At_ fT €omt\l IRttivmitg ^^ihatg M4- FROM THE FUND GIVEN BY aSoIdmltt Smith 1909 G.3., iboi). Cornell University Library AE5 .U525 1903 + Educational courses in study and reading 3 1924 032 407 425 olin Overs Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032407425 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS THE CYCLOPEDIA-ITS USES AND NECESSITY The uses and necessity of the Cyclopaedia are, in general, to enlarge the extent or scope of our knowledge and to deepen or intensify and to make richer its content. This view of the use of a cyclopedia should appeal to every person, according to his mental development and the time at his disposal for obtaining knowledge. As a simple reference work to explain, to clarify, to enlarge a subject, and to set aright one's suppositions and guesses, APPLETONS' UNIYEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS is the instrument for this purpose. , To enable its readers to trace out, to hunt down, and exhaustively follow out any line of knowledge for practical or theoretical purposes is another function of this Cyclopaedia. Through snch use one soon possesses a broader and more comprehensive knowledge of the original topic. He sees now its relations to other subjects, and discovers its relative importance in the particular department of knowledge to which it belongs. He learns to discriminate between essentials and minor elements of knowledge. To learn in what direction and to what extent any line of thought, any application of a prin- ciple or of a science, has been utilized for practical purposes' in the arts, in business, or in the professions, is another field of usefulness to the possessor of the UJSTIYEESAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS. Much time, money, and energy have been wasted in vagaries, in threshing over mere straw, when well-digested knowledge of the subject as exhibited in this Cyclopaedia would have prevented this waste. The benefits of an habitual use of the UNIYEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS become apparent in a broadened mind, wider and deeper knowledge on every subject investigated, skill in discriminating between essentials and non-essentials, the development and strengthening of a logical memory — power to grasp the larger concerns of life, and to minify the really useless ones. Without question, the proper use of APPLETONS' UNIYEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS will result in all the benefits here stated. Where, then, should the Cyclopaedia find a place ? The reply is brief — in every home, in every office, in every school, in every library. 3 INTRODUCTION The purpose of tMs book is definitely indicated by its title, Educational Courses in Study and Eeading. Herein will be found logically classified not only tbe grand divisions of all departments of knowledge treated in the Universal Cyclopsedia and Atlas, but an exhaustive subdivision of these grand divisions, including lists of topics so arranged as to give the reader and the student a systematic guide in the use of this Cyclopsedia. Most persons consider a! Cyclopsedia simply a reference work. For such, its use is largely limited to that class of subject-matter in which, by education, occupation, or profession, its readers take a special interest. While the entire circle of human knowledge lies within the volumes of the Universal Cyclopsedia and Atlas, few readers have a true conception of its extent and richness as a library, since, like the dictionary, its topics are treated alphabetically rather than in logically arranged courses for reading or study. It is believed that this volume brings out distinctly the nature and relative place of every important topic treated in the Cyclopsedia, and that through the use of the Guide readers and students may be led to pursue complete courses in Tarious departments of knowledge. Occasionally the same topic will be found classified under two different subdivisions for the purpose of further elucidating or completing the range of subject-matter thus classified. The Contents at once designates the character, extent, and location in the book of the main divisions and subdivisions of subject-matter classified, which is as follows: 1. Mathematics, Physical Sciences, and Descriptive Geogeapht. 2. The Biological Sciences, Zoology, and Botany. 3. Languages and Liteeatuees of all Nations. 4. Mythology, Histoey, Civics, and Politics. 5. Histoey, Civics, and Politics. 6. Economics, including Sociology, Teade, Finance, and Political Economy. 7. The Manual and Industeial Aets, Manufactuees, and Applied Science. S. The Fine Aets. 9. Games, Spoets, Deess, and Customs. 10. Medicine and Suegeey. 11. Law. 12. Education and Pedagogics. 13. Philosophy and Ethics. 14. Theology, Keligion, and Chuech Histoey. 5 CONTENTS OF EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Appletons' Universal Cyclopedia and Atlas CHAPTER I PAGE Mathematics, Physical Sciences, and Descrip- tive Geography 15-38 Division A.^Mathematios 15-17 Section I. Arithmetic 16 " II. Algebra 16 " III. Geometry 16-17 a. Plane geometry 16 b. Solid geometry 16 c. Spherical geometry 17 d. Blodern geometry.. . ;. '; . 17 e. Descriptive geonjetry 17 " IV. Trigonometry ,.;.... 17 " V. Analytic geometrv 17 " VI. Calculus ' 17 " VII. Biographies of mathematicians 17 Division B. — Physics 17-33 Section I. Matter 19 " II. Properties of matter 19 " III. Mechanics of solids 20 " IV. Mechanics of fluids 20 a. Liquids 20 b. Gases 20 c. Pressure on bodies in air 20 d. Apparatus founded on properties of air . . 20 B. Fluids in motion 20 " V. Heat 20 " VI. Acoustics 20 " VII. Magnetism and electricity 20-31 a. Magnetism 20 b. Frictional electricity 20 c. Dynamical electricity .^ 20-21 1. Current electricity 20-31 3. Electrical measurements 21 3. Effects of the current 31 4. Electro-dynamics 31 5. Magneto-electricity 21 6. Electric induction 21 7. Thermo-electricity 21 8. Medical electricity 21 9. 'Electricity, general subject . . 31 "VIII. Light (optics) 21 " IX. Biographies of physicists 31-33 Division C. — Astronomy 23-35 Section I. General topic 33 " II. Astrology 23 " III. The celestial sphere ; terms defined 23 " IV. Astronomical instruments 33 " V. Corrections to observations 23 " VI. Problems of practical astronomy 23 " VII. The earth as an astronomical body 23 " VIII. Apparent motion of the sun and planets 33 « IX. The moon 24 X. The sun 24 XI. Planets and asteroids 24 " XII. Comets 34 " XIII. Meteors 24 " XIV. The stars 24 " XV. NebulEe 24 " XVL Universe 24 " XVII. Biographies of eminent astronomers ... 25 Division D. — Chemistry 26-31 Section I. Introduction 28 " II. Chemical elements 28 Section III. Chemical compounds : Oxides, acids, bases, salts 28 " IV. Radicals : Alcohols, ethers 28 " V. Chemical states and processes 38 " VI. Hydrocarbons 28 " VII. Vegetable oils and gums 38-39 " Vm. Fats 89 " IX. Chemical principles: Animal, vegetable 29 " X. Chemical instruments 39 " XI. Agricultural chemistry 39 " XII. Sugars 29 " Xm. Foods.... 29 " XIV. Water and mineral waters 29 " XV. Beverages 39 " XVI. iiiquors 29 " XVII. Chemistry of medicines and drugs. ... 29 " XVin. Explosives 29 " XIX. Pigments, paints, and varnishes 29 " XX. Bleaching 39 " XXI. Dyeing and dyestuffs 29-30 " XXII. Miscellaneous chemical industries 30 " XXIII. Biogt-aphies of noted chemists 30-31 Division E. — Mineralogy 32-35 Section I. Minerals classified 34 " II. Topics in order of study 34 " III. Native elements 34 " IV. Binary compounds 34 " V. Compounds of Series I and III 34 " VI. Compounds of other groups of Series I with Series III 34 " VII. Binary compounds : oxides of the differ- ent groups of Series I, II, III 34-35 "VIII. Ternary compounds 35 Silicates ; columbates ; phosphates ; borates ; tungstates ; sulphates ; car- bonates ; oxalates ; aluminates. " IX. Hydrocarbon compounds 35 Division P. — Geology 35-36 Subdivision First. Dynamic geology 35-36 Section I. Introductory topics 35 " 11. Bocks: igneous; sedimentary; met- amorphic 35-36 Subdivision Second. Historic geology and paleontology 36 Subdivision Third. Biographies of eminent geologists 36 Division 6. — Physical Geography 36-37 Section I. Introductory topics 36 " II. Physiography 36 " III. Effects of forces 36-37 " IV. Hydrography 37 " V. Miscellaneous topics 37 Division H. — Meteorology and Climatology 37 Section I. Meteorology 37 " IL Climatology 37 " III. Biographies of geographers 37 Division I. — Descriptive Geography 37-38 Section I. America 37 a. North America and its countries. . 37 b. Central America and its countries 37 c. West Indies and its countries 37 d. South America and its countries.. 37 " II. Europe and its countries 37-38 a. Great powers 37 b. Minor powers 37-38 7 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING PAGE Section III. Asia and its countries 38 " IV. Africa and its divisions 38 " V. Australia and its divisions 38 " VI. Special map studies of cities 38 CHAPTER II Biological Sciences 39-45 Division A. — General Outline 42 Section I. Zoology 43 " II. Botany 42 Division B. — Descriptive ZoOluuv 42-44 a. Classes and studies 43-43 b. Typical animals. . . ; 43-44 Division C. — Descriptive Botany 44-45 Section I. Organs of flowering plants 44 " II. Principal natural divisions of plants. . . 44-45 " III. Bibliography and literature on plants.. 45 CHAPTER III Language and literature * 46-53 Section I. Families of languages and their sub- divisions 48-49 Family I. Indo-Europoan, or Aryan 48-49 " " II. Ural-Altaic, or Turanian 49 " III. Agglutinated groups 49 " IV. Semitic 49 " V. Hamitic 49 " VI. African groups 49 " VII. Basque 49 " VIII. American Indian 49 Section II. The English language 49 " III. English rhetoric : prose and poetry. . . . 49-50 IV. English literature 50-53 Division I.— Old English 50 " II.— Middle English 50 " 111.— Modern English 50-53 CHAPTER IV Mythology 54-55 Section I. Introductory topics 55 II. N. A. Indian mythology 55 " III. Chinese mythology 55 " IV. Egyptian mythology 55 " V. Hindu mythology 55 " VI. Scandinavian and German mythologies. 55 " VII. Roman mythology 55 " VIII. Grecian mythology 55 CHAPTER V History, Civics, and Politics 56-62 Division I. History 56-60 Section I. Prehistoric man 57 " II. Ancient history 57-58 " III. Mediaeval history 58 " IV. Modern history 58-60 1. England 58-59 2. France 59 3. Germany 59 4. Russia 59 5. Spain 59-60 6. Italy 60 7. Austria-Hungary 60 8. The Netherlands 60 9. North European countries 60 10. United States of America 60 Division II. Civics 61 " III. Politics 62 Section I. Political science and related subjects... 62 II. Representative politicians and statesmen 62 CHAPTER VI Economics 63-65 Section 1. Sociology 64 " II. Traffic, commerce, and transportation. .. . 64 " III. Finance and exchange 64 " IV. Political economy 64-65 CHAPTER VII PAGK Manual, Industrial, and Mechanic Arts; En- gineering and Applied Science 66-77 Section I. Agriculture 72 a. Introductory topics 73 b. Crops, cereals, hay, etc 72 c. Horticulture and garden products. . . 73 d. The nursery 73 e. Floriculture 72 f. Fertilizers 72 g. Blights, diseases, and pests 73 n. Stock raising 73 " 'II. Lumbering, fishing, and quarrying 73 " III. Mining and metallurgy. 73 " IV. Manufacturing industries 73-74 a. Textiles 73 b. Head and foot wear 73 c. Food manufacturing 73 d. Dyestuffs 73 e. Inks and pigments 73 f. Fermented liquors and cigars 74 g. Drugs, chemicals, oils, soaps, paper, articles of commerce 74 " V. Machines, machinery, instruments, imple- ments, and mechanical devices 74-75 a. Introductory topics 74 b. Prime movers 74 c. Machines for moving solid bodies ... 74 d. Machines for moving fluids 74 e. Machines for cutting or dividing bodies 74 f. Machines for making textile fabrics. 74 g. Machines for pressing or squeezing. . 74 h. Machines for printing 74 i. Machines for acoustic purposes 74 j. Machines for optical purposes 74 k. Machines for calculation..' 74 1. Machines for measuring, recording, and copying , 74-75 m. Machines for traveling purposes 75 n. Machines for extinguishing fires 75 o. Agricultural implements and machin- ery 75 p. Electrical machines 75 q. Inventions for miscellaneous uses.. . . 75 " VI. Printing and publishing 75 " VII. Architecture, carpentry, masonry, etc 75 " VIII. Navigation, boats, etc 75 " IX. Civil engineering, surveying, geodesy, etc. 75-76 " X. Military engineering; army and navy 76-77 a. Military organization 76 b. Array officers 76 c. Navy organization and naval officers 76 d. Military education 76 e. Military quarters and commissariat.. 76 f. Army discipline and tactics 76 g. Army equipment; weapons of war.. . 76 h. Attack and defense in warfare 76-77 i. Miscellaneous military topics 77 j. Great soldiers 77 CHAPTER VIII Fine Arts 78-84 Division A. — Music 79-80 Section I. Musical science and art 79 " II. Musical instruments 79 a. Instruments of percussion 79 b. Wind instruments 79 c. Stringed instruments 79 " III. Musicians 79-80 a. Noted composers and conductors. . 79-80 b. Noted instrumental artists 80 0. Noted singers 80 Division B. — Painting 81-82 Section I. Introductory topics 81 " II. Famous schools of painting '..'. 81 a. Greek painters 81 b. Florentine school 81 c. Urabrian school 81 d. Venetian school 81 e. Bolognese school 81 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS PAGE f. Spanish school 81 g. German school 81 h. Dutch and Flemish school 81 i. French school 81 j. English school 81 Section III. The Renaissance and miscellaneous top- ics on art 81 " IV. Representative (modern) painters 81-82 a. Italian painters 81 b. French painters 81-82 c. German paintei's 82 d. Flemish painters 83 e. Painters of other nationalities 83 f. English, Scotch, and Irish painters 83 g. American painters 83 Division C. — Architecture 82-83 Section I. Architecture as a fine art 83-83 " II. Famous architects 83 a. 0£ Ancient Greece and Rome .... 83 b. Italian architects 83 c. French architects 83 d. German architects 83 e. English architects 83 f . American architects 83 Division D. — Decorative Art 83 Division E. — Scdlpture 88 a. Sculpture as a fine art 83 b. Famous sculptors , 83 - Ancient Greek sculptors 83 Italian sculptors 83 French sculptors ; 83 English sculptors 83 German sculptors 83 Swiss sculptors 83 Danish sculptors 83 American sculptors 83 Division F. — Oratory and Orators 84 Division G. — Acting and Actors 84 a. Acting 84 b. Actors 84 Greek (ancient) 84 Roman (ancient) 84 Italian 84 French 84 German 84 Other nationalities 84 Spanish 84 English 84 American 84 CHAPTER IX Games, Amusements, Customs, Fashions 85-86 Section I. Games 86 " II. Sports and pastimes 86 " III. Recreations and exercises 86 " IV. Customs 86 " V. Dress, costumes, fashions, etc 86 " VI. Insignia and devices 86 CHAPTER X lledicine and Surgery 87-93 Division First.— Human Anatomy and Physiology. . 88-89 Section I. Introductory topics 88 " II. Connective tissues 88 " in. Skeleton 88 " IV. Muscles 88 " V. Free surfaces, integument, and secretion 88 « VL Food 88 " VII. Digestion, absorption, ductless glands.. 88 " VIII. The blood and its circulation 88 " IX. Respiration and temperature 88 " X. Nervous system 88-89 " XI. Reproduction 89 u XII. The senses 89 Division Seijond.— Pathology, Science op Diseases. 89-90 Section I. Introductory topics 89 " II. Intestinal diseases 89 " IIL Fevers 89 " IV, Diseases of the digestive organs 89 Section V. Diseases of the mucous and serous mem- branes 89 a. Of the mouth, throat, and lungs. . 89 b. Of the blood 89 c. Of the veins and arteries 89 d. Of the heart 89 " VI. Tumors, abscesses, and ulcers 89 " VII. General diseases of the mucous and se- rous membranes 89 "VIII. Miscellaneous diseases and symptoms.. . 89-90 " IX. Diseases of the kidneys and bladder. ... 90 " X. Diseases of the bones and joints 90 " XI. Diseases of the skin 90 " XII. Diseases of the genital organs 90 " XIII. Diseases of the nervous system, with al- lied diseases and symptoms 90 " XIV. Diseases of the eye and ear 90 Division Third. — Therapeutics, or Remedies 90-91 " I. Introductory topics 90 " II. Irritants 90 " III. Laxatives 90 " IV. Sedatives, narcotics, etc 90 " V. Tonics 90 " VI. Rubefacients.: 91 " VII. Emetics 91 " VIII. Emulsions and foments 91 " IX. Miscellaneous remedial agents 91 " , X. -R,emedial effects of some plants, or from I their extracts 91 " XI. Medicinal properties and effects of cer- '. I tain elements and agents 91 Division Fourth. — Sueqeey 91 " Fifth. — Miscellaneous Medical Topics. . . 91 Section I. Introductory subjects 91 " 11. Germ theory of disease 91 " m. Poisons 91 " IV. Methods and accessories ; veterinary medicine and surgery 91 Division Sixth. — Medical Biographies 93 CHAPTER XI Law 93-97 Division First. — Substantive Law 94-95 Section I. Public 94 a. Constitutional law 94 b. Administrative law 94 " II. Private 94-95 a. Persons 94 1. Natural 94 a. Infants and minors 94 b. Women 94 c. Lunatics 94 2. Juristic 94 a. Corporations 94 b. Foundations 94 b. Family 94 1. Husband and wife 94 2. Parent and child 94 3. Guardian and ward 94 c. Property 94-95 1. Realty 94 3. Personalty 94 a. Movables 94 b. Trade-marks, patents, copyrights 94 c. Contracts, quasi - con- tracts, and obligations 94-95 3. Inheritance and succession.. . 95 Division Second. — Remedial Law 95-96 Section I. Criminal law 95-96 a. Crimes, misdemeanors, and torts. . 95 b. Criminal procedure 95-96 II. Civil cases, their nature and legal pro- cedure 96 Division Third. — International, Historic, and Foreign Law 96-97 Section I. International law 96 " II. Historic and foreign law 96-97 Division Fourth. — Admiralty and Maritime Law. 97 " Fifth. — Miscellaneous Legal Topics 97 " Sixth. — Legal Biography 97 10 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READIXQ CHAPTER XII PAGE Fedagogfics and Education 98-100 Section I. Educational psychology 99 II. Educational history and biography.. . 99 " III. Educational systems and methods, schools, and institutions 99-100 a. Systems and methods 99 b. Schools 99 c. Miscellaneous educational topics. 99-100 d. Universities 100 CHAPTER XIII Philosophy and Ethics 101-103 Section I. Subject-matter of philosophy 102 II. Psychological, logical, and ethical subjects 102 " III. Systems and schools of philosophy and ethics 103 CHAPTER XIV Theology, Keligions, Church History, Church Sects, etc 103-109 Division First. — The Bible 104-105 Section I. Books of the Bible, translations, etc. . 104 II. Noted biblical persons 104 " III. Noted places and events of the Bible. 104-105 Division Second.— Religions 105-103 A. Monotheistic Religions 105-108 Section I. Jewish religion, sects, and doctrines. 105 " II. Mohammedanism 105 PAGE Section IIT. Christian religion, theology, history, sects, etc 105-108 a. The early Cliristian Church 105 b. Roman Catholic 105 1. Theology, doctrine, and worship . . 105 2. Church history, polity, forms, etc. . 105-106 3. Councils 106 4. Sects, schisms, and offshoots 106 5. Monastic orders, friars, nuns, etc. . 