board of Trade and Mercantile Association of Chi- 
 cago, acted on the principle, that those who 'did not enlist 
 to fight, had work to do at home, in the way of giving time 
 and money to the cause of the country. They resolved to 
 assist the government by stimulating enlistments and form- 
 ing regiments, pledging themselves to sustain these regi- 
 ments while in the field, by special visitation and sanitary 
 assistance, and by giving a certain monthly revenue to the 
 soldiers' families at home. In this way they raised the T2d, 88th 
 and 113th regiments of Elinois Volunteers, and two batteries 
 — the Board of Trade and Mercantile batteries— and furnished 
 each with a magnificent set of silk colors, which were rent in 
 tatters, by ball and shell, and are now retained at the Chamber 
 
80 THE BOYS IN BLUE, 
 
 of Commerce, as proud memorials of the brave men wlio up- 
 held them. These regiments and batteries furnished three bre- 
 vet-brigadiers, and large numbers of of&cers froafctheir ranks. 
 For the various purposes of keeping an agent in the field, 
 sending sanitary stores, vegetables, rubber blankets, etc., etc., 
 this body raised over $100,000. In every exigency, the 
 Board of Trade stood ready with its money and its influ- 
 ence, and on one day raised $3,600, to purchase vegetables 
 for the army at Young's Point. The name of Ool. John Han- 
 cock, its earnest president, became the watchword of vigi- 
 lance, patriotism and liberality, and its list of members 
 warmly seconded him in all his movements. One of its 
 prominent members was elected colonel of the 72d regiment. 
 With rare magnanimity and honesty, he declined the honor, 
 on account of his limited military knowledge, and took the 
 secondary place of Lieut.-coloneI, which he held with great 
 honor, till he lost a limb in the first assault on Vicksburg, 
 May 19, 1864. This wound eventuated .in his death. Few 
 men have made a more honorable record, or been more 
 widely mourned than Lieut.-Col. J. 0. Wright. He was a 
 brave ofl&cer and humble Christian, fond husband and father, 
 and left not only a great breach in his regiment, but in the 
 Church and family. The city of Chicago mourned his loss 
 and paid reverence to his memory ; and the Board of Trade 
 may feel honored at having furnished from their numbe| an 
 officer so universally esteemed and deeply lamented. Its 
 able and efficient secretary, Col. Beattie, has occupied an im- 
 portant place in its record, and with faithfulness and earnest- 
 ness, used the influence of his official position to carry out 
 its patriotic schemes. 
 
■woman's council at WASHINGTON. 81" 
 
 OHAPTEE V. 
 
 The Woman's Coimoil at Wasliingtoii. — Resolutions voted.— Nortli- 
 "Westem -work. — Visit to President Lincoln. — Soldiers' Home at 
 WasMngton. — TJ. S. Sanitary Commission warehouses in Washing- 
 ton. — Douglas Hospital. — Convalescent camp incidents. — Too early 
 remoTals' from hospitals illustrated. — ^National buildings at Washing- 
 ton. — ^Long Bridge. — ^Martyrdom of Col. Ellsworth. ' ;. . - 
 
 The "Woman's Council that met at "Washington, Novem- 
 ber, 1862, was composed of women whose ability, earnestness, 
 and self-sacrifice would have done honor to any organization. 
 During its progress, full opportunity was given for free dis- 
 cussion and interchange of views. The presence and state- 
 ments of Mr. Olmstead, General Secretary of the Commis- 
 sion; Dr. ISTewberry, Associate Secretary and Superintendent 
 of the "Western Department of the Commission ; Mr. Knapp, 
 Speciar Eelief Agent; and Mr. Bloor, Corresponding Secre- 
 tary, enabled us to profit by their wisdom and experience. 
 A plan for associate managers, from the Boston Branch, 'had ^ 
 been prepared by Miss Abby May, submitted, and adopted 
 before our arrival, as we had been detained by broken 
 connections. "When called upon for our opinion, we were 
 obliged to say that the jN"orth-"West was an indeipendent, 
 vigorous, and somewhat conceited scion of a noble stock; 
 that she was rather impatient of strict rules, and had a pro- 
 digious fancy for doing things in her own way. Still we 
 
82 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 heartily approved the plan, but had permission granted to 
 vary it according to circumstances. "We stated the truth 
 when we said the North West had unfathomable depths of 
 patriotism and beneyolence, which, if wisely managed, must 
 produce large results. We promised to do what we could 
 in thoroughly organizing and developing its supplies. 
 
 At the close of the session, it was proposed, as we were a 
 delegation from an organization engaged in the relief of the 
 army, that \, --^ should ask for an interview with the Presi- 
 dent. The request was promptly granted, and eight o'clock', 
 P.M., designated as the hour for the interview. We were 
 accompanied by Mr. Olmstead, Mr. Bloor,' and an officer of 
 the U. S. Army. We waited some minutes in the private 
 drawing-room before the President appeared. , 
 
 Times were gloomy then at Washington. The army was 
 intrenching or intrenched — burning to advance, but held 
 back alternately by its leader and the autumnal rains, and 
 little substantial advantage had been gained. The men were 
 suffering greatly from low fevers and chronic dysentery, and 
 its unsatisfactory conduct impaired confidence. As we sat 
 in silence, partaking of the general gloom, Abraham Lincoln, 
 the emancipator, the honest patriot, the Christ-like man, 
 entered. His brow was deeply furrowed, his face oppres- 
 sively sad, his form slightly bowed, and his step feeble. He 
 seemed to be literally staggering under a nation's burden, 
 and we surmised had just left a perplexed and depressed 
 meeting of the cabinet. As we rose to greet him, he shook 
 each one's hand, with his awkward but touching cordiality, 
 as Mr. Olmstead introduced us one by one. When he took 
 his seat, Mr. Olmstead remarked we were a company of 
 
INTERVIEW WITH PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 83 
 
 women, representing the patriotic benevolence of various 
 sections of the country, and had come to pay our respects to 
 our honored chief magistrate, and receive words of encour- 
 agement from him that would stimulate home effort. His 
 face did not relax, and a pause ensued. He then said: 
 " Ladies, no one has the interests of the army more at heart 
 than I have. I always rejoice to»knowthey are remembered 
 and cherished ; still, great care must be taken not to tangle 
 the lines of the big team. You know, when a coaeh-and-sik 
 runs off down hill, 'tis a desperate struggle to stop it ; still 
 one hand must hold the reins." "We said we were well 
 ' aware of that, and were happy to say we represented an 
 organization that deprecated any interference with Govern- 
 ment. "We afterwards learned that so great had been the 
 fears of intermeddling entertained by the Medical Bureau, 
 that even our good President had imbibed the doubt, 
 which was afterwards, fully dispelled. After this wise cau- 
 tion, he proceeded to talk most kindly of the humanity, 
 energy, and perseverance of good women, all the world 
 over. I said, " Mr. President, have you not an encour- 
 aging word as to our country's prospects, that we may 
 take back to the ]Srorth-"West? A token from you would 
 inspire the people." With the 'sadness deepening on his 
 worn face,- he replied, " What if I have none to give?" A 
 silence that might be felt followed these dmiflous words. A 
 lady of the delegation broke the stillness by asking : " Mr. 
 President, what is the most fruitful source of discourage- 
 ment?" The President replied, "Desertion." "And what 
 the penalty of desertion? ." " Death ! " he answered. " "Why 
 not enforce it?" He hesitated, looked weary, and said with 
 
84 ■ THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 ttg simplicity of a child : " I don't like to ; I can't." I 
 thought him too merciful, then. . He may have been. I be- 
 lieved that justice to the few would be mercy to the many. 
 Still, it is a blessed memory he has left to us, that no per- 
 sonal grievance nor abuse aroused his vengeance ; and that 
 without fail, he esercised executive clemency, whenever 
 possible, especially to the, poor and lowly. Had not the 
 assassin's ball paralyzed his dying tongue, he would have 
 cried: "Father, forgive him, he knows not what he does." 
 
 After another pause, I said, " Mr. President, how is it among 
 the rebels? " A humorous smile lighted his dark visage, as 
 he said, rubbing his hands: "That's all our comfort ; there 
 are more of theirs than of ours." He talked freely of the 
 army, praised the common soldiers with' warmth, spoke 
 highly of many prominent officers, and was silent where he 
 could not' praise. As we bade him farewell, he said: "I 
 thank you for coming ; I am glad I have seen you. Go on 
 in your good work ! God bless you ! " Thus ended this 
 interview with the President. I saw him the next day, 
 under different circumstances. He appeared more cheerful ; 
 still intense sadness prevailed, and left a memory that I re- 
 joiced to have removed by my last interview with him, but 
 a short time before his death. 
 
 After the close of the session, we remained two days in 
 Washington, to visit hospitals, and the various places of the 
 Commission's work, and other points of interest. Our first 
 visit was to the "Soldiers' Home," just what its name indi- 
 dicates ; a place of refreshment, kind care, and gentle treat- 
 ment to the honorably discharged soldiers, who held an 
 intermediate position between civil and military life. It was 
 
soldiers' home, WASHINGTON. 85 
 
 to shelter tbeiii till their papers could- be found or corrected, 
 and their pay secured ; a work done gratuitously, by the 
 Back-pay Agency of the Commission. In the meantime, 
 they were cleansed, fed, clothed if necessary, and if sick, 
 placed in the hospital till able to travel, and sent on their 
 way rejoicing. - The hospital connected with this Home had 
 taken care of 935 very sick persons in nine months, during 
 which period it 'had sheltered and relieved 7,187 soldiers. 
 The 320 clean beds explained how this could be done. 
 
 The bright pleasant reading-room, bath-rooms, wash-room 
 and baggage-room, proved to us that this " Home " was worthy 
 of its name. This was one of twenty- five " Homes " of similar 
 character under th-e care of the U. S. Sanitary Commission. 
 Through the efforts of one lady, in one of these in 
 the vicinity of Washington, soldiers that were wandering 
 homeless were brought in, who received $100,000 back 
 pay, through the agency of the Commission, i^ the course 
 of one yfear. Another merciful feature of this institu- 
 tion was very gratifying. "Whenever a dispatch was sent, 
 advising its ofiicers of the approach of large bodies of wound- 
 ed men to be placed in hospitals, appliances were at hand, 
 and materials furnished, to meet them at the ddpot, with 
 wagon-loads of supplies of food, stimulants, and clothing, 
 suited to their necessities. On the same principle, in our 
 Western Department of sanitary relief work, feeding-sta- 
 tions, as they were called, were established on the long routes 
 from Chattanooga to Nashville, during the active operations 
 of the army in that section of country. As car-loads of 
 mangled heroes stopped at these stations, persons appointed 
 for the purpose entered and fed the weary travellers with hot 
 
86 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 coffee, soup, tea, soft crackers, etc., they often not knowing 
 whence the succor came. But I must not forget to speak 
 of another class that were sheltered at the "Home " in "Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 We saw several soldiers' wives and mothers, with young 
 children, seated around a plain but comfortable table. Some 
 had gone there to take home their poor maimed boys, and 
 some, their lifeless bodies. "With the recklessness of over- 
 whelming grief, they had left home without money, at a 
 venture ; and when all others forsook them, the Commission 
 took them up. "We also visited the five warehouses of the 
 Commission; alas! nearly emptied by the sick from the 
 Chickahominy. Of the 20,0D0 packages that had been sent 
 to them, but one had been lost. It could not be otherwise, 
 with such watchful care, and perfect system, difficult to find in 
 the best business houses' in civil life. "We visited numerous 
 hospitals in Washington, and found them well supplied and 
 in good order. The Douglas Hospital, which occupied the 
 former dwelling of the illustrious Illinois senator, was 
 prominent for comfort. The choice flowers that were placed 
 in vases in different rooms, gave great pleasure to the inmates, 
 and shed an air of refinement over the establishment.^ The 
 love of soldiers for flowers. and sweet perfumes was remark- 
 able. It was not uncommon to see whole regiments, in 
 pleasant weather, when marching in the South, with flowers 
 in their button-holes, caps, or on the point of their bayonets. 
 They keenly enjoyed perfumes, and the sutlers droTe a 
 thriving business in that line. The men in this hospital were 
 liberally supplied with both. It was said to be owing to the 
 daily visits and devotion of Mrs. Douglas to their interests. 
 
How perceptible is woman's influence in a hospital ! The 
 last place of interest we visited was the Convalescent Camp, 
 in the neighborhood of Washington. 
 
 Here were congregated 15,000 men, many of whom had 
 been thrust from the hospitals to make room for others. 
 Some of them were not convalescent long. The change 
 from warm rooms to tents without fire, in November, with 
 no food but army rations, and no fire to cook them, accounted 
 for the mortality, which was frightful, and the suffering, 
 which was extreme. This camp was located on the unpro- 
 tected side of a hill, exposed to the storms of winter and the 
 heat of summer. 'Twas a bleak day in November when we 
 visited it; a high wind swept over it, and patches of snow 
 were lodged in the ravines by circling eddies of wind. The 
 men were in tents, often on the bare ground, and with a 
 knapsack for a pillow. They were obliged to walk almost a 
 ■ mile for fuel, and then cut or gather it. Some, with the 
 fertility of campaigners, had scooped a trough in the earth, 
 and by arranging bricks so as to insure a draft, had managed 
 to secure warmth for their feet. 
 
 As we looked into one tent we saw a middle-aged man, 
 of most respectable appearance, lying beside a pool of 
 blood that he had vomited. Two days before, he had 
 been pronounced convalescent from pneumonia — now his 
 life-blood was oozing away, and he was "near his heav- 
 enly home," he said. I thought of the wife watching for 
 him, or a htter. Another young soldier lay moving 
 restlessly, and babbling of marches, fights, home, and 
 mother, all mingled in strange confusion. Alas! ty- 
 phoid fever had been subdued, to be replaced by brain 
 
88 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 fever, the result of too early exposure, and he was near his 
 release. I will not repeat more of the distressing sights at 
 this camp, but introduce to you two Bright young soldiers, 
 across the way, who were having a jolly time, singing 
 "Rally round the Flag, Boys," and capering to the music. 
 Their joyousness was strange in this place — almost revolting, 
 at first. Not having left the hospital till they were fit for 
 the change, they had been able to procure fuel, and were 
 frying savory pieces of pork, with slap-jacks mixed, ready 
 to follow suit. " Boys, you are having a good time, and I 
 judge from the frying-pan, are good cooks." " We think so, 
 madam." "Did you learn this important science in the 
 army ? " " Yes, ma'am, for we had no necessity or oppor- 
 tunity at college." " You stepped, then, directly from 
 academic halls into the ranks? " " We did." "What said 
 your parents ? " The face of the speaker flushed slightly; 
 he answered : , " They were not satisfied at first, but when • 
 they saw we were unhappy and resolved, they consented. 
 We did not let them know that we were sick, and we 
 are glad, they have not seen 'Camp Misery.' W^ 
 expect to finish our course after the war. We were in our - 
 second year when we left." "How do you like the ser- 
 vice ? " " It's rather rough ; but we came in to take it as we 
 found it, and are not discouraged. The 'old flag' brought 
 us here, and, we believe, will carry us through." • 
 
 Whether the brave boys are in college now, or in bloody 
 graves, I do not know. The old world has been amazed at 
 the developments of this wap of the republic. If a tithe of 
 the isolated facts of heroism, self-denial and endurance of the 
 heroes "of the rank and file" could be made known, not only 
 
STOEY OP- WILLIAM THE CONVALESCENT.- 89 
 
 they, but the people at home, would be overwhelmed, and 
 say the world was not worthy of them. 
 
 Within a month after our visit, in compliance with the rep- 
 resentations of the Sanitary Commission and Miss D. L. Dix, 
 an order was issued to break up the old camp, and prepare 
 for another, which was a blessed contrast to its forerunner, 
 and might have been called Camp Paradise. A Sanitary 
 Commission agent became its matron, and the comfortable 
 barracks erected^ and furnished by Government, with the 
 assistance rendered by the Sanitary Commission, wiped out 
 the stain of its former name.' A great mistake, perhaps 
 to be expected from the limited hospital arrangements in 
 the early part of the, war, existed at that time. The men 
 were thrust out of hospitals _and sent to convalescent camps, 
 or their regiments, before they were fitted for the change. 
 
 Mrs. Livermore and myself met with an affecting ease, 
 that represented a large class of the army at the time. As 
 we were journeying to Washington, between Harrisburg and 
 Baltimore, the cars ran off the track, and we were detained 
 some hours. About 8 o'clock p.m., we heard a strange and 
 perplexing noise, that sounded like the bellowing of an ani- 
 mal, and yet somewhat human. As the conductor passed, we 
 asked for an explanation. He said it was a drunken soldier 
 on the platform of the car. There was a driving snow-storm 
 at the time. We said, '■'■Bring Mm in; drunk or sober ^ he is a 
 soldier, and must not he left there." He said there was no 
 room. -We offered our seat. He refused gruffly, said he was 
 no company for this car, and pushed on. We told the story 
 to two gentlemen in front of us, saying he must come in, and 
 asking them to use their manly strength to bring him. They 
 
90 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 rose at once, opened the car door, and carried in the soldier. 
 As they laid him on our seat, groaning terribly, and covered 
 with snow (for he had no overcoat), his cap fell off, and dis- 
 closed the pallid face of a youth of eighteen, with upturned 
 eyes, apparently very near death. "We covered him with 
 heated blanket shawls, and applied warm bricks to his chest. 
 We found a surgeon at the extreme part of the car, who pro- 
 nounced him in a desperate fit of cramp-colic, produced by 
 exposure and fatigue when feeble. He Jiad brandy and 
 opium, which he forced into his mouth, and by dint of med- 
 ical attention and faithful nursing, he had so far recovered in 
 two hours as to lie peacefully, and open his great blue eyes 
 wonderingly. We smiled, and he burst into tears, and cov- 
 ered his face with his thin fingqrs. We soothed him, and he 
 said, " You must excuse me, ladies ; but these are the first kind 
 words I have heard since I have been in the army — for nine 
 months. When I woke from that horrid dream and saw you 
 watching me, I thought I was at home." Shortly after, an 
 oQicer with captain's bars on his shoulders came up and said, 
 " Why, William, what is the matter ? " We answered for 
 him, and said he had been almost dead, but was now better. 
 "Are you his captain?" I said. " ISTot exactly ; I was put 
 in charge of a hundred convalescents, to take back to their 
 regiments. They are not well enough to go ; some of them 
 almost as sick as this one." " Do you know this youth per- 
 sonally ? " " ISTo ; but they told me at the hospital that when 
 he was put there, they were requested to be careful of him, 
 for he was a good soldier, and delicate. I had him in the 
 rear car with the rest, went out, and have not been .back 
 till just now." William looked up and said, " Captain, I 
 
COirVALESCENT SOLDIER. 91 
 
 was sick ; not wishing to disturb the rest, I went to the plat- 
 form for air, and that is all I know." 
 
 'My indignation had been steadily rising. I said, sternly, 
 " When you undertook the charge of these men, were you 
 not under obligations to take care of them, and not leave 
 them for hours to be neglected, abused, and branded as 
 drunkards. Pour hours after this youth was left to die on the 
 platform, you have come to inquire after him. But for us, 
 you would hav^ found his corpse, for the surgeon said he was 
 pulseless, and could not have lived an hour longer. "We tell 
 you, sir, this is not the way to treat the ' rank and file' of the 
 army; no wonder they desert, if this is a specimen of their 
 treatment. The mother of this youth would have held you to 
 account, had he died." He felt the justice of the rebuke, ren- 
 dered us what assistance he could, and said his fault had been 
 one of thoughtlessness ; as cruel, however, in its results as any 
 other. He handed over William to us, and gave us written 
 authority to place him in a hospital. We spent two hours 
 after midnight in Baltimore, riding from hospital to hospital 
 to find a vacant bed. At last we succeeded, and left him 
 warm, clean, and comfortable. We heard from the surgeon 
 daily while in Washington, and a few weeks after our return, ■ 
 received a most touching letter from his mother and sister, 
 refined, educated ladies in New Jersey. They thanked us 
 earnestly for saving William'' s life, and said morning and eve- 
 ning, at the family altar, while they lived, would they invoke 
 on us God's blessing for the spared life of their only son and 
 brother, and then told how good he was, how true, how 
 faithful and obedient. 
 
 Were not my limits and my course prescribed, I could tell 
 
92 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 much of the national capital, that challenged in splendor 
 and purity, an iceberg in the noonday sun. Its vast dome, 
 lofty corridors, marble stairways, gorgeous paintings, innu- 
 merable frescoes from dome to basement dazzled and aston- 
 ished us. "We shuddered as we reflected what might have 
 been, what might and would be, but for the " Boys in Blue." 
 I once heard Gen. Sherman say, in addressing the army, and 
 I honored him for it : " You soldiers have made me what I 
 am; you have put the stars on my shoulder" "Well may it 
 be said: "These heroes have saved for, us this magnificent 
 capital and all its glorious surroundings, and have made it 
 what it is, the capital of a regenerated nation of freemen." 
 
 Before we left "Washington, we drove over the Jjong Bridge, 
 which has become a classic stfucture since it has been made 
 the passage-way of the great Union army. The sight of it 
 brought to mind a touching incident related to me by Chap- 
 lain D., of the army. His son, who was at college at the 
 commencement of the war, enlisted in the " rank and file." 
 During the campaign of the Peninsula he was seized with 
 typhoid fever and taken to a hospital, where he lay many 
 weeks, vibrating between life and death. At length he 
 became convalescent, but was unable to leave the house. 
 Among the reinforcements that were ordered from "Washing- 
 ton to the front, his regiment was included. It lay encamped 
 within his sight and hearing. As the drum called to arms, 
 the tents were struck, 'canteens and haversacks filled, rifles 
 and knapsacks shouldered, his spirit rose, and he felt he 
 must go. Without counsel he left the hospital, and followed 
 his regiment till partly over the Long Bridge, when his feeble, 
 limbs refused their office, and he fell. He still crawled on 
 
ASSASSINATION OF COL. ELLSWORTH. 93 ' 
 
 till, when they halted after passing the bridge, he overtook 
 them, and rising up, fell into line. He was a great favorite 
 in the regiment, and all the men knew him. Said his colonel 
 to his father, when relating the incident, "When his- pale 
 face and feeble form was seen, shout upon shout rent the air. 
 That act was worth a regiment to our division ; the men 
 were inspired, and resolved to do or die." The effect on 
 the youth himself was most unexpected — almost miraculous. 
 From tha,t moment he . gathered strength, and ere long was 
 able to march and fight with the rest of his comrades. 
 
 On the road to Alexandria, we passed Arlington, the former 
 dwelling-place of the rebel General Lee ; the deluded man, 
 who left this stately mansion, with its magnificent surround- 
 ings, to raise his parricidal hand against the beneficent Grov- 
 ernment that had protected, fostered, educated, and intrusted 
 him with great responsibilities and high position. The proud 
 old manor-house had been made the headquarters of the 
 Union army and the freedmen alternately, and its lawns the 
 burial-place of the nation's dead — a signal rebuke of inex- 
 cusable treachery. The point of special interest to us in 
 Alexandria, was the house in which Col. Ellsworth was 
 murdered. The last time I had seen him in Chicago, was 
 just before the war commenced. He had returned from the 
 triumphal march of his then unparalleled Zouaves, through 
 the eastern and southern cities. He was the personification 
 of manly strength and agility. .With characteristic geri- 
 erosity he had offered the services of his company and him- 
 self, to give an exhibition drill for the benefit of a benevolent 
 institution. At the first call he and his boys sprang to arms. 
 God had been training them, and, through them, the nation, 
 
94 THE BOYS IN BLUE. ' 
 
 for what was coming; for -their advent seemed to have created 
 a military furore throughout the north, and occasioned the 
 organization of numerous military companies. As I looked 
 upon the place where the coward's bullet had sealed his 
 doom, I heard the story of his almost reckless bravery. The 
 sight of a rebel flag, fla,nnting from the observatory of a 
 house in Alexandria, within sight of the capitol, had sent 
 his patriotic blood coursing through his veins. He forgot all 
 but the insult to the Grovernment, and with a bound, scarcely 
 touching the stairs, reached and demolished it. In a dark 
 corner, concealed, lay the coward tra^or. He sped the ball 
 that released the spirit of Ellsworth, but instantly was sent to 
 his own place by the hand of his avenger. A favorite of the 
 lamented Lincoln, he was his forerunner in martyrdom. His 
 blood has been the seed of patriotism. It became the watch- 
 word of the armjj-, and inspired the troops to deeds of valor. 
 His life was short as men count time, but long in patriotism 
 and results. 
 
 The next day we bade farewell to Washington, fearing, we 
 knew not what, for darkness brooded over the nation, and 
 none might tell when the night should be over and the sun 
 of liberty arise. Sherman had not then electrified the nation 
 with his brilliant series of successes ; the dashing Sheridan 
 had not swept through the Yalley of Virginia with his irre- 
 sistible squadrons; nor the calm, resolute Lieutenant-General 
 planted himself in the Army of the Potomac, announcing 
 quietly his policy: "We shall fight it out on this line if it 
 takes all summer." No eye could foresee, and no prophetic 
 voice foretell these glad tidings. 
 
NOETH-WESTEEN BRANCH COMMISSIOHT. 95 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The supply--work of the North-Western Branch of the TJ. S. Sanitary 
 Commission. — Yolunteer aid of the press. — ^Necessities for supplies at 
 d^p6ts in advance of battles. — Result of earnest work and thorough 
 orgdliization. — Wisconsin Aid Society. — ^Mrs. Colt. — ^Michigan Branch 
 TJ. S. Sanitary Commission. — Miss Campbel — Iowa Branch. — Mrs. 
 T. E. Simpson, Minnesota North- Western Branch Aid Societies! — 
 Incidents of alleged misappropriations of stores at Mount Carroll. — 
 Self-sacrifice and heroism of north-western women illustrated by 
 striking incidents. — The manual labor of women to permit men to 
 enlist. — Labors in aid societies. — Soldiers' rests and homes. — 
 Pemale nurses. 
 
 Immediately after our return from "Washington, Mrs. 
 Livermore and myself undertook the thorough organization 
 of the supply-work of the JSTorth-Western Sanitary Commis- 
 sion. "We wrote stimulating circulars, opened a vigorous 
 correspondence with the ,aid , societies within the bounds' 
 of the Commission, and organized large numbers of new 
 societies. 
 
 Where circumstances required it, we made personal visits 
 to individual or cpunty aid societies. "We furnished articles 
 for the daily press and religious weeklies. These were pub- 
 lished gratuitously, thus giving us the benefit of their exten- 
 sive circulation. The value of such contributions in kind, 
 can scarcely be estimated. The liberality of the press not 
 only saved to the Commission thousands of dollars, but 
 
96 THE BOYS IN" BLUE. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 added greatly to the popularity of the organization, and car- 
 ried the news of what home-workers were doing to the army, 
 where these papers were distributed in large numbers by the 
 various Commissions. 
 
 Heretofore the North-"Western Commission had relied 
 chiefly on the spontaneous contributions of the people, largely 
 stimulated by reports of sanguinary battles. This depend- 
 ence on spasmodic benevolence proved to be inadequate to 
 its wants. The depots of the Commission, near the scepe of 
 ' action, must be kept well supplied, to be- ready for emer- 
 gencies. This could not be the case, if these very exigen- 
 cies were the stimulants to draw forth the supplies. 
 
 At the battle of Stone Eiver, which took place the 31st of 
 December, and 1st and 2d of January, 1863, our loss in 
 wounded was over 7,000, and the rebel loss 10,000. This 
 battle occurred very shortly after our return from "Washing- 
 ton, and the treasury and shelves of the Commission were 
 empty. The news arrived on Saturday, and it was only by 
 the great exertions of our President, who appealed to the 
 Board of Trade, and the liberal response of some of Chicago's 
 citizens to our earnest pleading, .that car-loads of supplies- 
 were sent forward to the scene of action the day following.- 
 From that time, the treasury of the North-Western Commis- 
 sion never failed ; her supply- work rapidly enlarged. 
 
 To the energy and efficiency of Mrs. H. L. Colt, of Mil- 
 waukee, Secretary of Soldiers' Aid Society of "Wisconsin, the 
 Commission is deeply indebted for the thorough organization 
 and continued supplies from Wisconsin. Miss "Valeria Camp- 
 bell, the head of the Sanitary Commission work in Michigan, 
 was a faithful and able co-worker with the North- Western 
 
NOETH-WESTEKN BRANCH COMMISSIONS. 97'' 
 
 Brancli till 1864, when the Michigan Oommission became 
 an independent branch, reporting to Dr. Newberry. 
 
 Northern Indiana sent us' handsome contributions, and 
 Minnesota, in the midst of her own Indian troubles, with her 
 sparse population, sent, through Mrs. 'T. E. Simpson, the- 
 motive power of sanitary operations in that State; forty- 
 seven packages in two months, from "Winona alone. 
 
 Iowa, during the war, contributed' to the ^Branch Commis- 
 sion at Chicago over fifty thousand dollars in money; and 
 five thousand packages of supplies ; -Michigan, while tribu- 
 tary to the Commission at Chicago, almost eight thousand 
 dollars in money, and five thousand two hundred and sixty- 
 four boxes. Wisconsin sent between seven and eight thou- 
 sand boxes, and almost nine thousand dollars to the ISTorth- 
 Western Branch at Chicago. Where all did so nobly, as 
 these figures show, comparisons would be invidious. Still, 
 even on this " EoU of Honor," Iowa stands conspicuous. 
 'Tis simple justice to record that she was the banner sanitary 
 State in the North- West, as I believe her military record will 
 prove she was in enlistments in proportion to her population. 
 Her contributions and efforts were amazing for the benefit of 
 sick soldiers, under her able, enthusiastic, and veteran leader, 
 Eev. D. Norris'; and she also sent large gifts to the Western 
 Sanitary Commission at St. Louis, and the Christian Commis- 
 sion, in the latter part of the war, through their widely- 
 known representative, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer. 
 
 As will be seen at a glance, this Commission became a 
 power in the Western Department of the U. S. Sanitary 
 Commission. From November 1, 1861, to December 1, 1862, 
 the amount of money received in the Chicago North- 
 
98 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Western Branch, during a period of thirteen months, had 
 been twenty thousand dollars) and the number of packages 
 (5,000) five thousand. From ' December, 1862, immediately 
 after the Council at "Washington, to the close of the Commis- 
 sion, a period of two years and a half, the amount paid into 
 the treasury was ($311,000) three hundred and eleven thou- 
 sand dollars; and supplies during the same period to the ^ 
 ainount of almost, if not quite, a million of money were con- 
 tributed. These supplies were carefully appraised at a cash 
 valuation, at the respective dates of their receipt. 
 
 In our frequent journeys throughout the North- West, to 
 complete the organization we had planned and eventually 
 accomplished, we bad rare opportunities of seeing and esti- 
 mating the value of the work of tbe Women of the 
 Peairies, both in labor and sacrifice. The aid societies 
 depended greatly for their efficiency on the officers control- 
 ling them. With few exceptions they were wisely chosen, 
 and succeeded in developing and organizing" the vast amount 
 of the patriotism and humanity of the women, who labored 
 with them. - 
 
 They met ordinarily once during the week at the school- 
 house, lecture-room, or dwelling of the president, if no more 
 suitable place could be found. Committees were appointed 
 to prepare and give out work, to procure funds, make pur- 
 chases, cut out clothing, and pack and forward boxes. The 
 officers were sometimes chosen annually, sometimes quar- 
 terly. The variety of the devices of these societies to raise 
 money for the benefit of the Commission, would form a 
 unique and entertaining history. Sometimes the money was ■ 
 sent to the North- Western Commission, and sometimes 
 
DIXON, ILLINOIS, SOLDIER. 99 
 
 expended in material to be made into garments, or supplies 
 to be sent to ns. ' 
 
 The great barriers" to the prosperity of these aid societies, 
 ■were the charges of squandered and misappropriated stores. 
 These unwarrantable attacks were sometimes made by sur- 
 geons discharged for incompetency, or returned soldiers who 
 had never been in hospital, and had thus no opportunity of 
 seeing the work of the Commission, or of those ■who had 
 received its blessings, and knew not the source from whence 
 they came. . 
 
 A case in point : Mrs. W., president of an aid society in 
 Dixon — a prominent town in Illinois — and one of the most 
 fa:ithful workers in the State, related to me the following 
 incident : Her son, who had returned home on sick furlough, 
 said to his mother, "I never received any Sanitary stores 
 ■when I was in the hospital." "Did you receive no green tea 
 and ■white sugar, or codfish, or eggs, or farina ? " " Yes, I 
 did ; but no canned fruits, lemons, jellies, or clothing." Said 
 she: "All that you have enui^;ferated -were doubtless fur- 
 nished by the Commission." At night, when he had taken 
 his bath, and throwu aside his soiled under-garments, she 
 gathered them up and found them all marked "N"orth- 
 "Western Sanitary Commission ; " yet so silently and unobtru- 
 sively had the work been done, that he knew it not. With 
 moistened eyes his mother said "that was reward enough for 
 all her labor, and proof sufficient of the blessed effects 'of the 
 Commission, to keep her at work till the war should close." 
 
 At the request of an aid society at Mt. Carroll, I visited 
 that place to settle the vexed question of sanitary stores. 
 The ■wife of the colonel of a regiment recruited in that 
 
100 THE BOYS IN BLUE. ( 
 
 vicinity, called to accompany me to the meeting. On tlie 
 way thither she stated, that on the previous day- she had 
 received a letter from her husband, in which he said he had 
 visited the hospitals in Memphis, at her request, to ascertain 
 from the men themselves, whether the supplies reached them. 
 The investigation proved so satisfactory, that he wrote as 
 follows : "I find that the Sanitary Commission has done, and 
 is doing, so great a work in the hospitals of Memphis, that I 
 urge you to renewed zeal in the work of the Aid Society 
 tributary to it." The letter was read at the meeting with 
 niarked effect, and brought out a corresponding statement 
 from the wife of an esteemed physician from Mt. Carroll, 
 who was post-siirgeon at one of the Nashville hospitals. 
 He had stated in a letter just receivejl,' substantially, what the 
 colonel had done, and closed with the remark, "He should 
 never again hold back his wife in the work of the Sanitary 
 Commission." » 
 
 It is needless to say, with these testimonials and the facts 
 that I had witnessed, and that I stated on the occasion, the 
 meeting was enthusiastic and successful, and the ladies re- 
 solved to continue and increase their work. 
 
 On another occasion I visited Eluffville, Ilh, at the urgent 
 request of Mrs. F — — , the Postmistress of the district, and 
 president of the aid society. The . settlement , was some 
 miles from the railroad station, and I found a farmer's wagon 
 with its worthy owner, awaiting me. We drove to the 
 house of Mrs. F , who apologized for her limited accom- 
 modations and humble dwelling, which I found sheltered a 
 head and heart that would have done honor to a palace. 
 The settlement was sparse, the people poor; "all having 
 
STORY OF BLUFFVILLE AID SOCIETY. 101 
 
 enough to do to get along these war times," she said, " when 
 SO many of their men had enlisted." The cause of our suffer- 
 ing soldiers had lain upon her heart from the beginning of the 
 war. She endeavored to form an aid society, but no one had 
 time or naoney to give, though probably she had' as little of 
 either, as any one. ISTothing daunted, she determined to work 
 alone. After days of domestic toil and official duties, she 
 worked far into the night; and in two weeks succeeded in 
 piecing and quilting a warm covering for a sick soldier's bed. 
 She called in the neighbors to rejoice with her, and on the 
 spot they formed an aid society, and appointed oommittees' 
 to gather eggs, butter, vegetables, and what money they 
 Could collect; to purchase material for work. She felt they 
 were not doing enough, and wrote to me to come to her 
 assistance and tell, the people about the soldiers &at I had 
 seen, and rouse them up to more earnest effort.- 
 
 Mrs. F. besought me to let the farmers come to the meet- 
 ing. " They are plain men," she said, "eager to hear; and 
 they are the source of our supply. , For the sake of the suf- 
 fering soldiers, let them in." I did, unwillingly, but. soon 
 forgot everything but ,the hospitals, pale faces, battle-fields 
 and transports. In the audience, I saw as usual fresh 
 weeds, eager looks, and streaming tears, that told the shot 
 had boomed over these prairies, and strewn them with 
 broken hearts and withered hopes. At the close of the meet- 
 ing, the iron grasp and tearful eyes of these stalwart farmers 
 greatly affected me, and repaid me for the sacrifice. Bluff- 
 ville worked on to the close of the Commission, and from the 
 " depth of her poverty abounded the riches of her liberality." 
 
 As I was on my homeward journey, I was detained some 
 
102 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 hours at a small settlement in Illinois, to make the direct 
 connection for Chicago. Desirous to improve the time, I 
 asked the landlady of the hotel where I stopped, if there was 
 ah aid society in the place. " Yes, indeed," she said, and she 
 had been its president till her eyesight failed, that she was 
 now almost blind,- and her husband said 'twas because she 
 had sewed at night for the soldiers. From the porch where 
 she sat she pointed to a house and said, " You'll find a lady 
 there, in that milliner's shop,. that can tell you all about it." 
 
 I found her and her room filled with buxom lasses, trying 
 on the latest style of head-gear. I told my errand, but said, 
 "I see you are busy; I have but a few hours to remain, and 
 can send you some circulars, and write to you from Chicago." 
 "I always have time to hear about the army," she replied, 
 " and canmot let you go without having you meet our 
 ladies. We have longed to see you." " But the time is 
 short," I answered. " Can you be here at 11 o'clock ? " she 
 asked. I replied I could/ " Then we will be ready for you. 
 Ladies," she said, "I know you will not be willing to lose 
 the opportunity of hearing about our brave volunteers, from 
 one who has been to Yicksburg. If you will be messengers 
 to notify the meeting, I will stop work, clean up the shop, 
 and be ready for you in an hour." I resolved to know 
 this woman's history. Fifteen minutes before the meeting 
 opened she gave me the following statement. She was refined 
 and educated, and I use her words as nearly as possible : 
 
 " "When the first call came, my husband, myself, and two 
 little ones, one a babe, were living in this house, in easy 
 circumstances, he having a profitable business. I saw he 
 was uneasy, but he kept silent, as I. did. "When the next 
 
SKETCH OF A PRAIRIE HEROINE. 103 
 
 call came, he said, 'I must attend the meeting to raise recruits.' 
 I knew -what that meant, but was prepared, for I had pon- 
 dered it in my heart. I said, 'James, if you feel it to be 
 your duty to go, don't let me and the children hinder you.' 
 He started. 'Wife,' said he, 'you can't conduct the business 
 and support the family. Tou have been delicately reared, 
 never have done even your own work.' ' I know all that,' 
 I said, 'but I have thought it all over, and know what I 
 can do. From a chUd- 1 have made my own bonnets, and 
 have been told they were tasteful. A milliner's shop is 
 needed here. I can get a good workwoman from Chicago, 
 open a shop, and support myself and the children. If all 
 wait tUl it is convenient to go, what will become of the coun- 
 try ? ' . Said this earnest woman, " I was interrupted by the 
 sobs of my husband. He said my courage broke him down 
 more than tears or entreaties to stay. 'He went to the meet- 
 ing, gave in his name as a recruit, came home, and on our 
 bended knees together that night, we asked Grod to accept the 
 sacrifice and preserve us all to meet at the close of the war. 
 He settled up his business. I opened my store, and it has 
 prospered greatly. He has been preserved thus far, and has 
 been promoted. He is a man of intelligence, firmness, and 
 piety." 
 
 When I could speak, I said : " How can you manage to 
 attend the aid society? " " My dear madam," she exclaimed, 
 " how could I live without it ? When I plan, and work for 
 it, I am beside my beloved husband, working for my country. 
 It meets here every other week." " How do you manage ? " 
 I said. "I close the work-room," she continued, "at noon, 
 that day. The girls are willing to stay and help me. We 
 
104 THE BOYS IN BLUE. , , . 
 
 clean tlie room and carry all the boxes to the adjoining orie. 
 We sew till dark, and then restore the shop to working 
 order, and by sitting up till midnight, I make wp for lost tijiae.'" 
 "Is there no one more favorably situated that will, bear this 
 burden?" " It seems not,!' she meekly answered. ," Our 
 numbers are few, as the majority of the people live in the 
 country. There is a, friend of mine who has openeaa dress- 
 .making estallishment to let her husband enlist, and we alternate.''^ 
 
 My heart was almost too full for utterance when the meet- 
 ing began. I know not what I said; I only know we all 
 wept together, and those present pledged themselves to share 
 this heroic woman's burden, as they had not done before, and 
 they kept their promise. I said aloud, " Such heroes as 
 compose the rank and file of our army, with .such women to 
 hack them, must conquer — they are invincible." 
 
 Across the commons there was a fine brick dwelling, with 
 flower-beds, lawns and broad walks. I said : '■ Do not the 
 residents in that house assist you in your work?" "No," 
 she answered, quietly. " They have a great deal of company, 
 and don't take any interest in the army. They are copper: 
 heads, and say our husbands are fools for going ; that is the, 
 hardest of all to hear." At the close of the meeting we 
 parted, not to meet again till on that day for which alL other 
 days were made. The dwellers in the stately mansion, and 
 the self denying, Christian heroine will be there: "Inasmuch 
 as ye have done it unto one of the least of these, my brethr 
 ren, ye have done it unto Me ; " and " Inasmuch as ye have 
 nx)t done it unto the least of these, my brethren, ye have not ' 
 done it unto Me." 
 
 Allow me to give one more representative case of 
 
STORT OF AN ILLINOIS PATRIOT FAMILY. 105 
 
 these patriotic prairie, women. I had been long urged to 
 
 visit S , a flourishing town in Illinois, to reorganize and 
 
 reanimate a declining «,id society. At the close of the meet- 
 ing, the members proceeded to elect new officers, and I said. 
 " Ladies, be careful in your choice, for on that depends much 
 of the prosperity of your society. Select the women of the 
 most energy, perseverance, wisdom and patriotism. Let no 
 other considerations influence you." , The name of Mrs; F. 
 was mentioned for president, by three persons at the same 
 time. She was not there, and a friend remarked she would 
 not be able to fill the position, as her health was very delicate, 
 and she had heavy responsibilities. The answer was made, 
 that if she would only advise them, and meet with them 
 once a week, they would ask no more of hen She was 
 elected unanimously. 
 
 The lady at whose house I sojourned, proposed that I 
 should drive out a mile and see her, and hear her reraarka-, 
 ble story from her own lips, telling me only, that she had 
 two sons and a husband in the army, had cheerfully given 
 them, and was left at home with a little boy to work the 
 farm. The dwelling was plain, and the garden neglected; 
 It gave evidence of the absence of the strong arms thkt had 
 made it the pride of the neighborhood. She came out to the 
 carriage to greet us, and after I was introduced, I said, " Mad- 
 am, I have come to see a loving wife and mother, who has 
 given her husband and two sons, without a murmur, to serve 
 their country, and remained behind to toil, that they may 
 go. Pray, tell me your wonderful story." ' ■ '■■ ■ ■ 
 
 " It is very short," said the frail creature. Her flashing 
 black eyes kindled till they cast a glow over her pale face, 
 
106. THE, BOYS .IN BLUE. 
 
 as siie said, "When -the rebels fired on Sumter, my heart 
 was on fire. I longed to be a man to avenge the insult. My 
 boys sprang to arms, enlisted, and were off in a twinkling, 
 and I blessed them for it. After a year's absence, one came 
 home on furlough. As we sat lingering around our last 
 supper together, I looked at my husband and said, ' If the 
 young boys can stand it, and the country needs more men, 
 why can't you go ? ' He looked at me earnestly, and said,, 
 'I've.longed to go, but dare not leave you alone, with none 
 but our little one to help you.' ' Don't fear that,' I said ; 
 ' we shall manage to get along. The farm will grow shabby, 
 of course.' " As she said this she looked at the rusty fence 
 and rickety gate, and added, "It had better be so than lose the 
 country." She continued : " Early next morning my son and 
 husband left for the battery." She said she had been as' well 
 as before they left, heard from them quite often, that they were 
 in go9d health and contented, and she did' not believe that- 
 harm would reach them, for they were under the shelter of ■ 
 her Heavenly Father's wing. Thank Grod, if they never met 
 on earth, they would all meet in heaven, for that was the^ 
 home to which they looked forward. ■ . 
 
 Did I mistake, when I said the prairie women had un- 
 fathomable depths of patriotism and heroism ? Multiply 
 these cases indefinitely and the result may be reached. 
 
 On a bleak day in February, I waS making preparations 
 to visit the army at Young's Point, and was to leave in the 
 night train for Oairo. A woman earnestly requested to see 
 me, as she had a package for me to take to her husband, in 
 my son's regiment, 113th Illinois "Volunteers. I had offered 
 to take such parcels, and she was ushered in. She held by 
 
STORY OF MRS. R., THE SOLDIER'S WIFE. 107 
 
 the hand two little boys, having deposited the box in the 
 hall. She was a bright-looking woman, and her boys un- 
 usually handsome. She said, " Mrs. H., I have brought 
 a box for you to take to my husband, and my boys for 
 you to see. When you get to Vicksburg, please find Peter 
 E., and you will see as nice a man as you ever set eyes on. 
 I want you to tell him his boys look well, and his wife too. 
 Tell him we are all getting along first-rate ; that I get plenty 
 of work, and the boys are good and obedient, and not to fret 
 about us." "I'm glad to be the bearer of such good news," 
 I said, " and I will see your husband and give it to him." 
 Then she drew her hands from her coarse mittens and held 
 them up, cracked and bleeding. " Don't tell him, I beseech 
 you," she said, " that I have worn the skin off my hands, 
 washing every day ; and donH tell him that I have to put the 
 little boys to bed, when they come from school, to keep them 
 warm, as I have no wood nor lights. Dov^t tell him, that often 
 when I walk home, after a hard day's scrubbing, my skirts 
 freeze stiff. 'It's all true; but still we are well and keep 
 warm in bed, and are not marching in mud and snow, or 
 sick in a hospital. Tell Peter all the good you can, and keep hach 
 all the had. Tell the poor fellow," and she here broke down, 
 " if he'll keep in good heart and take care of' his end of the 
 line, I'll take care of mine ; and don't let him know I spent 
 two dollars and a half for things to put in the box. They'd 
 choke him if he knew it." We need scarcely say that she 
 did not suffer after this for wood, and that the little boys 
 studied their lessons by lamp-light. 
 
 The women of the land, with that quick perception which 
 BO often leads them to correct conclusions, without a slow 
 
108 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 process of reasoning, comprehended the import of the war 
 from its early stages. The quiet of their homes and domes- 
 tic pursuits, gave them the opportunity to ponder on the 
 matter. They felt that they must give their husbands and 
 sons to conquer or to die. They did not refuse the offering; 
 and woman's heart, alone, comprehends the sacrifice. They 
 counted the cost, paid the price, and with a sagacity and 
 zeal that has turned a new leaf in woman's history and 
 development, have created supplies by the work of their 
 fingers, managed" and controlled at the different branches of 
 the Commission an amount of business heretofore consider- 
 ed impracticable for women. In the various departments of 
 aid societies, soldiers' rests and homes, in hospitals and trans- 
 ports, they have performed a humane work, that may well 
 challeng'e history for a parallel. 
 
 The amount of manual labor that was done by the wives 
 and daughters of prosperous north-western farmers during 
 the war, was marvellous in extent and results. The North- 
 Western States were almost stripped of bone and muscle by 
 enlistments. As their interests were mainly agricultural, the 
 loss was heavily felt. In my journeys through these States, 
 I frequently saw the ruddy, smiling faces of these patriot 
 women in the garden and field. They were planting seed, 
 weeding gardens, gathering crops, binding sheaves, raking 
 hay, driving team, with resolution and 'cheerfulness. When 
 I visited camps, hospitals, and graves at the front, I felt that 
 these unselfish heroes were worthy of marshals' batons and 
 victors' wreaths. When I returned to the North I beheld 
 women in the fields or in the shop, adding the burden of 
 family maintenance to the cares of wife and mother, or still 
 
■ SOLDIEES' HOMES AND RESTS. 109 
 
 more, with wliite faces and emblems of sorrow, patiently 
 working, watching, and waiting. Who' shall say which bore 
 the palm of heroism ? 
 
 The busy hands of women kept in active operation the 
 soldiers' rests and refreshment saloons throughout the land, 
 feeding thousands of troops in transitu, and allowing none to 
 pass through the cities where they were established, without 
 a comfortable meal. I speak from personal knowledge of the 
 rest in Chicago, which was an appendage of the Soldiers' 
 Home, under the control of the same board, whose president, 
 Thos. B. Bryan, Esq., was one of the leading spirits in every 
 Benevolent and patriotic movement during the war, and its 
 vice-president, Mrs. 0. E. Hosmer, one of Chicago's most 
 ef&cient army workers. At all hours of the day and night,, 
 these admirable women were ready to meet the returning or 
 departing regiments, and by their orderly arrangements and 
 persevering labor, fed thousands in a day, and gave them bet- 
 ter meals than could be procured, except at a first-class hotel. 
 
 Still another order of female army workers must not be 
 omitted. I refer to the nurses in hospitals and transports. 
 Most of these self-sacrificing women left homes of comfort, 
 some of luxury, to administer to the sick and wounded sol- 
 diers. To endure the oppressive and often unhealthy air of 
 the hospitals, to witness harrowing sights, to dress loathsome 
 wounds, or assist in the operation, to exercise the skill and 
 patience necessary to meet the wants of the sick and wounded, 
 to endure the suspicions or coldness of surgeons, to exercise 
 the " wisdom of the serpent and the harmlessness of the dove," 
 required an amount of skill, sagacity, tact, and cheerful 
 endurance that is rare to meet, and inspiring when witnessed. 
 
no THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Instead of being astonished that so little of this material was 
 developed during the war, one should be surprised that so 
 much became available. 
 
 In the earlier organization of hospitals, great opposition to 
 the introduction of these nurses existed among the medical 
 staff of the army. The system was an untried experiment, 
 and was suspiciously watched and severely criticized. Un- 
 fortunate failures were magnified and widely circulated. The 
 misguided zeal of some benevolent individuals thrust large 
 numbers of women into hospitals, without organization or 
 consultation with surgeons. As a consequence, they were 
 summarily dismissed by the surgeons. During the progress 
 of the war, evils were corrected in this, as in other depart- 
 ments, and order more fully established. The most skilful 
 and humane surgeons sought the assistance of women as 
 nurses, in suitable numbers and for proper positions. Ex- 
 perience taught that for each ward one was sufficient for any 
 emergency, and too much under ordinary circumstances. 
 The linen-rooms and diet-kitchens were eventually placed 
 entirely in the hands of women, and the improved condition 
 of the beds, patients, and food, and the decreased per centum 
 of -deaths, attested the wisdom of the change. 
 
 In the outset of the war. Miss D. L. Dix had been ap- 
 pointed by Government, general superintendent of the 
 nurses of military hospitals in the United States, and con- 
 tinued to hold this position till the close of the war. Mr. 
 James E. Teatman, of St. Louis, Mrs. D. P. Livermore and 
 Mrs. A. H. Hoge, were appointed her agents for the hospi- 
 tals of the "Western Department. They detailed large num- 
 bers of efficient and faithful nurses, who were sent to hospi- 
 
WOMEN-NURSES OF THE ARMT. Ill 
 
 tals on the requisition of post-surgeons, and of whose work 
 
 1 
 
 and worth they received abundant testimonials from officers, 
 surgeons and patients. It was proven that their labors 
 were invaluable, if not indispensable, to the success of hospi- 
 tals in the Western Department. 
 
 "Without the assistance of women, these institutions might 
 have been well organized, well supplied, clean and comfort- 
 able ; although experience proved that this was not the rule. 
 In such establishments, however, there was the same lack 
 of home-like air, and indefinable tone of domestic copfort, 
 that is seen in bachelors' mansions, no matter how lordly or 
 well appointed. The right of woman to the sphere which 
 includes housekeeping, cooking and nursing, has never been 
 disputed. The proper administration of these three depart- 
 ments, makes the internal arrangements of a hospital com- 
 plete ; and are only secondary in importance to the skill and 
 faithfulness of surgeons. 
 
 Many of these heroic women passed suddenly from their 
 labor to their reward, apart from home and relatives to 
 which women naturally cling. God, in great mercy, gave 
 them compensation for the absence of the only earthly aids 
 that we have heretofore believed could smooth the passage 
 to the grave, and rob the grim messenger of his stern feat- 
 ures — the sympathy, love and tenderness of kindred. The 
 regiment or hospital, made up of brave fellows, tender and 
 grateful as women and children to those who sacrificed all 
 to succor them, rallied round the sick or feeble nurses, with 
 affecting eagerness. No service was too toilsome or exacting ; 
 no tribute of gratitude equal to their deserts. While they 
 lived, they felt that hundreds, perhaps thousands, were yearn- 
 
112 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 mg for their recovery, and they well knew should death come, 
 as many sad hearts would mourn, and a painful void be left. 
 
 A case in point. After the battle of Pittsburg Landing, 
 a slender, modest girl, petite in figure and of unusual beauty, 
 made application to us, for a place as hospital nurse. "We 
 said, "We cannot send you ; you are too young and too hand- 
 some for such a position." A flush passed over her face, 
 almost severe in youthful beauty, as she said, " I am older 
 than you suppose, and as to my curls, I will cut them off; as 
 that is the only way to get rid of them ; they are obstinate." 
 Her soft blue eyes pleaded eloquently as she said, " Pray let 
 me go; I am able, willing and resolute. T dream of the hospi- 
 tals, and know that I could alleviate much suffering." " Have 
 you ever nursed ? " "Not continuously, but I have had a 
 thorough medical education in an Eastern institution, and 
 understand the surgical dressing of wounds. You must not 
 refuse me." 
 
 After consultation we agreed, in this case, to transcend 
 our ordinary rules, and with many exactions and some trep- 
 idation, gave her a detail, after telling her of the suspicion, 
 hardships, and risk of health to which she would be exposed. 
 She knew it all; had a relative who had been in hospitals, 
 and his letters and tales of woe only inspired her with added 
 determination. She left that night for Paducah Hospital, then 
 filled to its utmost capacity, with sick and wounded soldiers. 
 
 Prom time to time, we heard accounts of her remarkable 
 success. Then came a letter from the surgeon of the hospital, 
 praising her ability and faithfulness, wondering at her skill, 
 so jserceptible, that he had placediher in charge of a ward of 
 surgical cases that were improving rapidly, she still following 
 
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 -Treat *, '„'V puMissh'irs !Ie-wYcjrk 
 
MISS FIFIELD AND MISS ROBB. 115 
 
 our advice, burying in silence her medical education and', 
 degree. After slie had toiled a year without respite, we were 
 shocked to receive the following telegram from the surgeon :- _ 
 " Almira Fifield is dead ; send for her body." Investigation 
 proved that over-exertion and a malarious atmosphere had 
 caused a congestive chill, which she concealed as far as pos- 
 sible, fearing she might be sent home and obliged to leave 
 the. " boys," who clung to her for life, hope, and health. 
 Want of rest and change induced a repetition of the attack, 
 shattered the frail casket, and released the almost glorified 
 spirit of this youthful martyr to liberty and humanity. 
 
 Three sisters, of the name of Robb, were successively ex- 
 amined and approved by us for hospital service. They had 
 fine Scotch physiques, much executive ability, and active 
 piety. Two of the sisters were driven home to Chicago in 
 the course of the year, feeble and attenuated by their pro- 
 digious labors. The third resolved to remain and risk her 
 life for the regiment to which she was' attached, which 
 had learned to rely on her strength and wisdom, in sickness 
 and in health. In mid-winter she was seized with the Mis- 
 sissippi fever, under which she sank, and began her new 
 year in heaven, where so many, to whom she had ministered 
 spiritually and temporally, had preceded her. 
 
 Mrs. Livermore visited Milliken's Bend, the spring follow- 
 ing her death. The regiment in which Miss Robb had labored 
 was quartered on one of the most princely plantations of that 
 region. It had been preserved, almost iatact; its dwelling- 
 house, stables, negro huts, cotton-house, and flower-garden, 
 were unmolested and in perfection. As Mrs. Livermore's 
 
 escort of blue coats accompanied her, pointing out its various 
 
 8 
 
114 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 beauties, she observed a rude paling, inclosing a square, filled 
 with perennials in full bloom and variety, and a wealth of 
 myrtle that almost obscured the mound, that casts the shadow 
 of death, even over the gayest parterre. She thought the 
 subdued voices and soft tread of the " men " spoke of a com- 
 rade taking his rest. One of them said, " This is Miss Eobb's 
 grave. When she was dying, she wanted to be buried in 
 sight of the camp, in the midst of us all, living and dead. 
 We put her here, and have tried to show how we honored 
 her. We had nothing but flowers and boards to work with. 
 We have her favoi'ite flowers, and myrtle, you hnow, means 
 love." They had planted a memorial worthy of their mar- 
 tyred nurse, more fair, significant, and touching, in its peren- 
 nial bloom, than sculptured marble or majestic pyramid. 
 
 Some women who did not die in actual service fell victims 
 slowly to disease, the- result of fatigue and exposure. Since 
 the close of the war they have been, and still are, filling 
 untimely graves.* Since the body of this work was written, 
 the press has recorded the death of Miss Rachel McFadden, 
 of Pittsburg. She was the motive power of the Pittsburg 
 Branch of the U. S. Sanitary Commission, and with her 
 abounding zeal, strong will, and fine esecutive ability, 
 inspired the hearts of the noble aids who carried on the 
 work at that place so efficiently. After a severe battle in 
 the West, she received a telegram from Dr. Newberry, at 
 Louisville. It said : " Send all your stores at once — they 
 are greatly needed." She understood its meaning, and with- 
 out a moment's delay, asked a gentleman Of the Commission 
 for two car-loads of stores to be sent that day. The treasury 
 was depleted, the freight-cars crowded with merchandise, the 
 
MISS EACHEL M'FADDEN. 115 
 
 time vBry short. He replied, astonished at the demand, "It 
 cannot be done ; you might as well try to move the Alle- 
 ghanies." "No! no!" she answered, "you can't hitch those 
 on to a locomotive and send them steaming down South, hut you 
 can two car-hods of supplies.'" Her persistent resolution 
 inspired the entire band of workers ; the gentlemen of the 
 Commission, including the one referred to, became infused 
 with renewed life and energy, and the evening train answered 
 the telegram satisfactorily, by carrying the two car-loads of 
 sanitary supplies, to the suffering heroes at Louisville. The 
 close of the Commission alone released her from her labors ; 
 but overwrought activity of brain and mind had so dimin- 
 ished vital forces and recuperative power, that slowly, but 
 steadily, she walked down into the valley from whence no 
 traveller returns, and added another to the list of lives conse- 
 crated on the altar of Freedom. 
 
 I cannot dismiss this important subject without alluding to 
 the work of women in camps and battle-fields. My experi- 
 ence during the war convinced me it should be confined to 
 the very few women of suitable age that were specially 
 endowed for this most difficult and delicate branch, of the 
 entire round of women's many labors. I cannot ignore it, 
 while I have been permitted to see and know the labors of 
 Mother Bickerdyke, Mrs. George Harvey, Mrs. Jeremiah 
 Porter, Mrs. Dr. Harris, Mrs. Plummer, Miss Johnson, Mrs. 
 Green, and others not less deserving, who have accomplished 
 so vast an amount of good in camps and battle-fields. Great 
 interest has been felt and expressed to obtain an accurate 
 and reliable account of the work of Mrs. Bickerdyke in the 
 army, supreme in extent and results. ^ 
 
116 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SKETCH OF MRS. BICKEBDYKE. 
 
 Mrs. Biokerdyke's amazing energy and futile expedients. — ^Laundries 
 and bakeries. — Major-Gren. Buford. — Her refusal to nurse a Major- 
 General's son.— Her oaU to the hospitals from G-alesbnrg. — Mrs. B. 
 and unfaithfal ^ward-master in Brick Hospital, Cairo. — Her trips 
 on hospital transports after "battle at Pittsburg Landing. — Feat on 
 the Fanny Bullet. — Sketch of the armada leaving Fort Henry. — 
 Mrs. B.'s hospital work at Savannah.^At Corinth. — RemoYal of- 
 hospital in the midst of the battle of Corinth. — Her work in small- 
 pox hospital at Memphis. — Her laundries at Memphis. — Her raid on 
 Northern cows and hens for benefit of Memphis Hospital. — Her 
 personal gifts to soldiers. — Her work at HuntsviUe. — Her work at 
 Beaufort, Morehead City, "Wilmington, and finally in Sherman's 
 victorious army. 
 
 MoTHEB, was the sobriquet of this extraordinary woman 
 throughout the entire "Western army. In General Sherman's 
 old corps (the 15th) she seemed to be the. individual mother 
 of every man in the ranks. She was sui generis, and as such, 
 can neither be described nor judged according to ordinary 
 rules. In the rapid organization of a huge army there was 
 necessarily much ignorance among its of&cials, of wise and 
 necessary army routine. This want of knowledge and* 
 experience, bewildered and hampered even conscientious 
 men, desirous to do their duty. In the rapid and numerous 
 appointments, some unfaithful surgeons found place, who 
 
MRS. BICKERDTKE. 117 
 
 were arrogant and overbearing in proportion to their igno- 
 rance and lack of principle. The victims of incompetency 
 and faithlessness were the " rank and file " of the army, who 
 had" no redress, but were reduced from individual, intelligent 
 existence, to machines for military purposes. 
 
 These evils were the inevitable results of war suddenly 
 precipitated on a peaceful people. In such exigencies God 
 raises up individuals, in civil and military life, fit for pioneer 
 work, with ability and ■ zeal that raises them above their 
 fellows, with gifts suited to the occasion. The subsoil of the 
 prairie cannot be upturned by an ordinary machine, nor 
 brooding pestilence scattered by the soft winds of heaven, 
 " blow they never so sweetly." The successful prairie far- 
 mer must fall back on the prairie-plough, drawn by half a 
 score of oxen, and the iliunderholi must scatter the pestilence 
 that " walketh in darkness, and wasteth at noonday." 
 
 So in the army. When hospitals were rank with disease 
 and death, foul with festering and unwashed wounds, and 
 unclean garments, inexperienced surgeons stood aghast, and 
 felt almost powerless to cleanse and purify ; while arrogant, 
 negligent, and merciless men fell back on army routine and 
 technicalities, and said that soldiers, when they, entered the 
 army, must expect to die, and recovery from amputations 
 must be the rare exception. The prairie-plough and the 
 thunderstorm were needed, and they came, in the person of 
 Mrs. Bickerdyke. A pythoness, if her precious boys, as she 
 'called them, were assaulted, she was gentle and tender as a 
 loving mother, to every sick and wounded soldier. "Woe be 
 to the man, no matter what his rank, who trampled on the 
 rights of the "Boys in Blue." 
 
118 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Faithful surgeons praised her, and relied upon her skill, 
 strength, and tenderness. Those who were the reverse, 
 cursed her, and clamored for her removal. Ko doubt, in 
 doing her rapid and mighty work, she overturned some fair 
 flowers of fragrant growth, and levelled well-built fences, 
 perchance some beauteous spire; but after the ground was 
 made fallow and the air purified, the wrecks were overlooked 
 in view of the mighty resultant blessings. Her efforts not 
 only saved unnumbered lives and mitigated untold suffering 
 in her own hospitals, but, by the example they afforded to 
 others, became schools of instruction. 
 
 Her huge, organized laundries saved hundreds of thou- 
 sands of' dollars to the Government and to the Sanitary 
 Commission, by washing what would otherwise have been 
 destroyed, to say nothing of the health and comfort they 
 bestowed upon the sick. She was herculean in strength and 
 indomitable in will, and possessed the most extraordinary 
 endurance. She saw no lions in the way, admitted the 
 existence of no obstacles — naming what others would regard 
 as such, "cobwebs," and these, she demolished with non- 
 chalant and invincible energy. The surgeons admitted that 
 she had no rival in extemporizing, organizing, and running 
 hospitals. By the fertility of her expedients she managed to 
 supply even field-hospitals with soft bread, sometimes pies 
 and cookies. The great military men — Grant, Sherman, 
 McPherson, Thomas, Logan — were her firm friends, and sup- 
 plied her with facilities to carry on her work — teams, detailed ' 
 soldiers, and railroad transportation. 
 
 They became converts to her boldly-avowed and com- 
 mon-sense assertion that she " could no more take care of the 
 
MRS. B. AND THE SICK MAJOR-GENERAL. 119 
 
 sick without transportation for her stores and her appliances, 
 than they could pound the enemy without rations and am- 
 munition."' Her great army-work was for the common 
 soldier; but occasionally she condescend^ to an officer, and 
 
 once in a long while to a major-general. Col. , from 
 
 Ohio, bqasted that Mother Bickerdyke had saved his life, 
 after a severe amputation, and treated him 05 well as a pri- 
 vate, even after she was told he was an officer. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. B told me, with glistening eyes, she had 
 
 saved his life at Corinth. He had a terrific congestive chill ; 
 was laboring for breath, unrelieved by medicine, when he 
 sent for Mrs. B as a last resort, knowing her unwilling- 
 ness to leave the men who so much needed her services. 
 " General," said she, "you must hav^ a bath." "A bath ! " 
 he gasped ; " that's impossible ; thefe's no water within four 
 miles." "Never you mind that," said she; "I'll get it" 
 That was enough for the General, and he waited. In fifteen 
 minutes she 'appeared, with two soldiers, carrying a huge tub 
 of steaming water. " Now, boys," she said, " strip the Gen- 
 eral, put him in the tub, cover him close with a blanket, and 
 I will give him a drink." Her orders were promptly obeyed. 
 She gave him a glass of hot toddy; then had him rubbed 
 with dry, warm cloths, till circulation was restored, placed 
 him in bed, surrounded with hot bricks, and Richard was 
 himself again. I recently asked her the particulars of the 
 case. They corresponded precisely with the General's state- 
 ment, and she added with glee, " and he didn't know that I 
 afterwards bathed sixteen tired, dirty, half sick boys in the 
 same water, adding a little hot each time, as all the water for 
 the hospitals was hauled four miles." 
 
120 THE BOYS IN BLXJK 
 
 The wife of one of our most distinguished military leaders 
 at one time, sent for her to come and nurse her sick child. 
 Shereplied, "I am sorry; but I can't do it. I came into 
 the army to nurse the boys, not major-generals' children. 
 The child has no business here, anyhow ; he ought to be at 
 home." After the close of the war, Mrs. B. was taking tea 
 at the house of this of&cer, and he pointed to a little boy, 
 saying, "Mrs. B., that is the child you refused to nurse, 
 and said ought to be at home." She replied, " General, did 
 I say right ? " " You did," was the answer. 
 
 At the coQimencement of the war, Mrs. Bickerdyke was a 
 widow, with two young sons, residing in Galesburg, Illinois. 
 Dr. "Woodruff, surgeon of 22d Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
 was from the same place, and wrote from below to his friends 
 of the suffering of the arm3^ The letter was read in church ; 
 she heard it. Being a famous nurse and housekeeper, with 
 a tender, patriotic heart, Mrs. B. felt called upon to go. Her 
 friends and neighbors agreed with her, and Mrs. Colton, of 
 Galesburg, placed at her disposal five hundred dollars' worth 
 of sanitary stores to take to the hospitals. 
 
 Her first army work was at Bird's Point, where, for a time, 
 there was a regimental hospital. " From that place she went 
 to Fort Holt, thence to the Brick Hospital of Cairo, keeping 
 ■in the track of the most important and needy hospitals, and 
 constantly receiving more or less assistance from the ISTorth- 
 Western Sanitary Commission, and friends in Illinois; also 
 from Mr. and Miss Safford, of Cairo. 
 
 She soon discovered a disposition to misappropriate sani- 
 tary stores, and raised her first tempest in the Brick Hospital 
 at Cairo. A fine box of supplies had been consigned to 
 
UNFAITHFUL WARD-MASTER. 121 
 
 her from Galesburg, conspicuously- marked with the name 
 of the society that sent them. She gave a certain number 
 of shirts, socks, and slippers to a ward-master to distribute. 
 The next morning, in going her rounds, she perceived this 
 official wearing a sanitary shirt, broadly marked, while one 
 of his sick patients was minus his clean one. " Where did 
 you get that shirt? " she said, fiercely. "It's none of your 
 business," he answered. " I'll see if it isn't," she replied ; 
 and seizing it, as he had no coat on, she drew it over the 
 head of the unfortunate wight, stunned into silence. " Now 
 let; me see your feet?" said she, stooping and taking one in 
 her hand. Off came the socks and slijppers in a twinkling, 
 to the infinite delight of the patients. The denuded thief 
 slunk off suddenly, a sadder and a wiser man, and Mrs. B. 
 had no further trouble in this hospital concerning sanitary 
 stores. 
 
 She took charge of the nursing in the amputation ward 
 in the Brick Hospital, and astonished all, by her skill and 
 endurance. The men, strange to say, were made comfort- 
 able. In retrospect this is difficult to comprehend, when the 
 paucity of supplies and conveniences in the earlier part of 
 the war, are borne in mind. Mrs. Bickerdyke says they lived 
 from day to day, and supplies came as manna in the wil- 
 derness. After the battle of Donelson, where many of the 
 wounded men lay in the cold and storm more than twenty- 
 four hours without relief, Mrs. B. went up to the fort on the 
 hospital-boat, to take charge of them in transitu. She accom- 
 panied and attended five boat-loads of these freshly- wounded 
 men to Paducah, Mound City, Cairo, Evansville, and Louis- 
 ville. "What superhuman strength and endurance, executive 
 
122 THE BOYS I3Sr BLUE. 
 
 ability and fertile genius, such a work, at such a time, required, 
 cannot be comprehended by any who have not witnessed 
 such scenes and worked upon hospital transports. 
 
 After depositing her precious, but heart-rending freights, 
 she accompanied the 21st Eegiment of Indiana Volun- 
 teers, on the Fanny Bullet, to Pittsburg Landing, to take 
 charge of their hospital. With wonderful forethought and 
 resolution, appreciated only by those who have seen the 
 filthy and offensive cast-off clothing of wounded men, she 
 had all of this material in luse, after the battle of Donelson, 
 boxed up and placed on the boat. After the 21st Indiana 
 disembarked from the steamer at Pittsburg Landing, she 
 succeeded' in having an order issued, for the boat to back 
 down to Savannah with these hideous boxes. She there 
 assorted them herself, and had many thousands of pieces 
 washed by "contrabands," hired for the purpose. This 
 clothing was thoroughly dried and repacked, in readiness for 
 the bloody battle of Shiloh, where it proved to be of untold 
 value. But even the wonderful physical energy of Mrs. 
 Bickerdyke succumbed for a time, after this nauseous effort. 
 She lay prostrate at Savannah two days, retching incessantly 
 from its effects. 
 
 The Panny Bullet was one of the prodigious battle-fleet of 
 eighty -two steamers, filled with troops and warlike append- 
 ages, that left Fort Henry in March, 1863, for Pittsburg 
 Landing. The victorious troops of Donelson marched over 
 to Fort Henry to become part of the "armada." The 
 morning, though bright, was cold ; and these troops were 
 obliged to march two miles, in water six inches deep, on the 
 bottom-land, in order to reach the steamers, crowded with 
 
DEATH OF GEN. C. F. SMITH. 123 
 
 troops, and found no fire to dry them, or hot coffee to warm 
 them. With undiminished ardor, they joined the .mighty 
 chorus of huzzas and cheers that went up from that great 
 battle-fleet, till it drowned the music of bands and artillery. 
 'Twere well if the bereaved could forget how many of 
 this heroic multitude bit the dust at Shiloh, and poured out 
 a stream of blood, that dyed the bottom-lands of Pittsburg 
 Landing. 
 
 It was at this place that Mrs. Bickerdyke nursed the gal- 
 lant Gen. C. F. Smith, who she quaintly said fought himself 
 to death at Donelson. During the progress of the battle at 
 the Landing on the first day, when the odds were against us, 
 he sprang from his bed, wildly rushed through his tent, ex- 
 claiming, "It can't be — those brave troops will never surren- 
 der, they will fight to the last and conquer. Oh ! that 1 were 
 with them." He joined those that had gone before, ere many 
 days had passed, and the country mourned a true patriot and 
 skilful leader, when Gen. G. F. Smith yielded up his life at 
 Pittsburg Landing, to insidious disease, greatly increased and 
 complicated by anxiety and excitement. 
 
 After the battle, hospitals were extemporized in churches, 
 cotton-gins, stables, and private houses at Savannah, where 
 the men lay on straw,' sparsely scattered on bare floors. 
 Mrs. B. took possession of a small house, and she had in it 
 seventy wounded men, and eight officers of the 21st Indiana. 
 After this battle she received what was then a magnificent 
 supply — one hundred cases of sanitary stores, from the 
 North-Western Sanitary Commission of Chicago, in connec- 
 tion with which branch she worked from that time. It will 
 be readily believed, that in the utter destitution then prevail- 
 
124 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 ing, their contents were soon distributed among 3,000 badlj 
 wounded men, 500 of whom were placed in Sibley tents, in 
 the immediate neighborhood. Early in July, the . hospitals 
 at Savannah being nearly vacant, Mrs. B. was transferred to 
 the Great Farmington Hospital. She found there 1,400 men 
 from the siege of Corinth, and she accompanied several hun- 
 dred sick and wounded men from luka to the Farmington 
 Hospital, where she remained till the beginning of 'Septem- 
 ber, when the sicli: and wounded were removed to Corinth, 
 to be secure from the assaults of the enemy. Dr. McDougal, 
 the Medical Director at that time, furnished Mrs. B. with 
 every facility to carry out her extended schemes of relief. 
 He was a man of ability and humanity, and highly appre- 
 ciated her services. She was matron of the large and com- 
 plete hospital at Corinth, which occupied the female academy 
 of that place, beautifully situated on rising ground, with a 
 large addition of hospital tents. She had established in the 
 building a line diet-kitchen and laundry, and was running 
 the entire concern with her accustomed success, when the 
 battle commenced and was fought on the 3d and 4th of 
 October, 1862. So perfect and comprehensive was the sys- 
 tem, that notwithstanding the immense and sudden influx of 
 wounded during the battle, and sick and wounded rebels 
 left on our hands at its conclusion, it was said that perfect 
 order was maintained, and every man attended properly. 
 
 A painful, and to a less able and energetic person, an over- 
 whelming calamity took place, as the battle progressed ; the 
 hospital came within range of the enemy's artillery. It must 
 of course be removed, at all hazards. Between the hours of 
 8 P.M. and 3 A.M., it was skilfully, safely and thoroughly 
 
MRS. B. AT SMALL-POX HOSPITAL, MEMPHIS. 125 
 
 accomplished, and the rising sun found the patients in their 
 cots in a field-hospital, in a valley at . KincEiid's Grove, with 
 balls and shells flying harmlessly over them. Towards the 
 achievement of this delicate and difficult task, Mrs. B. con- 
 tributed essential and conspicuous aid. At the close of the 
 battle, they again resumed their former delightful and con- 
 venient quarters in the academy. 
 
 After a furlough to recruit, and provide for her children, 
 Mrs. Bickerdyke returned to Memphis, January, 1863. 
 She assisted in. fitting up Adams' Block Hospital, also the 
 Gayoso Block Hospital, which I shall describe in its appro- 
 priate place. I happened to be in Memphis, shortly after she 
 took possession of the one last named. The medical staff 
 were in a spasm of delight, over a feat she had just accom- 
 plished. I 
 
 The small-pox hospital had become a charnel-house, and 
 there seemed none to regenerate it. Nine men lay in the 
 dead-house, and numbers were on the road to join them. 
 The Medical Director, Dr. Irvin, consulted with Mrs. Bick- 
 erdyke. She at once proposed to enter and purify it. He 
 -objected, on the score of her overwhelming duties; for in 
 addition to her hospital labors, she was running a laundry 
 that washed the clothes of all the hospitals in Memphis. He 
 also feared she might spread the infection. She said in reply, 
 that the hospitals were running so finely, that she could be 
 spared a few weeks, and as to the infection, she would 
 pledge herself it should not spread. The doctor had learned 
 to trust her, and gladly consented. She at once took charge 
 of the revolting place. An ordinary thunder-storm would 
 be powerless here, and she created an earthquake ; ran the 
 
126 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 prairie-plough through the filthy grounds and out-houses, 
 overturning cots, and disembowelling foul beds, let in the 
 air and light of heaven, whitewashed the walls, cleansed 
 the men, supplied them with fresh clothing and whole- 
 some sick-food, scattered disinfectants broadcast, and in three 
 Aveeks had a pure, clean hospital, where few men died, and 
 all were made as comfortable as the loathsome disease would 
 permit. 
 
 In the spring of 1864 she came North, to carry out a char- 
 acteristic Bickerdyke project. She declared the boys in hos- 
 pital must have fresh milk, and nothing but cows could give 
 it ; and they must be solicited from the Western farmers, and 
 taken down to Memphis. And then she wanted hundreds 
 of hens to lay fresh eggs for the sick. The Commission 
 consented to the plan, and agreed to famish transportation 
 for the cows and hens. The store-room was, for the nonce, 
 transformed into a hennery, with crowing chanticleers and 
 cackling hens, to the great delight of the boys. Mrs. B. 
 procured eighty cows and several hundred hens, and they 
 were transmitted to her at Memphis. The cows were de- 
 tailed with military precision to the hospitals, in proportion 
 to the number of their inmates. The unfortunate fowls were 
 at once seized and decapitated for the use of the sick, who 
 were in perishing need of chicken broth. 
 
 From Memphis, where the hospitals decreased in size and 
 number, as it became further off from the army base, Mrs. 
 B. went to Vicksburg, and from thence to Chattanooga, with 
 the Fifteenth Army Corps. She remained with Sherman's 
 army through the entire series of its brilliant victories and 
 bloody fights ; receiving and caring for its wounded, running 
 
THE "boys" at mission RIDGE. 127 
 
 and consolidating hospitals, superintending laundries — as she 
 carried her washers and wringers, furnished by the Sanitary 
 Commission, with her. 
 
 She superintended the cooking of hundreds of tons of sani- 
 tary stores and vegetables. Sometimes, when transportation 
 was impossible, and foragers unsuccessful, she sold the clothes 
 that had been sent by the Sanitary Commission, to make her 
 comfortable, for butter, eggs, and milk for the hospitals. If, 
 in her journeys, she found men suffering with wounds fester- 
 ing for lack of clean bandages, her own clothing was torn 
 into strips, and her own night-dresses taken for clean cover- 
 ing for the poor emaciated soldiers, she jocularly telling them, 
 if asked any questions about the ruffles, to say they were 
 secesh shirts. No exigencies baffled her skill and self-denial. 
 
 At Mission Eidge, in the middle of winter, when the 
 troops under General Sherman returned fro'm their chase 
 after the enemy to Knoxville, their clothes and shoes were. 
 worn to tatters, and some of the veteraus tracked the ground 
 with blood. Gen. Sherman was as rusty as the " boys," for 
 he always shared their hardships and their danger, aud gave 
 them a due share of the glory. As they were drawn up in 
 line to receive their rations, the ragged but jubilant veterans 
 took their ear of corn, the only ration, with as keen a relish 
 and as gleeful faces, as a child his apple at recess. They 
 knew the emergency was unavoidable, and manfully endured 
 the hardships. At Chattanooga, the hospital labor was 
 greatly intensified by the excessive cold and severe storm 
 which prostrated the tents, and exposed the men to the fury 
 of the wind and frost. Pioneer corps were kept all night 
 cutting wood and piling up large blazing fires, and others 
 
128 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 scattering living coals around the cots, to preserve the men 
 from freezing. 
 
 During the progress of this campaign forty new Govern- 
 ment wagons were sent across the country from Nashville 
 to Huntsville, for the use of the army. They were loaded 
 to their utmost capacity with Sanitary Commission stores of' 
 sour-krout, onions, potatoes, pickles, and dried apples. These 
 supplies were divided to the regiments by the sanitary au- 
 thorities at Nashville, assisted by Mrs. Bickerdyke and Mrs. 
 Porter, in the course of three weeks. They were dealt out 
 as rations; one barrel of onions to one hundred men, one 
 barrel of potatoes to fifty men, two barrels of pickles and 
 two barrels of sour-krout to a regiment. At Altona the 
 genius of Mrs. B. and her admirable co-worker, Mrs. Porter 
 (both being connected with the North- Western Sanitary Com- 
 mission), founS full scope. At Kingston, nine thousand men 
 passed through the hospitals ; and at Atlanta, the great field- 
 hospitals covered thirty acres of ground. 
 
 The day before the evacuation and burning of Atlanta 
 they left for the North, went to Philadelphia, obtained large 
 donations of supplies from the Christian Commission, and 
 took them to Beaufort, Morehead City, and Wilmington, to 
 distribute. From thence they returned to Washington in 
 time to meet Sherman's victorious army, to which they 
 assisted in distributing vast amounts of clothing and edibles, 
 furnished by the Sanitary and Christian Commissions. Thus 
 closed the field labor of Mrs. Bickerdjke in the army, to 
 which she had proved an invaluable blessing, and by whom 
 she will ever be held in grateful remembrance. 
 
 At the close of this sketch, I would make a brief statement 
 
FLOATING HOSPITALS AND SOUP CAULDRONS. 129 
 
 of the first supply- work of the U. S. Sanitary Oommission 
 and its branches, in the "Western Department, in which Mrs. 
 Bickerdyke was so largely interested. When th§ news of 
 the battle of Donelson reached Cincinnati, three thousand 
 dollars were promptly subscribed, to pay the expenses of a 
 steamer fitted up by the Sanitary Commission, and furnished 
 with nurses and supplies. Dr. Newberry joined the expedi- 
 tion at Louisville, and donations from Cleveland and Chicago 
 branches were added to the stores. The steamers supplied 
 by the Commission, were drawn upon ad libitum, by all the 
 transports containing the wounded, and this relief proved as 
 valuable, as it was no_vel and unexpected. Dr. Douglas, an 
 associate secretary of the Commission, had suggested to Gen. 
 Grant, while at Cairo, the importance of a floating hospital. 
 This idea was adopted by the Government, and the hospital- 
 steamer. City of Memphis, carrying eight hundred men, was 
 detailed for the purpose, and was ready for service after the 
 battle of Donelson. A d^pot of supplies had been established 
 at Cairo by Dr. Douglas, under the care of the Chicago Branch, 
 from which these boats could be supplied. A depot was also 
 established at Paducah. 
 
 By the fall of Donelson, the Cumberland River was open- 
 ed to Nashville, at which point a depSt of the Commission 
 was established, and also at Savannah, as soon as Gen. Grant 
 took possession of that place. After the bloody battle of 
 Shiloh, these depots were ready to give assistance. Dr. 
 Douglas and Dr. Warriner, with a delegation from Chicago 
 and other branches, went up on the steamer Louisiana, and 
 in that scene of confusion, misery and death,. dealt out sup- 
 plies and gave assistance to everxj boat. On the second day, 
 
 
 
130 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 the Cincinnati Brancli of the U. S. Sanitary Commission sent 
 two first-class steamers, the Tycoon and the Monarch, fur- 
 nished with every possible comfort. They exchanged their 
 stores for wounded men, and carried them to hospitals on 
 the Ohio Eiver. 
 
 After the battle, the U. S. Sanitary Commission establish- 
 ed a depot at Pittsburg Landing, on the boat of the Medical 
 Purveyor, at his own request, and in five weeks disbursed 
 160,143 articles, consisting of clothing and edibles, bottles, 
 cans, and pounds of nourishing food and stimulants, neces- 
 sary for wounded men. The great soup cauldrons of the 
 army, were first suggested and introduced by the Sanitary 
 Commission, and were afterwards universally adopted in the 
 "Western army, and the first of these effective appliances were 
 sent from the Chicago Sanitary Commission. Sanitary Com- 
 mission depots followed the army in its entire campaigns, 
 and this volume might be filled with testimonials from men 
 and officers, of its benefits and blessings, which can only re- 
 ceive a passing notice in a work of this character. 
 
 Before closing this subject, the inestimable value of the 
 volunteer service of the North-Western railroads and tele- 
 graph lines, in addition to the aid of the Press, previously 
 acknowledged, deserve honorable mention and warm com- 
 mendation. Prompt and free transportation for sanitary 
 stores, as well as free passes for agents or representatives 
 of the ISTorth-Western Commission, were granted at all times 
 and under all circumstances ; and gratuitous and unlimited 
 use of the telegraph lines were permitted for the relief of 
 the anxious friends of the soldiers and the furtherance of 
 the various modes of the Commission's work. The aids 
 
rLOATING HOSPITALS AND SOUP CAULDRONS. 131 
 
 given from these various sources can scarcely be computed 
 in money, as the necessary outlay for them would ha,ve 
 consumed most of the rrieans used in the relief work of the 
 Commissiorf. The immense pressure on the roads, the press, 
 and the telegraph lines during the war, made these contri- 
 butions increasingly valuable and generous. In order to 
 approximate the results, it must be borne in mind that the 
 Chicago Branch received over the roads, during the war, a 
 million dollars' worth of supplies, and transmitted by the 
 Illinois Central Railroad to Cairoj almost a million and a 
 half dollars' worth of stores free of expense. • Henceforth, 
 the time-honored adage that " corporations have no souls," 
 must be revised and corrected. Corporations and corps in 
 the ISTorth-West represented and justified the benevolence 
 and patriotism of their members. It is no small gratifica- 
 tion to me, and only common justice to the donors, to give- 
 my testimony to the value of the contributions of the press, , 
 the railroads, and the telegraph lines of the ISTorth-West. 
 Doubtless it was the same elsewhere, but of these I speak 
 " whereof I know." 
 
132 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTER YEI. 
 
 Tisit of members of the Commission to the army. — -Dr. W. W. Patten, 
 Vice-President. — Mrs. Hog.e and Mrs. Colt's visit to th^ army at re- 
 quest of Commission. — Mrs. Safford at Cairo. — Credentials. — Pas- 
 senger steamer Ruth. — She is seized at Columbus as transport of 
 war. — Sketch of young soldier from Iowa, and his story. — Contra- 
 band group. — Anecdote of Csesar. — Departure from Columbus. — 
 Island No. 10. — Approach to Memphis. — Her former prosperity. — 
 Blasted prospects. — Pubhc square. — Jackson's statue. — Sketch of 
 Southerii desolation, and its cause. — Arrival at Memphis. — Hospitals 
 of Memphis. — ^Wounded soldiers from Vicksburg. — Sanitary depot. 
 
 As the work of the Commission progressed, it became evi- 
 dent that actual contact with the army and visits to the 
 depots and soldiers' homes, relief stations, and other points 
 of the work of the Commission, were necessary to its success- 
 ful operation. These journeys were made by several members 
 of the Commission, and reports given to the people at home, 
 through the Monthly Bulletin and daily press, and through 
 the pulpit by Eev. Dr. Patton, a Vice-President of the Com- 
 mission, who several times visited the field. 
 
 The President, Hon. Mark Skinner, with- commendable 
 breadth, foresaw the advantage that such a journey would 
 secure to those who had undertaken to keep the treasury 
 and the shelves of the Chicago Branch filled ; thereby ena- 
 bling them to state or write what they had seen of the troops, 
 
LETTER OF CREDENTIALS. 13S 
 
 and of the supplies furnished to the Commission. He sug- 
 gested that Mrs. Livermore, Mrs. Colt, and myself, should' 
 visit the army, and offered every facility to enable us to 
 carry out the plan successfully. Mrs. Colt, who was doing 
 the work in Wisconsin that we were doing in other States, 
 accepted the invitation at this time, and Mrs. Livermore and 
 myself alternated in these army trips. 
 
 As the best mode of explaining the precise object of our 
 journey, and to illustrate the systematic and official mode 
 of the work of the Commission, I insert, verbatim, the letter 
 of credentials placed in our hands by Hon. Mark Skinner, 
 whose name and official position we found a passport every- 
 ' where. 
 
 Chicago S^sitakt Oojimissiou', January 5, 1863. 
 To Officers in command U. S. Arwy, &c. : 
 
 Mrs. A. H. Hoge visits, in company with Mrs. H. L. . 
 Colt, the hospitals and camps in and about Yicksburg, Mem- 
 phis, etc., on behalf of our Commission, for the purpose of 
 distributing supplies, and to inspect and report to this Com- 
 mission everything in regard to the need of sanitary stores, 
 the kinds wanted, the best method of preparing and forward- 
 ing, and whatever else may be important or valuable for 
 our Commission to know. "Whatever aid these ladies may 
 need in order to facilitate their movements, is respectfully 
 
 asked in their behalf. 
 
 Mark Skinner, 
 
 Pres. Chicago San. Commission. 
 
 Officers, agents, and persons in the employ of the U. S. 
 Sanitary Commission are desired to render all aid to these 
 ladies that they may ask or need. 
 
134 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 It will be readily perceived, that with such- ofSicial indorse- 
 ment, and the escort of Mr. John 0. Williams, an esteemed 
 citizen of Chicago (since deceased), we were fully armed for 
 the work before us. 
 
 The arbitrary character of military law changed the entire 
 programme marked out for us, and sent us up White Eiver 
 t'o DuvaU's Bluff, on General Grorman's expedition, to reduce 
 the rebel forts on that river. This change of plan, though 
 a deep disappointment at the time, gave us . an opportunity 
 of moving with the army, and of witnessing and understand- 
 ing the character of the soldiers' transport life, and transport 
 hospitals, that we could not have enjoyed under any other 
 .circumstances. At Cairo, we were most hospitably enter- 
 tained by Mr. Safford, who, like his sister, entered heartily 
 into the army work, and threw his comfortable mansion 
 open, and freely entertained scores of male and female army 
 workers throughout the war. 
 
 ■ Passage was secured for us, on the beautiful new steamer 
 Euth, luxurious in her appointments, rapid in her move- 
 ments, and eminently safe in the hands of her courteous and 
 able commander and joint owner, Capt. Pegram, of St. 
 Louis. Our first trip on the Father of Waters promised to 
 be a gala-day till we should reach Memphis. As soon as we 
 touched the landing at Columbus, however, Gen. Fisk seized 
 the boat as a transport of war, and prepared to fill it with 
 1,500 volunteers for a mysterious campaign, yet undivulged. 
 The captain's depressed looks and remonstrance, weighed not 
 a feather ; Uncle Sam needed the steamer, that was enough ; 
 no questions need be asked, no objections made. The gay 
 Euth was as rapidly despoiled of her trappings, as a belle 
 
GROUP OF SOLDIERS AT COLUMBUS. * . 135 
 
 from the* ball-room ; they were laid aside for some future 
 gala-day, and she was clad in the sombre habiliments of war. 
 The decks were covered with the "Boys in Blue," General 
 Clinton B- Fiske took command of the boat, and we were fair- 
 ly embarked in the army on the -move, under military orders. 
 
 While these changes were being rapidly made, I strolled 
 on the levee, and as usual, found myself in the midst of a 
 group of soldiers. The sun had sunk below the horizon, 
 and left a gorgeous retinue of clouds to tell of his departure. 
 The turbid Mississippi,^ with its deep monotone, rolled ma- 
 jestically towards the sea. Camp-fires along the shores were 
 becoming visible in the gathering evening, the sound of fife 
 and drum mingled with- the busy hum of preparation for a 
 move, the frowning fortifications of Columbus stood out 
 boldly and clearly against the evening sky, while the lights 
 and fires of a score of steamers, looked like an illumination 
 for a victory. There was a glorious uncertainty in all our 
 movements, whose mystery added romance to the scene. 
 We knew we were going to battle, but none knew where, or 
 when, or how, save the officers in command. A soldier, sick 
 or well, knows not his destination, but obeys orders whenever 
 given, and asks no questions. 
 
 I passed fi-om group to group, and said a cheering word, 
 and told how we loved and honored and labored for them 
 at home." It required but a nioment to gather large au- 
 diences, and oh 1 what listeners ! The words home, wife, 
 mother, always drew forth cheers and tears, reverence and 
 grateful thanks. I believe a more noble, brave, honorable, 
 tender, patient and enduring race of men have never existed, 
 than our Union soldiers. 
 
136 • ' THE BOYS IN BLUB.* 
 
 As I left the last group to walk to the fortifications, I 
 heard a quick step, and turning, saw a fine young man in 
 the uniform of an orderly sergeant. ■ He touched his cap, and 
 said, "Madam, excuse me, but if you will not consider it 
 impertinent, I would ask the favor of accompanying you. 
 I've always been accustomed to female society, and during 
 the nine months I have been in the army, you are the first 
 lady to whom I have spoken." I replied, '' I consider it a 
 great honor to be escorted by a soldier, and as you are about 
 the age of one of my sons, I should be glad to have your 
 strong arm to lean upon as I ascend the hill, and you can 
 tell me something of your history." 
 
 "I am the last of eight children" he said solemnly, "and 
 my mother is a widow. I had a fine position, was a 
 postmaster in Iowa, and could not ask for brighter prospects 
 than I had, when the war broke out. At the fij-st call, I felt 
 that I must go, and said so to my mother. She faltered, and 
 said, ' John, not yet ; so many mothers have more than one 
 ohild\ and some that have hut one, are not widows.^ I felt 
 'twas true, specially as father had left her to my care. The 
 second call came. As it happened, it was harder than ever 
 to go, for I had another's consent to ask beside my mother's, 
 then. Next door to us lived an orphan girl, whom I had 
 known and loved from childhood — ^I never knew how 
 much, till it appeared possible I might have to leave her. 
 Before I knew it, I had told her all; and found she loved me 
 also. We were engaged to be married. Nevertheless, I felt 
 I must go now, and at once told mother. She turned pale, but 
 said, ' John, I'll be as good as my word ; go, and God bless 
 you. But what of Mary ? ' ' I'll see her at once,' I said, 
 
John's touching story. 137 
 
 and in five minutes I was beside her on the porch, where, 
 she stood every evening waiting for me, on the very spot 
 where we first pledged our troth. 
 
 " In the dim twilight, her woman's eye read something amiss. 
 She said quickly : ' "What's the matter, John ; are you ill ? ' 
 ' Not ill, but sad, for I must leave you, Mary. The Presi- 
 dent has called for 300,000 men, and I must be going. 
 'Mother says yes ; what say you ? ' The color had faded from 
 her cheek, but her eye brightened as she said : ' Grod forbid 
 I should stand in your way. As your mother said, I say. 
 Go, and Grod bless you ! I've been fearing and hoping for 
 this. I love you better than ever, and should have felt 
 ashamed had you held back. But, John, one thing must be' 
 done. I never expected to say this — but we must be married. 
 If you are sick or wounded I must go to you ; and when 
 you leave, I must live with your mother ; ' and she whis- 
 pered, as she laid her head upon my shoulder, 'I would 
 rather be your widow than any other man's bride.' N«xt 
 day we were married, I enlisted, and shortly was on my way 
 to my regiment. Strange as it may seem, I never regretted 
 the step. ■ Mother and Mary live together, and write such 
 cheerful letters twice a week that I could not be despondent if 
 I would. They say : ' Keep up your courage, John ; God takes 
 care of us, and will of you. "We expect you home at the end 
 of the war loaded with honors, and oh ! what a welcome we'll 
 give you.' I brought my wedding coat, and looked at it 
 with smiles and tears every night and morning, as it hung in 
 my tent. Some villain stoleit last night, and the gold of Cali- 
 fornia could not have bought it. No matter ; I have their daT 
 guerreotypes ; I wish it was not too dark for you to sec them." 
 
138 THE BOYS m BLUE. 
 
 . Just at this point; we had reached the brow of the hill, 
 crowned with its frowning battlements; The golden purple 
 had faded from the clouds ; the dimly defined battle-field of 
 Belmont lay across the stream, whose surging tone mingled 
 with the distant hum of moving squadrons, as they filed into 
 the boats; the solemn tread of the sentinels, and the boom- 
 ing of the evening gun, completed the warlike character of 
 this strange, but fascinating scene. We stood in silence, our 
 hearts too full for utterance. I could but feel, as mine beat 
 tumultuously, why is it that some sacrifice so much in this 
 great struggle for national existence, while others' pass heed- 
 lessly on, reaping the fruit of their bloody sweat and toil, and , 
 talk of pelf given and, labors bestowed on these heroes? 
 
 My young friend passed his hand hastily across his eyes, 
 and said : " Don't think I would have things otherwise. I 
 counted the cost, and am willing to pay the price, be it what 
 it may." I said, "A moment since I pitied you, now I envy 
 you. Tou are happy in your choice, are sustained by wife 
 and mother, know what self-sacrificing patriotism means, and 
 trust God implicitly." "You are right," he said. "I will 
 write your words to mother and Mary, for I am proud of 
 them both." "We walked down the hill rapidly and silently, 
 and were soon at John's camp. ■ He said : " 'Tis past taps ; 
 I must leave you. My colonel won't be hard ; he knows 
 I'm never away in mischief. I must tell you I've been 
 almost home to-night, madam. I believe God sent you here. 
 For the first time in nine months I had a touch of home- 
 sickness ; just before I met you. 'Tis all gone now- — God 
 bless and keep you — farewell." He vaulted lightly over the 
 trench around the camp, and soon disappeared among the 
 
CONTEABANDS. 139 
 
 white tents. I know not whether John still lives to bless his 
 wife and mother, or sleeps in a Southern grave. One thing 
 I know : living or dying, he is the Lord's, and will shine 
 among his jewels. 
 
 On my return to the boat I found Gen. Fisk, with his staff 
 and wife, established in the ladles' cabin, as headquarters. 
 He at once offered us state-rooms and seats at his table, thus 
 placing us in the most agreeable relations with the army, and 
 affording us a rare opportunity of seeing the routine of official 
 as well as ordinary military life. 
 
 . We remained unwillingly thirty-six hours at Columbus, 
 without any reason apparent to us. Then the labored move- 
 ment of the engine, the slowly revolving wheels, the puffing 
 steam and the shrill whistle, gave warning we were about to 
 leave. On the edge of the bluff stood a novel group to 
 Northern eyes. They were contrabands — plantation hands 
 of the genuine African type, with thick lips, long-heeled flat 
 feet, and low foreheads ; some barely covered with coffee-bag 
 skirts, and the remainder with parti-colored rags, that flapped 
 in the fresh breeze, like tattered sails on black masts. They 
 reminded us of an anecdote told by Mrs. Gen. "W. at Cairo : 
 , A benevolent and radical anti-slavery friend, a few weeks 
 previous, had taken a likely young contraband to train as 
 waiter. The first step was to clothe him in a trim suit of 
 coarse blue cloth. The experiment promised complete success, 
 as CaBsar, though a plantation hand, was learning' rapidly. 
 The following morning he appeared to wait on table, with 
 one leg of his pantaloons apparently torn from the hip down 
 to the ankle. " Why, Csesar, what is the matter? " said the 
 lady. "Missus," said he, solemnly, "I ripped it; I wanted 
 
140 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 to see it flop." These contrabands were already flopping. 
 A person present, with some slavery sympathy, remarked, 
 "Poor wretches! how much worse off free than slaves." 
 "Ifotso," was answered. "Now they are clad in the gar- 
 ments of slavery, and have the stamp of its degradation upon 
 them. Decent free clothing, and a generation of requited .toil 
 and free-school advantages, will so wipe out the effects of the 
 barbarism of slavery, that we may look upon God's image 
 even in such as these." 
 
 As we' moved slowly from the landing, a huzza arose 
 from other steamers filled with troops, our 1,500 blue-boys 
 answering back. Drums rolled, handkerchiefs waved, last 
 words were shouted, and we were off for Memphis. As we 
 passed Island No. 10, the sun was flooding its massive bat- 
 tlements with the full morning light, and they looked as 
 though they might have defied a rebel host, and made the 
 memory of seventy spiked cannon, and hundreds of thou- 
 sands of dollars' worth of government stores needlessly de- 
 stroyed, a bitter memory. The guns were lying on the sides 
 of the bluff, useless and deserted. 
 
 As we swept proudly down the rapid current and rounded 
 at the landing, the city of Memphis rose upon our view, on its 
 commanding site — a magnificent stretch of table-land on the 
 summit of an irregular bluff. The military accompaniments 
 of the fort, and the white tents of several regiments on a level 
 with the city, added greatly to the beauty of the panorama. 
 Large blocks of new brick buildings, hotels, warehouses, and 
 well paved streets, gave to Memphis the appearance of a 
 thriving northern city. From its location, it commanded the 
 trade of a large portion of Tennessee and Arkansas, and 
 
APPEOACH TO CITY OF MEMPHIS. 141 
 
 formed the connectiDg link between the commerce of the 
 North and the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 With such remarkable facilities for trade and commerce, 
 it enjoyed unequalled prosperity before the rebellion. 
 Treason had blasted its fair prospects, and reduced the am- 
 bitious city to a conquered province — a mere military post. 
 The court-house and offices were closed, the pulpits silent, 
 the school-houses deserted. Hotels and warehouses were 
 transformed into military hospitals, many of the stately man- 
 sions, encircled with lofty trees and velvet lawns, were oc- 
 cupied as military headquarters. Large numbers of the 
 citizens had entered the rebel army, and sent their families 
 into the interior. Those that remained, were seldom seen 
 abroad. Ichabod was written on the walls of this conquered 
 city, which was reaping the bitter fruits of rebellion. 
 
 We have rarely seen a more perfect little gem than the 
 public square in Memphis, with its gorgeous magnolias, 
 arbor- vitse and southern pines, in full green robes in January. 
 But treason had left its marks even here, for the statue of the 
 heroic Jackson in its centre had been mutilated, and the re- 
 buking motto, "The Federal TJnion, it must be preserved," 
 defaced. 
 
 The desolation of southern cities^ towns, settlements, and 
 plantations, was complete and indescribable. The " Father of 
 Waters " had been the great highway of the Mississippi Val- 
 ley, the main artery of commerce and prosperity, carrying 
 the life-blood from the heart to the ■ extremities, giving the 
 glow of health, the bloom of beauty, and vigor of body, 
 to all the States through which it coursed and throbbed. On 
 the bosom of this majestic stream had been borne a continu- 
 
142 THE BOYS IN BLUE, 
 
 ous -fleet of Steamers, almost floating palaces, going to and fro 
 like the ships of Tyre, till merchants had become princes, 
 and planters oligarchs. Southern plantations were among, 
 the gardens of the earth for beauty, fragrance, verdure, land- 
 scape art, and almost principalities in extent, population, and 
 luxurious appendages of living. Choice libraries, gems of 
 art, curious devices of gold and silver, formed part of 
 the' oriental splendor of these Southern palaces; abodes of 
 luxurious eaise and unsuspecting, indolent repose. Be- 
 neath, ' around, at the very core of this seeming pros- 
 perity and dazzling display, lay the element of its destruc- 
 tion ; the cause of its decay. Like the fabled vampire, it 
 fanned its sleeping victims while it fed upon their vitals; or 
 like 'the mistletoe of its forests, it draped the stately trunk 
 with the bright green robe of prosperity, while it drew from 
 it the sap of its existence. 
 
 The mighty steamers had not only carried silver, gold and 
 merchandise, but they had transported human beings', men, 
 women and children, born in Grod's image, for sale and bar- 
 ter, converting them into chattels. They had carried hus- 
 bands away from wives, and wives from husbands ; parents 
 from children, and children from parents. They had borne 
 manacled runaway slaves back to the plantation and the 
 lash ; sometimes had become the platform of execution for 
 hopeless beings, who, in the desperation of despair, bursting 
 their bonds, found a watery grave' in the turbid Missis- 
 sippi, to hide them from farther bondage, or hopeless sepa- 
 ration from wife and children. These princely plantations 
 had been sustained and furnished by the blood and sweat 
 of unrequited, scourged labor. Their stately halls had often 
 
SLAVERY THE.;CAUSE OF a?KEAS01ir. 143 
 
 been polluted , with deeds of cruelty. The only, hope for 
 the conservation of this -iniquitous system, being the legalized 
 perpetuation of the ignorance of its victims, they , toiled on, 
 generation after generation, without hope of redemption, or 
 opportunity for improvement, and were then reproached for 
 vice and ignorance. 
 
 The God of justice slumbered not, but was silent, permit- 
 ting this great crime, till by the fulfilment of His incompre- 
 hensible plans, those who had clung to this system of abomi- 
 nations, defending it from revelation, and clothing it with the 
 sanctity of heiiven, struck the blow themselves that unloosed 
 the manacles ; drew the sword that cut the gordian knot, that 
 had perplexed and bewildered statesmen and philanthropists, 
 and gave the key to the solution of the sphinx riddle that had 
 bafled the world.. Treason against the "old flag," was the 
 hammer, the sword!, the hey ; and in blood and fiery desola- 
 tion it did its work. I saw the fruits of this mighty convul- 
 sion. Had T doubted the enormity of slavery, or the tenacity 
 of its hold on an otherwise noble people, I should have been 
 convinced when I saw the effects of the scathing revolution, 
 necessary to end its existence and blot out its effects. The 
 Eed Sea had been rolled up on either side, crushing, sweep- 
 ing, obliterating all traces of life and prosperity, and the en- 
 franchised people were preparing to walk over dry-shod. Un- 
 til this redemption shall be complete, and justice to this long 
 down-trodden race thorough, the South will not be regenerated 
 nor her prosperity restored ; for the Lord Jehovah, who chang- 
 eth not, hath said: " I have made of one blood all the nations 
 of the earth;" and again: ''Thou shalt love the Lord thy 
 God with all thy heart, and thy neighbor as thyself," 
 
144 THE BOYS IN BLUE. • 
 
 On our arrival at Memphis, we immediately commenced 
 our visitations to the hospitals, and found them in good order, 
 having- been emptied as far as possible by sending the 
 patients North, to make room for the anticipated inmates, 
 from the coming battles. Alas I they were soon filled. The 
 day subsequent to our visit, several hundred wounded from 
 the unavailing assault on Yicksburg, were- placed in the 
 vacant beds. The Sanitary depot, under the care. of Dr- 
 Warriner, was in successful operation at Memphis. An accu 
 rate daily account was kept with every hospital, and the pre- 
 cise amount and number of every article, given to each hos- 
 pital or regiment, stated. These accounts, on printed forms, 
 were remitted each month to the ISTorth-Western Sanitary 
 Commission at Chicago ; consequently I felt at home in the 
 work at Memphis. 
 
DEPARTURE FROM MEMPHIS. 14-5 
 
 CHAPTER IX. ■ 
 
 Departure from Memphis. — ^Arrival at Helena. — Wretchedness of the 
 place. — A sketch of first army Sabbath. — Embarkation of 15,000 
 troops. — Sketch of a cavalry regiment. — Embarkation of a battery. 
 — ^Interview with Gen. Gorman on fleet. — Decision to accompany 
 White River Expedition. — ^Anxious father on the Euth. — Contrast 
 between recruits and veterans. — Mouth of White River. — Rumor of 
 battle at Arkansas Post. — Organization of battle fleet. — ^Entrance to 
 the White River. — Description of its banks. — Council of war.— 
 Changing weather. — Organization of hospital on Ruth. — St. Charles. 
 — Gen. Eisk's talk with a rebel — Cavalry regiment sent out as scouts. 
 — Suffering of the men on marches. — Arrival at DuvaU's Bluff'. — 
 Hardships of soldier? on transports. — The morality of the army. — 
 Their endurance. 
 
 Ok a bright afternoon, with cheers and shouts from the 
 men, beating of drums, waving of flags and handkerchiefs, and 
 hearty farewells of military and sanitary friends, we puffed 
 into the stream, and struck out boldly for Helena. The 
 " boys " insisted the word was spelled wrong. It ought to 
 have had but one syllable, and that the Jirst. As we steamed 
 up to its muddy bank, and saw the ricketty dwellings and 
 narrow, filthy streets fringing the levee, filled with our 
 soldiers, looking as if they were labelled jaundice, ague or 
 scurvy, we did not wonder the soldiers thought the name a 
 mistake. 'Twas difficult to discern the color of their uni- 
 forms ; they were so bespattered with mud, and moulded with 
 
 10 
 
1^6 THE BOTS m BLUE. 
 
 damp, that but little contrast existed between them, and the 
 bilious faces of the men who wore them. 
 
 Fortunately, the coming darkness hid the painful sight, and 
 the morrow's sun ushered in one of the most glorious Sab- 
 baths I ever beheld. ■ 
 
 A painful feature of the army, was the almost entire ab- 
 sence of Sabbath observance. The necessary continuance of 
 army routine, frequent and rapid changes, involving numer- 
 ous orders, and constant vigilance, necessary during the for- 
 ward march of an army in an enemy's cquntry, rendered it 
 impossible to observe the Sabbath, with any degree of regu- 
 larity. If any man could have done it. Gen. Fisk could, and 
 would. He failed, but seized every opportunity, as will be seen 
 for the moral and religious improvement of his command. 
 
 A sketch of my first Sabbath in the army, passed at 
 Helena, will explain this matter more fully. Twenty steam- 
 ers lay there, and were at once seized by Gen. Gorman 
 as transports of war, for the use of the expedition up the 
 "White Eiver. Orders were issued to fill them with troops. 
 Such orders involve an amount of labor and skill that civil- 
 ians cannot 'easily comprehend or appreciate. Camps must 
 be broken up — rations provided, and cooked, if possible — 
 horses, mules, guns, and carriages got on board — commissary 
 and surgeons' stores gathered and deposited — boats must be 
 assigned and put in order — detailed men called in — regiments 
 and batteries consolidated or divided, as the case may be. 
 
 This Sabbath-day in Helena was brilliant with sunshine, 
 and balmy as Italy in softness. "We sat on the upper deck, 
 •with no protection but light scarfs, on the 11th of January, 
 watching theTiovel and amazing sight of an army of twelve 
 
EMBARKATION OF TROOPS AT HELENA. 147 
 
 or fifteen thousand soldiers preparing to embark. The bluff 
 was covered with Grovernment wagons, ambulances, mules, 
 and tents ; the animals, inspired with the prevailing escite- 
 ment, neighed and brayed lustily, while their drivers roared 
 and halloed, crowding them forward to the landing. Eegi- 
 mental and line of&cers, quartermasters, surgeons, chaplains, 
 and orderlies were running to and fro, to secure order and 
 accuracy. The sable contrabands, leading the officers' horses, 
 or carrying their swords and satchels, were thickly (Scattered 
 through the hurrying crowd, and were the most quiet and 
 apparently uninterested actors in the scene, having been 
 accustomed to travel without notice, and without knowledge 
 or hope. 
 
 In the midst of all this bustle, the sound of the drum and 
 fife is heard, and dark blue lines emerging from the distance, 
 reveal the " heroes of the rank and file." On they come, with 
 banners flying, bayonets gleaming, tramp, tramp, tramp, 
 through the mud, till they reach the narrow pathway to the 
 boat, then file rapidly down, as the " boys" onboard send up 
 a hearty cheer of welcome, to their companions in danger 
 and suffering. 
 
 Now comes a splendidly caparisoned cavalry regiment, 
 the horses pawing the ground and snuffing the fresh morning 
 air as though they smelt the battle afar off — the riders with 
 their gay yellow stripes, soft hats with plumes, broad clank- 
 ing swords and cavalry boots, bronze faces and iron sinews, 
 looking like mail-clad warriors of old going forth to battle. 
 The bugle rings out its martial notes, the color-bearers wave 
 their banners in return to our white handkerchiefs, and the 
 whole regiment is deployed on the edge of the bluff, till at 
 
lis THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 the bugle-call, they plunge down the soft muddy bank, whicli 
 threatens to engulf both horse and rider, gain the double 
 plank, cktter on the lower deck, dismount, stall their horses, 
 and are ready for the signal of departure. The lovely, inno- 
 cent face of one of these young heroes, made a deep impres- 
 sion on us all. He gazed at us so wistfully, and touched his 
 hat so courteously, we felt assured he had left a tender 
 mother at home, watching and waiting. And now comes a 
 battery, with all its complicated machinery of guns, carriages, 
 horses and ammunition. After repeated efforts and hercu- 
 lean labor, witty speeches and roars of laughter, the feat is 
 accomplished, and they are ready, snugly packed ; the guns 
 and carriages covered with blue-coats, as a hive with bees. 
 
 Thus the work goes on ; thus the Sabbath wears away. 
 At the table in headquarters sat Gen. Fisk, with papers 
 around him, his staff-officers busily employed in writing, or 
 carrying orders back and forth — regiment and company 
 officers reporting and consulting, and the day was far spent 
 before leisure for a hasty meal could be secured. 
 
 In company with Col. Lewis, of Wisconsin, and Mr. Wil- • 
 Hams, of Chicago, we called on Gen. Gorman, the comman- 
 der of the expedition, handed him our letters, and asked 
 counsel, whether we should attempt to reach Grant's army 
 with our stores, or accompany him. He advised and urged 
 that we should remain ; said the crisis had passed at Vicks- 
 burg — that Drs. Brainard and Johnson had taken the wound- 
 ed to Memphis, where they would be well cared for. He 
 said we were needed in the-fleet ; that "White Eiver was only 
 ten hours distant, and we would probably be in a fight next 
 day, but should be protected by the gunboats. "We did 
 
VETERANS AND EEGRUITS. 149 
 
 not hesitate, although by this decision, I lost my only oppor- 
 tunity of seeing two sons, in Grant's army. We procured 
 at headquarters, a partial list of the wounded at Vicksburg, 
 and were met on our return to the boat by an anxious 
 father, captain of a company on the Ruth. He begged to 
 see the list, and told us he had four sons in active service, 
 two at Vicksburg, and had left a wife and four children at 
 home. I understood the agonizing suspense of that wife and 
 mother, for I had heard nothing from my boys, since the bat- 
 tle of Vicksburg — their names, however, were not on the 
 incomplete list of wounded. 
 
 As the old regiments passed to the boats, we were mucli 
 struck with the contrast between them and the recruits, as 
 the veterans saucily called the fresh troops. Those that 
 accompanied us from Columbus, were all recruited on the 
 last call. Their uniforms were fresh and neat, their step 
 sluggish, their air important. But the veterans were bronzed, 
 dashing, rollicking fellows, swaggering a little, and with 
 their military step and sinewy frames, looked as if they 
 courted danger and hardship, and enjoyed the music of artil- 
 lery and musketry. These iron men had been decimated 
 and winnowed by battles, marches, exposure and hardships, 
 till they knew their strength, and stood out as the concen- 
 trated endurance and bravery of 1,000 men, while their num- 
 ber was often less than half those figures. The new regi- 
 ments were soon similarly sifted. Equally brave hearts, but 
 not as strong frames, were gathered to rest in southern 
 graves. The deadly minie or bursting shell thinned their 
 ranks and made veterans of the saved. Toward sunset, the 
 last man stepped on board, the plank was drawn, the boys 
 
150 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 cheered, the band struck up the " Star Spangled Banner," 
 and we were off for the "White Eiver. 
 
 This was my first army Sabbath, but not my last. Some 
 were more quiet and sacred in pursuit; some more exciting 
 amid the din and roar of battle ; some more sad in the recep- 
 tion of the sick and wounded. Never had the holy day, as 
 it appeared in the distance of our Northern homes, seemed 
 so ravishing in love, peace, and holiness, and never had war, 
 and treason, its cause, appeared so terrible. 
 
 The following morning found us anchored at the mouth 
 of the White Eiver, in the company of thirty steamers that 
 composed the fleet. Large as were their size and number, 
 on tlie broad bosom of the Mississippi they seemed like tugs 
 or barks, only dotting the rolling mass of water. Even the 
 great flag-ship and naval hospital, that were anchored in the 
 centre of the stream, looked no larger than an ordinary -sized 
 steamboat on the Ohio. The residents of an adjoining farm 
 came on board, and said there had been a battle the day 
 previous at Arkansas Post, as the heavy firing had been 
 distinctly heard where we lay. The announcement of the 
 Federal victory had not yet reached them. 
 
 Arrangements were made at once to organize the fleet in 
 line of battle and begin our march. The steamers gradually 
 drew nearer, and at 11 o'clock the long signal- whistle of the 
 flag-ship sounded. Thirty shrill answers successively shriek- 
 ed out, fleecy clouds of steam and smoke arose from every 
 vessel, and, behold, the steamers were advancing in line of 
 battle I Our position was immediately in front of the mouth 
 of the "White Eiver. The entire fleet lay to our right, hug- 
 ging the shore. The resistless current of the Mississippi 
 
ORGANIZATION OF BATTLE FLEET. 151 
 
 swept boldly to the left bank of the White Eiver, conse- 
 quently each steamer walked proudly across our broadside 
 to the opposite shore, and then chassezed back to the centre 
 of the stream. The Florence, swarming with blue-coats, 
 with flags flying, drums beating, and boys cheering, led the 
 gorgeous pageant. Then came the Henry Clay, the Sun- 
 shine, the Era, the Anglo-Saxon, the Ida May, and all the 
 retinue of transports, till twenty-eight steamers had passed 
 us, covered from stem to stern with their precious freight of 
 heroes, cheering and huzzaing, flaunting flags and rolling 
 drums in keeping with their wild enthusiasm. One by one 
 they steamed up the stream, which, by its continual mean- 
 derings, multiplied the vision of life and beauty. 
 
 The brilliant sunlight was subdued and poetized by the 
 clouds of steam and smoke, the air was delicious, and the 
 panorama transporting in loveliness and interest. The 
 beautiful Euth was trembling with eagerness to join the 
 warlike procession. Presently the wheels revolved, the 
 smoke and steam rolled upward, "she walked the waters 
 like a thing of life," and was followed by the flag-shijD Ken- 
 ton, that closed the rare pageant. As we carefully rounded 
 the bends, we seemed to be within touching distance of 
 the steamer that had preceded us. Our boat often came 
 in contact with both banks of the river at the same 
 time, crushed small trees and underbrush in her circuitous 
 motions, and paid the tribute for her daring in the loss of 
 her light wood-work and protecting guards. The white 
 bark of the cotton-tree, bright green cane-brakes, and pro- 
 fusion of mistletoe, favored the illusion that it was not Jan- 
 uary but June. Bathed in the voluptuous atmosphere of 
 
152 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 such a day, surrounded and inspired by tlie glittering "pano- 
 ply of war," and the enthusiasm of fifteen thousand soldiers, 
 confident of success and eager for the fray, cautiously and 
 slowly we curved around the bends of the romantic stream, 
 densely and beautifully bordered, until, after nine miles of 
 progress, we reached the mouth of the cut-off, the communi- 
 cation between the White and Arkansas Eivers. 
 
 Here a council of war was held, to determine the course of 
 the fleet. It was decided to proceed forthwith up the "White 
 River, and take possession of the forts at different points on its 
 banks. We pursued our winding way, with weather chang- 
 ing as rapidly as our movements. Our June day was fol- 
 lowed by a heavy snow-storm, that fell to the depth of ten 
 inches ; then burst forth a melting sun, and then a drenching 
 rain. 
 
 During all this time, the soldiers were exposed to these 
 various changes, with no protection but their overcoats or 
 blankets, closely huddled together on the guards or hurricane 
 deck, without opportunities for exercise, cooking, or cleanli- 
 ness. These hardships began to tell severely on the new 
 regiments, and the men poured in for shelter and nursing. 
 By the order of Gen. Fisk, the long cabin was cleared for the 
 sick, and here for weeks we had the melancholy privilege of 
 contributing to the comfort of these patient sufferers. Their 
 only bed was the plank floor ; their covering, the soldiers' 
 blanket ; their pillow the hard knapsack ; but by assiduous 
 and skilful attention of surgeons, with abundance of suitable 
 sanitary stores with which we were provided, and the facili- 
 ties and assistance afforded us by Gen. Fisk and his wife 
 their sufferings were greatly ameliorated, and their ailments 
 
GEN. FISK'S talk WITH A EEBEL PRISONER. 153 
 
 rapidly cured. We were able in a large number of instances 
 to return them to their regiments in the course of two or 
 three days, thus proving the value of prompt assistance and 
 suitable care, for the want of which so many thousands were 
 consigned to their graves, or to hospitals for months. 
 
 Before reaching St. Charles, the note of preparation was 
 again heard. Every officer, in full uniform, mustered his 
 company, rifles were mounted, haversacks and canteens buck 
 led on, and every face earnest in prospect of the encoun- 
 ter. But we found St. Charles prepared to surrender. A 
 cavalry regiment, however, sprang to the shore the moment 
 we touched, and defiled on the edge of the high -bluff above 
 us, to be sent out as scouts. A few corn-cribs were fired by 
 the excited boys, the drums beat, guns fired, and the army 
 subsided and rested on its easy victory, if not its laurels. 
 - St. Charles had become a name of fearful import, since the 
 barbarities enacted there at the time of the destruction of the 
 steamer Mound City, when its boiler had been exploded by 
 rebel shot, and the scalded and floating victims were mur- 
 dered in cold blood by the rebel sharpshooters. One of 
 Chicago's most honored families had lost a patriot son on 
 that occasion, and the sympathizing hearts of her citizens 
 shuddered at the name of St. Charles. The place is small 
 and insignificant, situated on the top of a bold bluff that 
 rises immediately above the landing. 
 
 The most interesting occurrence that took place here, was 
 a conversation between a rebel prisoner of some importance 
 and Gen. Fisk. The prisoner remarked, " he reckoned the 
 war was nearly over, for both sides were pretty well tired 
 out and ready to come to terms." The General quietly re- 
 
154 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 plied, " that depends on your willingness to surrender. We 
 Yankees have set about this work very slowly. Fighting 
 was not our choice, only our necessity ; but we've begun, and 
 vve shan't stop till we finish. I have a young son. I am going 
 to stick to this war as long as I Jive, and teach my boy to take 
 my place when I am gone, and tell him to teach his children 
 to do the same, if it be necessary to put down this rebellion. 
 That is the time we mean to stop, and not before." The blank 
 dismay of the rebel's face may be conceived, but not described. 
 
 Before we reached Duvall's Bluff, the weather had become 
 extremely cold, and the snow was almost a foot in depth. 
 The cavalry was sent out to scour the country, and meet us 
 on our return down the river. The regiments were prepared 
 for an attack. Every ofScer was with his company, and the 
 troops under arms. Our boat led the advance, towing the 
 iron-clad, as it could not stem the rapid current and make 
 much headway. We moved slowly and cautiously. We 
 were all eagerly watching for some indication of what was 
 before us. Suddenly four men were seen emerging from^ a 
 covered spot and running rapidly up the bluff. We had 
 learned the language of the steam whistle. It signalled stop ! 
 danger ahead ! The boat lay to — the regiment from our 
 boat was ordered forward. The General and staff were 
 equipped, their horses caparisoned, and almost dragged up a 
 precipitous bluff. The trumpet sounded, the companies fell 
 in, and at the words, " forward, march," started to reconnoitre. 
 
 The snow and slush were ten inches deep. They were 
 entering an enemy's country without a guide. They left at 
 4 o'clock to go two miles, but missed the road, marched five 
 miles through a swamp, and reached the Euth at 10 o'clock 
 
duvall's bluff.— transport life. 155 
 
 P.M., covered with mud, their boots filled with half-frozen 
 water, no place to dry, no shelter to cover them. Gen. Fisk 
 had large camp-fires built at once for those who would use 
 them ; but the majority were so exhausted and weary, they 
 lay down as they were on the guards and hurricane-deck, 
 in preference to gathering around camp-fires on wet and 
 snowy soil. The next day, as might be supposed, we had a 
 large accession to the hospital, filling every available nook, 
 and the hands and hearts of surgeons and nurses. 
 
 Duvall's Bluff was evacuated before we reached it, and 
 everything removed to Little Eock, except two siege guns 
 and eleven men, left to secure their transportation.' The 
 guns and men were the only fruits of this barren and blood- 
 less victory. Farther navigation was found to be impossible 
 to some of our boats, and it was decided to return — the object 
 of securing the opening of the river having been accom- 
 plished, and the forts and defences destroyed. 
 
 This outline of the expedition gives a faint idea of a 
 naval campaign, and the discomforts and hardships of the 
 transport-life of the soldiers. I found the veterans dreaded ■ 
 the latter, more than the most severe active service, or 
 exposed encampments. On transports, there was no oppor- 
 tunity for shelter, no camp-fires for cooking, no convenien- 
 ces for cleanliness, as the crowded state of the men and diffi- 
 culties of locomotion, made the chilling waters with which 
 they were surrounded, almost inaccessible, while neither 
 soap nor towels could be procured for this purpose. When 
 the men were wet, they could not be dried; when chilled, 
 they could not exercise ; when hungry, they could not cook 
 their food ; and when untidy, could not be cleansed. Still 
 
156 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 they maintained unbroken cheerfulness, unless sick, and 
 even then, bore up with unmurmuring patience. 
 
 Before visiting the army, I had heard a vast deal of the 
 immoralities of the soldiers, and had been told I should be 
 continually shocked with drunkenness, profanity, obscen- 
 ity and gambling. During the progress of the war, I spent 
 months with the army on the move ox in siege, and was 
 astonished at the small amount of intoxicalion or immorality 
 that I witnessed. Our Northern cities are much more dis- 
 graced by the vice of drunkenness, than was our army when 
 in active service. The profanity was restrained in my 
 presence, if it existed to so fearful an extent. In that re- 
 spect, I believe the " rank and file " of the army would have 
 compared favorably with society at home. I saw more men 
 reading, writing, and amusing themselves in innocent games, 
 than I did in playing games of chance ;• there was no gam- 
 bling permitted in the portions of the army I visited. We 
 were constantly passing back and forth in the regiments at 
 all times, frorn reveille till taps, and had the opportunity of 
 ' seeing and hearing, at least, what was habitual. How much 
 of this morality was owing to the labors of the Commissions, 
 for the spiritual benefit of the soldiers, I leave to be inferred. 
 God was wonderfully near to our army, to control, encourage, 
 inspire and direct. The brave men were like children in 
 simplicity and faith. They opened their hearts to any hu- 
 mane, Christian friend that approached .them, and received 
 kno-w^edge, and truth as the fallow ground takes in gently 
 falling showers. As to the respect, almost reverence, with 
 which every true woman was received by them, too much can- 
 not be said, and all women unite in bearing similar testimony. 
 
HOSPITAL LIFE ON THE EUTH. 157 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Transport hospital life on tlie Ruth. — Sanitary stores dealt out. — Death 
 and burial of a hospital nurse. — Suddenness of soldiers' deaths. — 
 Schoolmaster soldier. — Young brothers of the 33d Missouri. — Sick 
 soldier behind a -wheel-house. — Confiscation of cattle. — Sketch of 
 sickness and death of a Wisconsin soldier. — Camp-cough. — Sight of 
 St. Louis ladies on guard. — Isolation of individuals and regiments in 
 the army. — Visit from Miss Breckenridge. — Prayer-meetings on 
 transports. — Sabbath services on the Ruth. — Col. Pile's remarkable 
 sermon. — Trip down the river on a gunboat. — G-en. Pisk's moral in- 
 fluence in the army. — Paithfiilness of surgeons. — Convalescent soldier 
 niirses. 
 
 Our hospital life on the steamer Euth was of thrilling in- 
 terest. A brief sketch of its history will be the type of 
 thousands of others. It had not the advantages of a hospital 
 transport, as it was extemporized unexpectedly when entirely 
 cut off from commissary, quartermasters' or sanitary depots, 
 to procure cots or covering. The stores that we had brought 
 were for use on boats or hospitals, fitted up and in Tunning 
 order. They were found to be invaluable in this case, as, 
 strange to say, they were the only hospital supplies on board 
 the fleet. 
 
 The main cabin of the Ruth was one hundred and fifty 
 feet in length and twenty feet in breadth. In the course of a 
 few days after leaving Helena, its entire length was covered 
 with sick soldiers, suffering with pneumonia, rheumatism, 
 fever and measles. The men were obliged to lie as closely 
 
158 THE BOYS IS" BLUE. 
 
 as possible, leaving scarcely room for the sick cup or plate. 
 .There were no comfortable cots, clean sheets, or soft pillows. 
 Providentially, we had some boxes of shirts among our sani- 
 tary stores, sufficient to furnish each man who passed through 
 the hospital. 
 
 The men were brought to us just as they 'had come 
 from picket, or guard, or the march, often covered with 
 mud and soaked with water, uncombed 'and unwashed. 
 By dint of " faculty," we collected vessels sufficient to have 
 them thoroughly washed, which was oar first prescription ; 
 then combed and refreshed with a clean shirt, and dry, 
 warm socks. It is impossible to convey any idea of the 
 effect of these first luxuries. We found by experience 
 that a large portion of the ailments of soldiers arose from 
 impaired digestion, the consequence of uncooked or im- 
 proper food. A comfortable, home-like meal, after thor- 
 ough ablution, had a magical ^effect, and in many in- 
 stances, this simple treatment, twice or thrice repeated, 
 effected a cure — always produced great relief. 
 
 "We roasted apples by the'barrel, stewed dried fruit by 
 the half barrel, prepared green tea in large tin-buckets, 
 and sftrambled.' eggs, and picked codfish in yard-square 
 iron pans. 
 
 These luxuries were dealt out carefully to the patients, 
 with the approval and direction of the surgeons, who said 
 this treg,tment did more than medicine for many, and 
 greatly assisted all who required medical treatment. Our 
 detailed nurses carried the trays of nourishing food, while 
 we followed with the tea, white sugar, condensed milk, and 
 soft crackers. The smile of joy and expressions of grati 
 
TWO BROTHEES IN THE 33d MISSOURI. 159 
 
 tnde induced by these simple comforts, were deeply affect- 
 ing. As a thin hand' was held out for a cup of tea, a feeble 
 voice said, "Lady, that cup of tea you gave me tasted just 
 like the old woman's at home. God bless you ! it has set 
 me Tight up." Another said, " That tastes like mother had 
 made it ;" and still another sturdy farmer, down with the 
 • measles, cried ont, " Ton ladies beat all natur' ; where did 
 you larn to make tea ? It' beats the old woman's, and I'll 
 write her word, and she'll be glad to hear it." 
 
 Scrambled eggs were consider^ a rare dainty. We 
 allowed each man two, and it may be readily imagined, it 
 did not require many meals to empty a barrel. Although 
 the men watched these luxuries with the craving of con- 
 valescents, the absence of selfishness was surprising. It 
 was not unusual to hear the remark, " Give it to him ; he 
 needs it more than I do. He is so old, or so young, 
 or kind of delicate, or not nsed to roughing it." Even 
 when the poor mangled bodies were brought on stretchers, 
 these brave men would say, " Raise me up higher in the 
 bunk; I can bear it better than he." Of all the sick 
 that passed through our hands, we lost but one, and his 
 death was an unexplained mystery. He was one of our 
 most faithful nurses, and we had learned to trust him for 
 others, but not for himself. He was too unselfish to re- 
 member his own wants. There were two brothers, nurses ; 
 both so true and faithful, we felt they had left a good 
 and noble mother. After serving dinner to the sick, he 
 said he " felt sti-ange and sleepy," and lay down with his 
 head on a haversack. We heard nothing of it till we were 
 making preparations for supper, when we inquired for him. 
 
160 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 He was tHen insensible and struggling in convulsions. One 
 surgeon said he had a congestive chill, another, conges- 
 tion of the brain, and a third, that he had taken morphine 
 in mistake for some other medicine. The matter was never 
 decided. He battled the grim monster manfully, an^ we 
 watched him till 12 o'clock, when we retired, as the sur- 
 geon said he might li ve till morning. 
 
 At early dawn we .were beside him. Busy preparations 
 were being made for an expected engagement, but he lay 
 cold and silent, heeding nothing. Beside him was a youth 
 of eighteen, pale and spiritless, for, alas ! the crowded state 
 of the hospital rendered it impossible to separate the nurse 
 from the other patients. As soon as the breakfast was 
 ready, we brought it to him, but he refused even the 
 scrambled eggs and green tea. He was twitching ner- 
 vously. I said, " "Would you like to change your place ?•" 
 " Oh, yes," he replied, eagerly, " for he kicked me all 
 night long in his struggles, and I could not get away." 
 
 The watcher had not realized the state of the uncom- 
 plaining boy when the nurse was dying. I asked the men 
 on the opposite side of the boat, if they could possibly make 
 room for him, "With soldierly generosity they contracted yet 
 a little more, and left a vacant space for him. "With a leap 
 he reached it, and fell fafeting. His nervous system was 
 entirely unstrung. After stimulants, and an hour's rest, he 
 ate his breakfast with an appetite, and in three days was 
 with his regiment. Doubtless he would have soon sunk 
 beyond hope, unless removed, soothed, and strengthened. 
 
 The sudden and unexpected death of the soldiers in the 
 miasmatic Southern climate, was remarkable and inexplic- 
 
FUNERAL OF A SOLDIER-NURSE. 161 
 
 able. They drooped gradually; still kept on duty, and 
 
 almost immediately after 'their admission to the hospital, 
 
 eoriietimes even before, would lie down a day or two and 
 
 be gone. I have seen a man take a cup of tea, put it 
 
 to his lips, throw^ his head back, and expire, never having 
 
 complained of anything but weakness. Comrades have 
 
 often lain down together, feeling faint and weary, and one 
 
 has awoke to find the other a corpse — the spirit 30 gently 
 
 released that none had suspected its flight. I have seen 
 
 the half-finished meal pushed back, and the spirit departed, 
 
 before the plate conld be removed. Death was so stealthy 
 
 and sudden in hi^ approach, that an icy breath seemed to 
 
 have instantly congealed the life-blood at the fountain, and 
 
 not a pulsation followed. The flame did not flicker, but 
 
 was extinguished, as though a passing gust had. quenched 
 
 it, and all was dark and silent. I am inclined to think the 
 
 brave and resolute natures of these men endured without 
 
 complaint, till the silver cord was almost unreeled, ere 
 
 their weary heads rested on even a knapsack. 
 
 After our sad morning's work we passed to the upper 
 
 deck for air and change. As we looked, a body of soldiers 
 
 moved down the plank, bearing the corpse of our faithful 
 
 soldier-nurse. His blue coat was his shroud, and his blanket 
 
 his winding-sheet. A grave was rapidly scooped out of the 
 
 side of the bluff, and the body deposited and covered. His 
 
 saddened comrades, and bereaved and stricken brother, came 
 
 back hurriedly to take their places in the ranks of battle 
 
 about to move, and risk the same fate. Such is war. Gren. Fisk 
 
 had made all arrangements to have a military funeral, but 
 
 orders to move at once had been received, and forbade delay. 
 
 11 
 
162 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 ■ When we returned to the cabin, I observed ^feeble,- de- 
 jected-looking man, behind a roll of carpet near my state- 
 room. I asked if he was ill. He replied he felt extremely 
 weak, had daily fever, and was unable to retain his food. I 
 perceived he was an educated man, and asked' why he had 
 not. gone to the hospital. "Dear madam," he said, "don't 
 mention it. The sight of so many sick and suffering would 
 only aggravate my ailments. Allow me to remain here." 
 " Certainly, but will you not give me your history ? " " Most 
 cheerfully,-" he replied. " I am a teacher by profession, and 
 had a fine school in Wisconsin when the war commenced. I 
 had a wife and two children, and we were'living delightfully. 
 I tried to believe the country did not need m'e, and that I 
 was not required to leave my family. I managed to satisfy 
 my conscience at the first call, but was not so successful 
 when the President called for three hundred thousand more. 
 I felt then I dare not stay. My wife arrived at the same 
 conclusion, after days and nights of agony. Her father was 
 a man of wealth, and was delighted to have her go home 
 with the children. She has borne up bravely, but says it is 
 hard work ; nothing but the cause and her Heavenly Father 
 sustains her. - 
 
 " My greatest trial is, that I have been unable to accom- 
 plish anything. I have been rusting in camp nine months, 
 and now, when I have the opportunity to be of service, I am 
 wilted and worthless." I said, cheerfully, " Don't you be- 
 lieve if you had a good bath and a comfortable meal, you 
 would feel better? " He rose and said, eagerly, "I believe 
 a bath would almost restore me. I abhor myself, and have 
 no remedy. I have neither soap, towels, nor sponge, and the 
 
SCHOOLMASTER SOLDIER. 163 
 
 cold water will not cleanse me, even when I can reaek it." 
 I said, "Here is the key of our state-room. You are wel- 
 come to the use of it for an hour, or longer, if necessary. I 
 will send you warm water and a clean shirt. You will find all 
 the appliances there." He looked his thanks. He accepted 
 the offer, and in less than the appointed time emerged, looking 
 like a man "clothed and in his right mind." I should not 
 have recognized him. " Now permit me," he said, " to show 
 'you the photographs of my wife and children." The chubby 
 arms and plump cheeks of the baby moistened the father's 
 eyes, as he held the picture for us to see. He then drew 
 from his pocket a neat and well-furnished housewife, remark- 
 ing, "My tidy, orderly little wife gave me this, and I have 
 accomplished wonders with it till I came to the transport." 
 He lay in his hiding-place, with the consent of his captain. 
 We' fed him from our table, and in three days he returned 
 to his regiment; too soon, we thought, for he was still quite 
 feeble. 
 
 A few days after, twenty sick men were brought in and 
 laid on the cabin floor. We immediately received them, and 
 as we spoke to each, we heard a weak voice say, "Ladies, 
 am I so changed you don't know me? I'm the soldier 
 that lay at your state-room door." He partially covered 
 his soiled face with his thin fingers, and said, " I have 
 given up all expectation of being able to do anything, and 
 can't endure this hopelessness much longer." "We at once 
 brought the surgeon, and asked what position lie could fill 
 when better. The kind-hearted man replied^ he " needed 
 a clerk, and would give him the place;" A few days' care 
 cnaJbled him to go to work, and we left him, happy that he 
 
104: THE BOYS IN BLUE. -, ' 
 
 ■was of any service. The last words he said, were— 
 "ITow that I am of value in the army, nothing could 
 induce me to go home." He hoped to be able to retuni 
 to the ranks ere long. I know not his subsequent for- 
 tune, but can only trust that he is at home with wife and 
 children. 
 
 One stormy night, we undertook to oive the men, most 
 exposed on the guards, a cup of tea, and a soft biscuit. 
 As we proceeded, we heard a chuckling laugli, and held 
 our lantern to discover its cause. "We found two young 
 soldiers, brothers, from the 33d Missouri Regiment Volun- 
 teers, nineteen and twenty-one years of age, lying side by 
 side, covered with their double blankets, drawn over their 
 heads, talking merrily. I said, "Eoys, you are having a 
 good time, even in rough weather." They answered, " That 
 we are ; we are veterans, and don't mind the weather, if we 
 can only get together. "We are brothers, and always stand 
 by each other. "We helped one another through the sea- 
 soning," as they called their^ early hardships, "and now 
 we'i'e never sick, and always lively." I said, " Have you a 
 mother? " "That we have," said one, " and the best kind 
 of a mother. She bade us come, and said she'd pray for us, 
 and I know she has." Their merriment for the moment 
 was gone, and a subdued tone replaced it. Their cup of 
 tea inspired them with glee and gratitude. "Ain't this 
 like home?" they said. "It will drive out the cold all 
 night. I know I shall dream I'm home after this. Ladies, 
 do give us your names, that we may write them to our 
 mother, and she'll never forget you." " Tell her," I said, 
 " 'tis the good people at home send this through the Sani- 
 
BOY-SOLDIEB BEHIND THE WHEEL-HOUSE, 165 
 
 tary Commission, because you brave boys deserve it." 
 " Well, we don't deserve so much kindness." With a 
 hearty " good-night," we left the young heroes, feeling their 
 mother's God was very near them. As we receded, we 
 heard soft whispers, and knew they were talking of that 
 mother. 
 
 Under the wheel-house, on the opposite side, we found quite 
 a group of soldiers, all covered with blankets and snow. 
 After giving each a cup of tea, we saw in the rear a delicftte- 
 looking youth, who had drawn his blanket aside to see who 
 was coming. When we handed him his cup he' quickly sat 
 up, enveloped in his blue covering. He sipped the tea as 
 though he enjoyed each drop ; said he had eaten nothing 
 since morning, for, he could not swallow raw pork and hard- 
 tack, as he had no appetite. After taking a few spoonfuls 
 he said : " 'Tis just like mother's tea. I wish she knew I 
 had it. The mail brought me a letter to-day, in which she 
 said : ' Eichard, if I could only make you a cup of good tea 
 and a slice of toast, I'm sure 'twould do you good.' N"ow I 
 shall write to her I got it away up the White Eiver, in a 
 storm, at ten o'clock at night, from kind ladies who came 
 from the North to bring it." We tucked up the frail boy, 
 and left him on his airy couch, full of gratitude and happi- 
 ness. 
 
 Foraging parties supplied us with fresh meat for the hospi- 
 tals, and occasionally the regiments got a share, and the boats 
 were stopped and camp-fires kindled, to allow them to cook 
 it. The capture of these refractory rebel steers was very 
 exciting. They manifested great repugnance to our trans- 
 ports, and would not volunteer under the "Stripes and Stars," 
 
166 THE BOYS. IK BL^^. 
 
 but were conscripted. Some were shot and dragged. on the, 
 boat when past rebellion. The bojs, however, greatly pre- 
 ferred having the living animals, as they could be kept, and 
 prolong the privilege of fresh meat, so necessary for our army . 
 on transports. 
 
 During the expedition, when the boat was tied up for the 
 night, we were summoned by the Colonel of a Wisconsin' 
 regiment, in great haste, to see a young rnan very ill on board 
 the steamer Empress. As we entered the boat we were met 
 by the Colonel, who said : " Ladies, I am in great distress. I 
 have in my regiment a young man of rare promise. 'He is- 
 the only child of his parents. He had just graduated, and 
 was intending to study law with his father, when my regi^ 
 ment was forming. He at once enlisted. The day our regi- 
 ment left Wisconsin his parents were with us. His mother, ' 
 forgetting all except her only child, threw her arms around 
 me and sobbed out : ' Oh ! Colonel, for God's sake guard my 
 treasure, for it is my all.' Now," he added, "I am afraid he 
 will die." We threaded our way through a long cabin of 
 sick men, like those we had left, without cots or pillows, and 
 without the clean Sanitary shirts with which we had been 
 able to clothe our sick. There they lay, in the same muddy 
 garments in which they had marched or picketed for many 
 weeks. 
 
 The young man whom we came to see, had been moved 
 to a state-room. As we entered the room, he drew the soiled 
 blanket over his once neat collar and neck-tie, aad said, 
 "Ladies, don't come in, I'm too filthy to be seen." As I 
 looked upon him, I thought I had seldom seen a finer face. 
 Square high forehead,, clearly cut features, and dark expres- 
 
DEATH OF SOLDIER ON BOARD THE EMPRESS. 167', 
 
 sive eyes, betokened intellect and refinement. We talked 
 with him cheerfully ; told him the Colonel had granted him 
 a furlough ; that he should be removed to our boat, where 
 we would carefully nurse him, till we could place him .with, 
 his mother. He looked so bright and spoke so cheerfully, 
 that we cherished hopes of his early recovery. We promised 
 to send a stretcher for him in the morning, and after making 
 all possible arrangements for his comfort, and giving him a 
 cup of tea, we bade him good-night. 
 
 After leaving the room, I thought, what if he should; die?. 
 Who will receive his last words, or know his last thoughts i" 
 I returned and said, "We shall send for you in the morning, 
 if we live ; but life is so uncertain, especially in the army on 
 the move — suppose we never meet again on earth, what 
 would you say ? " Looking serenely up, he said, " I under- 
 stand you. Should 1 die, tell my mother, as I have lain here 
 these long days, her teachings have come back, and I trust 
 have done their work. My Sabbath-school lessons, that she 
 struggled to teach me, are now remembered and prized. Tell 
 her I hope to meet her in heaven, and that I never regretted 
 the step I have taken." I said, "I hope you may be long 
 spared to bless your parents and serve your country and 
 your Maker. We expect to see ypu to-morrow." . He 
 thanked me for returning, and, the surgeon said, talked cheer- 
 fully about his prospects for an hour after we left, and seemed 
 overjoyed at the hope of seeing his parents and being nursed 
 back to health, sufficient to return to his regiment. The un- 
 complaining young soldier had suffered with chills and- fever 
 a week before he allowed it to be known, and took his turn 
 in standing guard and picket at that inclement season, on the 
 
168 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 marshy soil of Arkansas, or the exposed guards of the 
 Empress. ISText morning we sent a stretcher for William. 
 He had gone home before us, to his Father's, bosom, and all 
 that was left for us to do, was to write the agonizing news to 
 his parents, and the precious, last words of love and heavenly 
 hope. 
 
 Three weeks later, on my route to Yicksburg, I met. a 
 friend of the family on his way to Helena, with a metallic 
 cofQn, to carry the precious casket of their only jewel, and lay 
 it to rest under the old trees at the homestead. He heard 
 my name and introduced himself. He said the parents had 
 well-nigh sunk under the scathing stroke, but were upheld 
 by the dying words of their son, breathing faith and hope in 
 his last moments. 'Twas God directed me to ask for them. 
 May He help them in their loneliness. 
 
 The never-ending camp-cough in the army was one of its 
 njost, distressing features. ' Everywhere it struck the ear 
 painfully, -and at night it was torturing, almost preventing us 
 from sleeping, till custom rendered it tolerable. Mr. Wil- 
 liams had provided himself with several boxes of cough 
 lozenges, and moved round night after night among the men, 
 administering the pleasant medicine, which afforded tempo- 
 rary relief. Many of these poor fellows have since sunk into 
 the grave with consumption, of which this camp-cough was 
 the precursor. 
 
 After a hard day's work, Mrs. Colt and myself went to the 
 guards, to breathe the fresh air. The hospital on our crowded 
 boat was rendering the atmosphere very impure, as there 
 was but little ventilation possible in the cabin of a steamer 
 lined with state-rooms. Our boat was slowly moving, recon- 
 
ST. LOUIS LADIES ON TEANSPOET. 169 
 
 noitring to find a suitable place Ifo tie up for the night, as 
 the tortuous and narrow stream would not permit of night- 
 travelling with safety. As we watched the glimpses of the 
 setting sun through the forest that bordered the river, a 
 small steamer glided past, and to our astonishment we beheld 
 a group of ladies on the guards. As we almost collided, we 
 recognized some of the St. Louis ladies whom we had met a 
 year previous, engaged in army labors in that city. Miss 
 Breckenridge, a very dear friend, saluted us, and the others 
 waved their handkerchiefs as we passed. Language cannot 
 convey an idea of the delight that such a meeting, in- that 
 distant land, in the midst of a battle-fleet, occasioned. When 
 we stopped for the night, Gen. Fisk succeeded in- discovering 
 the location of the boat on which these ladies were to be 
 found. Nothing can better convey the idea of the entire 
 isolation of the various parts of the army, than the fact, that 
 women engaged in the same work, should have been in the 
 same fleet for weeks without suspicion of such contiguity. 
 
 In the- earlier part of the war the idea was almost universal, 
 tihat if one could reach Grant or Sherman's army, friends 
 could easily be found, and if the location of battle-fields could 
 be ascertained, knowledge of dead or wounded friends must 
 soon follow. On the contrary, I have traversed a space of 
 many miles through camps, in search of a certain regiment, 
 and discovered it was rare to find one that knew the name 
 or number of its nearest neighbor. The discipline and work 
 of each regiment was so engrossing, and their change of 
 location so frequent, there was no time nor inclination for 
 acquaintance or gossip. This lack of neighborly acquaint- 
 ance accounted .for the long protracted, often fruitless search 
 
170 THll BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 for wounded or dead bddies, dearer than life to the seekers 
 for them. Miss Breckenridge came to our boat, and spent a 
 day or two with us. She said her companions and herself 
 had started for Vicksburg, to take charge of the wounded to 
 be sent up from YiclisbuTg to'St. Louis, on a hospital trans-, 
 port. Like ourselves, they were seized at Helena, and car- 
 ried off on the expedition, nokns volens. Mrs. Clapp, presir 
 dent of the Aid Society of St. Louis ; Mrs. Gouzins, Mrs. 
 Crashaw, Mrs. Clark, and Miss Breckenridge, composed the 
 delegation. Their boat was partly filled with, commissary 
 stores, and contained four companies of a "Wisconsin regi- 
 ment. Miss B. expressed the same astonishment that we felt, 
 on discovering the superior character of so large a number 
 of the "rank and file" of the army. She and the ladies 
 agreed in the opinion, that they would compare favorably 
 with. the same nuniber of men to be found anywhere. She 
 said, in the fouy hundred men on their boat, she had not yet 
 found one, who was not intelligent and well-behaved. Large 
 numbers were agreeable companions, and more uncompro- 
 mising and active Christians than she had been in the habit 
 of meeting elsewhere. They held religious meetings almost 
 nightly, conducted by the privates themselves. She felt, 
 when attending them, she had not before seen or understood 
 a genuine prayer-meeting. The solemnity, fervor, simplicity, 
 and directness of their approaches to a Throne of Grace were 
 as novel as edifying. They seemed to speak to God almost 
 face to face, as Moses did, and eternity seemed to them a 
 reality. ' When they plead for their absent families and their 
 struggling country, tears would often impede their utterance, 
 and it was not uncommon to have a solemn pause, eloquent 
 
NIGHT BIVOUAC ON ARKANSAS EIVEE. 17l 
 
 with the silence of swelling hearts.. The ladies sang well, 
 and the chorus "of so large a number of manly voices in 
 unison with them, made music such as angels might pause to 
 hear. Their gratitude for the services and the companion- 
 ship of the ladies was unbounded. The' respect and rever-' 
 ence with which they were treated, proved that the fault was 
 with woman herself, if she had aught of which to complain. 
 
 We gladly accepted the invitation of Miss B toaccom; 
 
 pany her, and attend the prayer-meeting that night. Gen. 
 Fisk and wife joined us. Although our boats were only a 
 few hTindred yards apart, we found great difficulty in passing 
 from one to the other. The shelving bank and heavy under- 
 growth of cotton-wood were great obstacles. The pioneer 
 corps of soldiers soon cleared the way, as was their wont. 
 The night was clear and starry ; an unusual occurrence at the-, 
 time. The warm sun through the day, had partially dried 
 the mud. The soldiers were' improving the opportunity by 
 building camp-fires, and cooking tjieir rations. These groups 
 around the blazing brush, the camp-kettles hung on poles, the 
 rude preparations for the evening meal, accompanied by the 
 animation, that such change and respite gave the soldiers, 
 and the dusky flaring light of innumerable pine torches, 
 formed a wild and picturesque scene. The river was illu- 
 mined with the head-lights of thirty steamers, and with 
 hundreds of burners that streamed through the open sky- 
 lights — a terrific illumination and procession to the traitor- 
 ous States on either side of the river. 
 
 As we drew near to the boat, we heard the sound of sacred 
 song, rising above the strokes of the axe, and the merriment 
 of the soldiers. " Eock of Ages " never sounded so grandly as 
 
172 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 it did on that occasion. When we entered the ladies' cabin, 
 ■we found more than a hundred soldiers collected there. One 
 of their number was leading the meeting. At the close of 
 the hymn, the leader requested Gen. Fisk to take his place, 
 which he did, and introduced Chaplain Pjne to the meeting. 
 He made a short and interesting address. The General, with 
 his manly voice, started the hymn, " Gome, thou Fount of 
 every Blessing," in which all joined heartilyl Gen. Fisk then 
 introduced Col. Pile, who acted as colonel and chaplain to 
 the 33d Eegiment Missouri Volunteers, at the time quartered 
 on the steamer Euth. . , 
 
 After the battle of Boonville, accompanied by three aides, 
 the Colonel went to the battle-field to pick up the wounded. 
 After forwarding to the hospital all that he could find, he was 
 directed to an adjoining corn-field, where it was said some 
 wounded' lay. As he progressed, up rose suddenly twenty- 
 five graybeards, who had been concealed between the rows 
 of corn. With the promptness of genius and bravery he 
 cried out, " Forward 1 " to what the rebels supposed was his 
 company. Quick and sharp followed the order, "Surren- 
 der 1 " Surprised and bewildered, the twenty-five men laid 
 down their arms, and were marched into camp by the three 
 blue-coats and Col. Pile, who had fairly earned his title of 
 the fighting chaplain. This incident reveals the soldierly 
 qualities of Col. Pile. The following sketch of his ad- 
 dress atjfhe prayer-meeting, will exhibit his abilities as a 
 chaplain. 
 
 He had a fine massive face and powerful physique. He 
 stooped slightly and moved heavily. When be spoke he 
 stood erect, full six feet in height, his chest expanded, his 
 
PRATER-MEETING ON TRANSPORT. 173 
 
 eye kindled, his determined mouth, relaxed, and in aa 
 authoritative manner, as if charged with a niessage from ■ on 
 high, he began. It was said no man ventured to disobey 
 his orders, or question his authority, and still his regiment 
 loved him. The basis of his remarks was the passage, 
 " Obedience is better than sacrifice." He handled it in a 
 masterly manner* With much power he expounded the 
 duty of obedience to rightful authority, proving that rebel- 
 lion and disobedience had caused all our present suffering ; 
 that the basis of all true law emanated from God, and 
 formed the substratum on which all just government was 
 founded. He proceeded to show the imperative claims of 
 civil and military authority, and the duties of men to both. 
 The eloquence of the Colonel carried his audience com-' 
 pletely. The soldiers grasped each other's hands in their 
 earnestness and simplicity, and whispered loudly, "That's 
 so — we know it." 
 
 G-en. Fisk started the hymn, "Am I a Soldier of the 
 Cross ? " Again the wave of melody rolled over the audi- 
 ence. Some voices were gone — melted into tears. At its 
 close Gen. Fisk arose, threw out his colors broadly as a soldier 
 of the cross, and proclaimed Christ as the Savior of soldiers ; 
 their fortress, shield and buckler in time of danger and temp- 
 tation. At the close of a few eloquent remarks, the doxology 
 of the army, " Praise God, from whom all blessings flow," was 
 sung. After an hour's visit to the ladies and the soldiers we 
 returned to our quarters on the Euth, feeling that God was 
 with our army, "as a pillar of cloud by day and of fire by 
 night." 
 
 On the 18th of June, one week after the fleet left Helena* 
 
174 THE BOYS IN ELITE. 
 
 Gen. Fisk issued an order for Sabbath morning service. 
 Orders from headquarters obliged him to postpone the meet^ 
 ing until half-past seven the same evening. The entire 
 expedftion had been a series of Wonders, a great drama, each 
 successive scene of which increased in interest. Its' crown- 
 ing event took place oh the holy Sabbath evening of this 
 day. The ladies' cabin, which would seat? over a hundred 
 persons, was filled with ofScers and soldiers, who stood in 
 lines three deep, around the sides of the cabin,' and in dense 
 ifiasses, between the ladies' cabin and the men in the hospital. 
 There lay one hundred sick men, too feeble to stand, but 
 still able to hear and enjoy the services, as the round voices 
 of the speakers, arid the magnificent chorus of sacred song, 
 rolled over the heads of the soldiers, arid fell on the ears of 
 the patients. As near the centre of the audience as possible, 
 stood 'a table, on which lay a Bible and hymn-book. The 
 robes of the priest were blue and gold, the drapery of the 
 pulpit stripes and stars, the audience hundreds of men who 
 had left home, families and business, taking their lives in 
 their hands, to battle for the right. The order and propriety 
 of the meeting might be well imitated in civil life. ISTo dis- 
 play of dress, no careless attitudes, no disrespectful or indif- 
 ferent manner, was there ; all were solemn, earnest, rever- 
 ential. It seemed a fit audience-chamber for the King of 
 kings. Men had come to hear the message of God, not to 
 slight or criticise. 
 