106 c. The Greek and Eastern Churches 106 d. Protestant Church 106-108 1. Doctrines and faith 106 2. Theology and ministei'ial training. 106-107 3. Protestant denominations and be- liefs 107 4. Church societies and church or- ganizations 107-108 5. Synods, assemblies, and conven- tions 108 6. Church officials 108 7. Liturgies and discipline 108 8. Miscellaneous topics relating to the Christian Church 108 B. Polytheistic Religions 108 Section I. Religions of the Chinese, Japanese, and of northern Asia 108 " II. Religion and beliefs of the Hindus. . . 108 " III. Ancient Egyptian religion, worship, and doctrines 108 " IV. Religions of ancient Persia 108 " V. Ancient Greece and Rome, religions of 108 " VI. Religions and worship of American aborigines 108 Division Third.— Biography 108-109 One Thousand Questions 111-129 Index 131-132 METHOD IN THE USE OP APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS WITH "EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING " The main objects of the " EDUCATIOlSrAL COUESES " are, first, to exhibit the grand divisions of learning, together with such of their subdiyisions as shall clearly fix the place and relation of any cyclopsedia article ; secondly, to designate the extent of subject-matter treated under any subdivi- sion, and the proper order in which the cyclopsedia articles should be read or studied when the reader is pursuing any of the educational courses. The value of this arrangement to those who habitually use the " Educational Courses " will be a saving of time in acquiring a comprehensive knowledge of a principal subject, and a constant training of the analytical faculty. Too much can not be said against the injurious and mind-weakening effects of the customary method of reading newspapers, magazines, arid the popular books of the day. Waiving criticism of the quality or quantity of the literature composing the daily intellectual menu spread before the reading public, the utter lack of a rational method of reading, the almost criminal waste of time, and the resulting effect of an indigestible, orderless mental stufiing, are everywhere in evidence. One effective remedy to offset the evil results of a slipshod, haphazard, omnivorous reading habit may be found, in the complete mastery and use of the analytical method, which enables the reader, after sufficient practice, to discriminate in the subject-matter he reads, and easily to retain and assimilate the knowledge embodied in the article or group of related topics read. The essentials of this method consist in the constant practice — until unconsciously this mode of reading is always employed — of seeing with analytic mental vision the principal and subordinate thoughts of an article in their correct relation. The employment of this method is a constant training of the reader's analytic powers, including the power to observe closely and to classify logically. It is, further, ^ valuable training of memory and judgment and a great economy of the reader's time, enabling him to accomplish tenfold the usual results. . The details of the analytical method of reading the subject-matter of APPLETONS' UNI- VEKSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS, as arranged in the "Educational Courses," are here presented. The materials required are APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPJSDIA AND ATLAS, a copy of the " Educational Courses," and a note-book for practice in analysis. As to the best time to learn the method, whenever even five minutes of consecutive thought can be given for this purpose, it should be used. Daily practice, however, from ten minutes to an hour, if possible, will soon bring most valuable results. At first there should be abundant practice in the analytical readiflg of simply and briefly treated topics, then of those gradually increasing in complexity and length. The reader should not make anv effort to remember the analysis he makes, the object at this time being to develop and train his power to analyze an entire topic. As a rule, topics consisting of but one paragraph should first be taken for analysis ; the note-book should be employed, and a definite system of notation, or symbols, for the principal and subordinate topics should be used ; this system will be found easy to employ : I. First principal division of the article. 1. First important subdivision of the article. a. First division of the preceding article. (1) First division of the preceding article. («) First division of the preceding article. 11 12 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND BEADING ILLUSTRATIONS OP ANALYSES OF SIMPLE ARTICLES Customs. " Coronation" vol. iii, p. 19a. I. Introduction : 1. Derivation of the word. 2. First and second definitions. II. Placing of the crown on the sovereign's head : 1. "Who performs this service. 2. Different customs in different countries. III. Antiquity of coronation ceremonies. IV. Important features of the ceremony : 1. Anointing. 2. Coronation oath. V. Oath of : 1. Accession as a monarch. 2. Coronation. 3. Ceremony of coronation not necessary to the authority of a monarch. Physics. " Density" vol. iii, p. 402. I. Introduction : 1. Derivation of the term. 2. Definition in physics. 3. " Absolute density." II. Definition of mass ; how measured. III. Relation of density of bodies to their masses and volumes. IV. Terms in which density is expressed. V. Standards of density of solids and liquids. VI. Standards of density of gases and terms synonymously used. Manufactures. " Lamps," vol. vii, p. 35. A. Historical : I. Introduction. 1. Derivation. 2. Definition as a contrivance. II. Simplest form of lamp, two kinds : 1. Mechanism. 2. Historical lamps of each kind. III. Bronze lamps of Etruscan make : 1. Form, ornamentation, wicks, etc. 2. The Museum of Cortona lamps. 3. Bronze lamps from Pompeii and Naples. 4. Lamps of the ancient Romans — the candelabrum. 5. Imperfections of the lamps of the ancients. B. Modern lamps using a burning liquid : I. Principal features in improvements. II. Use of petroleum. III. Invention of the chimney. IV. Other devices. C. Other lamps : I. Drummond's lamp. II. Electric lamps : 1. Arc. 2. Incandescent. For practice, it is recommended that the reader, at first, select for analyses short articles in every grand division and subdivision of the lists contained in the " Educational Courses." THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 13 Whether he uses the Cyclopsedia simply as a reference work, or, in addition to this, uses it for systematic study of a subject, the reader who becomes proficient in the analytical method of reading is, in any case, furnished with the most powerful mental instrument. He will then be able not only to select at a glance the subject in which he is interested, but to determine its yalue as an element of knowledge; to obtain from the article its essential facts, thoughts, or arguments, and to enrich, or perhaps modify, his similar concepts. The use of the note-book is to assist the reader in making his analysis of articles systematic and complete. A few principles of analysis are as follow : 1. The title of the cyclopsedia article embodies the sum total of all the facts, illustrations, argu- ments, and conclusions contained in the article, the several paragraphs of which form an exposition of that particular subject. The entire body of the article is the unit to be analyzed. 2. Long cyclopaedia articles are frequently summarized by a word, phrase, or sentence represent- ing the thought of the paragraph following; the paragraphs themselves are sometimes partially analyzed. In these cases the analysis is already partly performed for the reader. 3. The title of the cyclopaedia article treated is the primary unit ; the first subdivisions of this primary unit will consist of as many parts as there are paragraphs, if the article has been written properly ; the second subdivision will be a division of each paragraph, and will consist of as many parts as there are complete sentences in the paragraph analyzed ; care must be taken in determining which are the main and which the subordinate elements in the analysis to be made. 4. In many instances the first (or I) subdivision of an article, when analyzed, will stand thus : I. Introduction : 1. Derivation of the term. 2. Definition of the term. 3. Illustration of the term. a b c 5. Some cyclopaedia articles are so extended that their analyses will be made thus : A I a (1) («) 6. Daily practice in note-book analysis of cyclopaedia articles will, in time, beget in the reader the habit of rapid analysis of well-written brief articles, without the assistance of pencil and paper, until such analysis becomes unconsciously a habit. When the reader reaches this stage of ability, his reading is synonymous with his mastery of the article read ; his memory will have been trained to an extent heretofore never realized ; indeed, every power of his mind will have been strengthened. 7. The best analyses are those whose main divisions and subdivisions are expressed in their titles by a word, a phrase, or a short sentence, and whose synthesis or recomposition approximates the original article. Because facility in written or mental analyses of articles is the result of much labor, the reader unaccustomed to such analyses should not expect perfection after a few trials, but should persevere, remembering that the reward is sure. No better literature than APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS exists for such training of analytic power, the end of which is the ability to concentrate the mind and to retain in their due proportion all the thoughts expressed in the printed page. EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS CHAPTEE I MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCES, AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY DIVISION A.— MATHEMATICS AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS " Mathematics is the science which reasons about the relations of magnitudes and numbers, considered simply as quantities admitting of increase, decrease, and comparison." Increasing, decreasing, and comparing the sizes and shapes of objects and their number are among the early manifestations .of the intellectual powers in man, but the ability to express or inter- pret mathematical operations and relations by means of technical symbols is by no means uniform. Some persons, like Blaise Pascal, who at the age of twelve rediscovered by himself the theorems of elementary geometry, early show mathematical ability of the highest order and continue to increase in this power as they advance in years ; others make but little progress in the science, however per- severing in its study. In its more advanced and complex stages probably there are no loftier or more abstract concepts than those reached in mathematics, hence the wise remark of Bacon : " Mathematics makes men subtile." But aside from its being one of the most perfect means for the cultivation of the deductive powers and discipline of a high order, mathematics, from simple arithmetical operations to the cal- culus, has an every-day practical use. To enumerate these uses would be difficult; to specify any class of persons who can entirely dispense With every form of mathematical knowledge would be still more difificult. From the simplest form of accounts to the derived formulas for the most complex motions of bodies and for the laws of mechanics, mathematics has constant application. As it is an essential part of even an elementary education, no person should fail to acquaint him- self to some extent with the principal branches of the science, to know something of the history of the great mathematical discoveries, to learn to interpret simple formulas and thereby see their extensive application in the applied sciences. APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS presents in practical form the main features of mathematical science. It does not intend to be a substitute for a full series of text- books on this science, but gives just that kind of knowledge needed by the school pupil, the mature student, the business or the professional man — in fact, by any intelligent reader seeking mathemat- ical knowledge. ILLUSTRATION OP TREATMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SUBJECTS GEOMETRY Pour columns, revised by Dr. Simon Newcomb, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in Johns Hopkins University. (1) Derivation and definition of the term ; origin of the science. (2) How geometry is distinguished from the physical sciences ; extended illustrations. (3) Nature and peculiarity of geometrical reasoning illustrated. (4) The metrical or Euclidean geometry, its fundamental idea ; illustrations. (5) Graphic or projective geometry ; its history ; fundamental idea ; illustrations. (6) Analytic geometry not a new kind of geometry, but a different method of studying geometry. (7) Non-Euclidean or hypergeometry, its nature ; inconceivable character of its hypothesis, that space has more than three dimensions ; the idea on which this geometry proceeds. (8) The famous Euclidean axiom of parallels under the non-Euclidean geometry. 15 IG EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND EEADINtt (9) History of geometry, with accounts of all the noted geometers from Thales (637-548 b. o.) to nineteenth-century mathematics. AUTHOEITIES Simon Xewcomb, LL. D., M. N. A. S., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in Johns Hopkins University, Editor-in- charge of JLithematies as treated in the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. Hubert A, Xewtox, LL. D., Professor of Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Ralph A. Roberts, M.A., Senior Mathematical Wrangler; Author of A Treatise on the Integral Calculus, New York. Charles S. Venable, LL. D., Professor of Mathematics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. ; And other mathematicians. On a careful investigation of the large list of mathematical topics in every branch of this science as treated in APPLETOXS' UXIVEKSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS, it will be conceded that this cyclopaedia contains just that presentation of mathematical knowledge which is useful in every-day life. Sectiox I. — Arithmetic Arithmetic Number Notation Arabian numerals Numerals Digit Zero Decimal Roman notation, I , V " L " C " D " M. Mechanical calculation Calculating machine Abacus ' Arithmetical average Slide-rule Factor Division Dividend Prime numbers Circular numbers Deficient number Pigurate numbers Arithmetical fractions Decimal fraction Circular Continued fraction Duodecimals Circulating decimal Weights and measures Fundamental units English measures, foot ell " " yard.... " " furlong. " " acre.... " " chain . . . " " Gunter'sch'n English weights, avoirdupois " " ounce " " scruple.... English measures; bushel. . " " gallon . . French measures, metric s'm " " metre kilo are. French weights, gramme. . . French measures, litre English money, farthing. . . " " penny " " shilling " " sovereign.. U. S. money, dime " " eagle French money, franc " " louis d'or. . Agio (money) 1-315 VIII-533 VIII-,519 1-272 VII 1-533 III-444 XII-573 1 1 1-363 VI-133 XII- 97 VII- 1 11-260 III-306 VII-378 VII-602 11-375 I- 2 1-421 X-566 IV-236 111-^65 III-i64 IX-465 11-576 III-375 IV-337 IV-^93 III-863 11-576 III-162 III-531 11-576 XII-373 XII- 65 IV-437 IV- 43 XII-545 IV-596 I- 37 11-447 V-355 1^25 IX- 56 X-396 11-346 V- 33 VIII- 79 VIII- 77 VI-570 1-303 V-237 VII-364 IV-266 IX-206 X-477 XI- 30 111^45 III-555 IV-494 VI 1-331 I- 74 As equals "libra" (R.wt.). Carat (jeweler's wt.) Archine (Russia) Cubit Denarius Derah Ducat Florin Livre Stadium Banco ; Exchange Discount Interest Annuity Book-keeping Ratio Antecedent Mean Geometrical mean Progression Geometrical progression . . 1-360 11-344 1-288 III-272 III-399 111^08 III-520 IV-404 VTI-274 XI- 79 1^78 IV-213 III-457 VI-293 1-225 II- 97 X- 10 1-339 VII-599 V- 93 IX-490 V- 93 Section II. — Algebra Algebra . . GoeflHcient Exponent. Sign Negative quantity Degree Algebraic fractions Equations Binomial Analysis Algorithm Ratio Proportion Root (evolution) Evolution Imaginary quantities Homogeneousness Quadratic equation Indeterminate analysis Diophantine analysis Indeterminate coeiRoients. . Horner's method Series Cubic equation Recurring series Descartes's rule of signs .... Interpolation in a series. . . . Argument Method of differences Permutations Function Logarithms Method of least squares. . . . Concomitant Determinants Invariant Theory of substitution 1-115 III- 46 IV-235 X-524 VIII-391 III-377 IV.^92 IV-152 II- 24 1-174 1-120 X- 10 IX-503 IV-300 IV-300 VI-168 VI- 15 IX-561 VI-193 III-450 VI-193 VI- 32 X-432 III-272 X- 25 III-412 VI-311 1-309 111^42 IX-319 IV-590 VII-295 XI- 76 III-Ul III-416 VI-323 XI-188 Section III. — Geometry (Euclidean) (a) Plane Geometry. (b) Solid Geometry. (c) Sjpherical Geometry. (d) Modern Geometry. (e) Descriptive Geometry. (a) Plane Geometry. Geometry History of geometry. . . Euclid Axiom Magnitude Line Area Dimension Arc Angle Adjacent angle Complement Determinate problem.. Demonstration Corollary Reductio ad absurdum . Altitude Base Equilateral Parallelogram Diagonal Decagon Plendecagon Dodecagon Polygon Circle Circumference Center Diameter Chord Commensurable Incommensurable Isoperimetry Limits, methods of Quadrature Quadrature of the circle, (b) Solid Oeometry. Prism Parallelopiped Polyhedral angle. .!!!!! Polyhedron " ' Pyramid \\\\ Tetrahedron \\\\ Octahedron \\\ Dodecahedron * Prismoid \_ Prismoidal formula Cone \ Cylinder V- 93 V- 94 IV-188 1-426 VII.438 VII-247 1-303 III-446 1-280 1-214 I- 46 III-106 111-416 III-898 III-199 X- 30 1-137 ( 1-530 XI-547 IV-154 IX-121 III-424 III-S61 V-497 III-473 IX-391 11-575 11-578 11-435 III-438 11-546 III- 93 VI-190 VI-361 VII-342 IX-561 IX-561 IX-479 IX-131 IX-391 IX-391 IX-555 XI-367 VIII-560 111-473 IX-479 IX-479 III-117 111-299 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS IT (c) Spherical Oeometry. Sphere , Axis Projection Lune Mensuration (d) Modern Oeometry. Harmonic ratio Radical axis Brianchon's theorem. (e) Descriptive Oeometry. Descriptive geometry . . Porism Analemma XI- 58 1-436 IX-t93 VII-354 VIII- 33 V-419 IX-583 11-157 V- 95 IX-403 1-173 Section IV. — Trigonometry Trigonometry Triangle -. . . Degree Quadrant . Circular functions Discontinuous function . . . XI-553 XI-547 III-377 IX-561 11-576 III-457 Section V. — Analytical Geometry (Cartesian) Locus VII-391 Co-ordinates III-179 Abscissa 1-16 Ordinate IX- 10 Axis 1^36 Variables XII-133 Indeterminate analysis VI-193 Conic sections III-143 Concave III-109 Directrix III-455 Focus IV-418 Nappe VIII-360 Diameter III-438 Ellipse IV- 45 Oval IX- 58 Hyperbola VI-134 Parabola IX-118 Parameter IX-133 Circular functions 11-576 Curve III-390 Cissoid of Diodes 11-580 Conchoid of Nicomedes .... III-lll Trisection of an angle XI-557 Lemniscate VII-144 Cycloid III-398 Brachistochrone 11-137 Epicycloid IV-144 Hypocycloid VI-137 Catenary Spiral Helicoid Epitrochoid Normal Tangent Osculatrix and osculating circle Bvolute Involute Maxima and Minima Point of inflexion Multiple point Trilinear co-ordinates Surface Quadrature of circle Sphere Spheroid Conoid Hyperboloid Paraboloid Cyclic planes of a cone Circular points at infinity. . Brianchon's theorem Ruled surface Elliptic functions (hypocy- cloid) 11-397 XI- 63 V-485 IV-151 VIII-500 XI-389 IX- 40 IV-200 VI-335 VII-588 VI-348 VIII-397 XI-553 XI-334 IX-561 XI- 58 XI- 58 III-146 VI-124 IX-118 I 11-296 11-576 11-157 X-305 VI-137 Section VI. — Calculus Calculus, differential inte- gral Fluxions Method of limits Infinites and infinitesimals. Differential and differenti- ation Variables Analysis Method of indivisibles Finite difference Vanishing fractions Exponential equation Derived function Taylor's theorem Cubatnre Barycentric calculus Calculus of probabilities . . . Quaternions Calculus of variations Maxima and minima 11-375 IV-415 VII-342 VI-346 III-442 XII-132 1-174 VI-331 IV-344 XII-119 IV-335 III-410 XI-317 III-373 1-519 IX-485 IX-568 XII-133 VII-588 Section VII. — Biographies of Matliematicians (a) Arithmeticians. Colburn, "Warren. .