 At half-past seven precisely, Gen.' Fisk rose and said, 
 " Blessed be God, we can worship him everywhere — ^in the 
 sanctuary, at the fire-side, in the battle-fleet, or the sick bed. 
 We will open the services by singing — 
 
COL. pile's sermon on transport. 175 
 
 "Praise God irom Whom all blessings flow, ■, 
 
 Praise Him, all creatures here below, 
 Praise Him, above, ye heavenly host, 
 Praise Pather, Son, and Holy Ghost.' " ■ 
 
 ■ As -the "hundreds of male voices joined in the chorus, to 
 the tune of Old Hundred, the melody became almost over- 
 powering. . We stood at the extreme part of the ladies' 
 cabin, and the scene was wonderfully grand and impressive. 
 The united cabins were ,■ two hundred and twenty-five 
 feet in length, and were filled with eager listener^. I had 
 never seen so large a group of officers at one time. They 
 represented Gen. Fisk's entire brigade, and stood mingled 
 with the rank and file, in reverent attitude. Our daily com- 
 panions and charge, the hospital patients, were hidden by 
 the standing crowd, but we imagined, what we afterwards 
 found to be true, that they were straining every sense to 
 catch the words of the speaker. There were few dry eyes 
 on that occasion. The sacred song floated all back home to 
 the sanctuary, or family altar, and united them with their 
 absent ones, in prayer, around the great white throne. 
 
 Gen. Fisk, in his trumpet tones, that reached the remotest 
 man, read the 12th chapter of Eomans, and then sang, " Ami 
 a Soldier of the Cross, a follower of the Lamb ?"" Gol. Pile was 
 the orator of the day. N"o man could have so entirely suited 
 the occasion, mentally and physically. He was Cromwellian 
 in proportion, and in speech. Slowly unbending his broad 
 shoulders, and raising his bowed head, he said, " My friends, 
 I had intended to have forgotten to-night that we were en- 
 gaged in war; that we were away from home; that aught 
 else existed but God and man, and their relations to each 
 
176 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 other, but I have been requested to take a different course, 
 and address you on a subject, peaceable in itself, but involv- 
 ing the conduct of war. My text is, 'Inasmuch as in you 
 lies, dwell peaceably with all men.' " He explained peace to 
 be harmonious relations between respective parties, under , 
 all circumstances. He contended, it was, the only state that 
 could insure happiness and usefulness. He began with the 
 family circle, and rose gradually through national and civil 
 organizations, till he reached the grand climax — the relations 
 between man and his Maker. He then proceeded to demon- 
 strate from nature and revelation, that the only foundation 
 for true peace, was in absolute and unquestioning obedience 
 to law. He ranged through the firmament, and with burning 
 eloquence, showed that every star that twinkled through the 
 immensity of space, and the fiery comet in its erratic course, 
 were subject to God's unalterable law, as well as the spring- 
 ing blade of grass, the swelling bud, the changing leaf, the 
 russet-clad forest, the snow-capped mountain; the bounding 
 "rivulet, the deep-rolling river, the fathomless ocean ; and thus 
 order prevailed. He showed from history, sacred and pro- 
 fane, that just in proportion to adherence to this principle, 
 were governments happy, useful, prosperous. He drew 
 a graphic and soul-stirring picture, that all present could 
 appreciate, of the fearful devastations and indescribable suf- 
 fering, that departure from this principle had caused, in this 
 once fair land.. Then with the power of a master,'' he ap- 
 plied the principle to the army ; showed how vastly more 
 efficient, glorious, ennobling, was absolute obedience to rule, 
 even if sometimes unwisely administered, than anarchy or 
 rebellion. "With a single stroke he sketched the terrific 
 
DOWN "WHITE EIVEE ON A GUNBOAT. 17^ 
 
 vision of an ungoverned, insubordinate army, consuming its 
 strength in struggles against just rule, instead of siibduing 
 ■ the enemy. 
 
 From the breathless attention of the audience, and their 
 deeply thoughtful faces, we inferred the lessons were deeply 
 imprinted in their hearts. At the close of this eloquent dis- 
 course, Gen. Fisk led in prayer, that seemed to bear the 
 petition of every heart upward. As was always the case, I 
 noticed the prayer for absent families produced deep emotion 
 on the part of the soldiers., The depth of these brave men's 
 tenderness has never been comprehended nor revealed. 
 After the benediction, the services closed,, as quietly as in 
 the sanctuary. "W"e felt that it was good to be there. 
 
 But we must leave this military sanctuary, and prepare to 
 record the closing adventure of the White Eiver expedition, 
 which was a trip down the "White Eiver, on a gunboat, that 
 was ordered to Vicksburg with dispatches. Our work had 
 drawn to a close in the fleet, as the few sick remaining had 
 been taken from the Ruth to a hospital transport, so situated, 
 that we could not accompany them. I had the opportunity 
 afforded me by Gen. Gorman, to go on the gunboat to Vicks- 
 burg, and meet my sons. It was quite a new sensation to be 
 snugly stowed away in one of the steamers that had so long 
 protected us. It belonged to the Mosquito fleet, and might 
 readily be mistaken for a small transport ; and being de- 
 tached from the fleet, made us liable to attacks from guerillas. 
 
 The good, brave captain tried my nerves not a little, when ^ 
 
 he said the spot where I sat had frequently been peppered 
 
 by minies, and that the cannonade that I might expect in 
 
 the morning, to empty the guns, would probably shatter 
 
 12 ' ' ' ' 
 
178 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 glasses and crockery. "We escaped both, however, and 
 reached the mouth of the river safely, where we " were 
 detained by orders from the flagship, with no hope of a 
 speedy movement. As I pondered on my plans in this 
 emergency, the advance boat of the fleet passed us. In 
 quick succession the steamers came, but at such a dis- 
 tance' that we could not hail them. At last, the Euth 
 appeared. Desperate at the prospect of being left behind, I 
 begged that the gig might be lowered. It was, and fully- 
 manned. I sprang into it, and the oarsmen pulled as if for 
 life. Still the Euth gained on us rapidly, but stopped a few 
 minutes to report at the flag-ship. I rose up, waving ray 
 handkerchief, which would not have been seen but for a 
 happy circumstance. Gen. Fisk and ladies stood on the hur- 
 ricane-deck, the General looking through a fine field-glass. 
 He discovered me, stopped the boat after she had put off, a 
 plank was thrown out, men holding one end on the deck of 
 the vessel, I was hoisted on the other extreme, and while the 
 ladies turned away in fear, I safely walked the plank, and 
 was again on board the Euth, never before so bewitching 
 to me. 
 
 "We found the shortest road to Vicksburg was to return 
 North and discover where Gen. Grant's army lay. Strange 
 to say, it could not be ascertained below Memphis, as dis- 
 patches from Vicksburg were sent to that point. At Helena 
 we parted with Gen. Fisk and his amiable wife with sincere 
 regret. The important post since occupied by Gen. Fisk, 
 and his rapid rise in position and the confidence of the 
 country, were all foreshadowed by his ability, faithfulness, 
 and Christian courage, in this early campaign of the war. 
 
FAITHFULNESS OF ARMY SUKGEONS. 179 
 
 In the conclusion of the White Eiver expedition we were 
 all desirous to bear testimony to the faithfulness and tender- 
 ness of the surgeons in charge of the sick on board the Ruth. 
 They labored from morning till late at night, scarcely allow- 
 ing themselves time for sleep or refreshment. I felt keenly 
 mortified, and wished that the donors of sanitary supplies 
 could have heard the answer of one of these faithful men, 
 when, fainting from overwork, I offered him a cup of tea 
 with white sugar. " Thank you, madam, I can't take it — 
 'twould choke me, and help to swell the cry throughout the 
 land that sanitary supplies are devoured by surgeons and 
 nurses." I had nothing to say, but thought could those at 
 home have seen the labors of surgeons, and known that 
 nurses were either convalescent, often half-sick soldiers, or deli- 
 cate women accustomed to home comforts, they would have sent 
 extra supplies for them, instead of grudging them a share of 
 what had been sent. After months' experience in the army, 
 we can cheerfully testify to the devotion and efficiency of a 
 large number of army surgeons. They were unfortunately, 
 but inevitably, not perfect,' but we believe as faithful and 
 laborious as any other class of army oficerSi 
 
180 ■ THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTER YII. 
 
 Suffering of army at Young's Point. — Arrival at Cairo. — GruerrUlas and 
 steamboat passengers. — A collection. — The mother of Joseph. — 
 Mothers and wives en route for Memphis. — Hospitals at Memphis. 
 — Soldier's death at Adams Block Hospital." — Visiting the paitents. 
 — ^Mr. Eeynolds in hospital; — Cheers for the Sanitary Commission.^ 
 Wisconsin Battery-boy. — Mrs. B.'s attention to a wounded soldier.^^ 
 Gen. John Logan. — G-en. McPherson. — G-en. Webster. 
 
 The winter of 1862 and 1863 was a period of general dis- 
 couragement throughout the country. The state of the roads 
 in the south-west absolutely precluded the movement of thb 
 army. The rainy season had been unprecedented in extent 
 and duration. The Mississippi had overflowed its banks, till 
 hundreds of miles of farms on either side had been submerged. 
 As an inevitable result, the low ground on which our army ' 
 was encamped at Young's Point had become a mud-lake. 
 The Yazoo Pass, in the immediate neighborhood, afforded 
 such clear water for the troops, that they were tempted to 
 prefer it to the turbid water of the Mississippi, although its 
 baleful effects had stamped its name as " The deadly Yaz6o." 
 At the encampments, which were at too great a distance to 
 procure water from the river, in the impassable state of the 
 roads, without great labor, barrels were sunk, which were 
 speedily filled with clear surface-water, that carried death in 
 its combinations. 
 
 It was exceedingly difficult for the Government to pro- 
 
SUFFERINGS OF. ARMY AT TOUNG'S POINT. 181 
 
 cure sufficient transportation for men, rations, ammunition, 
 animals, and forage, consequently, there was great lack of 
 vegetables and fresh meat, which are indispensable to the 
 health of troops in a protracted campaign. Fresh meat was 
 furnished to- the army by contract. The long distance be- 
 tween it and its base of supplies, the crowded and filthy state 
 of the cars and transports on which the animals were brought, 
 half starved and famished for water, produced such an un- 
 healthy condition, that many of the regiments refused their 
 rations of fresh meat, and preferred the sound salt rations of 
 the army. . The tents were worn and battered by long use, 
 frequent changes, and continual rain, and afforded very in- 
 sufficient protection to the men. I was frequently informed, 
 and heard no opposing statement, that there was but one 
 regiment at Young's Point where the soldiers had more than 
 one blanket, which must be used for a covering, leaving no 
 protection from the spongy soil on which they lay, except 
 as they gathered branches or built " shebangs." The Board 
 of. Trade of the city of Chicago had furnished the regiments 
 and batteries raised under their care with rubber blankets, 
 consequently, I found the 113th Illinois Eegiment, 3d Board 
 of Trade, well protected from the damp earth. 
 
 From a review of these various unfavorable circumstances, 
 it will not be considered surprising, that appeals were made 
 from the army to the commission, for assistance. The Presi- 
 dent and Board of the North-Western Commission not only 
 felt that increased and immediate relief should be afforded, 
 but also decided, that some representatives from their own 
 organization and neighborhood, should visit the army, and 
 be able on their return to tell those who supolied its treasury 
 
182 THE. BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 and furnished its packages, what the soldiers needed, what' 
 they sufi'ered, and how tnej were supplied, from actual obr, 
 servation. Mrs. Livermore or myself, were again selected for 
 the work. 
 
 The Board of Trade, with its uniform liberality and con- 
 sideration for its regiments, appointed Ira Y. Munn, its for-, 
 mer President, and Mr. Willard, an esteemed member of its 
 body, to visit them, carrying a fine supply of comforts and 
 delicacies to the men, and report on their necessities and con- 
 dition, on their return. These gentlemen and Mr. W. Rey- 
 nolds, of Peoria, President of the Peoria Branch of the U. S. 
 Christian Commission, accompanied me. Mr. Eeynolds took 
 with him a large amount of books, newspapers, etc., fur- 
 nished at his own expense. I took twelve hundred packages 
 of choice sanitary stores, from the North-West Branch of the 
 U. S. Sanitary Commission ; Mr. E. relieving me of all respon- 
 sibility of their transportation, which was a matter of much 
 labor and perplexity. 
 
 At Cairo, we found dismal weather and foreboding hearts ;, 
 and the gloom thickened as we proceeded. Guerillas, even 
 between Cairo and Memphis, were daring, crafty and sucf- 
 cessful. Boats had been captured and burned, passengers 
 robbed and turned adrift in the swamps, only too happy to 
 escape with their lives. One boat, at a wood-landing between 
 Cairo and Memphis, had been entered bj^ guerillas disguised 
 as civilians, who had taken possession of her and her stores, 
 threatening the employees into compliance, and obliging them 
 to carry these marauders, as they directed them. An im- 
 mense government steamer, filled with amunition, had barely 
 escaped capture or explosion from rebel balls, a few miles 
 
GUEERILLAS AJJD STEAMBOAT PASSENGERS. 183 
 
 below Cairo, the day previous to our arrival there. Forrest 
 and Chalmers were roaming at large with their reckless dare- 
 devils, called Confederate soldiers, whose movements were 
 swift and appalling, baffling all calculation, and eluding 
 marvellously all plans for their seizure. Forrest had not 
 yet attained Fort Pillow notoriety, but was educating him- 
 self and his men rapidly, for that demoniac tragedy. No 
 military skill or courage could cope with this barbarous 
 mode of warfare. All who travelled on the Mississippi at 
 that, time, must decide to run these risks. I could con- 
 ceive of no motive sufficient for such a journey, but love or 
 patriotism. To my amazement, I found the greed of gold, 
 and hope of fortunate cotton peculations, or speculations, carry- 
 ing inany on this hazardous trip. 
 
 A steamboat, at all times, is a study for Lavater, or a har- 
 vest for the wit and pathos of Dickens or Thackeray, from 
 which to fill volumes of life-pictures. These fruitful fields 
 were intensified in value during the war, just in proportion 
 to the accelerated interest of military affairs. Cotton specu- 
 lators furnished a large and curious class of passengers. They 
 were totally oblivious to all interests, save the price of cotton, 
 and the chances for. procuring it. .Their patriotism and their 
 politics were graduated by the opportunities that military or 
 governmental actit)n afforded them for gain. 
 
 I remember, on roj return from the White River expedi- 
 dition, when travelling from Memphis to Cairo in January, I 
 found on the boiler-deck, almost a hundred discharged sol- 
 diers from hospitals, exposed to a drifting snow-storm, that 
 swept mercilessly through this exposed part of the vessel. 
 Farther investigation showed, that through the incompetency 
 
184 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 of officials^ these, men had been sent forward without rations, 
 and could not be paid till- they should reach Cairo, t They: 
 must be fed, or suffer greatly, perhaps die, in their weak 
 state. On consultation with the St. Louis ladies, who were 
 on board, it was resolved to collect a sufficient sum of money 
 from the passengers, to pay their board till they should 
 reach Cairo. A prompt response was given by all except 
 the cotton speculators, who occupied an entire table, and were 
 fortifying themselves for the storm with liberal potations of 
 champagne and London brown-stout, in addition to an .epi- 
 curean repast. We chose the hour of dinner for the collec- 
 tion, as the passengers were then assembled. In as few words 
 as possible, the committee of ladies stated the condition of the 
 men, and the necessity for money. A dead silence followedj 
 only interrupted by sinister glances. . The committee then 
 said, " Gentlemen, all we ask of you, is to walk below after 
 dinner, and see the one-legged, one-armed, blind heroes who 
 have given their blood, limbs and eyes to maintain the Grov^ 
 ernment, and in so doing, have afforded those who stay at 
 home, and those who go down to rebeldom, the opportunity of 
 making money, and living in ease and luxury." The chuckle 
 subsided, the leer disappeared, porte-monnaies came out, and 
 the entire sum still unsubscribed to pay the board of the 
 soldiers, was made up. The action was commendable, and 
 the soldiers reaped the fruits. . 
 
 A daily class of passengers on the Mississippi at that 
 time could easily be detected by their distrait air, care-worn 
 or hopeless faces, and their isolation from the crowd, as they 
 sat alone in their sorrow. Their only interest was in those 
 who wore the blue coat and brass button of the Union. I 
 
THE MOTHER OF JOSEPH. 185 
 
 observed in the cabin, soon after I left Cairo, an old woman, 
 se.veiity years of age, with a bronzed face, fall of benevolence 
 and sorrow. She was one of the class who had come in search 
 of the sick and dead bodies of their loved ones. She wore on 
 her head a mob cap, with a spotless frill, and a triangular blapfc 
 silk handkerchief, tied under her chin. She wiped her eyes 
 so often with her red cotton handkerchief, and groaned so 
 audibly, that I drew near and asked the cause of her distress* 
 She simply rocked to and fro and wailed out helplessly, 
 " Oh, mine Josef! mine Josef I he is dead ! he is dead I " I 
 drew the following story from her lips. - . 
 
 ;. : She was a proud and happy wife and' mother when tho 
 war broke out, surrounded with husband and children, on a 
 large stock-farm in Illinois, all prosperous and contented^ 
 With true German patriotism (for they belonged to that 
 nationality), her husband and sons enlisted on the first call, 
 and left her with one farm-hand, who had been reared in the 
 family, to assist her in its management. Joseph seemed to 
 . have been his old mother's idol. "He was so beautiful," 
 she said, with a strong German accent and great simplicity, 
 " and sang so sweet, that all would stop to listen." She had 
 had a daughter married shortly before the war, had a grand 
 wedding for farmers, " and Joseph looked so handsome and 
 sang so fine," that " everybody said they never heard the like," 
 He was smart as he was handsome, and, by trading in stock, 
 had laid up $1,800, which he left to his mother in case he 
 never came back. Then, she rocked again, and cried out^ 
 " Oh, mine Josef! mine Josef! Would to God I had died 
 for thee, my son, my son I" - 
 
 She had received a telegram on the day she left honied 
 
186: THE BOTS IN BLUE,, 
 
 saying that Joseph was killed in battle, and her hus-? 
 band and other son were sick in the hospital at Memphis.. 
 She started on the first train,- although she had not been 
 twelve miles from home :Cor twenty years, and never on a 
 rail-car before. " "Where is your son's body?" I inquired/ 
 "I don't know." "In what hospital are your husband and 
 son?" "I don't know, but I can find them." "How?" 
 "-Why," said she, "there are plenty of soldiers in Memphis ;- 
 I am sure they must know my husband or the boys." Poor 
 simple-hearted old woman, representative of a large class of 
 like wanderers! " T will find the body, and bring it home," 
 she said, " if it takes all the money that Josef made ; for the 
 night before he went away, we talked 'most all night, and 
 he said, ' Mother, if I am killed in battle, be sure and bring 
 my body home and bury it under the. tree that you and I 
 planted when I was a little boy, and when you look at it 
 out of your room window, don't grieve, for, remember, I 
 give my life to my country now.' Then I cried bitterly, and 
 he said, ' Don't take on so, mother, for God may bring me . 
 back all right, only it is best to look things square in the 
 face before you start. And, mother, remember the brown 
 mare I raised from a colt must be yours. She's gentle, and 
 'most like a child to you. Don't sell her while you live.'," 
 Again she rocked and wailed out, " Oh, mine Josef 1 mine 
 Josef! shall I never see him again and talk to him ? "What 
 do I want with the money or the mare ? They're nothing to 
 me ; but give me back the body of mine Josef." I intro- 
 duced the old lady to an ofBcer, about leaving the boat at. 
 Memphis, who fortunately knew the location of her husband's 
 regimeijt, and in a pouring rain, without umbrella, she 
 
MOTHEES AND "WIVES EN ROUTE FOR MEMPHIS. 187 
 
 trudged up the levee at Memphis, iu search of her Joseph's; 
 body, and her sick husband and son. , 
 
 During the entire trip, I observed a gentleman, who sat. 
 apart from the passengers, or paced the cabin nervously. I 
 surmised his errand. His son, he said, was killed in the, 
 same battle in which Joseph fell. He was a college student, 
 the joy and pride of his parents. Said he, " I feel intensely 
 anxious to succeed in securing his body ; if I do not, I fear 
 my wife will become insane, fOr nothing but that will satisfy 
 her. Her cry day and night is, ' Give me back my dead.' " 
 
 These cases may be multiplied indefinitely, without fear of 
 exaggerating the number of sufferers, or" amount of sorrow. 
 Still another class of passenger's deeply interested us — wives 
 and mothers hastily summoned to Memphis for a last inter-, 
 view with their sons and husbands, before leaving Memphis 
 for the firont, as the army was massing at Young's Point for 
 the capture of Yicksburg. It was curious and touching to 
 witness the struggle between woman's love and patriotism. 
 .The countenances of these lovers of their country beamed 
 with pride, as they spoke of the bravery of their sons and 
 husbands, each bound to become a hero, as they thought. 
 Then the sudden silence, the sad look, the abstracted air, 
 betokened that the shad ow of the fearful alternative of vic- 
 tory was flitting before them. 
 
 We were detained several days in Memphis, awaiting the 
 arrival of part of our stores, that could not be brought on 
 • our boat. We had learned by experience to wait for them, 
 not be separated from them. This gave us a fine oppor- 
 tunity of visiting the entire round of hospitals and camps 
 in Memphis. There was a vast difference in the regime of 
 
188 THE BOYS IK BLUE; 
 
 hospitals haying equal privileges and facilities. By proper 
 management, a faithful and competent surgeon, might, in 
 the course of a few months, accumulate a hospital fund, sufr 
 ficient to furnish the patients with- all necessary comforts and' . 
 delicacies. Each man placed there was entitled to full 
 rations, which he could not consume while sick. The post- 
 surgeon had the opportunity of commuting these rations, and 
 thus creating a fund sufficient for the wants of the sick 
 patients, if properly managed. The practical difficulty that 
 existed, and made outside assistance necessary, was incom- 
 petency, unfaithfulness, and frequent change- of hospitals 
 and medical men. Post-hospitals could be, well supplied 
 by commutation, but those in the field, that were the most 
 liable to fluctuations, were much more difficult to control , 
 in this respect. 
 
 •'At Memphis, where hospitals had been in existence more 
 than three months, but little extra assistance should have 
 been needed. Alas! in many instances, large supplies were 
 required, or the patients must have suffered greatly. It was 
 just at this point the Sanitary Commission supplemented 
 ignorance or carelessness, and secured the helpless patients 
 from increased suffering. The contributors of money and 
 supplies; with a full understanding of the case, preferred 
 that this should be done. In some of the hospitals in Mem- 
 phis, the surgeons objected to the employment of female 
 nurses or matrons, and, without exception, we found such 
 comfortless and untidy. Experience wrought a wonderful 
 change in this respect. ■ 
 
 The Adams Block Hospital occupied an entire block of 
 new brick stores, at either end of which were the office and 
 
soldier's death at ADAMS BLOCK HOSPITAL.' 189 
 
 storeliouse of the Sanitary Commission. The post-surgeon 
 had been quite recently inducted into office, and apologized 
 for the disordered state of the hospital, although with its 
 corps of female nurses, it bore stronger evidences of comfort 
 than others,' whose names ■we omit here, although we took 
 pains to report them at the proper place for correction. 
 
 As we were about to mount the first flight of stairs to the 
 Adams Block Hospital, we. saw two men descending, bear- 
 . ing a corpse, wrapped in a winding-sheet, to iSie dead-house. 
 Mr. Reynolds, who had never before visited one of these sad 
 places, was greatly shocked, and remarked, " There comes 
 somAody' & srnir We ascended with heavy hearts after the 
 lifeless body had passed. "We entered the first ward, imme- 
 diately at the head of the stairs. Jn one corner, with his face 
 literally turned to the wall, stood a man sobbing convulsively. 
 Grief was so common a visitant in that place, that he at- 
 tracted no attention, but stood isolated in his agony. • After 
 several effi)rts to answer our question as to the cause of his 
 distress, he sobbed out, " My son's corpse has just been 
 carried out. I could bear it, but oh, his poor mother! 
 How can I meet her without our only boy ? I fear she 
 will die, too, and then I shall be left' alone. God help me." 
 With broken voice, Mr. R. pointed him to the " Eock " and 
 "Eefuge," and we passed on to the crowd of sufferers waiting 
 to receive us. We took separate lines, lingering at each cot 
 a few minutes, and leaving a paper or hymn-book. 
 
 On one bed lay a languid youth, about twenty years of 
 age, who had been wounded at Arkansas Post. I asked him 
 if he had a Testament. " Oh, yes," he replied ; " and it 
 saved my life.". He drew from beneath his pillow the mute 
 
190 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 messenger of life, and invulnerable breast-plate, that had 
 stood between him and eternity. It lay in the breast-pocket 
 of his coat, and over it, his mother's picture. The piece of 
 shell that struck it, dashed the picture to' atoms, and pressed 
 the book with such intensity, that its back burst open, and 
 the indentation gave the precise shape of the missive, as 
 though it had been cast in that mould. This messenger of 
 death had reverently paused at the little book, and bounded 
 off without tefiring a leaf or expunging a word, though the 
 flesh beneath was severely bruised by the concussion. 
 " Will you sell the book? " I asked. " No, ma'am ; money 
 could not buy it. I must keep it for my mother." " Will 
 you not heed its invitation, ' Come unto me? ' It has saved 
 your life ; shall it not save your soul ? You owe it a double 
 debt of gratitude." Two days later, I met him in front of 
 the hospital. He stopped, and said, " I have followed your 
 advice ; I read this book as I never did before, and believe 
 I can now say, it has saved my soul as well as my life." 
 
 We spent the entire day visiting the patients, questioning 
 them as to their food and care, cleanliness and comfort. The 
 answers were very satisfactory, except in one ward, where 
 there was a general complaint that the ward-master and 
 nurses helped themselves to the choicest food, before the pa- 
 tients had an opportunity to do so. We managed to be saun- 
 tering in the ward at the dinner-hour, saw the evil com-; 
 plained of, made a statement of the grievance to the surgeon, 
 when the ward-master was promptly relieved. The trays 
 of food were excellent in quality and quantity, consisting 
 of fresh meat, vegetables, stewed fruit and rice-pudding. It 
 is scarcely necessary to state that where there was' such pro- 
 
MR. fiEYNOLDS IN HOSPITAL. 19l 
 
 visions, a corps of out detailed nurses were found. Those in 
 this hospital had been sent by us from Chicago. ' 
 
 The wards in this institution communicated. Mr. Key- 
 nolds took his position as nearly as possible in the centre, 
 at the head of the second flight of stairs, and with his ringing 
 voice, commenced singing : 
 
 " My days are passing swiftly by, 
 And I, a pilgrim stranger, 
 Would not detain them as tiiey fly, 
 Tliose hours of toil and danger." 
 
 In an instant,, as far as the eye could reach, every head was 
 turned towards him. All that could do so, raised themselves 
 on their elbows as he sang on, voice after voice joined in, 
 and many hands were seen brushing away the blinding tears. 
 He then offered a prayer full of tenderness, trustfulness, sub- 
 mission and petition for the absent. Smiles and words of 
 gratitude richly repaid this day's labor. 
 
 The following morning we visited the Gayoso Block Hos- 
 pital, which had been recently organized, in anticipation of 
 the bloody struggle at Vicksburg. The North-Western 
 Sanitary Commission had fitted it up with a fine range, two 
 cooking-stoves, large boilers, washing-machines and wringers, 
 sheets, shirts, pillows, pillow-cases, "and a large supply of 
 delicacies for the expected patients. It contained nine hun- 
 dred beds, six hundred of which were already filled by the 
 sick and wounded from the battle of Arkansas Post. This 
 hospital was under the care of Mother Bickerdyke. My 
 visit was unexpected, and happened at the supper hour. 
 As I entered the door, I met Mrs. Bickerdyke in the con- 
 
192 THE BOTS IN BLTXEH 
 
 valescent dining-hall, where the food was nutritious and 
 tempting. As she was on her way to the hospital wards, I 
 accompanied her. 
 
 f There lay hundreds of wounded men from the last battle, 
 each one thoroughly clean, and eating such food as would be 
 given them at home. The air was perfectly pure, and the 
 spowy sheets, shirts, and soft pillows, were refreshing to us 
 as well as the patients. Mrs. B., mother that she was, knew 
 the name of every man, and spoke to one and another as we 
 passed through the double line of cots. When we reached 
 the centre of the room, she said : " Boys, this is Mrs. H., 
 of Chicago, from the North-Western Sanitary Commission. 
 Turn down your sheets, look at your shirts and pillows; 
 they are all marked with the name of the Sanitary Commis- 
 sion. Your good suppers that you are eating to-night came 
 from the same place." As from one voice arose the cry, 
 " Three cheers for the Sanitary Commission! God bless the 
 women at home ! " As we passed from cot to cot, Mrs. B. 
 said : "William, how do your eggs suit you ? " " Just right. 
 Mother." " Well, John, how goes the milk-toast? " " Bully, 
 Mother; tastes just like the old cow's milk at home." Said 
 a gray-headed man, with a shattered arm: "Mother, I don't 
 believe my wife could beat that cup of green tea, with white 
 sugar, you sent me to-flight; it has a' most cured me; I feel 
 as chirk as a robin." 
 
 At one cot knelt a bright, bronzed-faced woman, feeding 
 a man cautiously with a spoon. His jaw had been shattered, 
 the splintered fragments removed, and he lay a woful spec- 
 tacle, not able to speak intelligibly. " How do you feel to- 
 night?" said Mother B. "J.K rigU now, since she^s come" 
 
WISCONSIN BATTERY BOY. 193' 
 
 said he, laying his hand fondly on her head. The constant 
 woman's face beamed with joy, as she added, " I believe I 
 can take him home next week." 
 
 As I was about to leave, I stood in the midst of them, and 
 said, "Boys, you look so bright and seem so happy, I think 
 you must be shamming ; you are all heroes ; but are you 
 badly wounded? " " Why shouldn't we be happy," cried out 
 a manly voice. " We left all to fight for the ' old flag,' and 
 put it where it belongs. We left it flying at Arkansas Post, 
 if we did get hit." Another said, cheerfully, " Madam, 
 what do you call this?" as he drew aside the sheet, and 
 pointed to the maimed limb, that vigorous young manhood 
 is so loath to have crippled. Another laid his hand on his 
 shoulder, that indicated that a strong right arm had once 
 been there, and another to a bandaged head, from which a 
 piece of shell had been extracted. A Wisconsin battery 
 boy beside me said feebly, " What do you say of me ? One 
 of my arms was taken off nine months ago, and the doctor 
 says the other must come off to-morrow. I've been in nine 
 battles, and have been wounded in every one, but the Post 
 finished me up. What am I to do in the world, not twenty 
 years old w;ithout arms?" " My brave fellow, the women 
 will take care of you. God never spared your life but for 
 some great purpose. I believe you will live to bless and 
 be blessed." As the boys cheered, he said fervently, " Thank 
 you for that." I would ask solemnly has the pledge been 
 redeemed, and have these maimed heroes ieen cared for as we 
 promised they should be f 
 
 While passing through the upper wards of this hospital, 
 
 I heard a gurgling, convulsive sob. I turned to ascertain its 
 
 13 
 
194 THE BOYS IK BLUE. 
 
 cause, and beheld a stretcher borne in by two soldiers, who 
 lowered it gently beside us. " Boys," Mother B. said quickly, 
 " get a fan and some eggnog, instantly." She drew from her 
 pocket a small flask of brandy, and dropped some upon the 
 white lips and palsied tongue of the sufferer. His eyes were, 
 upturned, and he appeared to be in the agony of death. 
 " What does this mean ? " I said, in horror. Mrs. B. replied, 
 " He has just been brought from the amputating-room, and 
 has lost his leg." In a twinkling the boys were back. One 
 fanned him, as Mrs. B. knelt beside him, and said, "Take 
 this for Mother." He shook his head, "No ! " " But you 
 must," she said, decidedly; "you are going to get well right 
 off, if you do ; you are worth half a dozen dead men now." 
 With a frightful effort he swallowed a teaspoonful, and, in a 
 few minutes, another and another, till, gradually, the tumbler- 
 ful was taken ; then he fell asleep, quietly as an infant. Said 
 she, " He must have another before bed-time, and he'll be 
 hungry to-morrow." "Can he recover ?" I asked. "Why, 
 certainly he may. We lose comparatively few amputation 
 cases, for we keep the wounds and beds clean, the air fresh, 
 give plenty of wholesome plain food, which wounded mev- 
 especially need.''' 
 
 In February, 1866, Mrs. B. called to see me, and I said 
 to her, " I have been visiting your hospital at Memphis, in 
 imagination to-day, and could but wonder what was the fate 
 of the man carried on a stretcher, with his leg amputated, 
 the last day I was there." She clapped her hands as she 
 said, "He is here in the city of Chicago; I have just come 
 from his house, where I went to carry him some shirts and 
 drawers. He has a wooden leg, and is working at his trade 
 
GEN. JOHN LOGAN. 195 
 
 of shoemaking, and would be strong if not obliged to work 
 beyond his strength;" strange coincidence, and sad fact, that 
 has many parallels. 
 
 I will not weary, with a further description of the numer- 
 ous hospitals we visited in Memphis. After accomplishing 
 my work in them, I accepted an invitation to visit the camp 
 of Gen. Logan's division, and spent the night at his head- 
 quarters. The house was an elegant confiscated mansion, 
 situated in the suburbs of Memphis, which I found to be 
 exceedingly beautiful. The rolling country, stately forest- 
 trees, luxuriant evergreens, extensive encampments, and fine 
 houses, formed a beautiful panorama, on a bright day in 
 February. 
 
 I remained twenty-four hours at this encampment,, and 
 found as jolly a collection of blue-coats, as I have ever met 
 in the army. The camp was on dry ground, the men 
 healthy, and the hospitals well supplied with sanitary stores 
 from the North- Western Commission. The patriotic wife of 
 the General, who had nursed his first regiment till complete- 
 ly crushed by her efibrts, was with her husband. The Gen- 
 eral was suffering from a severe attack of rheumatism, but 
 still was not idle. Fearing that his division -might become 
 discouraged by long inactivity and his absence from them, 
 he had written a soul-stirring address, which he Iread to the ' 
 family circle. On the following day it was repeated to the 
 soldiers, and produced great enthusiasm, second only to the 
 sight and voice of their beloved commander. No wonder 
 the name of Logan became the battle-cry of his men. 
 
 On my return to the Gayoso House I had the opportunity 
 of becoming acquainted with the lamented Gen. J. MoPher- 
 
196 THE BOYS IK BLUE. 
 
 son. His elegant appearance, polished maniaers, and gallant 
 air, accounted for his sobriquet, the "gentlemanly soldier," 
 and might mislead one as to his soldierly abilities. He proved 
 that high breeding, bland courtesy, and broad humanity, were 
 harmonious with the highest status of military ability and 
 bravery. While the humblest soldier and the most timid 
 woman found in him a friend, and the brilliant belle a charm- 
 ing companion, the haughtiest rebel feared him, and the 
 wisest generals counselled with him, for he was charming, 
 true, brave, courteous, wise, enduring. Peace be to the- 
 ashes of the young hero I whose sun set before noon, but not 
 until its beams had shone over the nation, and left a radiance 
 that has lighted many a patriot to his grave, in the footsteps 
 of the youthful and gallant Gen. McPherson. 
 
 Gen. Webster, of whom Chicago was so justly proud, was 
 occupying an important post at Memphis, and, by his assist- 
 ance and counsel, rendered us great service. He was the 
 first to greet, and the last to say farewell. The country 
 owed much to his untiring vigilance, as well as skill and 
 bravery, at that time. The continual and persistent efforts 
 of rebel men and women to supply Secessia with arms, am- 
 munition, and quinine, would have been vastly more success- 
 ful, but for his integrity, prompt action, and ingenious devices 
 to discover and thwart them. 
 
 Our rides in and around Memphis were all taken in ambu- 
 lances, which required a stout pair of mules, and two expert 
 drivers, to pass through the so-called " slews ;" sometimes, to 
 alight and lift the wheels from the mud, which was done 
 cheerfully and manfully. A ride of two miles exhausted 
 the strength of a vigorous person, and required an hour's 
 
GEN. M'PHEESON— GEN. WEBSTER. 197 
 
 time, and sundry bruises and bespatterings, to accomplisb. 
 "We could but think of our poor wounded soldiers, when 
 every movement was torture, sometimes riding thus ten, 
 twenty, forty, or one hundred miles, as they did at Eolla, 
 over worse roads, and without comfort or suitable medical 
 treatment. Alas! alas! how little we realize the cost of 
 peace and victory, and how soon we forget what we have 
 known. 
 
]98 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Depaxture from Memphis. — Journey down the Mississippi. — Fearful 
 reports of guerillas at Helena. — Disguise of steamer as gunboat. — 
 Arrival at Young's Point. — Silver Wave sanitary-boat. — Interviews 
 with Gen. G-rant on Magnoha. — Donation of five bales of cotton for 
 soldiers' comforts. — Mode of work on sanitary-boat. — Humorous 
 incidents. — Story of Arthur , the drummer-boy. — Contribu- 
 tions by Mrs. Livermore. 
 
 One fitful day in February, when descending floods and 
 brilliant sunbeams rapidly alternated, the ■welcome sound 
 was heard, " The stores have come." " All on board ! " 
 quickly followed, as it was dangerous to lose a good oppor- 
 tunity to go below, the boats being generally filthy and 
 ■uncomfortable, and crowded with troops, to the exclusion of 
 civilians. "We had the rare privilege of passage on a 
 dispatch boat, which must proceed, unless sunk or riddled by 
 guerillas, as she was independent of wayside orders, having 
 dispatches for headquarters. 
 
 . An "order" that no civilian should go below Memphis, 
 had just been issued by Gen. Grant. Agents, or representa- 
 tives of the Sanitary Commission, were, however, considered 
 as part of the hospital arrangements of the army, and were 
 freely permitted to visit it with stores. The orders were 
 
ATl'ACKS OF GUERILLAS. 199 
 
 indorsed, ""With all dispatch." Of course, steam must be 
 crowded and a quick passage, either to Young's Point or the 
 bottom of the Mississippi, secured. Alarming accounts of 
 guerillas had been daily reaching us at Memphis. Our 
 greatest safety was in the unusual width of the river. Still 
 there were certain points from which a batteiy could play 
 upon the boat to great advantage. The sense of isolation 
 and separation from home, friends, civilization and safety 
 were new and painfully oppressive, as I took leave of Gen. 
 "Webster and Dr. Warriner at the Memphis landing, and the 
 boat turned her head down stream. It filled one's concep- 
 tion of a soldier's feelings on the eve of his first battle. 
 "With the full head of steam and the rapid current, we 
 rushed down the river, with almost railroad velocity. 
 
 Some soldiers were on board, but no passengers beyond 
 ourselves, except the wife of a sick officer, who was spirited 
 through in some unaccountable way, as women sometimes 
 are. We reached Helena, at 9 o'clock p.m., and touched 
 there to leave dispatches. I hurried forward, hoping to see 
 a familiar face, as some officers sprang on board, but was 
 disappointed. As I stood beside the captain, I heard a 
 remonstrance from an officer. " It is entirely unsafe for 
 you to go without protection. A boat has just arrived, 
 completely riddled, and almost captured — some killed, and 
 several wounded." "Can we have a gunboat?" asked the 
 captain. "No," was the reply; "they are all patrolling the 
 river, or convoying boats that have preceded you." '• Can't 
 be helped," said the captain, decidedly. " The dispatches 
 must be there to-morrow night, and I'm off for Young's 
 Point or the bottom of the river." There was nothing to 
 
2_0Q THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 , be said. I walked slowly back to the ladies' cabin. In 
 a few minutes the wheels revolved, the steam puffed, but 
 the whistle did not shriek. We were off in silence and 
 darkness. 
 
 The rain fell in torrents, and heavy squalls of wind struck 
 the boat, till it reeled, as if under artillery-fire. We were 
 sitting quietly and solemnly, as the captain entered and said, 
 "There is great fear that batteries from the river-bank will 
 open on us to-night. I want you to put' out all the 
 lights except one, and let that be dim. I shall disguise 
 the steamer as a gunboat, as far as possible, . by covering 
 it with tarpaulins. I shall crowd the. steam, and go like a 
 streak down the river. All this mtist be done at once, for 
 it they are on the watch for lights, but a few miles dis- 
 tant." We obeyed orders promptly, and gathered round 
 
 . the open stove, whose weird, flickering light, increased the 
 ghostliness of the scene. The windows of heaven seemed 
 opened. Water above us, around us and beneath us, and 
 the canopy shrouded with the blackness of darkness. 
 
 As the boat trembled with the power of the steam and the 
 rapid strokes of the engine, the howling wind and falling 
 sheets of water rolling over her hurricane-deck, completed the 
 illusion and impression more than once, that we had reached 
 the fatal spot, and were under the enemy's fire. The em- 
 ployes of the boat gathered m the centre of the gentlemen's 
 cabin, and cowered beneath the wheel-house, which was con- 
 sidered the safest spot". Like ourselves, they spoke with 
 suppressed voices, as though fearful of arousing guerillas. 
 Gloom and apprehension pervaded every heart, and no one 
 retired till almost morning, when the danger was passed. 
 
ARRIVAL AT TOUNG'S POINT. 201 
 
 The high pressure of the engine was a continuous source of 
 alarm. The railroad speed at which we were travelling, in 
 a river where snags abound, and loose logs floated, with such 
 a head of steam, on the boiler of a transport not recently 
 examined, was sufficiently risky to cause uneasiness, as no 
 hope of rescue could be indulged, in case of accident. 
 
 The next evening we reached Young's Point in safety. 
 The captain delivered his dispatches, and we were moored 
 beside the Silver "Wave, to unload our sanitaiy stores, and be 
 entertained on this boat, assigned- by Gen. Grant, as a dep&t 
 for the stores of the U. S. Sanitary Commission. On this 
 leaking and bare transport of war I slept . in peace that 
 night,, as on a couch of down, only wondering that I could 
 have ever rested before, without profound gratitude for 
 exemption from guerillas and snags. The next morning 
 brought my lohg-sought sons, well and prosperous. Tn the 
 midst of so much death and suffering, my cup of mercy was 
 full. At once I began my work. 
 
 My first step after reaching Young's Point, was to report 
 at the sanitary- boat. Silver Wave. I then reported to Gen. 
 Grant, at his headquarters on board the Magnolia, where 
 the arrangements were such as might be expected; quiet, 
 unostentatious, complete. Business was moving forward 
 so silently and systematically, all seemed to have leisure to 
 be courteous — the " ultima thule " of good management. My 
 letters were presented by an orderly, and I was immediatelj'' 
 ushered into the General's presence. I could scarcely con- 
 ceal my astonishment at the quiet and unassuming appear- 
 ance and manner of one to whom all eyes were directed as 
 the " coming man," to demolish the Gibraltar of treason in 
 
202 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 the West. He conversed freely on the sanitary condi- 
 tion of the army, expressed entire confidence in its ad- 
 ministration, an earnest desire to have the wants of 
 the sick and wounded fully met, and offered every facility 
 to enable me to carry out my plans. In reply to a request 
 for cotton to make soldiers' comforts, he at once gave an 
 order for five bales, which safely reached Chicago, and were 
 disposed of for the benefit of the soldiers. A subsequent gift 
 of cotton was, wrought into hundreds of comforts by the 
 patriotic women of Chicago, who worked incessantly till 
 they were completed and sent to the hospitals at Chatta- 
 nooga, where the men were suffering so greatly on account 
 of the unprecedented cold in the South. 
 
 A tug was placed at my disposal by the military authori- 
 ties, to visit camps and hospitals. This accommodation en- 
 abled me to do an amount of investigation, that would have 
 been otherwise impossible. In the course of a few days, I 
 called again to report the result of my investigations. I 
 then stated to Gen. Grant, what I had learned from visits to 
 the hospitals at Young's Point, conversations with the sur- 
 geons, and an examination of the reports, many of which 
 were, from courtesy, submitted to me. • This investigation had 
 revealed the fact, not yet made public, that incipient scurvy 
 existed among the troops to an alarming extent, and could 
 only be arrested by liberal supplies of vegetables and acids, 
 the antidotes of this fearful army scourge, that sapped the 
 vitality of the soldiers so insidiously and effectually, that they 
 not unfrequently succumbed to its power, before being aware 
 of its existence. Its depressing influence on the bodily func- 
 tions and vital energies of the men so complicated other ail- 
 
INTERVIEW WITH GEN. GRANT. 203 
 
 ments, that but few with the taint of scurvy, recovered 
 from wounds. 
 
 Gen. Grant promptly granted my request for an order for 
 transportation for any amount of vegetables that could be 
 procured at the North, and fully agreed in the opinion that, 
 under the circumstances, onions and potatoes were indispen- 
 sable to the taking of Yicksburg. Before leaving I said, 
 "General, what of Yicksburg? What shall I say when I 
 return?" After a pause, he said: "Madam, VicJcsburg is 
 ours, and its garrison our prisoners. It is only a question of 
 time. I want to take it with as little loss of life as possible." 
 Amen, rose to my lips, and was afterwards echoed by thou- 
 sands of wives and mothers, to whom I told the story. The 
 genius of the great commander shone out in this interview. 
 No FAIL was breathed in every syllable, and inspired me 
 with faith that never faltered. Yicksburg was taken with 
 as little loss of life as possible, and its hero became the 
 nation's idol. 
 
 The purveyorship of the army at Young's Point, owing to 
 various causes, was very imperfectly supplied at this time. 
 The cases which we had taken, breathed on our suffering 
 army the benedictions with which they had been laden, and 
 answered the prayers that had been woven in every gift. 
 A letter written by Mrs. Livermore from the rooms of the 
 Commission, as successive boxes were opened, describes their 
 contents so vividly, that, with her permission, I insert from 
 it copious extracts, which shall be followed with a sketch 
 of the distribution of these gifts to the heroes languishing in 
 camp and hospital at Young's Point : 
 
204 THE BOTS IK BLUE. 
 
 " A capacious box, filled witli beautifully-made shirts, draw- 
 ers, towels, socks, handkerchiefs, and dried fruits, was opened, 
 and on the top lay the following uiisealed, touching note : 
 
 " 'Dear Soldiers — The little girls of send this box 
 
 to 'you. They have heard that a good many of you are sick 
 and wounded in battle. They are very sorry, and want to 
 do something for you. They cannot do much, for they are 
 all little, but they have bought and made what is in here. 
 They hope it will do some good, and that you will all get 
 well and come home. We all pray to God for you.' 
 
 " Carefully the box was unpacked, stamped as a preventive 
 to theft, and then carefully repacked, just as it was received. 
 The sacred offerings of children were sent intact to hospitals. 
 ■ "Another mammoth packing-case was opened, and here 
 were folded in, blessings and prayers and messages of love 
 with almost every garment. On a pillow was pinned the 
 following note, unsealed, for sealed notes are never broken : 
 
 '" Mt Dear Friend — You are not m^/ husband or son, 
 but you are the husband or son of some woman who loves 
 you, as I love mine. I have made these garments for you, 
 with a heart that aches for your sufferings, and with a long- 
 ing to come .to you to assist in taking care of you. It is a 
 great comfort to me that God loves and pities you, pining 
 and lonely in a far-off hospital, and if you are a Christian it 
 will also be a comfort to you. Are you nejir death, and soon 
 to cross the dark river ? Oh ! then, may God soothe .your 
 last hours, and lead you up the " shining shore," where there 
 is no war, no sickness, no death. Call on Him, for He is an 
 ever-present helper.' 
 
 "Large packages of socks, carefully folded in pairs, con- 
 
LETTERS TO SOLDIERS. 205 
 
 taiaed each a note, beautifully written, and signed with the 
 name and' address of the writer. They were various, of 
 course, as their authors. Here is one : 
 
 " ' Dear Soldiers — If these socks had language, they 
 would tell you that many a kind wish has been knitted into 
 them, and many a tear of pity has bedewed them. "We all 
 think of you, and want to do everything we can for you ; 
 we feel that we owe you love and gratitude, and that you 
 deserve the best at our hands.' 
 
 " Here is another of a different character : 
 " ' My Dear Boy — I have knit these socks expressly for 
 you. I am nineteen years old, medium size, light hair and 
 blue eyes. Now, how do you look, and how do you like my 
 ^ocks. Write and tell me, and direct to — ■ — ' 
 
 " ' P.S. — If the recipient of these socks has a wife, will 
 he please exchange with some poor fellow not so fortunate.' 
 
 " And here is another : 
 
 " ' My Brate Friend — I have learned to knit, on' pur- 
 pose to knit socks for the soldiers. This is my fourth pair. 
 
 My name is , and I live at -. Write me, and tell 
 
 me how you like them, and what we can do for you. Keep 
 up good courage, and by-and-by you will come home to us.. 
 Won't that be a grand time, though ? And won't we all 
 turn out to meet you with flowers, and music, and cheers, 
 and embraces ? There's a good time coming, boys I ' 
 
 "A nicely made dressing-gown, of dimensions sufSciently 
 capacious for Daniel Lambert, had one pocket filled with 
 hickory-nuts, and another with ginger-snaps. The pockets 
 were sewed across, to keep the contents from dropping out, 
 and the following note was on the outside : 
 
206 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 "'Now, my dear fellows, just take your ease. Don't 
 mope and have the blues, if you org sick. Moping never 
 cured anybody yet. Eat your nuts, and cakes, and snap 
 your fingers at dull care. I wish I could do more for you, 
 and if I were a man, I would come and fight with you, wo- 
 man though I am. I would like to hang Jeff Davis higher 
 than Haman, and all those who did and abet him, too, 
 whether North or South.' 
 
 " There was exhumed from one box a bushel of cookies, tied 
 in a pillow-case, with the benevolent wish tacked on the outside : 
 
 " 'These cookies are expressly for the sick soldiers, and 
 if anybody else eats them, I hope they will choke him I ' 
 
 " A very neatly arranged package of second-hand cloth- 
 ing, but little worn, was laid by itself Every article was 
 superior in quality and manufacture. The distingue package 
 had a card attached, with the following explanation in a 
 most delicate ehirography : 
 
 " ' The accompanying articles were worn for the last time 
 by one very dear to me, who lost his life at Shiloh. They 
 are sent to oui; wounded soldiers, as the most fitting disposi- 
 tion that can be made of them, by one who has laid the hus- 
 band of her youth — her all — on the altar of her country.' 
 
 " Earely is a box opened that does not contain notes to 
 soldiers accompanying the goods, which are very frequently 
 answered. In the pocket of a dressing-gown, a baby's tin 
 rattle is found — in another, a comic almanac — in yet another, 
 a small package of note-paper, envelopes, and postage-stamps. 
 ■ The adjurations are incessant to officers, surgeons, and nurses, 
 to bestow on the sick and wounded exclusively, the comforts 
 and delicacies contained in the cases. 
 
PEEP INTO SANITARY BOXES. 207 
 
 " ' For the love of God, give these articles to the sick 
 and wounded, to -whom they are sent.' ' He that would 
 steal from a sick or wounded man, would rob hen-roosts, and 
 filch the pennies from the eyes of a corpse.' ' Surgeons and 
 nurses, hands off! These -things are not for you, but for the 
 patients, our sick and wounded boys.' ' Don't gobble these 
 things up, nurses ; they are for our hospital boys.' 
 
 "These and similar injunctions are found over and 
 over again, with, unnecessary frequency and emphasis, as 
 there is more honesty in the hospitals, and much less 
 stealing, than is popularly believed. Occasionally, the open- 
 ing of a box reveals an unwise selection of donations, or a 
 careless preparation of them. A very promising case was 
 opened a short time since, smooth, and polished without, 
 and neatly jointed, when an odor smote the olfactories that 
 drove every one from the room. Windows and doors were 
 flung wide to let in fresh air, and a second attempt was made 
 to examine the odoriferous box. The intolerable stench pro- 
 ceeded from ' concentrated chicken,' which had been badly 
 prepared. The box had been some time on the journey, 
 and the nicely cooked chicken had become a mass of cor- 
 ruption. ' By jabers ! ' said Irish Jimmj', the drayman, as 
 he wheeled the box out into the receiving-room, "I hope 
 the leddies, Grod bless 'em, won't send any more consecrated 
 chicken this way, for it smells too loud, intirely !' 
 
 '• Many of the boxes for the wounded at Murfreesboro and 
 Vicksburg, contain indications of the deepest feeling. ' For 
 the noble boys that beat back Bragg's army. We are proud 
 of them.' ' Three cheers for Eosecrans' army 1 ' ' Dear 
 wounded soldiers, we shall never forget your gallant conduct 
 
208 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 • 
 
 at Murfreesboro ! May God place his everlasting arms 
 ■underneath you, my dear wounded,, brothers ! ' These and 
 like expressions are affixed to various articles of wear." 
 
 This contribution is exceedingly valuable, as a revelation 
 of the electric current, that flowed from the women at Irome 
 to the army at the front. Its inspiration nerved brave arms 
 for deeds of daring, and stimulated sinking hearts to renewed 
 courage and hope. 
 
 The clerk's ofBce on the Silver Wave had been fitted up ■ 
 as a sanitary storeroom, with rude shelves and counters ex- 
 temporized on the most economical scale. Heavy packages 
 were stowed in the hold of the transport, and the storeroom 
 became the place of display and distribution of the sacred 
 sanitary donations. Birds of the air carried the glad tidings 
 to the sufferers, that fresh supplies had come. . In groups and 
 single file came the veterans to receive them, all emaciated, 
 wan, and feeble — some with canes or crutches, the weaker, 
 pitifully clinging to his comrade, a trifle stronger, for the 
 soldiers shared strength as well as food, with their companions 
 in arms and suffering. I rejoice to say not one was sent 
 empty away; to the honor of those men be it recorded, 
 that not one applied, whose appearance was not a certifi- 
 cate for his necessity. I said to the first applicant, " Will 
 you have a few soft crackers ? " His only answer was an 
 outstretched hand and tearful eye. " Shall I give you some 
 onions?" "Oh, how I've longed for ten cents, to buy one 
 from the sutler ! I craved it " (as scurvy men always do). 
 To another, I said, " Perhaps you would like a lemon ? " 
 "A lemon! bless me! Just let me look at and smell one. 
 It makes me stronger to think of it." What of some cookies 
 
SOLDIER TO TRADE COFFEE. 209 
 
 or gingerbread ! These home-made luxuries were always 
 received with glistening eyes, and were invariably just 
 like wife's or mother's. 
 
 One poor fellow, who was obliged to seize both railings to 
 support himself up the narrow stair-way, opened his battered 
 haversack and drew out a small package of coffee. "I know 
 you don't sell anything here, but I thought if I could change 
 this coffee, that I've saved from my rations, for some green 
 tea, I'd get an appetite. If I could only get a cup of tea 
 like mother made, I believe I should get well." I motioned 
 back the parcel, and gave him a little package, containing 
 white sugar and a lemon, green tea, two herrings, two onions, 
 and pepper — a powerful remedy for scurvy. He looked at it 
 a moment and said : " Is this all for me ? " and then covered 
 his pinched face with his thin, transparent hands, to conceal 
 the tears. 
 
 I touched his shoulder, and said: "Why do you weep?" 
 "Grod bless the women; what should we do but for them?" 
 was his answer. " I came from father's farm, where all had 
 plenty. I've lain sick these tjiree months. I've seen no 
 woman's face, nor heard her voice, nor felt her warm hand, 
 till to-day, and it unmans me. But don't think I rue my 
 bargain, for I don't. I've suffered much and long, but I 
 don't let them know at home. Maybe I'll never have a 
 chance to tell them how much, but I'd go through it all for 
 the old flag." " Who knows," I said, " but the very luxu- 
 ries I've given you have been sent from the aid society to 
 which your mother belongs." "I shouldn't wonder," he 
 replied, " for she writes me she never lets anything keep her 
 
 away from the meetings. I'm glad of it, for I don't know 
 
 14 
 
210 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 what would become of us poor fellows but for the Sanitary 
 Commission." He gave his good-by, God bless you, and 
 said : " I believe I've turned the corner. I haven't felt as 
 strong for months as I do now." "With the help of one rail- 
 ing he descended the stairs, and called out from below, 
 "Farewell!" 
 
 It may be asked, did the men receive all they needed ? 
 I answer no ; it was not there to give them. The pretended 
 or misguided friends of the soldier, lessened supplies by in- 
 fusing suspicion. I have seen the work of the IT. S. Com- 
 mission in scores of western hospitals and in the field. I 
 have accompanied it in its labor of love, as it has followed 
 the destroying angel, binding up mangled limbs, clothing 
 emaciated forms, pillowing aching heads, giving nourishment 
 to exhausted bodies, and snatching from death husbands 
 sons and brothers. 
 
 Where one has testified against it, thousands have blessed 
 it, and raised up their voices and pens in its behalf. But for 
 some clamor, the Sanitary Commission would have lacked 
 one evidence of heavenly approval. "Woe be unto you 
 when all men speak well of you." It imitated the blessed 
 Master in His mission, and shared in His reproach. 
 
 In this connection, I would relate an incident, to illustrate 
 the value of a small amount of relief given by the Sanitary 
 Commission. On my return voyage from Young's Point, a 
 surgeon introduced himself, and thanked me for saving his 
 life. Amused at ray surprise, he tmis explained it. He had 
 been afflicted with chronic disease, that threatened his life 
 and defied medicine. He heard I had dried blackberries, 
 and sent to me for them, I gave his messenger my last cup- 
 
THE DEUMMEB-BOY ON SILVER 'WAVE. 211 
 
 "full. (I dealt them out carefully). This simple remedy- 
 arrested his disease, and fitted him to travel homeward, 
 where proper care and good nursing would complete the 
 cure. 
 
 On the Silver Wave, I became acquainted with a noble- 
 looking boy, fourteen years of age, who was detailed to assist 
 the clerk in filling requisitions. He was so neat, orderly, 
 quiet and diligent, that he was a universal favorite. He fol- 
 lowed me closely, and seemed to cling to me as a mother. 
 He was a drummer-boy, and had left home with the consent 
 of his mother. I noticed him in the evening, reading his 
 Testament and hymn-book, and had much interesting conver- 
 sation with him. On one occasion he said, "Would you 
 like to see my mother's parting note, to be always carried 
 about me, she said, so that if I fell in battle, my name might 
 be known ? " On a delicate sheet of paper the following 
 note was written, in an exquisite chirography : 
 
 "A Co., Ohio. 
 
 "Arthur W. O , Musician, Regiment. 
 
 " Should my precious child fall wounded among strangers, 
 I hope and trust he will find some kind person to love him 
 for his mother. 
 
 "Mart W. C , October 21st, 1862." 
 
 I said, " Arthur, tell your mother, though you have not 
 fallen wounded, you have found a friend to love you for 
 your mother." " I will," he said, carefully folding his note, 
 as tears filled his fine dark eyes; " no money could buy it 
 from me." William and his mother will pardon me for the 
 mention of this fact, honorable alike to both. 
 
212 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTER Xiri. 
 
 February 22 at Young's Point. — Naval salute. — Southern sun and 
 rain. — Gunboat fleet. — Capt. MaoMaian of Silver Wave. — Midnight 
 scare. — Visit to Adnqiral Porter and flag-ship. — Rebel boy-gunner. 
 — Army pets. — Visit to naval hospital — Naval regatta. — Southern 
 sunset. 
 
 A LETTER of my own, dated Young'# Point, February 22, 
 1863, recalls a host of thrilling memories, of one of the most 
 eventful days of a three years' war-life. "When it dawned, 
 I had been a week at Young's Point, enduring the trying 
 scenes and discomforts of a thorough visitation of the hospi- 
 tals, after days and nights of rain, that knew neither hin- 
 drance nor abatement, but fell continuously in solid sheets, 
 as though the windows of heaven were opened, and all nature 
 muttering and moaning in dismay or discontent. 
 
 As if to avenge himself for the veiled glories of these lat- 
 ter days, " up rose the powerful king of day, rejoicing in the 
 east," bathing the earth, transports and camps, in a flood of 
 glory. Even the audacious rebel city, ensconced on the 
 hill- side, saucily daring our veterans, looked radiant. Every 
 dome, steeple or window, reflected or refracted the sun's 
 rays, and shed a fictitious and prismatic beauty over the 
 battered and clumsy brick walls of the south-western strong- 
 
'I'AD FEB. AT YOUNG'S POINT. 213 
 
 hold of treason. I never realized the exquisite beauty of a 
 southern sun and sky, till I beheld on that day the blue of 
 the canopy that spanned the Union camp and the rebel city, 
 and the sun that " shone alike on the just, and on the unjust." 
 
 The contrast to the previous gloom, doubly enhanced its 
 charms. Things animate and inanimate seemed infused 
 ■with new life. The hitherto dripping tents of the camp, 
 looked white and picturesque for the first time ; the flies of 
 the tents were lifted to welcome the balmy air and brilliant 
 sunlight ; the pale faces and bowed forms of hundreds of our 
 soldiers, could be seen cautiously emerging from them, 
 testing the soil, lest they might share th^fate of the old cow, 
 stalled in the mud, and dying, within sight of our boat, 
 because she could not be extricated. The levee swarmed 
 with blue coats; and every pole, rope or tree was in requisi- 
 tion, covered with blankets, shirts and drawers, " to dry off 
 the mould, and cure the rheumatism." Shouts, songs and 
 jests rang from group to group. Even the poor fellows 
 who " siucJc," joined in the chorus. 
 
 Half a mile from the mouth of the Yazoo, a short dis- 
 tance from the transports, lay the fleet of iron-clads, with 
 their broad, flat, tortoise-like backs, ready to paddle in obedi- 
 ence to orders. The rainbow radiance of the sunlight, the 
 gay flaunting Stars and Stripes, and the brilliant signals 
 spread out on the Black Hawk, the flag-ship of the fleet, 
 relieved their sombre, sleepy look. Some of them, from 
 their outlines, and surroundings of long lines of red, white, 
 and blue clothing, appeared in the distance, through the 
 trees, draped with the graceful but funereal moss, like Swiss 
 cottages on a plane of glass. 
 
214: THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Around tlie bend of the Mississippi, in the swamp below- 
 the levee, lay Grant's army, whose name is the synonym of 
 courage, endurance, bravery unsurpassed. As yet, they had 
 not won their brightest laurels; but their unmurmuring 
 patience and indomitable will were developed, tested, and 
 strengthened, by the painful trials and privations they were 
 enduring at that time. But to my story. 
 
 The booming of a hundred guns ushered in this memor- 
 able day. The roar from their iron throats, that belched 
 forth smoke and flame, through every open port-hole, made 
 the celebration guns at home seem like playthings, and ex- 
 plained the soldiers' merriment, when- the old six-pounders 
 of their native towns were brought out to welcome the re- 
 turning heroes. I remember many regiments thus welcomed, 
 and have keenly enjoyed the sly jests of the boys, and their 
 unsuccessful efforts to look impressed. As the salute con- 
 tinued, fleecy clouds of smoke rolled upwards in graceful 
 evolutions, disclosing the grim monsters that had made the 
 uproar, and spreading over the cerulean sky a veil of gos- 
 samer, so inimitably soft and delicate, that it robbed the 
 warlike scene of its fierceness, and poetized the skeleton, 
 battered, and begrimed fleet of transports, fringing the river- 
 banks. In the centre of the stream lay anchored the three- 
 decked flag- ship of Admiral Porter, the Black Hawk; her 
 20-pounder Parrots and howitzers discoursing loud music from 
 the open port-holes. The great flag and brilliant signals, like 
 a flock of tropical birds, gleamed through the rising smoke. 
 As we gazed upon this sublime scene, we were told we had 
 seen all that is apt to be seen of a naval action. Strange 
 fact ! that we were celebrating "Washington's birthday in an 
 
FAREWELL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. 215 
 
 enemy's country. Vicksburg was tongue-tied that day. 
 The night before, a United States steamer had passed her 
 batteries, and they belched forth brimstone and iron hail, 
 and " painted hell on the sky." 
 
 « On the 22d of February, 1863, they were grum and 
 silent. They did not add a hallelujah to the psean that arose 
 from the loyal army to the memory df -George Washington, 
 " first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his 
 countrymen." What more stern rebuke could these internal 
 enemies of our beneficent government have received, than the 
 prophetic wisdom of the " Father of his. Country," uttered in 
 his " farewell address ? " " The unity of the government is a 
 main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the sup- 
 port of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of your 
 safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you 
 so highly prize." And again : " The very idea of the right 
 of the people to establish government, presupposes the duty 
 of every individual to ohey the established government." These 
 utterances explain ,the silence of the rebellion on the great 
 gala-day of the Eepublio. ^ ' 
 
 The Silver Wave, the United States sanitary-boat, on 
 which we lived at Young's Point, was one ©f the first trans- 
 ports of Grant's fleet that ran the batteries at Vicksburg. 
 Her^ intrepid captain, John MacMillan, of Pittsburg, Penn- 
 sylvania, sat beside the smoke-stack in his old arm-chair, 
 composedly smoking his pipe, while shot and shell, thunder 
 and lightning, played around him. On the same day of which 
 I write, before his heroism had won the admiration of our 
 military of&cers, he accompanied us to visit Admiral Porter, 
 at his headquarters on the Black Hawk. 
 
216 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 We found the ranking-officer of the iron-clad fleet a much 
 younger man than we had supposed. His coal-black hair, 
 keen eye, and clearly-cut visage, gave the impression of 
 youth. He received us courteously, and welcomed us to 
 his hospitalities, at all times charming, but especially so, after 
 a week's sojourn on a battered, leaking, rudely furnished, 
 and plainly provided transport of war, as the Silver Wave 
 had become from necessity. We were impressed with the 
 thorough neatness and perfect order of this ship of state, 
 from the headquarters to the scullery. The saloon was plain 
 but comfortable, and well provided with charts and books 
 of naval warfare. The chart of the camp, the river, and 
 the transports at Vicksburg, as explained by the Admiral, 
 were instructive and entertaining, and gave a clue to much 
 that was before mysterious. 
 
 The Admiral pointed out and explained all the warlike 
 arrangements of his vessel. The lavish appropriation of 
 bales of cotton around the smoke-stacks, brought to mind 
 the five-shilling yard of muslin at home, and would have 
 appeared wasteful, but for the value of human life, best pro- 
 tected by this almost impenetrable casement. Admiral 
 Porter expected .soon to visit Jeff Davis's plantation, and 
 promised us a bale of his cotton for soldiers' comforts. Alas ! 
 the wily statesman had better guarded King Cotton than 
 the Confederate President. The latter was taken in his 
 flight, but the former, oiled with greenbacks, slipped the 
 blockade, and left the poor boys minus that amount of win- 
 ter covering. 
 
 The stud of blood-horses in the stables would have in- 
 spired a connoisseur, but we failed to see their points, though 
 
EEBEL GUNNER-BOY ON THE BLACK HAWK. 217 
 
 scientifically described. The beautiful white Durham, that 
 gave milk that was almost butter, looked unearthly in her 
 beauty in that far-off land, and would have been deified in 
 an Egyptian temple. 
 
 We were greatly interested and amused with a tiny rebel 
 gunner, only 12 years old, who had stood at his place to the 
 last, at the battle of Arkansas Post, and fired straight on, till 
 the fort surrendered. He was manifestly the pet of the 
 ship, answered to the given name of Jeff Davis, professed 
 conversion, but occasionally cried 'to see his mother, poor 
 child! His slight, trim figure, in the blue naval jacket, with 
 broad collar and white stars, looked graceful and .attractive. 
 He had an olive complexion, that savored of southern climes, 
 regular features, and showed a brilliant set of teeth, as he 
 smilingly obeyed the order of Admiral Porter, to bring in his 
 rebel crow, his companion in capture and kind treatment. The 
 poor frightened thing cawed wickedly, and hopped on the 
 burning coals of the grate, from which Jeff with a dart 
 rescued him, and caressingly carried him to the surgeon for 
 treatment. 
 
 The pets of the army were one of its strong and affecting 
 features. Even when in the midst of blood and strife, the 
 human heart must have something to love. These pets were 
 found in the rudest " shebangs," as well as ship sof state. A 
 soldier on the weary march would throw away his overcoat, 
 blanket or knapsack, and hold on to his squirrel, bird, cat, 
 or even unsightly cur, whose midnight growl reminded him 
 of the old watch-dog at the homestead. 
 
 We gratefully bade the Admiral good-bye, as he placed 
 us on board our fussy, puffing, Chicago tug, and proceeded 
 
218 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 to visit hospitals and camps. Yehicles by land were 
 at that time useless; the forage of the mules was carried 
 on the backs of fellow mules— packages, of hay fastened by 
 ropes, carried as panniers. A six-mule team was necessary 
 to haul a barrel of flour a mile, in a space of time according 
 to circumstances. The military boats of the army were 
 often entirely submerged in the Mississippi mud. Drilling 
 was impracticable, the whole efforts of the army being neces- 
 sary to transport rations and forage sufficient to keep the 
 souls and bodies of rden together, and preserve the animals 
 from starvation. Yet at this time, the croakers at home cried 
 out, " Why don't Grant move on Vicksburg ? " " Why does 
 he lie idle so long ? " Would that they could have 'taken 
 these heroes' places for one short week! The croaking 
 would have ceased, but we fear Vicksburg would not have 
 fallen. 
 
 We steamed over to the naval hospital from the flag- 
 ship, and found it a marvel, in extent, neatness, order, com- 
 fort and skill. The contrast between the comforts and 
 exposure of the army and navy, was the same in sick- 
 ness as in health. This_ naval hospital told the story. In- 
 dependent of location, only needing water enough to float 
 the three-decked steamer, having permanence, undisturbed 
 by changing camps, or impossible transportation, unharmed 
 by raids of rebels, but able to move to and fro with stretch- 
 ers and cots, with their inmates unmoved within them, with 
 all the appliances for cleanliness and comfort, there was 
 every encouragement to systematic, liberal and permanent ar- 
 rangements. We were not envious, but profoundly thankful, 
 that such things were possible for our navy, if not our army, 
 
U.S. NAVAL HOSPITAL BOAT. 219 
 
 and could but commend the admirable manner in which all 
 these facilities had been improved, by the skilful surgeon, 
 and a corps of Mother Angela's nurses, on the naval hos- 
 pital boat. 
 
 As there had been at that time comparatively little blood- 
 shed in the navy, there were but few cases of wounds in this 
 hospital. The larger number were suffering from disease, so 
 alleviated and mitigated by k;ftidness and skill, that all the 
 repulsive features of such a place were absent, and the main 
 wards appeared like saloons of refreshment for weary travel- 
 lers who had stopped by the way. Newspapers, magazines, 
 checkers, portfolios, comfortable dressing-gowns, warm socks' 
 and shppers, were abundantly supplied by our beneficent 
 government and her handmaidens, the Sanitary Commis- 
 sions. The simple delicacies, appropriate to each sick man, 
 were prepared with home-like care. Visions of plump 
 poached eggs, savory milk toast and rice puddings, green tea 
 and loaf sugar, blend with the reminiscences of the U. S. 
 Naval Hospital, and add not a little to the memory of that 
 natal day, when heaven and earth seemed to conspire to 
 envelop our suffering army with a radiant cloud, benignant 
 while it lasted, and a joy to remember. 
 
 The only really sad sight I saw on that boat, was a slender, 
 beautiful boy of twelve years old, who sat on a little stool 
 beside a vacant cot, with a " Second Eeader " in his hand ; his 
 great dark eyes looking far beyond his book, while his head 
 rested on his hand. I said to him, cheerfully : " My little 
 man, what are you doing here ? " "I am paralyzed." 
 "How came you here?" "I have a mother, and she is a 
 widow. I got a situation on an iron-clad as a messenger, 
 
220 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 and got good wages ; now I am here because I can't walk 
 any longer." "Do you want to see your mother?" -His 
 lip quivered as he said : " Yes ; but she can't support me, 
 and I can't support myself." 
 
 The kind surgeon confirmed the little fellow's statement, 
 but said in time he would be well, and should be carefully 
 nursed. His looks of love and confidence convinced me 
 'twould be so. Still his pall* sad face haunted me, for on it 
 was written " homeless " — sad token for any, especially for 
 a child.— See Appendix. 
 
 As I talked with him, I was summoned in haste to the 
 guards of the boat, to see a novel and stirring sight. Signals 
 had been displayed from the flag-ship, ordering every gun- 
 boat's gig, fully manned and equipped, to report forth- 
 with at headquarters. The boats were rapidly lowered 
 and emerged from the various iron-clads, skimming the 
 water almost with a bound, propelled by the long and 
 powerful strokes of the oarsmen. Even a boat-howitzer hin- 
 dered not the speed of the craft carrying it. The guards of 
 the steamers were filled with eager spectators of this warlike 
 regatta. As the victorious leader first reached the companion- 
 way, a long breath was the only sound of applause — mystery 
 kep tall silent. The splendor of the noonday sun, and the 
 delicious breeze that fanned us, added zest to this moving 
 panorama. The quiet of this mysterious, majestic, silent 
 regatta, with all its warlike accompaniments and possible 
 meaning, formed a wonderful contrast to the superficial and 
 noisy display on similar occasions at home. The mystery 
 was afterwards explained. The admiral, desirous to ascertain 
 precisely the promptness and preparation of the gunboats 
 
ADMIRAL porter's FLOUB-BARRflL RAFT. 221 
 
 for sudden emergencies, devised this plan to test them. No 
 wonder he expressed himself fully satisfied. 
 
 We had" an instance of this commander's ingenuity a few 
 nights previous. About midnight, a terrific fire opened from . 
 the batteries at Vicksburg, and a general alarm and prepara- 
 tion for encounter with rebel rams, took place. The day we 
 called upon||A.dmiral Porter, he told us the story of this flour- 
 barrel raft. The barrels were painted black to resemble 
 smoke-stacks and boiler. A steamer towed it as far as 
 safety would permit, and then cut loose, leaving the raft to 
 rush down the rapid current of the Mississippi. The firing 
 that ensued spent a considerable amount of rebel ammuni- 
 tion, and showed the naval commander, who was eagerly 
 watching, the position of the various guns, and proved the 
 watchfulness of the enemy. 
 
 At the close of this eventful day, as we touched the Silver 
 Wave, and mounted the companion-way, old Sol was just 
 retiring, drawing his curtains around him. The rosy flush 
 of promise left in his train, betokened a good time coming 
 on the morrow. The distant sound of drums, the songs 
 and merry laugh of the soldiers, as they gathered to the 
 camp, fell cheerily on our ears. The golden gates of the 
 western horizon had been lifted to let the king of day pass 
 through, and still stood open. It required but a faint stretch 
 of the imagination, to catch a glimpse of the celestial city, 
 with its walls of jasper, where there " shall be no more sin, 
 no more sorrow," and where the "voice of war shall be 
 heard no more." 
 
222 „ THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 OHAPTEE XIV. 
 
 Description of camp-ground at Young's Point. — Funerals on the levee. — 
 Arrival of the steamer Des Arcs, laden ■witli cofBns. — Reception of 
 stretchers, filled with patients, at sanitary-boat. — ^Incidents. — Meet- 
 ing Mrs. GrOT. Harvey, of Wisconsin, on Silver Wave. — St. Louis 
 ladies on hospital-steamer City of Alton. — Reception of patients. — 
 Hospital breakfast. — Sketch of Miss Breckenridge. 
 
 The Mississippi Eiver, after passing the mouth of the 
 Yazoo, makes a prodigious bend that forms a peninsula, 
 on the north-western portion of which, lay Grant's army. 
 Vicksburg occupied the ledges of the opposite bluff, three 
 miles from Sherman's landing, where lay the transports 
 of war. The encampment immediately in the neighborhood 
 of the steamers, was out of the range of the enemy's guns. 
 The levee ran in the direction of the river, and' formed the 
 only protection for the low grounds of the encampment, 
 from the great swelling flood above, constantly threatening 
 to overflow them. The canal, partially completed by Gen. 
 Grant, was intended to cross this peninsula, from north to 
 south, and connect with the river at one and a fourth 
 mile below Sherman's Landing, and at some distance below 
 Yicksburg. 
 
LEVEE AT young's POINT. 223 
 
 Very near to the. mouth of the canal, lay the steamer 
 Magnolia, the headquarters of Gen. Grant, the nearest point 
 to Vicksburg, out of range of the enemy's guns. The 
 levee varied in width, from four to ten feet, and was from 
 ten to fifteen feet in height. It was in constant requisi- 
 tion as a line of communication between the regiments and ' 
 the landing. At first, a strong guard was kept on either 
 side, to prevent any but pedestrians from using it. As the 
 flood increased, equestrians were permitted to ride upon it ; 
 finally, it became the refuge of the army, until the troops 
 were driven to transports by the rising waters. • During our 
 sojourn at Young's Point, horses and mules occasionally 
 passed over it, and groups of soldiers were constantly to be 
 gathered upon it, for air and exercise. 
 
 'Twas the only terra firma to be seen, and was the spot 
 where the sunny and shady side of army life were hourly 
 exhibited. At Young's Point, at that time, war was robbed 
 of its "pomp^and circumstance," stood out in lines of stern 
 reality, and taxed the endurance and patriotisni of every man 
 within its bounds. The location of our boat, so as to be 
 accessible to hospitals and regiments, afforded a fine op- 
 portunity to witness the shifting scenes on the levee, which 
 were constantly and rapidly changing. The superior offi- 
 cers, with their orderlies, could scarcely be distinguished 
 from their subordinates, for all uniforms were faded and 
 soiled, and the horses and mules alike jaded and forlorn. 
 Mules were used entirely for transportation, as their tough- 
 ness and dogged persistence far exceeded that of horses. 
 The scattering of groups of soldiers at the approach of quad- 
 rupeds, and the attempted drill of regiments on the spongy 
 
224 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 soil below the levee, formed the only variation in the monot- 
 ony of army life at the time. Every such occasion was 
 hailed with rapture, and created uproarious merriment, quite 
 out of proportion to the occasion. The " boys ", always made 
 the most of every opportunity for a joke. 
 