| III- 54 (b) Algebraists. Diophantus III-450 DeMorgan III-398 Napier, John VIII-348 Harriott, Thomas Fourier, Jean B V-426 IV-488 Cardan, Jerome 11-347 Gunter, Edmund Bonnycastle, John Todhunter, Isaac Briea's. Henrv V-355 II- 95 XI-465 11-180 (c) Oeometers. IX-559 Euclid IV-183 Archimedes 1-287 IX-153 Legendre, Adrien Hill, Thomas VII-133 V-555 Davies, Charles III-348 (d) Trigonometry. Gauss, Karl Garland, Landon (e) Analytical Oeometers. Descartes V- 58 V- 37 111-412^ Laplace, Pierre S Lagrange, Joseph L Chasles, Michel Clairaut VII- 66 VII- 21 11-480 11-588 Gregory, James V-305 Hirst, Thomas A Eddy, Henry V-566 III-583 (f) Calculus. Newton, Sir Isaac Barrow, Isaac VIII-456 1-513 Bernoulli, Jean 1-597 Laplace, Pierre S Permat, Pierre VII- 66 IV-295 Euler IV-185 Cauchy, Augustin Fine, Orontius 11-405 IV-341 Jacobi, Karl VI-389 Taylor, Brook XI-318 Simpson, Thomas Bowditch, Nathaniel Hamilton, William R. . . . Hardy, Arthur S Byerly, William B Church, Albert E Cliflford, William K Courtenay, Edward H X-542 11-131 V-396 V-415 11-356 11-560 III- 4 III-321 DIVISION B.-PHYSICS AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS To child and man alike the external world, space, and all it contains, and all phenomena con- nected therewith, are in some degree interesting. This material world is a constant exhibition of marrels to those whose senses have once been awakened and trained to observe the visible creation. These appearances, or phenomena, are the result of the constant action of energy, or force, upon matter. Tlie science that investigates the material phenomena of the universe — that is, the science of matter and energy— is called physics. In the development of science, physics excludes the study of organized bodies and the mineral world. It deals with force and matter, their relations, laws of action, and resulting phenomena. Physics is almost, if not entirely, a fundamental science, and, as such, some knowledge of it is indispensable to all, whatever be their occupation or profession. In the several industrial arts, in the applied sciences, in machine construction and operation, in the various kinds of engineering, and in the intelligent explanation of constantly occurring physical phenomena, a knowledge of physics is of the highest importance. 3 18 EDUCATIOXAL COURSES IN STDDY AND READING Xotwith standing the great range of this science, its study may be grouped under two principal divisions, viz. : First, mechanics, which treats of the nature of forces and their action on bodies according to their forms and conditions ; secondly, the classification and characteristics of the forces— gravita^ tion, molecular forces, heat, light, electricity, and the four forms of kinetic energy dependent on them, viz. : bodies in motion, radiant heat and light, electricity in motion, and absorbed heat. Eecognizing the importance of a knowledge of physics, the question arises, Where shall one find a work on this subject, at once authoritative, replete with the latest investigations and discoveries, not too technical in phraseology for the reader to understand, and explaining every phase of this science? THE BEST LIBRARY OX PHYSICS IS CONTAINED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. In this Cyclopaedia there are nearly four hundred and fifty separate topics on physics. ^ ^ AUTHORITIES Edward L. Nicqols, Ph. D., Professor of Physics in Cornell University ; Editor-in-charge of the department of General Physics. Oqden L. Rood, LL. D., Professor of Mechanics and Physics in Columbia University. Harris J. Ryan, E. M., Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, Cornell University. Henry Morton, Ph. D., President of Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J. Frederick Bedell, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Physios, Cornell University. f RANK H. BiQELOw, A. M., Professor of Meteorology, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. Ernest George Merritt, M. E., Assistant Professor of Physics, Cornell University. W. Le Conte Stevens. Ph. D., Professor of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. Henry S. Carhart, A. M., Professor of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Joseph S. Ames, Ph. D., Associate Professor of Physics, and Sub-Director of Physical Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. W. S. Franklin, M. Sc, Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. Oscar ]M. Stewart, Ph. D., Instructor of Physics, Cornell University. Erasmus D. Preston, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY The telegraph, the telephone, arc and incandescent lights, and the trolley-car have become such commonplaces in our every-day life that we accept them without remark as a part of our twentieth- century inheritance. Scores of' other inventions based upon the nature and laws of magnetism and electricity and their mutual relations are every year appearing. We marvel at them, but, unless commercially or scientifically interested, usually pass them by with the comment, " Yes, this is the age of electricity indeed ! " But why should not every person who reads, who assumes to be intelligent regarding every-day topics, possess a wider and more definite knowledge of magnetism and electricity, when, at slight cost, the means are at hand? And especially why should not the person who desii'es to be thoroughly abreast of the times on this subject, or who would become an electrical expert — why should not such go to the fountain of information and authority on this matter, by pursuing a course of reading and study from the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS ? No one knows what magnetism and electricity really are. Their manifestations, mutual rela^ tions, and laws of action have been suflBciently observed to enable the present generation to make wonderful applications of them in the arts, and as obedient servants. We write, talk, see, ride — indeed, do scores of acts through the applications of these subtile forces. APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS contains one hundred separately treated articles on magnetism, frictional electricity, and dynamical (current) electricity. These articles thoroughly studied will equip the reader with an accurate and well-rounded knowledge of this branch of physics, which is now ranked perhaps first in importance as an applied science. AUTHORITIES Edward L. Nichols, Ph. D., Professor of Physics in Cornell University. Harris J. Ryan. E. M., Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering in Cornell University. FREDERirjf Bedell, Ph. D., Associate Professor of Physics in Cornell University. Frank H. Bigelow, A. M., of the U. S. Weather Bureau. Henry S, Carhart, A. M., Professor of Pliysics in Michigan University. Krnest Merritt, E. M., Assistant Professor of Physics in Cornell University. W. S. Franklin, M. Sc., Professor of Physics in Lehigh University. To sho-w the scope and thoroughness of treatment of the articles on Physics, an analysis of three topics is here presented : MOTION Derivation and definition of the term ; conditions essential to a definite conception of motion ; fundamental idea of a simple movement; kinematics defined; velocity defined; the three simple units used in investigating natural phenomena given and explained ; what determines the elements of the motion of a point ; uniform and uniformly varied motion ; formula for velocity in terms of space and time and rate of variation of velocity ; motions of translation and of rotation illustrated and explained ; relative and comparative motions of points defined, illustrated, and compared ; com. positions of translations ; resolutions and compositions of rotations : {a) rotation of a rigid body about a given axis explained ; this proposition forms the basis of the construction of spur-gearings ; (6) rotations resolved and compounded in another manner, giving the basis of construction of bevel wheels ; (c) composition of a helical or screw-like motion illustrated, giving the basis for the con- struction of skew-bevel wheels ; {d) how the most complex motion of a rigid body may be regarded and explained ; (e) combinations of two motions of translation transverse to each other : 1, giving rise to wave-motion ; 3, giving rise to harmonic motion ; 3, approximately harmonic motion in ordi- nary piston and crank motion ; (/) an example of comparative and relative motions of translation in the motion of a piston of a locomotive ; the actual path of a material point in space may be the result of a complicated series of motions ; illustrated by a point in a projectile. COLOR Light and shade dependent upon the structure of the eye, and its elaborate nervous system ; analogy between color distinction and pitch and timbre of notes ; range of sensibility of the eye less than that of the ear ; one thousand monochromatic tints distinguishable and two million dis- tinct color-impressions (Kood) ; results of experiments on color-impressions ; nature and origin of color-blindness; white light, the resultant of three primary impressions — red, green, and violet; chief sources of color in external objects the selective absorption of the different wave-lengths of light by those objects ; origin of a monochromatic tint in color ; no simple color from the physio- logical point of view ; color of pigments never even approximately monochromatic ; origin and nature of diffraction colors, as the tints of the bubble, mother-of-pearl, insects' wings, plumage of birds, etc. LiatriD AiE, First liquefaction of air in 1878 and its history ; principle of the early processes for the liquefac- tion of air and other gases ; Olszewski's experiments and methods of 1890 illustrated and explained ; Professor Dewar's investigations, experiments, methods, and results in this field, 1892 ; Linde's ma- chine for the liquefaction of air (1895-'98) illustrated and explained ; C. E. Tripler's machine (1898) producing six to seven liters (quarts) of liquid air per hour, with an expenditure of thirty to forty horse-power; properties of liquid air ; chief commercial value of liquid air; electrical properties of liquid air and their uses ; scientific uses of liquid air : (a) in physical laboratories ; {h) in chemical laboratories ; (c) in technological processes ; memoirs and references on the liquefaction of air and other gases. Physics. ' Primary divisions . Secondary divisions. . 1. Mechanics (pure) ] „' 1. Statics. 2. As to the nature of the body. 1. Acoustics. 3. Pressure and heat. 3. Optics. 4. Magnetism and. electricity. Dynamics. A particle. A rigid body. An elastic body. A fluid U: Hydrostatics. Hydraulics. Section I. — Matter Atom Molecules Bubble Density VII-581 1-398 VIII-195 11-207 III-402 Section II. — Properties of Matter Divisibility Porosity Compressibility Volume Inertia III-465 1X^04 III-108 XII-244 VI-339 Flexibility Elasticity Limit of elasticity Elastic curves .... Contractility Ductility Annealing IV-389 IV- 4 IV- 4 IV- 4 III-166 III-523 1-324 20 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Skctiox III. — Iffecliaiucs of Solids Mechanics Stutii-s Dynamics Force Motion Collision Perpetual motion Velocity Acceleration Newton's laws of motion. . . Molecular forces: Cohesion Capillary action Adhesion Accumulated force Composition of forces Moment Dynamic units Dyne Dynamometer Gni|ihic statics Couple of forces Stresses Torsion Work Mechanical unit Erg Gramme Energy Potential energy Conservation of energy .... Dissipation of energy Gravitation Attraction Deviation of plumb-line . . . Equilibrium Center of magnitude Center of gravity Balance Torsion balance Counterpoise Central forces Centripetal and centrifugal forces Acceleration of gravity. . . . Force of gravity, measure of Falling bodies At wood's machine Pendulum Kater's pendulum Clocks Hair-spring Escapement Mechanical powers Prime mover Friction Lever Wheel and axle ' Capstan Inclined plane Endless screw VI 1-604 XI- WS 111-546 IV-441 VI 11-275 III- 67 IX-221) XII-147 I- 21 III-.J4S III- 50 11-338 I- 45 I- 25 ni-107 VI 1 1-202 III-548 I I 1-552 1 1 1-552 "S'-249 111-221 XI-171 XI-493 XII-516 XII- 65 IV-158 V-237 IV- 74 IV- 74 IV- 75 IV- 75 V-255 1-402 III-419 IV-154 11-435 11-435 1-458 XI-494 III-220 11^38 11-438 I- 21 V-614 IV-251 1-403 IX-200 VI-539 III- 15 V-380 .IV-164 VII-603 lX-465 IV-562 VII-603 XII^14 11-341 VI-IHH IV- 73 .Section IV. — Sleclianics of Fluids ( Hydrostatics. 1 Liquids Hydrodynamics. Fluids. . ( Hydraulics. I Gases. (a) Liquids. Liquids V 11-254 Hvdrostatics V 1-114 Spheroidal state VlI-256 Hydrostatic press .Vrtesian wells Principle of Archimedes. Archimedes's law Specific gravity VI-113 1-347 I-2MH 1-28H V 2.')6 Tlvtlrometers VI-107 Jolly balance Liquid diffusion VI-479 VII-253 (b) Oases. Gas Pneumatics Aerostatics Aerodynamics Atmosphere Compressed air Condensation Mariotte's law or Boyle's law Barometer V- 41 VI-114 I- 59 I- 54 1-398 III-107 III-115 VII-517 1-506 (c) Pressure on Bodies in Air. Aeronautics (ballooning). I- 54 Parachute IX-118 Flying-machines IV-417 the Prop- I- 88 XII- 98 I- 88 I- 54 I- 59 X-548 1-370 IX-544 V- 63 IX-545 (d) Avparafns founded on erties of Air. Air-pump Vacuum Air-gun Aerometer Aerostatic press Siphon Aspirator Pump Geissler's pump Double-acting pump (e) Fluids in Motion. Hydrodynamics Hydraulics Resistance of a ship . :;1: Section V. — Heat Heat : Derivation of term Definition Theories Dynamic theory ' ' process Transformation of energy Dynamic equivalent Conclusions as to nature of Propagation of heat Heat in relation to states of matter First law of thenno- dy- namics CoefBcient of expansion. . Liquefaction Latent heat of fusion. . . . Complete vaporization. . . Boiling-point Conduction Radiation Temperature Cold Thermometer Thermometry Boiling-point Freezing-point Centigrude thermometer . . . Differential thermometer. . . Pyrometer Expansion Fu.sibilily Vapors Freezing Evaporation Ebullition Papin's digester Condensation Regelation Liquefaction of gases Liquefaction of hydrogen . . Liquid air Hygrometry Hygrometer Convection VI-101 VI- 94 X-620 i V^63 ' V-463 V-463 V-463 V-464 V-464 V-^64 V^65 V-465 V-465 V^65 V-466 V^66 V-467 V-468 V-468 V-472 V^71 XI-345 III- 55 X 1-400 XI^Ol II- 78 IV-548 n-435 111^42 IX-557 IV-220 IV-6l)8 XII-121 IV-548 lV-194 III-573 III-443 III-115 X- 43 VII-252 VI-617 VII-616 VI-120 VI-119 111-161 Diathermancy . . . Calorimeter (_!alory Specific heat Steam-engine . . . . Steam-boiler Eccentric Ply- wheel Thermodynamics . Radiometer Bolometer 111^31 11-291 11-291 XI- 43 XI-110 XI-105 III-573 IV-^17 XI-397 IX-583 II- 83 Section VI.— Acoustics (Sound) Acoustics : Vibrations Velocity of sound-waves in air Intensity of sound Reflection of sound. . . . Refraction of sound . . . Visible sound-waves. . . Inflection of sound-waves Interference of sound waves Length of sound-waves . . Cause of discord Form of sound-waves. . . . Voice and its production. The ear Vibration Harmonic motion Acoustic telephone Acoustic telegraph Ear-trumpet Audiphone Speaking-trumpet Abat-voix Interference Diffraction of sound Chladni's figures Harmonics ....'. Chromatic ^olian harp Auditory nerve Phonograph Telephone Microphone I- 29 r- 30 I- 31 1- 31 I- 32 I- 32 I- 32 I- 32 I- 32 I- 33 I- 33 I- 34 I- 35 XII-187 V-419 I- 37 I- 87 111-566 1^05 XI- 43 I- 4 VI-293 XI- 17 11-541 V-419 11-555 I- 53 1-405 IX-273 XI-335 VIII-103 Section VII.— Magnetis Electricity (a) Magnetism. Magnetism m and VII-434 Magnet VIl-423 Terrestrial magnetism . . . Variation of the needle . . Types of magnetic instru- ments VlI-431 XII-123 VII-435 Declinometer III-369 Dipping neetlle III-454 Magnetism of iron Diamagnetie polarity. . . . Kew magnetometer (b) Frictional Electricity. Frictional electricity Electrical machines!! Electric discharge Electroscope VII-426 111-425 VI-557 IV- 13 IV- 8 IV- 11 IV- ;-;5 Klectrophorus IV- 34 Condenser 111-115 Leyden jar VII 178 Geissler's tubes V 63 Aura 1-412 Lightning VI 1-224 Thunder XI-430 Lightning-rods (c) Dynamical Electricity. (1) Current Electricity. Galvanism VII-228 V 26 Animal electricity Electric current IV- 23 111-287 Electrodes IV- 33 1-225 VI-539 1-534 I- 26 XI-613 fs. V- 26 1-469 1-164 1-163 1-165 VIII-574 XII-241 XII-243 IV-258 III-218 VI-489 V-502 XII-344 IV- 33 XII-413 IV- 28 Current. IV- 9 IV- 23 11-326 V 1-383 VII- 35 X-649 IV- IQi IV- 13 IV- 31 IV- 33 IV- 33 V- 28 IV- 34 IV- 35 IV- 33 III-549 1-136 11-204 III-103 1-187 XI-519 IV- 28 IV- 30 IX-620 VI-488 VII-327 IV- 11 XII- 65 1-320 XI-337 11-361 XI-336 XI-617 111-440 11-334 VI-338 VI-337 VI-339 VI-181 V-534 I- 16 XI-399 XI-404 III-517 IV-476 Anode Kathode Battery, voltaic Accumulator Storage batteries (3) Electrical Measuremen Galvanometer Ballistic galvanometer . Ampere Ammeter Ohm Volt Voltameter Farad Coulflmb The Toule " Henry Wattmeters Electrometer Wheatstone's bridge. . . Electric meters (3) Effects and Use of the Electric arc lighting " candle Jablochkoff candle Electric lamps ' ' search-light . . . blowpipe " furnace " welding " horticulture... Galvanoplastv Electro-plating Electro-etching (4) Electro-Dynamics. Dynamo - electric ma- Alternate currents Brush (electric) Alternator Electric motors " railways Polyphase transmission of power Joule's law in electricity Lightning-arrester Electric clocks (5) Magneto-Electricity. Electro-magnetic anits. Electric telegraph Electric cable Synchronograph (6) Electric Induction. Dielectric Electric capacity Electro - magnetic in- Inductive capacity Hertz effect Electric absorption (7) Thermo-Electrics. Thermo-electricity Poucault currents (8) Therapeutic Electricity. Faradization I I V-359 Medical electricity | VIII- 4 (9) Electricity (Art. on). Electricity IV- 12 Hertzian waves V-632 Telegraphy without wires | XI-620 Section VIII. — Light (Optics) Optics Ether waves Kathode rays X-rays, or liontgen rays . . . Uranium, or Becquerel rays. Light Luminescence Radiation Zeeman effect Chronoscope Standards of light Photometry and photometer Candle Reflection of light Mirrors Concave Burning-glasses Speculum Catoptrics Kaleidoscope . . . , Dissolving views Diorama Refraction of light Double refraction Mirage Dispersion of light Rainbow (optics) Lens Meniscus (lens) Spherical aberration Caustic Catacaustics Spectrum Color.,. Complementary colors Diatonic scale of Colors. ». . Chromatics Blue Cyanometer Spectroscope Spectra — bright and dark line Spectrophotometer Fluorescence Chromatic aberration Achromatism Optical instruments (lens). . Microscope Eyepiece Telescope Dynameter Binocular telescope Dioptrics Camera obscura Camera lucida Magic lantern Dioptric system Actinism Actinometer Actinometry Photography Chronophotography The human eye as an op- tical instrument Stereoscope Stroboscope Vitascope Spectacles Dichroism Color-blindness IX- IX- 1 XII-347 VI-633 XII-614 XII-595 VII-312 VII-624 IX-627 XII-616 11-556 VII-612 (280 (282 11-326 X- 32 Vin-163 ,111-109 T n-241 XI- 53 11-402 VI-533 III-461 III-450 X- 37 X- 38 VIII-160 III-460 IX-599 VII-148 VIII- 31 I- 13 11-408 11-392 XI- 48 III- 72 III-106 III-433 11-555 II- 66 III-395 XI- 46 XI- 49 XI- 45 IV-412 I- 12 I- 38 VII-148 VIII-103 IV-330 XI-337 III-546 II- 34 III-450 11-308 11-308 VII-419 III-450 I- 38 I- 38 I- 39 IX-277 11-619 XII-218 XI-133 XI-173 XII-601 XI- 45 III-433 II- 58 Phosphorescence . . . . Interference Diffraction Colors of thin plates. Polarization of light. Nicol's prism Saccharimetry IX-375 VI-293 111^43 XI-407 IX-364 IX-365 X-232 Section IX. — Biograpliies of Physicists Archelans (heat and cold). . Hero (steam-engine) Torricelli (barometer) Newton (gravitation) 6ay-Lussac (pneumatics). . , Gaivani (magnetism and electricity) Franklin, Benjamin (elec- tricity) D'Alembert (mathematics and physics) Brewster, Sir David (optics) Arago (optics) Bradley, James (aberration of light) Chappe, Claude (inventor of a telegraph, 1792) Bacon, Roger (many discov- eries in physics) Rumford, Count (heat) Clausius (heat) Faraday (electricity). .#. . . . Becquerel (color) Boyle, Robert (pneumatics). Regnault (thermodynamics) Poucault (velocity of light). Carnot, Nicholas (thermo- dynamics) Fresnel (color) Ampere, Andre Marie Volta (magnetism) Lambert, Johann (intensity of light) Listing, Johann (move- ments of eye) Blanchard, Francois (steer- ing-balloons) Bartlett, W. H. (optics) Siemens (electricity) Sprengel (pneumatics) Stewart (molecular physics) Tait (molecular physics) . . . Barnard, Frederick A. P. . . Thompson, Silvanus (elec- tricity) Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin) (molecu lar physics) Thomson, Elihu (electric welding) Rosse, William Parsons (telescope) Newcomen, Thomas (steam- engine) Maxwell, Clerk (heat, light, and electricity) Henry, Joseph (electricity and telescope) Glaisher (pneumatics). . Abbot, Joseph Hale (pneu- matics and hydraulics) . Ayrton, William Edward (practical electricity) Joule, James Prescott (heat) Field, Cyrus W. (Atlantic cable) Tyndall, John (heat) Wheatstone (electricity). . Fahrenheit (thermometer) Snell, Willebrord (refraction of light) Mayer, Julius (doctrine of energy) VII-592 1-286 V-527 XI-493 VIII-456 V- 61 V- 26 IV-514 1-108 11-157 1-273 11-129 11-463 1-440 X-207 11-597 IV-2o8 1-553 11-125 X- 44 IV-4';6 11-358 IV-561 1-164 XII-343 VII- 31 VII-2S9 II- 48 1-517 X-521 XI- 73 XI-141 XI-277 1-503 XI-417 XI-419 XI-635 X-188 VIII-427 VII-590 V-502 V-156 I- 6 1-428 VI-488 IV-323 XII- 3 XII^IS IV-243 X-590 EDUCATIONAL COUBSES IN STUDY AND READING Mayer. Alfred M. (sound). Kirchhoff (spectrum analy sis) Armstronfj. Lord William George (elei'tric accu- mulator) Morse, S. F. B. (telegraph). Bache, Alex. D. (coast sur- vey) Brush. Charles Francis (Brush dynamo) Mcndenhall, T. ('. (molecu- lar physics) Hughes, David (microphone) Trowbridge, John (molecu- lar physics) Hertz, Heinrich (electricity) Lodge, Oliver (electricity). . VII-593 yi-580 1-330 yiII-261 1-437 11-204 VIII- 2S VI- 63 XI-561 VI 1-293 Ewing, James A. (magnet- ism) Holtz. William Theodore (electric machine) Edison, Thomas A. (phono- graph; electric light). . Tesla, Nikola (electricity).. Marconi (wireless telegra- piiy) Barns, Carl (atmospheric moisture) Ferraris, Galileo (transmis- sion of electrical power) Kundt, August Edward (ve- locity of sound) Olszewski, Karol (first ob- tained hydrogen as a liquid) IV-213 VI-613 III-586 XI-365 XI-632 1-630 IV-632 VI-644 Vin-633 \Vroblewski, Zygmunt (with Olszewski) XII-613 Pictet, Raoul (liq^ucfied oxy- gen and nitrogen in 1877) IX-616 Rowland, Henry Augustus (gratings) X-62e Savart, Felix (registration of sound vibrations) . . . Rontgen, Wilhelm C. (X- ravs') X-630 • X-177 Vail, Alfred (inventor of Morse system tele- graph) XII-598 Weston, Edward (electrical XII-608 Wiedemann, Gustav H., (electric dynamo) XII-608 DIVISION C.-ASTEONOMY AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS Astronomy is the science which treats of the constitution, motion, and appearance of the heav- enly bodies, and the art or practice of iitilizing their known positions for determining positions on the surface of the earth. It is the oldest of the sciences, and the development of the ideas on which modern astronotay rests is co-extensive with the history of civilization. The field of astro- nomical science is immensely greater than that of all other sciences combined, since it deals with those masses of matter known as planets, stars, comets, and all other bodies outside the atmosphere of the earth. AUTHORITY Simon Newcomb, LL. D., M. N. A. S., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, and Editor of the Nautical Almanac. DIVISION C— ASTRONOMY Section I. — Astronomy Descriptive astronomy Practical astronomy. . Theoretical astronomy Mechanical astronomy Astro-physics Spherical astronomy . . 1-383 Plate-386 Section II. — Astrology Astrology | 1-383 Horoscope | VI- 33 Section III. — The Celestial Sphere Terms defined and explained XII-573 XII-573 VI- 39 III-454 1-350 1-131 111-558 IV-153 IV-ig4 IV-154 11-575 VIII- 40 III-105 1-137 1-430 1-165 III-369 1-318 1-361 X-110 1-333 XI^W8 1-436 11-575 11-579 III-375 IV- 38 Zenith Nadir (see Zenith) Horizon Dip of the horizon Artificial horizon Almucantar Poles and pole-star (see Earth) Celestial equator or equi- noctial Equinox Equinoctial points Great circle Meridian Cardinal points (compass) . . Altitude Azimuth Amplitude Declination Angular motion Ascension Right ascension Armillary sphere Sidereal time Axis Circle of perpetual appa- rition Circumpolar stars Culmination Elevation of a star Section IV.— Astronomical Instru- ments Telescope] -Sllf:;; Achromatic Eyepiece Chronograph Chronometer Transit Collimation, line of Collimator Micrometer XI-337 I- 38 IV-330 11-556 11-556 XI-533 III- 66 III- 67 VIII-103 Mural circle Equatorial telescope Observatory Lick Observatory Zenith telescope Binocular telescope Relative personal equation Comet finder Sextant Reflecting circle Repeating circle Quadrant Theodolite (surveying) .... Speculum Field-glass VIII-307 IV-153 VIII-549 VII-197 Xn-573 II- 34 IV-153 III- 90 X-450 X- 33 X- 59 IX-561 XI-387 XI- 53 IV-334 Section V. — Corrections to Astro- nomical Observations Dip of the horizon. Parallax Twilight Aberration III-454 IX-131 XI-608 I- 13 Section VI. — Prohlems of Practical Astronomy Latitude Parallels of latitude Degree of latitude Time, its determination. . . . Relative personal equation . Day Change of day line Longitude Earth's equator VII- 88 IX-133 111-377 XI-446 IV-153 111-353 11-613 VII-315 IV-153 Section VII. — The Earth as an As- tronomical Body III-558 V-365 The earth Gyroscope C astronomical ) . Latitude i geographical ]- . (.geocentric ) . Gravitation Geodesy VII- V- 355 614 V- 79 Section VIII.— Apparent Motion of the Sun and Planets The seasons : Spring Summer (see Spring) . Autumn Winter Equation of time. Apparent time . . . Dial XI- 73 XL ■{1 1^30 Xn-483 IV-153 1-359 III-434 Constella- tions of the zodiac. The ecliptic Zodiac. (a) Spring: Aries Taurus Gemini (b) Summer: Cancer Leo Virgo (c) Autumn Libra. Scorpio Sagittarius (d) Winter: Capricornus. Aquarius Pisces Solstice Orbit Perihelion Aphelion Anomaly Analemma Perturbations Precession of the equinoxes . Year : Tropical Sidereal Anomalistic Calendar (11-379) : Calends (Julian, Grego- rian) Intercalation Cycle (metonic) Epaot Golden number Bissextile Periods : Century Sothic period Callippic period Olympiad Hour and hour-glass Months : fab Jewish .j abib I adar Roman and English. January. . February. March April May June July August. . . September October . . November December III-579 XII-578 1-313 XI-309 V- 66 11-335 VII-150 XII-315 VII-186 X-385 X-341 11-341 1-365 IX-314 XI- 7 IX- 5 IX-316 1-353 1-336 1-173 IX-339 IX-445 XII-547 XII-547 1-336 11-381 VI-391 111-396 lV-136 V-193 II- 36 11-439 XI- 15 11-390 VIII-586 VI- 51 I- 3 I- 13 I- 44 VI-405 IV-378 VII-505 1-364 VII-590 VI-500 VI-500 1^08 X^38 VIII-560 VIII-538 III-363 24 EDUCATIONAL COrRSES IN STUDY AND READING Sfxtios IX.— The Moon Moon IVni-236 Acceleration of tlie moon's mean motion I 1-21 Elon-iilion I IV- 50 Harvest moon V-4SG Perigee IX-216 Ap?lgee 1-254 Apsides 1-264 Nodes VI1I^96 Evection IV-194 Earth shine J III-566 Satellite (harmonic motion i of) i V-419 Occultation ' VIII-oo4 Section X. — Tlie Sun Sun Disk Solar parallax. Chromosphere. Corona Solar spectrum. . . . Spectrum analysis. Pyrheliometer Actinoraeter Heliometer Heliostat Bolometer Eclipse Kepler's laws . . . . Conic sections Problem of the Bodies " Tides ' Three XT-215 1 1 1-459 XI- 2 Il-r),-,5 III-199 XI- 50 and plate XI- 51 lX-557 I- 38 V-485 Y^86 II- 83 III-577 V 1-553 III-142 XI-425 XI-437 Section XI.— Planets and Aste- roids sys- Planet Aspects of planets. . . . Bode's law and solar tem Orbit and elements of a planet Retrogradation Conjunction Elongation Ptolemaic system Almagest Epicycle Harmony of the spheres. . . . Microcosm Copernican system The invariable plane of the solar system Mercury Transit of Mercury Venus Transit of Venus Mars Asteroids Ceres Vulcan Zodiacal light Jupiter Velocity of light Saturn and his satellites. . . Uranus Neptune IX-325 1-368 ( II- 73 I XI- 3 IX- 5 X- 77 III-143 IV- 50 IX-534 1-139 IV-144 V^23 VIII-101 III-181 VI-323 VIII- 37 XI-523 XII-155 XI-523 VII-535 1-380 11-441 XI [-249 XI 1-578 VI-504 VII-213 X-321 XII- «2 VIII-4U3 Ancient astronomy, Egyp- tian Helius, charioteer of the sun Urania, goddess of astron- omy Ephemeris of a planet Orrery Almanac Nebular hypothesis III-607 V-486 XII- 82 IV-138 IX- 35 1-130 VIII-387 Section XIL— Comets Comets Coma Donati's comet. Eneke's comet. . Ill- 90 III- 88 111-483 IV- 71 Section XIII. — Meteors Meteors and meteoric show- ers VIII- Meteorites VIII- 59 Section XIV.— The Stars Sidereal system Stars Constellation ■, (a) Ptolemy's northern constellations: Ursa Major Ursa Minor, , . , . Drjkco Cepheus Bootes .-. Northern Crown Hercules Lyra Cygnus Cassiopeia Perseus Auriga Ophiuchus Serpens Sagitta Delphinus Equuliis Pegasus Andromeda Northern Triangle (b) Zodiacal constella- tions (see Sec. viii, 3). (c) Ptolemy's southern constellations : Cetus Orion Biver Po Lepus Canis Major Canis Minor Argo Hydra Crater Corvus Centaurus Lupus Ara Southern Crown Southern Fish Coma Berenices X-517 XI- 93 III-152 XII- 87 XII- 87 111^96 III-152 II- 98 III-199 III-152 III-152 III-299 11-886 III-152 1^13 III-152 III-152 III-152 III-152 111-152 III-153 111-152 III-153 11^45 IX- 27 III-152 III-152 11-327 11-837 1-308 III-153 in-152 III-152 11-135 III-152 111-152 III-199 III-152 III- 88 (d) Named by Hevelius: Canes \'enaticus Lacerta Lynx Sextans Urania Camelopardalis Vulpeculia Leo Minor Monoceros Indus Grus (e) Named by Bayer : Phoenix Musca Pavo Toucan Hydrus Dorado Piscis Volans Chameleon The Southern Trian- gle Apus Apparatus Sculptoris. . (f) Named by Lacaille : Fornax Chemioa Horologium Reticulum Rhom Ccela Sculptoris Equus Pictorius Anthia Octans Norma Circinus Telescopium Microscopium Mons Menste (g) Named by Royer : Crux Australis (the Southern Cross) Columba Noachi (N-oah's Dove) (h) Specially named : Arctic (northern con- stellation) Antartic (southern con- stellation) Aquila (the Eagle) Cynosura Names of noted stars: (a) Sirius, dog-star, brightest star (b) Arcturus, single star . (c) Aldebaran, double star (d) Capella, double star . . (e) Antares, double star. . (f) a Centauri, j8 Centauri, double star (g) Castor, double star . . . (h) Cetus (Mira), variable star (i) Algol, variable star. . . Binary system of stars Pleiades group Galaxy, or Milky Way 11-837 III-153 III-153 III-153 11-307 III-153 III-153 III-153 I I 1-153 III-153 III-153 III-153 III-153 III-152 111-152 III-153 III-153 111-153 III-153 III-152 1-359 III-152 in-152 III-153 III-152 III-153 III-152 III-152 111-153 III-152 III-153 III-153 III-153 III-153 III-153 1-801 1-228 1-268 III-399 X-549 1-803 1-106 11-336 1-329 11^35 11-390 11^45 1-117 II- 23 IX-343 V- 10 Section XV.— Nebulas | VIII-885 Section XVI.— Universe..! XII- 67 Section XVII. — Biographies of Eminent Astronomers Pythagoras Hipparchus Ptolemy, Claudius , Aratus Arzaohel Callippus Autolycus Eratosthenes Budoxus Bayer, Johann Brahe, Tycho Kepler Copernicus Galilei Newton, Sir Isaac Pope Gregory XIII Halley, Edmund Bailly, Jean S Apian, Peter Boscovitch, E, Cassini Arago, Dominique Frangois Argelander Bass, Lewis Encke, Johann Gunter, Edmund Gylden, Hugo Hadley, John Ferguson, James Homer, Ole Hersohel, Sir Pred'k William Herschel, Caroline Lucretia ; Herschel, Sir John Fred. William. Laplace, Pierre S Leverrier, Urbain Adams, John Couch Airy, Sir George Biddell Hubbard, Joseph S Ino, Chukei Hill, George William Huggins, William Janssen, Pierre Jules Johnson, Manuel John Laugier, Auguste Mitchell, 0. M Mitchell, Maria Picard, Jean Gilliss, James Melvin Hall, Asaph Ball, Sir Robert Rosse, William Parsons (Lord). . . . Olbers, Heinrich Snell, Willebrord Lyman, Chester S Kirkwood, Daniel Lubbock, Sir John William Pickering, E. C Clark, Alvan Clark, Alvan, Jr Plammarion, Camille Chandler, Seth C Rutherfurd, Lewis M. . . ■ SafEord, Truman H Schiaparelli, Giovanni Struve, Friedrick Georg Oppolzer, Theodore Proctor, R. A Lockyer, J. Norman Langley, S. P Rees, John K Holden, Edward S Swift, Lewis Walker, Sears Cook Watson, James C Peters, Christian Henry Young, Charles A Barnard, B. E Secchi, Angelo Newcomb, Simon Todd, David Peck Rogers, William A 6th century B. c 2d century B. c 2d century A. D 3d century B. o. ; the poetry of astronomy A Jewish astronomer; discovered obliquity of ecliptic 330 B. c. ; Greek astronomer; Calliphic cycle 325 B. c. ; the revolving sphere Mathematician and astronomer 866 B. c. He computed the length of the year to be 365J days 1660 A. D. ; star charts; invented a $ y, etc., system 17th century ; catalogued 777 stars 1600 ; the tiiree laws of planetary motion Author of present astronomical system 1500 A. D. ; " E' pur si muove " 1680 ; gravitation Calendar Comets and eccentricity of planetary orbits Discovered light of Jupiter's moons First to obtain longitude by observations on moon First on the continent to adopt Newton's hypothesis Discovered length of Jupiter's day of 9 hours, and 4 of its moons. . . . Measured arc of meridian Catalogued many stars Catalogued 500 principal stars and their declinations Comets ; measured distance of sun as 95,000,000 miles 1581 A. D. ; invented sector MatheHia,tieaL theory of- planet motion ;-nperturbations, etc Invented the quadrant .J. Discovered asteroids . Discovered velocity of light by observations on Jupiter's moons Discovered Uranus and satellites Discovered eight comets and nebulae Founded Cape of Good Hope Observatory ; 4 years " Mecanique celeste " and nebular hypothesis Discovered Neptune Discovered Neptune Astronomer Royal, Greenwich Observatory Biela's comet periods The Japanese Newton , . Mathematical astronomy ._ Spectroscope and photograph of violet spectrum Spectroscopic observations on sun's corona Observations on double stars Important astronomical discoveries Chronograph ; double star Antares Nebulae and comets Pounded Paris Observatory ; measured a degree of the meridian .... Director of first astronomical observatory at Washington Discovered satellites of Mars Astronomer Royal of Ireland Constructed largest reflecting telescope in the world Measured the orbits of comets at three observations "The first to calculate size of earth by trigonometrical measurement. Complete almanac, showing eclipses for 15 years Laplace's nebular hypothesis, proof of Tides and eclipses Spectroscopy and photography Achromatic lens and telescope Resolved the companion star of Sirius Nebulffi Comets and variable stars Celestial photography Nebular and star catalogues Comets Double stars Calculated all possible eclipses from 1200 B. o. to 2160 A. D Astronomical writer Spectrum analysis The sun ; invented bolometer Astronomer at Columbia College Observatory Director of Lick Observatory Comet finder Determination of longitude by telegraph. .• Discovered over 200 asteroids Discovered 40 asteroids and several comets Investigations upon the sun Astronomer at Lick Observatory Spectroscope "The Nautical Almanac " ; Naval Observatory Observations of transits and eclipses " Zone observations" at Harvard Observatory Cfl.tn.loo-iied manv double stars IX-559 V-561 IX-535 1-277 1-360 11-290 1-419 lV-157 IV-184 1-539 11-181 VI-553 III-181 V- 13 Vin-i56 V-305 Y-889 1-453 1-253 11-104 11-385 1-273 1-804 11-105 IV- 71 V-855 V-860 V-373 IV-294 X-175 V-533 V-533 V-583 VII- 66 VII-170 I- 43 I- 88 VI- 59 VI-260 V-555 VI- 63 VI-405 VI-467 VII- 91 VIII-180 VIII-181 IX-298 V-144 V-386 1-464 X-188 VIII-579 X-590 VII-869 VI-581 VII-343 IX-299 11-592 11-593 IV-383 11^59 X-226 X-239 X-847 XI-176 VIII-600 IX-489 VII-288 VII- 51 X- 81 V-604 XI-245 XII-267 XII-342 IX-236 XII-557 1-503 X-407 Vin^27 XI-626 X-625 TT_fi1 1 26 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING DIVISIOX D.