 In the midst of this moving tableau, one view so 
 constantly recurred that it appeared as a fixed feature of 
 the scene. Nothing that we saw in the army, was more 
 gloomy and significant, than the ever-repeated burials on 
 the levee, at Young's Point. The dead heroes bore light- 
 ly on their "bearers, for their emaciation was utter and com- 
 plete, and they had no funeral trappings to add to their 
 weight. A single piece of pine board formed the bier, and 
 a blanket was the only coffin. Seldom more than four men, 
 Including the bearers, accompanied the body. Occasionally, 
 two or three couples followed in the rear. At almost any 
 
 h ■ 
 
 spot, the meagre cortege stopped. On the side of the levee, 
 which was a shelving bank, a shallow resting-place was hol- 
 lowed, the body deposited rapidly, and lightly covered with 
 earth, a head-board inserted, with the name and regiment o^ 
 the deceased, and his comrades retraced their steps, to await 
 their turn. These funerals continued from morning till 
 night, almost unnoticed, scarcely attracting the attention of 
 the groups of blue-coats, lounging within sight of them. 
 Thus the levee of the Mississippi was fringed with graves so 
 numerous, that the head-boards interfered materially with 
 woman's apparel, as she sadly made her way amidst them. 
 
 One morning, when, to the surprise and delight of all, the 
 rain had ceased for an hour, I observed from the end window 
 of the sanitary store-house, an unusually animated and 
 
STEAMEK " DES ARCS " LADEN WITH COFFINS. 225 
 
 cheerful group of soldiers. They were gazing at something 
 
 hidden from my view with great interest and pleasure. 
 
 I passed out to the guards, and, behold! the steamer Des 
 
 Arcs, laden with stained cofi&ns, had arrived during the night. 
 
 I was amazed and bewildered at the feelings manifested by 
 
 such a sight, descended the companion-way and, plank, 
 
 and caught the following language as I approached the men-. 
 
 " I'm glad my time didn't come till the coffins got here. I 
 
 tell you 'tis plaguy hard to think of being carried on a 
 
 board and buried in a dirty blanket." " That's so," said 
 
 another; '"taint human to be buried like a dog. Death 
 
 don't seem half so bad since I've seen these coffins." The 
 
 mystery was explained. 
 
 The next day, I saw the practical working of the same 
 
 principle — a genuine funeral — a novel sight at Young's 
 
 Point. As it passed, the soldiers on our guards remarked 
 
 it was " got up in style." One of the new coffins was placed 
 
 on a board, and hoisted on four men's shoulders. Two 
 
 pallid musicians led the funeral procession, and squeaked a 
 
 mournful air from a very thin, shrill pipe, accompanied by a 
 
 drum. " They had scared up a chaplain, sure enough," the 
 
 ".boys" said, and had eight soldiers following the bier, with 
 
 reversed arms and bowed heads, the cynosure of all eyes. 
 
 The rare- ceremony brought out a swarm of admiring soldiers, 
 
 who felt the elation of men restored to civilization and 
 
 humanity. The grave was dug deeper, the chaplain made a 
 
 prayer, the covering was heavier than usual, and more care- 
 
 fully spaded, the head-board more firmly placed, and the 
 
 procession returned to the regiment with increased self-respect 
 
 and decorous sadness. Who will dispute the statement that 
 
 15 
 
226 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 the freight of the "Des Arcs" was elevating to the morale of 
 the army, and was one of the most cheerful sights to be seen 
 at Young's Point ? Good cheer, it must be remembered, is 
 a relative quality. 
 
 During^ this visit to Young's Point I had the privilege of 
 making the acquaintance of the widow of Gov. Harvey, 
 of Wisconsin, who was assiduously visiting hospitals and 
 looking after the general interests of soldiers; especially 
 those whom she regarded as her special charge, and for 
 whom her husband gave his life — the "boys" from Wis- 
 consin. Her labors during the war and since its close, in 
 the Soldiers' Orphans' Home of Wisconsin, have so mate- 
 rially affected her health, that she has felt obliged to yield to 
 the entreaties qf friends and go abroad for a year, where 
 military work will be impossible, and the current of her 
 thoughts turned into new and less exhausting channels. 
 
 While on the Silver Wave, we were suddenly called be- 
 low to receive a procession of stretchers, containing sick 
 men intended for the hospital-transport, the "City of 
 Alton," which had arrived during the night. Through a 
 mistake, not uncommon in the army, the boat had gone 
 to the upper landing, and the poor fellows must re- 
 main with us during the night. We immediately pre- 
 pared food and restoratives, for they were so vreak that they 
 were fainting with fatigue, when carried only two miles on 
 stretchers. On one, lay an old man, whose silvery hair was 
 inexpressibly affecting in such a place. I spoke to him, but 
 he answered not. I knelt beside him and attempted to give 
 him some nourishment, but he refused it. Suddenly he 
 looked up with terrible earnestness, and said: "Mother, 
 
"CITY OF ALTON'- HOSPITAL-TRANSPOET. 227 
 
 have you heard from the boys ? " To humor the fancy, I 
 replied : " I had not." " Strange," he answered ; " so long 
 since we have heard; and the others, d&adi dead! dead I ''^ 
 After another silence, he opened his eyes, with the same 
 intense look, and said: "Mother, I'm glad I'm home. 
 Bring me some water from the old well." I put a spoon 
 to his lips. He pushed it baiik, gave a sharp cry, and all 
 was over. His bearers were from the same regiment and 
 town, and wept freely, lor they said they loved the old man 
 from Ohio, and felt so grieved for his wife. Four sons and 
 the father had enlisted. Two had been killed in battle, and 
 the father had been in great anxiety about the others, as he 
 had not heard from them since the engagement at Arkansas 
 Post. His comrades carried his remains back to his regi- 
 ment, and they were placed in one of the stained coffins, to 
 be buried on the edge of the levee, and add another to 
 the funeral trains. 
 
 The next day, the hospital-traijsport, the " City of Alton" 
 drew near to us. To ray great delight, I found many of the 
 same ladies whom I had met on the White E.iver expedi- 
 tion. Miss Breckenridge being one of the number. I accepted 
 her invitation to assist her the following morning in giving 
 the men of her ward their breakfast. "When I arrived, 
 ambulances, government wagons and stretchers, were wend- 
 ing their way across the swampy bottom-land, to the boat. 
 As the sick men were carefully lifted from the vehicles, 
 hoisted on stretchers, and transferred to clean cots, white 
 sheets and soft pillows, their exclamations of delight, or 
 sobs of gratitude, overcame us. 
 
 "We spent two hours in giving them their breakfast of 
 
228 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 scrambled eggs, toast, green tea and white sugar — sick 
 soldiers' special dainties. As they extended their clammy 
 hands to grasp ours, a chill struck our hearts. One young 
 fellow, pinched and withered, till he looked forty years of 
 age, when only twenty, said, " Lady, please hold my hands. 
 I have not felt a woman's hand since I left my mother, and 
 yours are soft and warm like hers, and mine haven't been 
 dry and warm for a month 1 " Some of the sick soldiers 
 were insensible, or raving with fever, or muttering of. 
 battles, marches and home. Nothing remained to be 
 done for these but soothing, bathing and medicating, accord- 
 ing to the surgeon's prescription. The great sleepless eyes 
 of men, staring from white faces, shaded with dark masses 
 of damp hair, sometimes accompanied with a dry racking 
 cough, or incoherent ravings, startled tis, till we felt helpless 
 and despairing. Each man that was conscious, begged us to 
 stop and say a word, or look at the inevitable daguerreotype 
 — the soldier's chief treasure. As this was my last meeting 
 with Miss Breckenridge in the army, I know of no better 
 place to give a sketch of her remarkable life and death, so 
 inseparably connected with, and consequent upon her armv 
 labors. She fell a martyr to the cause of liberty, as heroi- 
 cally as the soldier in the front rank of battle. 
 
 MARGARET ELIZABETH BRECKENRIDGE 
 
 Was born in Philadelphia, March, 1832, and was worthy of 
 her exalted lineage on both sides. Her paternal grandfather, 
 John Breckenridge, of Kentucky, successively filled the 
 positions of U. S. Senator and Attorney-General of the 
 
SKETCH OF MISS BRECKENRIDGE. 229 
 
 United States. Her father, the Rev. John Breckenridge, 
 D. D., was professor in the Theological Seminary of Prince- 
 ton. He was a man of eminent ability, piety, rare eloquence, 
 and unsurpassed fascination of manner. Her maternal 
 grandfather, was the able and patriarchal Samuel Miller, 
 D. D., of Princeton, New Jersey, whose name and writings 
 are inseparably connected with the reputation and prosperity 
 of that renowned institution of theological learning. 
 
 Miss Breckenridge possessed rare powers of mind : 
 quick perception, retentive memory, keen thirst for knowl- 
 edge, a strong emotional nature, broad humanity, and reso- 
 lute will. This combination was beautifully tempered and 
 harmonized by great vivacity, genial and lovely temper, and 
 a self-abnegation, that made her heart a stepping-stone for all 
 those she loved. The crowning graces of Christian humility 
 and consecration were added to her lofty character. 
 
 A life of comparative leisure had afforded opportunity for 
 extensive reading, and her love of study led her to cultivate 
 her rare gifts. She wrote finely, and as a contributor to the 
 Princeton Standard, nobly used her pen, as well as her other 
 gifts, for the cause of her country. The exalted associations 
 with which she had always been surrounded, had given her 
 self-poise and perfect ease of manner. To satisfy the 
 longing desire of numerous relatives, she divided her time 
 among them, North, South, East and West. This cosmo- 
 politan mode of life had obliterated all sectional lines, and 
 developed and matured her broad nature. She had an 
 instinctive love of justice, and the common brother- 
 hood of mankind, that so tempered her aristocratic associa- 
 tions, and lofty surroundings, that she stood forth the lovely, 
 
230 ■ THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 « 
 
 s^lf-denjing, dignified woman, ready for any work or 
 sacrifice. 
 
 Her patriotism, next to her religion, or rather as a part of; 
 it, was the ruling passion of her soul. She was at St. Louis 
 in the early part of the war, and when a bold stand on the 
 radical platform involved the sundering of many friendships, 
 dear to her sensitive nature, she did not hesitate a moment, 
 but with uplifted eye and spotless garments, passed through 
 the fiery ordeal. At St. Louis, when her former associates 
 hissed to scorn the German troops, and wept passionate tears, 
 because, as they said, native State troops were taken prisoners 
 by foreigners, she fearlessly said : " God bless the Dutch for 
 what they have done, and Gen. Lyon for his wisdom and 
 decision in saving us from treason." In Kentucky she ranged 
 herself beside her revered and patriot uncle. Dr. Eobert Breck- 
 enridge, whose name will be recorded in the history of the war 
 of the rebellion, as the man in Kentucky, who, taking coun- 
 sel of none but God, upheld loyal interests in the' Church, 
 and in the civil government of his beloved native State, as no 
 other man did ; devoting his massive intellect, great adminis- 
 trative ability, commanding eloquence and caustic pen, to the 
 cause of freedom and the Union, at great personal sacrifice. 
 
 Miss Breckenridge was in Kentucky^ September 22, 1862, 
 when Lexington was captured by Kirby Smith and his 
 body-guard, without firing a single gun, our troops not 
 having made a stand there. She facetiously described it in a 
 letter to a friend, at a single stroke, by the remark of a servant 
 of one of the staff of Kirby Smith: "Lor, Massa, this is the 
 easiest took town we got yit." She wrote such faithful and 
 humorous accounts of Gen. Kirby Smith's disappointment at 
 
BORDER-STATE WARFARE. 231: 
 
 the non-observance of Jeff. Davis' Thanks-giving-Day, and of 
 suppressed loyalty in Lexington, that the General considered 
 her dangerous to the peace, and issued an order that she 
 must not leave Lexington, which she did not, during his 
 regime. She was in the house of her uncle Eobert when it 
 was surrounded by Texan Eangers,with wild, streaming hair, 
 buck-tdils, lances, and crimson flag with a black cross and 
 lone star, waiting to capture the old hero, and threatening to 
 hang him on one of his own trees. By the ready wit and 
 ingenuity of herself and some of the Doctor's family, aided 
 by faithful negroes, the Doctor was forewarned and turned 
 back to Lexington, thus marring the iniquitous plot. 
 
 She had witnessed the terrific struggles in the border 
 States, between loyalty and treason, freedom and slavery, 
 till they had strengthened her already strong nature and 
 determined patriotism, till it excelled that of almost any 
 person whom I met, during the war. It permeated her 
 whole being, breathed in every word, lineament and action. 
 She resolved, notwithstanding the protest of many devoted 
 friends, who saw the end from the beginning, to enter the 
 army as a hospital nurse. They knew her intense nature, 
 and her frail body, at all times barely containing the soaring 
 spirit, and they shuddered at the sacrifice. She was wonder- 
 fully eloquent and persuasive in conversation, and so influ- 
 enced them by her arguments and self-consecration, that they 
 yielded their assent, and God set his seal upon her work, by 
 His manifest blessing, and ere long gave her a martyr's 
 crown. Who can murmur or repine at such a destiny ? 
 
 I can never forget the moral sublimity of her words at 
 Young's Point, when chided for over work, and told she 
 
232 THE BOYS IN BLUE, 
 
 must die if sbe did not stop. " What if I do ? " she said, 
 ■with glowing face and dilated form, till her slight figure 
 grew majeatio in my eyes. ."Shall men come here and die 
 by tens of thousands for us, and shall no woman be found to 
 die for them ? " Silence was her answer, and she went on 
 in her work unimpeded. At the prayer-meeting that nighf 
 when the story was told to the soldiers, they wept and 
 said, " Shall we not be willing to fight and die, if women 
 feel like that?" Her fragile and youthful appearance, 
 musical voice, and overflowing sympathy, greatly fasci- 
 nated the soldiers. They seemed to feel, as of Miss Safford, 
 she was not of the earth, earthy, but an angel visitant, 
 that had alighted on the boat from above, to minister to 
 them. Her transparent purity and dignity awed them. 
 Her light movements, beaming face, and unwearying atten- 
 tions, made her the idol of the sick men. 
 
 As I followed her on the City of Alton, said a gray-headed 
 veteran, "Ain't she an angel ! She never seems to tire, and 
 is always smiling, and don't seem to walk — she flies, all but, 
 God bless her." Said another, a fair boy of seventeen sum- 
 mers, as she smoothed his hair, and told him he would soon 
 see his mother and the old homestead, and be won back 
 again to life and health : " Ma'am, where do you come from ? 
 How could such a lady as you come down here to take care 
 of such poor, sick, dirty boys? " She replied, "I consider it 
 an honor to wait on you, and wash off the mud you've waded 
 through for me." Another said, "Did you ever hear her 
 sing? Why, it is just like hearing a bird singing heavenly 
 tunes." Some folded their hands as she passed, and raised 
 their eyes. Nobody doubted what their hearts were saying. 
 
COL. PETER porter's DEATH. 233 
 
 She wrought for the souls as well as bodies of men, and 
 without cant or pharisaical demeanor, led the wandering 
 sheep "into green pastures and beside still waters," where, I 
 doubt not, she now rests, wearing a martyr's crown, studded 
 with precious souls. She said, with a quaint look, 
 peculiarly her own, " When I first entered the army, and the 
 soldiers heard my name, they looked on me suspiciously. I 
 was, however, soon able to disarm their fears, and prove the 
 name had been redeemed by more than one earnest patriot." 
 Her humility in the soldiers' work was as touching as her 
 earnestness. Desiring to be thorough in all she undertook, 
 she determined to apply for admission to the Episcopal Hos- 
 pital of Philadelphia, to receive a thorough training as a 
 surgical nurse, intending to labor in the hospitals of Ken- 
 tucky. On the 2d of May, 1864, she entered the institution. 
 
 In one short month, she was taken with erysipelas, having 
 nursed a severe case of the disease. By the kindness of 
 friends, devoted to the work of that hospital, she was re- 
 moved to a home of luxury, and nursed most tenderly by 
 the family and her maternal aunt, who immediately went to 
 her from Princeton. Her brother. Judge S. M. Brecken- 
 ridge, of St. Louis, who sympathized with her in her patriot- 
 ism and her work, was providentially in the Bast, and took 
 her on her homeward journey to Niagara. I had the privilege 
 of seeing her at the time, and can convey no idea of the anxi- 
 ety of her friends at her cheerfulness, which they knew must 
 be so soon clouded by the knowledge of the blow that might 
 overwhelm her, and had been held back till the last moment. 
 
 Her brother-in-law,- Col. Peter Porter, of Niagarar, one of 
 the most accomplished and elegant men in the country, hav- 
 
234 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 ing improved the rarest opportunities for culture at home 
 and abroad, having a residence unrivalled for natural 
 charms, literary and scientific associations, with abundant 
 wealth and an interesting family, had laid all these gifts on 
 the altar of his country, and gone forth to battle, and fallen 
 at Cold Harbor, gallantly leading his regiment. From the 
 moment that Miss Breckenridge was made acquainted with 
 this terrible calamity, although she bowed submissively after 
 the first shock of agony, the pins of the tabernacle seemed 
 gradually to be loosening. 
 
 "With great care she reached Niagara, where the insidious 
 typhoid that had lingered, watching for its prey when 
 reduced to the extremity of weakness, struggled for five 
 weeks for the mastery. With the approach of the grim mes- 
 senger, came the submissive spirit of His conqueror, that 
 led all her friends to say, " Oh ! death, where is thy sting ? 
 Oh ! grave, where is thy victory ? " She was even willing 
 to be laid aside from her army work, and softly whispered, 
 " underneath are the everlasting arms." Not in rapture, but 
 in peace, her spirit passed away, July 27, 1864. Beside her 
 sister and brother-in-law, her precious dust rests at Niagara, 
 whose sublime and endless moan furnishes a fit requiem for 
 one of earth's noblest daughters. , 
 
 Erom the figures furnished by the surgeons at Young's 
 Point (for I did not act on impressions), I ascertained that 
 12,000 men were on the sick-list — about 33-^ per cent, of the 
 entire army at that point — a large portion of them giving 
 evidence of incipient scurvy, which so inevitably complicated 
 wounds and swamp-diseases, that a large number proved fatal, 
 
SOLDIER KILLED BY A COPPERHEAD. 235 
 
 The Ottly remedy for this, we were assured by the surgeons, 
 was a free use of vegetables and anti-scorbutics, pickles^ 
 sour-krout and lemons. Our duty to turn our steps north- 
 ward, as soon as possible, and procure them, became very 
 plain. ■ I accordingly left, on the first boat going north, after 
 the decision, and occupied my first and only day of 
 strength, in the effort of interesting all on board, bound for 
 various localities in the North- West, to do the same thing. - 
 One gentleman, whom I approached on the subject, told 
 me the following sad tale. He had been an army surgeon, 
 relieved at his own request on account of feeble health. His 
 uncle, a farmer in Southern Illinois, and a truly loyal man, 
 had an only son in Gen. Grant's army. He had been very 
 in for many weeks. At the request of the father, sick himr 
 sel^ the surgeon had gone to Young's Point to have the boy 
 furloughed, if possible, and taken home to recruit. " Now," 
 said he, scowling darkly, "I am taking home his body, 
 his life sacrificed by a copperhead ; but the Governor 
 shall have the facts of the case, and I trust justice may be 
 meted out to him. The young fellow gained strength rapidly 
 after I reached him ; his surgeon pronounced him- convales- 
 cent, his furlough was procured, and we were to leave on 
 the next boat. In the meantime a letter came, which I 
 opened at his request, and read to him. Had I known its 
 contents, he would never have heard it. It proved to be 
 from an uncle, a notorious copperhead. In the ordinary 
 style of such men, he abused the abolition war and all 
 engaged in it; expressed becoming horror at his nephew's 
 connection with it, and begged of him "not to be such a fool 
 any longer, but to desert, if he could get off no other way, 
 
236 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 and come home ; they would take care of him, and added 
 that the young man's father perfectly agreed with him. ' It 
 is false,' said the poor boy, starting up. ' It is a lie, and he 
 knows it ; ' and he drew another letter from under his pillow. 
 ' Here is a letter I received from father yesterday, but the 
 date is a. day later than my uncle's; see what he says.' 
 " My son, I love you better than anything on earth, but 
 would rather see you dead than that you should desert yoar 
 post at such a time as this, or fail in courage." ' And this is 
 the way,' said the frantic youth, 'this is the way we are 
 treated by such traitors when we come down here to fight 
 and die for our country.' 
 
 " The surgeon soon came to give some parting directions, 
 and started when he saw him, for his face was flushed, his 
 pulse beating rapidly, but feebly, and he, unconscious, 
 muttering incoherently, 'father,' 'uncle,' 'copperheads,' 
 'treason,' and 'the old flag.' 'What does this all mean?' 
 he cried. I handed him the letter. He stamped his foot, 
 and said, ' The sting of the serpent has killed him.' He 
 sank in a few hours, never recovering his reason, as 
 much the victim of treason, as if pierced by a bullet 
 from a rebel rifle. I dread to meet his father, and fear 
 the shock will end his already feeble life." This cruelty 
 and treacherj"", practised towards our brave defenders when 
 they most needed our sympathy and cooperation, were the 
 bitterest curse of our army, and the most abominable stench 
 in the nostrils of our soldiers. They felt like giving a fair 
 field and square fight to rebels in arms, but with compressed 
 lips and clenched fists, they longed to crush copperheads 
 beneath their heel. 
 
EFFORTS FOR SOLDIERS ON RETURN BOAT. 237 
 
 Mr. I. Y. Munn, and Eev. Mr. Burnell, of Beloit, worked 
 nobly all the homeward passage to spread the knowledge of 
 the want of vegetables in the army. Mr. Willard, like my- 
 self, was prostrate with fever. After the first day, I sank 
 witb a congestive chill, the result of excessive exposure and 
 fatigue in the swamps at Young's Point, aiid but for the 
 powerful remedies of a skilful surgeon, accustomed to such 
 cases, I would never have been able to redeem my pledges 
 to the soldiers. That homeward journey lies in the distance, 
 like a fearful dream. I learned, however, better to under- 
 stand the sufferings of sick soldiers, and trust my saved life 
 was quickened in their behalf Within two days after 
 roy return, I rode to the rooms of the Commission, and 
 handed in my report. For the first and last time, I was 
 suspected of carrying my heart in my sleeve, and over- 
 rating army sickness. 
 
 My reports were so unexpected and overwhelming, they 
 were not willing to believe them accurate, and laughingly, 
 but 'courteously told me, they feared I had onion on the 
 brain. I had^ and admitted it. The Commission were a lit- 
 tle slow to believe at first, but our honored president and sec- 
 retary at once aroused to vigorous action. Ira Y. Munn, Esq., 
 promptly called a meeting of the Board of Trade, and made 
 one of his telling speeches, which brought down the money, 
 and a committee was appointed to send out circulars from 
 the board. Mrs. Livermore and myself labored day and 
 night, sending letters and circulars to every aid society, 
 begging for prompt and liberal action. Agents were sent out 
 to purchase vegetables, sour-krout and pickles. The Board 
 of Trade and Sanitary Commission worked hand in hand. 
 
238 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Letters of the most imploring character,, from Young's 
 Point, confirming my statements, and begging for assistance, 
 quickly followed me. A furore was raised. Cars came in 
 loaded with vegetables and anti-scorbutics, and in the course 
 of three weeks the pledge was redeemed, and thousands of 
 barrels of vegetables reached, and were distributed to the 
 army at Young's Point. Eations of these supplies were 
 dealt out to regiments as well as to hospitals, and the univer- 
 sal verdict of officers and men was, that these and like sup- 
 plies had saved the army. 
 
WORK AT THE COMMISSION ROOMS. 239 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Work at the Commission rooms. — A day at the rooms of the Sanitary 
 Commission, by Mrs. Livermore. — ^Mode of raising suppHes. — 
 " Where there's a will, there's a way," by Mrs. Livermore. — " Women 
 in the harvest-field," by Mrs. Livermore. — ^Mrs. Livermore's army 
 trip to MiUiken's Bend. 
 
 Subsequent to our return from Young's Point, the work of 
 the Commission moved forward more vigorously than ever, 
 as appeals for help, from surgeons, officers and men, were 
 brought by every mail. Life at the "Rooms" became 
 intensified, and the pressure so great, that our sanitary labors 
 were often continued at our homes till midnight, and the 
 sufferings of the army then tucked under our pillows, to 
 visit us in our dreams. Days, weeks and months rapidly 
 succeeded each other, and as they rolled on, cheered us with 
 benisons and hallelujahs that the crisis had passed, the army 
 was relieved and invigorated, and the heroic regiments 
 crowding transports on the Mississippi, to reinforce their 
 veteran brothers for the bloody work before them. Each 
 day repeated the other in our busy life at home, of which I 
 am permitted to present a picture, from the graphic pen of 
 Mrs. Livermore, who has already given a " Peep into the 
 
240 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Boxes," and who was my co-laborer in the toils and privileges 
 of sanitary life. 
 
 A DAY AT THE ROOMS OF THE SANITARY COMMISSION. 
 
 It is eai'ly morning — not nine o'clock — for the children 
 are flocking in merry droves to school, making the sweet air 
 resonant with their joyous treble and musical laugh, as with 
 clustering golden heads, and interlacing arms, they recount 
 their varied experiences since the parting of the night before, 
 and rapturously expatiate on the delights of a coming excur- 
 sion, or promised picnic. With a good-bye kiss, we 
 launch our own little folks, bonneted, sacqued, and bal- 
 lasted with books like the rest, into the stream of childhood, 
 that is setting in strong and fall towards the school-room, 
 and then catch the street car, that leaves us at the rooms of 
 the " Chicago Sanitary Commission." But early as is our 
 arrival, a dray is already ahead of us, unloading its big 
 boxes and little boxes, barrels and firkins, baskets and bun- 
 dles at the door of the Commission. The sidewalk is barri- 
 caded with multiform packages, which John the porter, with 
 his inseparable truck, is endeavoring to stow away in the 
 "Eeceiving Eoom." Here hammers, hatchets, wedges and 
 chisels are in requisition, compelling the crammed boxes to 
 disgorge their heterogeneous contents, which are rapidly 
 assorted, stamped, repacked, and reshipped, their stay in the 
 room rarely exceeding a few hours. 
 
 We enter the office. Ladies are in waiting, who desire 
 information. The aid society in another State, of which they 
 are officers, has raised at a Fourth of July festival some six 
 hundred dollars, and they wish to know how it shall be dis- 
 
A DAY AT THE BOOMS OP THE SAN. COM. 211 
 
 posed of, SO as to afford the greatest amount of relief to the 
 sick and wounded of our army. They are also instructed 
 to investigate the means and method of the Commission, so 
 as to carry conviction to a few obstinate skeptics, who persist 
 in doubting if the Sanitary Commission, after all, be the best 
 means . of communication with the hospitals. Patiently and 
 courteously, the history, method, means, views and successes 
 of the Commission are lucidly explained for the hundredth 
 time in a month, and all needed advice and instruction im- 
 parted — and the enlightened women leave. 
 
 An express messenger enters. He brings a package, ob- 
 tains his fee, gets receipted for the package, and without a 
 word departs. Next comes a budget of letters — the morn- 
 ing's mail. One announces the shipment of a box of hospi- 
 tal stores, which will arrive to-day ; another scolds roundly 
 because a letter sent a week ago has not been answered 
 — which has been answered, as the copying-book indis- 
 putably asserts, but has been miscarried ; the third has a 
 bugaboo, mythical story to relate of the surgeons and 
 nurses in a distant hospital, with large development of 
 alimentiveness, who save little for their patients, being 
 mainly occupied in " seeking what they can devour " of the 
 hospital delicacies ; a fourth pleads earnestly and eloquently 
 that the writer may be sent as a nurse to the sad, cheerless, 
 far-away hospitals; a fifth is the agonized letter of a mother 
 and widow, blistered with tears, begging piteously that the 
 Commission will search out, and send to her, tidings of her 
 only son, 
 
 " Scarce more than a boy -witli unshaven face 
 Who marched away with a star on his breast. ' 
 16 
 
242 ' THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 and has not been heard from since the battle-of Grand Gulf; 
 a sixth seeks information concerning the organization of an 
 aid society in a remote town, which has just awakened to its 
 duty; a seventh is a letter from nine-year-old little girls, 
 who have earned five dollars, and wish to spend it for the 
 "poor sick soldiers." God bless the- dear children! An 
 eighth begs that one of the ladies of the Commission will 
 visit the society in her town, and rekindle the flagging zeal 
 of the tired workers, who forget that our brave men do not 
 stop in their marches, and postpone not their battles and 
 their victories because of the heat, or of weariness ; a ninth 
 announces the death of one of our heroic nurses, who was 
 sent by the Commission a few months ago to Tennessee, a 
 blue-eyed, broad-browed, serious-faced, comely girl, with 
 heart loyal as steel, and soul on fire with patriotic yearnings 
 to do something for her country, and who has now given her 
 life ; and so on through a package of twenty, thirty and 
 sometimes forty letters. 
 
 Now commences the task of replying to these multitu- 
 dinous epistles; a work which is interrupted every five 
 minutes by some new comer. A venerable, white-haired 
 man, enters. He has been here before, and we immediately 
 recognize him. "Have you heard from my son in Van 
 Buren Hospital, at Milliken's Bend? " "Not yet, sir ; you 
 know it is only nine days since I wrote to inquire for him. 
 I will telegraph, if you are not able to wait for a letter." 
 " No matter," and the old man's lip quivers, his figure trem- 
 bles visibly, his eyes fill with tears, he chokes, and can say 
 no more. We understand it all ; our heart warms towards 
 him, for our father, a thousand miles away, is like him, white- 
 
BEOKEN-HEARTED FATHER — LITTLE MESSENaER-BOT. 243 
 
 liaired, and feeble. We rise and offer our hand. The old 
 man's closes convulsively upon it, he leans his head against 
 the iron pillar near our desk, and his tears drip, drip, 
 steadily on the hand he holds. 
 
 " He has only gone a little before you," we venture to 
 say ; " it is but a short distance from you to him now."' • 
 
 " Yes," adrod the broken-hearted father, " and he gave his 
 life for a good cause ; a cause worthy of it, if he had been a 
 thousand times dearer to me than he was." 
 
 " And your boy's mother— how does she bear this grief? " 
 He shakes his head, and again the tears drip, drip, on the 
 hand he still retained. 
 
 " She'll see him before I do ; this will kill her ! " 
 "What shall assuage the sorrow of these aged parents, bereft 
 of the son of their old age, by the cruel war that slavery has 
 invoked ? Sympathy, tears, comfort are proffered the aching 
 heart, and after a little, the sorrowing father turns again to 
 his desolate home. 
 
 • A childish'figure drags itself into the room, shuffles heavily 
 along, sinks into a chair, and offers a letter. What ails the 
 little fellow, whose face is so bright and beautiful, and yet so 
 tinged with sadness ? We open the letter and read. He is 
 a messenger-boy from Admiral Porter's gunboats, who is 
 sent home with the Admiral's written request that the child 
 be properly taken care of. N'ot yet thirteen years old, and 
 yet he has been in battles, and has run the gauntlet of the 
 Vicksburg batteries, which for ten miles belched forth red- 
 hot and steel-pointed shot and shell, which yet failed to 
 sink the invulnerable iroil-clads. Fever, too much medi- 
 cine, neglect and exposure, have done their worst for the 
 
244 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 little fellow, who has come North, homeless and friendless, 
 with the left side paralyzed. He is taken to the exquisite 
 care and tenderness of the " Soldiers' Home " for the present. 
 
 Who next ? A bevy of" nurses enter, bearing carpet-bags, 
 shawls, and bundles. ' We have telegraphed them that the 
 hospitals at Memphis need them, and straightway they have ' 
 girded themselves to the work. One is a widow, whose hus- 
 band fell at Shiloh ; another is the wife of a lieutenant at 
 Vicksburg ; a third lost her brother at Ohancellorsville, and 
 almost hopes, through the work of the hospital, to find the 
 portal' of the happy land where he has vanished. They re- 
 ceive their instructions, commissions, and transportation, and 
 hurry onward. God guide you ! brave, noble little women. 
 
 Ah ! that white, anxious face, whiter than ever, is again 
 framed in the doorway. Is there this time no escape from 
 it ? One, two. three, four days she has haunted these rooms, 
 waiting the answer to the telegram dispatched to Gettysburg,' 
 where her darling only boy was wounded, ten days ago. 
 The answer to the telegram is in our pocket — but how shall 
 , we repeat its stern message to the white-faced, sorrow-stricken 
 mother? We leave our desk and involuntarily bustle about, 
 as if in search of something, for we cannot tell her. There 
 is no need — the morning papers have revealed her desolation 
 to her, and she has only come to secure the help of the Com- 
 mission in obtaining possession of the remains of her dead. 
 There are no tears, no words of grief, only a still agony, a 
 repressed anguish, which it is painful to witness. All that 
 can be done is freely accorded her, and bowing and staggering 
 under her heavy affliction, she goes forth on her sacred 
 pilgrimage to recover her dead. Alas I how many thousand 
 
CLOSE OF DAT AT SAN. ROOMS. 245 
 
 mothers are, at this hour, refusing to he comforted because 
 their children are not ! 
 
 Soldiers from the city hospitals next visit us, to beg a 
 shirt, a pair of slippers, a comb or a pincushion, and to talk 
 of their sufferings and privations, and their anxiety to get 
 ■well and join their regiments. They are praised heartily, 
 petted in the most motherly fashion, and sent back altogether 
 lighter-hearted than when they came. And so the day wears 
 away. More loaded drays drive up to the door and disburse 
 barrels of crackers, ale, pickles, sour-krout and potatoes, and 
 boxes of shirts, drawers, condensed milk, and beef, etc., 
 which are speedily sent en route for the hospitals. Men and 
 women come and go — to visit, to make inquiries, to ask 
 favors, to offer services, to utter complaints, bring news from 
 Vicksburg, Memphis, Murfreesboro, or Nashville hospitals, 
 to make donations of money, to retail their sorrows, and 
 sometimes to idle away an hour in the midst of the writing, 
 packing, mailing, and hurrying of this busy place. 
 
 The sun declines westward, its fervent heat -is abating, 
 tKe hands of the clock point to five or six, and sometimes 
 seven ; and wearied in body and saturated mentally with the 
 passing streams of others' sorrows, we again hail the street 
 car, which takes- us back once more to our pleasant home, 
 with its cheerful companionship, and the prattle and merri- 
 ment and thoughtless gaiety of children. Five days of the 
 seven, when not visiting some of the numerous auxiliaries of • 
 the Commission, scattered all over the North-West, we spend 
 in these rooms, amid scenes like those we have described. 
 
 We have given you a "Peep into the boxes," a "Day at the 
 
246 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 rooms of the Commission," and will now unfold the chapter 
 of sacrifice and labor that filled these boxes and packages, 
 till they reached nearlj 70,000 in number, from a single 
 branch of the great organization, to which we were tribu- 
 tar}', — the United States Sanitary Commission. This revela- 
 tion of fertile invention, determined patriotism and unflag- 
 ging zeal, is so pertinent and graphic, in a sketch from the 
 pen of Mrs. Livermore, that I rejoice to be able, through 
 her generosity, to introduce it. 
 
 WHEEE there's A WILL THEEE'S A WAT. 
 
 In nothing is this more strikingly exemplified, than in the 
 history of the cause of hospital relief While indolence, sel- 
 fishness and disloyalty, intrench themselves behind frivolous 
 excuses, to shield them from doing their duty towards our 
 sick and wounded soldiers, the generous, active and patriotic 
 are fertile in inventions to obtain means for their relief, and 
 glory in labors and sacrifices that carry comfort and plenty 
 to the hospitals. 
 
 Some two or three months ago, a poor girl, a seamstress, 
 came to the rooms of the " Chicago Sanitary Commission." 
 
 " I do not feel right," sh^ said, " that I am doing nothing 
 for our soldiers in the hospitals, and am resolved to do some- 
 thing immediately. Which do you prefer, that I should give 
 money, or buy material and manufacture into garments ? " 
 ' "You must be guided by your circumstances," was the 
 answer made her ; " we need both money and supplies, and 
 you must do' that which is most convenient for you." 
 
 " I prefer to give money, if it will do as much good." 
 
 "Very well, then, give money, which we need badly, and 
 
DONATIONS TO SAN. COMM. 247 
 
 without whicli, we cannot do what is most necessary for our 
 brave sick men." 
 
 " Then I will donate to you the entire earnings of the next 
 two weeks. I'd giye more, but I have to help support my 
 mother, who is an invalid. Generally, I make -but one vest 
 a day, but I will work earlier and later the next two weeks." 
 
 In two weeks she came again, the poor sewing-girl, her face 
 radiant with the consciousness of philanthropic intent. Open- 
 ing her porte-monnaie, she counted out — how much do you 
 think, readers ? Nineteen dollars and thirty-seven cents I Every 
 penny was earned by the slow needle, and she had stitched ' 
 away into the hours of midnight, on every one of the working- 
 days of the week. We call that an instance of patriotism 
 married to generosity. 
 
 Some farmers' wives in the north of Wisconsin, eighteen 
 miles from a railroad, had donated to the Commission of 
 their bed and table-linen, their husbands' shirts and drawers, 
 till they had exhausted their ability to do more in this direc- 
 tion. Still they could not be satisfied, so they cast about to 
 see what could be done in another way. They were all the 
 wives of small farmers, lately moved to the West, living all in 
 log-cabins, where one room sufficed for kitchen, parlor, laun- 
 dry, nursery, and bed-room, doing their own house-work, sew- 
 ing, baby-tending, dairy-work, and all. What could they do ? 
 
 They were not long in devising a way to gratify their 
 motherly and patriotic hearts, and instantly set about carry- 
 ing it into action. They resolved to beg wheat of the 
 neighboring farmers and turn it into money. Sometimes on 
 foot, sometimes with a team, amid the snows and mud of 
 early spring, they canvassed the country for twenty and 
 
248 , THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 twenty-five miles around, everywhere eloquently pleading 
 the needs of the blue-coated soldier-boys in the hospitals, 
 their eloquence everywhere acting as an open sesame to the 
 granaries. Now they obtained a litth from a rich man, and 
 a great deal from a poor man — deeds of benevolence are half 
 the time in an inverse ratio to the ability of the benefactors 
 — till they had accumulated nearly five hundred bushels of 
 wheat. This they sent to market, obtained the highest 
 market price for it, and forwarded the proceeds to the Com- 
 mission. As we held this hard-earned money in our hands, 
 we felt that it was consecrated— that the holy purpose of these 
 noble women had imparted almost a sacredness to it. 
 
 A little girl, not nine years old, with sweet and timid 
 grace, came into the rooms of the Commission, and laying a 
 five-dollar gold-piece on our desk, half frightened, told us its 
 history. " My uncle gave me that before the war, and I was 
 going to keep it always ; but he's got killed in the army, and 
 mother says I may give it to the soldiers if I want to — and 
 I'd like to do so. I don't suppose it will buy much for them, 
 will it?" 
 
 We led the child to the store-room, and proceeded to show 
 her how valuable her gift was, by pointing out what it would 
 buy — so many cans of condensed milk, or so many bottles 
 of ale, or pounds of tea, or codfish, etc. Her face brightened 
 with pleasure. But when we explained that her five-dollar 
 gold-piece was equal to seven dollars and a half in green- 
 backs, and told her how much comfort we had been able to 
 carry into a hospital with as small an amount of stores as 
 that sum would purchase, she Airly danced for joy. " Oh, 
 it will do lots of good, won't it ? " and folding her hands 
 
eSTORY OF THE MATCH-iSOY'S DONATION. 249 
 
 before her she begged, in her charmingly earnest way, 
 "Please tell me something that you've seen in the hospitals." 
 A narration of a few touching events, not such as would too 
 severely shock the little creature, but which plainly showed 
 the necessity of continued benevolence to the hospitals, filled 
 her sweet eyes with tears, and drew from her the resolution 
 "to save all her money, and to get all the girls to do so, to 
 buy things for the wounded soldiers." And away she flew, 
 revelling in the luxury of doing good, and happy in the 
 formation of a good resolution. 
 
 A ragged little urchin, who thrusts his unkempt pate 
 daily into the rooms, with the shrill cry, "Matches I 
 matches ! " had stood watching the little girl and listening 
 to the talk. As she disappeared he fumbled in his ragged 
 pocket and drew out a small handful of crumpled and soiled 
 paper currency. "Here," said he, "I'll give you' so much 
 for them ere sick fellows in the hospitals," and he put fifty- 
 five cents into our baud, all in five-cent currency. "We hesi- 
 tated. " No, my boy, don't give it. You're a noble little fel- 
 low, but I'm afraid you can't afibrd to give so much. You 
 keep it and I'll give the fifty-five cents, or somebody else 
 will." "Oh, no," he replied, " you keep it. P'raps I ain't so 
 poor as you think. My father, he saws wood, and my 
 mother, she takes- in washin', and I sells matches — and 
 p'raps we've got more money than you think. Keep it ; " 
 and he turned his dirty, earnest face to us with a most 
 beseeching look — " Keep it, do." ^ 
 
 "We took the crumpled currency — we forgot the dirty face 
 and tattered cap — we forgot we had called the little scamp a 
 " nuisance " every day for months, when he had fairly made 
 
250 THE BOYS m BLUE. 
 
 US jump from our seat with his shrill, unexpected cry of 
 " Matches ! matches ! " and made a dive at him to kiss 'him. 
 But he .was too quick for us, and darted out of the room as 
 if he had been shot. Ever since, when he meets us, he gives 
 U3 a wide berth, 'and walks off the sidewalk into the gutter,, 
 ejing us with a suspicious, sidelong glance, as though he sus- 
 pected we still meditated kissing intentions towards him. If 
 we speak to him he looks at us shyly, and offers no reply; 
 but if we pass him without speaking, he challenges us with a 
 hearty " Hallo, you ! " that brings us to a halt instantly. 
 
 Had we space, we might continue similar narratives 
 through pages. All who would, could do something for our 
 poor boys in hospitals. If it were little, " many a mickle 
 makes a muckle," and if it were much, it brought the bless- 
 ing of many ready to perish on the donor. But all could do 
 SOMETHING. " "Where there's a will there's a way." 
 
 The most significant, and perhaps assuredly the most 
 novel, chapter in the history of woman's patriotism, was 
 famished by the manual labor and bond fide muscular 
 achievements of the wives .and daughters of North-Western 
 farmers, to release their husbands for army service, and 
 keep the wheels of home machinery in motion, without 
 disastrous friction or rupture. We have heretofore alluded 
 to this new ^nd strange manifestation, and gratefully accept a 
 pen-picture of this phase of prairie woman^s life, from Mrs. 
 Livermore, who" has placed it at our service. 
 
 "WOMAN IN THE HARVEST-FIELD. 
 
 During the war we were called much into the country. 
 Throughout the harvest we visited, more or less, the great 
 
"WOMEN IN THE HARVEST-FIELD. 251 
 
 farmicg districts of our beautiful prairie-land, and saw for 
 ourselves how busy a time the harvest season was to farmers. 
 It seemed to us, as we rushed along the railroad, for forty, 
 sixty, or a hundred, or a hundred and fifty miles, let our 
 course lie in whatever direction it might, that our way always 
 led through one continuous wheat-field. Everywhere the 
 golden grain was waving ; and the two-horse reapers cutting 
 it down in a wholesale fashion, that would astonish a New 
 England farmer, could be counted by hundreds in a ride of 
 halfa-dozen hours. The crops were generally good, and 
 in some instances heavy, and every man 'and boy was 
 pressed into the service to secure an abundant harvest. 
 
 More than this, we found women extensively in the field, 
 driving the reapers and binding, shocking and loading grain 
 — an unusual sight to our eyes. At first we were displeased 
 with it, and turned away, in aversion. But by-and-by, we 
 came to observe how skilfully they drove the horses around 
 and around the wheat-field, diminishing, more and more its 
 periphery at every circuit, the. glittering blades of the reaper, 
 cutting wide swaths with a crisp, craunching sound, that it 
 was pleasant to hear. Then also we saw that when they 
 followed the reapers, binding and shocking, although they 
 did not keep up with the men, yet their work was done 
 with more precision and nicety, and the sheaves had an 
 artistic finish that the others lacked. • So we said to ourself, 
 "they are worthy women, and deserve praise; their hus- 
 bands are probably too poor to hire help, and so, like the 
 helpmeets that God designed them to. be, they have girt 
 themselves to do the work of men, and are doing it, famous- 
 ly, ' Good wives I Good women ! " 
 
252 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Sometimes in our journeys, our route led us off from the 
 railroad, across the country, six, ten and twenty miles — and 
 always and ever, through the same yellow fields of grain, 
 and green waving corn. Now a river shimmered like silver 
 through the gold of the wheat and oats, and now a fine 
 growth of young timber made a dark green background for 
 the harvest fields. And here, as everywhere, in greater or 
 less numbers, women were busy at the harvesting. On one 
 occasion the carriage came to a halt opposite a field where 
 some half-dozen women were harvesting with two men, and 
 not a little curious to 'know what these female reapers were 
 like, we walked over and accosted them. 
 
 " And so you are helping to gather the harvest,"- we said 
 to a woman of forty-five, who sat on the reaper to drive, as 
 she stopped her horses for a brief rest. Her face was pleasant 
 and comely, although sunburned, with honest, straightfor- 
 ward eyes, a broad brow, and mouth of more sweetness than 
 firmness. Her dress, a strong calico, without hoops, strong 
 shoes, and a shaker." 
 
 "Yes, ma'am," she said; "the men have all gone to the 
 war, so that my man can't hire help, and I told my girls we 
 must turn to and give him a lift with the harvestin'." 
 
 " Have you sons in the army ? " 
 
 " Yes, ma'am," and a shadow fell over the motherly face ; 
 " all three of 'em listed; and Neddy, the youngest, was killed 
 at Stone Eiver, the last day of last year. We've money 
 enough to hire help, if it could be had, and my man don't 
 like for me and the girls to be workin' out o' doors ; but 
 there don't seem no help for it now." 
 
 We stepped over to where the girls were binding the fallen 
 
WOMEN IN THE HARVEST-FIELDS. 253 
 
 grain. They were ffne lasses, with the eyes and honest 
 mouth of the mother, but brown like her, and clad in the 
 same sensible costume. 
 
 " Well, it seems that you, like your mother, are not afraid 
 to lend a hand to the harvesting." 
 
 "No; we*re willing to help out doors in these times. My 
 three brothers went into the army, and my cousins and most 
 of the men we used to hire ; so that there's no help to be got 
 but women's, and the crops must be got in, you know, all the 
 same." 
 
 "I tell mother," said one of the girls, "as long as the 
 country can't get along without grain, nor the army fight 
 without food, that we were serving the country just as much 
 here in the harvest-field as our boys are in the battle-field, 
 and that sort o' takes the edge off from this business of doing 
 men's work, you know ; " and a hearty laugh followed this 
 statement. 
 
 Another was the wife of one of the soldier-sons, with a 
 three-year-old boy toddling beside her, tumbling arhong the 
 sheaves, getting into mischief every five minutes, and "caus- 
 ing more plague than profit," as his mother declared. From 
 her came the same hearty assent to this new work, which the 
 strait of the country had imposed upon her, and she added, 
 with a kind of homely pride, that she was considered " as good 
 a binder as a man, and could keep up with the best of 'em. I, 
 for my part," she continued, " am willing to do anything to 
 keep along in these war times." 
 
 We wo.uld have talked longer with these women, who 
 were now invested with a new and heroic interest, but the 
 driver calling out that he had mended the broken harness, 
 
254: THE BOYS IK BLUE. 
 
 and was ready to go on, we could only assure tbem " thai; 
 they were worthy of the days of the Eevolution, and that we 
 were proud to have met them," and bade them " good-by." 
 
 Now we saw things with different eyes. No longer were 
 the women of the harvest-field an unwelcome sight. Patriot- 
 ism inspired them to the unusual work, and each brown, 
 hard-handed, toiling woman was a heroine. Their husbands 
 and sons had left the plough in the furrow, and the reaper in 
 the grain, at the anguished, call, of the country, and, these 
 noble women had joyfully bid them " God-speed," and with- 
 out weak murmuring or complaint, had put their own shoul- 
 ders to the hard, rough farm-work, feeling that thus they also 
 served tbe common cause. Yes, and amid all this weary 
 labor, these women found time for the manufacture of hospi- 
 tal supplies, which came, box after box, filled with shirts 
 and drawers, dried apples and pickles, currant wine and 
 blackberry jam, to be forwarded to the poor fellows languish- 
 ing in far-off Southern hospitals.' All honor to the farmers' 
 wives of the great North- West I " Many women have done 
 excellently well, but these excelled them all." 
 
 At the first call, after the pressure consequent upon severe 
 army sickness at Young's Point, Mrs. Livermore a'nd Mrs. 
 Colt, at the request of the Sanitary Commission, visited the 
 army, which had been driven by the swelling flood from the 
 levee at Young's Point to the transports, and thence to Milli- 
 ken's Bend, where it lay encamped at the time. This valua- 
 ble contribution consists of a series of letters, written by 
 Mrs. Livermore from the scene of action. While these com- 
 plete the chain of our military and sanitary work at that 
 period, they furnish gratifying and abundant evidence of the 
 
SCURVY IN THE AEMY. 255 
 
 success of the battle waged with the insidious army foe by 
 various sanitary organizations throughout the Western and 
 North-Western States. . 
 
 On Board Steamer " Curlew," some down the Mississippi Riteh, 
 
 Saturday, March 14, 1852. 
 
 Dear : — The wail of suffering from our brave men in 
 
 front of Vicksburg, has been borne to the listening ears and 
 tender hearts of the great North-West. The death which they 
 looked for on Southern battle-fields, and to which they proudly 
 hurled defiance, lay crouched unaware in the bottom-lands 
 of the Mississippi, where their white tents had spread shel- 
 tering wings, and lurked in the clear water of the deadly 
 Yazoo, and has sprung upon them like a tiger. Before they 
 had learned of their danger, long trenches were .filled with 
 the uncof&ned dead, and the quickly extemporized hospitals 
 were crowded with the wasted forms and wan faces of our 
 gallant North- Westerns, who patiently exhaled their lives on 
 a fever-smitten air, or lingered in an agony worse than death. 
 Simultaneously the West and the North- West have hastened 
 to the rescue ; Cincinnati, Louisville, Chicago, Milwaukee 
 and St. Louis, moved by a common patriotism and benevo- 
 lence, have sent to their relief the aid and succor necessary 
 to conquer this insidious miasmatic foe, and to restore the sick 
 to health. Wives and mothers have brought forth canned 
 fruit, jellies and cooling syrups from their store closets, and 
 shirts, drawers and sheets from their linen-presses. Farmers 
 have unburied their vegetables, secured from the winter 
 frosts, and barreled up potatoes, onions and pickled cab- 
 bage for the poor scorbutics, and everybody has poured 
 forth money for the purchase of farina, corn-starch, lemons, 
 
256 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 oranges, pearl-barley, tea, sugar, stimulants, condensed milk, 
 and the other necessaries of life to the hospital patients. 
 
 Nor has the work stopped her&. Delegations of men 
 and women, strong and skilled and tender, have accom- 
 panied these contributions. Surgeons and physicians who 
 have grown gray in their successful fight with sickness and 
 ■ death, men of large executive ability, skilful in planning 
 the transmission and distribution of the continual shipments 
 of stores, women who have become familiarized with .the 
 horrors of hospitals, and whose mother hearts do not 
 blench from them — these have been delegated as a corps 
 of ' relief in this holy work ; and so successfully have 
 they labored, that already, death and disease have been 
 beaten back, and our men are slowly emerging from the 
 hospital -to the battle-field, to them a welcome transition. 
 
 Still the work of relieving the sick of the Mississippi fleet 
 goes bravely on. Twice, since January, have the Chicago 
 Commission sent down to the sick in hospitals and on trans- 
 ports, in front of Vicksburg, immense quantities of supplies, 
 with nurses and agents to disburse them, and there is now 
 floating down the Mississippi, on the steamer " Curlew," a 
 third shipment and a third delegation, bound on the same 
 errand and to the same destination, and 'I have been privi- 
 leged to be one of the delegation. 
 
 "We left Chicago, Tuesday evening, March 10. The 
 notable persons of the party are Surgeon-Gen. Wolcott, of 
 "Wisconsin — so noble a man that .all who know him' wish 
 he might be multiplied a hundred-fold ; Quartermaster-Gen. 
 Tread way, of the same State; and Hon. A. G.'Throop, a 
 loyal member of the Illinois Legislature. There were also 
 
OVERFLOW OF MISSISSIPPI. 257 
 
 in our party female nurses, and women as true, tender and 
 competent as the sun ever shone on, but they are not " nota- 
 able," as the world goes, and would be affrighted to see their 
 names in print. The soldiers will carry their names in their 
 grateful hearts into eternity, and that is glory enough. 
 Between four and five hundred boxes, to be largely re- 
 enforced at Memphis, labelled Chicago Sanitary Commis- 
 sion, all packed with every variety of hospital supplies, were 
 committed to us for disbursement among the sick in front of 
 Vicksburg, and we started on our sacred mission. 
 
 As we approached Cairo, we found that the Mississippi 
 was indeed " on the rampage." For eight or ten miles back, 
 the country was completely submerged, and we crept along at 
 a snail's pace. As we entered the nondescript town, where 
 one needs a "dug-out" most of the year to navigate the 
 streets, we found the steam-pumps at work, for the water 
 had so invaded the place, hollowed out like a wash-basin, 
 that there was danger of inundation. "When the water of 
 the town rises above a certain permitted height, it is pumped 
 out, as fi-om the hold of a vessel. Here, in oensequence of 
 the difficulty of obtaining transp'ortation for our hundreds of 
 packages, we were detained twenty-four hours. 
 
 While regretting the delay we were so fortunate as to run 
 across James B. Yeatman, Esq., President of the Western 
 Sanitary Commission, St. Louis, who was on his return 
 route from Vicksburg, where he had been laboring for the 
 last six or eight weeks. From him we gathered much infor- 
 mation. The fearful and deathly sickness among our troops 
 was abating when he left, the camps were becoming dry, 
 hospital stores more abundant, and officers more considerate 
 
258 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 of the health of their men. Drinking the seapage water is 
 said to have caused more sickness among our troops than the 
 protracted rains, mud, high water, exposure and neglect of 
 officers all combined — and orders forbidding this have been 
 issued in some sections, and soon will be in all. 
 
 As soon as our men get on shore, out of the . transports 
 into camp, their first effort is to devise ways and means, to 
 obtain drinking water, without going to the Mississippi for 
 it, which is not unfrequen-tly some little distance from the 
 camp. So they dig a well and sink a barrel, which is instant- 
 ly half filled with water clear as crystal, beautiful to look at, 
 and delicious to taste. This is called seapage water, but to 
 drink it is death to either man or beast. It percolates through 
 the decayed vegetable matter of the swamps and bottom- 
 lands, and in the present instance is rendered more poisonous 
 by the infiltrating of the water from the encampments above. 
 A negro on the plantations in the neighborhood who is 
 detected drinking seapage water, is whipped more severely 
 than for any other misdemeanor. Gren. Sherman has 
 already learned its deleterious consequences, and-has-er— 
 dered any captain put under arrest who allows his men, to 
 drink it. 
 
 "We came on board the " Curlew " on Thursday evening 
 about eight o'clock, having been assured by the captain that 
 she would start punctually at ten. Then the time was post- 
 poned till midnight; then deferred till the arrival of the 
 morning train from Chicago, as some of the boat's crew were 
 said to be coming on that train ; then until after breakfast, 
 when the rudder collided with that of another boat, which, 
 of course, broke it, and it must needs be repaired, and after- 
 
SEARCH OF BAGGAGE AT ISLAND NO. 10. 259 
 
 noon found us still hugging the levee at Cairo, as though 
 loth to leave the hideous place. But at last we got off,. and 
 steamed slowly down to Columbus, Kentucky, where more 
 freight was piled on the already overladen, crowded and 
 unsafe little craft, and a barge of hay made fast to her, to be 
 towed down the river. Those of us whose thoughts are on 
 the sick soldiers ran ashore for a brief visit to the hospital, 
 whose appearance was passably tidy and comfortable. 
 
 About midnight, I think, all the passengers on board had 
 a new experience and a new sensation. "We touched at 
 Island No. 10, and were boarded by naval of6.cers from an 
 adjoining gunboat, who ordered all state-rooms, unlocked, 
 and proceeded to examine trunks, valises, baskets, carpet- 
 bags, etc.,' pulling beds to pieces in the search; looking 
 under berths and indulging similar quizzical vagaries. The 
 search of all boats going down the river is ordered by Uncle 
 Sam, who, with all reverence be it written, has a penchant 
 for " saving at the spigot and wasting at the bung-hole," or, 
 in the words of holy writ, for " straining at a gnat and swal- 
 lowing a camel." A contraband trade in cotton has been 
 carried on for months, supplying the rebels with the sinews 
 of war, and is not yet wholly suppressed. This, however, is 
 winked at, or timidly forbidden, the trade flourishes when 
 it might be suppressed ; but the trunks of loyal mfen and 
 women must be overhauled for quinine and morphine, cot- 
 ton cloth in the piece, and .medicines in the package, which 
 are rarely found. 
 
 The exa,mining officers on this occasion were by no means 
 formidable in appearance, notwithstanding the naval tog- 
 gery with which they were accoutred, with fearful append- 
 
260 . THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 ages of "sword and pistol by ttie side." Ranged along the 
 saloon was a body of marines, sooty and grimy, armed with, 
 cutlasses, which they brandished as though about to depose 
 our heads from our shoulders, and endeavoring to look 
 very fierce at the bystanders, who stared in wonderment. 
 No words of mine can do justice to the manner of the search. 
 The principal officer was a beardless youth of eighteen or 
 twenty, quite small when measured by feet and inches, but 
 huge, colossal, yes, a very Hercules, if taken at his own esti- 
 mation. Approaching a state-room, where a feeble lady had 
 retired for the night, he gave a thunderous blow, as though 
 summoning a giant to the door of his castle ; and when the 
 poor woman delayed to dress as became decency, he twice 
 repeated the insolent summons, and in the most lordly way 
 ordered her to " make haste and come out of that." The 
 ladies' baggage seemed specially obnoxious to these naval 
 .gentlemen. Plunging to the bottom of the nicely-packed 
 trunks, they squeezed in a crushed heap immaculate collars 
 and tasteful head-dresses, under-sleeves, under-clothing and 
 all, kneading the whole in a heterogeneous mass, as though 
 
 mixing bread ; and when the work was over, the trunks 
 
 * 
 
 looked, as one of the ladies remarked, as though "stirred up 
 with a big spoon." To ■ the ' search none objected, if the 
 Government had ordered it ; but the manner in which it was 
 conducted, and the arrogant airs put on by these boys, born 
 into the volunteer navy not six months ago, made at least 
 one woman indignant. Your correspondent spoke so con- 
 temptuously of the whole farcical performance, that one of 
 -those ungentlemanly boys pronounced her a secesh, but as he 
 left her trunk alone, of all the others, unlocked, and un- 
 
MEMPHIS SOSPITALS. 261 
 
 searched and unexamined, I very much question whether he 
 believed his own assertion. 
 
 Our sail down the Mississippi would be very delightful, 
 if we were not in such anxious haste that our slow progress 
 almost throws us into a nervous fever. Forty-eight hours 
 from Cairo to Memphis, when the trip is usually 'made in 
 twenty -four 1 The boat is very slow, and moves " like a sick 
 man in his sleep, three paces, then falters," stopping at every 
 landing to take on or off freight or passengers. The weather 
 is evidently on its best behavior, for the sky is cloudless, and 
 the air as soft as in June. The river is all' over its banks, 
 submerging the country adjacent, and making its width 
 magnificent. The captain tells us this is a decided advan- 
 tage, particularly now that we are approaching Memphis. 
 The boat keeps very nearly the centre of the stream, and 
 there are but few places along the route where cannon could 
 be planted. 
 
 Memphis, Sunday, March 15. 
 
 "We have at last reached the city of Memphis, and taken 
 rooms at the Gayoso House, which has the reputation of be- 
 ing stylish, secesh, and not very comfortable. As soon as 
 possible we shall proceed to Vicksburg, but during our stay 
 here I will write of this city, with it? dozen hospitals, filled 
 with our northern boys. 
 
 Gatoso House, Memphis, Tenn., March, 1863. 
 
 Dear : — "We have spent some days in Memphis, 
 
 which have been employed to the utmost. It has been 
 no easy thing to find transportation down the river for our 
 stores and ourselves; and, indeed, up to the present time, 
 
262 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 but one boat has left for Vicksburg since our arrival. A, 
 strict military surveillance is kept ov^ all boats going down 
 the river, and no one. is allowed to leave without a pass from 
 Gen. Hurlbut, who is in command here. But at last all 
 difficulties are surmounted, passes are made out, state-rooms 
 are engaged on the dispatch boat "Tigress," our four hun- 
 dred and eighty boxes of supplies are shipped, and a guard 
 placed over them to keep them from thieves, and at six 
 o'clock this evening we are off. In the interim, while resting 
 and waiting, let me tell you what I have seen in Memphis. 
 
 The hospitals have claimed our chief attention. There are 
 eleven of them, and they contain about five thousand patients. 
 Others are being fitted up. They occupy magnificent build- 
 ings, spacious brick blocks, confiscated hotels, and similar 
 edifices. Their general management is fair, and is constantly 
 improving, and the rate of mortality in them is much less 
 than has been represented. In these particulars I confess 
 myself happily disappointed. The terrible rumors that have 
 reached us, of the shocking condition of the hospitals in 
 Memphis, their neglected and uncared for state, and the 
 frightful number of deaths occurring in thena- daily, are, I 
 am glad to say, devoid of truth. There is fair order and 
 medical attendance, female nursing, cleanliness, humanity 
 and tenderness, evident in many of the wards. "We (Mrs. 
 Colt, of Milwaukee, and myself) have passed through, nearly 
 every ward of them all, have conversed wifh hundreds of the 
 patients, and with most of the matrons aiid nurses. 
 
 The "Overton Hospital" is a magnificent building, de- 
 signed for a hotel, but never occupied as such. The Yan- 
 kees interfered with the plans of the proprietors by enteritig 
 
GATOSO BLOCK HOSPITAL. 263 
 
 the city saris ceremonie, and appropriating it for hospital 
 work. The Sisters of Mercy, nine in number, are the nurses, 
 and are faithful, gentle and tender. It is perhaps the pleas- 
 antest hospital of them all, in its general" appearance, within 
 and without. Most of the patients are convalescing, and 
 all seem contented and happy. 
 
 The " Gayoso Hospital " has for its matron " Mother Bick- 
 erdyke," as all the soldiers call her — a woman of amazing 
 energy, full of maternal tenderness to the sick and wounded 
 soldiers, and nursing them through the depths of neglect, 
 squalor, destitution and disease. But woe to him who steps 
 between her and her charge, or infringes on the rights or 
 privileges of her sick boys, or who is guilty of fraud or 
 neglect of them — he is sure to be ground to powder. On 
 all such, and on all drunken, incompetent and neglectful hos- 
 pital officials, she comes down with sledge-hammer force, 
 never remitting her hostilitj^till they are beaten ou,t of the 
 service, or into decent manhood. She is a very unique 
 person — a rara avis — sometimes a very Alecto, while many 
 a one has found her a very Kemesis. Soldiers love her like 
 a mother — most of the officers fight shy of her, and for 
 good reasons. At a certain hospital .where she was 
 matron, the medical director gave orders for the dismissal of 
 all contrabands employed about the hospital — an order 
 emanating, as she believed, from petty spite, since every con- 
 traband employed saves a convalescent soldier to the service 
 of the government. " Mother Bickerdyke " went immedi- 
 ately to the headquarters of the commanding general, 
 although it was nearly midnight, and obtained a written 
 order to employ as man/ contrabands - as she needed in the 
 
264 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 hospital service, and the medical director had to succumb, 
 Of course, such a woman must make enemies, but that does 
 not trouble her. Her hospital is the most homelike, cheerful 
 and comfortable in Memphis, and it turns out weekly twice as 
 many convalescents as any other. 
 
 All the other hospitals have Protestant female nurses, 
 with the exception of the "Jackson," where all women are 
 excluded from every department except the linen room, 
 over which an Irish woman presides. It is a responsible 
 position, and requires more executive ability and faithfulness 
 than she manifests. This hospital seems to us comfortless 
 and dreary. 
 
 The Officers' Hospital is greatly, lacking in comfort. Gov- 
 ernment makes iio provision for the care of officers when 
 they are sick, beyond furnishing them their medicines. For 
 everything besides they must pay from their own private purse, 
 their salaries being sufficiently liberal to enable them to take 
 care of themselves. Theoretically this is very well, but as 
 they receive their pay at irregular intervals, and as many of 
 them are much of the time as moneyless as the poorest 
 privates, the practical working of this plan subjects them to 
 great inconvenience. Between two stools they fall to the 
 ground. Government does not take care of them in sick- 
 ness, nor does it provide them with the means of taking care 
 of themselves ; and so it happens the Officers' Hospital in 
 Memphis is more badly cared for than any in the city. 
 They have the use of a confiscated building, and have re- 
 ceived from some source hospital bedsteads and army cots, 
 but at the present time they are without other furniture, with- 
 out bedding, shirts, drawers and other sanitary delicacies. 
 
OrFICEKS' HOSPITAL AT MEMPHIS. 265 
 
 There were over one hundred officers in the wards, mostly 
 fine-looking men, possessed of more or less culture, and 
 almost all of them showing marked superiority. But in 
 their home-sickness and disability the privates have turned 
 the tables on them with a vengeance ; and while good hospi- 
 tal food, clothing and nursing is provided by the Government 
 for the Jatter, the former shift as they can. Every officer in 
 the hospital pays five dollars per week for his board, or is to 
 do so at some future time, and from this pittance everything 
 needful is to be furnished, or they must go without. . It was 
 pitiable to see their poverty and shabby condition, and grand 
 to witness their patience, and to hear their expressions of 
 pleasure that their "boys" fared' -better. This hospital fur- 
 nishes a field for the labors of the Sanitary Commission, 
 which I rejoice to say they are hastening to occupy. This 
 noble organization extends the hand of relief to all sick or 
 wounded soldiers, be they officers or privates, in the army or 
 navy. 
 
 I wish every person in the North-West who doubts if the 
 supplies of clothing and delicacies sent by the various aid 
 s(Jcieties through the Sanitary Commission, could see what I 
 have seen these last few days. The beds give mute, but 
 unquestionable denial to these doubts, as do the shirts on the 
 backs of the patients, and the napkins and towels used about 
 them. Nearly every article bears the stamp of the Commis- 
 sion or of an aid society. In nearly every hospital I have 
 seen canned fruits or berries opened and dispensed to those 
 needing them, by the matrons or nurses in attendance ; eggs 
 cooked in various delicate ways, toast with the dip made of 
 condensed milk, delicious cocoa made of the prepared article, 
 
266 ' THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 and various other articles of sanitary diet, which many at 
 home persistently deny are ever found in our military hos- 
 pitals. To tell the truth, there is a vast deal of falsifying 
 about hospital" matters ; and any person returning from the 
 hospitals, who does not serve concentrated horrors to a hun- 
 gry public, and unfold deeds of cruelty and barbarism on 
 the part of surgeons and nurses in the hospitals, that '^y 
 comparison render ISTena Sahib a very tender-hearted person, 
 is unanimously voted a fool, or " slow." To attract attention 
 one must, on returning from the seat of war, deal irt horrors 
 by the wholesale ; and I confess that some of our party are 
 beginning to feel a little nervous that they have as yet been 
 able to spy out so few feaJful things to report. At times, 
 when some fell epidemic swoops down upon our troops, 
 cooped for a month on transports, and poisoned by the deadly 
 malaria of these south-western swamps and rivers, or inime- 
 diately after some great battle, when the dead, dying and 
 wounded are huddled in promiscuous heaps, and cannot 
 receive the attention they need, there is for a time great and 
 ■unrelieved suffering ; but these are not every-day occurrences, 
 even in time of war. Of course there are discomforts, and 
 -until the raw troops get hardened to campaign life there is 
 much suffering and sickness ■ that is inevitable, which, in 
 the case of our troops, is aggravated by disregard of disci- 
 pline, and neglect of officers ; but the extreme sensation 
 stories that reach friends at home, should, as a general rule, 
 be received at a great discount. Of two things I am certain 
 — the sick of the army, especially in general hospitals, are 
 better cared for than is generally believed, and the gifts of 
 the country to the sick, sent through the Sanitary Comrais- 
 
A YOUNG SOLDIER NURSING HIS DYING BROTHER. 267 
 
 sion, reach those for whom they are intended with a very, 
 small percentage of waste, loss or perversion. 
 
 In passing through the hospitals, I met with very many 
 interesting incidents. A tremulous voice would pronounce 
 my name, and as I advanced to the bed from which it pro- 
 ceeded, emaciated hands would be outstretched to me, and a 
 gush of tears would welcome me. I have been unable to 
 recognize former acquaintances in the thin wan faces of those 
 who have recognized me, even when in two instances they 
 were my former near neighbors and friends. Sometimes my 
 name would be pronounced by the attendants, and the pale 
 face of a patient would glow with pleasure as he would in- 
 form me he was acquainted with my husband, and had been 
 an attendant on his widely-extended pulpit ministrations. In 
 one hospital, a young man of seventeen, a mere boy, sat by 
 ^he head of a cot where his older brother was dying. He 
 was himself hardly convalescent from typhoid fever, and was 
 convulsed with grief at his bereavement. To him the con- 
 vulsive throes of the dying brother were indicative of agony, 
 and it was not possible to convince him to the contrary, or 
 to comfort him. " My father and mother have never lost a 
 child before," said the poor lad, with streaming eyes, " and it 
 •will kill them to hear he is dead. And then he's got a wife 
 that thinks everything of him, and a little girl a year and a 
 half old. What will they do ? " I remained till the dying 
 man had passed beyond the reach of human care and sym- 
 pathy, and was then compelled to leave the weeping survi- 
 vor, who buried his face in his pilfow, and vented his grief 
 in sobs that shook his slight frame. / 
 
 In another hospital the younger brother was dying,, and 
 
268 THE BOYS IN BLUE, 
 
 the elder was watching him. The almost maternal care and 
 solicitude of the elder brother was touching to witness. He 
 restrained his grief, lest it should disturb the departing spirit 
 of the one he loved ; and while his own heart was bursting, 
 he spoke cheerfully and encouragingly to the dying boy, 
 whom it was so hard to surrender to death. The lad, with 
 large, hollow, beseeching eyes, was pleading for his discharge. 
 " If I could be discharged, and sent home to-morrow, it would 
 cure me directly," was his assertion ; and his kind brother- 
 nurse, moved to tears, answered him tenderly: "You are to 
 be discharged ; it will come soon." The discharge could not 
 have been long delayed, for the boy was already cold with 
 approaching death when we left him. The wan faces of 
 some flushed into warm smiles, others gave short hysterical 
 -laughs,, which had tears in' them, and others held our hands, 
 and vented their gladness in broken, childish words. It 
 was so long since they had seen their mothers, wives, and 
 sisters at home, and our presence was such a forcible 
 reminder of them, that we did not wonder at the emotion 
 manifested by the pale, weak fellows. It is a sad thing to 
 be sick away from home and kindred, and they who are 
 plunged into hospitals by the rigors of camp life, and who 
 patiently bear weeks of wasting fever and racking pain, 
 unsoothed by mother, wife or sister, are, I verily believe, 
 greater heroes in the sight of God than those who boldly 
 march to death at the cannon's mouth, and, in the frenzied 
 excitement of the hour, fling life away. 
 
 Mrs. Governor Harvey, whose home for the present is in 
 Memphis, accompanied us on a visit to the 15th Illinois 
 Volunteers. Since the sad death of her husband, who lost 
 
INCIDENTS OF HOSPITALS. 269 
 
 Ms life at Shiloh, she has devoted herself to the sick and 
 wounded soldiers. The State of Wisconsin claims her 
 services especially for Wisconsin, but all feel the influence 
 of her kind and sympathetic nature. Her life is passed in 
 the hospitals, where she is indeed an angel of mercy. 
 
270 THE BOYS, IN BLUB. 
 
 CHAPTEE XVI. 
 
 Mrs. Livermore's trip from Toung's Point to Lake Providence. — Visit 
 to Mercantile Battery at Milliken's Bend. — Trip up the river to 
 Cairo. — Contraband boy. — Refugee girl. 
 
 Milliken's Bend, La., April, 1863. 
 Deai* : — We came up to Milliken's Bend on the dis- 
 patch-boat " Fanny Ogden," because we were obliged to go 
 where the boat was ordered. There are no hotels in this part 
 of the world, no private boarding-houses outside of Yicks- 
 burg, and these, just now, are not easily accessible to Northern 
 travellers. There are only tents for those who live on shore, 
 and boats for those who take to the river. It is a difficult 
 matter to decide which is preferable of the two. If you take 
 to the tents, your cuisine is out-doors, where rain, smoke and 
 ashes, saturate all the food ; you eat, drink and sleep in the 
 mud, and are phlebotomized by the musquitoes; but you are 
 sure of plenty of freSh, pure air. If you live on the boats, your 
 kitchen is under cover, to be sure ; you avoid the mud and 
 musquitoes, but you furnish a nightly repast to insects more 
 vulgar than musquitoes, one species of which infests alike 
 both camps and boats in these war times, while "the rats 
 
TRANSPORTS ON MISSISSIPPI. ?71 
 
 and the mice,they make such a strife," that sleep comes not 
 to your eyes nor slumber to your eyelids, and the air is pes- 
 tilential from the uncleanliness of the surroundings. Ugh I 
 Haven't we had lively times o' nights, on board the boats, 
 and haven't we recently acquired a practical knowledge of 
 the utility of finger-nails ? Government has impressed all the 
 boats on the river into its service, and has used them at vari- 
 ous times for the transportation of troops and army stores, 
 and it must be confessed that Uncle Sam has not shown 
 himself j, miraculously good steward. Stripped of carpets, 
 mirrors, elegant furniture, toilet appurtenances, everything 
 in the way of luxury, and I had almost said convenience, 
 marred by the troops transported on them, broken and bat- 
 tered in their, repeated attempts to navigate unnavigable 
 rivers and bayous, the pilot-houses battened with rough oak 
 plank two and three feet thick, to protect the steersman from 
 the muskets of the guerillas, neglected, befouled, and un- 
 home-like, the boats on the Mississippi to-day bear little 
 resemblance to the floating palaces of three years ago, when 
 gorgeous with upholstery, and swarming with the fashion- 
 able and gay, they drifted down the river with music and 
 dancing, as though life were one prolonged gala-day. ■ 
 
 As the "Fanny Ogden" was "under orders," and would 
 be running up and down the river for two or three days, on 
 errands for General Grant, we deterrnined to accept the 
 invitation of the Chicago Mercantile Battery, encamped at 
 Milliken's Bend, and try tent-life for a day or two. So we 
 were put ashore at the landing, and, in the fading twilight, 
 picked our way along the levee to their camp. What a 
 hearty welcome was accorded us! What a chorus of cheer- 
 
272 THE BOYS LSr BLUE. 
 
 ful, manly, familiar voices proclaimed the gladness of the 
 Battery at our arrival! Forth from every tent and "she' 
 bang " swarmed a little host of the boys, all bronzed to the 
 color of the Atlantic Monthly covers, to use one- of their 
 own comparisons, all extending eager hands, all hearty, 
 healthy, and impatient to hear from home, and to possess the 
 letters and well-filled boxes sent them from mothers, wives, 
 sisters and friends. Here they were — " our boys," of whom 
 we took sad and tearful leave months ago, when we gave them 
 to God and our country at the altar of the sanctuary, where 
 they alone were brave, calm and hopeful. Here they were 
 — the same boys, but outwardly how changed. Then, they 
 were Soys, slender, fair, with boyish, immature faces; now, they 
 were men, stalwart, fuller and firmer of flesh, .the fair, sweet, 
 boyish look supplanted by a stern, daring, resolute expres- 
 sion. Marches and foraging expeditions, guard-duty and 
 camp-life, and the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs and Arkansas 
 Post, where they had looked death unblenchingly in the face, 
 had graven firm lines about the mouth, and high resolve on 
 the youthful brows. "Our boys" were the same, and yet 
 not the same. 
 
 The best " shebang " of the camp was immediately placed 
 at our service, and the boys bestirred themselves to make, 
 our stay with them, comfortable. Everything in the way 
 of shelter, in camp parlance, that is not a tent, is a "shebang." 
 Those of the Battery are rough huts, made of boards, with- 
 plank floors, and roofed with canvas. A lona fide glass 
 window at one end, a panelled door, and sometimes green 
 blinds, at the other ; planks, windows and doors, all "jerked" 
 from some deserted plantation, make up the "shebang." 
 
CHICAGO MERCANTILE BATTEEY. 273 
 
 ^ Inside are two bunks, one built over the other, bedded with 
 husks or hay, each large enough to accommodate two sleepers ; 
 a rough pantry with shelves, holding rations, odd .crockery, 
 and cutlery, mostly "jerked " from the secesh, a home-made 
 table, and long bench, and these, with a bit of looking-glass, 
 sundry pails and camp-kettles, and a drop-light extemporized 
 from a glass bottle or broken bayonet, holding a candle sus- 
 pended from the ridge-pole by a wire, make up the furniture. 
 To tell the truth, the wood-sheds of the fathers of these boys 
 infinitely surpass these hastily improved camp-houses of 
 the sons; but the latter, now accustomed to roughing 
 it, continually challenged our admiration of their quar- 
 ters -with vociferous queries of, "ISTow, isn't this shebang 
 splendid ? " " Don't you see that we can make you ladies 
 as comfortable as you would be at home? " Of course we 
 would not for the world have hinted to the dear fellows that 
 we had an opinion on the subject different from their own ; 
 and I am inclined to think that they believe we came away 
 almost envying them their elegant southern residences. 
 