— CHEMISTRY What is this ? Of what is it composed? Can it change from one ferm to another ? If so, what causes it to do so ? Young children intuitively ask these questions concerning the various objects and forms of mat- ter surrounding them, and he is a wise person who can always give a definite reply to such inquiries. Later, when the children reach the academic and collegiate period of education, the same ques- tions recur to them in the science of chemistry, in which nature is systematically interrogated. As these questions may be asked of every form of matter in the universe, the field for investigation becomes limitless. Whether we confine ourselves to the simpler problems of qualitative analysis (what elements are in the body), or the more intricate problems of quantitative analysis (how much of any element is in the body), whether interested in electro-chemical theory and biological chemistry, or in the analysis and subsequent synthesis of organic substances for commercial purposes — whichever way we look and query on these subjects, there is always a great unexplored region. Fascinating as the theoretical side of chemistry always is to the searcher for material facts, the practical side of this science, doubtless, appeals even more strongly to those interested in the arts and manufactures. Broadly saying, there is scarcely an article manufactured that does not to-day demand, at some stage of its production, the knowledge and services of a chemist. For example, in assaying, in the extraction of metals from their ores, in the manufacture of iron and steel for struc- tures, in textile manufacturing, the production of foods, dyestufEs, inks and pigments, liquors, drugs and chemicals, oils, soaps, paper, in the utilization of waste substances — indeed, the list can be extended indefinitely, and all involve the application of chemical knowledge. To be the consulting chemist for a company or corporation is to occupy a most responsible and highly remunerative position. The question now occurs. How shall one interested, theoretically or practically, in chemistry ascertain the nature and extent of the science, learn its possibilities as a profession and for direct use in business ? We answer most emphatically, by having a set of APPLETONS' UNI VEESAL CYCLOPJiDIA AND ATLAS at hand, and by pursuing a course of reading and study therefrom, covering every department of chemistry. This course, thoroughly read, puts the reader in possession of just what he should know, whether for immediate use, for commercial purposes, or as a solid foun- dation for becoming a professional chemist. The reader here sees the relative place and importance of every division, subdivision, and topic in the entire field of chemistry. He has the superior advan- tage of consulting the very highest and most recent authority in the science— not an old discarded treatise, written years ago by explorers in this field. He can pursue the course at any hour he chooses, and as rapidly or slowly as he desires. A brief outlined course, showing the range and great divisions of the science of chemistry, as treated in APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AXD ATLAS follows: Introduction ip Chemistry. — Here the history of chemistry and its relation to alchemy are shown. This is followed by exhaustive articles on atom and monad, atomic weights, chemical affinity, early chemical experiments, the field of organic chemistry, the various forms of chemical analysis, stereo- and thermo-chemistry. Chemical Elements. — This section contains the several groups of elements, as arranged according to the most recent discoveries, also the new chemical elements. Chemical Compounds.— B.e,Te the principal oxides, acids, bases, and salts in chemistry are arranged in lists for study. Chemistry of Radicals.— A. comprehensive grouping of both the alcohols and ethers forms impor- tant lists. Chemical States and Processes.— More than a score of these states and processes are presented, ranging from the nascent state of an element to spontaneous combustion. Hydrocarbons.— li has been said that modern chemistry has for its two great centers the study of hydrocarbons and carbohydrates. Beginning with the articles on bitumen, coal, gas, fuel, and heat, the whole field of hydrocarbon chemistry is presented. Vegetable Oils and Gums.— Th\s list includes the oils and gums, with their history, composition, preparation for market, and use in the arts ; also other information of use to the pharmacist and druggist. THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 27 Fats. — Such subjects as glycerin, acrolein, butter, oleomargarine, many acids derived from fats, stearin, fats used in soap, are thoroughly treated. Chemical Principles. — This classified list of topics includes the vai'ious animal principles, such as gelatin, kreatin, albumen, protoplasm, and that most complex substance largely found in the brain — protagon. In the list of Vegetable Principles are included the albuminoids, emulsin, gluten, pectose, salicin, starch, and other substances. Chemical Instruments. — The structure, mode of operating, and use of the various instruments used in chemical research and in the arts are given. Agricultural Chemistry. — Here is an ever-enlarging field for study and research. The chemistry of soils, that of the ordinary fertilizers, manures, and guano, of fibers and of the chief cereals, consti- tute a list of subjects both greatly interesting and important. Sugars. — Their composition, relation between glucose, cane and beet sugar, glucose, diastase, honey, relation of starch to sugar, dextrin, etc., are topics upon which all interested may find full treatment in this Cyclopaedia. Foods. — The list includes such topics as bread, baking-powders, cheese, casein, lard, milk, lactic acid, cooking, preservation of foods, adulteration of foods, pepsin and peptonized foods, flour, salt, and other important topics. Water and Mineral Waters. — Water, mineral waters, aerated waters, apollinaris water, carbonated waters, chalybeate waters, seltzer and vichy waters are exhaustively treated. Beverages. — The subjects coffee, tea, beer, and cider form a most interesting group for study ; also chemistry of liquors, in which the several inboxicants, from whisky to champagne, are compre- hensively treated. The Chemistry of Medici^ies and Drugs. — The list of topics under this division is important and exhaustive. Explosives. — The composition and manufacture of gunpowder, cellulose, nitroglycerin, dynamite, the fulminoids, smokeless powder, fuse, pyroxylin, and other substances are of great importance. Pigments, Paints, and Varnishes. — Here is a department a knowledge of which is of the utmost value to the artist-artisan. Bleaching. — The chemistry of the various bleaching agents is exhaustively treated. Dyeing and Dyestuffs. — Why should we native-born Americans remain ignorant on matters included in the long list of subjects grouped under this division of practical chemistry, and let the European chemists and dyers fill the important positions in this field, when the means for preparing ourselves are so comparatively inexpensive and easy, through the use of APPLETONS' UNIVEE- SAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS ? Nearly sixty important topics, under this division, are exhaustively treated. Miscellaneous Chemical Industries. — The list includes the chemistry of matches, fireworks, ink manufactures, artificial gems, chemistry of photography, chemistry of leather, of preservatives, of India-rubber, freezing processes, polishes, and all forms of paper. Biographies of Eminent Chemists. — One of the most interesting and valuable features of this extensive list of topics in chemistry is that concluding the course. Here is arranged, in order, the biographies of those who have made the science of chemistry what it is. A careful reading of these fifty or more biographies will give the reader and student a comprehensive knowledge of the prog- ress made in chemistry through the past decades. But no description of the richness of the entire list of siibjects can here be given. The only way to know and appreciate the value of this course in theoretic and practical chemistry is to possess the UNIYEESAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS, and thus utilize one's time in reading and studying this great subject. AUTHOEITIES Ira Kemsen, M. D., LL. D., Johns Hopkins University, Editor. Some of the prominent articles are : By Prof. Ira Remsen, M. D., LL. D., Johns Hopkins University : Acid, Alcohol, Baking-powders, Carbon, Chemistry, Mineral Waters, Pyrotechny, Phosphoric Acid, Salts. By Prof. Edward Renouf, Ph. D., Johns Hopkins University : Acetylene. By Dr. Cyrus Edson, New York : Adulterations. By Prof. Harvey W. Wiley, U. S. Department of Agriculture : Sorghum, Sugar. By Prof. John W. Mallet, M. D., LL. D., University of Virginia : Water. By Marcus Benjamin, Ph. D., U. S. National Museum : Etherion, Helium, Krypton, Metargon, Monium, Neon, Polo- nium, Radium. Xenon. 28 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING SUBJECTS TREATED IN CHEMISTRY Seition I. — Introduction Alchemy Chemistry Atom and monad. Atomic weights Chemical affinity Earliest chemical ex|ieri- j ments / Valence, its meaning in chemistry Organic chemistry Chemical laboratories Chemical analysis Proximate organic analysis. Ultimate analysis Volumetric analysis Stereo-chemistry Thermo-chemistry 1-104 11-500 l-;ws VIII-2IIT 1-398 I- 61 1-1(14 111-607 ll-rjor, IX- 24 VII- 4 1-173 1-174 1-175 1-175 X 1-133 XI-397 Section- II. — Chemical Elements (a) Gronjis: Note. — See Vol. II, p. 504, for table of ele- ments, then refer to the elements as treated in the several volumes, studying them in the order of their grouping. Group I II Ill IV V VI " VII " VIII (b) New elements : New chemical elements . Coronium Helium Metargon Monium Polonium Victorium Xenon Radium Neon Etherion Krypton 11-504 11-504 11-504 11-504 11-504 11-504 11-504 11-504 IV-617 III-616 V-631 VIII-605 VIII-616 IX-618 XII-600 XII-614 IX-633 VIII-627 IV-623 VI-644 Sectjox III. — Chemical Compoxinds (a) Oxides Alumina Arsenious oxide. . . . Cacodyl Boracic acid Carbonic oxide Bromoform Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide Fixed air Sulphurous oxide.. . Silii-a Sclenjous oxide Hydrogen peroxide . Titanic dioxide Water (b) Acids Acetic acid A|i"frcnic acid Nitric acid Aqua regia Aqua reginse Ciirli'iiiic acid Citric acid Chloric acid. ... Hvdruchloric acid. . IX- 65 1-138 1-345 11-264 11-100 11-347 11-188 11-346 VI 11-493 IV-377 X 1-2 10 X-52H X^16 VI-103 XI^56 XII-316 I- 28 I- 27 1-2.53 \nii-49i 1-265 1-265 11-346 II-5S3 11-542 VI-101 Hydrocyanic acid ^Millie acid Nitro-hydrochloric acid. . Oxalic acid Gallic acid Gallotannic acid Ilippuric acid Fluohydric acid Phosphoric acid Perchloric acid Tartaric acid Pyroligenous acid Racemic acid Sulphurous acul Sulphuric acid Selenic acid Tannic acid Stearic acid Suberic acid Succinic acid Stannic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen . . Sulpho-cyanic acid Vinegar (o) Bases. . .- Alkali...; Hydrates Leucanaline Guanine Organic bases Alkaloids CoUidine Oxychlorides Ammonia Saliva Theine Theo-bromine Tobacco, chemical base of Turpeth (d) Salts Acetate Acetone , Alum .]. . Argol Chlorate Cement . . Epsom salts Flux Glauber salts Haloid salts Chlorite Cream of tartar Fungicide Fluorescence (phenom ena) Ivory Soda Soda ash Tartar Uraniiie Urates SEf'TioN IV. — Radicals . Ethyl and Ilydrosyl (a) Alcohols Wood spirits ;\If'thvl alcohol Crosc.'l Arayl Fusel oil ■ Aldehyde Absinthe Jlercaptan Formic acid Paraldehyde (b) Ethi-rs Afftic ether Amyl VI-101 VII-15H VIII-493 IX- 63 V- 17 V- 24 V-564 IV^15 IX-275 IX-213 XI-308 IX-,557 IX-581 XI-210 XI-209 X-415 XI-291 XI-121 X 1-182 XI-190 XI- 90 XI-309 XI-208 XII-205 1-520 1-122 VI- 92 VII-166 V-324 1-520 1-133 III- 66 IX- 66 1-162 X-269 XI-385 XI-387 XI-462 XI-604 X-277 I- 26 I- 27 1-138 1-308 11-542 11-422 IV-152 IV-415 V-167 V-390 11-542 III-240 IV-594 IV-412 VI-379 X-607 X-608 XI-303 XII- 82 XII- 82 IX-582 1-105 XTI-507 VIII- 76 III-244 1-168 IV-608 1-106 I- 16 VIII- 35 IV^56 IX-121 lV-175 1- 27 1-168 Butyric ether . . . Ethvl chloride in sur- gery Iodoform Chloral (Enanthie ether. Pelargonic ether. Bromal . .' 11-256 IV-175 VI-826 11-541 VII 1-565 IX-194 11-187 Section "S'.— Chemical States and Processes Nascent state Catalysis Combustion Isomerism AUotropism Decomposition Dissociation Dialysis Distillation Fermentation Clarification Homology Liquefaction Ef^Orvescence Lixiviation Deoxidation Passivity Rock metamorphism Pyrophori Sublimation Solution Spontaneous combustion. . . Section VI. — Hydro -Car- bons Bitumen. Coal. Gas (illuminating). Flame. Fire and combustion Fuel , Heat (combustion). Kerosene Camphene Camphilene Marsh gas. . . .^. . . Naphtha Water gas. Naphthalene Octane Olefines Paraffin Caoutchouc Petroleum Pyrene Retene Toluene Toluic acid Toluidine Xylene Acetylene Ethylene VIII-362 11-394 III- 8i9 VI-361 1-138 III-869 III-461 III-435 III-461 IV-295 11-593 VI- 16 VII-353 III-591 VII-375 III-406 IX-155 X-138 IX-558 XI-183 XI- r XI- 61 VI- 99 II- 37 III- 23 V-148 IV-881 III- 89 IV-582 V-469 VI-556 11-313 11-313 VII-538 VIII-347 XI 1-327 VIII-347 VIII-560 VIII-583 IX-119 11-334 IX-240 IX-556 X- 77 XI-469 XI-4e9 XI-469 XII-536 1-605 IV-179 Section VII. — Vegetable Oils and Gums Oil of wormwood. Oil of anise Essential oils Cotton-seed oil. . . . Oil of garlic Oil of lemon Oil of mustard. . . . Linsccil oil Orange oil (neroli). Ledum oil Laurie acid XII-517 1-331 IV-170 VI 1 1-575 111-216 V- 37 VII-145 VIII-331 Vn-251 IX- 3 VII-123 VII- 92 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 29 Lac Gum Resifts Oil of wintergreen. Rosemary, oil of. . . Turpentine Rosin Salicylic acid Oil of sassafras . . . . Oil of spike Tar Wax Valeric acid Tragaoanth Turmeric Oil of thyme Thymol VII- 7 V-346 X- 74 XII^82 X-184 XI-604 X-186 X-267 X-319 XI- 60 XI-296 XII-353 XII-107 XI-515 XI-601 XI^32 XI-433 Section VIII.— Fats lV-271 Glycerin Acrolein Butter Butyric acid . . . . Oleomargarine . . Margaric acid. . . Oleic acid. ...... Olein Oils Propionic acid . , Pelargonic acid , Palmitic acid . . , Stearin Stearic acid .... Soap V-176 I- 87 11-250 11-256 11-253 VII-509 VIII-582 VIII-582 VIII-575 IX-502 IX-194 IX-101 XI-i31 XI-121 X-592 Section IX.— Chemical Principles Section XI. — Agricultural Chemistry (a) Animal. Azotized bodies . Creatine Gelatiti Neurine Creatinine Ellagic acid Glycogen Inosite Keratin HEBmoglobin . . . . Noctilucine Oxyhaemoglobin . Proteine Protagon Protoplasm Albumin Palmitic acid . . . Sarcosine Spei-maceti Tallow Tyrosine (b) Vegetable. Albumin Albuminoids. . . . Legurain Leucine Emulsin Gluten Pectose Pectase Pectic acid Pectosic acid . . . . Pectin salicin. 1-430 III-240 V- 64 VIII-416 III-240 IV- 48 V-177 VI-261 VI-554 V-374 VI 11^98 IX- 67 IX-510 IX-505 IX-510 1-103 IX-101 X-315 XI- 57 XI-280 XII- 15 1-102 1-103 VI-136 VI-166 IV- 70 V-176 IX-187 IX-187 IX-187 IX-187 IX-187 X-267 starch | XI- 92 Section X.— Chemical Instruments Actinometer • 1-38 Eudiometer IV-183 Hygrometer (chemical) VI-119 Oxyhydrogen blowpipe Drummond light (chem. of) Litmus Platinum black Safety-lamp IX- 67 III-516 VII-364 IX-386 X-238 Fertilizers . . . Ashes Bone ash .... Bone dust. . . . Cellulose Fiber Hay Manure Guano Guanine Chemistry of rye wheat and ' IV-308 1-364 II- 92 II- 98 11^20 IV-317 V-451 VII-494 V-824 V-324 XII-411 X-228 Section XIL— Sugars XI-192 Cane Beet Glucose Glucosides Fraxin jEsculin Diastase Honey Relation of starch to sugar in foods Dextrin Bone black XI-193 XI-197 V-174 V-175 IV-528 I- 59 III-480 VI- 19 IV^33 III-433 II- 93 Section XIII.— Poods IV-430 Bread Aerated bread Baking powder Cheese Casein Cookery Lard Milk Lactic acid Preservation of foods. Adulteration of foods . Pepsin Peptonized foods Flour Panereatin Salt : . . . Saleratus Sorghum 11-144 I- 58 1^57 11-489 11-883 111-171 VII- 73 VIII-121 VII- 15 IX-456 1-49 IX-210 IX-310 IV-405 IX-106 X-273 X-262 XI- 13 Section XVII. — Chemistry of med- icines and Drug's Section XIV. — Water and Mineral Waters Water Mineral waters .... Aerated waters .... Apollinaris water. . Carbonated waters. Chalybeate waters. Seltzer water Vichy water XII-816 Vin-141 I- 53 1-354 11-346 11-450 X-419 XII-188 Section XV. — Beverages IIL Whisky. Brandy. Gin. Rum Wine and wine-making. Bordeaux wines Champagne wine CuraQoa Mead Kirsch-wasser Koumiss 48 XI-817 1-560 11-569 VII-258 XII^IS 11-139 V-146 X-207 XII-475 11-100 11-454 III-281 VII-597 VI-583 VI-601 Antacid Antidote Antipyrin Antiseptic Calomel Camphor Cathartics Cathartin Caustic Oil of cade Chloroform Cocaine Effervescing powders Hypophosphites Icthyol Monobromate of camphor . Musk Picrotoxine Nitrite of amyl Distilled water Peru balsam Pharmacy Alkaloids yuinine Salol Phenacetin Pyridine Salicylic acid Santonin Tartar emetic Tobacco, chemistry of Bruoia Zylonite Section XVIII. — Explo- sives Gunpowder , Saltpeter Cellulose Nitrocellulose Nitroglycerine Fulminates Smokeless powders Fuze Pyroxylin Xyloidine Section XIX. — Pigments, and Varnishes Green pigments Copperas Linoleic acid Paints, chemistry of . . . Varnish Realgar Ultramarine blue Umber Zinc-white Section XX. — Bleaching. Chlorine Antichlore Euchlorine Ozone Hypochlorites 1-238 1-340 1-345 1-346 ■ 11-291 11-313 11-398 11-398 11-407 11-265 11-542 III- 35 I 11-591 VI-128 VI-143 VIII-314 VIII-337 IX-300 VI 11-493 111-463 IX-331 IX-349 1-132 IX-575 X-271 IX-251 IX-557 X-267 X-309 XI-303 XI-463 11-201 XII-592 IV-221 V-352 X-376 11-430 VIII-493 VIII-493 IV-589 X-585 IV-610 lX-559 XII-586 Paints, V-800 III-183 VI 1-351 IX- 77 XII-124 X- 15 XII- 21 XII- 22 XII-577 II- 52 11-542 1-339 IV-183 IX- 67 VI-137 Section XXI. — Dyeing, Dyestuffs, and Kelated Carbohydrates Coal-tar colors . Aniline Alizarin Phthalic acid . , Anthracene Dyeing , Dyestuffs Mordants Copperas , Ferro-cyanide. Hfematoxylin . Indigo Ill- 29 1-219 1-121 IX-283 1-231 III-453 III-545 VIII-247 in-183 IV-307 V-874 VI-225 30 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Phenol Phenyl hrown Phenol colors Gutta-percha Inulin Picric acid Vegetable colors ; 1. Madder ( 2. Argil \ 3. Prussian blue Benzene Nitrobenzene Azo-colors Benzidine dyes and benzi- dine Benzoic acid Blue dyes Carbolic acid Coal-tar Puccoon Purree IX-2.-.1 IX-Jol IX-251 V-35T V 1-323 IX-300 VII-406 IX-019 1-586 VIII-192 1^30 1-586 1-586 II- 66 11-345 III- 29 IX-535 IX-551 Quercitron I IX-572 Purpurin I lX-o51 Rosolic acid X-187 Rubervthic acid ! X-203 Rubian Saponin .... Santal-wood X-202 X-311 X-306 Section XXII. — Miscellaneous Chemical Industries JIatehes ! VII-576 Fireworks (pyroteehny) ..... IX-559 Ink manufacture ! VI-254 (1) Lampblack VII- 35 (2) India ink VI-201 Artificial gems : j (1) Purple of Cassius I IX-551 (2) Rutile X-226 Photography , IX-277 (1) Collodion Ill- 68 Leather (tanning material). (1) Tannin (2) Tannic acid Preservatives (1) Of timber . . (2) Salt as a preservative. India-rubber (1) Caoutchouc (2) Vulcanite Freezing processes (arti- ficial) Refrigerating processes . . . Polishes : (1) Putty powder (2) Silicic of carbon Paper (1) Base (2) Wall-paper (3) Schweinfurth green (Paris) (4) Scheele's green Section XXIII. — Biograpliies of Noted Chemists Avogadro Relation between specific gravity of a substance and its molecular weight Becher (1635) Author of First Theory of Chemistry Stiihl, George Ernest Author of Theory of Phlogiston, in use till Lavoisier Priestley, Joseph Discovered oxygen ; called it dephlogisticated air. Author of 300 publi- cations Dalton, John Author of the Atomic Theory , Lavoisier Discovered composition of water ; destroyed the false theory of Stahl and Priestley •. Hofmann, August Laid the foundations of " modern chemistry " Liebig, Justin von Founder of organic chemistry — " meat extract " Schonbein, Christian F Discovered ozone ; invented " guncotton " Hare, Robert Invented the oxyhydrogen blowpipe ; improved processes in chemistry. . . Gore, George Electro-chemistry ; electric separation of metals Kirchhoft, G. li Inventor of the spectroscope; made discoveries in spectrum analysis. . . . Bunsen Discovered spectrum analysis ; discovered caesium and rubidium Mendeleff Discovered and formulated the periodic law in chemistry, viz., " spec. heat X atom, weight = constant " Bcrgmann Discovered sulphuretted hydrogen ; founded the science of crystallog- raphy ; blowpipe analysis BerthoUet Discovered composition of ammonia; bleaching by chlorine ; filtration through charcoal Bcrzelius Author of systems of chemical symbols. Discovered selenium and thorium Davy, Sir Humphry Showed by galvanism the decomposition of alkalies, and that they are metallic oxides Berthelot Discovered the relation between heat and chemical action. The great synthetical chemist Gerhardt, Charles F Reformed chemical notation ; a treatise on organic chemistry Gibbs, Wolcott Professor of chemistry in Harvard University ; platinum elements ; vapor density; analytical chemistry, organic and inorganic Gilbert, Joseph H Great agricultural chemist ; founded agricultural experiment station. . . . Baume Invented a hydrometer now in general use ; simplified industrial chemistry Chaptal, J. A Chemistry applied to the arts; published Elements of Chemistry Klaproth, M. II Discovered zirconium, titanium, uranium, sulphate of strontium ; made classification of minerals Barker, Gt-nrge F Professor of chemistry in Yale and in Pennsylvania Universities ; author of text-books on chemistry Bernays Professor of chemistry, St. Jfary's Hospital ; author of Household Chemistry Chandler, C. F Professor of chemistry, analytical and applied, in Columbia University; author Clarke, Frank W Professor of chemistry in Howard University; author of Constants in Nature ; constitution of silicates C'".kf, Josiah Par«oiis Professor of chemistry in Harvard University; author of the New Chem- istry; chemical problems and reactions . Criiokcs. William Discoverer of thallium; important discoveries in chemistry; London chemist ; Crookes's tubes, etc Iiurcmiis, R. Oj;den Professor of chemistry in Bellevue Hospital, New York city; applied chemistry ; several patented processes of great use DrapL-r, John William Great researches in spectrum analysis; made first photograph of a living person ; professor of chemistry in New York XJniversity Girardin, Jean French chemist ; author of excellent handbooks on chemistry Jleyer, Julius Noted contributor of many chemical papers to periodicals Meyer, Victor Exhaustive researches in organic chemistry \ Morton, Henry President of Stevens Institute, Hoboken,' N. J. ; researches in organic chemistry Regnault, H. V Discovered the action of chlorine on ether; verified the laws of Boyle and Mariottij Remsen, Ira Professor of chemistry in .lohns Hopkins University; author of noted te.xt-books on chemistry Rosooe, Sir H. 1! Author of Lessons in f^hments of Chemistry ; chemical action of light. . Rose, Heinrich Great researches in analytical chemistry; a great chemical contributor. VII-117 XI-291 XI-291 IX-458 1X^58 X 1-274 VI-219 11-834 XII-249 IV- X- ■548 39 IX-553 X-528 IX-109 IX-109 lX-116 X-380 X-344 1^25 1-552 XI- 83 1X^63 111-313 VII- 95 V-601 VII-199 X-355 V-41ft V-210 VI^SO 11-232 VIII- 27 I-59(> 1-599 1-599 111-351 1-599 V-102 V-138 V-142 1-536 11-463 VI-584 1-500- 1-596 11-459 11-594 III-171 III-255 III-486 I I 1-500 V-1,50 VIII- 89 VIII- 89- VIII-266 X- 44 X- 53 X-182 X-183. THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 31 Sainte- Claire Deville Scheele, Karl William Silliman, Benjamin, Sr Silliman, Benjamin, Jr Storer, P. H Strutt, John Wm. (Lord Raleigh). Thomson, Thomas, M. D "Wollaston, William H Munroe, Charles Edward Stokes, Henry Newlin Ure, Andrew Hillebrand, William Francis Black, Joseph Hittorf , Johann Wilhelm Benjamin, Marcus Discovered anhydrides, nitric acid; studied six platinic metals; discov- ered and explained ' ' dissociation " Discovered tartaric acid, manganese, chlorine, baryta, glycerin, Scheele's green, arsenate of copper Professor of chemistry in Yale University ; author of text-books on chem- istry ; fused bodies never before fused Professor of chemistry in Yale University ; applied chemistry Solubility of chemical substances; agricultural chemistry; text-book, Eliot and Storer's Manual Discovered argon, benzin ; studies in spectra and researches The first to introduce the use of symbols in cliemistry for Eneyolopiedia Britannica Discovered palladium and rhodium, and that platinum is malleable Smokeless powder Inorganic polymers Analytical chemist ~ Metallic separation of rare elements Theory of latent heat : Ionic theory and electrolysis Mineral paints X-247 X-344 X-583 X-534 XI-157 XI-175 XI-419 XII-498 VIII-624 XI-613 XII- 83 V-635 II- 40 V-636 1-628 32 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING MINEHAIiOGY AND GEOLOGY AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS "VTli y should one be interested in these sciences ? Because they deal with the materials, forms, and forces with which he is constantly in contact. The mineral constituents of the various soils, the very dust of the highways, the common rocks, the surpassingly beautiful ciystalline minerals built on strictly mathematical lines, the interesting chemical groups— all these things the science of Mineralogy makes clear. Geology, the science of the rocky body, is equally and, perhaps, even more interesting than Miner- alogy. The objects of research in Geology are: (I) To ascertain the p;-ocesses by which textures, structures, and configurations of the crust of the earth are produced and modified ; this division constitutes Dynamic Geology ; (2) to discover the nature and sequence of changes whereby the pres- ent constitution of the earth has been developed, constituting Historic Geology ; (3) to determine the localities, extent, and characters of mineral masses useful to man, or Economic Geology. The earth is the home or dwelling-place of man ; and as we are interested in our individual homes planned by human skill and knowledge, so to a degree should we be interested in the history of that larger dwelling-place, the earth, planned, developed, and fitted for man's use by an all-wise Creator. In APPLETOXS' UXIVEESAL CYCLOP.^DIA AND ATLAS the science of Mineralogy is exceedingly rich in treatment, there being more than two hundred and forty separate articles on this science. AUTHOEITIES ON MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY Prof. Geoege H. Williams, of Johns Hopkins University. Grove K. Gilbekt, A. M., Geologist of the U. S. Geological Survey. Israel C. White, M. E. Prof. Stephen P. Peckham, A. M., formerly of the University of Minnesota. George P. Merrill, Ph. D., Curator of Rock Collections in the U. S. National Museum. Frederick H. Newell, Topographer U. S. Geological Survey. Charles Kirchhoff, JI. E., Editor of the Iron Age, New York. George F. Kujiz, Gem Expert for Tiffany & Company, New York ; also of the U. S. Geological Survey. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS The poet Bryant, in his Thanatopsis, speaks of " The hills, rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun," and the expression occurs in the Psalms, "And be ye lifted up, ye everlasting hills." These and kindred expressions voice only the common thought that the surface of the earth above sea- level, as to elevation, outline, and general appearance, is the same now as when life first appeared. The mountains, hills, plains, valleys, streams, lakes, and other features of the earth's surface appear stable ; but as '• Constant dripping wears away the hardest stone," in like manner do the silent forces of denudation — Avinds, rain, frost, moving water, heat, and cold — cut down and undermine the high places and fill the plains and valleys. The present aspect of the earth's surface in any locality is the net result of forces acting upon its material for ages past. This particular mountain range or peak, these hills, this plain, valley, river, or stream, did not come into its present condition at a bound ; it has a history, and it is the province of the science of Physical Geography to unfold this history and to give us the key by which we may interpret something, at least, of nature's phenomena about us. Granted that a knowledge of the operations of nature in producing the present appearance of the earth would be highly inter- esting and for our material advantage, where shall we find an interpreter or teacher of this subject ? APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS contains one hundred complete, well-prepared, and easily understood articles on this science. Possessing this valuable work and intelligently reading and utilizing it, one will possess the key to reading the causes of present land forms. THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS 33 METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY Not less interesting are the phenomena of the aerial ocean, upon whose bottom is man's dwell- ing-place. In Meteorology, or the science that treats of the atmosphere, APPLETONS' UNIVER- SAL CYCLOP-iEDIA AND ATLAS contains thirty-five topics, each of which thoroughly treats special aerial phenomena as to their operation and effects, such as winds, cyclones, and rain. Climatology, which is a recent science, is treated in nine topics. In this section such subjects as climate and climatology, weather, weather bureau, and weather charts are thoroughly explained. The entire subject of Physical Geography, Meteorology, and Climatology concludes with most interesting biographies of the noted meteorologists and geographers. AUTHORITIES Grove K. Gilbert, M. N. A. S., Chief Geologist of the U. S. Coast Survey. William M. Davis, M. E., Professor of Physical Geography in Harvard University. Dr. William H. Ball, A. M., of the U. S. Coast Survey. Arnold Hague, M. N. A. S., Geologist of the U. S. Coast Survey. Thomas Russell, Professor of Meteorology of the U. S. Weather Bureau. Prof. Mark W. Harrington, A. M., LL.D., P. L. S., ex-Chief of the U. S. Weather Bureau. A. Lawrence Rotch, Meteorologist of the Blue Hill Observatory. Gardiner C. Hubbard, President of the National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. Cyrus C. Adams, President of the Department of Geography, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS In extent and content of subject-matter on political or descriptive geography, APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS stands unrivaled among reference works. It covers this subject completely, giving just those essentials and particulars which every one should know. To the employee, the business or the professional man, the student or the teacher, to each person who desires recent, accurate, and full information on geographical topics, this department of the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS strongly appeals. The subject-matter on each grand division and each political division is thus treated : Map; Location and boundaries ; Dimensions and area ; Physical features and topography ; Drainage or hydrography ; Geology ; Climate, temperature, rainfall, etc. ; Flora — plants ; Fauna — animals ; Population and races ; Means of communication ; Industries, occupations, etc. ; Commerce ; Government ; Army and navy ; Finance ; Education ; Religion ; History ; Bibliography and authorities. Each State and Territory of the Union is treated in detail in the following order : Map ; origin of name ; boundaries ; dimensions and area ; topography and relief forms ; geology, minerals, and min- ing ; soil and productions ; plants and animals ; climate ; political divisions (counties) with reference map locating each county ; principal cities and towns ; population ; industries and business interests ; banks ; commerce and navigation ; finance ; means of communication ; churches and schools. All the geographical articles are treated in a similar systematic manner. In the treatment of the cities and towns of the United States and Canada, also those of other countries, the articles dealing with these have been revised by persons on the spot and familiar with the localities they describ'e ; the most recent census returns of population, manufactures, commerce, and other statistics have been fully utilized. The index-maps of the principal cities of the world constitute a most valuable feature, enabling the reader to determine the exact location of the noted streets, parks, railways entering the city, theaters, museums, colleges, churches, etc. ' 3 34 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING AUTHOKITIES Charles Kendall Adams, LL. D., President of the University of Wisconsin and Editor-in-chief of the Cyclopajdia. Henry Gannet, Geographer and Geologist U. S. Geological Survey. Gen. Francis A. \\'alker, LL. D., late President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prof. Mare W. Harrington. Cyrus C. Adams. Herbert H. Smith, A. M., Naturalist and Traveler, formerly of the Geological Survey of Brazil. Prof. James Main Dixon, M. A., Imperial University, Tokio, Japan. Prof. Edwin A. Grosvenor, M. A., Amherst College. Rev. Charles R. Gillett, Egyptologist. Robert Lilley, D. C. L., who resided for many years in Japan and China, and traveled extensively in the Par East. Ernest G. Ravenstein, F. R. G. S., London, England. Prof. Hermann Schoenfeld, Ph. D., Columbia University; And many special writers on each country. State, city, and town. DIVISIOX E.— MINERALOGY Section I. — Minerals Classified (a) Series I. Groups of Min erals. Gold group : Gold. Silver. Hydrogen. Alkaloid metals and me- tallic oxides: Potash, Soda, Lithia, Caesium, Rubidium, etc. Iron group: Platinum and allied metals. Mercury and amalgams. Copper. Iron. Zinc. Lead. Calcium. Manganese. Aluminium. Cobalt. Nickel. Chromium. Zirconium. Tin group: Tin. Titanium. Zirconium. VIII-141 (b) Series II. Groups. Mineral Arsenic group: Arsenic. Antimony. Bismuth. Phosphorus. Nitrogen. Boron. Sulphur group : Sulphur. Tellurium. Carbon and silicon group, (c) Series III. Mineral Groups. Chlorine group. Bromine group. Iodine group. Fluorine group. Oxygen group. Section II. — Topics in of Study Mineralogy Metals Crystallography Isomerism Dimorphism Goniometer Electric blowpipe Fusible metals Ore Ore deposits Metallic products of the United States Alloy Aluminium, manufacture of Gem Jewelry and precious stones. Facet Precious stones Kohinoor Pearls Pebble Order VIII-139 VIII- 53 III-264 VI-361 III-446 V-201 IV- 10 IV-608 IX- 16 IX- 16 XII- 42 1-128 1-139 V- 65 VI-443 IV-335 VI^43 VI-592 IX-185 IX-186 Section III. — Native Elements Antimony Arsenic Bismuth Block tin Copper Diamond (carbon). Gold Graphite Iridosmine Iron (meteoric). . . . Lead Jlercnry Nickel " Osmium and platinum Polyxene (palladium) Platinum Potassium and compounds. Rhodium and platinum Rubidium and cffisium Ruthenium and native plati- num Silver Sulphur Tellurium Tin (casserite) 1-242 1-345 II- 35 II- 61 III-182 III-428 V-190 V-250 VI_338 V 1-342 VII-110 VIII- 37 VI 1 1-479 IX- 97 IX-335 1X^23 X- 93 X-203 X-226 X-535 XI-208 XI-342 XI^50 Section TV. — Binary Compounds (a) Sulphides of Series II (see Section I) Bismuthine II- 35 Cadmium (greenockite) . . Kermes mineral. 11-266 VI-555 Molybdenite . Pyrites Tellurides . . . VIII-202 IX-557 XI-342 (b) Sulphides of Iron Group (Section I, Sei'ies I). Black Jack Bournonite Pyrites Cinnabar Ethiops mineral. ...... Galena Blende II- 43 11-120 IX-557 11-573 IV-177 V- 11 11- 54f Section V. — Compounds of Groups of Series III (Section 1) with Series I (Section I) Atacamite (ore of copper) . CiBsium (chloride) , Carnallite Embolite 1-887 11-269 11-356 IV- 56 Section VI.— Compounds of Flu- orine and Oxygen Groups of Series III (Section I) with Se- ries I (Section I) Fluorspar I IV-415 Cryolite | 111-264 Section VII. — Binarjr Compounds Oxides of the different groups of Se- ries I, II, III (Section I). Silica X-528 Quartz IX-565 Amethyst 1-159 Chalcedony 11-448 Chrysoprase 11-557 Flint (quartz) lV-391 Jasper VI^15 Agate 1-72 Topaz XI-478 Chert II_508 Flint IV-891 Alumina 1-188 ( Sapphi 4 Onrum _ _)hire. Corundum -j Corundum ( Emery f'a.ssiterite Brookite Anatase Baryta Chromite "Earths" Emery Bog iron ore Franklinite :1 III-204 11-386 11-191 1-178 1-519 11-555 I 11-565 IV- 64 II- 75 IV-515 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 35 Oxide ol iron (iron). . . . Limonite Loadstone Lydian stone Magnesia Pyrolusite (black oxide of manganese) Onyx Opal Oxychlorides Lime Arkansito Rubase Ruby Sapphire Star stone Tantalite (tantalum) . . . Thorite (thorium) Tridymite Zinkite VI-342 VII-342 VII-278 VII-368 YII-433 VII-480 VIII-594 VIII-595 IX- 66 VII-336 1-319 X-302 X-203 X-312 XI- 97 XI-293 XI^21 XI-551 XII-577 Section VIII. — Ternary Com- pounds Including: the Binary Oxides plus the Oxides of the Basic Elements of Series I (Sec. I), the Acidic Ele- ments of Series II and the Acidific Elements of Series III of Sec. I (a) Silicates. Albite (soda feldspar) 1-103 Amphibole 1-165 Analcime 1-173 Andahisite 1-205 Anthosiderite 1-231 Antigorite 1-241 Apophyllite '. 1-356 Arkansas stone 1-319 Asbestus 1-360 Astralite 1-382 Augite, or pyroxene 1-407 Aventurine glass 1-431 Axe stone 1-436 Axinite 1-436 Azurite 1-431 Beryl 1-599 Biotite (mica) II- 37 Cancrinite 11-835 Chrysolite (olivine) 11-557 Cyanite (disthene) III-295 Datholite III-343 Emerald (beryl) IV- 63 Epidote Euclase (silicate of beryl- lium) Feldspar (silicate of alu- mina) Hornblende Idocrase lolite Jade Kaolin Labradorite Lapis-lazuli Micas Moonstone Muscovite Natrolite Nepheline Pyrope (garnet) Rhyolite Serpentine Siderite (spathic iron ore) . Carborundum (manufac- tured), silicide of car- bon Steatite (talc) Talc Tourmaline Willemite Zeolite Zircon (b) Columbates. (c) Phosphates. Apatite, (phosphate of lime) . , Lazulite Wavellite Xenotine (phosphate of yttrium) (d) Borates. (e) Tungstaies. Tungstate of iron and magnesia (tungsten). (f) Sulphates. Alabaster Alunite Anhydrite Celestine (sulphate of strontia) Gypsum IV-145 IV-188 IV-283 VI- 31 VI-155 VI-336 VI-393 VI-535 VII- 6 VII- 66 VIII- 93 VIII-238 VIII-314 VIII-367 VIII-402 IX-558 X- 95 X-433 X-517 X-538 XI-131 XI-378 XI-499 XII-448 XII-573 XII-577 1-250 VII-109 XII-347 XII-536 XI-580 I- 94 1-141 1-218 11-418 V-864 Heavy spar Selenite Sulphates Turpeth mineral (g) Carbonates. Aragonite Astralite Azurite Bitter spar Black band Calamine Calo-spar Cancrinite Cerussite Malachite Siderite Smithsonite Spar Trona (sodium sesqui-car- bonate) (h) Oxalates. Borax Brucite Spinel Uraninite Vanadium Cerite (didymium) (i) Aluminates. Alexandrite Antigorite Argil (white clay) Biotite (mg. mica) Cat's-eye (chrysoberyl) . . Chlorite Chrysoberyl Feldspar Epidote Kaolin Labradorite Spinel V-478 X-416 XI-308 XI-604 1-374 1-383 1^31 II- 37 II- 40 11-273 11-375 11-335 11-443 VII-454 X-517 X-585 XI- 40 XI-559 II-lOO 11-301 XI- 61 XII- 82 XII-113 111^89 1-113 1-341 1-308 II- 27 11-403 11-542 11-557 IV-283 IV-145 VI-535 VII- 6 XI- 61 Section IX.