 "We passed two nights and one day in their camp, and 
 never enjoyed any visit more highly. The beauty of their 
 location at Milliken's Bend cannot be surpassed. The trees 
 — oak, magnolia, pride-of-china, and cottonwood — were in 
 full leaf, the air was heavy with the fragrance of jasmine 
 dgid roses, mocking-birds sang overhead, and the air was soft 
 and balmy as the latter part of our June. If any one sup- 
 poses that we bad a Quaker meeting in that "shebang," on 
 our first night, he is very much mistaken. We were put ' 
 through a course of catechism concerning matters and per- 
 sons at home that completely exhausted our stock of info rma- 
 
 18 
 
274 THE BOYS IN ahua. 
 
 tion:- We told all the news, and still the hungry fellows, 
 asted for more, till we began to think we should have to 
 steal the trade of the newspaper correspondents, and manu- 
 facture a sufficiency. "We examined photographs of dear- 
 ones at home, drawn from' inside pockets, to decide how far 
 the originals had departed from the " counterfeit present- 
 ments "since they were last seen. A plain dress cap fell 
 from our travelling basket ; the boys instantly hailed it as a 
 home affair, and declared that "it seemed natural to see it, as 
 their mothers had heaps of such female toggery lying round 
 at home ; " they would have it take the place of the bayonet 
 immediately, and the cap was accordingly donned, greatly 
 to their gratification. We discussed the past, we prophesied 
 the future, we glorified the present ; and then, when the 
 tide of talk had flowed over the night into the morning, 
 regardless of " tattoo," or signal-gun for retiring, we bade 
 the boys " good-night" and went to bed. The couch was of 
 corn-husks, the -covering a soldier's blanket, the pillow a 
 soldier's overcoat. It was our first night in camp ; we were 
 a thousand miles from home, in an enemy's country, sur- 
 rounded by the fearful insignia of war ; we heard the boom- 
 ing of guns at Vicksburg, fifteen miles below, and the 
 novelty made us wakeful. 
 
 Long before the drums beat the reveille in the thirty or 
 more encampments around us, or the myriad birds htd 
 finished their matins, we were wide awake, keenly alive to 
 every sound or motion. Making our toilet before the lili- 
 putian mirror, six inches by three, we hurried out to roll- 
 call and breakfast. Hot biscuit, baked in ovens made of 
 Louisiana mud, ham deliciously fried, good sweetened coffee, 
 
GEN. M'CLERNAND'S AEMY CORPS. 275 
 
 to -which we added condensed milk, potatoes and pickles, 
 constituted our breakfast — the best we had eaten since leav- 
 ing the excellent dining-saloon at Centralia, HI. On no 
 account would we have lost this brief experience in camp- 
 life ; and if our gallant and obliging hosts received from our 
 visit half the pleasure it gave their guests, it was a paying 
 affair. 
 
 General McClernand's army corps is encamped at Milli- 
 ken's Bend, and the next^day we called at his headquarters, 
 and informed him that the " Fanny Ogden," laden with sani- 
 tary stores, would be at the Bend in the afternoon. He 
 immediately ordered notice of the same to be sent to every 
 chief surgeon of the regiment . or battery, which brought 
 them out in full force on the arrival of the boat. They were 
 all connected with regimental hospitals, which were greatly 
 in need of the supplies we had on board. It was very grati- 
 fying to witness their gladness at the relief thus afforded 
 their sick men, but the pleasure was exquisite when we 
 went to the hospitals, most of them miserable affairs, intended 
 only for brie^ temporary use, and beheld the grateful emo- 
 tion of the sufferers. Ale, eggs, lemons, codfish, condensed 
 milk, tea, and butter were among the articles we furnished, 
 and we waited to see the ale and lemons distributed to those 
 needing them. Many insisted on paying for them ; they 
 could hardly be made to understand that they were the gift 
 of the North-West. In ward after ward we repeated the story 
 that the people had sent these supplies to the Commission, to 
 be distributed to the sick in hospitals ; and this evidence of 
 kind remembrance by friends at home, seemed of itself to 
 send a wave of healing through the entire wards. " And so 
 
276 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 they don't forget us down here! That's good news. We 
 were afraid, from what we heard, that they were all turning 
 secesh, and that we'd got to pint our guns t'other way," was 
 the response of a Missouri boy, whose lineaments bore a sus- 
 picious resemblance to our whilom prisoners at Camp Doug- 
 las, but who, I was assured, was loyal to the core. 
 
 Here Dr. Franklin is organizing an immense convalescent 
 hospital. It occupies a beautiful deserted plantation, which 
 was arranged as if expressly for its present use. The cabins 
 for the negroes were built on wide streets, running parallel 
 with one another, each entirely shaded by fine rows of trees. 
 These are being renovated, and rendered comfortable for the 
 convalesce ats, and between the rows of houses and under 
 the shade of the .trees, rows of hospital tents are pitched. 
 The cooking arrangements, linen department, and every part 
 of the hospital, is being' organized on the largest scale. It 
 already contains about 2000 patients, and its accommoda- 
 tions can be indefinitely extended. It will soon contain 
 5000 patients. 
 
 At the landing lay the floating hospital, " Nashville," and 
 the hospital-steamer " D. A. January," both of which were 
 visted. The "Nashville" is a receiving-boat. It is a hos- 
 pital, three stories high, built on a barge, and will accommo- 
 date 1250 patients. It is towed from landing to landing, 
 and receives the sick temporarily till they can be taken off 
 by a hospital steamer, and carried further north. It is ad- 
 mirably fitted up with cooking apparatus, bath-rooms, laun- 
 dries, etc., but its usefulness is greatly impaired by being 
 built too low between decks. Only the upper deck is at all 
 comfortable, and it is impossible to ventilate the two lower 
 
D. A. JAN0AEY HOSPITAL TRANSPORT. 277 
 
 decks so as to make them suitable for the reception of the 
 sick. . It is the most comfortless of the h6spital-steamers, and 
 I was not surprised to learn that the percentage of mortality 
 on board is very large. Eleven coffins, containing bodies of 
 the dead, stood on the after part of the boat awaiting burial, 
 and on shore quite a detachment of men were busy digging 
 graves. 
 
 The "D. A. January" presented a very different appear- 
 ance. This is a hospital-steamer, which with two others, 
 each having 500 beds, receives the sick from the " Nash- 
 ville," and the regimental hospitals, and transfers them to 
 Memphis, St. Louis, Mound City, Keokuk, and other hos- 
 pitals at the North. These three steamers make regular trips 
 back and forth, removing the sick to comfortable quarters. 
 They are splendidly fitted up with every- sanitary arrange- 
 ment, axe perfectly ventilated, well supplied with male and 
 female nurses, and are a comfort to the sick, and a credit to 
 the medical department. The "D. A. January" seemed 
 almost faultless in its arrangements ; cleaner beds, cleaner pa- 
 tients, purer air, better cooked food, or more watchful and 
 tender nursing, one could hardly desire ; and yet I am told 
 by good authority that the " City of Memphis," also a hospi- 
 tal steamer, surpasses even the "January" in every respect. 
 
 There is also a medical purveyor's boatj loaded with 
 medicines, surgical instruments, cots, bedding, hospital food, 
 clothing, etc., which plies back and forwards, to supply 
 hospitals and boats with such articles of the kind as they 
 need, and thus obviate the delay incurred by sending 
 for them. In addition, there is a sanitary -boat, loaded by 
 the Commission with such sanitary stores as are not supplied 
 
278 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 by Government, and which plies from point to. point, or 
 sends a tug with the supplies to the places where they are 
 required. These supplies are constantly reenforced by ship- 
 ments from the North. It is evident, therefore, that gener- 
 ous and ample arrangements are made for the care of our 
 sick soldiers in this department; and if competent, humane, 
 and skilful men were always in charge, to carry out the 
 provisions of the Government and the Commission, the 
 amount of suffering would be diminished, and the loss of 
 life decreased. 
 
 From' Milliken's Bend we went to Lake Providence. I 
 shall be obliged to write one more letter to complete the 
 
 history of our trip. 
 
 M. A. L. 
 
 Laee Pkovidence, La., April, 1863. 
 
 Deak : — We have made two visits to Lake 
 
 Providence, one long enough for an extensive exploration 
 of the town and encampments, and the second only long 
 enough to load our boat with cotton for the Memphis 
 market. It has become ei point of great interest, from 
 the fact that it was proposed to turn the Mississippi from 
 its natural channels through Lake Providence, and sev- 
 eral bayous, into the Wachita and Eed rivers, where it 
 would find its way back to' the main river, nearly one 
 hundred and fifty miles below Vicksburg. It was hoped 
 in this way to circumvent the rebels at Vicksburg, but 
 the plan has failed. It was a quarter of a mile from the 
 Mississippi river to Lake Providence, with a fall of fifteen 
 feet in the distance, and the river at its very highest stage 
 of water. Consequently, when the river was let into the 
 
GEN. lo&an's division. 279 
 
 lake, by cutting the levee between, it could not be confined 
 to tha narrow channel marked out for it, but flooded the 
 whole north-eastern part of Louisiana, completely deluging 
 and almost washing away from fifteen to eighteen of the 
 richest counties of the State. Most vehement- protests 
 against this severe and destructive war measure were 
 sent to Gen. Grant, from . this entire section of rebeldom. 
 Large sums of money were offered as bribes to turn him 
 from his strategic purpose, but he was inexorable. The 
 South has brought this ruin on itself, and has but to curse 
 its own foUy. " The South got up the music," said one of 
 the boys, " and it mustn't blame the North if they dance 
 to it." 
 
 Nothing could be more satisfactory than the condition of 
 the troops at this point. We visited Gen. Logan's division 
 mainly, and found them comfortably quartered in tents, with 
 floors of plank, raised from the ground, and yet they had 
 not been a week encamped here. The sick were few in 
 number, and considering that they were in the almost 
 always comfortless regimental hospitals, were well cared for. 
 We rode for hours through the camps, in the inevitable 
 ambulance, once breaking down in a " slough " (pronounced 
 skw in the army) that would have answered to Bunyan's 
 description of the " Slough of Despond." Everywhere the 
 men appeared in rollicking health, . brown, cheerful and 
 busy. Occasionally, when we came to a group that mani-' 
 fested more than common interest in our visit, we halted for 
 a brief chat, which was always agreeable, respectful and in- 
 telligent on the part of the men. And here let me say, that 
 in all my intercourse with our soldiers in the field, camp 
 
280 THE BOXS IN BLUE. 
 
 and hospital, in the East, West and South-West, from the 
 commencement of the war to the present time — and it has 
 been by no means slight — I have never encountered the least 
 disrespect in word, manner, tone or look, from officer or 
 private. . Had I been what the sick men in hospitals have so 
 generally called me, as to give me the feeling of being aged 
 — " mother " to them all^their manner could not have been 
 more wholly unexceptionable. I cannot, nor do I believe 
 any woman can, say the same of the surgeons. Too many 
 of them look with jealous eyes on the presence of even the 
 best and most competent women within the hospitals, and 
 do not hesitate to declare war against them, by petty acts of 
 tyranny, insolent language and manner. Of course there are 
 many and noble exceptions to this statement, and among 
 these exceptions are found some of the most humane and 
 skilful of physicians and surgeons. 
 
 I have come to believe that if every surgeon in the army 
 were faithful in the discharge of his duty, humane, honest 
 and upright, there would be no objection offered to the 
 services of competent women in the hospitals. " Your 
 Protestant nurses are always making a fuss, spying out some 
 mare's-nest in a hospital, and writing home that this patient 
 is abused, that one badly treated, or the other starved ; that 
 the surgeon gets drunk, or misappropriates the Sanitary 
 stores sent to him, or some other bugaboo story, and that's 
 why I won't have them in mj hospital," said a surgeon to me, 
 in defense of his dismissal of the Protestant nurses sent him 
 on his own requisition. He had replaced them with Sisters 
 of Charity, because, as he averred, " whatever they saw or 
 heard, they told, nothing— the rules of their order forbade it." 
 
MORALITY OF THE SOLDIEKS. 281 
 
 My observations have also forced upon me the conviction 
 thaf.our men in the army do not deteriorate inorally as 
 greatly as is represented. I do not believe they are worse 
 than at home. I heard no more profanity in the camps than 
 I hear at home in the streets ; I saw no gambling among 
 the privates, but sometimes I beheld it on board the boats, 
 where a large proportion of the passengers were officers, 
 surgeons, quartermasters and their assistants ; and I have 
 only seen three instances of drunkenness among the privates, 
 and that was occasioned by liquors sent them from home, in 
 private boxes. These private boxes cause a vast deal of mis- 
 chief. I happened in the camp of the 23d Wisconsin, the 
 day after they had received several loads of private boxes 
 from their several homes, and found that sixty-three were that 
 morning reported unfit for duty, in consequence of sickness,'^ 
 superinduced by a surfeit of the goodies sent them by friends. 
 General Grant has forbidden the free transportation of private 
 boxes in future, which will tend to diminish materially the 
 amount sent. 
 
 There are a large number of " contrabands " at Lake 
 Providence, who have come in from the plantations in 
 droves of hundreds, and are now employed in picking cotton 
 for the Government. Very little of the cotton .on these 
 deserted Providence plantations has been gathered, and the 
 Government has let the job to contractors, wlio.pick it on 
 halves,- and deliver it in bales to the Government, the con- 
 tractors paying negroes a penny a pound for the picking, and 
 Government furnishing them rations. They are thus earning 
 to the United States thousands of dollars a day. Those in 
 charge, of the contrabands were aiming to find meanj for 
 
282 ■ THE. BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 their removal further north, where they might be secure from 
 both the soldiers and their former owners ; but this plan has 
 been frustrated by Adj.-Gen, Thomas, who proposes to con- 
 fiscate these valuable and productive plantations for the use 
 of such of the contrabands as canifot do military duty, which 
 they are to cultivate under the direction of white overseers 
 or managers. 
 
 . While standing on the deck of the "Maria Denning," as 
 she lay at Lake Providence, on which boat we had taken 
 passage home, we were accosted by Ford Douglas, a well- 
 known colored man of Chicago, of some repute as a lecturer, 
 but now a regularly enlisted soldier of the 95th Illinois, 
 where he is esteemed, respected and fraternized with, as if 
 he were a white man. He had come on board to ask us to 
 ■take a little colored boy, nine years old, to his mother in 
 Chicago. The child's history was as follows : 
 
 Three years before, his mother, then a slave on one of the 
 Louisiana plantations, went to Newport, R. I., with her 
 master and mistress, to pass the summer, when, following the 
 example of her mother and sister, she ran away from bondage 
 tO' Chicago. Here she had resided for three years, mourn- 
 ing her separation from her, little son, her only child, but 
 rejoicing in her liberty. During this period she had made 
 every effort to regain her boy, but without success. When, 
 at last, Mr. Douglas' regiment was ordered south to. Lake 
 Providence, near her former home, she begged him to search 
 for her boy, and to send him to her. He had found the 
 child, and had long been watching for an opportunity to 
 send him north, and now entreated us to take him in charge. 
 The gentlemen of the party remembered the wicked black 
 
STOEY OF tHE OONTEABAND BEVERLY MIX. 283 
 
 laws of Illinois, which, forbid, they said, any one to bring a 
 negro into the State under penalty, and hesitated. But as pol- 
 itics are tabooed to women by the "lords of creation," it is no 
 more than proper for them to ighore political laws also, and so 
 they consented (what mother would have refused ?), and he 
 was brought aboard, and placed in care of the colored chamber- 
 maid, who, knowing his history, aided to shield and feed him. 
 We arrived in Cairo at midnight, too late for any effort 
 to obtain a pass for his transportation to Chicago. As it was 
 necessary for him to proceed with us on the three o'clock 
 train, A.M., we decided to take him along without a pass. 
 Accordingly, he was put away for the night, and in so 
 obscure a part of the sleeping-car (accidentally, no doubt), 
 that when the provost-marshal searched the train for negroes 
 and deserters, just before it started, he stupidly missed our 
 little black boy, Beverly Mix by name, who snored away as 
 nonchalantly as though there were no such objects of terror 
 as provost-marshals and black laws. So he reached Chicago 
 in safety, and the next day, after a long search, the boy's 
 mother was found, and the twain were brought face to face, 
 and knew each other. With one joyful shriek of recogni- 
 tion they rushed into each other's arms, and wept uncontrol- 
 lably, the poor mother lavishing the long pent-up affection of 
 her heart upon her child, in kisses and embraces, and tender 
 and endearing epithets. That joyful meeting, beheld by no 
 one without tears, paid for all the trouble and risk incurred 
 in bringing him from his home a thousand miles south ; and 
 if there is in this city, or any other, a happier mother and 
 son than liKis. Mix and her boy Beverly, once slaves, now, 
 free, we would like to see them. 
 
284 THE BOYS IN BLDE. ■ 
 
 At this point, Lake Providence, there were large- numbers 
 of sick soldiers brought on board, discharged from the ser- 
 vice for disability, and given to our care on their way home. 
 One of them, a boy of seven *en, died ere we reached Mem- 
 phis, and was buried in the grave-yard of the convalescent 
 camp at Memphis. Anxious to see his mother once more, 
 of whjDm he talked incessantly, it deemed hard for him to di% 
 on his homeward journey to her — and yet it was a relief to 
 see the poor suffering fellow at rest in death. 
 
 Another one of our proteges was a boy of fourteen, a 
 native of Petersburg, Va. His case was a peculiarly inter- 
 esting one. He was the son of a gentleman of property in 
 Petersburg, who was a staunch Unionist, and voted against 
 secession, talked against it, and opposed it with all his might. 
 ' For this he was arrested, and sent to Eichmond to jail, where 
 he died. The boy, whose mother had previously died, and 
 who was brotherless and sisterless, stood by his father in this 
 emergency, and spunkily declared him right, and Virginia 
 wrong. For this he endured much persecution, until one of his 
 father's friends advised him to seek an uncle in Missouri, and 
 helped him to a horse and money, and started him on the 
 journey. The boy lost his uncle's address before he reached 
 Kentucky, where he fell in with the 20th Illinois, before 
 the battle of Donelson, and had shared the fortunes of the 
 regiment ever, since. He was now just recovering from a 
 fearful sickness, and weak, feeble, and despondent, I found 
 him crouched on the lower deck of the "Maria Denning," 
 bound North — he knew not whither. It needed but little 
 persuasion to induce the poor lad to come home with me. 
 Our proteges were farther increased at Cairo by an orphan 
 
STOET OF JOHNNIE, RErUGEE FEOM VIRGINIA. 285 
 
 girl of fifteen, a refugee from Arkansas, whose father was 
 killed at Island No. 10, fighting for the Union, and whom I 
 -also brought home. The generous arms of the " Home of the 
 Friendless" received them, where they now are, receiving 
 such maternal care and medical treatment as .their cases 
 demand. By-and-by, when they shall have forgotten their 
 hardships and multiplied sorrows, and shall have become 
 recuperated in health and strength, homes await them in the 
 free North, scores of which have already been tendered them. 
 The boat which brought us home was freighted with misery. 
 On the lower deck were five hundred condemned Govern- 
 ment horses and mules, sent to St. Louis to be sold — diseased, 
 mutilated, and worn out, some of whom died daily. Above 
 were contrabands, only a week out of slavery, clothed in. 
 rags and vermin, with scanty food, on their, way North to 
 seek new homes, their joy mingled with regret for some who 
 were left behind; and in the cabin were sick and dying 
 soldiers, some with sinking hearts, feeling that though each 
 hour brought them nearer to their loved ones, they were yet 
 drifting further and further from 'them out into eternity. 
 Slowly we floated northward,- gladly leaving the "abomina- 
 tion of desolation " behind us, and when we emerged from 
 the cars into the streets of Chicago, it was, to us, as though 
 we had entered a new world. 
 
 M. A. L 
 
286 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTEE XVII. 
 
 G-en. Grrant's plans to reach tlie rear of Vicksbiirg. — Transports run- 
 ning the batteries. — Overland march of the army to New Carthage. — 
 Cross the river at Hard Times. — Six successive battles to reach the 
 rear of Yicksburg. — Assaults on Rebel fortiiications. — Steamer " City 
 of Alton " sent for vfounded Illinois soldiers. — Prisoners on board 
 from St. Louis. — Incidents of travel.— Prisoners' guard. — Camp of 
 Union' army in ravines and rifle-pits. — Dining with regiments. — 
 Southern bayous. — Visit to rifle-pits.— Bravery and endurance- of 
 ■troops. — Incidents of the visits. — Visit to 113th Regiment lUinois 
 Volunteer Infantry. — Visit to its hospital. — Death of its color-bearer. 
 
 The fruitless attempts made by Gen. Grant to reach the 
 rear of Vicksburg, by a canal cut across the peninsula on 
 •which the city lay, by the Lake Providence, Moon Lake, 
 and Steel's Bayou routes, would have so disheartened a less 
 persistent man, that the task would have been abandoned as 
 hopeless. On the contrary, as is well known, he determined, 
 as a last resort, to run the batteries at Vicksburg, with trans- 
 ports under cover of gunboats, and by a land march of his 
 forces into the interior, meet them at New Carthage, cross the 
 river, and thus reach the long-coveted position in the rear of 
 Vicksburg. 
 
 In the latter part of April, A.D. 1863, the bold experiment 
 was successfully made, and seven out of the eight transports 
 passed through the terrific thunder of artillery, safely. The 
 invincible army, with its brave leader, at once commenced 
 its perilous march into an enemy's country, building roads 
 
CAMPAIGN TO REACH THE HEAR OF VICKSBURG. 287 
 
 and bridging streams as it went forward, till New Carthage, 
 the " rendezvous," was reached. Behold ! it had become 
 an island, by the strategy of the enemy, and the weary 
 tro6ps were obliged to add fifty miles to their march, at the 
 end of which they reached " Hard Times," where the trans- 
 ports awaited them, and carried them safely across the river 
 to Grand Gulf. 
 
 The wary enemy, apprised of their approach, had at that 
 point erected batteries, that proved too powerful for army 
 and navy combined. Admiral Porter again braved the 
 storm of iron hail, belching fire, and thunder of rebel 
 cannon, and successfully reached Bruinsburg, where he met 
 the troops who had pushed through the forest to meet him. 
 The army landed on the 29th of April, Gen. Grant being 
 the first man to set his foot on shore. 
 
 Then began a campaign of unequalled brilliancy, compris- 
 ing the battles of "Grand Gulf," "Port Gibson," "Eay- 
 mond," "Jackson," "Champion's Hill," and "Big Black 
 Eiver." By these six successive engagements, this pertina- 
 cious man, with his three army corps of "backers," Sher- 
 man's, Logan's, and MacPherson's, pounded his way to the 
 rear of Vicksburg, cutting the rebel army in two, dividing 
 Pemberton, driven into the intrenchments of Vicksburg, from 
 Johnson in the rear. Even then this unflinching man did 
 not stop to rest. While the country was shouting hosannas, 
 the great Union constrictor was enfolding the rebel stronghold, 
 and the army extending its lines, till on the 19th of May its 
 • east and west terminus touched the Mississippi, above and 
 below Vicksburg, and formed a safe and permanent base of 
 supplies. 
 
288 ■ THEVBOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 The battles of this marvellous campaign were swift, crush- 
 ing, and destructive. At Champion's HiH, where two batter- 
 ies and 1,000 prisoners were our trophies, 8,000 heroes bit the 
 dust. At Big Black we paid for 1,500 prisoners and 18 can- 
 non, with 373 loyal lives. But why dilate on this campaign, 
 that for celerity, persistence, prowess and results, has rarely, 
 if ever, been excelled? Hon. E. B. Washburne, the warm 
 and steady friend of Gen, Grant, says he took with him 
 " neither a horse, nor an orderly, nor a camp-chest, nor an 
 overcoat, nor a blanket, nor even a clean shirt. His entire 
 baggage for six days was a tooth-brush. He fared like the 
 commonest soldier in his command, partaking of his rations 
 and sleeping upon the gj-ound, with no covering but the 
 canopy of heaven." Such conduct proved the General's ability 
 to comprehend the situation, and his resolution to master it. 
 
 But what did the " Boys in Blue " ? They started, minus 
 the tooth-brush. Unmurmuringly they marched and toiled. 
 Forward! was their watchword, and World their motto. 
 They felled trees, built roads, erected bridges, plunged into 
 opposing streams in the face of showering bullets, fought six 
 battles, won six successive victories, scarcely stopping to cover 
 their uncoffined dead, or drop a tear to their memory. God 
 and the home sufferers alone know what these victories cost. 
 These passed, the triumphant army, in sight of the South- 
 Western Sebastopol, fixed its eager gaze on the prize. Its 
 approaches were enfiladed with batteries, and serried with the 
 picked sharpshooters of the rebel army. The fortifications 
 commanded the entire plain below, embarrassed with chevaux- 
 de-frise, fallen timber, under-brush and rifle-pits, forming 
 almost insuperable bauriers to the advance of the Union 
 
SIEGE OF VICKSBUEG. 239 
 
 army, in the face of musketry and artillery, wielded behind 
 powerful intrenchments. 
 
 I visited the battle-field of Walnut Hills, with a youth 
 under twenty years of age, belonging to an Illinois regiment. 
 As I looked in astonishment at the strength of what had 
 been the rebel position, the boy soldier pointed to a log that 
 lay in a swampy bed, and said: "I lay under that all night, 
 after our first attack, glad to escape the balls and shells crash- 
 ing around us, while we waited for daylight to be up and at 
 it again, when we finished the job, and planted the 'Stars 
 and Stripes ' on that hill yonder." 
 
 After the assaults of the 19th and 22d of May, the army 
 went into regular siege. Opposing forts were erected, pits, 
 corridors, parallels and countersaps dug, till the divid- 
 ing wall between the foes became so thin, that the voices of 
 the workers reached each other in the mines. All this 
 while, huge balls and shells, from guns on rafts, from mor- 
 tars, batteries and gunboats, poured a never-ceasing fiery 
 rain into the doomed city, whose inhabitants were digging 
 caves for shelter, that often became their graves. In 
 the midst of all this prodigious and terrific activity, the 
 Union hosts drew closer and closer to the city, only asking 
 time, to crush out its bleeding heart, or have it cry 
 " Surrender ! " 
 
 This was the position of the Federal army when I 
 
 reached Vicksburg. The terrific assaults of the 19th and 
 
 22d of May had been made. They stand preeminent, even 
 
 in that list of bloody battles, and were fought up acclivities, 
 
 at some points so precipitous that horses could not be trusted 
 
 to draw up the gun-carriages; the battery-boys dragged 
 
 19 
 
290 THE- BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 them Vi'^^ firing as they went. As onr army advanced, in the 
 face of the foe, 
 
 " Cannon to right of them, 
 Cannon to left of them. 
 Cannon in front of them 
 Volleyed and thundered ; " 
 
 more frightful still, fringes of the deadly Miaie, in the hands 
 of the most skilful riflemen. Still there was no faltering. 
 On they went, closing up their ranks as they were decimated, 
 and toiling up the bluffs, watered at every step with the 
 blood of their comrades, who fell on the green sward as ripe 
 grain before the reaper's sickle. Some assaults were so 
 terrific, that the commanding general would not issue orders 
 for special regiments, but called for volunteers, who were not 
 found wanting, for thrice the number asked stepped from 
 the ranks, with ofScers to lead them to almost certain death. 
 It was after this terrific struggle, when the army lay en- 
 sconced in the ravines and rifle-pits of Vicksburg, that I 
 visited it for the last time, and brought away sacred memo- 
 ries, now struggling to the light, in the " Boys in Blue and 
 Heroes of the Eank and File." 
 
 The nation had been electrified, as tidings of these succes- 
 sive assaults flashed over the wires, and the hearts of many 
 home watchers had been crushed or agonized by suspense, 
 or notice of dead and wounded. As a large number of 
 Illinois regiments had suffered severely in these battles, 
 the patriotic Governor of Illinois, Eichard Yates, seconded 
 by Adjutant-General Fuller, determined to send a steamer, 
 fitted up with every comfort, and fully supplied with volun- 
 
PRISONERS ON STEAMER CITY OF ALTON. 291 
 
 teer nurses and surgeons, to bring the wounded of the Illinois 
 regiments to northern homes or hospitals. 
 
 My son, Colonel of the 113th Kegiment of Illinois Volun- 
 teers, had been reported ■wounded — struck on the head with 
 a- piece of shell, in the advance on the 19th of May. I grate- 
 fully accepted the invitation of the Governor and General 
 Fuller to visit and nurse him^ and if necessary bring him 
 home on the State boat. On the first day of June we left 
 Chicago, an organized band, under the command of Col. 
 Hough, of that city, and Col. Loomis, of Springfield. 
 
 At Cairo we met the noble steamer, " City of Alton," 
 from St. Louis, where all arrangements had been made for 
 our comfort, and for the transportation of the large amount 
 of sanitary stores, including two car-loads of ice, furnished by 
 the North- Western and State Sanitary Commissions. "We 
 found on board this boat a novel group of passengers — thirty 
 persons from St. Louis, to be sent outside the Union lines, 
 for treasonable speech and action. "Mi passant" we shall 
 notice them, as one of the features of the remarkable war of 
 the rebellion, and the unparalleled clemency of the Govern- 
 ment. The company contained on its roll some proud 
 Southern names, closely allied to of&cers of the highest 
 grade in the rebel army. They were a motley group — old 
 and young — male and female— coarse and refined. The 
 assortment was incongruous, and must have been, in certain 
 quarters, very distasteful. "A fellow-feeling makes us won- 
 drous kind," and the stern mandates of treason forbade all 
 distinctions but of color. Consequently there was a strange 
 commingling, and droll companionship, entertaining and 
 suggestive, if not enjoyable. 
 
292 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 The prisoners were in charge of a Union officer and com- 
 pany of soldiers. In some unaccountable manner they had 
 secured the choice state-rooms and tables of the steamer. 
 Grovernment paid the expenses of the forced journey, and it 
 seemed, at its commencement, more like the triumphal march 
 of conquerors, than of captive traitors. The gentlemen in 
 charge of the volunteer surgeons, and nurses, who belonged 
 to the best families in the State, could see no reason why 
 ,these persons should be thus honored, at the expense of loyal 
 men and women, who were going on an errand of mercy, to 
 'heal wounds made by them in an attempt to subvert the 
 G-overnment, treating them so leniently. The gentlemen in. 
 charge claimed the choice tables for the volunteers, and 
 secured them, and were only prevented from taking the 
 state-rooms, by the request of the ladies. 
 
 There was some disgraceful conduct on the part of the 
 prisoners, and some exciting ^'rencontres "between them and 
 the nurses. A piano on the boat gave us the opportunity of 
 singing in concert patriotic songs, which were more than 
 once interrupted by the serpent's hiss in the chorus. One 
 woman, sent beyond the lines for firing on a Union officer 
 and offering her house as an habitual place of meeting for 
 bushwhackers, remarked in a vociferous manner in the lady's 
 cabin, that she should write to her friends in St. Louis that 
 " the Yankees, thick as they were, had not yet gobbled her 
 up, but treated her with that consideration that was her due, 
 and let her say whatever she pleased." A noble woman, and 
 earnest patriot, from Springfield, answered : " Thank God, 
 the reign of such free speech will be short, as we are sure of 
 an early victory." With the spring of a tiger, the female 
 
293 
 
 rebel gained her feet. Clenching her fist, stamping her foot, 
 and glaring wildly, she exclaimed : " Hold your tongue ! — 
 don't speak of Yankee victory. I hate the race, and so we 
 all do that dare to speak. We donH worship the same God, 
 and wouldnH." The resolute, dignified woman replied in a 
 magisterial tone, lifting her finger: "Not another word! 
 Silence ! You are a prisoner, and if you utter another sentence, 
 I will have you confined in your state-room, as you deserve." 
 The raging woman saw the point of the remark, retired 
 precipitately as a rushing whirlwind, and kept silence 
 afterwards. 
 
 All were not thus. The wife of a rebel major-general, and 
 her unassuming family, were reticent, dignified and proper ; 
 but they formed the rare exceptions. The prisoners left us at 
 Memphis, and, surrounded by the guard, marched up the 
 gang-way, the leaders whistling a graveyard air to keep up 
 their courage, and the chivalry carrying their own satchels, 
 with jokes and grimaces, for lack of niggers, as they said. 
 We met them again at Vicksburg, on a gunboat of the 
 Mackerel Brigade, " on dtt" living on soldiers' rations, till some 
 Southern port would welcome them. As they leaned over 
 the railing, despondingly, and we were looking towards them, 
 down swept three steamers, laden to the guards with the 
 " Boys in Blue," cheering, huzzaing, with bands playing and 
 colors flying. The gunboat that took the prisoners to their 
 Southern friends received a rebel broadside, but persevered, 
 and landed them up the Yazoo Eiver. 
 
 "We had on board, as we stated, a company of guards, and 
 quite a number of soldiers on their way back to their regi- 
 ments, to share in the glory and danger of taking Yicksburg. 
 
294 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Our progress was unimpeded, the weather glorious, and 
 the opportunity rare, to make the acquaintance of many 
 sanitary workers in the State. Dr. McArthur, of Joliet, 
 was placed in command of the surgeons and nurses of 
 the expedition, and gave entire satisfaction throughout the 
 trip. 
 
 The balmy evening air and lingering twilight ordi- 
 narily brought us together on the hurricane^deck for coun- 
 sel and refreshment; and we usually spent an hour in 
 singing patriotic and sacred songs. It was wisely said, by a 
 great European statesman, "Let who will make the nation's 
 books, if I may make their songs." Time may never dis- 
 close the mighty power of music in the war of the rebellion. 
 In the camp, in the battle-fleet, in hospitals, on transports, in 
 sacred services, I have seen and felt its power to inspire 
 patriotism, subdue suffering, carrj'- the wanderer back to 
 home and the cross, and sustain the spirit amid weariness 
 and agony. In our evening songs we were joined by the 
 soldiers, who quickly gathered round us. As the shades of 
 twilight deepened, and nothing but dim outlines could be 
 seen, the sob of many a manly heart was heard in the pauses 
 of hymns, made familiar at the Sabbath -school, the family 
 altar, and the sanctuary. One evening, after a pause, we 
 started the air, "Home, sweet Home." All joined in, except 
 the soldiers. They sat in silence, and a long, deep inspiration 
 at the close explained the reason. One, braver to speak, than 
 the rest, said: "Ladies, the boys never sing that song. It 
 unfits them for duty, and makes them homesick." As we 
 all know, Napoleon, on that principle, forbade the Swiss 
 evening song, " Ranz des Yaches," to be sung or played in 
 
VISIT TO CAMP AT THE SIEGE OF VICKSBURG. 295 
 
 his army. It' paralyzed the arms, and crushed the spirits of 
 his Swiss soldiers. 
 
 As soon as we arrived at Vioksburg, I was apprised of' the 
 partial recovery of my son, although the injury proved to be 
 so severe, that I was obliged to spend many weary days and 
 nights of watching in his tent, and finally, under strict 
 orders from his surgeon, take him North to save his life. 
 This casualty* separated me from the company and the 
 steamer "City of Alton," but gave me an opportunity of 
 •becoming part of the besieging army, and perfectly familiar 
 with its animus and regime. 
 
 The main body of the army was encamped in a semi-circu- 
 lar form, in the rear of Vicksburg, and stretched its lines over 
 an area of eight or nine miles. A portion of it was ensconced 
 in the rifle-pits, as conies in the rocks, enduring the heat of 
 a vertical sun, that had converted these excavations into 
 ovens. Here the men crouched, to escape the shells and 
 bullets from the rebel intrenchments, at almost touching dis- 
 tance. The dull, harmless-looking earthworks of either 
 army had the appearance of peaceable clay bluffs, giving 
 no sign of the slumbering volcanoes behind and beneath 
 them, only awaiting the match to the fuse, or the word of 
 command, to upheave their foundations, and belch forth brim- 
 stone and iron hail. Even the rebel sharpshooters were 
 invisible, although they filled many Union graves daily.' 
 So exhausting was the service in the rifle-pits, that regiments 
 alternated, every two weeks. 
 
 The ravines between the bluffs were quiet, cool places of 
 retreat, and comparatively safe from the fire of the enemy. 
 As I dined with different regiments in these shady dells, the 
 
296 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 experience was novel and not unpleasing, when the branches 
 of the loftj- trees, detached by shells, came crashing down in 
 the midst of the mess, or a spent Minie fell harmless at my 
 feet. 
 
 The luxuriant bottoms around the Mississippi bayous, 
 where some of the regiments were pleasantly encamped, 
 proved to be deceptive places of refuge. The exhalations of 
 the dense, dank foliage on their banks, wet with dews akin 
 to those of the Nile in volume, and the miasmatic effluvia 
 of their stagnant waters, were more deadly in results, than 
 the weapons of the enemy. The malignity of the bayoa 
 fever cannot be overrated ; and the value of our victory in 
 season to avoid its prevalence in the autumnal months, 
 exceeds computation. 
 
 The crowning interest of my Vicksburg trip, was my visit 
 to the rifle-pits, where I stood beside the brave men holding 
 them, looked through the loopholes of the earthworks, and, 
 like every other civilian, imagined I barely escaped with my 
 life, as I heard the whizzing Mini&, speeding a few inches 
 above my head — the rebel salute for temerity and curiosity. 
 The intense excitement of the position, the manly, cheerful 
 bearing of the men amid their hardships, the screaming of 
 shells through the trees, the booming of the heavy mortars, 
 ever and anon throwing their huge balls into the city, and 
 the picturesque panorama of the army, with its white tents 
 nesthng in the ravines, obliterated all sense of personal 
 danger and fatigue, and made even the stifling heat of the 
 rifle-pits endurable. - The soldiers talked of the rebels as 
 prisoners they were guarding, and treated suggestions ' 
 as to Johnston's junction with Pemberton, with scornful 
 
VISIT TO EIFLE-PITS. 297 
 
 derision ; saying, " the boys in the rear could whip Johnston 
 without those in the front knowing it, and the boys in the front 
 could take Vicksburg without disturbing those in the rear." 
 After leaving the topmost ledge of rifle-pits, I descended 
 to the second line, where the sound of singing reached me ; 
 I turned in the direction from whence it came, and a few 
 steps brought me to a litter of boughs, on which lay a gray- 
 headed veteran, face downwards, with a comrade on either 
 side. They did not perceive me, but sang on to the closing 
 line of the verse : 
 
 " Come, humble sinner, in whose breast 
 A thousand thoughts revolve, 
 Come with thy sins and fears oppressed, 
 And make this last resolve." 
 
 I joined in the second verse : 
 
 " I'll go to Jesus, though my sins 
 Have Uke- a mountain rose ; 
 I know His courts, I'U enter in. 
 Whatever may oppose." 
 
 In an instant each man turned, and would have stopped, 
 but I sang on with humid eyes, and they continued. At 
 the close of the hymn, one exclaimed, " Why, ma'am, where 
 did you come from? Did you drop from heaven into these 
 rifle-pits? You are the first lady we have seen here," and 
 then his voice was full of tears. I answered, " I have come 
 from your friends at home to see and comfort you, and bring 
 words of love and gratitude ; I have come to bring part of 
 the debt we owe you, and long to pay, but cannot. I've come 
 to see if the good things sent froin home reach you. I 
 dare not go home without seeing and hearing you, else 
 
298 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 would I be scorned by all the loyal women." " Do they 
 think so much of us as that? " he asked. " Why, boys, we 
 can fight another year on that, can't we?", "Yes! yes!" 
 they cried, and almost every hand was raised to brush away 
 a tear. " Boys," I said, " the women at home don't think of 
 much beside the soldiers. If they meet to sew, 'tis for 
 you ; -if they have a good time, 'tis to gather money for the 
 Sanitary Commission ; if they meet to pray, 'tis for the brave 
 Union Army, and the men in the rifle-pits of Vicksburg. 
 'Even the little children, as they kneel at their mother's knees 
 to lisp their nightly prayers, say, ' God bless the soldiers.' " 
 
 A crowd of eager listeners had gathered from their hiding- 
 places. Instead of cheers, as usual, I could hear an occasional 
 
 sigh, a.n.dfeel the solemn silence The^ gray -haired soldier 
 
 drew from his breast-pocket a daguerreotype, and said, " Here 
 are my wife and daughters. I think any man might be 
 proud of them, and they all work for the soldiers." Then 
 each- man drew forth the inevitable daguerreotype, and held 
 it for me to look at, while his eyes beamed with pride and 
 affection. There were aged mothers and sober matrons, 
 bright-eyed maidens and laughing cherubs, all carried next 
 those brave hearts, and cherished as life itself. Blessed art. 
 It was part of God's preparation-work for this long, cruel 
 war. These mute memorials of home and its loved ones, 
 have proved the talisman of many a tempted soul, and the 
 solace of thousands of weary, suffering veterans. 
 
 I had much work for the day, and prepared to leave. I 
 said, "Brave men, farewell. When I go home I'll tell them 
 that men that never flinch before a foe, sing hymns of praise 
 in the rifle-pits of Yicksburg. I'U tell them that eyes that 
 
VISIT TO 113th REG. ILL. VOLUNTEERS. 299 
 
 never weep for their own suffering, overflow at the name of 
 wife and mother, and at the pictures of wife and children. 
 They will feel more than ever that such, men must conquer, 
 and that enough cannot be done for them." " God bless 
 you!" "Grod bless you!" burst from the assembled crowd. 
 " Three cheers for the women at home ! " cried one. They 
 were given with a will, and echoed through the rifle-pits. 
 Hard, honest hands were grasped, and I turned away to 
 visit other regiments. 
 
 The oficer of the 8th Missouri, who accompanied me, 
 said, "Madam, pray visit our regiment to-morrow; 'twould 
 be worth a victory to them. You don't know what good 
 a lady's visit to the army does. These men whom you 
 have seen to-day, will talk of your visit for six months 
 to come. Around the -camp-fires, in the rifle-pits, in the 
 dark night on the march, they will repeat your words, 
 describe your looks, your voice, your size, your dress, 
 and all agree in one respect, that you look like each 
 man's wife or mother, and are an angel, surely." Such 
 reverence had our soldiers for true-hearted, upright 
 women. 
 
 In, the valley beneath, just having exchanged the front 
 line of rifle-pits with the regiment now occupying it, en- 
 camped my son's regiment, the 113th Illinois Volunteers. 
 Its ranks had been fearfully thinned by the terrible assaults 
 of the 19th and 21st of May, as it had formed part of the 
 right wing of the line of battle on those terrible days. I 
 knew many of the men personally, and as they gathered 
 round me, and inquired after home and friends, I could but 
 look in sadness for familiar faces to be seen no more on 
 
300 THE BOYS I^' BLUE. 
 
 earth. I said, " Boys, I was present when your colors were 
 presented to you by the Board of Trade. I heard your 
 Colonel pledge himself that you would bring them home, 
 or cover them with blood and glory. "Where are they, 
 after your many battles ? " "With great alacrity, the man in 
 charge of them ran into an adjoining tent, and brought them 
 forth, carefully wrapped in an oil-silk covering. He drew 
 it off, and flung the folds to the breeze, on that glorious day 
 in June. "What does this mean? so soiled and faded, and 
 rent and tattered, I should not knoy them." The man who 
 held them said, "Why, ma'am, 'twas the smoke and balls 
 did that." "Ah ! so it must have been ! You have 
 covered them with glory ! How about the blood ? " A pain- 
 ful silence followed, and then a low voice said, "Four men 
 were shot down, holding them — two are dead and two in the 
 hospital." "Verily, you have redeemed your pledge. Now, 
 boys, sing while you hold them, as you alone can sing, 
 ' Rally round the Flag.' " As the soldiers' chorus echoed 
 through the valley, I stood in sight of the green sward, that 
 had been dyed with the blood of those that upheld the 
 colors. Methought angels might have paused to hear the 
 sacred song, for it spoke of freedom to the captive, and hope 
 to the oppressed of all nations. Since .that day it seems 
 profane to sing it lightly. 
 
 After a tearful farewell to this noble regiment, I stepped into 
 the ambulance that was waiting to convey me to the hospital. 
 The brave fellows crowded around me with last messages for 
 their friends up ISTorth. As we parted, three cheers arose for 
 the Sanitary Commission and the women at home, and I 
 fancied I heard them till I reached the hospital. 
 
DEATH OF THE OOLOR-BEARER, 113th ILL. REG. 801 
 
 Here lay the wounded color-benrer. As I entered the 
 tent, the surgeon met me and said : " I am so glad you have 
 
 come, for R has been calling for you all day." As I took 
 
 his parched hand, he said: "Oh! take me home to my wife 
 and little ones to die." There he lay, as noble a specimen of 
 vigorous manhood as I had ever looked upon. His deep, 
 broad chest heaved with emotion, his dark eyes were bril- 
 liant with fever, his cheeks flushed with almost the hue of 
 health, his rich brown hair clustering in soft curls over 
 his massive forehead. It was dif&cult to realize he was 
 entering the portals of eternity. I walked across the tent 
 to the doctor, and asked if he could go with me. He 
 shook his head and said before midnight he would be 
 at rest. I shrank from his eager gaze as I approached. 
 " What does he say? " he gasped. " You can't he moved." 
 The broad chest rose and fell ; his whole frame quivered. 
 There was a pause of a few moments. He spoke first : 
 " Will you take my message to herf " " I will, if I go five 
 hundred miles to do it." " Take her picture from under ray 
 pillow, and my children's also ; let me see them once more." 
 As I held them for him, he looked earnestly, and said : " Tell 
 her not to fret about me, for we shall meet in heaven. Tell 
 her 'twas all right that I came. I do not regret it, and she 
 must not. Tell her to train those two little boys, that we 
 loved so well, to go to heaven to us ; and tell her to bear 
 my loss like a soldier's wife, and a Christian." He was 
 exhausted by the effort. I stood beside him till his con- 
 sciousness was gone, repeating God's precious promises. 
 As the sun went down that night, he slept in his Father's 
 bosom. 
 
302 ' THE BOYS IK BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTEE XVin. 
 
 Past living in Chicago intensified at Vioksburg. — Army life at Vioks- 
 burg. — Army trains. — Dust. — Q-ood-nature of tbe soldiers. — Thun- 
 der-storm. — Life in an army tent. — ^Bombardment of Tioksburg. — 
 Eeptiles and insects. — Climate. — Tornado. — Visit to Lutheran clergy- 
 men in the ranks. — Brave German lieutenant promoted from the 
 ranks. — Wounded drummer-boy. — A boy-hero. 
 
 This is a fast age, and Chicago one of the fastest of fast 
 cities. The rush of its busy throngs creates a whirl of ex- 
 citement. Locomotives cross its main thoroughfares, fire 
 steam-engines rush through its streets at a gallop, drawn by 
 double teams. Express-wagons and drays run with two-forty 
 speed. A busy tide of humanity blocks its sidewalks, and 
 vehicles its streets, requiring, at certain points, policemen to 
 enforce order. Broadway is reproduced, and Vanity Fair 
 reenacted. Steamers and tugs puff up and down through its 
 centre, on a river deep enough to float a man-of-war, and the 
 spreading white sails of hundreds of vessels move through 
 the heart of the city like phantom ships on the bosom of this 
 deep, narrow stream. 
 
 All this, however, was quiet compared with Vicksburg 
 during the siege. There, life stripped of its conventionalities, 
 was still more intensified, with higher aims, and on a sub- 
 
INTENSE CHABAOTER OF LIFE AT VICKSBURG. 303 
 
 limer scale. The competitors in that more than Olympic race, 
 had laid aside every weight, stripped themselves of every 
 hindrance, and kept their eyes fixed on the goal. The stakes 
 were life or death, freedom or slavery ; the spectators, the 
 whole nation ; and its gratitude, the laurel wreath to crown the 
 victor's brow. Such mighty issues, and the sublime resolu- 
 tion that met them, developed the nobility of 100,000 men 
 at the siege of Yicksburg, and furnished n. .startling contrast 
 to the sordid, grasping, frivolous life of multitudes at home, 
 crowding and jostling each other in the scramble for gold 
 and furbelows, cast aside by these heroes to enable them to 
 come off conquerors. 
 
 At Vicksburg, the game of life was played on a great 
 scale. Men lived and died with locomotive speed. The 
 rattling of musketry, the crash of artillery, and the thunder 
 « of continuous trains of army wagons, miles in length, m9,de 
 fit music for this war-life, and pressed men forward without 
 time or wish to look at "things behind." The elements of 
 nature harmonized with the scenes of this great drama. Her 
 rains were torrents, and left rivers and ravines in their wake. 
 The shimmering rays of the tropical sun melted, blistered, 
 and licked up the moisture of the valleys and hill-sides, 
 as did Heaven's descending fire the water in the trenches 
 of Baal's altar. "Winds were tornadoes, snapping the trunks 
 of lofty pines and cedars, as stems of pipe-clay. Animal 
 and vegetable natnre seemed to partake, in a measure, of this 
 intense type of existence. Evergreens grew to the dignity 
 of forest- trees ; even the scathed trunks of the sylvan mon- 
 archs were robed with graceful vines and mosses, that trailed 
 to the ground from their lofty branches. Huge pond-lilies, 
 
30-i THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 with glossy, broad leaves, groves of magnolias, cape jasmines, 
 and acacias, making the air heavy with their fragrance; 
 large birds with brilliant plumage, monstrous and dazzling 
 serpents, owls, lizards, bats, insects — and, to crown all, the 
 mighty Mississippi, with its ceaseless monotone, were in 
 strange harmony with the great issues to be decided, and the 
 vast enginery at work to solve the problem. 
 
 No wonder that so great a conflict, for such principles, 
 developed such military leaders as Grant, Sherman, and 
 McPherson, and among their subordinates and " the heroes of 
 the rank and file," thousands that would have been created 
 field-marshals by Napoleon. 
 
 The memory of acres of graves, miles of hospitals, thou- 
 sands of wrecked hearts and bodies, casts a shadow in 
 which some must walk during the remnant of their pil- 
 grimage. This terrific, but exalted education, gave to its^ 
 graduates such experience of the glory of self-consecration 
 and the sweets of an unselfish life, that no earthly pleasures 
 can replace them. Many have thus learned to imitate the 
 Divine example, in going about to do good — the only basis 
 of true Christian character and exalted happiness. 
 
 Before the war of the rebelhon, our nation, even in her 
 extreme youth, was becoming sordid in spirit, corrupt in 
 practice, and grovelling in aim. The golden calf had been 
 erected on the plain of Dura, and men flocked to bow before 
 it, Shadrach and his fellows were the rare exceptions. 
 The nation seemed to be entrapped in the meshes of luxury, 
 self-indulgence, pride, corruption and political depravity, and 
 was fast hastening to the grave of luxurious, antecedent 
 republics. The bqom of the traitorous cannon, in April, 
 
TRAINS OP ARMY TEAMS AT VICKSBUEG. 805 
 
 A.D. 1861, aroused her dormant energy and patriotism. 
 After wading through oceans of blood, that threatened to 
 overwhelm her, she emerged, with her Spartan virtues 
 revived, four millions of bondmen enfranchised with 
 pledges of protection, and, with high and firm resolves, took 
 her place among the foremost of the nations, where she will 
 remain with a brighteping destiny, unless her statesmen and 
 heroes shall be beguiled by the sirens of ease and luxurj"-, or 
 shall depart from the principles of liberty and justice that 
 have cost so much to maintain. In the translation of our 
 national Elijah, we beheld the chariot of fire, and the horse- 
 men thereof, carrying the nation's idol to his own place, and 
 were again taught the oft-repeated lesson, "Trust not in an 
 arm of flesh." In the justice of our cause, and in the Lord 
 Jehovah, is our strength. 
 
 The nearest point of the main body of the army at Vicks- 
 burg, was five miles from Johnson's Landing. The road of 
 communication was chiefly new, and was cut through groves 
 of timber, which left a plentiful sprinkling of land snags 
 in their wake. The face of the country was rugged, and 
 the soil red clay, that formed, when wet, mud of the 
 tenacity of wax, and when dry and ground to powder by 
 the ceaseless and ponderous trains of army wagons, dust, that 
 pervaded all things. In many parts of the precipitous road 
 two teams could not be driven abreast, and a stand-still of 
 hours was not uncommon, to allow the great serpentine train 
 to wend its way towards its destination. An entire day was 
 allowed for the passage of such trains to and from the Land- 
 ing, and an ambulance required from three to six hours to 
 
 accomplish a distance of three miles. The clouds of dust 
 
 20 
 
306 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 raised by this prodigious travel rivalled the simoom of the 
 desert. They were agrarian, levelling all distinctions of dress 
 and color. They enveloped and enrobed all things and all 
 people with a dusky red mantle, and threatened suffocation 
 to the daring adventurer who opened his mouth to prate. 
 
 A whole train was often blocked by the loss of a wheel, 
 or the breaking of gears, the wonder being, that a bare 
 skeleton of either should be left after such battering. In 
 case of these constant casualties, the uproar, confusion, dust 
 and heat, made heavy demands upon the patience, industry 
 and cheerfulness of the " Boys in Blue." They were always 
 ready to help each other, and help themselves. They were 
 often obliged to dismount, put shoulders to the wheel, or 
 unload their stores, or with a yoke of oxen drag the great 
 laden wagon from its muddy bed. As to our ambulance, 
 we always found willing hearts and hands to lift it and our- 
 selves out of the slough of despond ; so gallant and grateful 
 were the soldiers to their lady visitors. 
 
 On one occasion, two ladies and myself, under the charge 
 of an officer, left the Landing at 8 A.M., to visit the entire 
 circle of field-hospitals. A brilliant morning sun promised 
 a favorable day. "We had scarcely advanced two miles, 
 when the rain fell in torrents. "We were in a confiscated 
 carriage, drawn by confiscated blood-horses. "All is not 
 gold that glitters." "When the storm arose and beat upon our 
 vehicle, its heavy wheels sank in the soft mud, and its fancy 
 horses plunged, reared; and refused to advance ; we longed 
 for our light and homely ambulance, and the long-eared, 
 persevering animals to carry us through. "We were lodged 
 between two trees, at the top of a steep rocky hill, one wheel 
 
HEAVY BAIN AND AMBULANCE DKIVEES. 307 
 
 elevated in the air, and the other sliding towards the edge of 
 the precipice, in the face of a huge train, thundering down 
 the opposite declivity, in desperate haste to reach the Land- 
 ing, and return before night. The gallant boys dropped 
 their whips, struggled and tugged to extricate us in vain, as 
 the prancing horses were of no avail. In the pouring rain, 
 attended wiflh incessant thunder, we alighted, and gained the 
 opposite bluff, after planting all our rubbers on the hill-side, 
 as they were drawn from our feet by the tenacious mud, as 
 by a boot-jack. We sought the shelter of a spreading tree, 
 but the lightning which played above and around us, like 
 wall-o'-wisps on thp dark moor, drove us to the clearing, 
 where we stood and braved the descending torrents. 
 
 I hailed an ambulance, and begged a ride to the tent of 
 • the sick Colonel of the 113th Illinois Regiment. The favor 
 was cheerfully accorded, and specific directions given by tbe 
 officer. Two frail boys, under twenty years of age, and just 
 out of hospital, convalescing from typhoid fever, were the 
 drivers. The swampy plain had become a lake, no road 
 could be seen, no landmarks discovered. Three long hours 
 the poor boys waded alternately, to find the road they were 
 seeking. When we at last stumbled on the tent, we found a 
 river had rushed through it, from the bayou in its rear. The 
 fires were washed out, kindling all wet, not a hope for a 
 cup of hot coffee for the half-drowned, shivering convales- 
 cents. Who can blame us for giving them a draught of old 
 Bourbon to warm them till they could reach the Landing, 
 and with the money given to them buy a warm supper ? 
 Poor fellows ! how often I have wondered whether a relapse 
 of fever, or the bullets of the enemy, had cut off their young 
 
SOS THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 lives. Each of tlieni said he had a good, kind mother. I 
 was obliged to sit on a loange with feet tucked under me, 
 or walk through wet sand to' attend to the invalid, whose cot 
 barely escaped the rising water. 
 
 Many weary days and nights I watched in this tent. They 
 seem in the distance like ghostly dreams, and come back at 
 midnight to haunt me. There was intense isolation, but no 
 loneliness in that tent, at the Chickasaw Bayou. The mut- 
 tering of delirium, in whicli sharp, quick orders were given, 
 companies called out, men cheered and led to battle, grated 
 painfully on a strained ear and aching heart. Huge insects, 
 stinging and whirling round the single candle that flickered 
 in the night-air, green-eyed lizards, slimy serpents, hooting 
 owls, and flitting bats, were companions as cheery and as 
 welcome as Macbeth's witches on the midnight heath. The 
 trains of army wagons, lumbering over the road all night 
 long, within a few hundred yards ; the neighing and bray- 
 ing of the horses and mules at an adjoining ' coral,' the crack 
 of the rifle, sometimes of platoons of musketry, suggesting 
 the rebels might at any moment, in desperation, cut their way 
 through our army lines and sweep over the spot where our 
 tent stood, the crash of artillery and screaming of shells, as 
 they poured into the doomed city, forbade all silence, made 
 night hideous, and crazed the wounded patient's brain. As 
 I sat shivering and melting by turns, now wet with cold 
 dew that pierced my vitals, and anon steamed by the pro- 
 tecting blanket, veering from Scylla to Charybdis in vain 
 efforts to be comfortable, I could but follow those deadly 
 missives in their fiery fliight, from Parrotts, howitzers and 
 mortars. My heart ached as I fancied the flight of the men, 
 
TORNADO AT VICKSBURG. • 309 
 
 « 
 women aud children, who had refused to abandon the city 
 
 when warned bj' Gen. Grant, before the siege. After the 
 surrender, the battered walls of the beleagured city, and the 
 caves of retreat, proved that my imagination had not ex- 
 ceeded the horrors of those days and nights, in the besieged 
 city of Vicksburg. " Oh ! Jerusalem ! Jerusalem ! thou 
 wouldest not ! Behold, thy house is left unto thee desolate." 
 At Vicksburg, I was an unwilling witness of a southera 
 tornado. At 5 p.m. I left the tent for the Landing, to re- 
 main till the following day, as the threatening of the rebel 
 outbreak was so serious, that it was considered impracticable 
 for a woman to remain in the encampment during that 
 night. The day had been clear, the sun scorching — its 
 oblique rays were grateful as I entered the ambulance. In 
 accordance with orders, the drivers took a back and thickly 
 wooded road, to avoid the wagon trains coming from the 
 Landing. Within twenty minutes after I left, I observed a 
 cloud of inky blackness, just above the horizon. As it rose 
 and spread impetuously, its rim was exquisitely bordered 
 with a pure white fringe, that floated in graceful beauty 
 from the' edge of the towering masses of cloud that soon 
 veiled the canopy with darkness. The artillery of heaven 
 blazed and crashed, till my heart almost ceased to beat. 
 Even the stolid mules betrayed ' fear, brayed, plunged and 
 swayed from side to side, threatening to overturn the ambu- 
 lance. Suddenly, after a terrific peal of thunder, a deep 
 moan, 'as from a lion's lair, swept through the forest. In an 
 instant, hu^ trees cracked, twisted and were uprooted as 
 though a mighty, but unseen hand, was -plucking them for 
 titanic war&re, whose artillery was playing round us. We 
 
310 THE BOYS IN- BLUE. 
 
 were on a rude bridge, flanked by huge forest-trees. Retreat 
 was not possible, and an advance extremely difficult. At 
 this juncture I perceived a monster pine, slowly, but surely, 
 bending towards us. Escape seemed impossible. Breathless 
 and speechless, I covered my face with the blanket, and 
 bade farewell to earth. "With the energy of desperation, the 
 drivers lashed the brutes into a fearful leap, that carried the 
 ambulance its length ahead, and as the forest king stretched 
 his great trunk across the spot we had just passed, he grazed 
 the rear part of the vehicle, suflicienily to teach us gratitude 
 to God for this signal deliverance. Three miles of timber 
 were traversed on that terrific night, before we reached the 
 Landing. Although the tornado lasted but a few minutes, 
 the tottering trees and broken branches continued to fall, 
 and made this ride one of the shuddering memories of my life. 
 The soldiers who drove the ambulance, though terrified at 
 the time, forgot it as soon as passed, and did not consider it 
 worth repeating the next day, when we returned to the tent 
 — they were so inured to horrors. They had toiled up the 
 bluffs of Yicksburg, in the face of cannon and rifles, with 
 no protection but God's shield, and thought not of what wa5 
 behind, but pressed forward. 
 
 On a bright June day I visited the field-hospitals at 
 Vicksburg, and was rejoiced to find them so clean, comfort- 
 able and well supplied. They were situated on a clearing, 
 on a pleasant green bluff, with suf&cient trees for shade. 
 There were three long rows of new hospital tents abreast, 
 with accommodations for several hundred men, movided with 
 comfortable cots, mattresses, soft pillows, clean sheets and 
 pillow-slips — even musquito-bars admirably arranged on up- 
 
LUTHERAN MINISTER IN THE RANKS. 811 
 
 rights. The refreshing air that rustled through the tents kept 
 the atmosphere pure, and fanned the patients with their wel- 
 come breezes. Experience had taught that hospital-tents were 
 more favorable to the health of sick and wounded men, than 
 even well-built and furnished barracks, houses or transports. 
 Cleanliness, purity, abundance of fresh air, suitable and 
 nourishing food, were the best medicines for the army ; 
 and in proportion to their prevalence, the percentum of 
 deaths was diminished. 
 
 In passing through those inviting hospitals, I noticed a 
 swarthy- visaged man, with an intellectual face, sitting 
 upright in his cot. He was a German, and in answer to my 
 inquiries, informed me that he had been a Lutheran minister 
 of the gospel. From motives of patriotism and religion, he 
 had enlisted, to do his adopted country service, and influence 
 his comrades, many of whom had been the sheep of his flock. 
 I asked him if, after two years' experience, he felt satisfied 
 as to the wisdom of his course. He replied, " Entirely so." 
 He said he believed he had done more for the souls of men 
 than he could have done in his home pulpit; that his 
 example had raised a company for a regiment, and that he had 
 done some good fighting for a glorious cause, and was not so 
 badly wounded but that he hoped and expected to do more. 
 He had the spirit of Luther, as well as his name, ecclesiastically. 
 He added, if God should spare his life through the war, he 
 meant to spend a year in travelling through the length and 
 breadth of the land, to tell what God and the Commissions 
 had done for the army. He said the good people at home, 
 who had held on to the boys by their gifts and delegates, 
 should know the blessed results of their work, which must 
 
312 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 henceforth form a precedent for the wars of all Christian 
 nations. War was a terrific evil, never justifiable but in the 
 cause of .truth and righteousness; and then proceeded to tell 
 how greatly its horrors had been mitigated, and its demoraliz- 
 ing influences turned aside, by the wise, liberal, humane and 
 Christian efforts of the Commissions, put forth in the war of 
 the rebellion. Such testimony is weighty and valuable. 
 
 From these tents I passed to a hospital in an adjoining 
 house, filled with badly wounded men, from the assaults of 
 the 19th and 21st of May. As I entered, a group of soldiers 
 was gathered around a cot near the door. All fell back, to 
 give place to me. There lay a young man, apparently 
 twenty-five j^ears of age, with a fine Saxon face, regular fea- 
 tures, and fair hair, over a broad, square brow. He was white 
 and silent, seemingly insensible. Beads of water stood on 
 his face, and his breathing was not perceptible. In reply to- 
 my inquiries, I was told he was an oflicer that led a " forlorn 
 hope," on the 19th. He had been fearfully mangled, had 
 just had a severe convulsion, subdued by chloroform, and 
 the surgeon had decided he could live but a few hours. 
 
 Involuntarily I passed my hand across his clammy brow, 
 and exclaimed, " Poor fellow ! " With a suddenness that 
 startled the group, the great blue eyes, as if touched by a 
 spring, opened widely, and with a clear, low voice, he said, 
 " Madam, there are no poor fellows here ; we are all soldiers." 
 "Excuse me, I should have said brave fellows!" "Not 
 that, either ; I only did my duty. When I entered the army 
 I gave my soul to God, and my life to the country. It 
 matters little whether I die this day, or this year, or many 
 years hence. When God has done with me, He will take 
 
THE BRAVE LIEUTENANT IN HOSPITAL. 313 
 
 me ; and, by His strength, I am ready to go." It was as 
 though an angel spake, and the sublimity of the scene awed 
 all present into silence. I answered, " Surely you have only 
 done your duty ; but so many fall short of that. You must 
 allow me, in the name of the women of the land, to thank 
 you for what you have done." He smiled gratefully. 
 " Where do your friends reside ? " I asked. He sighed. 
 "They are all in the fatherland, which I left when 
 young. I enlisted in Chicago." " I came" from there." His 
 blue eye kindled, as he exclaimed, "God bless you! I owe 
 all I am, and all I ever expect to be, to a good man there. 
 Mr. Moody led me to the cross, and there I found peace. 
 Tell him when you go home you saw me ; that I am will- 
 ing to live or die, as God wills." After such exertion I 
 enjoined silence, and turned away with a heart too full for 
 utterance. 
 
 One year after this time, at a meeting of the Christian 
 Commission, on Sabbath evening, a badly wounded officer, 
 on crutches, was assisted to the front of the platform, to ad- 
 dress the assembled multitude, and I recognized at once the 
 features of the brave lieutenant, whom I had thought dead 
 almost a year before. He said but little, as he was still very 
 feeble. He told the audience this was the first occasion on 
 which he had left his room since he had arrived in Chicago ; 
 that he blessed God for the privilege of fighting and suffer- 
 ing for liberty and the Union, and the people for what they 
 had done through the Christian and Sanitary Commissions. 
 At the close of the meeting I ventured to approach him, 
 scarcely expecting recognition. As he grasped my hand 
 over his crutch, he exclaimed, "I saw you in the hospital at 
 
314: THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 Vicksburg." A brief interview revealed the fact that his 
 injuries would cripple him for months, if not permanently, 
 and thus add another to the list of young lives shadowed, 
 if not cut off, by the war. After my return to Chicago I 
 learned the previous history of this young man, which was 
 so remarkable, that, by permission, I insert it, to complete 
 the wondrous story : 
 
 Lieutenant possessed marked ability, and had the 
 
 advantage of a liberal education. He was a determined 
 infidel, and resolved to devote his life to the dissemination of 
 his principles. He travelled extensively in the North-West, 
 delivering lectures. At a town in the interior of the State 
 he was told his efforts would be useless, as the young people 
 of the place were organized for benevolent and religious action 
 by a devoted young man, whose influence could not be re- 
 sisted. The young lecturer warily made his acquaintance. 
 Of captivating manners and superior education, he succeeded 
 in inducing him to renounce his faith. He then left, to lecture 
 elsewhere, but was perpetually haunted by the memory of his 
 new convert, and resolved, at the end of six months, to return 
 and ascertain his fate. He found that he had been retrograd- 
 ing in all respects, and was then dying. Rushing to his 
 room, he exclaimed, " In whose faith are you dying ? " 
 " Yours ! " answered the young man, with a look of despair, 
 and shortly expired. Constant journeys, and eager pursuit 
 of pleasure, failed to lay the ghost of a torturing conscience. 
 The still small voice whispered, "What if I deceived him?" 
 In his restless wanderings he drifted into a noonday prayer- 
 meeting at Chicago. Mr. Moody, observing his extreme 
 agitation during the meeting, drew from him at its close the 
 
BOY HEROES AT VICKSBURG. 315 
 
 confession that he carried about him the means of self- 
 destruction, and had decided to put an end to his existence 
 that night. 
 
 After deep and bitter penitence he found peace in believ- 
 ing, and at once entered on missionary work among the des- 
 titute and ignorant of Chicago. He entered his name on the 
 first list of volunteers raised there, and was promoted from the 
 ranks, purely on his merits, to the position which he held 
 when he led the "forlorn hope" in the first assault on the 
 intrenchments of Vicksburg. May God bless and restore the 
 brave lieutenant ! 
 
 In the hospital in which I found this noble fellow, I met a 
 nine-year-old hero, minus two fingers. His hand was cov- 
 ered with bloody bandages, the shattered members having 
 been amputated. I stroked his almost infantile head, and 
 asked what was the matter ? Straightening himself with 
 an important air, he replied, " I'm a drummer-boy, and had 
 my fingers shot off yesterday." " What will you do now ? " 
 Looking up roguishly, he answered, " Drum on, I s'pose ; 
 I've been tryin' it, and can drum as well without 'em as 
 with 'em ; " and off he darted, followed by cheers and roars of 
 laughter from the convalescent soldiers. He was evidently 
 the pet of the hospital, as such boys always were. 
 
 At the first assault on Vicksburg, while the battle was 
 raging, a boy in the employ of a regiment crossed the plain, 
 where iron hail was falling, to reach one in action. " How 
 can I help you? " he cried. "Bring us some ammunition," 
 said Col. Malmsbury, "and be sure it's calibre fifty-four." 
 The boy darted off, returned with his apron filled, and 
 again half crossed the exposed plain, under a heavy fire, 
 
316 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 when a bullet struck his hip ; still he went forward, limp 
 ing. Gen. Sherman's quick eye saw him, and he cried 
 out, "Go instantly to the hospital." "I can't," said the 
 boy. "You must," said the General. "I can't," said the 
 young hero ; ." they need ammunition, calibre fifty -four." 
 " Go instantly to the hospital, and I'll attend to the ammuni- 
 tion." As he trudged on, he bethought him he had not 
 been sufficiently explicit. Slowly and painfully he limped 
 back and called out, " Geperal Sherman ! " but the great chief- 
 tain was absorbed in directing the battle. Again he sung out, 
 " General Sherman ! " ISTo answer. Still a step nearer, and a 
 louder cry, " General Sherman ! " " What now ? " came quick 
 and sharp. " General ! remember, calibre fifty-four P The wound- 
 ed boy dragged himself to the hospital, and so severe was the 
 injury that he was confined there for months. I insdtt the 
 answer to a letter which I wrote to General Sherman, to ascer- 
 tain the sequel of this boy's history. I had heard that through 
 his influence he had obtained a place in a military academy. 
 
 Hbadquabiees MrLiTART Division of the Mississippi, ) 
 Saint Louis, April 23, 1866. J 
 
 Mrs. A. H. Hoge, Box 947, Chicago. 
 
 Dear Madam, — The boy Orion P. Howe, who came to 
 me during the assault at Vicksburg, with the message from 
 Col. Malmsburg for more cartridge, calibre 54, is now a cadet 
 at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. I saw him 
 there myself during a visit in January last. 
 Yours, truly, 
 
 "W. T. Shermak, Major-General. 
 
 Still another sketch of a boy -hero, met by Mrs. Livermore 
 and myself, on an eastern trip. Mrs. L. thus tells the story of 
 
DEUMMER-BOY WITH ONE LEG. - 317 
 
 , THE DKUMMEK-BOY. 
 
 " Our return route was b}' way of Philadelphia, as both Mrs. 
 H. and myself wished to pay a flying visit to relatives in that 
 city and suburbs. On my way to the Camden ferry, I met 
 a cheery-faced lad, dressed in the army uniform, who had 
 lost a leg, and was walking with a crutch. I could not do 
 otherwise than accost him. 
 '" ' My child, you have been very unfortunate ! ' 
 
 " ' Yes, ma'am,' as cheerfully as though I had said, ' It is a 
 pleasant day.' 
 
 " ' Do you belong to the army ? ' 
 
 " ' Yes, ma'am — I'm a drummer.' 
 
 " ' Did you lose your leg in battle ? ' 
 
 " ' Yes, ma'am. I suppose it was partly my fault, though. 
 I was told not to go down where the fight was the 
 heaviest, for I wasn't needed ; but I wanted to see the fun, 
 and went down, and a piece of a shell splintered my ankle so 
 that I had to have my foot taken off.' 
 
 " ' My poor boy ! I am very sorry for. you ; and now you 
 must be a cripple for life.' 
 
 " ' Oh ! well, it ain't so bad as it might be ; I am going to 
 have an artificial leg some time. I might have one now, but 
 I should ouigrow it in a year, and as they cost fifty dollars, a 
 fellow can't aflEbrd to have a new leg every spring, as he can 
 a new pair of trousers. But when I get grown I shall have 
 one, and then I can go it as well as ever.' 
 
 " Blessings on the little cheery -faced thirteen-year old phi- 
 losopher I In his sunny nature and hopeful spirit he has a 
 greater fortune than the treasures of Astor would be without 
 these mental resources." 
 
318 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 During my sojourn at Vicksburg I visited Gen. Sherman 
 at his headquarters, at 7 o'clock, A.M. He and his staff had 
 just risen from their frugal meal, in a tent on a commanding 
 bluff. I was fully prepared to find him " every inch a soldier," 
 with his determined mouth, keen eye, and restlessly active 
 movements. His nonchalant resolution was strikingly appa- 
 rent. He had entered the contest to take the soldier's risk, 
 and accept a soldier's fate. He considered the capture t)f 
 Vicksburg a ^'■fait accorrypli^'' but only the beginning of the end, 
 the time of which consummation none could divine. Like 
 Abraham Lincoln, he thought the job a " big one," but was 
 prepared to finish it — to strike annihilating blows from Chat- 
 tanooga to Atlanta, and sweep through the cotton States with 
 his impetuous command ; in his own words, till his country 
 should "rise superior to all faction ; till its flag should be adored 
 and respected by ourselves and all the powers of the earth." 
 
 The enthusiasm of Sherman's army for their leader was 
 unsurpassed. A rigid and unconipromising disciplinarian, 
 he- was loved by his men for his integrity, and admired 
 for his genius and bravery. The story was simply told, 
 by a group of blue-coats, the day after my visit to him : 
 "Sherman is the bully General. He knows all that is worth 
 knowing, and can do anything. He must be (fceyed, to be 
 sure; but he puts on no airs, but comes into the trenches 
 and rifle-pits as if he were our brother, and with a hand on 
 our shoulder encourages us." " ThaCs so I " said a young 
 soldier; "I'd die for him any time." "Boys! three cheers 
 and a tiger for Sherman 1 " and the rollicking fellows, with 
 a leap and a bound, started for the second line of rifle-pits. 
 
 I could not return on the " City of Alton," as my patient 
 
WOUNDED OFFICERS ON THE "ALICE DEAN." 319 
 
 absolutely refused to leave his post, and the steamer, laden 
 with wounded Illinois soldiers, went north to homes and 
 hospitals, and I abode in the tent. At length, the imperative 
 orders of the corps and regimental surgeons, backed by the 
 assurance it was the only chance for life, placed us on board the 
 " Alice Dean," a handsome new dispatch-boat, about to leave 
 for Memphis. The passengers were few, and were composed 
 entirely of wounded officers and their attendants. Two of 
 the number had each lost a leg. Another was raked by the 
 bullets from the intrenchments the entire length of the spine, 
 as he toiled bending up the Yicksburg bluffs. These fright- 
 ful wounds were common at the siege, and were confined to 
 assaults of this character. 
 
 A captain from Ohio had lost his leg, and was travelling 
 alone. He had left a wife, five children, and a profitable 
 business, to enter the service. The mainly fellow said he 
 could not afford a servant, as he must provide for his family ; 
 and although emaciated by suffering and loss of blood, was 
 as full of pluck and patriotism as if rejoicing in a pair of 
 limbs and vigorous body. I added him to my list of patients. 
 His wound suddenly opened. There was no surgeon on 
 board, and it was evident he had but little blood to sustain 
 him. I plied my meagre skill till a gunboat hove in sight, 
 when the captain lay to till the surgeon came on board, and 
 gave me painful lessons in surgery, for future emergencies, 
 while he dressed the bloody stump. 
 
 Slowly we steamed up north, as the opposing current was 
 very strong. On a pleasant day, when we had finished our 
 morning duties, the only lady on board, the wife of a wounded 
 officer, rushed towards me, pale with terror, exclaiming, 
 
320 THE BOrS IN BLUE. 
 
 " Hark ! they're firing into us ! " I had heard the crack 
 of rifles and the boom of cannon, but such sounds had be- 
 come so familiar, and my mind was so engrossed, they were 
 unnoticed. As she spoke, the solid shot struck the boat, till 
 she reeled^ the splintered boards cracked and flew in all 
 directions, and the employees of the boat rushed to the cabin 
 for protection, dodging and shrieking. I retreated to my son's 
 state-room, which was providentially on the side of the boat 
 opposite the firing. My orders from him were, to lie flat on 
 the floor under the -berth, with my feet toward the balls, and 
 to keep cool. I obeyed the first two orders prom,ptly, and the 
 liist also, if it meant a drenching sweat and shivering chills. 
 The six-pounders poured into the boat — grape, canister and 
 minies riddled her sides. Glass and crockery crashed, splin- 
 ters flew, the terrified employees rushed and yelled, the 
 horses on the lower deck pranced and snorted. The great 
 danger to be apprehended was from the explosion of the 
 boiler. One solid ball pierced it six inches a'Sove the steam- 
 chamber ; and another made a clean hole through the smoke- 
 stack. A deck-hand was cut in twain by a solid shot, and 
 another severely wounded. 
 
 In the midst of all the terror and confusion the pilot 
 stood at his exposed post, and one intrepid fireman, single- 
 handed, continued to ply the fires to the utmost, thus afford- 
 ing us the only means of escape from the barbarous horde 
 of guerillas. After the danger was over we gathered round 
 the captain to learn its meaning. It appears that Chalmers' 
 entire force, of 5,000 men, including a battery, were collected 
 at the bend, where the river was divided by an island ; we 
 being on the enemy's side, which was the channel of the 
 
UNDER FIRE OK A MISSISSIPPI STEaMER. '821 
 
 river. Our dose quarters and slow time up stream, rendered 
 it extremely difficult to avoid capture. The wounded officers, 
 whose state-rooms were on the side towards the enemy, in 
 desperation got out of their berths, God only knows how, 
 and reached the cabin. They were found lying on the floor, 
 their state-rooms and beds riddled and raked by grape, 
 canister and shot. A grape-shot, taken from the captain's 
 pillow, is preserved as a memorial of guerilla warfare, and 
 of six of the longest minutes of my life, when under fire on 
 a Mississippi steamer. 
 