— Hydrocarbon Compounds Albertite (marsh gas, or par- afiine series I-lOO Asphalt 1-368 Asphaltic coal 1-369 Bitumen 11-37 Boghead coal II- 75 Pyrene IX-556 DIVISION F.— GEOLOGY Subdivision First: Dynamic Geology Section I. — Introductory Topics Geology (dynamic) Refrigeration of the earth . Volcanoes Metamorphism Erosion Glaciers Disintegration Drift Moraine Petrology Petrography Bed, or stratum Dip Faults Joints Dike Section II. — Bocks. (a) Igneous rocks Granite class Granite Rhyolite V- 83 and maps X- 42 XII-288 VIII- 56 IV-162 V-158 III-459 111-513 VIII-340 IX-346 IX-340 1-553 III-451 IV-372 VI-474 111^44 X-138 X-138 X-139 V-241 X- 95 Obsidian Pegmatite Amygdaloid Diorite class Diorite Andesite Gabbro class Gabbro Diabase Basalt Trap Peridotite class Peridotite Syenite class Syenite Trachyte Eleolite class Phonolite (b) Sedimentary rooks Fragmental or elastic rocks Bowlders Burrstone Sandstones Clays VIII-551 IX-191 1-168 X-139 III-450 1-208 X-189 V- 1 III-438 1-519 XI-530 X-139 IX-316 X-139 XI-253 XI-510 X-139 IX-375 X-188 X-189 11-123 II- 44 X-391 11-598 Clay slate (argillite) Alum shale Shale Fragmental rocks of or- ganic origin Chalk Diatomaceous (infuso- rial earth) Coal Lignite Petroleum Natural gas Crystalline sedimentary rocks Limestone Salt (rock) Stalactites Ice (o) Metamorphio rocks Feldspar-quartz Gneiss Felsite Mica rocks Talc, or steatite Crystalline schists X-557 1-141 X-459 X-189 11-449 VI-351 III- 33 VII-329 IX-240 VIII-367 X-139 VII-238 X-272 XI- 84 VI-136 X-139 X-140 V-178 IV-285 X-140 XI-378 III-364 36 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Clav slate (slate) ' X-'JoT Talc schist I X-14(l Pyroxene rocks X-140 "Jade , VI-3'J3i Other raetamorphic rocks. Greenstone Quartz rooks Xovaculite X-140 I ^'-3oo x-140 VIII-523 Itacolumite Calcite rocks (metamor phic) Marble VI-863 X-140 VII-503 Subdivision Second (Geology) : Historic Geology, V-88 Cen'ozoic Era. 11-428 II Mesozoic Era. Villus Cretaceous Period. Eocene. IV-136 I Eocene Laramie Group TTT OA^iL ^ Lower Chalk 111-^44 ( Dakota Formation Newark Sv.^tcm. j Jurassic Period "VIII-422 ( Triassic Period. . . { New Red ( ■ 1. Permian Period ) Sandstones. . . VIII-445 ] „ „ , .. Tj ■ J fl- Coal Measures 2. Carboniferous Period J „ a„hn„,-hn-nif^v, III Paleozoic Era. IX-90 IV PROTOZOtC OB Agnotozoic Era. . . V-89 V Azoic Era. . . . Quaternary Period (Era)...'. IX-568 Tertiary Period. Xl-365 Present. Pleistocene. IX-343 Neocene. VIII-401 r Recent -| Pleistocene. [ IX-343 f Pliocene. / i IX-346 f [ Miocene ( Oligocene 1. Loess. ( 2. Chaniplain Epoch 3. Erie Shale . Lafayette Formation , or Age 11-347 1 2. Subearboniferous. XI-182 Devonian Period or j Old Red Sandstone Age III-419I VIII-581 ( Grits ( St. Louis Group . . 1. Catskill Group . . 2. Chemung Group 3. Hamilton Group 4. Corniferous Group. Silurian Period. / New York System. X-534 1 VIII^70 'Upper Silurian. X-534 Lower Silurian. X-534 1. Salina Group .... Niagara Group . . Cincinnati Group 5. Cambrian Period. 11-304 Algonkian, 1-118, f or J ArchiEan Period. ) 1-285 I 1. Potsdam Sandstone . 1. 2. 3. 14. Utica Group . Trenton Group Bird's-eye Limestone . 2. Taconic System. 1. Huronian System or Series. 2. Laurentian Series PALEONTOLOGY IX- 83 VII-293 11-456 lV-160 VII- 19 VIII-155 VIII-583 IV-136 VII- 71 III-244 1 11-311 VI-505 XI-548 lX-219 III- 24 XI-182 X-256 11-403 11-506 V-397 111-197 X-268 VII 1-474 11-573 XI-544 XI-544 II- 30 IX-4a8 XI-273 VI- 82 VII- 93 1-285 Subdivision Third : Biographies of Eminent Geologists Miller Hugh VIII-129 VIII-308 VI 1-368 X-533 111-352 1X^36 V- 63 VII-122 Hall. James, LL. D Smith, William V-387 X-582 LtcII Sir Charles Meek, Fielding B VIII- 10 Silliraan, Benjamin, M. D. . Milne, John, F. R. S VIII-132 VIII-423 Powell John W Dana, James D III-320 Geikie, Sir Archibald Le Conte, Joseph Williams, George H Agassiz, Louis J. R XII-153 I- 72 Gilbert, Grove K Hunt, T. Sterry Shaler, N. S Van Hise, Charles Richard. Knowlton, Frank Hall Hill, Robert Thomas Hind, Henry Youle V-141 VII- 79 X-459 XII-599 VI-643 V-635 V-635 DIVISION G.— PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Section I. — Introductory Subjects III-558 The earth. Geography Physical geography. "jr)8 lap, ; V- 82 IX-288 Section II. — Physiography Physiography . Dynamical geology . Continent Mountains Himalaya Mmintains. . . . Mciiiiit Everest Andes Mountains Koekv Mountains Mount St. Elias Appalachian Mountains. . Alleghany Mountains. . . . IX-288 ( V- 84 -| map, ( 88-90 III-161 VIII-2H2 V-.5r,T IV-194 1-207 X-141 X-24T I-2.-)8 1-123 Geological Survey. Alps Mountains. . . Cordilleras XI-231 1-134 III-191 Section III.— Effects of Forces Volcanoes Vesuvius Etna Yellowstone Park Geyser filacial action (drift). . . Denudation Geology of petroleum natural gas Plateau Terrace Sand Sahara Deserts Colorado Desert and XII-238 XII-182 IV-179 XII-549 V-133 III-513 III-406 IX-244 IX-334 XI-363 X-287 X-241 III-413 III- 74 Arid regions Prairie Plain The Great Plains Pampas Flood plain Coastal plain Base level Topography Delta Alluvium Valleys Yosemite Valley ., Death Valley C'aflon Coast Coast Survey Geodetic Survey Degrees of latitude and Ion gitude 1-311 1X^40 IX-328 IX-335 lX-103 IV-393 III- 30 1-533 XI-479 111-385 1-129 XII-109 XTI-555 1 1 1-357 11-329 III- 29 III- 30 f III- 30 1 IX-617 III-377 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 37 Polar research Antarctic i-esearches. . . . King Christian IX Land IX-369 1-229 V 1-638 Section IV. — Hydrography Hydrography Water Ocean Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean and raphy Indian Ocean Antarctic Ocean Arctic Ocean Deep-sea explorations Waves Tides topog- VI-103 XII-316 VIII-555 IX- 69 1-397 VI-205 1-229 T-302 III-373 XT 1-349 XI-437 map, 438 Gulf Stream Antarctic current Gulf of Mexico Sargasso seas Bay Harbors Rivers Watershed Basin (river) Estuary Bar (hydrography) Amazons Mississippi Eiver Mackenzie River St. Lawrence River and Gulf Yukon River Rio de la Plata Paraguay River Parana River V-343 1-229 Vni- 88 X-316 1-538 V-408 X-119 XII-335 1-524 IV-174 1-493 1-144 VIII-171 VII-898 X-253 XII-563 IX-333 IX-120 IX-123 Ganges River . Indus River. . . Cataract Niagara Palls. Lakes ......... Glaciers Icebergs Avalanche. . . . Floods Waterspout . . . V- 30 VI-239 11-395 VIlI-474 VII- 25 V-153 VI-138 1-421 IV-393 XlI-336 Section V. — Miscellaneous Topics Natural Bridge Mammoth Cave Earthquakes Seismograph Geographical botany. . Geographical zoology. VIII-367 VII-468 III-564 X^14 V- 80 map, 81 XII-579 DrVISIO:N^ H.— METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY Section I. — Meteorology Meteorology. Meteors (aerial). Breeze Winds Dust Whirlwind .... Tornado Anticyclone. . . . Hurricanes .... Norther Fogs Clouds Humidity Rain Waterspouts . . . Cloudburst Dew Dew point Frost Snow maps, 62-67 VIII- 60 VIII- 68 11-153 XII^72 III-536 XII-418 XI-481 1-240 VI- 82 VIII-510 IV-419 III- 18 VI- 72 IX-596 XII-336 III- 17 III-420 III-422 IV-579 X-590 Hail Hail storms Ice Regelation (see also Glaciers) Lightning Thunder Thunderstorm Rainbow Aurora Halo Mirage Afterglows Terrestrial magnetism. . . | Declination of the needle. . Agonic line V-378 V-379 VI-136 X- 43 VII-224 XI^30 XI-430 IX-599 1-414 V-389 VIII-160 I- 71 VII-431 map, 432 III-369 I- 75 Section Il.^Climatology Atmosphere Climate and climatology. ■! Cold Cold wave . 1-398 III- 4 map, 6-8 III- 55 III- 57 Weather Weather Bureau Weather signals Storm Kite-flying (climatology). . XII-358 XlI-358 XlI-358 XI-158 VI-639 Section III. — Biographies of Mete- orologists and Geographers Bache, Alex. (Coast Survey) Hilgard, Julius Abbe, Cleveland Humboldt, P. von Ritter, Carl Guyot, Arnold Agassiz, Louis Hutchins, Thomas Darwin, Charles R Harrington, M. W Davis, W. M Geikie, A Andree, S. A Powell, J.W, (Coast Survey) Holub, Dr. Emil 1-437 V-554 I- 4 VI- 70 X-116 V-358 I- 72 VI- 85 III-341 V-426 III-850 V- 63 1-612 IX-436 Vl-613 DIVISION I.— DBSCRIPTIVB GEOGRAPHY, WITH MAPS Section I. — America (a) North America. . Bermuda Islands. Canada Greenland Newfoundland . Labrador Mexico United States. . (b) Central America: Costa Rica Guatemala British Honduras. . Independent Honduras . . Nicaragua j Salvador (c) West Indies; U. S. possessions, Rico Puerto Cuba. Haiti, 1-148 1-595 11-314 V (297 VIII-428 VIlI-628 VII- 5 VII-605 VIII- 83 VIlI-606 XII- 33 XII-595 III-208 V-330 VI- 17 IS 613 VIII-476 VIII-630 (278 "(628 VI- X- III IX-539 < 271 "1620 V-380 Dominican Republic. . . j French possessions Danish possessions Dutch possessions \ Venezuela's possessions. - (d) South America Argentine Republic . . . . Bolivia , United States of Brazil . Chili Colombia Ecuador British Guiana. French Guiana. Dutch Guiana. Paraguay Patagonia Peru Uruguay Venezuela Falkland Is. (Great Brit.). Galapaj:os Is. (Ecuador) . Hawaiian Is. (U. S. A..), , III-480 X-309 XII-397 III^OI XII-397 VIII-412 XII-397 VIII-412 1-152 1-305 II- 82 11-141 11-523 III- 69 III-580 (337 j621 ( 338 622 337 622 119 602 IX-158 lX-230 XII- 88 XII-150 IV-250 V- 10 446 627 V- V- H: IX- V- Section II.— Europe IV-188 (a) Great Powers; Great Britain and Ireland England Scotland Ireland Wales Triple Alliance Nations : Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Loose Bond Nations : France Russia (b) Minor Powers: Spain Portugal Switzerland. . . Belgium Netherlands land) Denmark Iceland Sweden (Hol- V-1259 ^ 1617 IV- 79 X-386 VI-334 XI 1-265 V- VI 104 611 1-417 3 627 (372 ■ I 627 IV (495 "(636 X-213 XI 32 609 IX-411 Xl-247 1-567 VI1I^12 VIII-627 IlI^OO 138 617 XI-237 VI- 38 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Norway. . . . Roumania . Servia Bulgaria. . . Greece Section III. — Asia. Afghanistan Annam Arabia Baluchistan Bokhara Cambodia Caucasia Ceylon China proper China dependencies. Cochin China Cyprus Hongkong British India and Burmah . French India Portuguese India Feudatory states of India. Japan Formosa Kafristan VIII-51S VII 1-632 X-194 X^35 11-222 V-272 1-366 I- 61 1-222 1-268 1^76 II- 80 11-303 11-405 11^45 r 11-528 t 11-616 VIII-211 XI-433 XI-594 III- 36 III-300 f VI- 19 1 VI-613 S VI-193 } VI-619 VI-620 lX-412 ( Table ] VI-197 VI-405 IV-^56 VI-521 Khira Korea Russia in Asia Center. . . . Siberia Samos Siam Straits Settlements Tonquin Turkey in Asia Borneo Java Philippine Is. (U. S.) Sumatra Section IV. — Africa. British Africa French Africa Portuguese Africa Spanish Africa German Africa German Southwest Africa, Ex- Boer Republics Transvaal , Orange South African Republic, Witwatersrand Uitlanders Swaziland Liberia Turkey in Africa : Egypt VI-561 ( VI-598 ( VI-644 i X-512 X-658 X-512 X-658 X-283 X-511 XI-163 XI-476 XI-595 11-102 VI^16 IX-610 XI-211 I- 62 I- 65 I- 65 I- 66 I- 66 I- 66 v-en I- 67 I- 67 IX- 3 XI-609 XII-610 XII-593 I- 66 I- 66 ( I- 65 III-331 Tripoli Unappropriated territory. . . Great lakes Section V. — Australia. . . New South Wales Queensland South Australia. . . Victoria Western Australia. j I- 66 1 XI-555 I- 66 I- 66 1-416 VIII-446 IX-571 XI- 19 XII-190 XI 1-895 Section VI.— Special Index Maps Baltimore Boston Brooklyn Buffalo Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland New Orleans. . New York .... Philadelphia. . Pittsburg San Francisco. St. Louis Washington. . . Toronto London Paris. Berlin. Vienna. Rome.. Peking . 11-474 11-106 11-191 11-215 11-516 11-571 III- 1 VIII^43 VIII^64 IX-252 IX-319 X-292 X-255 XII-300 XI- 48 VI 1-304 IX-128 1-592 XII-195 X-173 IX-192 CHAPTER II BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS In every land, in sea, in air. Abundant life is everywhere ; Eons have passed since life began Its upward march, Monad to Man. With few exceptions, and these existing among abnormal people, most persons are interested in the appearance, habits, movements, tones, and other characteristics of animals. But they may have neither time nor, possibly, inclination to observe and to compare widely differing animals. Their knowledge of this subject is usually limited to the domestic animals about their homes, and perhaps to a meager knowledge of those animals seen at the menagerie or in zoological gardens. It is surprising that many people, supposed to be well-informed and even well-educated, should remain unacquainted with the natures, habits, and characteristics of that grand division of life to which they themselves belong. To go further, to trace the relationships of animals as shown by their anatomical structure, to recognize them in their genera and species as links of one vast chain or fabric of animal life, stretching backward to Paleontologic times — such knowledge, interesting as it is for general information, useful as it often is in the arts, and valuable as it is as a means of men- tal discipline, has, as a rule, hitherto been limited to the few. But, thanks to the introduction of nature-study in our schools, the study of animal life — zoology — is becoming more widespread. Zoology, as a science, begins with Aristotle (b. c. 384-333). No other ancient writer contributed so much to the advancement of this science as he, yet Aristotle mentions only about 500 species of animals._ In modern times zoology has undergone three periods of development, and, as a science, it is now in its fourth — the Darwinian or Evolution Period— in which the idea of descent gives a basis for sys- tematic zoology. As existing in their native state — that is, before the invasion of domestication or regulated breed- ing — all animals are grouped in species, each species being composed of numberless individuals, the latter of which die, but the species endures usually for a long period. It is difficult to mention the characteristics of any species of animals. According to conservative estimates, the number of species of animals known to science approximates half a million, but good authorities suppose that there are at least a million species of insects alone, including those still undescribed and those known. Species are grouped for study into genera, genera into sub-families, these into families, as the cat family, the dog family, etc. ; families are likewise grouped into sub-orders, these into orders, as the Carnivora, or flesh-eaters ; orders are grouped into classes, as birds, fishes, etc. ; classes form a larger group known as a branch or grand division, like the backboned branch, the jointed branch, etc. ; finally, the several branches grouped into one immense field of life constitute the entire animal king- dom, the study of which is zoology. The modern science of zoology requires the facts of the biological relations of animals, their embryology, comparative anatomy, and the facts of systematic zoology. These divisions of the science are used for a common end, viz., the search for truth in this department of life. Interspersed through this CyclopBedia, in its twelve volumes and occurring in alphabetic order, are nearly 3,000 articles pertaining to the study of animal life ; and these being taken together pre- sent the whole science. Grouping these topics, we find seven grand departments, viz. : 1. Animal Embryology, with subjects ; protoplasm, cells, animal histology, comparative anatomy animal morphology, and human anatomy. 2. Animal Paleontology, with its graphic presentations of life through the several geological ages. 40 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING 3. Descriptive Zoology, with its clear, full, and accurate description of over 2,500 animals, which knowledge constitutes the very best text-book yet produced on this subject. 4. Somatic Anthropology, or, the biology of man. 5. Zoological Geography, in which the distribution and habitat of animals in yarious regions of the earth are accounted for. 6. Advanced topics in biology, among which are biology proper, abiogenesis, evolution pro and con, parthenogenesis, ontogenesis, phylogenesis, heredity, and Weismannism. In descriptive zoology two divisions may be considered : First, that of a detailed study of the seven branches and thirty-six classes of animals ; second, the study of the typical animals of each class. The first division presents a clear, complete, and scientific account of the comparative anatomy and histology, the paleontology, the organs and systems, the classification, the nervous, muscular, musco- dermal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive systems of the thirty-six great classes of animals. AUTHORITIES President David S. Jordan, of the Leland Stanford Junior University, California, Editor-in-charge. Prof. Edward D. Cope, Editor of tiie American Naturalist. Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, Professor of Ichthyology, Leland Stanford Junior University. Prof. Oliver P. Jenkins, Zoologist. Prof. J. S. KiNGSLEY, Zoologist, Tufts College. Jlr. Frederic A. Lucas, Curator United States National Museum. Prof. J. Henry Comstock, of Cornell University. Mr. AIcGiLLivRAY, of Cornell University. Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, Assistant U. S. Pish Commissioner. Dr. IIenby S. Williams, Professor of Paleontology, Yale University. Prof. Othniel C. Marsh, Curator Yale University. Dr. Theodore Gill, Professor of Zoology, Washington. For a reference library on zoology, no work extant can possibly rival APPLETONS' UNI- VEESAL CYCLOP.