 A council of war was held of all sick and wounded 
 officers, to decide upon future action, as the captain said 
 the same force would be met ten miles higher up. The 
 peninsula was but three miles across, and he supposed the 
 barbarous horde had started at once to meet and give us a 
 warm reception. " No surrender," was the unanimous deci- 
 sion, all feeling they would prefer risk of life to imprison- 
 ment or capture by such a lawless band. A purse of fifty 
 dollars was made up for the fireman. The amount of 
 destruction to the boat and its furniture, in €0 short a time, 
 was incredible, and proved the severity of the attack. The 
 captain said the force was the largest, the best armed and 
 officered, that he had seen during the war, and that he could 
 single out the officers who directed the attack. The Com- 
 mercial, a large steamer braced to another coming from be- 
 low for repairs, hove in sight of the rebels, immediately after 
 our passage. They anticipated a double prize and let us 
 slip. The damaged boat lay toward the enemy, and formed 
 a shield to the Commercial, into which the passengers of both 
 fled for protection. The galling fire fearfully shattered the 
 
 21 " 
 
322 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 broken steamer. She had done her duty well, however, in 
 saving the, Commercial and many lives on both steamers. 
 
 Gruerillas abounded at that time, more than ever before 
 or afterwards. The pilot-houses of all boats were protected 
 with barricades of heavy timbers and cotton mattresses. 
 The captain, with his glass, spent much time on the look-out; 
 the blows of floating logs, hidden snags and rushing waters, 
 gave occasion for continual apprehension. Arrived at Mem- 
 phis, I breathed freely once more, and felt the danger past. 
 
 Alas ! within an hour, we found that the beautiful Ruth, 
 on which we expected to have taken passage, had been sent 
 some miles up the river, carrying a battery and a regiment, 
 to clean out a nest of guerillas that had committed depreda- 
 tions on steamers above Memphis. 
 
 A few days subsequent to our "rencontre," a trans- 
 port was coming from below filled with discharged and 
 furloughed soldiers. As the boat was tied up to procure 
 wood, a band of guerillas attacked it. The case was des- 
 perate — the sick and wounded soldiers being comparatively 
 unarmed. A dczen or more of these bandits had entered the 
 transport, when a discharged soldier from Ohio seized a 
 hatchet, coolly walked forward, and amid a perfect storm of 
 bullets severed the rope, and the transport glided rapidly 
 down stream, carrying off the guerillas on board, prisoners. 
 The brave man, whose name I regret not to be able to record, 
 refused the thank-offering of a liberal purse, saying he had 
 only done his duty, and did not need it; but added: "Give 
 it to those who need it more," and it was given. 
 
 On this terrible journey I took no note of time. Between 
 night vigils, harassing fears, and endless work by day, it 
 
EE-ENXISTMENT OF VETEEANS. 323 
 
 seemed au age of horrors, and capped the climax of my axmy 
 life.- When once again at home, protected by civil law and 
 order, surrounded by friends and relatives, enjoying the com- 
 forts of civilized life, and able to sleep without fear of rebels, 
 stray balls, bursting* boilers or hidden snags, methought 
 what hourly thanks, what ceaseless toil, should be bestowed 
 on the brave ^men daring and enduring all this, and a thou- 
 sand-fold more, to insure the blessings we so carelessly 
 accepted and enjoyed. 
 
 A most gratifying increase of supplies and money poured 
 into the North -Western Branch of the TJ. S. Sanitary Com- 
 mission, at Chicago. These enabled . it to enlarge its policy, 
 and add "prevention" to its list of duties. In addition to 
 hospital work, the Commission at once sent rations of vege- 
 tables and anti-scorbutics to regiments in the field. It fol- 
 lowed in the rear of battles, and supplied the hospitals 
 of Memphis, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Huntsville, Mission 
 Ridge, Lookout, Marietta, Kingston and Atlanta, and dealt 
 out its stores to veterans, marching with shoeless feet across 
 the mountains of Eastern Tennessee to Knoxville, subsisting 
 on three ears of corn a day, and on quarter rations for 
 weeks afterwards — dauntless men ! that not only dared to 
 reenlist themselves, but called on others to fill up their 
 skeleton regiments, some of which were reduced to one 
 hundred members. 
 
 The influence of these hardy veterans on the morale of 
 the apmy, and their stimulus to new enlistments, were only 
 understood and appreciated by those who mingled with 
 and led them. Their active efforts in the field did not 
 equal the glory of this reconsecration, after so bitter an 
 
324 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 experience. It presented to the world the most surprising 
 leaf in the chapter of the heroism of the "rank and file" 
 of the army. ■ 
 
 As Sherman's victorious hosts swept through the cotton 
 States, winning fresh' laurels before the dew was dried from 
 those just gathered, the army of home-workers kept jTace 
 ■ with those in the field, and rqlled in supplies^ with marvellous 
 celerity. The ball was kept bravely in motion at the rooms of 
 the Commission. The correspondence increased in intensity 
 and rapidity. Quaint, spicy circulars, of a few lines for 
 specialties, were scattered; and the caption could be 
 divined by the answers that were hourly brought, in the 
 shape of firkins of butter, barrels of pickles, krout, onions 
 or potatoes. 
 
 The " Soldiers' Eest of Chicago " was the headquarters of 
 soldiers in transitu, returning home to reenlist, brave fellows I 
 or going back to the field, with the glory of a second conse- 
 cration. These veterans visited the rooms of th6 Sanitary 
 Commission to procure aid in some shape ; or, at least, to 
 record their gratitude, and receive welcome and encourage- 
 ment in addition to that so lavishly given at the Soldiers' 
 Eest. Large opportunity was thus afforded to obtain a 
 knowledge of the ^personnel and morale of the army. Sur- 
 geons, military and sanitary officers, resorted thither, and 
 added their statements to the official and' accurate reports 
 from various departments,- thus completing the circle of 
 reliable sanitary information. 
 
 Female nurses from the hospitals of Memphis, Yicksburg, 
 ISTashville, Huntsville, Chattanooga, Lookout, Atlanta, Kings- 
 ton, etc., etc., reported at the Commission Eooms, in their 
 
BROKEN-HEARTED MOTHERS AT SAN. COM. ROOMS. 325 
 
 journeys back and forth, and gave accounts of the interior 
 life of the various hospitals. Eepresentatives of the hun- 
 dreds of aid societies tributary to the Commission, continu- 
 ally visited the " Eooms " to procure information, bulletins 
 and circulars, to see the " Boys in Blue " themselves, and 
 hear and see what was being done, for the satisfaction of the 
 donors. The shelves, store-house and books of the Com- 
 mission always stood open, and invited investigation. 
 
 The saddest of all the visitors were the wives and mothers 
 of the soldiers, who came in large numbers, after the frequent 
 battles, to obtain information concerning their loved ones. 
 The value of the Sanitary Hospital Directory of the Com- 
 mission was then appreciated, and many a meek, white-faced 
 woman came day after day for an answer to the telegram, or 
 letter sent by us, to bear back joy or sorrow. 
 . A gentle, refined and widowed mother, past fifty, already 
 clad in weeds for the loss of one pa.triot son, came to learn 
 the fate of the other, after the battle of Nashville. She had 
 just taken a letter from the office, informing her he had lost 
 his leg above the knee, and was likely to do well. She could 
 not wait for the mail to tell her how well. She said " he 
 had been drooping, and had a touch of the scurvy, but could 
 not be persuaded to remain off duty when the battle began." 
 My heart felt heavy. I knew, under those circumstances, 
 what must be his inevitable doom, and proposed to tele- 
 graph, took her direction, and promised to send the answer. 
 Two hours in advance of the time appointed, I shuddered as 
 I saw the white face coming, for I had at that moment opened 
 the telegram. "What shall be done with the body?" I 
 hurried past her to the door, for how could I tell her? 
 
326 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 "With a mother's instinct she read my face, meekly clasped 
 her hands, and sank fainting on a chair. After her return to 
 consciousness I took her to her desolate home, which she 
 soon left, to pass the remnant of her childless life among 
 distant kindred. 
 
 Again : a bright-looking woman called to secure transpor- 
 tation to St. Louis, where she had heard her son was lying 
 ill, from a fellow-soldier who had left the hospital two weeks 
 previous. He had expressed an earnest desire to see his 
 mother. She added, "I suppose he is homesick, for he is 
 my oldest child and only son, and a great- darling." I 
 advised her to wait until I could telegraph, as he might have 
 been removed to some other hospital, or returned to his regi- 
 ment. I took her direction and promised to send the answer. 
 With the restlessness of suspense, she entered the rooms as 
 our messenger was leaving for her residence with the tele- 
 gram, " He has been dead ten days, and died raving for his 
 mother." She saw the envelope, and exclaimed, " Is that for 
 me? " " It is, but sealed ; you had better take it home and 
 read it." Nqt heeding, she tore off the envelope hastily, 
 gave a shriek so piercing and prolonged, that strong men, 
 accustomed to army life, fled from the room. She lay almost 
 lifeless in my arms as I accompanied her to her home and 
 supported her into the room, where sat a fair young girl of 
 sixteen, her only remaining child, and the idol of her 
 brother. The frantic mother shrieked, "He's dead! he's 
 dead ! do you hear it ? " Over the scene of agony that fol- 
 lowed I would fain draw the curtain I have unwillingly 
 raised, to sketch a representative case, 'alas! of numberless 
 others. 
 
BEREAYED MOTHER AND WIFE AT CAIRO. 327 
 
 I could tell of a widowed mother, who had come from 
 an eastern city to Cairo, in response to the message that her 
 only son was wounded at Donelson. She had wealth, po- 
 sition, and this only son, more precious than all. As she 
 drew near to Cairo her anxiety became intense. A surgeon 
 from the hospital entered the car in search of her. He said, 
 " Madam, I left your son a few hours since, greatly improved. 
 He is expecting you." As she leaned upon his arm, on her 
 way to the ward, he remarked, " That is the dead-house." 
 " Allow me to glance at it," said the relieved mother. " I 
 have read so much of such places, I long to see one." He 
 walked through, and drew aside the sheet. " My son ! my 
 son ! " burst from the lips of the mother before she fell 
 insensible, as the light of her life went out. A sudden chill 
 had carried off the brave young soldier immediately after 
 the surgeon left, and in the terrible succession of patients he 
 had not been informed of his death. 
 
 The next car from the east bore a young wife who had 
 weaned her first babe at six weeks old, to obey the lightning 
 summons to Cairo, from New York. Day and night she 
 had travelled ; and now, within sight of the goal, the track 
 was overflowed, the cars could not proceed, and there she 
 lay all night, panting in agony. On her arrival at Cairo the 
 next morning, a friend from the army was awaiting her. She 
 screamed, as she caught sight of him, " How is my husband ? " 
 He shook his head and answered, " Had you arrived one 
 hour sooner you could have seen him. All night long he 
 called for you, and begged God to spare him to see you. ' I 
 hear the cars — she's"coming 1 ' he said an hour since, and then 
 gently breathed out his life." The ghastly young wife leaned 
 
328 THE BOYS IN BLUB. 
 
 forward with clenched hands and tearless eyes, listening 
 breathlessly to every word. At the close, she slipped off the 
 seat in silence, and writhed on the floor in merciful uncon- 
 sciousness. 
 
 In an hospital at St. Louis I noticed a woman seated be- 
 side the cot of a youth, apparently dying. He was insensi- 
 ble to all around : she seemed no less so. Her face was 
 bronzed, and deeply lined with care and suffering. Her 
 eyes were bent, on the ground, her arms folded, her features 
 rigid as marble. I stood beside her, but she saw me not 
 — heeded me not. I said, " Is this young man a relative of 
 yours?" Still no answer. " Can't I help you ? " "With a sud- 
 den start that electrified me, her dry eyes almost starting 
 from the sockets, and her voice husky with agony, she said, 
 pointing her attenuated finger to the senseless boy, "He is 
 the last of seven sons — six have died in the army, and the 
 doctor says he will die to-night." The flash of life passed 
 from her face as suddenly as it came, her arms folded over 
 her breast, she sank in her chair, and became, as before, the 
 rigid impersonation of agony. 
 
 Never has the patient sorrow of these home-sufferers been 
 more touchingly depicted than in a recent poem, which is 
 pronounced by the " London "Westminster Eeview " to be 
 unquestionably the finest American poem ever written. 
 
 THE CLOSING SCENE. 
 BY THOMAS BtJOHANAN READ. 
 
 " Within the sober realms of leafless trees 
 The russet year inhaled the dreamy air; 
 Like some tanned reaper in his hours of ease, 
 When all the fields are lying brown and bare. 
 
THE* CLOSING SCENE, BY T. BUCHANAN BEAD. 329 
 
 " The gray barns looking from their hazy hills, 
 O'er the dun waters widening in the va,les. 
 Sent down the air a greeting to the mills, 
 On the dull thunder of alternate flails. 
 
 "All sights were mellowed, and all sounds subdued. 
 The hills seemed further, and the stream sang low; 
 As in a dream, the distant woodman hewed 
 His winter log with many a mufSed blow. 
 
 " The embattled forests, erewhile armed with gold, 
 Their banners bright with maay a martial hue, 
 Now stood like some sad, beaten host of old, 
 . Withdrawn afar in time's remotest blue. 
 
 " On sombre wings the vulture tried his flight; 
 
 The doTS scarce heard his sighing mate's complaint ; 
 And like a star slow drowning in the light 
 
 The village church-vane seemed to pale and faint. 
 
 " The sentinel cock upon the hill-side crew — 
 Crew thrice — and afl was stUler than before ; 
 Silent, till some replying warder blew 
 His aJien horn, and then was heard no more. 
 
 " Where erst the jay within the elm's tall crest. 
 
 Made gaiTulous trouble round her unfledged young 
 And where the oriole hung her swaying nest. 
 By every light wind hke a censer swung ; 
 
 " Where swung the noisy martins of the eaves, 
 The busy swallow circling ever near, 
 Foreboding, as the rustic mind beUeves, 
 An early harvest and a plenteous year; 
 
330 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 " Where every bird that waked the vernal feast 
 
 Shook the sweet slumber from its Things at morn, 
 To warn the reaper of the rosy east ; 
 All now was sunless, empty and forlbrn. 
 
 " Alone from out the stubble piped the quail, 
 
 And croaked the crow through all the dreary gloom; 
 Alone the pheasant, drumming in the vale, 
 Made echo in the distant cottage loom. 
 
 " There was no bud, no bloom upon the bowers ; 
 
 The spiders moved their thin shrouds night by night; 
 The thistle-down, the only ghost of flowers. 
 Sailed slowly by, passed noiseless out of sight. 
 
 " Amid all this, in this most dreary air, 
 
 And where the woodbine shed upon the porch 
 Its crimson leaves, as if the year stood there, 
 Firing the floor with its inverted torch ; 
 
 "Amid all this, the centre of the scene, 
 
 , The white-haired matron with monotonous tread. 
 Plied the swift wheel, aiid with her joyless mien 
 Sat like a fate, and watched the flying thread. 
 
 " She had known sorrow. He had walked with her,/ 
 Oft supped, and broke with her the ashen crust, 
 And in the dead leaves still she heard the stir 
 Of his thick mantle trailing in the dust. 
 
 " While yet her cheek was bright with summer bloom, 
 Her country summoned, and she gave her all ; 
 And twice war bowed to her bis sable plume — 
 Ke-gave the sword to rust upon the wall ; 
 
THE CLOSING SCENE, BY T. BUCHANAN READ. 331 
 
 " Ee-gave the sword, but not the hand that drew, 
 And struck for liberty the dying blow ; 
 Nor him who to his sire and country true. 
 Fell 'mid the ranks of the invading foe. 
 
 " Long, but not loud, the drooping wheel went on 
 Like the low murmur of a hive at noon; 
 Long, but not loud, the memory of the gone 
 Breathed through her lips a sad and tremulous tone, 
 
 " At last the thread was snapped, her head was bowed^ 
 Life dropped the distaff through her hands serene ; 
 And loving neighbors smoothed her careful shroud. 
 While death and winter closed the autumn scene." 
 
332 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Necessity for increased supplies. — Appeal to pulpits. — Resolution to 
 inaugurate a great " Northwestern Sanitary Fair. — Resolution to in- 
 augurate a great Sanitary Fair. — Sketch of the Pioneer Fair. — "Work 
 of preparation. — Pittsburg contributions.— Procession.— Lake Ogun- 
 ty farmers. — Address of T. B. Bryan, Esq. — Incidents of the proces- 
 sion. — Dining-hall. — Sensations of the Pair.' — ^Letter from Memphis* 
 hospitals. — Letter from Quinoy hospitals. — Letter from Hon. Schuyler 
 Colfax. — Emancipation proclamation. — Correspondence with Presi- 
 dent Lincoln. — Q-old watch presented to the President. — Incidents 
 of the Pair. — Soldiers' dinner. — Anna Dickinson's Address. — Reso- 
 lutions at close of the Pair. — List of ofBicers of the Commission. 
 
 The visits of Mrs. Livermore and myself to the army 'had 
 convinced us, not only of the value of sanitary relief to the 
 sick in hospitals, but of the necessity of large accessions of 
 money and supplies to meet the increased demands of our 
 suffering army. We had appealed to the pulpits of the 
 North- West for a simultaneous collection, and to the aston- 
 ishment of all concerned, had received $15,000 in response. 
 We felt assured there were depths of patriotism yet to be 
 fathomed; and after various colloquies and visits to the 
 branches and aid societies, to feel the pulse of the people, 
 we determined to strike out in a bold and novel course, and 
 inaugurate a great North-Western Sanitary Fair, as the most 
 certain and remunerative plan to fill the treasury of the 
 
SKETCH OF THE PIONEER FAIR. 333 
 
 Commission, also to stimulate the courage of the soldiers and 
 develop the patriotism of the country. 
 
 This fair is entitled to special notice in .this volume, as 
 the Pioneer Fair of the magnificent series that resulted in 
 the addition of millions of dollars to the treasury of the U. S. 
 Sanitary Commission and its branches, for the benefit of the 
 "heroes of the rank and file." It was emphatically The 
 Women! s Fair; conceived, planned, and executed by the 
 women of the North-West. This bantling of the prairies 
 has been far excelled, in artistic beauty and golden charms, 
 by younger sisters. It must, however, always maintain its 
 prestige as the first-born of the family, with contour, linea- 
 ments, and vigor that were not disdained by its successors, 
 and secured them a place and a name among the patriotic 
 and benevolent developments of the war of the rebellion. A 
 brief sketch of its outline and prominent features is all 
 that space affords. These can be transferred to paper. 
 Its glowing enthusiasm 'and intense patriotism can no more 
 be depicted, than the foam on' the breaker's crest, or the 
 playful lightning that flits on the summer evening's cloud — 
 indications of the slumbering forces that gave them birth, 
 but evanescent and intangible, as they are beautiful and 
 significant. 
 
 We at once consulted the gentlemen of the Commission in 
 regard to our plan, and they gave us their hearty approval, 
 although they were startled at our expectations of $25,000 
 nett proceeds. We called a mass meeting of the ladies of 
 Chicago, who gave the hearty response that was their wont 
 throughout the war. At this meeting a delegation of sixteen 
 ladies was appointed to make arrangements for holding a Fair 
 
334 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 It was also determined to hold a council of women from the 
 ISTorth-Western States, at Bryan Hall, September 1, 1863, 
 in order to place them " en rapport " with each other. A circu- 
 lar for this object was issued, with the names of the most 
 prominent women of the North- West appended, who had 
 consented to lend their aid to the effort. 
 
 So novel an undertaking occasioned great surprise, and 
 some criticism. Some of our leading and patriotic men, who 
 afterwards became the most assiduous helpers, gravely shook 
 their heads, and prophesied failure to this quixotic scheme 
 of womanly benevolence. But the women of the prairies 
 were resolved. They had given their choicest treasures to 
 fill regiments, hospitals and graves. Although many of 
 them were clad in weeds and walked in a shadow, they 
 determined that the sick and wounded of the army should 
 be liberally supplied. Accordingly, an unexpected number 
 of delegates responded to the call. One hundred and fifty 
 met in Bryan Hall at the appointed hour, and double that 
 number from the country, at various times, attended the 
 sessions of the council. The delegates came empowered to 
 pledge liberal and hearty cooperation. An executive com- 
 mittee, and committees for various departments of the fair, 
 were chosen, consisting of leading and active women from 
 all the States embraced in the call. 
 
 E. W. Blatchford, Esq., the treasurer of the North-Western 
 Sanitary Commission, was unanimously elected treasurer of 
 the Fair. His acknowledged ability and integrity were full 
 guarantee to the public for the safe conduct of the funds. 
 Mrs. Livermore, chairman of the committee on circulars, 
 issued one forthwith, clearly defining nine classes of donations 
 
TARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF THE FAIE, 335 
 
 to be solicited, and the various articles in each class, with 
 specific directions for sending them to Chicago. At a meet- 
 ing of the executive committee of the Fair, held shortly after 
 its appointment, Mrs. A. H. Hoge and Mrs. D. P. LivermorR 
 were elected "managers of the Fair." The following pro- 
 gramme was arranged. The Fair was to continue two weeks : 
 
 Bryan Hall was to be fitted up as a great bazaar, for the 
 sale of fancy and useful articles of all varieties. 
 
 Lower Bryan Hall was to be arranged as a dining hall, 
 where hot dinners for fifteen hundred persons were to be 
 daily served. Light refreshments at all hours. 
 
 Manufacturers' Hall was to be a temporary building in the 
 rear of Bryan Hall, for the display and sale of all varieties 
 of manufactured articles. 
 
 The fine rooms in the theatre building, through the kind- 
 ness of Mr. McYicker, were to be arranged as an Art gallery. 
 
 A relic and trophy hall, secured through the efforts of 
 Judge Bradwell, who presided over it, was to be extemp6- 
 rized in the Supervisors' Hall, in the Court-House. 
 
 Metropolitan Hall was reserved for evening entertainments, 
 which were abundantly and satisfactorily supplied by the 
 genius of Mrs. Livermore. A North-Western Fair Gazette, 
 to be called the "Volunteer," was to be published daily by 
 the ladies. 
 
 Price of admission to Bryan Hall, Manufacturers' and 
 Supervisors' Hall included, fifty cents. Season tickets one 
 dollar. 
 
 Extra admission to Art gallery, twenty-five cents. Season 
 tickets one dollar. • 
 
 The women in the city and country commenced the work 
 
336 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 of preparation with zeal proportioned to the great occasion. 
 The press extended a generous and voluntary support, and 
 by its graphic descriptions and unstinted praise, added great- 
 ly to the success of the Fair. Vigorous corespondence was 
 opened with statesmen^ military men, clergymen and aid 
 societies. Circulars, with an earnest written line attached, 
 were scattered like the forest leaves in autumn. On one 
 day, sixteen bushels of mail matter were sent from the rooms 
 of the Commission. The citizens and farmers became con- 
 vinced the Fair would be a success, and came forward 
 with donations of money, merchandise, manufactured arti- 
 cles, grain and vegetables. In fine, they made up for lost 
 time, and gave the generous support that men always 
 give in the end, to genuine womanly efforts in the right 
 direction. 
 
 The furore increased and became contagious. Pittsburg, 
 under the lead of Miss Eachael McFadden, one of the sani- 
 tary powers of the West, sent donations in manufactured 
 articles and money, to the amount of several thousand dol- 
 lars, greatly multiplied in value by the encouragement and 
 stimulus they afforded in our early effort. New York, Phil- 
 adelphia, Boston and Connecticut, sent large and valuable 
 donations. Ladies came from Pittsburg and Connecticut to 
 take charge of their respective departments. 
 
 The great Sanitary Fair was no longer an experiment, but 
 a '■'■fait accompli.'''' Opposition was silenced, faith increased, 
 enthusiasm accelerated, until on the morning of October ' 
 28, 1863, in response to the call of the women of the 
 North-West, the wheels of business in the city of Chicago 
 stopped ; the courts were closed, the schools suspended, the 
 
if ^^imj^ 
 
OPENING, CEREMONIES OP THE FAIK. 337 
 
 streets filled with tens of thousands, in their holiday attire, to 
 witness the opening pageant of this great outpouring of the 
 patriotism and benevolence of the people. "We copy the 
 ■ graphic description of that glorious opening, rendered more 
 brilliant by a bright October sun, from the columns of the 
 " Tribune." It cannot be improved, and will possess the merit 
 of being outside testimony. The pageant measured three 
 miles in length, and was composed, in part, of elements that 
 had never before graced a civic procession in our republic. 
 The "Tribune" says: 
 
 " Yesterday will never be forgotten either in the city of 
 Chicago or the "West. Memorable it will remain, both as 
 history and as patriotism. Such a sight was never before 
 seen in the West on any occasion, and we doubt whether a 
 more magnificent spectacle was ever presented in the streets 
 of the Empire City itself, than the vast procession of chariots 
 and horsemen, country wagons and vehicles, civic orders 
 and military companies, both horse and foot, wBich con- 
 verted Chicago for the time being into a vast theatre of 
 wonders. From the earliest dawn of day, the heart of the 
 mighty city was awake, and long before eight o'clock the 
 streets were thronged with people. Citizens hurried excited- 
 ly to and fro, and country women with their children came 
 in, early in the morning, with colors tied to their bridles 
 and decorating their wagons, and with miniature flags tied to 
 their horses' heads. From the house-tops, from the tops of 
 buildings, was displayed the glorious flag of liberty. By 
 nine o'clock the city was in a roar ; the vast hum of multi- 
 tudinous voices filled the atmosphere. Drums beat in all 
 
 parts of the city, summoning the various processions, or 
 
 21 
 
338 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 accompanying them to the great central rendezvous. Bands 
 of music playing patriotic tunes, bands of young men and 
 women singing patriotic songs, enlivened the streets. Every 
 pathway was jammed with human bodies, so that it was 
 with extreme dif&culty any headway could Tdc made. 
 
 " The procession was advertised to assemble at nine o'clock 
 precisely, and was composed of nine divisions. 
 
 "As near ten o'clock as possible it started, banners flying, 
 drums rolling, and all manner of brazen instruments stirring 
 the air and the hearts of the vast multitude of people with 
 thrilling, exciting music. On it came, that mighty pageant, 
 following the course laid down in the printed programme. 
 
 " Such earnest enthusiasm as accompanied the procession 
 from first to last has rarely been witnessed on any occasion. 
 It was a • grand, sublime protest on behalf of the people 
 against the poltroons and traitors, who were enemies to the. 
 Grovernment and opposed to the war. Bursts of patriotic 
 feeling came from many a loyal bosom on that memorable 
 and never-to-be-forgotten day. The people seemed to over 
 flow with loyalty, and could not contain themselves. For a 
 long time they had been silent, nursing their wrath, keeping 
 alive their love for the ' old flag,' keeping alive, also, their 
 hatred of those who hated it — who had so long fired upon it 
 in the rear — -finding nowhere, in no event, in no newspaper, 
 any adequate utterance of their passionate feeling. Now the 
 mighty eloquence of that majestic and sublime procession 
 spoke for them. That was the thing which they all along 
 had wanted to say, but could not. They were in themselves 
 cyphers — mere units of the nation ; but there, in all those 
 thousands of men, they saw themselves multiplied into an 
 
SKETCH OF THE PROCESSION. ■ 339 
 
 incalculable, irresistible host, and felt that their hour of 
 triumphant speech had come at last ! That was the answer 
 which they thundered out in trumpet tones to the miserable 
 traitors who had so long torn the bleeding heart of their 
 country. ' I always knew,' said one old man at our elbow 
 in the crowd, whilst we were watching the procession, ' that 
 the heart of the people was all right. They didn't know 
 their danger for a long while. ISTow they've found it out, 
 and this is what they say about it.' 
 
 " The procession was remarkable in many respects as a 
 pageant, and particularly in the number of fine horses that 
 accompanied it. A larger number of well-mounted men has 
 rarely been seen in a civic procession. The police came at 
 the head of it, under command of Capt. Wilson ; a fine body 
 of men, with capital horses, looking as bold and brave as 
 heroes. 
 
 "After these followed, in stately march, the Michigan 
 Sharpshooters, the 1st Regiment of Illinois State Militia 
 (Chicago City Guard), a fine lot of fellows, and the whole of 
 their First Division, with their bands and flags and panoply 
 of war. Amongst these, the carriage containing the captured 
 flags attracted much attention, and excited great enthusiasm. 
 These were the flaunting rags which the rebels had borne on 
 many a battle-field, and which our brave soldiers had torn 
 from the hands of their standard-bearers. There they were, 
 hellorum exuviae, spoils of war, flaunting no longer in haughty 
 defiance, at the head of rebel armies, but carried in triumph 
 at the head of a civic procession in the peaceful streets of 
 Chicago. Many a tearful memory they must have conjured 
 up in the minds of the spectators there present ; whose sons 
 
340 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 were in the battles where these flags were taken, and many 
 of whom are at rest forever in their bloody soil. 
 
 " The Second and Third Division followed, and it was a 
 most picturesque and pleasing sight to behold the long lines 
 of members of the various lodges, societies and associations 
 of the city in their many-colored regalias. Then came the 
 benevolent societies, the religious orders making an imposing 
 spectacle, which it would require the painter's art to repre- 
 sent, and to do which no words could do anything like 
 justice. 
 
 "The Fifth Division, ushered by a fine band, and headed 
 by J. Q. Hoyt, Esq., then came tramping by. There were 
 scores of carriages, containing members of the press, the 
 clergy, the municipal authorities, judges and officers of the 
 courts, governors and ex-governors of the State, etc., etc. 
 
 '• One of the most strikingly beautiful features of the pro- 
 cession, was a superbly decorated four-horse car, bearing the 
 employees of the liberal-hearted Wheeler & Wilson Manu- 
 facturing Companjr, represented in this city by Geo. B. 
 Chittenden, Esq., and suggestive, by the presence of work- 
 ing-women and sewing-machines at work upon soldiers' over- 
 coats, of the utility of sewing-machines in clothing armies. 
 
 " Then the Sixth Division, consisting of wagons choked 
 with children, singing ' John Brown's .Body lies mouldering 
 in the Gravel ' 
 
 " Then the Seventh Division, of butchers, horseshoers of 
 ponies and oxen contributed; and last, but not least, nay, 
 greatest and mightiest of all, the sublime spectacle of 
 
lake county delegation. 341 
 
 "the lak£ county delegation. 
 
 " A striking and noticeable feature of the procession wtis 
 the long string of farmers' teams from Lake County. They 
 came into the city at an early hour in the forenoon, and 
 sufficiently early to join the procession. There were one 
 hundred wagons, loaded to overflowing with vegetables, 
 the staid old horses decorated with little flags, and larger 
 flags pendant from the wagons, and held by stout farmer- 
 hands. The leading wagon of the procession carried a 
 large banner, bearing this inscription : — ' The Gift of 
 Lake County to our Brave Boys in the Hospitals, 
 
 THROUGH THE GrREAT ISToRTH-WeSTEBN FaIR.' It waS a 
 
 grand and beautiful free-will offering of the sturdy farmers, 
 whose hearts beat true to freedom and the Union. 
 
 "No part of the procession attracted so many ■ eyes, and 
 no heartier cheers went up from the thousands who thronged 
 the streets, than those given, and thrice repeated, for the 
 Lake County farmers, and their splendid donations. There 
 were no small loads. Every wagon was filled to overflowing 
 with great heaps of potatoes and silver-skinned onions, 
 mammoth squashes, huge beets and monster cabbages, 
 barrels of cider and rosy apples, load after load, with many 
 a gray-haired farmer driving, face weather-beaten, frame 
 rugged, hands bronzed, and eyes sparkling with the excite- 
 ment of the project his big heart conceived. And back of 
 the farmer, mounted on the vegetables, were the boys, 
 filled to repletion with fun. 
 
 " At the end of the route of the procession, the teams drove 
 up to the Sanitary Commission Eooms, and unloaded their 
 
342 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 precious freights of stores into the garners, whence they 
 will go the boys in the field. 
 
 " This harvest-home was a sight to bring tears to the eyes 
 of any man but a confirmed copperhead. There was an 
 eloquence in it, a moral grandeur, that spoke louder than 
 words. It told that the farmers, the bone and sinew of 
 the country, were yet confident of success ; that despair or 
 distrust had not yet entered into their calculations, and that 
 the boys in the field were worthy the best of their crops. 
 There was no display, no adyertisement lurking behind their 
 contribution. It was a free-will offering from their great, 
 generous hearts, for which they will have no recompense save 
 the best of all recompense — the blessing of the gallant fellows 
 in camp and in hospital. God bless the Lake County Farmers ! 
 
 " The procession arrived at the court-house about 10 o'clock, 
 when the bands struck up some patriotic tunes, after which 
 Thomas B. Bryan, Esq., addressed the people substantially 
 as follows : 
 
 "ADDEESS of THOMAS B. BRYAN, ESQ. 
 
 " Fellow Citizens : — I congratulate you upon this impos- 
 ing pageant. It is indeed an auspicious prelude to the great 
 Fair, the inauguration of which it is designed to celebrate. 
 The civic and military procession embraces within its ranks 
 men of all ages, all professions, and all nationalities. The 
 voice of party, like the hum of business, is this day silenced. 
 The municipal authorities, in patriotic proclamations, have 
 recommended a general suspension of business. Barred 
 doors and windows, empty houses and fall streets, give 
 proof of the prompt and universal response of the citizens. 
 
T. B. Bryan's opening address. 343 
 
 " And why this unprecedented observance of a day, not 
 sacred as a national holiday ? Why the thousands of flags 
 gayly fluttering in the breeze or festooning the columns of 
 bazaar and hall ? Why this clogging of the wheels of the 
 busy machinery of this great commercial emporium ? Why 
 this vast concourse of men, women and children, all clad in 
 their holiday attire, and inspired by the very magnetism of 
 their own numbers ? Why this mammoth procession, with 
 its cavalcade, its banners, and its martial music ? Is it the 
 triumphal entry of a newly laurelled military chieftain? 
 Or is it the grateful welcome of some illustrious statesman, 
 endeared by his public services to the hearts of his country- 
 men ? No ! it is pregnant with a higher and more impres- 
 sive significance. It is a spontaneous tribute of a people's 
 gratitude to the Armies of the Union ! The great heart of 
 the North- West pulsates with all a mother's pride and love 
 for her patriot sons. She summoned them to battle for an 
 imperilled Union, and they yielded prompt and cheerful 
 obedience to her behests. And may she not be justly proud 
 of their heroic fortitude and valorous deeds? Proud of 
 their noble endurance of the privations, toils and exposure 
 of this eventful war — proud of their glorious triumphs in 
 deadly contests with outnumbering hosts — aye, even of the 
 graves which on every battle-field remain as enduring 
 memorials of their heroism ! 
 
 " And on this gala-day we send special greetings to com- 
 mon soldiers. All glorious has been their fidelity to their 
 country's flag — a fidelity that has proved itself a fortress, 
 impregnable to all assaults, and to all the enginery of evil. 
 Though their names are unheralded, with the tidings of triumphs, 
 
84A THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 we shall never forget that their bravery and blood have aided in 
 winning the garlands of victory that encircle the brows of their 
 leaders. 
 
 " ' A thousand glorious actions that might claim 
 Triumphant laurels and immortal fame, 
 Confused in crowds of glorious actions he, 
 And troops of heroes undistinguished die.' 
 
 " How refreshing in this tragical era of strife and carnage, 
 to hear amid the clash of arms the gentle voice of woman's 
 charity, to hear of her faithful vigils about the bed of the 
 languishing, and of her ministrations of mercy and sympa- 
 thy among scenes of suffering and death. It is to promote 
 such noble ends, to provide, through the Sanitary Commis- 
 sion, for the necessities of our patriot soldiers, that this 
 grand Fair is instituted, to which the present ovation is intro- 
 ductory. It is an enterprise born of woman, and nursed to 
 maturity by her skill, her taste and untiring zeal. Most 
 sedulously have the noble women of the North- "West labor- 
 ed to provide for this festival all. that ingenuity could devise 
 or art create. 
 
 " It remains for the people, practically, to evince their 
 appreciation of these labors, that they may not be unre- 
 c[uited. Surely, men, if you fully realize that the promised 
 success of the forthcoming varied and grandly imposing ex- 
 hibition is wholly ascribable to woman's indomitable energy 
 and executive power, you will henceforth be prouder than 
 ever before of your mothers and wives. A new zest will be 
 imparted to the toast, 'Woman, God bless her!' Perhaps 
 yon gallant fireman will coin another : ' Woman, the love 
 
T±iiJiTi:-J<uuK GUNS SIGNAL OF OPENING. 345 
 
 of whom is the only fire harmless and alike unquenchable.' 
 At any rate, women of this day will nerve the soldier's arm 
 and animate his heart. (Cheers.) As a bright sun propi- 
 tiously smiles upon this day's ceremonies, so may the sun- 
 shine of woman's charity illumine the soldier's pathway. 
 
 "The noble generosity of contributions from abroad chal- 
 lenges the admiration of our own citizens. General thrift 
 and prosperity lavish their blessings upon our young city, 
 and we are called to respond from our abundance to the de- 
 mands of charity. The appeal is in the cause of humanity; 
 let it not fall upon our ears unheeded. 
 
 " Fellow- citizens ! To the general display around us, I design 
 to contribute no needless display of words. My province is to 
 announce, as requested, that the opening of the Fair will be 
 indicated by the firing of a cannon ; and as a simple discharge 
 of the gun is sufficient for that purpose, so, in my instance, brief 
 and simple utterances are more appropriate to the occasion. 
 
 " Hark ! the gun fires ! Throw open the public halls, the 
 doors also of your hospitable houses, and the portals of your 
 generous hearts, for the North- Western Fair is Open !" 
 
 This stirring appeal was fitly followed by the booming of 
 thirty-four guns, at the close of which the farmers' proces- 
 sion wended its way to the rooms of the Sanitary Commis- 
 sion, to unload the patriotic offerings. Tearful spectators 
 followed in its train, and many gave a helping hand. The 
 places assigned for the deposit of these generous donations 
 were found to be quite insufficient, and the offers of rooms 
 for storage from surrounding merchants were gladly accepted. 
 When the work was finished, the sturdy farmers accepted a 
 
346 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 complimentary dinner from the ladies, in Lower Bryan Hall, 
 on which occasion their offerings were formally presented by 
 Hon. E. M. Haines, formerly of Lake county, and most hap- 
 pily and spicily received, on the part of the Fair, by Rev. 
 Dr. Patton, Yice- President of the Board of the Sanitary Com- 
 mission. An affecting meeting took place in the dining-hall, 
 between a Lake county farmer and his soldier-son, most un- 
 expectedly on his way home from Vicksburg on a short fur- 
 lough. 'Twas all that was needed to raise enthusiasm to its 
 climax, to behold the old man and his son, as Jacob and 
 Joseph, fall on each other's neck and weep. 
 
 We cannot forbear giving a wonderfully descriptive account 
 of this farmers' procession, from the pen of Rev. E. N". Knapp, 
 Special Relief Agent of the U., S. Sanitary Commission, who 
 came from Washington to witness the pageant : 
 
 " Many of the farmers were sunburnt men, with hard and 
 rigid features, and a careless observer would have said there 
 was surely nothing in those wagons as they passed, to awaken 
 any sentiment; yet something there was about it all that 
 brought tears to the eyes of hundreds, as the old farmers, with 
 their heavy loads, toiled by. Among the crowd of spectators 
 was a broad-shouldered Dutchman, with a face expressive of 
 anything but thought or feeling. He gazed at this singular 
 procession as it passed — the sunburnt farmers, the long, nar- 
 row wagons, the endless variety of vegetables and farm prod- 
 uce; he gazed, as those men' with their sober faces and 
 homely gifts passed one by one, until when, finally, the last 
 wagon had moved by, this stolid, lethargic-looking man 
 ' broke down,' with a flood of tears, and could say nothing 
 and do nothing but seize upon the little child whom he held 
 
TOUCHING INCIDENTS OF PROCESSION. 347 
 
 by the hand and hug her to his heart, trying to hide his manly 
 tears behind her flowing curls. » 
 
 " Among those wagons which had drawn up near the rooms 
 of the Sanitary Commission to unload their stores, was one 
 peculiar for its exceeding look of poverty. It was worn and 
 mended, and was originally made merely of poles. It was 
 drawn by three horses, which had seen mnch of life, but little 
 of grain. The driver was a man past middle age, with the 
 clothes and look of one who had toiled hard ; but he had a 
 thoughtful and kindly face. He sat there, quietly waiting 
 his turn to unload. By his side, with feet over the front of 
 the wagon, for it was filled very full, was his wife, a silent, 
 worn-looking woman (many of these men had their wives 
 with them on the loads) ; near the rear of the wagon was a 
 girl of fifteen, perhaps, and her sister, dressed in black, car- 
 rying in her arms a little child. Some one said to this man 
 (after asking the woman with the child if she would not go 
 into the Commission-rooms and get warmed), 'My friend, 
 you seem to have quite a load here of vegetables. Now, I 
 am curious to know what good things you are bringing to 
 the soldiers. Will you tell me what you have?' 'Yes,' 
 said he; 'here are potatoes, and here are three bags of 
 onions, and there are some ruta-baga, and there are a few 
 turnips, and that is a small bag of meal, and you will see the 
 cabbages fill in ; and that box with slats has some ducks in 
 it, which one of them brought in.' 
 
 " ' Oh ! then this isn't all your load alone, is it ? ' ' Why, 
 no. Our region, just where I live, is rather a hard soil, and 
 we haven't any of us much to spare, any way ; yet, for this 
 business, we could have raked up as much again as this, if 
 
348 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 we had had time; but we didn't get the notice that the 
 wagons#were going in till last night, about eight o'clock, and 
 it was dark and raining at that, so I and my wife and the 
 girls could only go round to five or six of the neighbors 
 within a mile or so, but we did the best we could ; we 
 worked pretty much all the night, and loaded, so as to be 
 I'eady to get out to the main road and start with the rest of 
 them this morning ; but I can't help it if it is little — it is 
 something for the soldiers.' 
 
 "'Have you a son in the army?' 'No,' he answered, 
 slowly, after turning round and looking at his wife. ' No, 
 I haven't now, but we had one there once; he's buried down 
 by Stone Hiver; he was shot there. And that isn't just so, 
 either. We called him our boy, but he was only our adopted 
 son. We took him when he was little, so he was just the 
 same as our own boy; and' (pointing over his shoulder 
 without looking back) ' that's his wife there with the baby 1 
 But I shouldn't bring these things any quicker if he were 
 alive now and in the army; I don't know that I should 
 think so much as I do now about the boys away off there.' 
 It was in turn for his wagon to unload, so with his rough 
 freight of produce, and his rich freight of human hearts, with 
 their deep and treasured griefs, he drove on, one wagon' of a 
 hundred in the train." 
 
 The dining-hall of the North- Western Sanitary Fair was a 
 specialty, unequalled in extent and interest by any other of 
 the series in the same department. So much curiosity has 
 been manifested, to know the precise manner in which these 
 dinners were extemporized and conducted, that I copy the 
 following graphic and detailed account from the pen of Mrs. 
 
DESCEIPTION OF DINING-HALL. 349 
 
 D. P. Livermore, contained in the history of the North- 
 Western Fair, published by the Commission, October, 1864 : 
 
 "the dining-hall. 
 
 " Lower Bryan Hall was occupied as a dining and refresh- 
 ment hall; and the promise of the ladies to dine 1,500 
 people daily, with home comfort and elegance, was amply 
 fulfilled. Mrs. 0. E. Hosmer, and Mrs. "W. E. Franklin, of 
 Chicago, had this hall in charge; and to their admirable 
 management, seconded by a very superior corps of ex- 
 perienced ladies, the entii'e success of the daily dinners was 
 mainly attributable. The rush to this hall was as great as to 
 the others, and hundreds went away, on some days, to restau- 
 rants and hotels, for lack of accommodation. The system with 
 which the dinners were managed, demands a passing notice. 
 
 " The city was thoroughly canvassed for donations to the 
 Fair, every district being taken by a lady, and faithfully vis- 
 ited by her. The names and residences of all who would con- 
 tribute to the dinner-tables were taken, with the articles they 
 would furnish, and the days when they would furnish them. 
 The canvassing over, a meeting of the canvassers was held, 
 and the aggregate supply for each day ascertained. Previous 
 experience in these Fair dinners had taught the ladies what 
 quantities of each article were necessary for one dinner. So 
 many turkeys, so many roasts, so many ducks, so many pies, 
 so many puddings, so many gallons of milk, so many pounds 
 of coffee, so many cans of oysters, etc., etc. If the amount 
 pledged for each day was not sufficient, the dinner committee 
 was then prepared beforehand to supply deficiencies. These 
 supplies, thus pledged, were sent to the dining-hall on the 
 
350 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 promised days, or to depots appointed in various divisions 
 of the city, from whence express-wagons ran daily to the hall 
 at specified hours. 
 
 " In addition to this source of supply, large quantities of 
 ready-cooked food were sent from various parts of the 
 country, notification of the time when it might be espected 
 having been previously mailed to the committee. Michigan 
 sent immense quantities of the finest fruit, a dozen times 
 as much as was required by the exigencies of the refresh- 
 ment-tables. As it was mostly late varieties of apples, all 
 surplus barrels were immediately dispatched to the hospitals, 
 from whence, in due time, came grateful acknowledgment 
 of the welcome donation. Grundy county, of Illinois, sent 
 game almost exclusively, nicely cooked and carefully packed, 
 and forwarded with such dispatch, that it had hardly time to 
 cool before it was delivered by express. Elgin, Illinois, 
 from her abundant dairies, supplied a large portion of the 
 milk used during the Fair, her milkmen calling regularly at 
 the dinner-hour with overflowing cans. Nor must we omit 
 to mention the generous manner in which Dubuque came 
 to the help of the dining-hall. 
 
 " The Dubuque ladies, who visited the Fair during the first 
 week, learning that there was a scarcity of poultry, pledged 
 for certain days of the week following. They hastened 
 home and set themselves about making up the deficiency. 
 Two or three of their best shots were instantly sent off 
 " gunning." A general raid was made on the hen-coops ; 
 turkeys were begged or bought by the dozen, and on the 
 days when they had promised edibles they sent to Chicago 
 over one hundred turkeys, two hundred ducks, and nearly as 
 
DINNERS OF THE FAIR. 351 
 
 many chickens, exquisitely cooked, which were carried 
 piping hot from the kitchens to the express-car. In order 
 that they might go freshly cooked to the Fair, several of the 
 ladies sat up all the previous night, and gave personal help 
 and supervision to the work, dressing, baking, and packing 
 these fowls with their own hands. By some mystery of the 
 cuisine, which it is not our province to divulge, they were, 
 on their arrival at Chicago, brought to the table as smoking 
 hot as though they had just made their debut from the bake- 
 pan. 
 
 " Fourteen tables were set in the dining-hall, with accom- 
 modations for about three hundred at one time. Each 
 table was reset four and five times, daily. Six ladies were 
 appointed to take charge of each table throughout the Fair, 
 two of whom presided daily — one to pour coffee, the other to 
 maintain general supervision. These ladies were the wives 
 of congressmen, professional men, clergymen, editors, mer- 
 chants, bankers, millionaires. None were above serving at 
 the Soldiers' Fair dinners. Each presiding lady furnished 
 the table-linen and silver for her table, and added such 
 decorations and delicacies as her taste suggested, or she could 
 secure from her friends and acquaintances. The table 
 waiters were the young ladies of the city, neat-handed, swift- 
 footed, bright-eyed, pleasant-voiced maidens, who, accus- 
 tomed to be served in their own homes, transformed them- 
 selves, for the nonce, for the dear sake of the suffering 
 soldiers, into servants. Both the matrons who presided, and 
 the pretty girls who served, were neatly attired in a simple 
 uniform of white caps and aprons, made, trimmed, and worn 
 to suit the varied taste of the wearers. 
 
352 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 " A more picturesque scene than the dining-hall afforded, 
 when dinner was in progress, cannot be imagined. The 
 decorations were like those of the other halls, with the 
 national flag waving over every table, and crowning the 
 table ornaments. As. the hall was dim, the gas was lighted 
 day and night. The numerous tables, crowded with ladies 
 and gentlemen who had come to dine; the long line of carv- 
 ers, one for each variety of meats, who bad closed the 
 ledger and laid down the pen, to don the white apron and 
 knife of this department ; the graceful girls in their pretty 
 uniforms darting hither and thither in the discharge of their 
 novel duties; the agreeable matrons who received all who 
 came to their tables, as they would honored guests in their 
 own home ; the crowds who stood around, determined to 
 dine in this hall, and good-naturedly biding their time with 
 many a bon-mot, which provoked constant sallies of laugh- 
 ter ; the continual incoming of fresh trays and baskets and 
 pails, laden with viands for the dinner — all this formed an 
 animated and unusual picture, that pen cannot portray. 
 There was no lack of sociality at these dinners ; mirth and 
 laughter were as abundant as the food ; wit held high carni- 
 val, atid a stranger, ignorant of the occasion, would have 
 been tempted to believe this a new Babel, where a second 
 ' confusion of tongues ' had been wrought. 
 
 "A kitchen was appended to the dining-hall, where the 
 heavy work was done by servants, and into whose penetralia 
 only a favored few were admitted. The rule was inexorable, 
 and woe to the curious wight who entered within its pre- 
 cincts. Little ceremony was employed in enforcing his 
 departure. Checks laid beside the plate indicated to each 
 
SENSATIONS OF THE FAIR. 353 
 
 bis indebtedness, which ■was more or less, according to the 
 bill of fare which he had ordered. These bills were se.ttled 
 at the table of the cashier, who gave in return a receipt in 
 the form of another check, on the presentation of which at 
 the door the party offering it was allowed to leave the hall. 
 This method, it will be perceived, was a certain prevention 
 of dishonesty, if any were wickedly disposed to leave without 
 settling their bills. No department of the Fair required 
 more executive skill, and none was more -popular or suc- 
 cessful." 
 
 The enthusiasm of the Fair did not abate a "jot or tittle," 
 from its inception to its close. Crowds continued and in- 
 creased, till they became a "jam." Everything was bought, 
 counters replenished and again emptied. The people came, 
 because they loved to come, and would have bought on, had 
 there been anything to buy. They were fascinated, bewil- 
 dered, magnetized, by the patriotic influences, and by each 
 other. "A la Partington,'''' "something was always happen- 
 ing." Continual announcements were made from the plat- 
 form, a perfect hot-house of bloom and perfume, with the 
 gorgeous background of the German department, rivalling 
 all others in brilliant colors and artistic skill, under the 
 direction of Mrs. Governor Salomon, of Wisconsin. Letters 
 were constantly received from thou.«ands of heroes, languish- 
 ing in hospitals, for whose benefit this great movement was 
 going forward. Letters from our lamented President, and 
 distinguished statesmen, were also received and read, and 
 most of them elicited shouts and cheers. 
 
 "We subjoin two specimens of these hospital letters for the 
 
 gratification of the reader : 
 
 23 
 
354 . THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Memphis, Tenn., Oct. 28. 
 To the Managers of the North- Western Fair : 
 
 Ladies : — The sick and wounded soldiers in the hospital 
 at Memphis send you greeting, and through you, wish to 
 return thanks to the women of the North-West — our mothers, 
 wives, daughters and sisters — for their efforts to alleviate 
 our wants and sufferings. We are deeply grateful for the 
 sympathy manifested towards us in words and deeds. We 
 are cheered, comforted, encouraged. Though absent, we 
 are not to be forgotten. When returned to duty in the 
 field, as we trust we soon may be, we shall be nerved once 
 more to fight on, until this most unholy rebellion is crushed, 
 and the old flag floats once more over a free, united and 
 happy people. In the light of your smiles, and this great 
 earnest of your sympathy, we also have an additional 
 incentive never to relax our efforts for a land whose women 
 are its brighest ornaments, as well as its truest patriots. 
 May your success be measured by your love of home and 
 country. In behalf of three thousand soldiers in hospitals 
 at Memphis. 
 
 (Signed) T. P. Eobb, 
 
 Illinois Sanitary Agent. 
 
 These letters were written at the request of the soldiers, 
 and indorsed by them. A thrilling letter from the hospitals 
 of Chattanooga was also received, but owing to the sudden 
 disappearance of the bearer was not secured. The following 
 letter from the suffering soldiers and their faithful friends, 
 is too touching to be omitted in this record, which is rapidly 
 becoming history^ 
 
LETTER FfiOM SOLDIERS AT QUINCY HOSPITAL. 355 
 •' 
 
 Qdinot, III., Nov., 1863. 
 
 The Soldiers' Club, representing the four hospitals in this 
 city, and some seven hundred sick and wounded soldiers, 
 desire to send an affectionate greeting to their kind friends 
 in Chicago and elsewhere, who have interested themselves 
 in their welfare, in connection with the North-Western Fair. 
 We have been deeply moved by the enthusiasm of the 
 ladies of the land in our behalf. We are quite certain that 
 the wives, mothers and sisters that we have left behind 
 at our many homes have not /orgotten us. It gives us 
 courage to bear privation and pain; to suffer on, and, if need 
 be, offer up our lives on our country's altar. We believe 
 the great interests at stake in this national struggle are wor- 
 thy of all this sacrifice and suffering. ■ Permit us once more 
 to thank you for your noble effort, which has proved such 
 a grand success — unprecedented in the history of Fairs. 
 
 We have in this city two soldiers' aid societies, the Sisters 
 of the Good Samaritan, and the Needle Pickets, which are 
 unwearied in their labors of love. 
 
 Our humble organization for mutual improvement has 
 been greatly aided by the cooperation of the ladies of the 
 city, who have been present at our meetings, and assisted in 
 the preparation of a semi-monthly paper. It would give us 
 great pleasure to be in connection with the friends of 
 soldiers everywhere, and to receive articles which could be 
 read at our meetings. On behalf of the Soldiers' Club. 
 
 S. Hopkins Emery,. 
 
 Hospital Chaplain. 
 
 The following letter from Hon. Schuyler Colfax, a man to 
 
356 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 ■whom the eyes of the nation are increasingly directed, as a 
 pure patriot and able statesmen, was received in answer to a 
 letter inviting him to a dinner given to governors, sen- 
 ators, etc., during the Fair. 
 
 South Bend, Ind., November 2, 1663. 
 
 Deae Ladies : — Just returned borne from a speaking tour 
 in my native State of New York, I find your kind invita- 
 tion to the dinner to be given next Thursday, by the ladies 
 of the North-Western Fair, and sincerely regret that I can- 
 not attend. 
 
 I trust that your enterprise, inspired as it must have been 
 from above, will result in the brilliant and beneficent success 
 it so richly deserves. The Good Samaritan's affectionate 
 care of the stranger, maltreated and wounded by thieves, 
 will live on the sacred page as long as the earth shall endure. 
 And if his humanity toward an " alien and stranger to the 
 commonwealth of Israel," elicited the approval of Him who 
 spake as never man spake, and the injunction to " go thou 
 and do likewise," how much more should it teach us to care 
 for the sick and wounded soldiers of the Republic ? They . 
 suffer for us and our beloved land ; they bleed and die that 
 the nation may live. And, as the heroes, who by their pa- 
 triotism and sacrifices established this Union, will live in all 
 loyal hearts " to the last syllable of recorded time," so will, 
 also, the heroes of to-day, who went forth from business, 
 from family, and from home, some in the freshness of life's 
 June, some in the maturity of life's October, to save the 
 Union their brave ancestors formed. 
 
 But as I cannot be present in person, will you allow the 
 
GIFT OF THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 357 
 
 inclosed $100 to attest Ihe earnest sympathy of your sincere 
 friend, Schuyler Colfax. 
 
 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 
 
 The great sensation of the Fair yvas the gift of Abraham 
 Lincoln of the original draft of the Proclamation of Eman- 
 cipation, written and corrected by that hand that was always 
 raised for justice and humanity, and stretched forth to ele- 
 vate the lowly. It was accompanied by a letter, also written 
 by himself. Hon. J. M. Arnold, Hon. Owen Lovejoy, and 
 other representatives, had deeply interested themselves in 
 procuring for us this great gift, so timely and appropriate, 
 now possessing sacred interest. 
 
 EzEouTivE Mansion. i 
 Washington, October 26, 1863. ) 
 To the Ladies having in charge the North- Western Fair for 
 the Sanitary Commission, Chicago, Illinois : 
 According to the request made in your behalf, the orig- 
 inal draft of the Emancipation Proclamation is herewith 
 inclosed. The formal words at the top, and the conclusion, 
 except the signature, you perceive, are not in my hand- 
 writing. They were written at the State Department, by 
 whom I know not. The printed part was cut from a copy of 
 the preliminary proclamation, and pasted on merely to save 
 writing. I had some desire to retain the paper, but if it 
 shall contribute to the relief or comfort of the soldiers, that 
 will be better. Your obedient servant, 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 
 The following correspondence tells the story of the Eman- 
 
358 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 cipatioii Proclamation as connected ♦'ith the Fair, and the 
 beautiful and unexpected finale of this glorious gift, that 
 must Tiow make the Fair historical, had it n® other claim : 
 
 Chicago, November 26, 1863. 
 President Lincoln : 
 
 SiE : — Among the many duties of our recent Fair, not one 
 has been more pleasing than that now devolving upon us, of 
 consigning to you the accompanying watch, and asking you 
 to accept it as a memorial of the Ladies' N"orth-"Western Fair. 
 During the progress of the Fair, Mr. Jas. H. Hoes, jeweler, 
 of Chicago, a most loyal and liberal man, after giving very 
 largely himself, in order to stimulate donations from others, 
 proposed, through the columns of the Chicago Iribune, to 
 give a gold watch to the largest contributor to the Fair. 
 " Thou art the man /" Your glorious Emancipation Procla- 
 mation, world-wide in its interests and results, was sold for 
 $8,000, the largest benefaction of any individual. 
 
 The precious document has already become the corner-stone 
 of a permanent Home for Illinois soldiers: -it will also be its 
 cap-sheaf and glory. It will be built in a frame, in the wall 
 of this noble institution, and stand a lasting monument of 
 your wisdom, patriotism, liberality, and fatherly tenderness 
 for the brave boys, who, at your call, so promptly "rallied 
 round the flag," and so gallantly defended it. That the 
 God of peace may be with you, as the God of battles has 
 prospered you, is the earnest prayer of your grateful friends 
 and admirers. 
 
 Mrs. a. H. Hoge, 
 
 Mrs. D. P. LiVERMORE, 
 
 In behalf of the Ladies of the Nm-ih- Western Fair. 
 
PRESENT OF A WATCH TO PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 359 
 
 The receipt of the watch was, acknowledged by the Presi- 
 dent, as follows : 
 
 ExEODTivB Mansion, "WASHiNaioN, Dea 11, 1863. 
 
 Ladies : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of 
 
 the watch sent by you to me, through the Hon. Mr. Arnold, 
 
 and to return my sincere thanks for the kind and generous 
 
 expressions with which it was accompanied. 
 
 I am, very truly, your obd't servant, 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 Mbs. Hoge. 
 
 Mrs, LiVEiiMORE. 
 
 T. B. Bryan, Esq., was the purchaser of the Emancipation 
 Proclamation, -which he gave to the Soldiers' Home, of which 
 he was President, and photographs taken from it have already 
 resulted in many thousands of dollars, for the benefit of that 
 Institution. 
 
 During the progress of the Fair, large numbers of distin- 
 guished military men, and officers of the U. S. Sanitary 
 Conamission, came from the East to encourage us, and see . 
 what the Fair, creating so great a sensation, meant.' Dr. Bel- 
 lows, the originator of sanitary efforts, sent us a letter of 
 congratulation, and no voice spoke but in its praise. 
 
 The most significant ornament of the various halls was the 
 liberal sprinkling of blue-coats, for they were admitted fret 
 to all the departments. I met one of these at the central 
 pagoda in the bazaar. He was holding aloft a silver' cake- 
 basket with one hand, the other hanging over a crutch, for 
 he had lost his leg at Chickamauga. A silent, modest-look- 
 ing woman stood beside him, and the eyes of both were dim 
 
360 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 witli tears, while the ladies were cheering and clapping. I 
 asked the explanation. He answered, he had been months in 
 the hospital, and had reached Chicago yesterday. His wife 
 had come to meet and welcome him, and help him on his 
 homeward journey. He had heard of the Fair all the way 
 up from Nashville, and said to his wife, "Mary, I have one 
 dollar left; we must go and see the great Fair for the 
 soldiers." "With the help of Mary and the crutches he 
 mounted the stairs. ISTobody would take his dollar, so it 
 was left to buy something for the little one. Just as he 
 reached the pagoda a fair young girl said to him : " The last 
 of eighteen chances, a dollar a chance; will you have it?" 
 Mary's face said, no ; but he said, " 'Twill be all for the boys, 
 anyhow, wife," and he took it. "And now," said he, swal- 
 lowing the rising sob, "I've drawn this elegant cake-basket 
 for Mary," who stood shyly beside him, as the ladies, with 
 tearful eyes, cheered again. The one-legged soldier and Mary, 
 with their new treasure, took the circuit of the Fair, to see 
 what the women at home were doing for the soldiers. 
 
 THE soldiers' DINNER. 
 
 The last day of the Fair approached. It must be the most 
 glorious of the twelve — the crown of this temple of patriotism 
 and benevolence. Every soldier from the hospitals who 
 could walk or be carried, must come to the farewell dinner, 
 which should outshine all before it. At the first suggestion 
 to the noble ladies in charge, it met with an enthusiastic 
 response. "Weary limbs grew strong, languid eyes flashed, 
 pale faces flushed with pleasure, and with one voice all said, 
 " It shall be the banner dinner of the Fair," and the noble and 
 
SOLDIERS' DINNER AT THE CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 361 
 
 unselfish ■women gathered up their declining energies, and 
 ■went to work with fresh earnestness. 
 
 Vases of flowers were exhumed from hidden recesses, pyra- 
 mids of comfits, jellies and ices ■were extemporized as if by 
 fairy ■wands, dainty cloths and napkins, fish, flesh and fowl 
 in endless variety were spoken into existence. The brightest 
 and gayest belles of the garden city begged the privilege of 
 ■waiting on these battered veterans, and, forsooth, must don 
 costumes of red, white and blue, and multiply stars and 
 stripes till the air seemed filled -with them. When the febles 
 ■were decorated and spread, and the hour arrived for the 
 dinner, the graceful and enthusiastic young waiters ranged 
 themselves in front of the entrance, two deep, in line of bat- 
 tle, to give the heroes a volley, not of Minies, but of welcome. 
 Pr.esently foot-falls and crutch-falls were heard ; not tramp — 
 tramp — tramp, but hobble — hobble — hobble — the halt lead- 
 ing the blind, and the blind supporting the halt. The band 
 surged forth the " Star Spangled Banner," but the treble 
 cheers of the brave young girls, and the clatter of their small 
 pink palms, rose above all the brazen music, and " broke the 
 boys down " as by a stroke of lightning. Slowly they ■were 
 seated, and a ■weeping audience looked on. A reverent 
 blessing was asked by Chaplain Day, and then Anna Dickin- 
 son, that wondrous young girl and gifted orator, pale ■with 
 emotion, stepped lightly on a chair, her only platforni. 
 With a voice of magic power and sweetness, with quivering 
 lips and eyes aglow ■with earnestness, and hands pressed on 
 her heart as if to check its beating, she turned from side to 
 side to look upon the scene. That moment can never be for- 
 gotten by those privileged to be present. The deep foun- 
 
362 ■ THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 tains of every heart were stirred, and prepared to hear her 
 tender, earnest, thrilling words. She said : 
 
 " I have not come here to-day to naake a speech, but 
 simply as an American woman, out of a fall heart, and with 
 trembling lips, to thank you. Looking around upon you, 
 and remembering how different in this crisis of our coun- 
 try's peril has been your conduct from that of a multitude 
 of ot&ers 5 remembering how other men have stayed at home, 
 some of them, perhaps, because they could not go to the 
 war, others careless and indifferent, others with hearts fall 
 of curses against the. cause of our country; remembering 
 this, I thank you. The future will do you more justice, and 
 better honor than the present, and history will blazon your 
 names upon its records forever, as the grandest heroes of 
 this grandest and most memorable time. 
 
 " Soldiers, you are contending not merely for the Govern- 
 ment of the United States, for the Union, for the main- 
 tenance of any particular form of political institutions, but for 
 the freedom of the world. That is the immense stake for 
 which you are fighting. You stand as the embodiment of 
 democracy and liberty against the serried hosts of despotism. 
 Brave boys from across the water — sons of Scotland and Ire- 
 land, Germans and Scandinavians — recognize the fact that 
 you are not fighting simply for the Government of the United 
 States. Remember how your friends from across the water 
 are looking with mournful, solemn, but hopeful' sympathy 
 at the progress of the great struggle, in which you are taking 
 so noble a part. Remember how their hopes and interests 
 
AJNjNA Dickinson's speech. . 363 
 
 are bound up with yours in the great cause for which you 
 are pouring out your blood. 
 
 " And for you, Americans — my own countrymen — brave 
 boys, struggling here for this, your own native laud, you are 
 not only emulating the deeds of your Eevolutionary fathers, 
 but you are fighting in a cause, if possible, more glorious 
 than that which stirred their blood to deeds of lofty daring. 
 This, our country's second revolution, is of wider scope and 
 involves loftier principles than the first. 
 
 " Some of you young men, standing here, are not as you 
 were with us months ago, full of life and hope and energy. 
 You have come back to us broken and shattered, maimed 
 and helpless. ' But what of that,' said a soldier who had 
 been wounded in one of Napoleon's great battles, when the 
 surgeon was feeling for a bullet which had almost reached 
 his heart, ' put your probe in a little deeper, and you will 
 find Napoleon.' And the bullets that have gone crushing 
 through the ranks of our brave boys, on the bloody fields of 
 the South, have reached breasts so full of patriotism, that 
 wounds, limbs, life itself, were but trifles, when, weighed in 
 the scale against their country. 
 
 "Some of you, alas! have come back to us blinded, with 
 the beautiful light of heaven shut out from you forever, but 
 it has been that the glorious light of justice might shine 
 throughout the length and breadth of the land. "What can 
 I say to you, save that coming back to us halt and maimed 
 and blind, the great loyal heart of the nation springs up to 
 meet you, and to love you. Some of you may be going 
 back again to renew your noble exertions in our great cause, 
 to suffer, and it may be, to die for it. If there be any such 
 
364 • THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 here, looking in your faces, I repeat, we thank you. Should 
 it be the lot of any of you to return to us no more — should 
 your life ebb on some distant battle-field, where no woman's 
 hand can smooth your dying pillow, and no friendly ear 
 receive your parting sigh — still, even there, our love and 
 affection shall follow you. You shall have immortal crown- 
 ings, and the world shall honor your graves ! " 
 
 And now the waiters, hastily dashing away- their tears, 
 flew as on wings to fulfil their high behest. The dainties 
 of the cuisine rivalled Delmonico's bill of fare, and surely 
 the waiters added a zest that no condiments could furnish. 
 Oysters, game, fish, soups, jellies, ices, passed in rapid suc- 
 cession ; the eagerness of- the fair earnest girls producing 
 various collisions, to the great amusement of the soldiers. 
 They could not eat half that they would, for looking ; and 
 somehow, they said, " they could not simllow as well as usuaV 
 One, braver than the rest, after repeated efforts to do justice 
 to the "magnificent spread," exclaimed: "Ladies, you've 
 spoiled our appetites ; but the sight of you all, and this 
 glorious welcome, is better than a score of dinners. We 
 can he another year in the hospital after this, or die if need 
 be." " Three cheers for the ladies, boys ! " and they were 
 given with a will. Then three cheers for Lincoln and for 
 the Sanitary Commission and the Fair, and, at the request 
 of Chaplain Day, a tiger battle-cry, such as they gave 
 when rushing double-quick on the rebels. The " Battle-cry 
 of Freedom," and " Ked, "White, and Blue," rang out, all the 
 audience joining in the chorus. Suddenly, as the soldiers 
 rose from their seats. Chaplain Day said in a clear voice. 
 with great solemnity, " one thing more before we part. Let 
 
CLOSE OF THE FAIE — CLOSING RESOLUTIONS. 365 
 
 US not forget our dead — tliey who went out with us to the 
 conflict, but whose slumbers shall not be broken till the 
 revielle of the resurrection morn shall awake them. Let us 
 remember that, 
 
 " ' He who for his country dies, dies not, 
 But liveth evermore.' " 
 
 And all stood in solemn silence, with uncovered heads, while 
 the band wailed out a solemn dirge for that part of the " host 
 that had crossed the flood." Strong men embraced each other 
 and wept, and some feeble women grew too faint to stand. 
 Some one present struck up the grand old Doxology— 
 
 " Praise G-od, from whom all blessings flow," 
 
 And, with mingled sobs and tears, we all joined in. At the 
 place of exit were boxes of cigars, and none, left without 
 liberal provisions of fruit, nuts, and tobacco. All kept 
 silence as the sad procession of maimed heroes left to turn 
 back to the bare walls of the'hospital, till able to go home or 
 to their regiments, to run the soldier's risk. A dinner for 
 the lady waiters followed, the gentlemen taking the places 
 of the fair damsels. Fun and frolic ruled the hour, and 
 proved a safety-valve to intense enthusiasm, and at eleven 
 o'clock the company dispersed, ready, as they said, for 
 another two weeks' campaign, if necessary for the soldiers. 
 
 Immediately after the dinner, the following resolutions 
 were offered by the Connecticut delegation, and carried by 
 acclamation by the assembled ladies. As these resolutions 
 form the conclusion of the Fair, and manifest its harmonious 
 action and more than kind appreciation of services rendered, 
 they can scarcely be omitted here : 
 
866 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 " Whereas, The Ladies in cliarge of the Fair have, by their 
 untiring zeal, industry and effort, successfully inaugurated, 
 conducted and concluded the great ISTorth-Western Fair : and 
 
 " Whereas, Those Ladies have been subjected to many 
 personal trials and difficulties in the prosecution of their 
 noble work for the soldiers ; therefore 
 
 " Resolved, That we, the ladies of the Connecticut depart- 
 ment of the N'orth-Western Fair, wish to express our high 
 sense of the invaluable services of the ladies in charge in the 
 cause so dear to us all, and to thank them in particular for 
 the ability, skill and success with which they have conducted 
 the North-Western Fair to a triumphant conclusion. 
 
 "Besolved, That this Fair has been an unparalleled success, 
 not merely in a pecuniary point of view, but as a great 
 uprising of the women of the North-West, in signification 
 of their devotion to the cause of our devoted and imperilled 
 country. ' 
 
 " Besolved, That we offer our thanks also to Mrs. 0. E. 
 Hosmer and Mrs. H. E. Franklin for the admirable and 
 courteous manner in which they have discharged the labor- 
 ious and difficult duties devolving upon them, as superin- 
 tendents of the dining-hall of the North- Western Fair. 
 
 " Resolved, That in view of the unanimity with which the 
 North- Western States have combined in this Fair, we request 
 that the name of the Chicago Sanitary Commission shall 
 now and henceforth be ' North- Western Sanitary Commis- 
 sion, Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission.' 
 
 " Resolved, That we send greeting to all in the Federal 
 service, whether in field or in hospital, whether in army or 
 navy, of whatever State or birthplace, and desire to remind 
 
CLOSE OF NORTH-WESTERN SANITARY FAIR. 867 
 
 them that in thus coming forward to fill the treasury of the 
 United States Sanitary Commission, which Commission suc- 
 cors all, without distinction, who come within its beneficial 
 range, we are offering sympathy, and support to every indi- 
 vidual of our country's defenders. 
 
 ^^ Resolved, That inasmuch as no amount of money will 
 purchase the indispensable garments which are made only 
 by the women of our patriotic organizations, we will return 
 home to set the machinery of our aid societies in still more 
 active operation, and that we will continue our efforts and 
 our work, not only as long as the war continues, but as long 
 as there is a hospital to supply, or a soldier to succor." 
 
 Thus ended the great North-Western Fair, with net pro- 
 ceeds of $86,000 ; a small amount compared with those that 
 followed, but more than triple the amount asked, and suffi- 
 ciently large to provoke an emulation that startled the 
 country with its munificent results. The success of the 
 Fair was greatly owing to the ability, zeal and persever- 
 ance of the ladies controlling different departnaents. The 
 names of scores who worked skilfully and indefatigably, 
 might be recorded, but it is in vain to essay the task, 
 as they would occupy more room -than the entire sketch. 
 The heads_ of the departments can alone be named. 
 
 In addition to the names of the ladies in charge of the Din- 
 ing-hall, we would specially record the invaluable services 
 of Mrs. H. L. Colt, in charge of the Art Gallery, and the 
 liberal donations from Milwaukee, made through her. A 
 draft for $1,000 was sent by Mrs. Nazro, from the citizens 
 of Milwaukee, Mrs. E. C. Hehshaw, of Ottawa, 111., a lady 
 
268 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 of remarkable ability, and a native of Connecticut, took 
 charge of that department, and with her skilful coadjutors, 
 carried it to triumphant success. In the Curiosity Shop, 
 Hon. J. B. Brad well and wife, Mrs. Dr. Carr, of Madison, 
 Wis., and Mrs. "W". E. Doggett, of Chicago, presided, assist- 
 ed by Mrs. A. Pox and Mrs. C. A. Morton, of Quincy, III. 
 Mrs. J. C. Fargo, Mrs. E. C. Long, and Mrs. 0. A. Lamb, 
 were the indefatigable secretaries of the Fair, while Mr. 
 Fargo and Mr. Long gave invaluable services as cashiers. 
 
 During the inception ana progress of the Fair, the follow- 
 ing list comprises the names of the members of the Com- 
 mission : Hon. Mark Skinner, President; Eev. William 
 W. Patton, Vice-President; E. B. McCagg, Esq., Corre- 
 sponding Secretary; E. W. Blatchford, Treasurer; Cyrus 
 Bentley, Recording Secretary ; H. E. Seelye, Assistant 
 Treasurer; Wesley Munger, B. F. Eaymond, J. K. Bots- 
 ford. 
 
 From the opening of the Fair, the Preddent of the Com- 
 mission gave to it the encouragement of his presence and his 
 hearty support, spending the greater portion of his time 
 within its precincts. The Treasurer, Mr. Blatchford, so 
 thoroughly systematized his part of the work, that labor was 
 simplified, order maintained, and confidence imparted. To 
 all the gentlemen of the Commission the ladies felt under 
 deep obligation, for countenance, encouragement and sub- 
 stantial aid. The brave prairie pioneer little dreamed of its 
 brilliant successors in the good cause. When they came, she 
 bade them " God-speed " and welcome, all for the sake of 
 " The Boys in Blue, and the Heroes of the Rank and File." 
 
SECOND -WOMAN'S COUNCIL AT WASHINGTON. 369 
 
 CHAPTEE XXI. 
 
 Second Woman's Council at Washington — Dr. Bellows' address — Yisit 
 to PhUadelphia — Sketch of meeting at West Chester— U. S. Sanitary 
 Oonamisaion — Pair mania — Pittsburg Fair — ^Bazaar — ^Monitor Hall-;— 
 Horticultural Hall — Philadelphia Pair — Union avenue — Hall of Arms 
 and Trophies — Horticultural HaU — ^Art Gallery — President Lincoln's 
 speech. . , 
 
 During the winter of a.d. 1864, the worJc at the rooms 
 of the North-Western Sanitary Commission went forward on a 
 munificent scale in proportion to its means and the necessities 
 of the army, which had been greatly increased by the battles 
 and siege of Vicksburg, the activity of the Army of the 
 Cumberland, and the malarious climate of the South and 
 West. The U. S. Sanitary Commission at Washington and 
 the eastern branches experienced the same necessity for in- 
 creased supplies. The value and expediency of sanitary 
 fairs, as means of filling the treasury of the Commission, 
 was presented to the officers of that organization, in a shape 
 that required consultation with the branches. In view of 
 these and other issues, the officers of the Commission resolved 
 
 to call a second Woman's Council at Washington, Jan. 18, 
 
 24 
 
370 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 1864. The following reasons for the call were set forth in a 
 circular, addressed to the various branches : 
 
 First — To gather information as to the disposal of the sup- 
 plies of constituents. 
 
 Second — To learn the principles ftid methods of the Com- 
 mission thoroughly. 
 
 Third — To compare notes witTi the central officials. 
 
 Fourth — To confer various methods witli each other. 
 
 Fifth — To inquire into the question of fairs on behalf of 
 the Commission. 
 
 Silcth — ^To ascertain the relation of the delegates with other 
 organizations in the home field. 
 
 Seventh — To impart to the Commission views concerning 
 canvassing agents. 
 
 Eighth— ^o suggest improvements for the working rela- 
 tions of delegates with the Commission. 
 
 Ninth — To give the Commission, information with regard 
 to tributary societies. 
 
 The reasons above stated for a second council, were of 
 sufficient import to draw together a large number of asso- 
 ciate managers of the United States Commission, at Wash- 
 ington, Jan. 18, 1864. This meeting continued three days, 
 the Eev. H. "W. Bellows, D. D., President of the Commis- 
 sion, presiding. The General Secretary, Dr. Jenkins, and As- 
 sociate Secretary Dr. Newberry, Eev. F. Knapp, Special 
 Relief Agent, and Mr. A. J. Bloor, Assistant Secretary, met 
 with the ladies. 
 
 The President, Rev. Dr. Bellows, lucidly explained the 
 conception and organization of the Commission, and power- 
 fully enforced the necessity of renewed zeal in a work of 
 
women's council at WASHINGTON. 371 
 
 such vast import to the army and the country, thus fulfilling, 
 most satisfactorily, one great object of the meeting. The 
 General Secretary gave an outline of the 'work and present 
 status of the Commission, and the Associate Secretary did the 
 same concerning the Western Department. It is unneces- 
 sary to say more concerning the band of women that gather- 
 ed in the council at "Washington, than that they were the 
 chosen representatives of the patriotic element, of almost the 
 entire field of sanitary labor. Many names on its record 
 will become historical, from their inseparable connection 
 with the interests of the great Union army, and their skill 
 and eflSciency in managing the various branches of supply 
 work of the United States Sanitary Commission. 
 
 Reports made to this council were ably written and elo- 
 quently spoken. Discussion was free and animated, and 
 some changes in the mode of work, in the various supply 
 departments of the Commission, were decided upon. The 
 organizations of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, 
 Chicago, etc., etc., were there represented, and, after three 
 lays of conference, the sessions closed, the members feel- 
 ing its desired results had been attained, and would re- 
 dound to the benefit of the sick and wounded in hospitals 
 and in the field. 
 
 Although not strictly within the scope of this volume, I 
 introduce Mrs. Livermore's sketch of the contraband camp, 
 which we visited in Washington. It is legitimate, as a part 
 of the history of the results of the war, and furnishes a rare 
 picture of the habits, manners, and religious exercises of the 
 newly-born freedmen : 
 
372 THE BOYS IS BLUE. 
 
 "A VISIT TO THE CONTEABAND CAMP. 
 
 "The contraband camp at Washington is made up of 
 fugitives from Maryland and Virginia, principally, though, 
 we found, also, numerous representatives of the ' patriarchal 
 institution ' from North and South C3,rolina, and some from 
 Georgia. There were about three thousand of them in camp 
 when we visited them, but the number varies from week to 
 week. Eev. D. B. Nichols has charge of this motley collec- 
 tion of escaped slaves, and makes the miserable quarters a 
 happy home to these poor refugees from bondage; 
 
 " We found here all ages, both sexes, every shade of com- 
 plexion, and every variety of character. Having lived on a 
 Soathern plantation some two years in my earlier life, the 
 people and the scenes were not as novel to me as to some 
 of my companions, who were overwhelmed with astonish- 
 ment at the intelligence, good sense, and perfect decorum 
 manifested by all. All with whom we conversed were able 
 to give an intelligent and graphic account of their escapade 
 from slavery, and their descriptions of 'massa' and 'missis' 
 revealed a very clear insight into character. 
 
 " They universally admitted that they were not in as good 
 condition now as they had been ' at home,' but they 
 expected. to have better times by and by, and to earn money, 
 and to keep house, and 'live like white folks.' Not one 
 regretted their change of circumstances. 'Why, missis,' 
 said a very intelligent mulatto woman, with considerable 
 pretensions to beauty, who had come from Point Lookout, 
 laying the forefinger of her right hand in the palm of her 
 left, to give emphasis to her speech, ' we'd rather be just as 
 
CONTEABAND CAMP AT WASHINGTON. 373 
 
 poor as we can be, and not die, if we's only free, than to have 
 all the money old massa had, or was eber gwine to hab, and 
 belong to anybody.' 
 
 " Compared with the white people of the North they are not 
 industrious, but they will compare favorably with the humbler 
 classes of whites at the South, and are even ahead of , them 
 in intellect and industry. Every morning the men of the 
 camp go down into the city to get work for the day, and so 
 do all the women without children, or who have not young 
 children to take care of. Few of them fail to find employ- 
 ment. Government employs the men, and the women find 
 chance jobs of house-cleaning, washing, etc., for which they 
 ask and receive moderate compensation, Many of them have 
 thriven so well that they have rented an humble room or two, 
 and have gone to housekeeping by themselves, which is an 
 event to which all aspire. The contraband camp at Wash- 
 ington is therefore a self-sustaining institution. 
 
 " Our first visit to the contrabands proved so interesting, that 
 we accepted an invitation from Mr. Nichols to attend their 
 prayer-meeting in the evening. They hold meetings every 
 evening as soon as supper is ended, and these meetings are 
 the great staple of their enjoyment. In them they find never- 
 failing ecstacy and bliss. They had already assembled, but 
 the arrival of a large company of white people had the effect 
 to disband several minor meetings in progress in the various 
 huts, and to augment the principal one in Mr. Nichols' 
 quarters. 
 
 " Eoom was made for us by the dense crowd, with great 
 courtesy, the utmost decorum prevailed, seriousness sat on all 
 faces, a hush reigned in the sable assembly, and the meeting 
 
374 THE BOTS IN' BLUE. 
 
 commenced by the singing of a hymn. It was a song and 
 chorus. The leader, a good singer, stood in the centre, and 
 sang alone the first two lines, 
 
 ' I see de angels beck'ning, I hear dem call me 'way, 
 I see de golden city, and de eberlasting day.' 
 
 Then the whole congregation rose to their feet, and with a 
 mighty rush of melody, and astonishing enthusiasm, joined 
 in the inspiring chorus.. 
 
 ' Oil I I'm going home to glory — won't you go along wid me, 
 , Whar the blessed angels beckon, and de Lor, my Saviom', be.' 
 
 " The leader was a good improvisatore, as well as singer, and 
 long after the stock of ready-made verses was exhausted, he 
 went on and on, adding impromptu and rough rhymes, 
 and the congregation came in promptly ; and with ever- 
 rising enthusiasm,- with the oft-repeated chorus. All sang 
 with closed eyes, thus shutting out all external impres- 
 sions, and abandoned themselves to the ecstacy of the 
 hour. The leader gesticulated violently, swinging his arms 
 around his head, uplifting his hands and clasping them 
 tightly, and pointing into infinite, space, while his compan- 
 ions swayed their bodies wildly to and fro, and beat time to 
 the music with their feet, the swaying now and then becom- 
 ing wild and dizzy gyrations, and quick convulsive leaps 
 from the floor. Accompanying all this was a general hand- 
 shaking, in which we white people were included. One 
 powerful Maryland woman nearly toppled me from the ele- 
 vated, but precarious seat, which I had selected the better to 
 look down on the congregation, so fervent was her hand- 
 
UNDEEGROUND PEATEE-MEETING. 3Y5 
 
 clasping ; and all of us were glad when this exercise was 
 ended, for our hands ached. 
 
 After this followed a prayer. Never have I heard a 
 prayer of more pathos and earnestness. It appealed to God. 
 for the justness of the cause of the slave. 'You know, 
 King,' said the kneeling supplicant, 'how many a time 
 we've been hungry and had nof&n for to eat ; how we've 
 had no time to sleep, and take care ob our childen; how 
 we've been kept out in the frost and snow, and suffered 
 many persecutions. But now, King, you've brought us up 
 here under the shadow of the Union Army, and we 'pend on 
 Thee to do the rest. It is the cause of the childen, King, 
 and we 'pend on Thee.' With the utmost fervor they prayed 
 for the Union army, that God would ' smother their enemies 
 and gib 'em victory ; ' and to both these petitions the whole 
 audience added a perfect tempest of supplicatory responses. 
 
 "Mr. Nichols informed us that while the piety of these peo- 
 ple is of the most orthodox kind, their morality is not so 
 satisfactory. 
 
 "The vices of slavery, very naturally, stick to them, and 
 they are not strictly truth-telling, nor honest. But there has 
 been a marked improvement in them in this respect, since 
 they came in camp. Their religious nature is exceedingly 
 active, and it would seem as if the negro character, repressed 
 in every other development, had run wholly into religion. 
 Now, under the influence of freedom, their religious exercises 
 are brightened by a gladness and gratitude that enhance 
 their interest, and their supplications are. mingled with 
 thanksgiving. ■ They assured us that all the slaves know of 
 the President's Proclamation, and expect to be free before 
 
376 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 the end of the war. And when they sang us their celebrated 
 song, only secretly indulged in until recently, beginning, 
 
 ' Geo tell Moses go down into Egypt, 
 And tell King Pharaoh, let my people go,' 
 
 the leader improvised verses at the close, suited to their cir- 
 cumstances, and the congregation changed the chorus, shout- 
 ing with excitement and gestures that would have been 
 terrific, had they been less jubilant, 
 
 'He WILL let my people go I' 
 
 " The closing song was one I had often heard before in the 
 South, and which always upset my gravity. 
 
 ' Ole Satan's mad, and I am glad. 
 He'll miss one soul he thought he had.' 
 
 "Bidding us 'good-night,' the dusky forms vanished into 
 the outer darkness, and we returned home, not much less 
 excited than they, rehearsing all the way the songs, speeches 
 and prayers to which we had listened. 
 
 "M. A. L." 
 
 Before leaving Washington, I yielded to the urgent invi- 
 tations of Mrs. H. B. Grier and Mrs. Charles Hiester, associ- 
 ate managers of Eastern branches^ to visit Philadelphia and 
 "West Chester, the field of their sanitary labors. 
 
 The day after my arrival at Philadelphia, a large meeting 
 of ladies was convened, to consider the propriety of holding 
 a fair in that city, for the benefit pf the United States Sani- 
 tary Commission. At their request I gave them a sketch of 
 
WEST CHESTER SANITARY MEETING. 377 
 
 our Western labors and experience, and said in conclusion, 
 what I knew to be true of my native city and youthful home 
 (Philadelphia), that if she should inaugurate a Sanitary Fair, 
 it would be scarcely second to any of its forerunners in 
 results, and superior to all in elegance and completeness. 
 At the close of the meeting, the ladies unanimously decided 
 to hold a Fair. 
 
 At West Chester, I had the opportunity of seeing and 
 hearing something of the work of Eastern women in the 
 rural districts. Under the lead of Mrs. Hiester, the Aid 
 Society at that place was extremely efficient. It was 
 interesting and significant, to find the eastern valley women, 
 like their prairie sisters, flocking at the "bugle c^l," in 
 crowds that filled a large church, to hear of the " Boys in 
 Blue " in hospitals, swamps and rifle-pits of western warfare. 
 The same earnest looks, hearty greetings, tearful attention 
 and white faces, the same busy fingers and untiring zeal 
 that abounded in the Western prairies, were at work in this 
 lovely valley of Chester, east of the Alleghany Mountains, 
 which, with their lofty peaks and deep valleys, formed geogra- 
 phical divisions, but could not divide the nation's unity, nor 
 check the electric thrill, that pervaded the loyal heart of the 
 entire nation.^ True, the workers in the valley lived in ceiled 
 houses, walked on paved streets, and were subdued in tone 
 and manner, more than is the wont of prairie women ; but the 
 same patriotic hearts, generous impulses, strong wills and 
 willing hands, beat time to the music of the Union. 
 
 There was a specialty in this meeting, that belonged to 
 no other that I met during the war. To accommodate the 
 scruples of some members of the Society of Friends, who by 
 
378 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 their creed are bound to give no aid or comfort to war, a 
 "Freedmen's Brancli" had been added to the relief work of 
 West Chester. Plain, close caps, shading meek faces,, were 
 sprinkled through the audience. I noticed, however, that 
 the work soon dropped from the hands of these benevolent 
 women, and their wrapt attention and streaming eyes gave 
 proof that their hearts responded to the call of humanity 
 and patriotism, and that no sick or wounded soldier would 
 lack a helping hand from them. 
 
 I would fain dwell upon this pleasant memory — the sanitary- 
 meeting at West Chester — but space does not permit; suffice 
 it to say, an hour after the meeting barely gave time to 
 receive kind words, blessings and the tales of bereavement, 
 found there as everywhere. These ladies afterwards sent 
 me an elegantly inscribed roll of parchment, to which were 
 appended the prized autographs of the officers of the society. 
 The roll was surmounted by an exquisite tiny flag, inserted 
 with great skill, and the entire affair was so novel, recherche 
 and unique, that it must ever be preserved as a precious 
 memorial. 
 
 Before special notice of successive Sanitary Fairs, I pro- 
 ceed to show their necessity, by introducing a brief sketch 
 of a small portion of the supply work of the TJ. S. Sanitary 
 Commission in the Western field, requiring large accession 
 of money and supplies, as was the case elsewhere. 
 
 During the winter and spring of A.D. 1863, Dr. H. A. 
 Warriner, Sanitary Inspector of the Army of the Tennessee, 
 had, from his base at Memphis, thrown out liberal supplies 
 at Corinth, Jackson, Hamburg, etc. I had the pleasure 
 of coming into frequent contact with this able official, 
 
DE. read's sanitary WORK AT DANVILLE. 379 
 
 especially at Yicksburg during the siege, where' he was 
 laboring, spite of bodily weakness, to the great benefit of 
 the Western army, where he, and the Commission he 
 represented, were thoroughly known and appreciated, as 
 army blessings. So wisely did Dr. Warriner administer the 
 stores, that Grovernment frequently turned over to him boat- 
 loads of ice, which he judiciously distributed, in addition to 
 that furnished by the Sanitary Commission. 
 
 Dr. Eead, Sanitary Inspector of the Army of the Cum- , 
 berland, in accordance with the policy of the Commission, 
 of careful preparation for exigencies, had been concentrating 
 supplies at Louisville, in anticipation of coming battles. 
 Consequently, after the battle of Perryville, Dr. Eead was 
 able to send at once to the field twenty-one ambulances, and 
 three wagons, laden with supplies, attefded by eflScient 
 agents, who issued them freely to needy and grateful sur- 
 geons, for their suffering patients. 
 
 Dr. Head himself pushed forward to Danville, where 
 he found the court-house literally packed with wounded. 
 With the assistance of a good Union man, who shot a 
 bullock, and hauled the water some distance, as the wells 
 were all dry ; and with a ^^ faculty " that would have immor- 
 talized a down-east Yankee, in the absence of kettles and 
 paUs carried off by the rebels, the good doctor exhumed 
 an iron kettle, and converted covered firkins with handles, 
 and a wash-tub, into receptacles for soup. Over a fire made 
 of old boards, picked up in the court-yard, he manufactured 
 sixty-five gallons of this precious beverage, and with it fed 
 crowds of starving and wounded men. In an adjacent 
 carriage-house, after having scattered two loads of straw 
 
380 the' boys in blue. 
 
 upon the bare floors, lie housed two hundred wounded 
 soldiers lying unprotected. 
 
 Ten additional tons of stores from the Sanitary CommiS' 
 sion reached the wounded at Perryville, before the hospital 
 stores of Government arrived ; they having, in some un- 
 accountable way, been detained on the railroads. 
 
 As usual, at Harrodsburg, the rebel wounded were left 
 upon our hands, and were treated as our own men, although 
 i in many instances they wore the Federal clothing, said to have 
 been taken, perforce, from our soldiers. A young rebel 
 soldier in the hospital, with a U. S. overcoat on, was asked 
 where he got it? He replied, "that when he was lying 
 wounded on the battle-field, in a cold rain, a Federal soldier 
 approached him, took off his overcoat and spread it over 
 him." • 
 
 It was immediately after the battle of Perryville that hos- 
 pital cars came into general use, in the sanitary work of the 
 "Western army. Their invention is chiefly due to Dr. Harris, 
 a member of the U. S. Sanitary Commission. They com- 
 mended themselves so fully to the surgeons of the army, 
 and were so gratefully hailed by wounded men, that fourteen 
 were prepared after the plans and specifications of the Com- 
 mission, and were wholly, or in part, furnished by it. Ten 
 of them ran regularly on long routes, and were frequently 
 turned over by the superintendents to the Sanitary Commis- 
 sion, as it had been proven they better understood their 
 management, and the care of the sick and wounded men 
 contained in them. " These cars were fitted up exclusively 
 for the accommodation of the sick and wounded, with ham- 
 mocks on elastic springs, couches, pillows and reclining 
 
THE SAKITAEY FAIR MANIA. 381 
 
 chairs, a medicine-closet, a complete cuisine, and all the appli- 
 ances and attendance of the hospitals. Thej were venti- 
 lated, warmed and lighted, with special reference to the sick 
 and wounded men, and most of them grooved to run on 
 railways of different gauges, to a'^id needless transfer of 
 patients." 
 
 During this time the Eair mania was spreading th^ughout 
 the land with marvellous celerity. To use the words of Dr. 
 Bellows, " it was in the air." It overleaped a:ll boundaries, 
 and was subject to no laws. It appeared almost simulta- 
 neously in Boston, Cincinnati, Brooklyn, New York, Cleve- 
 land, St. Louis, Baltiinore, Washington, Buffalo, Albany, 
 Pittsburg and Philadelphia. Boston first followed suit, 
 and was ready to report at the Woman's Council, held in 
 Washington, January, 1864, proceeds from a Fair to the 
 amount of $150,000. The queen city of the West, Cincinnati, 
 also inaugurated a Sanitary Fair of huge proportions, that 
 poured, into the treasury two hundred and fifty thousand 
 ($250,000) dollars. This achievement was a marvel, at so 
 early a stage in the history of fairs. 
 
 The enthusiasm manifested by the business men of Cin- 
 cinnati, gave a powerful impetus, and somewhat new»direc- 
 tion, to these benevolent efforts. Pressing sanitary business 
 prevented us from spending more than one day in visiting it ; 
 but that was sufficient to convince us, that its pecuniary 
 results would far exceed those of its predecessors. Its full 
 history has been published, and the limited time of our visit, 
 and its great exteni, forbid all attempts to describe minutely 
 any department, when we had barely time to glance at ita 
 extended proportions — the results of the wonderful efforts of 
 
382 "the boys in blue. 
 
 its committee, consisting of ladies and gentlemen,^ Mr. 
 Caldwell being its indefatigable chairman. 
 
 It has been a source of great regret that we were not able 
 to attend the Sanitary Fairs of Brooklyn and New York, both 
 astonishing efforts. The Brooklyn Fair promised to realize 
 $200,000, and at its close was able to record double that 
 amount of profits. Its great success, while it inspired 
 renewed effort in behalf of the Metropolitan Fair of New 
 York, led many to fear a repetition in* the immediate neigh- 
 bood could not be so successfully inaugurated ; but to the 
 astonishment of all, the net proceeds of the New York 
 Fair reached the maximum of $1,200,000, hearing the 
 palm of moneyed results over all other Sa/rdtary Fairs. Had 
 the expectations and arrangements of the managers equalled 
 the munificence of the people, it is said the results would 
 have been greatly increased. The history of benevolence 
 can rarely record the fact, that room could not be found for 
 unexpected and overwhelming donations. Thus the ball 
 gathered size and strength as it rolled onward, and accom- 
 plished . the circuit of the principal cities of all the loyal 
 States. Leading men in all professions and occupations 
 made«haste to lay a stone in this novel and dazzling structure 
 of charity, that bade fair to rival in splendor the superb 
 temple of old. The daughters of the land polished the stones 
 of this pure edifice, which mugf occupy a hallowed and prom- 
 inent place in the history of the rebellion. Like all other 
 new and mighty efforts, it was sealed with lives sacrificed 
 upon its altar. Some earnest women that slept beneath its 
 dome are enshrined as martyrs, in the hearts of the people. 
 
 St. Louis, under the lead of her sanitary philanthropists. 
 
PITTSBURG SANITARY FAIR. , 883 
 
 J. E. Yeatman, Esq., and Eev. "W. E. Eliot, D.D., had 
 realized from a magnificent Eair, held for the benefit of the 
 Western Sanitary Commission, the freedmen and refugees, 
 the enormous sum of $700,000. Philadelphia and Pittsburg 
 had decided on similar efforts for the benefit of the Sanitary 
 Commission, which were consummated in the green and 
 leafy month of June. 
 
 An invitation by letter and telegram, to attend the Phila- 
 delphia Fair, drew me to the enchanted palace, and I shall 
 ever rejoice I had the privilege of seeing it. On my way 
 thither, I tarried a few days in Pittsburg, and through the 
 courtesy of Felix H. Brunot, Esq., its executive chairman, 
 and Mrs. McMillan, its able secretary, I had every ^ oppor- 
 tunity of seeing its various and beautiful arrangements. 
 
 Each fair had a specialty, that grew out of its surround- 
 ings. The Sanitary Fair at Pittsburg resembled a joyous 
 family gathering. 
 
 It was the golden wedding, if you please, of the Republic. 
 The descendants came, hand-in-hand, with their votive offer- 
 ings; as if all akin, to testify their love and loyalty to the 
 dear mother of us all, who was entitled to special marks of 
 devotion, because some of her lawful children (miscreants 
 withal) had scouted her authority, and even dared to raise 
 their parricidal Hands to strike. 
 
 Pittsburg is an old city, in Western parlaiice. She is a 
 stable city, also. Her progress and population are steadily 
 and rapidly advancing, but her oldest inhabitant has long 
 ago been gathered to- his fathers. People in that proper, 
 slightly smoky place are born and die, without moving twice a 
 year. They marry and are given in marriage among friends 
 
384 THE BOTS IN BLUB. 
 
 and kindred, and thus is formed a familiar, gregarious society, 
 that budded and blossomed in its fullest development in the 
 Sanitary Fair, It was sui generis, and to us peculiarly enjoya- 
 ble, as a residence of seventeen years among its hospitable 
 and generous people, had given us entree within the charmed 
 circle. ' 
 
 The Bazaar was fitted up with a great variety of booths, 
 some very beautiful. Among the rest was the Chicago 
 booth, for the Garden City had not forgotten her debt of 
 honor, and hastened to pay a small instalment- The Board 
 of Trade of the city of Chicago sent almost three thousand 
 dollars in money, and the merchants and ladies a booth full 
 of goods. A miniature Swiss cottage was the leading attrac- 
 tion of the bazaar. It was complete, with several rooms 
 on a lilliputian scale, beautifully furnished in proportion, 
 and surrounded with a sodded lawn, gravelled walks, tiny 
 flower-pots, and fairy fountains. The rooms were sufficiently 
 large to admit adults, if properly submissive at the entrance, 
 and would accommodate three or four misses at one time. 
 It was for sale at the price of $1,000. No other Fair had so 
 large and sensible a play-house. 
 
 The striking glory of the Pittsburg Fair, however, was its 
 Horticultural Hall, which ''occupied an entire buildiflg. Its 
 central ornament consisted of wooded hills, moss-covered 
 rocks, evergreens, running streams, lilliput cottages, and 
 mills with revolving wheels. Under the centre of the hUl 
 was Cudje's Cave, a cool recess, with dripping waters, and 
 lighted with a weird torch-light. A broad, oblong walk was 
 bordered with beds of tropical plants and rich flowers, for 
 the wealth of all surrounding conservatories had been poured 
 
MONITOR HALL AND ART GALLERY. 385 
 
 into it. At one end was the Garden of Eden, where our 
 first mother, with her Author and Disposer, stood ; and at the 
 other extreme, was a bower of rest, in which brooks babbled 
 over pebbles, cool fountains cast their spray, a.nd rustic chairs 
 beguiled the weary traveller, who paid by the minute for 
 the luxury of a seat, " all for the Boys in Blue." 
 
 In a modest corner was a bower, where Hebe and her train 
 dispensed ambrosial fruit and nectar. The pretty conceit was 
 not marred by the postal currency and greenbacks that rapidly 
 accumulated, and were, alas ! so necessary, to the comfort of 
 the brave "heroes of the rank and file." All the original 
 features of the Pioneer Fair were here duplicated, and a 
 unique and interesting feature introduced. In Monitor Hall 
 was exhibited a mimic fight, between the Merrimac and the 
 Monitor, which attracted a crowd of juveniles, and children 
 of larger growth. Through the liberality and kindness of 
 the Messrs. Knapp, of the Fort Pitt Iron-works, of Pitts- 
 burg, this beautiful and original department was duplicated 
 at the Boston and last North-Western Sanitary Fair. 
 
 John H. Shoenberger, Esq., one of the most liberal and 
 
 patriotic citizens of Pittsburg, opened his extensive gallery 
 
 of art, for the benefit of the Fair ; a fine illustration of the 
 
 universal, hearty and family character of this enterprise, 
 
 which seemed to enlist every man, woman and child within 
 
 the bounds of the city and adjoining country. In all 
 
 the fairs that succeeded the first, large contributions were 
 
 made before the fair began. The excitement afforded a fine 
 
 opportunity to open the pockets of wealthy individuals and 
 
 corporations. Liberal responses were made, and Pittsburg 
 
 realized the splendid sum of $300,000 net proceeds— a glori- 
 
 25 
 
386 ■ THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 ous record for tKe Iron City. No other excelled her in 
 patriotism, nor in liberality to the Union soldiers. 
 
 I found myself, on the second day of June, at the Great 
 Central Sanitary Fair, held in Philadelphia, within sight and 
 sound of its opening ceremonies, which were exciting and 
 impressive. The breaking of the platform threatened serious 
 interruption ; but the interposing arm of its executive chair- 
 man stilled the rising waters, and order was promptly 
 restored. I passed almost ten days of uninterrupted enjoy- 
 ment in this Aladdin's palace, and shall give but a rapid 
 sketch " en passant" of its most striking features, as they 
 revealed themselves to me day by day. 
 
 The Central Fair was metropolitan in extent, esj)ni 
 and surroundings. It was elegant in contributions, attend- 
 ants and decorations, complete in plan, buildings and arrange- 
 ments. A master-hand was at the helm, guiding the great 
 vessel, noiselessly, but steadily and triumphantly, through 
 the innumerable shoals of a popular sea, to a safe harbor. 
 John "Welsh, Esq., a man of large public brfsiness, consented 
 ■cheerfully to accept the arduous post of Chairman of the 
 Executive Committee of the Great Central Fair, and by his 
 administrative skill, rare perseverance and courteous bearing, 
 secured its successful issue. 
 
 A highly important branch of the great Fair, involving its 
 artistic display and elegant arrangements, and second only to 
 its general organization" and control, was the Committee of 
 gentlemen and ladies on Internal Arrangements ; having 
 respectively, Mr. James Henry Orme and Mrs. George 
 Plitt, as chairmen. These officers, by their skill, taste and 
 jzeal, did much to render the "speetdcle^^ unparalleled, and 
 
PHILADELPHIA CENTRAL SANITARY PAIR. 387 
 
 fully sustained the hands of the Chairman of the Fair, in 
 his manifold labors. 
 
 C. J. Stills, Esq., its secretary, has elaborated a valuable 
 and interesting history of the Fair, inaccessible to the masses, 
 from its expensive edition and limited number of copies. 
 This fact emboldens me to give the impressions of one from 
 abroad, as I know that thousands desire it, who lacked the 
 opportunity of seeing this Sanitary Fair. The names of the 
 officers of the Executive Committee were as follows : 
 
 John Welsh, Chairman ; Caleb Cope, Treasurer ; Charles 
 J. Stille, Corresponding Secretary ; Horace Howard Furness, 
 Recording Secretary ; George W. Hunter, Assistant Secre- 
 tary ; William B. Dayton, Assistant Secretary. 
 
 Philadelphia was eminently a proper place in which to 
 inaugurate a Sanitary Fair. It was the birth-place of the 
 Republic so wantonly assailed, for the benefit of whose brave 
 defenders the great series of Fairs had begun and were running 
 their course. On Plymouth Rock, the apostles of freedom 
 first set foot, and sowed broadcast the principles of civil and 
 religious liberty; in Phildelphia, those principles were 
 moulded and elaborated into a constitutional form ; sealed, 
 signed and delivered to the people, September 17, A. d. 1787, 
 the first signature being 
 
 George Washington, 
 President and Deputy from Yirginia. 
 
 Broad flings had been cast at the patriotism of the City of 
 Brotherly Love. As it had been my birth-place and early 
 home, I did not fear, but was content to wait developments. 
 " By their fruits shall ye know them." 
 
388 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Almost coeval with the transit of troops, were the great 
 refreshment salo'ons of Philadelphia, furnished and attended 
 by volunteers, inviting every soldier in transitu to take 
 a warm, comfortable meal. These were followed by chapels, 
 reading-rooms and hospital corps; all proving that the spirit 
 of '76 still lived and flourished. 
 
 Esthetics found their fullest development -and exposition 
 in the great Central Sanitary Fair, that impressed its myriad 
 visitors with its vastness, its completeness, and its unity ; all 
 of which were fully disclosed by its unparalleled location. 
 
 Its vastness may be comprehended from the statement that 
 over a million and a half feet of lumber were required for its 
 buildings, which covered an area of two hundred thousand 
 square feet. 
 
 Its completeness. Each department was so thoroughly and 
 independently organized, that each seemed a fair within a 
 fair, in perfect running order, but subject to its federal head; 
 arid this produced 
 
 Its unity, which was entire — emblematic of the empire of the 
 iRepublic — complete in all its parts, still one and indivisible. 
 
 Its location was Logan Square, a spacious public park, 
 whose broad wallas seemed to have been created for the 
 buildings of the Fair, and whose lofty forest-trees lent their 
 leafy branches for ornament and shade, to the waiting and 
 departing multitudes. 
 
 I would not describe the manifold parts of this fair, but 
 barely glance at its leading departments, ranged on either 
 side of the main artery of this stupendous enterprise. 
 
 Union" Avenue was the central building occupied by the 
 bazaar, five hundred and forty feet in length, sixty-four feet 
 
UNION HALL— HALL OF ARMS AND TROPHIES. 389 
 
 in width, at its apex fifty-one feet in height. The sides 
 were perpendicular; the roof a Grothio arch, secured by 
 Howe trusses. The fresh June foliage of the branches that 
 nestled in the arches, robed the naked rafters with rich 
 green and delicate tracery, surpassing all frescoes as orna- 
 ments. Below this natural decoration, bright banners, tro- 
 phies and guidons, were displayed from the arched ribs, 
 contrasting finely with the green leaves. 
 
 The coup cPceil of this unbroken arch (said to be the longest 
 in existence) from the orchestral gallery at twilight, when the 
 dim light stretched the long aisles and multiplied the arches, 
 resembled the vaulted roofs of old cathedrals, and when its 
 thousand burners at once leaped" from the darkness, the light- 
 ing of St. Peter's dome could only exceed it in strange beauty. 
 "With the full blaze of light, bands of music, heraldic devices, 
 rough beams and green trees mingled with armorial bearings, 
 it required but little imagination to conjure up King Alfred's 
 merrymakings, and the feasts of good old Saxon days. 
 
 The tables on either side, filled to repletion with choice 
 productions of art and skill, attended by ladies of leisure, 
 refinement and culture, more eager to sell and persevering 
 to endure than the tradesman, dependent on sales for daily 
 support, the great bazaar became the living embodiment of 
 the zeal of a patriotic people for its. ideal — a Government of 
 universal freedom, of civil and religious liberty, the most 
 significant and unanswerable argument in favor of our young 
 Eepublic. Usto perpetud ! 
 
 THE HALL OF ARMS AND TROPHIES 
 
 Gave evidence of the rare skill of the committees in charge. 
 
390 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 •VYho succeeded in rendering this always interesting depart- 
 ment of a fair, attractive from its beauty, fine taste, and 
 effective arrangement. The monster cannon were wreathed 
 with stripes and stars, flanked with gleaming blades and 
 rifles, wrought into forms of beauty. Shot and shell were 
 disposed in comely shapes; and relics of the war of a.d. 
 1812, of the Mexican war, and of the war of the rebellion, 
 with beautiful models of fortifications and monitors, re- 
 lieved monotony. Eelics of good men and of bad men, of 
 patriots and of traitors — autographs and ancient manuscripts, 
 black-letter books, legal relics and treason-warrants — in fine, 
 enough to transport an antiquary, were gathered together 
 with such skillj that even the musty tomes and quaint, 
 homely relics, were beguiled of their roughness. At the 
 north end of the hall, opposite the entrance, on a raised 
 platform, stood a warrior, clad in burnished steel, flanked on 
 either side by brass cannon. A unique and brilliant back- 
 ground was composed of semicircular tiers of swords, mus- 
 kets, rapiers, and spears, that reached almost to the ceiling, 
 where was perched an e^gle, wreathed with the stripes and 
 stars. The exquisite, tri-eolored bunting drapery completed 
 the beauty of the department, and redounded great credit on 
 the decorator. But, time presses. "We must hasten toward 
 the triumph of nature and art, the greatest vronder of the 
 greatest Fair, 
 
 THE HORTICULTUEAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 As I enter the vestibule of this temple of Flora, I pause 
 at its threshold, abashed at my audacity in essaying its 
 description. . In the ocean of the past, that green isle lies 
 
HORTICULTURAL HALL. • 391 
 
 nestled undisturbed, for it has no peer in loveliness, and in 
 its presence, even the captious are silent. Artistic skill and 
 beauty seemed to have been exhausted in Union Hall. In 
 Floral Hall, Grod's works were grouped and arranged by 
 His master-workman — man — with skill divine, as taught in 
 Eden. Its rich and fragrant memory seems to mock me, 
 laughing, as it flies. 
 
 Horticultural Hall was one hundred and ninety feet 
 in diameter, and was composed of six concentric circles, 
 surmounted with a canvas dome, eighty-five feet wide 
 at its base. The central circle was an island, and con- 
 tained a huge pyramid of plants, thirty feet in height. Its 
 second circle was a lake, fifteen feet wide, and -'three 
 hundred feet in circumference. A flower-bed, three feet 
 in width, filled with choice plants, girded this lake and 
 formed the third circle. A walk, twenty-five feet wide, 
 flanked by fifty columns, each surmounted with double 
 gas-burners, made the fourth ring of beauty. The fifth 
 circle consisted of twelve double floral tables surrounded 
 with fifty other columns, which formed the inside bound- 
 ary of the sixth and last circle, a 'grand promenade, 
 twenty -five feet in width and almost six hundred feet 
 in length. This walk was bordered with orange and lemon 
 trees in full fruitage; oleanders, pomegranates, and magno- 
 lias in rich bloom ; refreshment tables containing " ambrosial 
 fruit," luscious scarlet berries smothered iu snowy &eam, 
 ices, sherbet, lemonades, etc., etc., being interspersed at 
 convenient distances. This outline is colossal in proportion, 
 graceful in curves, rich in promise, still, after all, only a 
 skeleton. The bewildering grace and irresistible fasci- 
 
892 . THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 natioa of its full development realized youth's' brightest 
 dreams. 
 
 The central pyramid of plants was composed of date-palms, 
 bananas, rhododendrons, pomegranates and pineapples. In- 
 dia, Australia, Madagascar and Bourbon had brought their 
 treasures from afar, and poured them into the lap of charity. 
 Orpheus, from the recesses of this fairy isle, breathed forth 
 melting strains; while classic figures, glimpsing through the 
 openings, and model deer peering from the foliage, height- 
 ened the magical effect. 
 
 The goddess of this temple wore a triple crown. Surmount- 
 ing her floral decoration was a crystal dome, formed of a 
 hundred and fifty water jets, falling over a hundred and 
 fifty gas jets, which, when leaping beneath the crystal drops, 
 shivered them into a million fragments, forming a diadem be- 
 fore which the Kohinoor must pale. The lake that held this 
 enchanted island in its embrace, was adorned with twenty- 
 four fountains, gurgling through swans' mouths, revolving 
 in circles or spirals, toying with golden balls, or shaking 
 from their feathery heads, spray that watered the surrounding 
 plants. Victoria regia, the royal water-plant, basked on the 
 silver lake, spreading its huge green leaves. Fragrant water- 
 lilies, tiny craft, model water-fowl, and a graceful rustic 
 bridge, completed its aquatic decorations. 
 
 The flower-bed bordering it was neatly edged with sod, 
 water'Sd by day and renewed at night, and was ornamented' 
 with large vases of choice and rare exotics, in full bloom. In 
 the sume bed, at night, gas jets formed the stamens of artifi- 
 cial callas, so cunningly devised that they deceived even the 
 skilled, who in this miracle of splendor, doubted nothing. 
 
THE GREAT RESTAURANT. 893 
 
 The hundred pillars were festooned and twined with 
 evergreens, orcllids and hanging baskets of flowers, mosses, 
 and trailing vines. Grottes, aquarise, ferneries and fruits, 
 enriched the charming melee, while the air was heavy with 
 the fragrance of violets, pinks, roses, jasmines, mignonette 
 and magnolias. Young girls, with tiny, rice-straw baskets 
 filled with flowers (the exquisite floral badge attached to the 
 left shoulder), tempted purchasers, till each person held up 
 for safety a basket or bouquet of flowers, thus creating a for- 
 est of circling bloom, mingled with radiant faces, merry 
 voices and graceful forms. 
 
 The glitter, animation and delight of the moving multitude,' 
 , the eager competition of the fair saleswomen as they displayed 
 their tempting wares, completed the charm of this wonderful 
 place. Few persons that saw it once, but were tempted to re- 
 turn again and again, by its surpassing beauty, sweet scents 
 and murmuring waters, constantly falling and refreshing vis- 
 itors and foliage. 
 
 " Must I ttus leave thee, Paradise ? thus leave 
 Thee, native soil ? these happy walks and shades, 
 Pit haunt for gods ? " 
 
 Let us alight from these airy flights, and learn how even 
 the epicurean art may be sublimated by charity, and form 
 meet company for its bewitching neighbors. An avenue of 
 canned fruits and rare confections, arranged in fantastic forms, 
 pyramids, pagodas, arches and fortifications, and of bubbling 
 soda and water fountains, led to the temple of Epicurus, the 
 great 
 
394 THE BOYS m BLUE. 
 
 EESTAURANT. 
 
 The building was a ring one hundred and seventy feet 
 in diameter, and forty feet in height, ceiled with a wooden 
 canopy richly draped with tricolored bunting, converging in 
 rays from its centre to its circumference. From its highest 
 point was suspended a circular gas-burner, that- shed at 
 night a mellow light on the moving panorama- below. The 
 canopy was supported by a double row of pillars ornament- 
 ed with warlike and musical instruments, and emblems finely 
 grouped, the shields containing portraits of distinguished 
 persons. The wooden wall was made beautiful and signifi- 
 cant by a drapery of stars and stripes on which were written 
 in white letters, the names of bloody battles that had 
 developed Sanitary Fairs — these popular outbursts of grati- 
 tude and patriotism. In the area of the Hall stood one 
 hundred and eighty tables, capable of accommodating 
 seven hundred and twenty persons at the same time. 
 Thirty small numbered tables were placed at stated inter- 
 vals, in charge of thirty ladies dressed in black, with thirty 
 pages to attend them. Each lady cashier had charge of 
 six tables, made out the bills, and received and deposited the 
 money daily. The picturesque effect of the scene was 
 heightened by the trim figures, rapid movements, and neat 
 dresses of one hundred and sixty well-trained colored 
 waiters, dressed in black, with immaculate jackets, vests, 
 and aprons, and a tricolored rosette on the left shoulder. 
 The cuisine of this great establishment was on a scale in 
 proportion with its design. It occupied sixty square feet, 
 and had a range twenty-six feet long, and accommodations 
 
THE ART GALLERY. 395 
 
 for cooking for five thousand persons. On an average, nine 
 thousand persons dined here daily during the progress of the 
 Fair, and seventy-two thousand eight hundred and fifty 
 dollars were received from the sales. This brief sketch may 
 give some idea of the extent of the plan and the complete- 
 ness of the details. As an exhibition of administrative 
 ability and elegant neatness, it was unsurpassed. A. seat 
 in the outer circle of tables, gave ample opportunity for 
 observation. 
 
 At the tables, the fair, roguish faces of the young cashiers 
 in their sober habiliments, the darting movements of the 
 nimble pages, the sable hues of the waiters, in fine contrast 
 with their white trimmings and gay rosettes ; the tricolored 
 canopy and flood of soft light falling from above, formed a 
 tableau vivant that excelled in life and beauty, any other 
 perhaps ever exhibited in this land. 
 
 THE ART GALLERY. 
 
 The temple of the muses at the great Central Fair was on 
 the liberal scale of the other departments, and vied in rich- 
 ness and fascination with the temple of Flora. A brick 
 building, five hundred feet in length, twenty-six feet wide, 
 and fifteen feet in height, was erected. Along the centre of 
 the roof ran a spacious sky-light, that afibrded ample and 
 suitable light and ventilation, rendering the room at all times 
 comfortable, with its multitude of visitors, and innumerable 
 gas-burners, producing the precise light that artists choose 
 for the full development of their pictures. The committee 
 manifested both good taste and judgment iii selecting from 
 the bewildering profusion of contributions the works of 
 
396 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 modern masters, many of whom were our native artists. 
 The wonderful success of this Art Gallery, said to have con- 
 tained the finest collection of pictures ever exhibited in this 
 country, and the crowds that constantly thronged it, at an 
 average of twelve thousand persons daily, proved that 
 genuine art, in its freshness and beauty, is appreciable by 
 those who possess ordinary culture and refinement, and the 
 love of the beautiful that God has implanted in the human 
 breast. 
 
 The tout ensemUe of this culmination of artistic beauty 
 and grace, the faithful reproductions of nature and art, the 
 rich, but subdued coloring, choice light, and gliding 
 throngs of living beauty, yielded pure and elevated enjoy- 
 ment to multitudes, to whom they had been as a sealed 
 book, and produced profound regret, that these visions of 
 beauty might not be permanent, and continue to gild the 
 material life of an eminently practical people, and become 
 a well-spring of joy in the City of Brotherly Love. 
 
 The speech of our lamented President, at the collation, 
 during his visit to the Philadelphia Fair, will form a fit con- 
 clusion to this brief and imperfect sketch. His simple 
 utterances were applicable - to the entire series of fairs, and 
 patriotic efibrts, in behalf of the army. The italicized 
 words contain the opinion of Abraham Lincoln of the 
 " Boys in Blue, the Heroes of the Bank and File." 
 
 PRESIDENT Lincoln's speech. 
 
 " I suppose that this toast was intended to open the way 
 for me to say something. [Laughter.] "War at the best 
 is terrible, and this war of ours, in its magnitude, and in 
 
PRESIDENT Lincoln's speech at the faijs. 397- 
 
 its duration, is one of the most terrible. It haa deranged 
 business totally in many localities, and partially in all 
 localities. It has destroyed property, and ruined homes ; it 
 has produced a national debt and taxation, unprecedented, at 
 least in this country; it has carried mourning to almost 
 every home, until it can be said the "heavens are hung 
 in black; " yet it continues, and several relieving coincidents 
 have accompanied it from the beginning, which have not 
 been known, as I have understood, or have any knowledge 
 of, in any former wars in the history of the world. The 
 Sanitary Commission, with all its benevolent labors; the 
 Christian Commission, with all its Christian and benevolent 
 labors; and the various places, arrangements, so to speak, 
 and institutions, have contributed to the comfort and relief 
 of the soldiers. You have two of these places in this city — 
 the Cooper Shop and Union Volunteer Eefreshment Saloons. 
 [Great applause and cheers.] And lastly, these Fairs, which, 
 I believe, began only in last August, if I mistake not in 
 Chicago; then at Boston, at Cincinnati, at Brooklyn, at New 
 York, at Baltimore, and those at present held at St. Louis, 
 Pittsburg and Philadelphia. 
 
 " The motive and object that lie at the bottom of all these^ 
 are most worthy, for say what you luUl, after all, the most is 
 due to the soldier, who talces his life in his hand, and goes to fight 
 the haitles of his country. [Cheers.] In what is contributed 
 to his comfort, when he passes to and fro, and in what is 
 contributed to him when he is sick and wounded, in what- 
 ever shape it comes, whether from the fair and tender hand 
 of woman, or from any other source, is much, very much; 
 but I think there is still that which has as much value to 
 
398 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 him — he is not forgotten, [Cheers.] Another view of these 
 various institutions is worthy of consideration, I think. They 
 are voluntary contributions, given freely, zealously and 
 earnestly, on top of all the disturbances of business, the taxa- 
 tion and burdens that the war has impose'd upon us, giving 
 proof that the national resources are not at all exhausted — 
 [Cheers] that the national spirit of patriotism is even stronger 
 than at the commencement of the rebellion." 
 
GENERAL GEANT COMMANDS THE UNION AEMIES. 89f 
 
 CHAPTEE XXII. 
 
 Gen. Grant assumes command of the Union Armies. — Continued fight- 
 ing. — Great need of sanitary supplies. — U. S. Sanitary Commission 
 and Soldiers' Home resolve to hold a fair. — Great plans. — Close of 
 the war. — :Less enthusiasm. — President Lincoln. — Trip to Washing- 
 ton. — Visit to Mr. Lincoln. — Interview. — President's levh. — Inter- 
 view with Secretary Stanton. — Admiral Parragut and Charles 
 Sumner. — Miss Peahody. 
 
 Lieutenant-General Grant took command of the 
 entire Union armies, east an4 west, March, A.D. 1864. To use 
 the expressive language in his report, they had " heretofore 
 acted independently, like a balky team, no two ever pulling 
 together, enabling the enemy to use to great advantage his 
 interior lines of communication for transporting troops from 
 east to west, reenforcing the army most vigorously pressed, 
 and to furlough large numbers, during seasons of inactivity 
 on our part, to go to their homes, and do the work of pro- 
 ducing for the support of their armies. It was a question 
 whether our numerical strength and resources were not more 
 than balanced by these disadvantages and the enemy's 
 superior position." General Grant planted himself on the 
 banks of the Rapidan, and announced his policy of massing 
 the largest possible bodies of troops against the enemy, and 
 hammering them incessantly, till they should be ground to 
 
400 THE BOYS IN- BLUE. 
 
 powder. On this line he proposed to fight it out; and he 
 did, after a year's perpetual attrition. 
 
 At this time, the Mississippr^iver was opened its entire 
 length, and all the States west and north of it were within 
 the Union lines. Louisiana, Arkansas south of the Arkan- 
 sas river, and Texas, were in possession of the enemy, with 
 an armed force of 80,000 men, and the entire disloyal popu- 
 lation to guard them, and harass our troops. West Virginia 
 was within our lines ; but the whole of Virginia, except its 
 boundary, the Potomac river, and a small area at the mouth 
 of the James, and the border of the Eapidan, occupied by our 
 troops, was in possession of the enemy. East Tennessee was 
 held by our troops, and a foothold had been gained in 
 Georgia, and on the coasts of North and South Carolina and 
 Florida ; but the interior of this vast area of country, with 
 its communications and defences, was in the enemy's hands. 
 
 To accomplish the subjugation of so vast an extent of 
 country, required not only great intellectual comprehension, 
 administrative ability, and military skill, but numerous 
 bloody battles, that taxed to the utmost the powers of the 
 benevolent organizations pledged to assist the Government in 
 its care of the sick and wounded. From the 4th of May, 
 when the Army of the Potomac began to move, the Lieuten- 
 ant-General kept the trip-hammer pounding. The mighty 
 engine accomplished its work,. but in so doing rapidly filled 
 hospitals and graves. The battles of the Wilderness, Spott- 
 sylvania, ISTorth Anna and Cold Harbor, while they effect- 
 ually crippled and demoralized the enemy, made bloody 
 work in the Union ranks, and called for unlimited sanitary 
 pupplies. In like manner, the brilliant campaign and 
 
SANITARY FAIR. 401 
 
 sanguinary battles of Gen. Sherman, from Chattanooga to 
 Atlanta, and the fierce battle at Nashville, between Generals 
 Thomas and Hood, had almost exhausted the funds and 
 supplies of the North-Western Sanitary Commission, and 
 rendered extraordinary eifort necessary, to meet these 
 increased demands. 
 
 At the same time, the Soldiers' Home of Chicago was 
 'greatly in need of funds, for the erection of a permanent 
 dwelling for disabled soldiers. Upon deliberation between 
 the representatives of these respective organizations, it was 
 • determined to hold a joint mammoth Fair, for their benefit; 
 the Soldiers' Home to receive $25,000, and the balance to 
 go to the Sanitary Commission. The board for this joint 
 Fair was elected by representatives chosen from each body, 
 and its executive committee was constituted as follows : 
 
 Thomas B. Bryan, President; B. B. McCagg, Vice-Presic 
 dent; E. W. Blatchford, Treasurer; Mrs. D. P. Livermore, 
 Mrs. A. H. Hoge, Mrs. 0. E. Hosmer, Mrs. C. P. Dickinson, 
 Corresponding Secretaries. Its inauguration was deferred 
 till June, when the weather in the neighborhood of Lake 
 Michigan would be more conducive to comfort and the 
 beauty of the Fair. The movement was hailed with enthu- 
 siasm, and promised to be the crowning Fair of the series. 
 
 The heavy blows of our army had proved too much for the 
 
 rebellion, reduced to a mere shell, and its crust was broken 
 
 on the 9th of April, A. D. 1865, when the rebel Gen. 
 
 Lee surrendered his army to Gen. Grant. The nation was 
 
 convulsed with joy and gratitude to God, and the brave 
 
 leaders, and equally brave men in the ranks. 
 
 The effect of the sudden collapse of the rebellion waa 
 
 26 
 
402 THE BOYS IN ELITE. 
 
 damaging to the Fair. It was difficult to convince the 
 people that hospitals were necessary, after war had ceased. 
 They could not realize the wounds, sickness and distress 
 left in the train of battles, and with the cessation of the ex- 
 citement the zeal of many grew cold, and the pledged 
 donations were largely withdrawn. . In addition to these dis- 
 couragements, the Fair was paralyzed by the terrific blow 
 nnder which the nation reeled. The President had consented 
 to visit it, and permit the people of the ISTorth-West to look 
 upon his face, for the first time since he had gone out from 
 them, to take the helm of the Ship of State, which he had ■ 
 guided through perilous storms and rocks, in sight of a safe 
 and glorious harbor. Myriads of loyal hearts were pant- 
 ing to welcome him, when slavery the foe of freedom, and 
 its apostle, who should be consigned to a nameless as well 
 afi unknown grave, sped the fatal ball, and plunged an 
 elated nation into the depths of woe. 
 
 The news of this disaster reached Chicago on the day 
 appointed for a joyous procession, to break the ground for 
 the Sanitary Fair. No need to tell the story, for it was the 
 same throughout the land. "Eachel mourning for her 
 children, and would not be comforted, because they are not," 
 aptly described the unutterable woe of a stricken people. 
 The procession was abandoned. " Ichabod " was written on 
 the projected walls of the splendid structure, and with heavy 
 hearts and hands the work was begun. The precious 
 memory of our departed leader was linked inseparably with 
 the forthcoming enterprise, cast a sacred halo, round it, 
 and influenced its entire proceedings. The ladies met and. 
 decided to wear mourning badges, and a black and white 
 
BUENSIDE'S army passing through WASHINGTOIT. 403 
 
 costume, as a token of respect and sorrow for the martyred 
 President, and appointed a committee to address a letter of 
 condolence to his bereaved widow. His likeness and 
 emblems adorned every booth, and the feeling prevailed that 
 his spirit hovered around the patriotic charity, for the benefit 
 of his beloved army, which he cherished with fatherly 
 tenderness. 
 
 Of this we saw a fine illustration, on the occasion of a 
 division of Gen. Burnside's army passing through "Washing- 
 ton. The President stood on a balcony at "Willard's Hotel, 
 as plainly clad as the most humble. The day was exces- 
 sively hot. He wore a^ linen blouse. His tall figure was 
 conspicuous, leaiiing forward; his eyes overflowing with 
 tears as he gazed intensely on the marching heroes, while 
 he clapped his hands with the multitude. His great heart 
 was so filled with the scene, that he was oblivious of a sudden 
 shower that threatened to drench him. He was advised by 
 a friend to retreat under the shelter of the roof, but said 
 reproachfully, "If they can stand it, I can." 
 
 In the progress of preparation for the Fair it was deemed ' 
 advisable that Mrs. Livermore and myself, as among its 
 officers, should visit Washington, to carry the official invita- 
 tion to the President, Mrs. Lincoln and several distin- 
 guished statesmen, and visit the Eastern branches of the Com- 
 mission, to secure their cooperation. Mrs. 0. E. Hosmer was 
 at the same time appointed to visit Memphis, Vicksburg and 
 New Orleans, for the same purpose, and met with large suc- 
 cess. "We proceeded at once to Washington. Previous to 
 our visit we had been in correspondence with several friends 
 of the President and Mrs. Lincoln, who had prepared their 
 
404 - THE BOYS IN BLTTE. 
 
 minds for the ■ favorable reception of the proposition. 
 Accompanied by Hon. Jesse 0. Norton, and Hon. I. N. 
 Arnold, by appointment, we called upon the President one 
 Saturday morning, in February, and presented the invitation. 
 The ante-room was filled with an anxious crowd, each one 
 having a petition to offer, and doubtful of its issue. 
 
 On entering the private room of the President, we were 
 deeply touched with the pleasant smile and cordial recog- 
 nition with which he greeted us. Throwing aside cares 
 he conversed cheerfully, and with his quaint simplicity 
 and humor. When the invitation was delivered in due 
 form, he gave us the assurance that, unless prevented by 
 State reasons, he would attend the Fair; and twenty-four 
 hours before his assassination, he stated his intention to do so. 
 
 The interview of that day is clad with tender interest. 
 In many respects it was remarkable — almost prophetic. 
 The dawn of peace and liberty now appeared in the horizon, 
 and the soul of the Chief Magistrate was uplifted with the 
 hope of the full morning. We urged as a reason for his 
 attendance at the Fair, that the North- West was longing for 
 his appearance; that he needed change and rest; the 
 nation felt he must have them. " Eest ! " he exclaimed 
 humorously — " go to a Fair to rest I I tried that once, at 
 Philadelphia, and I will give you my experience. Crowds 
 awaited us at every station on our journey, all expecting a 
 speech from the President, and then they cheered till we were 
 out of hearing. As there were many stations, there was 
 not much rest. I could not refuse to see and speak to the 
 people. They were so loyal ; and I knew it was because I 
 represented the country, for which they had suffered so much and 
 
INTEBVIEW , WITH PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 405 
 
 SO willingly, thai they wished to see and hear me. At Phila- 
 delphia, the people formed a solid phalaux. We could see 
 nothing but masses of heads. The deafening shouts and 
 cheers never ceased. Arrived at the Fair, your promised 
 haven of rest, 'twas worse than ever ; and oh I oh I the 
 shaking of hands! During the collation, for half an hour, 
 "was the only quiet we enjoyed. The good people followed 
 us to the hotel, and serenaded us till near daybreak ; and the 
 next day I came home, pleased and gratified, but worn out 
 worse than before I went." 
 
 "Mr. President," said Mrs. Livermore, "I feel constrained 
 to tell you that the enthusiasm of Philadelphia will be far 
 exceeded at the West. Crowds will increase just in propor- 
 tion as you reach your old home. The whole North- West is 
 ablaze to see you." 
 
 Was it a foreshadowing of coming events that dictated my 
 words? 
 
 " Mr. President, myriads of friends will greet you, but if 
 you will consent to corne, we will shield you from persecu- 
 tion ; we will put you on a steamer on the border of Lake 
 Michigan, where the people can look at you, hut can't touch 
 you ; your hands shaU he protected, and then we will send you 
 to a quiet place of rest, where none can follow you. You shall 
 go to Mackinaw, that invigorating and lovely island, and 
 none shall he permitted to trouble you." He laughed as gleefully 
 as a child, and rubbing his long hands, said, " That's capital ! 
 that will do." 
 
 The President came to Chicago before the Fair opened, 
 with a retinue of State, and passed through interminable 
 crowds and under lofty arches. Myriads gazed on him, but 
 
i06 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 not one touched him. His weary hands were folded, and an 
 iron barrier protected them. No shouts, nor cheers, nor 
 joyous music heralded his coming ; but dirges, requiems, 
 silent foot-falls, streaming eyes and bursting hearts, were- his 
 reception.^ And then we sent him away to a quiet spot to 
 rest, where none could follow him ; "where the wicked cease 
 from troubling, and the weary are at rest." And all this hap- 
 pened on the borders of Lake Michigan^ The green prairies, 
 studded with bright flowers, opened their swelling bosoms 
 to receive their own beloved home again, till the morning of 
 the resurrection. 
 
 To return to the interview with the President at Washing- 
 ton. At his request we repaired to the White House half 
 an hour earlier than the opening of the reception, saw Mrs. 
 Lincoln, and presented our invitation. . She accepted it cour- 
 teously, and expressed a determination, to accompany the 
 President, if he should be able to leave Washington. 
 
 After what proved to be the last hearty grasj) of Abraham 
 Lincoln's warm, broad hand, we retreated to a sheltered nook 
 in his vicinity, where we could observe the people as they 
 came to pay their respects to him. We had seen and heard 
 him speak in public, had met him in private several times, 
 and attended previous levees, but had never been so im- 
 pressed with the simple grandeur of the man, as on this 
 memorable occasion. 
 
 His toilet was simple, but studiously neat. He was be- 
 comingly attired in a full suit of black. His swarthy and 
 furrowed visage, that usually looked as if his soul was aching 
 for the nation's woes, was gilded by a smile as cheering as 
 a sudden burst of sunlight, scattering portentous clouds. The 
 
407 
 
 heavy burden was loosening, tlie shoulders were unbent, and 
 he stood six feet two inches in height, looking fearlessly and 
 hopefully in the face of the people. 
 
 The Hon. Schuyler Colfax once said : " Mr. Lincoln had 
 two ruling ideas, or principles, which governed his life. The 
 first was hatred of slavery, which he inherited in part from 
 his parents ; the other was sympathy with the . lowly-born 
 and humble, and desire to lift them up." The renowned 
 statesman fully apprehended the genius of the man, and 
 furnished the key to his character ,and policy. His broad 
 humanity and magnetic power were the natural outgrowth 
 of these staunch roots, and made him what he was, emphat- 
 ically, the ^eqpZe's President. 
 
 The multitude that thronged the levee was such an one as 
 may be found at a republican court, and nowhere else. All 
 the people had a right to come, and come as they'chose, or 
 as best they might. Some rolled over the smooth carriage- 
 way to the White House in dazzling equipages, with' liveried 
 attendants, and were clad in velvet and royal ermine. Some 
 wore badges and decorations, that signified rank and honor- 
 able service. Some went on foot, wearing sober but comely 
 garments; and some with well-kept, thread-bare clothes, the 
 mark of decent poverty. We noticed, as we stood apart, 
 unseen, that the President treated all courteously ; but his 
 special and coveted attentions were bestowed on the meek 
 and lowly, and on the battered veterans of the "rank and file." 
 He stood erect in his place, as glitter and pomp, youth and 
 beauty, approached him, with an extended hand and smile 
 of welcome ; but when a pale-faced little woman, with black 
 cotton shawl and gloves, and rusty bonnet, drew near tim- 
 
408 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 idly, scarcely raising her eyes, lie stepped forward to meet 
 her, bent over her, held her hand, till, in a low vbice, He 
 murmured words, unheard of men, but registered in heaven, 
 that flushed the white face, raised the bowed head, and illu- 
 mined the sad countenance with a flitting smile, as she 
 passed on with a lighter step. Could it be that the meagre 
 weeds she Wore emblemized patriotic sacrifice ? So it seemed ; 
 and the words of praise and tenderness from the Commander- 
 in-Chief, had been to her as the balm of Grilead. 
 
 As each rusty, battered or maimed veteran approached the 
 President, he stepped from his place to meet him, as if he 
 were each 'soldier's debtor. After such welcome, he was 
 at home and happy, and might be seen resting in an arm- 
 chair of the East Room, gazing with delight and wonder on 
 the gay throng and beautiful flowers, while the band played 
 patriotic airs — a striking contrast to. his three years' 
 home ; camps, transports and hospitals. 
 
 - Our next visit was to Mr. Stanton, Secretary of "War. 
 While we were awaiting our turn, we had a better oppor- 
 tunity than we had previously enjoyed, of scanning the man 
 at the head of the War Department, of iron nerves, strong 
 will and patriotic heart, on whom the President leaned so 
 confidingly; and whose eyes, unused to weep, shed such 
 bitter tears around his dying couch. 
 
 Mr. Stanton stood at the extreme part of his long, narrow 
 reception-room, opposite the entrance. One arm rested on 
 his desk; his countenance was thoughtful almost to stern- 
 ness, and his searching eyes bent on the ground, except when 
 they were raised to scan each new-comer. The lines in his 
 overhanging brow were deeper than the year before; the 
 
INTEEVIEW WITH ME. STAJSTTON. 409 
 
 silver threads more perceptible ; the resolute mouth closed 
 more firmly than ever. We sat near, and heard some 
 passing words. The Secretary preserved profound silence 
 and attention, as each one told his tale, or preferred his 
 request ; and then with studied brevity, in a low, determined 
 voice, he uttered a few sentence's, or may be syllaDles, that 
 sealed the fate of the petitioner. At the close of one speech, 
 more prolix than usual, delivered with trembling eagerness, 
 the Secretary answered (^ietly, " Too late, sir, too late ! " The 
 verdict was absolute — final. iCTo appeal could be taken. The 
 man walked sjpwly on with a heavy sigh or gasp, and drew 
 his handkerchief over his damp brow and eyes. 
 
 Mr. Stanton received us with marked courtesy. His reply 
 to the invitation was so characteristic, concise and unanswer- 
 able, that I give it verbatim: "Ladies, I thank you and 
 those whom you represent, for the kind invitation to attend 
 the great Sanitary Fair to be held in Chicago, and would 
 be happy to accept it ; but we are at war ; I cannot leave 
 my post. We are engaged in the same work of putting 
 an end to the rebellion ; but my place is here, while yours is 
 yonder." Like the pale man that preceded us, we offered ho • 
 further plea, but with a kind farewell retired to make place 
 for others, having learned by experience, that official inter- 
 views must be brief and pointed, as minutes become hours; 
 when a nation waits. The Secretary of War, in accordance 
 with our request, gave an order for the captured rebel flags 
 which ornamented the Hall of Arms and Trophies, at the last 
 North-Western Sanitary Fair. 
 
 We had the privilege, while in Washington, of making 
 the acquaintance and presenting an invitation to the Fair, to 
 
410 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Admiral Farragut and his charming wife, worthy of her 
 heroic husband. His modesty and naweie charmed us. He 
 had the proverbial frankness of the sailor, and the bearing of 
 a gentleman ; looked like a jovial, easy man, at peace with 
 himself and all the world, rather than the old hero, braced 
 to thcTmainyards in a tempest of iron hail and brimstone, 
 roaring his orders through a trumpet, and directing the fierce, 
 successive naval battles that reduced the coast and Gulf forts, 
 and took possession of New Orle*ns. He was the star at 
 Washington at the time, and, was hugely lionized, dined, 
 tead, and toasted. His humility and child^ke simplicity 
 saved him from the baleful effects of adulation. Like Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, he looked upon himself as the mere represent- 
 ative of the triumph of the old flag, and in her name, and 
 for her behoof, he received a grateful nation's plaudits. 
 In the course of a free and easy conversation, the Admiral 
 made a remark that furnished the key to his successful life, 
 and may supply a rule of action for the young and enter- 
 prising. "We spoke of the naval battles in the Gulf, of 
 the huge obstacles to their success, of the prodigious valor 
 developed, and the brilliant success of the campaign. He 
 said : " I never undertake impossibilities, though some may 
 call them so. I always expect to succeed, and always have, 
 for that very reason. I never ask a man to do what he 
 doubts his ability to perform. That doubt will entail a 
 failure. If he says, after a full, calm view of the situation, 
 'it can be done, and I'll do it,' his success is pretty sure; 
 but if he will only try, and do the best he can, and doubts 
 the wisdom of the plan, I say he's not the man for the place. 
 Confidence is necessary to victory — enthusiasm and indomit- 
 
ADMIEAL FAEEAGUT. 411 
 
 able will may overcome almost superhuman obstacles." Sucli 
 men become magnetic, concentrating and consolidating 
 scattered forces, and, like Napoleon's ' military squares, pre- 
 sent quadruple fronts to the enemy, and bear down all oppo- 
 sition when they charge. The tenderness of the Admiral's 
 heart was written in the lines of his mouth, whose womanly 
 sweetness was redeemed by the firm clasp of lips, ready to 
 be compressed at a moment's warning. He was a Yirginian, 
 and loved his State well; but the Union more. He told us 
 he used every eflEbrt to induce Virginia to remain within the 
 Union, and predicted the disaster that secession would pro- 
 duce, but was rewarded for his pains by an order to leave 
 ISTorfolk within two hours, which he used with his accustomed 
 dispatch, bringing off, as he said, sixteen large trunks, con- 
 taining all their valuables, and the four persons composing 
 the family. His kindly nature gleamed out, as he said he 
 had taken large numbers of his old friends and neighbors 
 prisoners, but always took good care to be out of the way , 
 when they surrendered, not wishing to add to their humilia- 
 tion, which he had predicted to them, with earnest entreaties 
 to forbear from the madness of secession, till they thought 
 him crazy. Brave, good, honest man ! so full of power, and 
 so wreathed with laurels, yet withal, preserving the modesty 
 and simplicity of genius. 
 
 "We met during our visit to "Washington, fQr,the first time, 
 the renowned President of our forthcoming Fair, Maj.- 
 Gen. Joseph Hooker. Like everybody else, we were 
 much impressed with his stately presence and gallant bear- 
 ing, and could appreciate the remark of our lamented Presi- 
 dent, in our first interview with him, that Gen. Hooker 
 
412 THE BOYS IN BLnE. 
 
 was one of the most gallant officers of thfe Union army. He 
 entered into our plans with enthusiasm, talked Fair to every- 
 body, and gave us all the encouragement and assistance that 
 his commanding position afforded. We shall have occasion , 
 to introduce him more fully in connection with the progress 
 of the Fair, which he assured us he would attend, if he were 
 carried thither on a litter from the battle-field. 
 
 Hon. Charles Sumner, and Chief-Justice Chase, with his 
 accomplished daughter, Mrs. Sprague, proposed to visit the 
 Fair, if possible. The sudden close of the war and -the murder 
 of the President, so changed the plans and scathed the hearts 
 of public men, who were his staunch friends, that their 
 intentions were unfulfilled. Hon. Charles Sumner enter- 
 tained very favorably the proposition to deliver a lecture on 
 the occasion, but felt in no humor for' it, when his friend and 
 Chief Magistrate had gone that way, to return no more for- 
 ever. It will ever be a cause of deep regret, that the North- 
 West lost the rare treat of a literary production from so able a 
 statesman, so ripe a scholar, and so eloquent an orator. Mr. 
 Sumner seemed the great Alone at Washington — grand, 
 gloomy, resolute — and when fully roused by the charge of 
 holding back Louisiana from recognition, by dilatory motions, 
 sublime, in his frank acknowledgments of his intentions, 
 and self-justification on conscientious principles. 
 
 Hon. Lymgn Trumbull, of whom Illinois is so justly proud, 
 and his patriotic wife, rendered us great assistance. We found 
 Mrs. Trumbull's name the "open sesame" to every charmed 
 circle. She wrought for the cause with a zeal worthy of her 
 staunch husband, and the prairie State he so nobly represents. 
 We met nothing but kindness and encouragement, and al- 
 
ANECDOTE OF THE PRESIDENT. 413 
 
 though the mighty events that intervened between our visit 
 and the Fair curtailed the results of our mission, we had reason 
 to know that not an inconsiderable portion of its success, under 
 the adverse circumstances, was due to the publicity that it 
 gained at the headquarters of the nation and in Eastern 
 cities, and the substantial aid received in various ways from 
 those directions. The U. S. Sanitary , Commission, whose 
 headquarters were at Washington, placed its manifold aids 
 at our disposal. The General Secretary, John S. Blatch- 
 ford, Esq., Rev. F. N". Enapp, and other officials, gave us 
 every advantage and assistance in our work, and the near 
 view of the breadth and activity of that organization, stimu- 
 lated us to renewed efforts in its behalf. 
 
 "While in Washington we met Miss Peabody, a rare and 
 gifted woman, who first introduced Kintergarten. schools into 
 the United States. Miss Peabody had visited the Presi- 
 dent, and been completely won from vague dissatisfaction, 
 to admiration and love. Her appreciative nature responded 
 to the elevated character of this good man. Miss Peabody 
 was introduced by her friend, Mr. Everett, as ftie sister- 
 in-law of Hon. Horace Mann. Mr. Lincoln at once 
 received her with marked cordiality, and entered, into 
 conversation which dissolved every mist of prejudice, and 
 revealed so sincere, discriminating, and magnanimous a 
 character, that he . thoroughly charmed her. The Presi- 
 dent, when placed in contact with Eastern people, appeared 
 even more a revelation, than to his Western constituents, 
 who had longer known his worth and his simplicity. 
 In speaking of the Hon. Horape.. Mann, Mr. Lincoln 
 naively remarked, " I can never forget his reception of me 
 
414 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 when I first entered Congress. He was then a leader ; 
 a man of much learning and wide reputation. I was an 
 obscure young member, from a remote "Western State ; sh j, 
 awkward, and unknown to fame. ISTevertheless, he took me 
 by the hand, helped me up, and stood behind me, when I 
 needed backing." He added, in a deeply thoughtful tone, 
 "But for his help, I might not have been here to-day." On 
 the pinnacle of human fame, Abraham Lincoln did not 
 forget the hand that helped him to mount, though it had 
 long ago become stiff in death. His heart kept the record, 
 his modesty believed it, and his big soul acknowledged and 
 proclaimed it. 
 
 I copy an extract from a letter written by Mrs. Livermore 
 from "Washington, touching a marked specialty in the aspect 
 of the city at the time — March, 1865.' 
 
 " I think I have before spoken of the great number of 
 deserters from Lee's army constantly coming into Washington. 
 The number is incredible. You meet them two or three 
 times a day, under the escort of our soldiers — ragged, 
 unkempt, almost bare-footed, and often bare-headed ; dirty, 
 lean, wretched-looking fellows, but jubilant and sometimes 
 hilarious. Fifteen hundred have come into "Washington in 
 less than ten days, most of them bringing their arms with 
 them. A negro, who was believed trustworthy, was sent out- 
 side the lines with a six-mule team, to get a big load of wood. 
 Having gone thus far, he seemed to think it worth while to 
 venture a little further, and so kept on towards 'Uncle Sam's 
 boys.' The rebel pickets saw him .going, and rushed 
 after him — our men saw him coming, and rushed towards 
 him ; the ebony teamster whipped up his mules, shouted, 
 
THE NEGRO TEAMSTER THAT EAST INTO FREEDOM. 413 
 
 hurrahed, and urged them on. Gruns were fired on both 
 sides, and there "was great yelling and confusion for a few 
 moments. The negro gained the day, and ran out of slavery 
 into freedom. He was taken to the Quartermaster, who 
 gave him several hundred dollars for his team ; and so he 
 got his liberty and a good start. You hear anecdotes like 
 this by the dozen. Lee's army is melting away rapidly, and 
 to him every deserter is a total loss, for the Confederacy 
 cannot replace him. Most of the deserters who come into 
 our lines are unmarried men, or, if married, their families 
 are in the North." 
 
416 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Last Pair. — Eeoeption of regiments. — Eeception. of Gen. Grrant and 
 Sherman. — Gren. Sherman's speech. — Gov. Yates' reception of Gen. 
 Grant. — Humorous incidents. 
 
 I SHALL be pardoned for special and somewhat detailed 
 notice of the last, as well as the first, of the series of great 
 Sanitary Fairs, for the following reasons : The prestige of the 
 first was its primogeniture, which gave it special birthright 
 privileges ; of the last, its faithfulness unto death, and its 
 fulfilment of oft-repeated pledges to the soldiers, to work 
 and minister, while one of them needed the help of the U. S- 
 Sanitary Commission or Soldiers' Home. 
 
 The inauguration of peace, and the rapid return to. civil 
 life of so large a portion of the army, during its progress, 
 made the last Fair a benefit for the " Boys in Blue," in a 
 double sense. It afforded the opportunity to twelve entire 
 regiments, in addition to large numbers of discharged soldiers 
 and prisoners, representing almost the whole Western army, 
 to see and enjoy the enthusiastic efforts that had been made, 
 and continued to the end of the war, for their benefit. As 
 each regiment of brave fellowsicame home, God bless them ! 
 with their brawn, bronze, and tatters, they were met in 
 
VETERANS MARCHING THROUGH UNION HALL. 417 
 
 Chicago by a citizens' committee, appointed by the Board of 
 Trade, who gave them a speech and a welcome. 
 
 The ladies of the Soldiers' Rest shrank not from the pro- 
 digious labor of giving them warm, comfortable meals, 
 sometimes to the number of thousands daily. The Fair also 
 threw its doors wide open to receive them.. Its executive 
 chairman, T. B. Brj'an, Esq., or some other able speaker, in 
 the absence of military heroes, bade them welcome. The 
 patriot saleswomen and spectators joined in the clapping and 
 waving of handkerchiefs ; while the soldiers, accustomed to 
 plough through mud or dust, up bluffs, in face of ball and 
 rifle, or through swamps and rivers, sighting the enemy, 
 marcHted through the broad aisles of the great bazaar, having 
 three avenues, each three hundred and eighty-six feet long, 
 filled with dazzling gifts from New York, Boston, Philadel- 
 phia, California, England, the Continent, and Japan, besides 
 the products of home taste and skilled labor. The air was 
 filled with silk stars and stripes, fluttering in peace over the 
 fair women at work beneath their folds, as though they were 
 created for such gentle mission alone. The bewildered and 
 delighted looks of the soldiers and their battered clothing, 
 inspired the audience anew, and shouts and cheers rolled 
 through the topmost arches of Union Hall. 
 
 The pistol which Jeff. Davis carried at the time of his 
 
 ■capture, loaded and capped as he held it, was presented to 
 
 the Michigan Department by Major Hudson, of the 4th 
 
 Michigan Cavalry, who took the rebel leader prisoner. It 
 
 was labelled in large letters, and hung in a conspicuous 
 
 place. The soldiers enjoyed it above all other sights. They 
 
 felt at home while looking at it, and remembering what the 
 
 27 
 
418 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 treason of the owner of the villainous little weapon had cost 
 them. They were, for the most part, mute spectators of the 
 brilliant scene, that seemed to stun them ; but here, their 
 tongues were loosed, and with jeers and jests they slowly 
 passed it, saying: "'Tis ours now; we have won and paid 
 for it." 
 
 The regiments were taken through Horticultural Hall to 
 Jacob's Well, where they received a free treat of lemonade, 
 which involved the manufacture of twelve thousand glasses 
 of the delicious beverage. Sometimes a company was treated 
 to ice-cream, too expensive a luxury to deal out to regi- 
 ments, only because the proceeds were needed for skh and 
 suffering soldiers. But the crowning view of the returning 
 horoes, was when they were met by their former, leaders. 
 Grant, Sherman and Hooker. Then the enthusiasm became 
 overmastering. I had the privilege of standing beside these 
 world-renowned heroes when they received many of these 
 regiments, and longed, alas ! in vain, for the power to repro- 
 duce the scenes, in their sublimity and pathos. 
 
 The aisles were packed with veterans, just as they had land- 
 ed from the cars, to which they had marched from camps and 
 battle-fields, where I had seen and known them. Their blue 
 clothes were rusty — often ragged; their hats torn with bul- 
 lets, the feathers shot off, or hanging down broken ; their 
 faces bronzed, their sinewy limbs and broad shoulders bear- 
 ing arms and "knapsacks. ' The glorious shreds of their once 
 flaunting colors, were only scraps, or faded ribbons, but ah ! 
 how they talked ! As they were upheld and waved, deafen- 
 ing shouts and yells of welcome greeted them, and not a dry 
 ■eye looked upon them. They told of bloody work, and of 
 
GEN. SHERkAN MEETING HIS OLD REGIMENTS. 419 
 
 three hundred thousand comrades that had gone, out 
 with them, left behind — buried all over rebel soil — their 
 graves fringing the Mississippi and flanking Mission Ridge, 
 Andersonville and Atlanta. The eyes of the brave men 
 were as dim with tears as the spectators'. From the plat- 
 form we could see brown hands, for want of handkerchiefs, 
 wiping them away. 
 
 As Gen. Sherman was introduced to a regiment, by a gen- 
 tleman of the citizens' committee, he said, with inimitable 
 quaintness, " I am greatly obliged to the gentleman for intro- 
 ducing me to the members of my own family." Shall I dare 
 describe the roar of deligh,t this simple utterance called forth ? 
 It struck the key-note of their souls, and produced such a tem- 
 pest of enthusiasm, that the arches seemed to tremble. Hats 
 flew up in mid-air ; the sea of upturned faces, with open 
 mouths, became rigid with excitement ; the masses of soldiers 
 swayed as the forest-trees in a gale, while tears coursed down 
 their brown, manly cheeks. No wonder I 'Twas truly the 
 father meeting his children in peace, after a bloody war ; in a 
 temple, raised by a grateful people for their benefit. They had 
 stood with Grant, Sherman and Hooker, on whom they 
 were looking, shoulder to shoulder, in the rifle-pits at Vicks- 
 burg, on the top of Lookout Mountain, and marched with 
 their beloved commander from the Mississippi to the sea. 
 They had together fought, braved danger, suffered hardships, 
 gained victories, defended the honor of the Flag, maintained 
 our nationality, and destro3'ed slavery, and now, met their 
 chieftains in peace, within sight of home and sound of their 
 children's prattle and wives' joyful welcome; and in the face 
 of the loyal multitude, Sherman had called them his own 
 
420 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 family. This master-stroke of eloquence inspired and melted 
 every heart. 
 
 Another specialty of the last Fair, was the opportunity 
 furnished to the North-West to give the first reception, aside, 
 from that at the National Capital, to the most renowned 
 military leaders of the war. Had the Fair accomplished no 
 other results than these, it would have amply repaid all the 
 labor and outlay. So the North- West regards this outpour- 
 iiJg of hosarinas to her returning soldiers, especially as it 
 was the mily peace juhilee pTodaimed and inaugurated. 
 
 Not only did this last Fair become the triumphal arch of 
 the returning heroes, but memorable, as celebrating the last 
 anniversary of the active existence of the U. S. Sanitary 
 Commission, on the 9th of June, A.D. 1865, when the Eev. 
 Dr. Bellows, the father of Sanitary Commissions, honored 
 it with his presence, acknowledged it as his offspring, and 
 gave a sketch eloquent with facts, of its inception and results, 
 in a thrilling speech, delivered iu Union Hall, on that occa- 
 sion. In addition to all these moral results, the substantial 
 sum of a quarter of a million of dollars was placed -in the 
 treasuries of three great patriotic organizations, for the benefit 
 of sick and wounded soldiers. 
 
 In the early part of A.D. 1864, Hon. Mark Skinner, from 
 impaired health, owing in great part to excessive labors and 
 perplexing interruptions, consequent upon his responsible 
 position in the Sanitary Commission, resigned his post as 
 President of the North- Western Branch, to the deep regret 
 of all with whom he was associated, and of the community 
 at large, where he was so justly esteemed. He, however, 
 retained a deep interest in the affairs of the Commission, and 
 
BUILDINGS OF LAST SANITARY FAIK. 421 
 
 continued his .connection with the Central Board of the 
 Organization. 
 
 Ezra B. McCagg, Esq., was unanimously elected President, 
 to fill Judge Skinner's place. Mr. McCagg remained at his 
 post, and ably and faithfully fulfilled its varied and multi- 
 form duties till the close of the commission, was its Presi- 
 dent at the time of the Fair, and also held the office of Yice- 
 President of its Executive Committee. 
 
 Three weeks before the opening of the Fair, the original 
 basis for the distribution of proceeds was changed, and it 
 was resolved by the officers of the Sanitary Commission 
 and Soldiers' Home, to give to the Christian Commission 
 fifty thousand dollars of the net proceeds. The officers of 
 the Fair, and the Chairmen of its various committees, who 
 composed its Board at the close of the effort, resolved, after 
 paying the sum above named to the Christian Commission, 
 owing to the imperative necessity for a permanent Soldiers' 
 Home, to divide the remainder of the net proceeds, equally, 
 between the North-Western Branch of the United States Sani- 
 tary Commission and the Soldiers' Home of Chicago ; and this 
 arrangement was faithfully executed. 
 
 The buildings of the last Sanitary Fair resembled those of 
 Philadelphia more closely than ^ any other of the series. 
 Union Hall was a repetition of its stately prototype, except 
 in length ; as the park in Chicago was smaller, the buildings 
 were necessarily more scattered. The Hall of Arms and 
 Trophies, under the management of Hon. James B. Bradwell, 
 Chicago and the Art Gallery, occupied Bryan Hall, gener- 
 ously placed at the disposal of the Fair by its Chairman, T. B. 
 Bryan,Esq. Judge Bradwell succeeded in making the Trophy 
 
422 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 Hall of the last Fair more attractive and significant than 
 that of any other in the series of Fairs. It contained an array 
 of relics, curiosities and trophies, arranged with such exqui- 
 site taste and skill, that, although disconnected with the main 
 buildings, it drew a cohstant crowd of spectators, and main- 
 tained its popularity throughout the Fair. Horticultural Hall, 
 in Chicago, took the place of Floral Hall in Philadelpha. In 
 the latter city, in the midst of multiplied conservatories and 
 affluent flower-gardens, Flora could hold her court, with 
 suitable decorations. In the comparative absence of these 
 charming results of the wealth and culture of older regions, 
 only a landscape garden could be extemporized. Its rapid 
 creation was adrhitted to be almost a miracle, and is so signif- 
 icant of Western energy and promptness, that I must be 
 pardoned for giving the particulars of its construction. In 
 the course of twelve days, the naked, macadamized thorough- 
 fare on Michigan avenue, was transformed into a sylvan 
 scene of such perfection, that it was difficult to conceive that 
 months had not been occupied in its completion. The 
 laborers, under the direction of Mr. John Blair, worked day 
 and night, and, in this short space of time, the building was 
 erected, pipes laid, lakelets formed, hills thrown up, walks 
 gravelled, trees planted, banks sodded, a miniature Lookout 
 Mountain reproduced, where Gren. Joseph Hooker, the Pres- 
 ident of the Fair, stood, enfiladed by "fair" women, instead 
 of the " Boys in Blue." Its apex commanded, on the east, a 
 magnificent view of Lake Michigan, with its changeful but 
 bewitching face, dotted with sails, and. animated by propel- 
 lers, steamers and tugs, and the marvellous railroad on piles, 
 over which incessant trains whirled to and from the depot, 
 
UNION HALL. 423 
 
 depositing tlieir living burdens within sight of the Fair. 
 Michigan avenue, stretching miles to the south, with its 
 border of palaces, and trees in full verdure, its centre filled 
 with ec[uipages, and its broad sidewalks thronged with visitors 
 to the Fair, presented a wonderful moving panorama. I will 
 not detain the reader by a prolix account of this jubilee, but 
 will introduce a brief coup d^ceil of several departments, 
 from the pen of Mr. Taylor, editor of the Chicago Evening 
 Journal : 
 
 "union hall. 
 
 " Candor compels us to confess it is a herculean task to see 
 the sights in all the departments of this emphatically great 
 Fair. It is due to the truth of history to remark, that few 
 really ever accomplish it. "We cannot wonder that our 
 friends from the city and country, who came in expecting 
 'to do' the whole in a single day, become woiully dis- 
 couraged, and conclude a week is too short a time to scan the 
 endless variety in detail, and picture in memory the multi- 
 form shapes of comeliness and diversified beauty. 
 
 " With the vast crowd constantly surging down Washington 
 street, you reach the entrance of 'Union Hall,' and glance 
 down the vast arch swelling above, and the eye first catches 
 on either side a long row of purple flags of uniform size, on 
 which is emblazoned the coats-of-arms of every State, in 
 amicable alliance, symbolical of returning peace and un- 
 broken unity. 
 
 "Eelow, are the long rows of gay booths, flanking the sides 
 and occupying the centre. The thousand styles of decoration, 
 the ingenious blending of the national colors into countless 
 
424 THE BOYS IK BLUE. 
 
 types of brilliant ornamentation, form a picture of gorgeous 
 splendor and imposing magnificence. Eed, White and Blue 
 encircle all, envelop all, overhang all. Here they are fluted 
 or wrought into panels, there woven into flowing shapes or 
 spangled into stellar forms, and yonder looped into easy 
 neglige, wreathed with garlands, and deftly woven into 
 regal coronets. The effect is pleasing beyond expression, 
 and the resultant harmony of the radiant trinity of blended 
 colors, stirs in the heart feelings of patriotic pride. 
 
 " But float along in the eddying current of humanity, and 
 essay the critical examination of the myriad pretty, curious 
 and useful articles, in succession, and soon the eye becomes 
 wearied, and the brain tired. Every zone and clime have 
 furnished souvenirs from their choicest treasures; every 
 nation, its rare and curious products. Japan and China have 
 sent fantastic oddities ; Eome and Venice their classical me- 
 morials; Berlin and Paris their exquisite finery ; and London 
 and Liverpool their characteristic representatives. Shells 
 from the dark caves of ocean ; stalactites from the caves, and 
 minerals from the bowels of the earth, invite the scientific 
 observer to linger still. Mechanical skill displays its mastery 
 over matter, and shows how it can subjugate the forces 
 of nature, and make them minister to the necessity, con- 
 venience and comfort of man. In short, whatever the skill, 
 ingenuity or research of man, or the taste of woman, could 
 devise or gather up, all press their claims on the attention 
 of the passer-by. What wonder, then, that long before the cir- 
 cuit has been completed you tire, and long to rest your wearied 
 limbs and cool your excited brain? From the centre of 
 Union Hall go into the east wing, and, stopping to provide 
 
HORTICULTURAL HALL. 425 
 
 yourself with the indispensable voice of the Fair, which for 
 a paltry dime an angel in disguise (a disguise which fails 
 to deceive the gallant purchaser) dispenses, enter the pre- 
 cincts of 
 
 HORTICULTURAL HALL, 
 
 And turning to the right, ascend the steps, and a scene of 
 enchanting loveliness greets the eye. Imagine Central Park 
 epitomized and intensified, and you have the hall. It is four 
 hundred feet long, sixty wide, and forty high, and lighted 
 by windows of stained glass, which mellow the ' garish light 
 of day.' The entire circumference is fringed with cedars, 
 deciduous trees are scattered here and there, and interspersed 
 among them, all varieties of evergreen found on the eastern 
 continent. The remaining space is artistically laid out into 
 meadows, lawns, ponds, flower-plats, and broad gravelled 
 walks. At the south extremity, we are informed, is a neat 
 apartment, containing a choice and extensive assortment of 
 flowers, vases, and horticultural tools. Over and around 
 this rises 'Point Lookout,' which is reached by a winding 
 staircase. The upper part is gayly festooned with the na- 
 tional tri-color, while further down the green turf is seen, 
 and dwarf spruces climb ambitious upwards. Amidst these, 
 a clear spring babbles fresh from its pebbly source, dances 
 gayly on and laughs down the rocky steeps, forming a min- 
 iature cascade. Ploying northward, it winds among grassy 
 meads, washes the shores of petite islets, is arched by rural 
 bridges, coquets with the bending flowers which mirror 
 themselves in its bosom, and, replenished by the waters of a 
 dozen fountains, glides on and disappears from sight. Near 
 
426 THE BOYS EST BLUE. 
 
 the cascade is a dainty park, from which two fawns gaze 
 out in mute astonishment and admiration. Hard by is an 
 antelope, and four eagles perched proudly on their favorite 
 points of observation. 
 
 " To the northward is a lakelet, fed by half a dozen foun- 
 tains, whence the waters fall with ever-varying musical 
 cadence, and, in pearly drops, haste to hide themselves in 
 the dimpled lake, or, shivered into impalpable mist, seek 
 companionship with their flowery neighbors, drawn by na- 
 ture's great law of affinity. In graceful pose, the statuary 
 quartette, ' The Seasons,' stand smiling by, and from the ad- 
 jacent shrubbery, charming statues peep slyly forth. Beyond 
 the fountains, the flowers cluster lovingly together, as if in 
 reciprocal congratulation at their rare good fortune, in being 
 permitted to offer their fragrant incense on this altar of 
 humanity and philanthropy. 
 
 "From all lands these trees and flowers have come, to 
 beautify and adorn this shrine of patriotic devotion. In 
 generous rivalry, they vie with each other, in adding to the 
 attractions of this charming spot. The pine from Scotland 
 and Austria, and the spruce from 'Norway, contend for the 
 palm of excellence with the evergreens indigenous to the 
 American soil. Charmed by the dulcet notes of Freedom's 
 voice, the heya camosa and coUeus, from the "West Indies ; the 
 blooming cactus from Central America; the nodding fuschia, 
 the golden arbutelon, and the spreading begonia, from South 
 America ; the patient century -plant, from Mexico ; the "Wash- 
 ingtonia gigantea, from California ; the eunymus anji alban 
 camelia, from Japan; the eugenia, from China; the delicate 
 acacia, from Australia ; the queenly oleander, from Florida ; 
 
Jacob's well at the fair. 427 
 
 the Ethiopian colla, the Syrian myrtle and Grecian laurel ; 
 all and hundreds more have hastened hither, displaying their 
 richest hues, and perfuming the air with their fragrant 
 breath, to unite with our own splendid flora, in sending up 
 their glad tribute of thanksgiving, that the foulest stain 
 which ever disgraced our escutcheon is washed away,' and to 
 join in a tender message of sympathy to the scarred and suf- 
 fering heroes, who consecrated themselves a votive offering 
 on Columbia's altar, and infused into her blue veins the 
 crimson tide from their loyal hearts. From cages here and 
 there pendant, the mellifluous Florida red-bird sends out a 
 gushing stream of melody, the versatile mocking-bird echoes 
 the melody, and the plumed orchestra catch up the inspiring 
 theme, and the hall resounds with their choral songs. Scat- 
 tered around are rustic seats- and arbors; tiny ships, float 
 lazily on the lakelet's placid surface; in crystal aquariae, 
 fishes sport in glee, and display the golden sheen of their 
 finny sides. 
 
 " But in surveying the surrounding scene, we have not 
 failed to notice with peculiar admiration, the cunning arbor, 
 where crowds are hastening to drink from 
 
 But with epicurean taste we have reserved the most delicious 
 to the last. 
 
 "Surrounded by cedars of Lebanon and the fir-trees of 
 Bashan, in a cool grotto, stands queenly Rebecca and her 
 fair attendants, and the pious Jacob, clad in the quaint cos- 
 tume of the orientals. Timidly we approach the cooling 
 fountain, for our tender susceptibilities warn us of coming 
 
428 THE BOYS IK BLUE.' 
 
 danger, and soon claim the attention of the divinity pre- 
 siding there. Beautiful Eebecca! charming Miriam! what 
 words can portray the courtesy and winning grace with 
 which you presented the goblet filled to the brim with nectar 
 fit for the Olympian gods ? 
 
 " Bask in this sunshine of life, child, youth, and maturer 
 age, for we cultivate too little our love for the beautiful in 
 nature and art. Your hearts will be purified by these asso- 
 ciations, your souls enlarged and strengthened in goodness, 
 and you better fitted for life — and the Life beyond. Eeturn 
 often to this enchanted land, for your eyes can never behold 
 its like again till Eden dawns on your sight." 
 
 It is not surprising that one of the soldiers who had fol- 
 lowed Gen. Hooker to the top of the mimic mountain, and 
 surveyed the scene of life and beauty beneath, when asked 
 if this reminded him of its namesake in Tennessee, replied, 
 "Not much. It's thunderin' handsome, but it don't look, 
 nor I don't feel like I did, when I got to, the top of that big 
 hill down South, and found old Joe there, dusty and panting 
 like the rest of us." 
 
 I shall be pardoned for introducing, at this juncture, a 
 sketch of the battle of "Mission Eidge," the Privates' 
 ViCTOEY, that immediately succeeded that of Lookout 
 Mountain, here referred to. When Gen. Grant took com- 
 mand of the " Army of the Mississippi," he found Eosecrans 
 and his forces shut up in Chattanooga, sixty miles from 
 their base of supplies, and Bragg so confident of success, 
 that he had sent off Longstreet, to drive Burnside from 
 Knoxville. Plans for the relief of Chattanooga were rapidly 
 
THE privates' VICTORY. 429 
 
 made and effectively executed, by Gen. Grant and his able 
 coadjutors, Thomas, Sherman and Hooker. At the period 
 of -which I ■write, Hooker had scaled the heights of 
 "Lookout," and in Jove's dominion, fought his famous 
 battle above the clouds, whence he descended to thunder 
 on the rebel flank, while Gen. Sherman pressed his weary, 
 foot-sore, bleeding columns on the enemy's flank and rear, 
 his battalions swaying and« lessening at every foot of the 
 terrible advance. 
 
 All this while, three divisions of the " Army of the Cum- 
 berland," in front of the rebel centre, lay crouching, silent, 
 resolute; awaiting the signa:l-gun, to spring upon the foe. 
 At four o'clock p.m. it sounded. One — two — three — four. 
 As its echoes died in the distance, as if unearthed by the 
 shock, up rose the blue lines of the " Heroes of the Eank 
 and File." They pressed on, over a hundred and fifty yards 
 of broken ground, in the face of cracking rifle and blazing 
 artillery, to the base of the Eidge, four hundred feet in 
 height. 
 
 Onward ! still ofiward they ploughed their bloody way ; 
 thei? zeal and bravery waited not for the word of command. 
 Each man earned a marshal's baton, and in his sublime con- 
 secration became so individual, that orders were given in 
 accordance with the action of the troops that had outrun 
 their leaders As their ranks were thinned, and their 
 banners planted, one by one, in the midst of smoke, blood, 
 and thunder, even the self-contained Thomas exclaimed, 
 " General, I fear they will never reach the top." " Give 
 'em time. General, give 'em time," said Grant. 
 
 The brave fellows tooh their time to bleed, and die, and 
 
430 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 conquer ; and when the sun closed his eyes that night on the 
 bloody steeps, like the "roar of many waters," shouts of 
 victory reached the ears of comrades and commanders. ■ The 
 " PRiYATEs' VICTORY " was won — they unfurled the " Old 
 Flag " from the battlements of Mission Ridge. Bragg was 
 in full retreat, and 7,000 prisoners and forty-seven pieces of 
 artillery were the tangible results of the victory. The 
 "Boys in Blue and Heroes of 'the Eank and File" were 
 vindicated, and may justly claim one of the. most hotly con- 
 tested and triumphant battles of the war, as their own. 
 
 Amid other attractions of the Fair, I must not omit 
 to mention the historical bird, the famous Wisconsin Eagle, 
 "Old Abe," that earned $15,000 for the Fair, by his 
 persistent patriotism. He was taken from his^ nest in 
 Chippewa county, Wisconsin, by a Chippewa Indian, and 
 presented to Company C, Eighth Wisconsin Regiment, by 
 a gentleman who purchased him. When this regiment 
 marched into Camp Randall, he spread his wings, seiz- 
 ing a small flag on his perch, and remained in that position 
 till removed to other quarters. When the regiment cheered, 
 he never failed to rise, but to the cheers of any other regi- 
 ment he paid no heed. He had been in all its battles, 
 as much exposed as the men. At the battle of Farming- 
 ton, the Eighth Wisconsin was ordered to lie down, and 
 he could not be kept on his perch. Pie was liberated, 
 and at once lay flat on the ground ; but when the men 
 arose, he resumed his place of danger, and occupied it 
 till the close of the battle. The rebel Gen. Price coveted 
 him, and ordered his men to capture him, if possible ; saying, 
 he would rather have that bird, than the whole brigade. 
 
THE COLOR-SEEGEANT OF THE 12'7t'h ILL. VOLS. 431 
 
 • 
 
 He escaped all snares, returned witli the victorious regi- 
 ments to their "Wisconsin homes, and like them rested on his 
 laurels, in apartments expressly fitted up for him in the State 
 House Park at Madison. Gov. Lewis gave permission for 
 him to be exhibited at the Fair, and he occupied a conspicu- 
 ous booth.. By the ingenuity and energy of Mr. Sewall, of 
 Chicago, from his exhibition and the sale of his photographs, 
 the enormous sum above named was realized. ^ 
 
 An autograph of President Lincoln, exhibited at the Fair, 
 wonderfully characteristic of the man 'and, his principles, de- 
 serves a place here. It was sent to a lady of St. Louis in 
 answer to a request for his autograph. 
 
 "Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this 
 mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away; yet if it 
 be God's will that it should continue until all the wealth 
 piled up by the bondman's 250 years of unrequited labor 
 shall be sunk, and every drop of blood drawn by the lash 
 shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said 
 3,000 years ago, so still it must be said, "The judgments 
 of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." 
 
 So many thrilling incidents occurred at the Fair, that it is 
 difficult to make a selection, but the touching narration of 
 the entrance of one of the battered heroes, for whom all this 
 work was done, seems peculiarly appropriate to this volume. 
 "We would ask Mr. Taylor again to speak for us : 
 
 " This morning a strange procession moved through the 
 brilliant halls of the Fair. The gay throngs parted silently 
 as it came, the laugh subsided, and the smile faded" out. It 
 was a triumphal 'procession, without marshal or baton. 
 Slowly, like a dark-colored thread drawn through a bright 
 
432 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 warp, it passed on. And this procession had the freedom of 
 the city. Not the Governor when he came, headed by 
 drum and bugle, had a better right to enter there. Four 
 soldiers, bearing a stretcher; upon it a wounded soldier, with 
 a flag for a covering. And the soldier so taking his rest, 
 was the color-sergeant of the 127th Illinois Eegiment, and 
 those hands of his, so feeble now, grasped the staff, as the 
 eagle grasps the arrows, and planted the banner on the ram- 
 part, at the capture of Arkansas Post. 
 
 " And this man, would see the halls the grateful land had 
 built for his comrades and for him. Not for the pomp and 
 circumstance of the big wars ; not for pride or power, but 
 for just this man, pale, silent, suffering, and for the thousands 
 like him, is all this pageantry. Do you wonder there was a 
 lighting up of his anxious eye? Was it a flash of sun with- 
 out, or the light of a grateful thought dawning ? 
 
 "Officers of the Commissions, noble President of the 
 Fair, Chairmen of the Departments, true and earnest women, 
 faithful as the Mary at cross and grave ; bright, fair young 
 girls, giving your days to unremitted toil, givers of the gifts 
 around the world, you have robbed the angels of their mis- 
 sion!" 
 
 The foreign contributions to the Fair were hailed as grati- 
 fying omens of the sympathy of the masses over the water, 
 with us in our struggles for the principles of universal freedom. 
 Hon. N. B. Judd, our resident minister at the court of Berlin, 
 and his patriotic wife, labored incessantly, and sent boxes filled 
 with articles of verta and needlework, of wondrous skill 
 and beauty. These, with all other foreign contributions, and 
 the California donations, as well as those from New York, 
 
DENOMINATIONAL FEATURE OF THE FAIR. 433 
 
 were artistically and tastefully arranged in booths, under the 
 direction of Hon. Charles L. "Wilson, former Secretary of 
 Legation at the Court of St. James. Mr. James McHenry, 
 of London, in addition to a donation of $5,000 to the U. S. 
 Sanitary Commission, sent to the Fair a lady's dressing-case, 
 costing $1,000. It was so adroitly managed by Mr. Wil- 
 son, that it netted to the treasury |3,000, and was eventually 
 voted to Miss Anna L.. Wilson, niece of the chairman of the 
 department, and daughter of John L. Wilson of the Even- 
 ing Journal. 
 
 The denominational feature of this last great enterprise 
 was unique and entirely successful. The clergy of all denom- 
 inations entered heartily into this effort. The Eev. W. W. 
 Patton, D.D , Vice-President of the branch of the . Sanitary 
 Commission at Chicago, was Chairman of the Congregational 
 Department, and with his wife contributed largely to its 
 success; Dr. Z. M. Humphrey and -wife labored, and 'stimu- 
 lated to the utmost, the zeal of the Presbyterians ; Eev. Clin- 
 ton Locke and wife, the Episcopal Department ; Rev. Eobert 
 Collyer, the Unitarian ; Dr. T. M. Eddy and wife, and Dr. 
 Tiffany and wife, the Methodist; Eev. E. B. Tuttle and wife, 
 the Universalist ; and Bishop Duggan, with Mrs. Gen. Sher- 
 man and Mrs. Judge Arrington, as aids, made the Eoman 
 Catholic Department a complete success. This happy result 
 proved, that on the broad platform of humanity and pa- 
 triotism, all denominations could unite, to testify their grati- 
 tude to God and their brave deliverers. Iowa, Michigan, 
 Minnesota and Philadelphia, had handsome and remunerative 
 departments, managed and controlled by their able representa- 
 
434 THE BOrS IN BLUE. 
 
 As I have said, the most salient point in this great exhibi- 
 tion, was the reception of the returning regiments and their 
 leaders. Grant, Sherman and Hooker. ' These military men 
 are so widely renowned, and have so inefifaceably written 
 their record on the hearts of the people, by their bril- 
 liant campaigns and triumphant successes, that nothing 
 remains to the historian, but a simple narration of facts. The 
 spontaneous and overwhelming ovation, given to them at the 
 last Sanitary Fair, opened by tumultuous applause and en- 
 thusiasm, when Mayor Rice introduced Gen. Sherman in an 
 emphatic and happy manner, and a poem, written by Judge 
 Arrington, was pronounced by Hon. George 0. Bates, in 
 -his graceful style. 
 
 Gen. Sherman's brief, terse and direct speech on this 
 occasion, harmonizes so entirely with the character and scope 
 of this volume, and is so confirmatory of the status claimed 
 in it, for the " rank and file " of the army, that I shall 
 introduce a portion of it. 
 
 Gen. Sherman spoke as follows: 
 
 " I thank you, sir, for the kind welcome you have given 
 ■me to-day, and to the gentleman who read the poem, I also 
 tender my thanks. I can hardly hope that my voice will 
 Teach yon recess, and if those who are near me can only 
 ;hear the few words I propose to address to you, it is all I 
 ask. I am not a man of words, and deeds can only be re- 
 corded by others, not by the actors themselves ; for we see 
 not the scenes remote ; we see not what occurs behind us, 
 but simply the limited space in front of our eyes. I have 
 been far away from you, but my feelings have been here 
 •quite as much as though my body had been within the limits 
 
GRANT AND SHERMAN'S RECEPTION AT THE FAIR. 435 
 
 of Chicago. My sphere of action lay away off in the South. 
 / had with me your brothers and your sons, and I never want 
 any letter hackers in anything. [A'pplause, long continiied, and 
 voices, " Hurrah for Sherman ! " " Didn't they do it ! " etc.] I 
 can recall among those backers, men of Chicago, armed with 
 stronger arguments than mere words or letters — armed with 
 the twenty-pounder and the twelve-pounder, which speak in 
 language which cannot be mistaken ; the only voice with 
 which men arrayed in arms against us are to be addressed, 
 and the only means man can use when reason loses its sway, 
 to convince. I^Tow, all is peace from here to the Gulf, and 
 you, gentlemen, know better than I can tell, what your duties 
 have become," etc., etc. 
 
 Long-continued cheers concluded the reception, and the 
 General could only shake a modicum of the eager hands 
 stretched towards him, when he slowly wound his way to 
 Jacob's Well, and paid his respects to the " Old Folks at the 
 Farm-house." A few days afterwards, Gen. Grant was re- 
 ceived by a vast audience of at least 10,000 people, who 
 packed Union Hall. His advent was announced by the 
 salute of 100 cannon, fired by the Chicago Light Artillery. 
 Escorted by Gen. Hooker, the honorary President of the Fair, 
 and other distinguished men, he entered the north door, and 
 was instantly greeted by the chorus, " Eed, White, and- Blue," 
 sung by a select choir. Their voices were drowned by the 
 shouts of the multitude, whose enthusiasm amounted almost 
 to insanity. The interior of 'the long line of booths in the 
 centre and on either side of the magnificent hall, was filled 
 •with ladips. whose waving handkerchiefs and beamine eves 
 
436 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 happiest manner, introduced Gen. Grant, and, as he said, 
 " turned him over to the people." 
 
 GENERAL GRANT 
 
 Then stepped forward, and was again received with thunder- 
 ing applause. At the first lull, he said, " Gentlemen and 
 ladies, as I never made a speech myself, I 'will ask Gov. 
 Yates, of Illinois, to return the thanks which I should fail 
 to express." Gov. Yates' speech is so glowing, brief and 
 historical, that I present it, verbatim. He said : 
 
 "This is indeed an unexpected duty on my part. 
 Gen. Grant has devolved upon me the duty of returning 
 to the citizens of Chicago, his thanks for the splendid re- 
 ception they have given him on this occasion. Fellow- 
 citizens, while I feel illy-prepared for this duty, yet I 
 conceive it to be the most precious moment of my life, 
 that I should have the honor of replying in the name 
 of this most ( .istinguished citizen, to the people of Chi- 
 cago, to the people of the State of Illinois. Some four 
 years ago, as you will see in a paper published in the city 
 of Vicksburg, it was then and there announced, that a cer- 
 tain Captain Grant had made a report to the Governor of 
 Illinois, of the number of arms that the State of Illinois had 
 at that time, and that Captain Grant, as the paper read, had 
 reported that the State of Illinois had 900 rusty muskets, for 
 the defense of the Government of the United States. But, 
 fellow-citizens, before two years had elapsed, that same Cap- 
 tain Grant stood under the tent of Gen. Pemberton, smoking 
 his cigar, while the glorious stars and stripes waved over the 
 battlements of Vicksburg. And, fellow-citizens, we have 
 
GOV. YATES' SPEECH FOR GEN. GRANT. 437 
 
 followed him from that day to this: at Donelson, at Bel- 
 mont, at Shiloh, at Pittsburg, through the Wilderness, at 
 Richmond, Lee's surrender; until, all along the banks of our 
 rivers, along the ocean coast, from house-top to steeple, floats 
 to-day, in proud, unsullied splendor, our ever-glorious, star- 
 spangled banner. (Great cheering.) 
 
 "Fellow-citizens, I have often said, that you must allow 
 me the honor of having commissioned Ulysses S. Grant. I 
 did not know that the gentleman was so great a man then, 
 or I might have been a little more complimentary. Now 
 his name, crowned with garlands, and wreaths of shining 
 victories upon more than a hundred battle-fields, proclaim 
 him the delight of this country and the world ; and, next to 
 the noble Lincoln, he is now the choice and the honor of 
 the nation. And, fellow-citizens, I am here to-day to say, 
 that the proudest reflection that thrills the heart of this brave 
 soldier and General is, that we have gloriously triumphed, 
 that our nation is preserved, that our Government has been 
 maintained, and that we havje our free institutions, for us and 
 our posterity forever." (Great applause.) 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN, 
 
 Being loudly called for, stepped forward and said: "Ladies 
 and gentlemen, 1 am here to-day to listen ; I am not going 
 to make any speech whatever. Always ready, always will- 
 ing, always proud, I was willing to do anything that the 
 Lieutenant-General asked me to do, and I know he never 
 asked me to make a speech." (Cheers and laughter.) 
 
 Gen. Grant — "I never asked a soldier to do anything I 
 
438 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 " Eally Eound the Flag " was then sung by the choir, the 
 vast audience joining in the chorus. 
 
 Mrs. Grant was called for, and; came forward amid cheer- 
 ing and waving of handkerchiefs. Mrs. Sherman was also 
 received with the same hearty tokens of welcome and favor. 
 
 A wag called for Mrs. Hooker, and the arches rang with 
 echoes of the calL Gen. Hooker stepped forward, and with 
 his gallant air, said: "I am greatly indebted to the interest 
 you manifest in Mrs. Hooker. When I came here I hoped 
 to bring her to respond in person to your compliments." As 
 the General had not at the time bound himself with hynieneal 
 chains, in which he now glories, his facetious reply added 
 much to the hilarity of the occasiouj which can never be 
 forgotten by any who took part in or witnessed it. 
 
 In grandeur and beauty, the Fair surpassed all expecta- 
 tion, gave universal and unlimited satisfaction, and the net 
 proceeds amounted to a quarter of a million of dollars — 
 a larger amount for the time and circumstances, than 
 a million would have been six months earlier. The great 
 obstacles that had been overcome, had increased the triumph 
 and enjoyment of the Fair, and made the patient laborers in 
 its behalf, more willing to continue to bear its heavy bur- 
 dens. Bach successive night its brilliant halls were crowded 
 with a delighted, grateful people. All places of amusement 
 were deserted, in favor of its superior attractions. Even 
 Grau, with his fine opera troupe, at the peerless opera- 
 house, failed . to draw an audience. Theatricals, concerts, 
 etc., etc., drooped with deserted halls and empty coffers. 
 At the dazzling Fair were found, old and young, grave and 
 gay, clergymen, professors, senators lawyers merchants, 
 
GREAT POPULARITY OF THE FAIR. 439 
 
 employees, blue coats and brass buttons, eagles and stars, 
 sober matrons, bevies of fair young girls, troops of joyous 
 children, with dancing eyes and rosy cheeks. Here the 
 North-West had met twelve regiments, coming home, to be 
 mustered out after bloody work — conquerors, covered with 
 laurels — some maimed, some worn, but all jubilant. Here 
 the people had welcomed Grant, Sherman and Hooker, and 
 heard and seen them moving in the midst of their troops, 
 giving and receiving congratulations. 
 
 But what shall we say of the "Fair women"? What 
 Abraham Lincoln said, "God bless the women of America 1 " 
 This, however, was not exclusively a woman's Fair. Leading 
 professional and business men, in all departments, worked 
 shoulder to shoulder, and became beggars in its behalf. 
 Editors and reporters worked day and night, and did their 
 best. Still, after all, men said, " Women were at the begin- 
 ning, and the middle, and the end of it; and but for them, the 
 Fair had never been." 'Twas true ; they worked months 
 beforehand, and during its continuance. By their magnet- 
 ism and enthusiasm, they brought the crowds and kept 
 them there. Had Chicago been under Roman rule, its men 
 would have earned the freedom of the city, by the meek 
 submission with which they transferred their household gods 
 to the temple of liberty on Dearborn Park or Bryan Hall, 
 aud stood or sauntered round, seemingly enjoying home 
 desolation at a distance ; for " where the gods do congregate 
 are found their worshippers." Wives drew husbands and 
 children ; youth and beauty, their devotees. Even quaint 
 bacuelors were swept in the current, and lost hearts they 
 
4A0 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 But the fairest flowers fade soonest, and the rarest earthly 
 bliss is the most fleeting. The end drew nigh. The Fair's 
 days were numbered — the beautiful creation must go the way 
 of all the earth, and sad hearts said, Farewell ! The booths 
 were dismantled, partitions removed, but the banners and 
 decorations retained. Long tables were erected, and an ele- 
 gant free dinner proclaimed for all the soldiers within iugle call, 
 given by the Fair as part of the celebration of the memorable 
 4th of July, 1865 — the anniversary of an Emancipated as 
 well as an Independent people ; and also the annual celebra- 
 tion of the fall of Vicksburg. On a huge inclined platform 
 scores of organs were placed, manipulated by skilful per- 
 formers, and fifteen hundred trained singers, all under the 
 charge of the world-renowned Balatka. An audience of ten 
 thousand enthusiastic people joined in the choruses, and 
 made such a volume of patriotic music, as has not been heard 
 before nor since. The Hon. Henry Winter Davis, on that 
 sublime occasion, pronouaced a thrilling oration, that he 
 might not have altered, had he divined he would so soon be 
 summoned where actions and utterances must be met. A 
 Marylander by birth and education, he indorsed liberty for 
 the captive, and took his first public position on equal suf- 
 frage, which brought forth a thundering response, that made 
 the arches that had echoed hosannas to Grant, Sherman and 
 Hooker, tremble as of yore. 
 
 In conclusion, I would say, that the names of indefatigable 
 workers in the Fair, were legion ; and so uniform and surpass- 
 ing was their faithfulness, selections would be invidious. 
 The name, however, of Thomas B. Bryan, Esq., acting 
 President of the Fair, may be mentioned, without fear of 
 
MR. m'cagg's statement. 441 
 
 jealousy or rivalry. The innumerable perplexities conse- 
 quent on the position held by him, were greater than in any 
 of its forerunners ; owing to the undertone of opposition, 
 on the ground of alleged Heedlessness. Even this current 
 ceased to flow under his genial influence, and as' the Fair pro- 
 gressed, the shifting sands became granite, and the edifice fell 
 not ; for it was founded on the rock of humanity and 
 patriotism. 
 
 The following published statement, from the pen of Mr. 
 E. B. MeCagg, President of the Branch at Chicago, is so 
 pertinent, and withal so satisfactory, as a record of some 
 of the last work of the Commission, and an answer 
 to the questions, " What is done and what will be done 
 with the money raised from the Fair ? " that we insert it 
 entire : 
 
 • 
 "From the middle of April last, the work of this branch 
 . of the Sanitary Commission has been dependent on moneys 
 received on account of the Fair, for its efficiency. At that 
 date, its treasury became empty, and since then the larger 
 portion of its receipts have been- on Fair account. About 
 $12,000 were expended in the latter part of May, in aid of 
 returned prisoners from Anderson ville, at Vicksburg, besides 
 keeping up the ordinary work of the branches; and there is 
 now in this city, a Chaplain from Fort Smith, Arkansas, 
 with well-authenticated statements of present suffering 
 among families of Union soldiers, themselves sufficiently 
 heart-rending, to make one wish the entire receipts of the 
 Fair mieht be sent to that storm-driven State. ■ This branch 
 
442 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 supplies every three days, and the demand has not yet in 
 any way lessened. 
 
 "E. B. McCagg, President:' 
 
 The establishment of peace and the disbandment of the 
 Union armies, was followed, in the course of a few months, 
 by the evacuation of hospitals, thus ending the supply work 
 of the Commission, and releasing the workers in that depart- 
 ment. With its termination, came -the close of our army 
 trips, visits to aid societies, and sanitary work in various 
 forms. I have endeavored, by the narration of our army and 
 sanitary experience, to give a f^int picture of the heroism of 
 the " rank and file " of the army, in hospital and in the field, 
 and of the sacrifice and sufiering of the women at home. 
 The volume is necessarily discursive, as scenes, individual 
 sketches, and the work^of various organizations, are por- 
 trayed, as they fall in by the way, and naturally become 
 part of the narrative. My aim has been, to make the general 
 effect and scope ,of the work, a unit, designated by the title. 
 Its record belongs to the private soldiers. On their account, 
 in their behalf, inspired by their bravery and endurance. 
 Sanitary and Christian Commissions, Sanitary Fairs, and the 
 entire round of patriotic efforts, were made and rendered 
 successful. 
 
 Glorious as has been the record of the military leaders, 
 in the words of Gen. Sherman, "the 'Boys' have put 
 on their shoulder-straps." Triumphant and resplendent 
 as are the stripes and stars, second only to the blue and 
 starry heavens in beauty and significance, but for the brave 
 volunteers, these honorable emblems would still be trail- 
 
AN APPEAL IN BEHALF OF THE " BOYS IN BLUE." 443 
 
 ing in the dust, not floating proudly from every fortress and 
 every State capitol, from Maine to Texas, from the Atlan- 
 tic to the Pacific. God bless the " Boys in Blue, and the 
 Heroes of the Eank and File"! Let not the nation 
 
 SAT TO THEM AND THEIR CHILDREN, " Be YE WARMED AND 
 FILLED," BUT LET EVERY INDIVIDUAL, EVERY StATE, AND 
 
 THE General Government, unite to pay their just 
 
 DEBT to the nation's CREDITORS — THE WORLD'S WON- 
 DER — THE RETURNED, VICTORIOUS ARMIES OF THE UNION ! 
 
444 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 CHAPTER XXiy. • 
 
 Mr. Howe's enlistment. — Eaiaing a county regiment.— Speecli at the 
 meeting to raise recruits. — Enlistment of his coachman in same 
 regiment. — He is made Postmaster of the regiment. — Advances 
 money to pay regiment for two months. — His illness. — Return 
 home to work for the boys. 
 
 I HATE Stated in the first chapter of this volume that the 
 ranks of the Union army contained men of the highest posi- 
 tion and worth. The following remarkable story, from the 
 pen of James Parton, is most generously placed at my dis- 
 posal, by Robert Bonner, editor of the ISTew York Ledger, and 
 is a powerful confirmation of the elevated character and 
 exalted patriotism of some who entered the ranks of the 
 Union army to battle for the right. "We grant this case had 
 few parallels, as regards wealth. Not a few, however, ap- 
 proached and equalled it in patriotism and self-abnegation. 
 
 A MILLIONAIRE IN THE BANKS. 
 BY JAMES PAETON. 
 
 No army, I suppose, ever contained such a variety of 
 characters and conditions as that of the United States during 
 the late war. There were men in it of almost every race 
 and color ; men of every rank — from French princes lineally 
 descended from Henry IV. to the plantation slave ; men of 
 every degree of moral worth and unworthiness— from the 
 
MR. Howe's enlistment. 445 
 
 patriot-hero giving bis life for his country to the plundering 
 " bounty -jumper " who has since found a suitable home in a 
 State prison. Among other characters, the strangest, per- 
 haps, was a private soldier who possessed an income of 
 $200,000 a year. Upon the staffs of major-generals, and at 
 the head of regiments, there were several millionaires and 
 sons of millionaires ; but the gentleman of whom we speak, 
 Elias Howe, Jr., the inventor of the sewing-machine — 
 served in the ranks of the 17th Connecticut, and refused 
 every offer of a commissioiL alleging as a reason that 
 he wa§ ignorant of military affairs and could render no 
 effective service to his country except as a private. Having 
 had occasion recently to gather information respecting the 
 origin and progress of the sewing-machine, I heard the story 
 of Mr. Howe's enlistment and service from the officers of 
 his regiment, and now avail myself of the inventor's 
 absence from the country to repeat it to the readers of the 
 Ledger. 
 
 He enlisted in July, 1862, the second year of the war. 
 The country, as we all remember, had put forth prodigious 
 efforts to repair the calamity of Bull Eun. An immense 
 army had been assembled on the banks of the Potomac, 
 which, after a long winter spent in organizing and drilling 
 it, had been swiftly conveyed to Virginia and successfully 
 landed near Yorktown. That proved to be the end of its 
 success. Stopped for a month at Yorktown, until Eichmond 
 was ready to withstand it, that mighty host of devoted men 
 came within sight of the steeples of the Confederate capital, 
 whence, after a succession of mishaps, reverses and defeats, 
 it was driven back to the James, and was soon after ordered 
 
446 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 back to its old position on the Potomac. Nothing in the 
 history of the war seems to me so -remarkable as the high 
 spirit and unshaken resolutio'n of the people after disasters 
 so terrible, so unexpected, and so peculiarly calculated to 
 dishearten a nation unused to war. 
 
 It was July, 1862. The army was still on the James, 
 protected by the gunboats of the navy. A new levy of 
 troops was ordered. Until this time men had not hung 
 back, and new regiments had come in about as fast as- th'ey 
 could be equipped. But in#Ju]y of this year, when the 
 ripening harvest called farmers to their fields, and the tidings 
 of defeat gave pause to those inclined to enlist, the forming 
 regiments filled slowly, and there were vague rumors in the 
 air of a possible draft. Then it was that it occurred to some 
 gebtlemen of Bridgeport, Connecticut, to raise a county regi- 
 ment, the several companies of which should be composed 
 of friends and neighbors. It was an excellent and fruitful 
 thought. The sanction of Governor Buckingham was ob- 
 tained, and a public meeting was called for July 17, to 
 begin the work. 
 
 The public anxiety, as well as the patriotism of the people 
 of Bridgeport, caused this to be one of the largest and most 
 earnest ever held in the town. Mr. Howe attended it, and 
 sat upon the platform as one of the vice-presidents. When 
 the meeting had been organized, it was addressed by several 
 speakers, who raised the enthusiasm of the* crowd to the 
 highest point. Money was liberally subscribed for the ex- 
 penses of the proposed regiment — Messrs. Wheeler & Wilson 
 heading the list with five thousand dollars, and Elias Howe 
 following with one thousand. The whole suni raised was 
 
MR. Howe's speech when he enlisted. 447 
 
 twenty-fiye thousand dollars. This was encouraging, and it 
 was then to be seen how the citizens of Bridgeport would 
 respond to the call for services more perilous and more ne- 
 cessary than the subscribing of money. 
 
 When the time came for inviting men to enlist, Mr. Howe 
 — to the astonishment of his friends, for he had never before 
 addressed a public meeting— rose to his feet, and spoke 
 somewhat as follows: 
 
 " At such a time as this every man is called upon to do 
 what he can for his country. I don't know what I can do 
 unless it is to enlist and serve as a private in the Union 
 army. I want no position. In fact, I know nothing of 
 military matters; but I am willing to learn, and to do what 
 I can with a musket. At any rate, I mean to go. I have 
 in my hand a piece of paper for the names of those who wish 
 to enlist to-night, and my name is at the head of it." 
 
 With these words he laid the paper upon the chairman's 
 table. The excitement produced by this announcement can 
 neither be imagined nor described. Mr. Howe was known 
 to every person present as one of the wealthiest men in the 
 State, whose residence at Iranistan was as pleasant and 
 attractive a scene as could anywhere be found ; and to ex- 
 change this for the privations of a camp seemed to the 
 audience, as it was, a most remarkable evidence of patriotic 
 principle. Cheer upon cheer expressed and relieved the 
 feelings of the excited multitude. 
 
 The next incident that occurred was one in which the 
 comic and the pathetic were blended. The coachman who 
 had driven Mr. Howe's carriage that evening, attracted by 
 the continual cheers within the hall, had hired a boy to hold 
 
44? THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 his horses, and had entered the building to witness the pro- 
 ceedings. He was a warm-hearted Irishman, named Michael 
 Cahill, past the age of military service as defined by law. 
 Upon hearing his employer's speech, he rushed forward, and 
 clambering upon the platform, cried out: 
 
 " Put down my name, too ! I can't bear to have the old 
 man go alone." 
 
 So down went the name of Michael Gahill, coachman, 
 next, to that of Elias Howe. Laughter and cheers, mingled 
 in about equal proportions, followed the. announcement of 
 "Mike's" intention. Other names now came in with great 
 rapidity. A large number of men were obtained that night, 
 and such zeal and enthusiasm were created in the county by 
 the events of the evening, that in twenty days the 17th 
 Connecticut had upon its rolls the names of one thousand 
 men. It was commanded by Colonel H. H. Noble, one of 
 the leading lawyers of Bridgeport. 
 
 A difficulty arose when Mr. Howe had to be examined by 
 the surgeon of the regiment, Dr. Hubbard. All his life the 
 inventor of the sewing-machine has been troubled with an 
 hereditary lameness. Indeed, it was owing to the extreme 
 fatigue which his daily labor as a journeyman machinist 
 caused him, in consequence of this lameness, that he set 
 about inventing something by which he hoped to earn his 
 living less laboriously. The probability is, that if 'Ellas 
 • Howe had had two good legs, he would never have invented 
 the sewing-machine. When Dr. Hubbard hesitated about 
 accepting him, and told him that he could not march: 
 
 "N"o matter," said the inventor, "you miist pass me. I 
 am going ! " 
 
MR. HOWE, POSTMASTER OF REGIMENT. 449 
 
 Both the officers and men of the regiment soon discovered 
 that to have a man in a regiment who is both rich and gen- 
 erous Ls extremely convenient. To some of the field-officers 
 he gave horses from his stable, and to others he lent them ; 
 and whenever there was delay or difficulty in procuring an 
 article necessary for the regiment's speedy departure, his 
 purse was always open to supply the^ deficiency. Early in 
 September the regiment started on its way towards the seat 
 of war, and went into camp near Baltimore. 
 
 When the camp was organized and the regiment entered 
 
 upon its routine duties, Mr. Howe discovered that the doctor 
 
 was right — he could not march with a musket in his hand, 
 
 even to the extent of standing sentry. But, determined to 
 
 be of service, he volunteered to serve the regiment as its 
 
 postmaster, messenger, and expressman. Sending home for 
 
 a suitable horse and wagon, he drove into Baltimore twice 
 
 every day, and brought to the camp the letters and parcels 
 
 for the regiment, which he distributed from his own tent 
 
 with his own hands. He served, in short, as the father of 
 
 the regiment. Going home, occasionally, to Bridgeport, 
 
 where he was then building a large factory, he always gave 
 
 notice of his intention, and made his journey with a small 
 
 cargo of letters and bundles for the families of his comrades, 
 
 and took unwearied pains in performing every commission 
 
 intrusted to him. As one of the officers said to me, " He 
 
 would run half over the State to deliver a letter to some 
 
 lonely mother anxious for her soldier boy, or bring back to 
 
 him in the camp a favorite pair of boots, which he needed 
 
 during the rainy winter of Maryland." 
 
 I once heard Mr. Howe relate a curious anecdote of one 
 
 29 
 
450 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 of these journeys. He was sitting in the cars, behind two 
 wild secessionists, who were conversing eagerly about the 
 war. One of them said to the other : 
 
 " Yes, sir I the whole thing was got up for the purpose of 
 
 giving fat contracts to the d d abolitionists. There's old 
 
 Howe, the sewing-machine man, worth his millions; they 
 have actually given Mm the contract for carrying the mail 
 to the army." 
 
 "You don't say so," said the other. 
 
 " 'Tis a fact," rejoined his friend. " I saw Howe myself 
 riding in one of the mail-carts yesterday." 
 
 Mr. Howe smiled, but said nothing. 
 
 Another story of his warlike experience is related by 
 Colonel Stephen A. "Walker, paymaster of the division to 
 which Mr. Howe's regiment belonged. 
 
 For four months after the 17th Connecticut entered the 
 field, the Government was so pressed for money, that no 
 payments to the troops could be made, and, consequently, 
 there was great suffering among the families of the soldiers, 
 and a still more painful anxiety suffered by the men them- 
 selves. One day, a private soldier came quietly into the 
 paymaster's office in Washington, and, as there were several 
 officers already there to be attended to, he took his seat in a 
 corner, to wait his turn. "When the officers had been dis- 
 posed of, Colonel Walker turned to him, and said : 
 
 -" Now, my man, what can I do for you ? " 
 
 " I have called," said the soldier, " to see about the pay- 
 ment of the 17th Connecticut." 
 
 The paymaster, a little irritated by what he supposed a 
 needless and impertinent interruption, told him, somewhat 
 
ME. HOWE ADVANCINa PAT FOR THE REGIMENT. 451 ' 
 
 bluntly, " that a paymaster could do nothing without money, 
 and that until the Government could furnish some, it was 
 useless for soldiers to come bothering him about the pay of 
 their regiments." 
 
 " I know," said the soldier, " the Government is in straits, 
 and I have called to find out how much money it will take 
 to give my regiment two months' pay ; and if you will tell 
 me, I am ready to furnish the amount." 
 
 The officer stared with astonishment, and asked the name 
 of the soldier, who was no other than Mias Howe. On re- 
 ferring to his books, Colonel "Walker found that the sum 
 required was $31,000. Upon receiving the information 
 the private wrote a draft for the sum, and received in re- 
 turn a memorandum certifying the advance, and promis- 
 ing reimbursement when the Government could furnish 
 the money. 
 
 Two or three days after, at Eairfax Court-House, the 
 regiment was paid, and there were a thousand happy men in 
 camp. When Mr. Howe's name was called, he went up to ■ 
 the paymaster's desk, received twenty-eight dollars and sixty 
 cents of his own money, and signed the receipt therefor, 
 " Private Elias Howe, Jr." We cannot be surprised at 
 some of the officers of neighboring regiments sending over 
 to inquire if they could "borrow" this private for a while 
 from the 17th Connecticut. 
 
 During the winter Mr. Howe was twice prostrated by 
 sickness — first by dysentery, and afterwards by fever. It 
 was proposed to convey him to the officers' hospital, but he 
 insisted on being taken^to the hospital of the privates, and 
 to be treated in all respects as a private soldier. There was 
 
452 THE BOTS IN BLUE. 
 
 no difference, however, in essential points, between the 
 hospitals for oflScers and those for private soldiers. 
 
 "When the spring came, and the regiment was about to 
 enter upon active service and to make long marches, it be- 
 came clear to Mr. Howe that he could be nothing but an 
 incumbrance, and, therefore, after rendering all the service 
 which a man in his physical condition could render, he 
 reluctantly asked a discharge, and returned home. He used 
 to say to the soldiers : 
 
 "I've got to leave you, boys. I'm of no use here; but 
 never mind — when your time is out, come to me at Bridge- 
 port. I'm building a large sewing-machine factory there, 
 and I shall have plenty of work for those who want it." 
 
 Many of his comrades took him at his word, and are now 
 at work under him in various capacities. Honest " Mike," 
 after faithfully serving out his term, went to his old home, 
 and has advanced from driving Mr. Howe's carriage to 
 driving his own horse and cart, which he is still doing. 
 - Mr. Howe's enlistment to serve in the ranks of the army 
 was due to a genuine patriotic impulse. 
 
 An officer of his regiment related to me a conversation 
 which he had with him one gloomy day in camp, when bad 
 news was coming in from the "West. 
 
 ""Wellj" said the officer, "what do you think the trash we 
 call our property will be worth when this is all over? " 
 
 " So that this thing is settled right" said Mr. Howe, " I 
 don't care a coppen As for me, give me. three acres of 
 land, and I can earn my living upon it, and that's all I 
 want." 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 See page 4A. 
 
 The prisoners from Fort Donelson were among the first that 
 reached Chicago. They occupied barracks at Camp Douglas 
 that had been previously filled. with Union troops who had 
 been ordered to the front. Large numbers of these prisoners 
 were ill with pneumonia, pleurisy and other diseases, conse- 
 quent upon their insuf&cient clothing, change of climate and 
 hardships endured at Donelson. The report of this state of 
 affairs soon spread through the city, and large numbers of 
 the citizens repaired to the camp, laden with edibles, cloth- 
 ing, books and papers. I speak from personal knowledge, 
 as I gladly assisted in this work of humanity. I, became 
 very much interested in many of these men. They were 
 mainly from Tennessee, conversed freely of their situation 
 and prospects, expressed great surprise that Yankees should 
 treat them so kindly, and in niany cases said, had they known 
 the true state of feeling in the North they would never have 
 taken up arms, fn the hospitals, to which I directed my 
 chief attention, the men freely said that all that was possible, 
 under the circumstances, was done to make them comfortable. 
 This state of affairs continued, until the treasonable speech of 
 some of the Southern women residing in Chicago, who were 
 freely admitted to see and comfort their friends, obliged the 
 
454 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 commanding officer to shut the doors of the camp to all. To 
 such unwise sympathy and false encouragement frorn South- 
 ern sympathisers living in the North, a vast amount of blood- 
 shed and malignant feeling may be traced. Home traitors 
 were practically the worst enemies of the South, and by far 
 the most inexcusable foes of the Government. 
 
 See "page 219. 
 
 As will be seen by reference to Mrs. Livermore's " Day at 
 the Eooms of the Sanitary Commission," the little messenger- 
 boy on the naval hospital-boat was sent to Chicago for care 
 and nursing. It will be interesting to hear later accounts of 
 the youth, now sixteen years of age. At a dinner given at 
 the State Fair for the benefit of " The Home for the Friend- 
 less," Chicago, October, 1866, as a boy trudged around with 
 boxes of candy for sale, his face attracted me, and brought dim 
 memories trooping round me. I was out of the city when he 
 drifted to the rooms in Chicago, and had not seen the mes- 
 senger-boy till that day. I found, upon inquiry, that the 
 poor fellow still bore about a, useless hand, that hung help- 
 lessly beside him, and his right limb dragged painfully, but 
 by active perseverance he was able to earn his bread, although 
 he had abandoned all hope of recovery. He was well clad, 
 and as cheery as a robin, having, he said, " all he needed, 
 and a mother's home to shelter him at night." 
 
 Se6 page 48. 
 
 It is not a little gratifying to find the battle of Shiloh 
 placed third on the list of the decisive battles of the war, by 
 so able a historian as Swinton. This volume was written 
 
APPENDIX. 455 
 
 months before the appearance of Swinton's twelve decisive 
 battles of the war, and his view of its magnitude and im- 
 portance is fully confirmed by those taking part in it. He 
 writes : 
 
 " The Union forces, on their part, without seeking 
 to conceal their chagrin over the first day's battle, justly 
 claimed victory in the second. Accordingly, thanksgivings 
 went up all over the North for the timely arrival of Buell, 
 and his final repulse of the Confederate army ; and never 
 was gratitude for what seemed a providential interposition 
 more fittingly rendered. 
 
 "It was not, however, until much later, that the true 
 import of the battle of Shiloh was discovered, and it was 
 found tffat the immediate revelations of the battle-field were 
 of small consec[uence compared with siibsequent develop- 
 ments. In order to comprehend the full significance of 
 Shiloh, we must know, on the one hand, the great Confed- 
 erate possibilities which were forever buried on that field, 
 and*, on the other hand, the great Union actualities which 
 thence took rise and grew to maturity." 
 
 See 'page 429. 
 
 This statement concerning the battle of Mission Eidge is 
 fully confirmed in Gen. Grant's ofBcial report, which says : 
 
 "These troops moved forward, drove the enemy from the 
 rifle-pits at the base of the ridge, like bees from a hive, 
 stopped but a moment, until the whole were in line, and 
 commenced the ascent of the mountain from right to left, 
 almost simultaneously, following closely tJie retreating enemy 
 without further orders. They encountered a volley of grape 
 
456 THE BOYS IN BLUE. ' 
 
 and canister, from near thirty pieces of artillery, and mus- 
 ketry from still well-filled rifle-pits on the summit of the 
 ridge. Not a waver was seen-in all that long line, of brave 
 men. Their progress was steadily onward, until the summit 
 was in their possession." 
 
 Gen. Thomas, in his official report of the same battle, 
 says : 
 
 "Our troops, advancing steadily in a continuous line, the 
 enemy, seized with panic, abandoned the works at the foot 
 of the hill, and retreated precipitately to the coast, whither 
 they were followed by our troops, who, apparently inspired 
 by the impulse of victory, carried the hill simultaneously at 
 six different points, and so closely upon the heels of the 
 enemy, that many of them were taken prisoners in the 
 trenches. We captured all their cannon and ammunition 
 before they could be removed or destroyed. 
 
 The following incident, so touchingly told by General Eisk, 
 may with great propriety be introduced here, and is another 
 proof of his Christian faithfulness, so illustrated in the White 
 Eiver expedition : 
 
 A TOUCHING INCIDENT OF THE WAR. 
 
 I remember one old lady in Illinois, how she gave all she 
 had to the cause of the nation. When the call for troops 
 came in 1861, when Massachusetts' blood had made red the 
 pavements of Baltimore, when everybody rose up to go, on 
 the banks of the Mississippi there lived an old widow wo- 
 man. Her husband was in his grave. She had but one 
 child in the world, a noble boy, sixteen years of age. She 
 
APPENDIX. 457 
 
 took him from the plow and the harrow, and said* to him, 
 " You must go and fight for your country. This great tivet 
 that flows by our farm must wash the shores of but one 
 country on its pilgrimage to the sea." 
 
 The boy marched off to battle. He went with me through 
 many a weary march, and bloody fight and skirmish. He 
 was a Christian boy, reared in the Sunday School, and he 
 always carried his Bible with him. 
 
 In one of our engagements he was wounded, and the sur- 
 geon told him he would die. Charley said he would like to 
 see his mother, but he hadn't money enough to send for her. 
 The soldier boys of my escort— and generous souls they 
 were — gathered around him and made up a purse and sent 
 away out in the State of Illinois for his mother to come 
 and see him. 1 remember when she presented herself at my. 
 headquarters, cheerful and happy, with a Bible and a Metho- 
 dist hymn-book in her satchel. I took her to the hospital. 
 She took his hand, cheerfully thanking God that she saw 
 him alive, and there she sat, day after day, watching all the 
 child she had in the world — watching for him to die. 
 
 As I passed through that hospital one morning, looking at 
 the cot of Charley, I saw the death-damp on his brow ; his 
 eye was dim, his pulse was getting slow. I took him by the 
 hand, and said, " How is it this morning? " " General," said 
 he, " I feel I am going to the front," and his eye brightened. 
 His mother stood by him, singing — 
 
 " Jesus can make a dying bed 
 
 Feel soft as downy pillows are ; 
 While on his breast I lean iny head, 
 And breathe my life out sweetly there." 
 
1:58 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 She gave up her boy as cheerfully as you would give a 
 iollar. We buried him in the swamp. She went to his 
 Funeral, and thanked God she had a son to give to the nation. 
 Such graves are scattered all over the country. They ap- 
 peal to us to-day that we shall not let this Government of the 
 people, for the people, and by the people, perish from the 
 sarth. 
 
 " On fame's eternal camping-ground 
 Their silent tents are spread, 
 And glory guards with solemn round 
 The bivouacs of the dead." 
 
 The following clipping from the New York Observer, 
 and the pen of its editor, Dr. Prime, manifests the deep 
 interest that the sanitary work in the army of the Eepublic 
 is creating throughout the civilized world. So great has 
 been the desire manifested to learn the modes of its benevo- 
 lence, that Dr. Bellows has been extensively engaged, since 
 the close of the war, in correspondence with philanthropists 
 abroad seeking information, and has, in his able and happy 
 manner, been educating large numbers of men and women 
 in the principles and methods of " sanitary " prevention 
 and cure. This is one secret of the establishment of this 
 department in the Paris Exposition. 
 
 ALLEVIATIONS OF WAR. 
 
 The regret has been expressed by many that so much 
 space in the Great Exposition, which ought to be a festival 
 of peace, has been taken up with implements of war ; but 
 there is one department intimately connected with this which 
 
APPENDIX. 459 
 
 can be contemplated by the philanthropist with no less 
 gratification than those devoted exclusively to the arts of 
 peace. Around the spacious building which the Imperial 
 Minister of War has erected for the exhibition of the engines 
 of war, is a group of tents filled with specimens of improved 
 military surgery, and -those many appliances which Chris- 
 tian kindness has devised for the mitigation of the evils of 
 war. Among these the United States holds a foremost 
 place. A letter to the New Yorh Observer] from Dr. Prime, 
 its editor, thus describes this very interesting feature of the 
 Great Exhibition : 
 
 " Dr. Thomas Evans, a resident for many years of Paris, 
 and a man of large wealth, has spent several thousands of 
 dollars, and much time, in getting together a fair sample of 
 what was done by the Grovernment, the Sanitary and the 
 Christian Commissions, and individuals, to save the lives 
 and health and promote the well-being of our soldiers in the 
 late civil war. The largest of these objects is a hospital 
 railroad-car, modelled one-fourth of the size for nse, showing 
 the whole arrangement for the transport and care of sick and 
 wounded soldiers by rail. Our ambulances are here. The 
 improvements in hospital-beds are also shown. A travelling 
 drug-shop is seen on wheels, so fitted up that a complete 
 assortment of medicines and surgical tools is at hand and 
 easily found. The various preparations of food, as condens- 
 ed milk, meats and fruits, biscuits, etc., are admirably 
 arranged. And not less interesting are the appliances of the 
 Christian Commission, and a large library belonging to one 
 of the regiments of Union cavalry, and actually transported 
 with them wherever they went, excites the astonishment of 
 
460 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 European officers, who did not know that the -tastes of 
 Yankee troopers required such an addition to the im^tedimenta 
 of the army. Dr. Colton has a stand in one corner of this 
 building, where he administers his anassthetic gas to those 
 who are disposed to make a trial' of its virtues. The 
 Empress took the pipe into her hands the other day, but did 
 not inhale. If she had taken the gas, all the world of Paris 
 ladies would have wanted some of the same sort. 
 
 " Near to this is the Italian tent, where the visitor remarks 
 the heavy and cumbrous character of the ambulances, built 
 as if for ages, and certainly requiring a strong team power to 
 drag them, even empty, over fields or rough roads. Yet 
 here and in the Prussian collection we are impressed deeply 
 by the exceedingly comfortable and costly apparatus provid- 
 ed for the field and the hospital. Operating tables, made for 
 use on the field, chairs and litters for transporting the 
 wounded, beds with an ingenious but very expensive contriv- 
 ance to raise the sufferer up and sustain him while any change 
 is made, and a hundred other things equally important and 
 interesting are exhibited, and give us a new idea of the prog- 
 ress which humanity is making in alleviating what ChrLs- 
 tianity and commerce have as yet been unable to arrest. 
 
 "Dr. Crane has the charge of our department, and was 
 kind enough to explain to me many of these articles, which 
 a man who uses the pen and not the sword would be unable 
 to understand without a guide. I was easily led to notice 
 the superior lightness, efficiency and facility for use of the 
 appliances in our armies. They are made for present pur- 
 poses, and cheaply, and answer the end well. Perhaps they 
 do not break down or get out of order when they are subject 
 
APPENDIX. 461 
 
 to rougli treatment and exposed to weather and wear. But 
 the European instruments for the wounded and the sick 
 were strong, expensive, well made, durable, less liable to be 
 knocked up. It is the same difference noticeable in all we 
 and they do in our public works. "When they build a rail- 
 road, it is built to last and wear. Ours are nAde to pay a 
 big dividend next year. It is not likely that a higher 
 degree of civilization or religious sentiment prompts one 
 more than another of the nations here represented, in their 
 preparations to assuage the sufferings of the victims of war, 
 but it is a beautiful idea to spread out on this Champ de 
 Mars these evidences of what has been made necessary by 
 war, and what philanthropy has done to succor those who 
 are made to suffer." 
 
APPEN-DIX. 463 
 
 THE LITTLE DRUMMER. 
 
 A BOLDIEBS BTORT. 
 
 BY R. H. STODDAKD. 
 
 'Tis of a little drummer, 
 
 The story I shall tell ; 
 Of ho'W lie marched to battle, 
 
 And all that there befell. 
 Out in the "West with Lyon, 
 
 (Tor once the name was true,) 
 For whom the little drummer beat 
 
 His rat-tat-too. 
 
 Our army rose at midnight. 
 
 Ten thousand men as one. 
 Each slinging on his knapsack, 
 
 And snatching up his gun : 
 " Forward I " and off they started, 
 
 As all good soldiers do, 
 When the little drummer beats for them 
 
 The rat-tat-too. 
 
464 THE BOYS m BLUE. 
 
 ni. 
 
 Across a rolling country, 
 
 Where the mist began to rise ; 
 Past many a blackened farm-house, 
 
 Till the sun was in the skies : 
 Then we met the Rebel pickets, 
 
 Who skirmished and withdrew. 
 While the little drummer beat and beat 
 
 The rat-tat-too. 
 
 Along the wooden hollows 
 
 The Une of battle ran, 
 Our centre poured a volley, 
 
 And the fight at once began ; 
 For the Rebels answered shouting, 
 
 And a shower of buUets flew ; 
 But still the Httle drummer beat 
 
 His rat-tat-too. 
 
 V. 
 
 He stood among his comrades. 
 As they quickly formed the line. 
 
 And when they raised their muskets 
 He watched the barrels shine I 
 
 [When the volley rang, he started I 
 For war to him was new ; 
 
 JBut still the little drummer beat 
 
 , His rat-tat-too. 
 
APPENDIX. 465 
 
 VI. 
 
 It was a sight to see them, 
 
 That early autumn day, 
 Our soldiers in their blue coats, 
 
 And the Rebel ranks in gray : 
 
 The smoke that rolled bet-ween them, 
 t ' 
 
 The balls that whistled through, 
 
 And the httle drummer as he beat 
 
 His rat-tat-too I 
 
 TO. 
 
 His comrades dropped around him,- 
 
 By fives and tens they fell, 
 Some pierced by Minnie bullets, 
 
 Some torn by shot and sheU ; 
 They played against our cannon, 
 
 And a caisson's splinters flew ; 
 But still the little drummer beat 
 
 His rat-tat-too I 
 
 The right, the left, the centre — 
 
 The fight was everywhere: 
 They pushed us here, — we wavered,- 
 
 "We drove and broke them there. 
 The graybacks fixed then: bayonets. 
 
 And charged the coats of blue. 
 But still the little drummer beat 
 
 His rat-tat-too I 
 
466 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 " Where is our little drummer ? " 
 
 Hi? nearest comrades say, 
 When the dreadful fight is over, 
 
 And the smoke has cleared away. 
 As the Eebel corps was scattering 
 
 He urged them to pursue, 
 So furiously he beat and beat 
 
 The rat-tat-too I 
 
 He stood no more among them, 
 
 Por a bullet as it sped 
 Had glanced and struck his ankle. 
 
 And stretched him with the dead ! 
 He crawled behind a cannon, 
 
 And pale and paler grew : 
 But still the little drummer beat 
 
 His rat-tat-too I 
 
 XL 
 
 They bore him to the surgeon, 
 
 A busy man was he : 
 " A drummer boy — what ails him ? " 
 
 His comrades answered, " See I " 
 As they took him fi-om the stretcher, 
 
 A heavy breath he drew. 
 And his httle fingers strove to beat 
 
 The rat-tat-too I 
 
APPENDIX. 467 
 
 The ball had spent its fury : 
 " A scratch," the surgeon said, 
 As he wound the snowy bandage 
 Which the lint was staining red I 
 "I must leave you now, old feUow." 
 " Oh 1 take me back with you, 
 For I know the men are missing me, 
 And the rat-tat-too I " 
 
 Upon his comrade's shoulder 
 
 They lifted bim go grand, 
 "With his dusty drum before him. 
 
 And his drum-sticks in his hand I 
 To the fiery firont of battle, 
 
 That nearer, nearer drew, — 
 And evermore he beat and beat 
 
 His rat-tat-too I 
 
 The wounded as he passed them 
 
 Looked up and gave a cheer : 
 And one in dying blessed him, 
 
 Between a smile and tear I 
 And the graybacks — they are flying 
 
 Before the coats of blue, 
 For whom the little drummer beats 
 
 His rat-tat-too. 
 
468 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 XV. 
 
 When the west was red with sunset^ 
 The last pursuit was o'er ; 
 • Brave Lyon rode the foremost, 
 , And looked the name he bore '. 
 And before him on his saddle, 
 As a weary child would do, 
 Sat the little drummer fast asleep. 
 With his rat-tat-too 
 
 MAEOHING ALONG-. 
 
 BT WILLIAM B. BRADBTJKT. 
 
 The army is gathering from near and from far ; 
 The trumpet is sounding the call for the war ; 
 For Grant is our leader, he's gallant and strong, — 
 We'U gird on our armor, and be marching along 1 
 
 CHOEUS. 
 
 Marching along, we are marching along. 
 Gird on the armor, and be marching along ; 
 For Grant is our leader, he's gallant and strong ; 
 For God and our Country we're marching along ! 
 
aItendix. 469 
 
 The foe is before us, in battle array ; 
 
 But let us not waver, or turn from the way ; 
 
 The Lord is our strength, and the Union's our song ; 
 
 With courage and faith, we are marching along ! 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 We sigh for our Country, we mourn for our dead ; 
 For them, now, our last drop of blood we wOl shed ; 
 Our cause is the right one : our foe's in the wrong ; 
 Then, gladly we'll sing as we're marching along I 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Our wives and our children we leave in your care ; 
 We know you wOl help them their sorrows to bear ; 
 'Tis hard thus to part, but we hope 't won't be long; 
 We'U keep up our hearts as we're marching along I 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 The Mag of our Country is floating on high ; 
 We'll stand by that Flag till we conquer or die I 
 For Grrant is our leader, he's gallant and strong ; 
 We'U gird on our armor, and be marching along 1 
 
 Chorus. 
 
47C THE BOYS EST feLUE. 
 
 BATTLE-HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 BT ME3. JTJLIA WARD HOWE. 
 
 Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord ; 
 He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored ; 
 He hath loosed the fatefiil hghtning of His terrible swift sword : 
 
 TTig truth is marching on. 
 
 I have seen Him in the watchfires of a hundred circUng camps ; 
 They have builded him an altar in the evening dews and damps; ' 
 I have read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps : 
 
 His day is marching on. 
 
 I have read a fiery gospel writ in burnished rows of steel : 
 
 "As ye deal with my contenmers, so with you my grace shall deal; 
 
 Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with his heel, 
 
 Since G-od is marching on." 
 
 He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat ; 
 He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment-seat; 
 O be swift, my soul, to answer Him I be jubilant, my feet t 
 
 Our Grod is marching on. 
 
APPENDIX. 471 
 
 In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea, ^ 
 
 With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me ; 
 As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free, 
 
 While Grod is marching on. 
 
 4 JOHN BROWN'S SONG. 
 
 John Brown's body hes a mouldering in the grave ; 
 
 John Brown's body lies a mouldering in the grave ; 
 
 John Brown's body lies a mouldering in the grave ; 
 
 His soul is marching, on I 
 
 Grlory, halle— hallelujah, 
 Grlory, haUe — haUelujah, 
 Glory, halle — haUelujah, 
 
 His soul is marching on. 
 
 He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord ; 
 
 He's gone to be a soldier in the .army of the Lord ; 
 
 He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord ; 
 
 His soul is marching on I 
 
 Glory, halle — ^haUelujah, &c. 
 
 John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back ; 
 
 John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back ; 
 
 John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back ; 
 
 His soul is marching on ! 
 
 Glory, halle — ^hallelujah, &c. 
 
4:72 THE BOYS IS BLUE. 
 
 The pet lambs and angels wiU meet him on the way ; 
 
 The pet lambs and angels ■will meet him on the way ; 
 
 The pet lambs and angels wiU meet him. on the way ; 
 
 As they go marching on! 
 
 Grlory, haUe — ^hallelujah, &c. 
 
 We'll hang Jeflf Davis to a sour apple tree ; 
 We'U hang Jeff Davis to a sour apple tree ; 
 We'll hang Jeff Davis to a sour apple tree^- 
 As we go marching on 1 
 
 Grlory, halle — hallelujah, &c. 
 
 Now three rousing cheers for the tJnion; 
 Now three rousing cheers for the Union; 
 Now three rousing cheers for the Union ; 
 As we go marching on! 
 
 Grlory, haUe — hallelujah, &e. 
 Hip, hip, hip, hip, hurrah. 
 
 THE BATTLE-CRY OF PEEEDOM. 
 
 Tes, we 'U rally round the flag, boys, 
 We 'U rally once again. 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom ; 
 We will rally from the hill-side, 
 We win rally from the plain, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. 
 
APPENDIX. 47§ 
 
 Chorus : 
 
 The Union forever I Hurrah, boys, hurrah I 
 Down with the Traitors, up with the Stars ; 
 While we rally round the flag, boys, 
 Eally once again, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. 
 
 We are springing to the call 
 Of our brothers gone before. 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom ; 
 And we 'U fiU the vacant ranks 
 With a million freemen more. 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. 
 
 The Union forever, &c. 
 
 We will welcome to our number 
 The loyal, true, and brave. 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom, 
 And although he may be poor 
 He shall never be a slave. 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. 
 
 The Union forever, &c. 
 
 We are springing to the call. 
 From the East and from the West, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom ; 
 And we 'H hurl the Eebel crew 
 From the land we love the best, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. 
 
 The Union for ever, &c. 
 
474 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 We are marching to the field, boys, 
 Groing to the fight, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom ; 
 And we 'U bear the glorious Stars 
 Of the Union and the Eight, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. 
 
 The "Union forever, &c. 
 
 We '11' meet the Rebel hpst, boys, 
 With fearless hearts and true. 
 Shouting the battle-ory of Freedom ; 
 And we '11 show what Uncle Sam 
 Has for loyal men to do. 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. 
 
 The Union forever, &e. 
 
 If we fail amid the fi-ay, boys, 
 
 We wOl face them to the last, 
 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom; 
 
 And om- comrades brave shall hear us, 
 
 As we are rushing past. 
 
 Shouting the battle-ory of Freedom. 
 
 ■ The Union forever, &c. 
 
 Tes, for Liberty and Union, 
 We are springing to the fight, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom ; 
 And the victory shall be ours, 
 Forever rising in our might. 
 Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. 
 
 The Union forever, &c. 
 
APPENDIX. 475 
 
 THE DYING SOLDIEE. 
 
 Written on the death of Colonel Chkistie, who fell mortally wounded at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa., and died at Winchester, To. He longed to see his young wife, "his 
 darling Lizzie," but before she reached Winchester he was dead. 
 
 I. 
 I am dying — ^is she coming ? throw the window open wide. 
 Is she coming ? Oh I I love her more than all the world beside. 
 In her young and tender beauty, must, oh I must she feel this loss ? 
 Saviour, hear my poor petition ; teach her how to bear this cross. 
 
 n. 
 Help her to be cahn and patient; when I moulder in the dust ; 
 Let her say and feel, my Father, that thy ways are true and just. 
 Is she coming ? Go and listen ; I would see her face once more, 
 I would hear her speaking to me, ere life's fevered dream is o'er. " 
 
 I would fold her to my bosom, look into her soft, bright eye ; 
 I would tell her how I love her, kiss her once before I die. 
 Is she coming ? Oh I 'tis evening, and my darling comes not still ; 
 Lift the curtain — ^it grows darker ; it is sunset on the hOl. 
 
 All the evening dews are faffing ; I am cold — the Hght is gone. 
 Is she coming ? Softly, softly come the silent footsteps on. 
 I am going ; come and kiss me — kiss me for my darling wife ; 
 Take for her my parting blessing — take the last warm kiss of life. 
 
4T6 BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 V. 
 
 Tell her I -will wait to greet her where the good and lovely are : 
 In that home untouched by sorrow, tell her she must meet me there. 
 Is she coming ? Lift the curtain— let me see the failing light ; 
 Oh I I want to live to see her — surely she wiU come to-night. 
 
 Surely ere the dayUght dieth, I wiU fold her to my breast; 
 With her head upon my bosom, calmly I could sink to rest. 
 It is hard to die without her. Look I I think she's coming now ; 
 I can almost feel her kisses on my faded cheek and brow. ' 
 
 VII. 
 
 I can almost hear her whisper, feel her breath upon my cheek. 
 Hark! I hear the front door open — ^is she coming ? did she speak? 
 No ! Well, drop the curtain softly, I will see her face no more, 
 !rill I see it smUing on me, on the bright and better shore. 
 
 VIII. . 
 
 TeU her she must come and meet me in that Eden-land of light, 
 TeH her I'U be waiting for her where there is no death, no night; 
 Tell her that I called her darling, blessed her with my dying breath : 
 Come and kiss me for my Lizzie — tell her love outlived my death. 
 
 A NATIONAL HYMN. 
 
 BY PAKK BENJAMIN. 
 
 Great G-odI to whom our nation's woes, 
 Our dire distress, our angry foes, 
 In all their awful gloom are known. 
 We bow to thee, and thee alone. 
 
APPENDIX. 4:11 
 
 "We gray thee, mitigate this strife, 
 Attended by such waste of life. 
 Such wounds and anguish, groans and tears, 
 That fin our inmost hearts with fear. 
 
 Oh I darkly now the tempest roUs, 
 "Wide o'er our desolate souls; 
 Tet, beaten downward to the dust, 
 In thy forgiveness still we trust. 
 
 We trust to thy protecting power 
 In this, our country's saddest hour. 
 And pray that thou wilt spread thy shield 
 •Above us, in the camp and flfeld. 
 
 Grod of battles ! let thy might 
 Protect our armies in the fight — ' 
 
 Till they shall win the victory. 
 And set the hapless bondmen ii'ee. 
 
 Tin, guided by thy glorious hand, 
 Those armies reunite the land, 
 And North and South alike shall raise 
 To Grod their peaceful Hymns of Praise. 
 
f 11 itrs II liii] 
 
 OE, 
 
 HEROES OF THE RANK AND FILE. 
 
 COMPRKING 
 
 Incidents and Reminiscences from Camp, Salt2e-fletd and Sospila! 
 
 with JVarratives of the Sacrifice, Sufferings and 
 
 Triumphs of the 
 
 SOLDIERS OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 BT 
 
 ]\Irs. A.. H. HOOE, 
 
 ASSOCIATE MANAGER OF THE NOBTH-WESTEBN BRANCH OF THE XT. S. HAVTTA-RT COMMISSION, 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 With an INTRODUCTION by THOMAS M. EDDY, D.D. 
 
 Able writers have described the oampaigns which reanlted in tbe overtbrow of the 
 RebeUion, and tbe lives of the geneTals and offioeia who planned the manosnvTes of our 
 AimieBj have been written, bnt as yet poor justice has been done to the Soldiers who made the 
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 The story Mrs. Hogb narrates is one of the most tbrilling interest. She cofnfines herself 
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