^DIA AND ATLAS. This is admitted by every unprejudiced mind. As a ' complete working library for those who wish to study zoology, it is the ideal work for the family, the student, teacher, or the professional zoologist ; to all it is simply indispensable. BOTANY AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS Whence came the power of Cuvier, the zoologist, to construct a perfect model of an animal he never had seen, merely from seeing a bone of that animal ? Of Agassiz, who could reconstruct a fish from one of its scales ? Of Darwin, who showed the inestimable service to man of the humble earthworm ? Of Asa Gray, the botanist, who, from a single glance at a tree as he passed it at rail- road speed, could determine its exact place in the scale of plant life ? Making due allowance for natural gifts, hereditary tendencies, and the chosen profession of these nature-students, it is not extravagant to say that the early and continuous exercise of their observation gave them the power to see a living being and its place in the chain of life through the bone, the scale, the worm, or the tree. In the examination and study of the living world, plant life, or botany, is of exceptional value as a means of developing attention, concentration, and observation — the basis of mental power in the individual, whatever be his present or prospective life-work. Not only does Botany rank, perhaps, first as a means of training the mind to observe and to classify, but some knowledge of plants is serviceable to all. The farmer needs this knowledge to understand intelligently the life and growth of cereals and other plants that he cultivates- the gardener and the florist alike need this knowledge ; the lover of flowers — and who docs not love them ? — finds a higher and more exquisite enjoyment in their arrangement and care if possessed of the knowledge of their lives and relationships ; the pharmacist, the physician, and the chemist find a knowledge of plants to be of great practical value. Then, too, on the esthetic side of life, in art in literature, in ethical and religious feeling, does not and should not plant life speak to us and teach us lessons? But how and where shall we find a botanical instructor capable and competent, speaking with authority, adapting his instruction to the capacity and needs of all, from the beginner to the mature THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 41 student, and furnishing them material for a lifetime study of plants, if they so desire? With emphasis and without reservation, the reply is: Possess APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLO- PEDIA AND ATLAS for this botanical knowledge. In the study of the life and growth of a plant from its seed, such subjects as plant embryology, including cell life, plant histology, anatomy, physiology, morphology, and reproduction are abun- dantly illustrated and presented in the life of botanical science as it is to-day. The subject, Botany and Plant Classification, covers a vast field; the former topic treating the subject analytically and historically, while in the latter topic the characteristics of each branch, class, sub-class, order, sub-order, and family, throughout the entire plant kingdom, are given with such precision and accuracy that this feature alone furnishes the most authoritative guide on plant classification. To the thoughtful person, as he looks upon the plant life of the garden, field, or forest, the ques- tion may arise, " From what is this or that fiower, grass, or tree a lineal descendant .'' " In other words, plant ancestry is a subject of great interest. Under the subject. Vegetable Paleontology, the several floras throughout each geological age are exhaustively treated and illustrated, the dominant types of each age shown, the beginnings, culmina- tions, and decadences of each branch of the plant kingdom are given, and the flora of the present made apparent. Under the head of Descriptive Botany, the subjects — seeds, growth from seed, root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit — are exhaustively treated. The natural divisions of plants are treated with minute descriptions of more than 3,000 plants, a knowledge of which as presented in this Cyclopaedia constitutes this work the most practical and valuable botany extant in the English language. What a botanical library we find as we examine the descriptions of the flowerless plants under the divisions : seaweeds, mosses, ferns, horse-tails and club-mosses ! Then, as we pursue our investigations further under the head of flowering plants, studying the cone-bearing plants, the grasses, sedges, arums, lilies, amaryllis, crocuses, orchids, we find the prin- cipal genera and species of plants and their families fully described under their several names. Of the hundreds of families of plants in the highest sub-class, dicotyledons, mention is here made of only the more prominent ones, such as the willows, crowfoots, mustards, roses, geraniums, spurges, maples, mallows, violets, evening primroses, parsley, milkweeds, borges,' mints, nightshades, figworts, honeysuckles, gourds ; and last, the family of the composites, with their dandelions, daisies, golden- rods, and multitudes of other members of the flowery kingdom. The geographical distribution of plants, or geographical botany, is thoroughly presented. The several factors which make the plant flora of any region what it is are given at length. The subject of plant diseases and pests and their remedies are thoroughly treated in such articles as : Vegetable pathology, phylloxera, rot, smuts, rusts, weevil, gall-insect pests, grasshoppers, the potato-beetle, gipsy-moth, and insecticides. The bibliography and literature on Plants is full and recent. EDITOES-IJST-CHAEGE, AUTHORITIES, AND CHIEF CONTEIBUTOES IN THE DEPAETMENT OF BOTANY Liberty H. Bailey, M. S., Professor of General and Experimental Horticulture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. Charles E. Bessey, Professor of Botany in the University of Nebraska, and author of Botany for High Schools and Colleges. Dr. Thomas J. Burrill, Professor of Botany and Horticulture, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Dr. William Gr. Faelow, Professor of Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Dr. George L. Goodale, Professor of Natural History, and Director of the Botanic Garden, Harvard University, Cam- bridge, Mass. Dr. Henrietta B. Hooker, Professor of Botany, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. Dr. J. S. KiNGSLEY, Professor of Biology, Tufts College, Mass., and Editor of The American Naturalist. Prof. Charles Spragub Sargent, A. B., M. N. A. S., Editor of Garden and Forest, New York ; Professor of Arboricul- ture, Harvard University. Dr. Lester F. Ward, Paleontologist in charge of the fossil plants U. S. Geological Survey. George C. Watson, M.S., Assistant Agriculturist, Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. It may be emphatically reiterated that the subject of botany, so authoritatively treated in APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS, presents to its readers the very 42 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING highest and latest reference-work on this subject and furnishes them with full knowledge of all the material on plant life necessary for mental culture or for professional use. Note.— "All animals and all plants are constantly varying, and these variations may have every conceivable tendency, some being distinctly beneficial, others as distinctly injurious to the forms in which they occur. Every individual, from the moment it begins life, even while an egg. a seed, or a spore, is a partaker in an active struggle for existence; and while accident may occasionally produce a different result, those species and those individuals which are best fitted by variation for their part in the world will survive. Heredity insures the repetition of the favorable variation in the next generation. As a logical result of these factors, a sufficient length of time is alone necessary to people the earth with all its present varied fauna and flora from a single primitive type of lite." DIVISION A.— GENERAL OUTLINE Sectio:* I. — Zoology, the Study of Ani mal Life Animal embryology (a) Protoplasm (b) Cells (c) Animal histology (d) Comparative anatomy Organs and systems s Classification of animals Nervous system Muscular system Muco-dermal system Digestive system Circulatory system Respir ■'^iry system Reproductive system (e) Anim..l morphology (f ) Cephalization (g) Osteology Human anatomy (a) History (b) Departments (e) Bibliography and references Animal Paleontology Descriptive zoology (see Division B, Sec tions I and II). Somatic anthropology Zoological geography , Biological topics: (a) Biology (1() Abiogenesis ((■) Alternations of generations , (il) Evolution (\) Parthenogenesis XII- ;583 586 IV- 57- 62 ( IX-511 V-567-568 S 11-419 ■( V-567-568 V-567-587 1-180-303 1-180-181 1-180-183 1-188-186 1-186-187 1-187-191 1-191-193 1-193-399 1-199-300 1-300-303 VIII-356~257 11-^39 IX- 43- 50 1-178-180 1-178-179 1-179-180 1-180 IX- 85- 90 1-333 XII-579-583 II- 25- 27 I- 13 1-137 IV-200-211 IX-147-148 (f) Ontogenesis. . . (g) Phylogenesis . (h) Heredity (i) Weismannism VIII-594 IX-285 V-519-520 IV-301-20a Section II. — Botany, the Study of Plant Life Plant embryology (a) Protoplasm and cells (b) Vegetable histology (cj Vegetable anatomy and physiology. (d) Vegetable morphology. . . (e) Reproduction in plants. . Botany and plant classification Vegetable paleontology (a) Precambrian flora (b) Cambrian flora , (c) Silurian flora (d) Devonian flora (e) Carboniferous flora (f) Triassio flora (g) Jurassic flora (h) Cretaceous flora (i) Tertiary flora (j) Neophytic flora (k) Dominant types of geological iigcs. . Descriptive botany — typi-s and cliaracters (a) Water slimes (b) Spore tangles (c) Fruit tangles. (d) Mossworts (e) Pernworts (f ) Flowering plants Geographical botany IV- 61- 63 ( IV- 61- 63 11-108 ; 419 V-587-590 11-108-111 VIII-257-358 X- 61 ( 11-108-113 XII-133-144 IX- 85- 86 IX-337-330 IX-331 lX-331 IX-331 IX-381 IX-331 IX-831 IX-331 IX-332 IX-332 IX-833 IX-332 XII-134 XIl-134-185 XII-135-137 XII-137-138 XII-138-139 XII-139-144 V- 80- 81 DIVISION B.-DESCRIPTIVE ZOOLOGY { ^; ^';^f,^:iY„if„'^^f^^ STUDIEC Skitios- I. — Verte- ) brates, or Back- } , xii- boned Animals. . ) '"•'"'•*' Classes ,. * \'n- Ilammalia • 4g4_4(j; (Birds ['"-29-30 Monocondylia , ] ^^^i^,\ | ^I^ Batrachia 'frogs, etc.) I 1-53-3 f VI- ' 14.V147 Pisces iflshes) h jv" tj 371-3T3 Aeuatha rmareipobranchia.) VII-5.39 Leptocardii \ VII-158 Enteropneusta -, rV-124 -^ . . I XI- Tunicata -, 58O-58I Histol- ogy and anat- omy. Paleon- tology. I-1H4 V- XII- 176-178 1-183 IX-90 # „ " IV-124 1-183 1-183 IX-88 Organs Classifi' and cation of systems, aninials. I-ia3 vn- 464-165 1-183 1-1 83 VII-467 IX-30 I-lbS X-«3 lV-576 VI- HO vn-S39 VlI-158 lV-ia4 1-103 1-182 XrTvnus system. 1-184 vn- 465-^6 I- 184-185 1-185 IV-124 1-183 Muscu- lar sys- tem. VTI-lfir) 1-187 iv-ia4 1-186 Muco- dermal system. I-18n VU-»66 1-189 1-190 1-189 IV-134 XI-.580 Diges- tive syfi teni. 1-103 V 11-466 1-193 1-193 IV-184 Circula- tory system. 1-199 VII-466 1-190 T- 196-197 1-194 1-195 IV-124 1-194 Respira- tory sj'stem. VII-466 1-200 rV-124 1-200 Repro- ductive system. VII-4C6 I- 202-203 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 43 Section II. — Artliro- ) pods, or Jointed >- Animals ) Classes Insecta (entomology) -< Myriapoda {" 1,000 legs "). -j Arachnida (" spiders "). . . < Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, 1 etc.) 1 Section III. — Mol- ( lusks, or Soft- j bodied Animals. . ( Classes Cephalopoda (devil-fish). . < Pteropoda (see Snails) Gasteropoda < Acephala (oysters, clams) -| Brachiopoda Bryozoa Sec. IV. — Vermes, j or Worms / Classes Annelidse (earthworms). . -j Gephyraea Nematoda, or nemathel- \ minthes (" Acanthocephala Trematoda Cestoda, or cestoid worms . Turbellaria Rotatoria, or rotif era Section V. — Echino- dermata, or Spiny - skinned Animals j Classes Holothuroidea (sea - cu- 1 cumbers) ( Echinoidea (sea-urchins) . . . Asteroidea (star-fi.sh) Crinoidea (stone-liUes) Section VI. — Coelen- ) terata, or Hollow- > bodied Animals . ) Classes Anthozoa (corals) Ctenophora Medusse (jelly-fish) Spongia (sponges) Section VII. — Pro- / tozoa ) Infusoria Rhizopoda 1-349 IV- 124-136 VIII- 333-334 1-272 IU-263 vni- 197-201 1-185 II- 439-440 IX-534 V-55-56 1-26 VII- 32-33 n-i2r n-207 xn-.5ir 1-182 1-224 V-101 Vni-399 1-182 XI-542 in-444 XI-591 X-192 ni-574 V-608 III-.^75 1-381 III-249 in-47 1-38 III-271 Vni-10 XI-67-K VI-251 X-90 Histol- ogy and anat- omy. 1-182 IV- 124-125 1-183 I- 182-183 VIII- 198-200 1-184 I- 182-202 I- 182-202 I- 182-202 I- 182-202 Paleon- tology. Organs and systems. IX-87-88 IX-88 IX-87-88 IX-88 Classifi- cation of animals. IX-87 ix-se-si IX-S 180-181 IV- 135-126 1-188 1-183 I- 182-183 III-263 1-182 VIII- 198-200 1-182 n- 439-440 1-182 V-55-56 1-182 III-574 1-182 1-181 1-182 Nervous system. IV-129 I- 182-183 1-182 Vm-200 1-182 11-^40 1-182 V-66 I-1S2 VII- 32-33 1-182 1-184 IV-127 VIII- 383-334 1-184 III-263 vin-200 1-184 n-439 1-183 1-184 1-182 1-182 1-183 1-182 1-183 Muscu- lar sys- tem. 1-186 IV-126 I-1E6 1-186 Vin-199 1-186 1-224 V-101 VIII-39E 1-182 XI-542 111-444 XI-691 X-192 Muco- dermal system. 1-188 I- 188-189 1-188 1-187 I- 187-188 V-66 I- 187-188 1-188 1-187 1-189 1-187 Diges- tive sys- tem. 1-192 III-263 1-192 1-191 1-192 1-191 Circula- tory system. 1-194 IV- 126-127 1-194 III-263 1-182 I- 193-194 1-162 Respira- tory system. 1-200 rV-127 1-200 ni-203 I- 199-200 1-199 1-182 Repro- ductive system. I- 201-202 1-201 IV-127 1-201 I- 201-202 III-263 1-202 1-201 1-202 1-201 b. TYPICAL ANIMALS Mammals. (Orders) Man (Primates) Gorilla (Primates) Lemur (Primates) Lion ((Jarnivora) Wolf (Carnivora) Bear (Carnivora) Horse (Ungulata) Rhinoceros . . . (Ungulata) Ox (Ungulata) Hog (Ungulata) Elephant (Proboscidae) VII^68 V-211 VII-145 VII-251 XII^95 1-543 VI- 33 X- 90 11^03 XI-346 IV- 36 {contmued). (Orders) Manatee (Sirenia) Whale (Cetaeea) Porpoise (Cetaeea) Bat (Cheiroptera) Mole (Insectivora) Rabbit (Rodentia) Mouse (Rodentia) Armadillo (Edentata) Kangaroo. . .(Marsupialia) Duckbill . . (Monotremata) VII-473 XII-408 IX-404 1-530 VIII-194 IX-579 VIII-287 1-330 VI-537 III-531 Birds. (Orders) Robin (Inssessores) Oriole (Inssessores) Woodpecker . .(Soansores) Eagle (Raptores) Ostrich (Struthiones) Duck (Natatores) Reptiles. Crocodile (Crocodilia) Turtle (Chelonia) Lizard (Testudinata) Rattlesnake .... (Ophidia) X-131 IX- 37 XII-506 III-554 IX- 51 III-531 III-351 XI-366 VII-375 X- 11 u EDUCxVTIOXAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Balrachia. (Orders) Bullfrog (Anura Toad (Anura) Siilamander . . . .{I'rodela) Xewt (Urodela) Fishes. Angler Pike Cod Pickerel Bass Eel Insects. Bee (Hyraenoptera) Hornet . . .(Hymenoptera) Ant (llymciioptcra) Butterfly. . .(Lcpi(lo|itera) Moth (Lupidoptera) Plea (Aphanipteru) House-fly (Diptera) Potato-bug. . .(Coleoptera) Grasshopper. . (Orthoptera) Plant-louse . .(Hemiptera) Mosquito (Diptera) Mayfly ) (l^seudoneuroptera) f Mijriapoda. Centipedes Thousand legs Arachnida. Trap-door spider Geometrical spider Daddy longlegs Itch-mite (scabies). II-i25 XI-4fiO "\'IIl-4:)5 1-2 U lX-303 III- 40 IX-299 I-.52G III-591 1-5.").") VI- 32 1-227 II-2.J3 VIII-2T4 lV-386 IV-415 IX-42,5 "\'-2.53 1-2.53 VIII-271 VII-592 11^35 VIII-333 XI- 59 XI- 59 XI- 59 ( I- 31 / X-333 Cntslacea. (Orders) Horseshoe crab Hermit crab Lobster Acorn barnacle ) (Cirripedia) f Cephalopoda. Squid Cuttlefish Octopus (devil-fish). . . . < Pearly nautilus Oasteropoda. Slug (Limacidffi) Land snail Ear shell Cowry Acephala. Razor clam Mussel Clam Pearl oyster (Fisheries).. Common oyster Srachiopoda. Lamp shell Tongue shell Annelidm. Earth (angle) worm Medicinal leech Nematoda. Hair-worm (Gordius) Muscle-worm . .(Trichina) Vinegar-eel . . (Anguillula) Trematoda. Liver fluke VI- 40 III-233 VII-281 11-579 XI- 77 III-393 1-190 VIII-301 VIII-373 VlI-233 V- 55 III-558 III-231 X- 14 VIII-331 11-590 IX-185 IX- 67 VII- 37 XI-366 III-566 VII-127 V-309 XI-550 1-318 IV-411 Cesloda. (Orders) Tapeworm Holothuroidea. Sea cucumber Echinoidea. Sea urchin Cake urchin Asteroidea. Starfish Basket fish Crinoidea. Stone lily (Encrinite) Anthozra. Organ-pipe coral Sea fan Red coral Cup coral Brain coral Medusa. Jellyfish (Medusa.) I Campanularia hydroid . . . Common hydra Sea anemone.. (Actiniidas) Spongia. Common sponge Venus flower basket Calcareous sponge Infusoria. Bell animalcule Monad lihizopoda. Rhizopod Globigerina Amceba XI-294 V-608 III-575 111-575 XT- 93 1-524 IV- 73 III-189 III-189 III-189 III-189 11-136 I- 30 VIII- 10 VI-107 VI-105 I- 38 XI-67-68 XII-155 XI- 68 1-571 VIII-208 X- 90 V-170 1-163 DIVISION C.-DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY Seeds Growth from seed. Section I. — Organs of Flowering Plants X-412 ( IV- 62 ( V-587 Root 11-110 Stem : 11-110 Leaf VII-113 Flower IV-409 Fruit IV-580 Sectiox II. — Principal Natural Divisions of Plants . Flowerless Plants (Anthophytes) . Algae (Sea-weeds) Fucoids Red Sea-weed Musci Mosses Liverworts. FilicinesB (Ferns). Fern worts Brake Equisetincix; (Horse-tails) Common Horse-tail (Equisctum). Lycopodinec (Club-mosses) Club-moss b. Flowering Plants rCyciils. . . ymnosperms. . .XII-139 I Conifi-is. . (joint Firs ( '..iiiferje Cedar Pine Hemlock Juniper Arlior VitK? A ngiosperms (a) Monocotyledons and their types. . Graminte (the Grasses) XII-134-139 1-115 IV-583 X-406 XII-138 VIII-371 VIII-372 VTI-273 XII-138 IV-303 11-137 IV-154 XII-139 IV-154 XII-139 III- 20 ( 1-231 "( XII-139 111-296 111-143 VI^7.') III-142 11-416 IX-308 A'-495 VI -.'502 1-279 XII-139 VIII-214 ( XII-140 "/ V-251 Timothy Indian Corn (Maize) Wheat (Hordese) Oats (A vena) Cyperaceaa (Sedge Family) . Carex Cyperus Araceae (Arum Family) . . . . Sweet-flag Calla Liliacese (Lily Family). Tulip Lily of the Valley. . . Hyacinth Amaryllidace89 (Amaryllis Family) Narcissus Amaryllis IridacesB (Iris Family) Crocus Orchidaceas (Orchis Family) Yellow Lady's Slipper (Cypripcdiun), (b) Dicotyledons and their types Salicacese (Willows) Willow Poplar Ranunculaceaj (Crowfoot Family) Early Crowfoot. Anemone Hepatica Clematis CruciferiE (Mustard Family) Wild Mustard Wat cr-oress Cabbage Turnip XI-449 VII-452 XII-411 VIII-542 j XII-140 ( X-410 11-349 III-399 1-273 I- 39 11-389 ( VII-332 ■( XII-139 XI-578 VII-232 VI- 88 ( 1-143 } XII-140 VIII-361 1-143 ( VI-338 ( XII-140 IH-252 ( IX- 5 ] XII-140 VII- 17 ( 111-435 I XII-140 ( XII-141 ( XI 1-459 XII-459 IX-401 ( 1 1 1-260 ) XII-140 1 1 1-260 1-213 V-504 11-602 VI 1 1-331 XII-140 VIII-331 III-244 11-260 XI-603 THE ITN'[VBRSAL CYCLOPJilDIA AND ATLAS 45 KosaoefB (Rose Family) Cherry Rose Hawthorn Apple LeguminossB (Pea Family) Pea ■. Clover Locust GeraniacesB (Geranium Family) Horseshoe Geranium Oxalis Yellow Geranium Euphorbiaceee (Spurge Family) Spurge Cultivated Castor-oil Plant Aoeraceae (Maple Family) Maple Box Elder Malvaceb (Hallow Family) Common Mallow PloUyhoek Shrubby Althaea Cotton ViolacesB (Violet Family) Pansy (Violet) Violet OnagraoeEE (Evening Primrose Family). Evening Primrose Fuchsia Umbelliferse (Parsley Family) Parsley Fennel Carrot Cicuta Asolepiadaceae (Milk-weed Family).. . . \ Milk-weed j X-181 ( XII-142 11-508 X-182 V-450 1-260 VII-137 IX-180 III- 18 VII-291 V-101 xn-141 V-101 V-101 V-101 XI- 75 xn-141 XI- 75 11-391 VI 1-500 VII-500 11-124 VII-461 XII-141 VII-461 V-607 1-137 III-214 XII-140 XII-208 XII-208 XII-208 XII-142 IX-466 IV-581 XII-143 IX-146 IV-291 11-375 11-568 XII-144 VIII-127 VIII-127 Boraginacea? (Borage Family) Borage Forget-me-not Heliotrope , Labiatse (Mint Family) ■ Ground Ivy Catnip Spearmint Dead Nettle Solanaceae (Nightshade Family) Potato Tomato Petunia Tobacco Sorophulariaoeas (Figwort Family) Figworts Foxglove (Digitalis) Snap Dragon Caprifoliacese (Honeysuckle Family). . . . Common Elder Viburnum CucurbitaoeOB (Gourd Family) Cucumber Pumpkin Melon Squash Compositse (Composites) Dandelion Oxeye Daisy Golden-rod Thistle Section III. — Bibliography and Liter- ature on Plants (Plant). . ( XII-143 I II-lOO 11-100 IV-^54 V-486 VIII-153 XII-144 V-144 11-401 XI- 43 ni-354 XII-143 VIII-484 IX-434 XI-469 IX-247 XI-460 IV-338 XII-144 IV-328 III^W4 X-589 j XII-144 } VI- 19 IV- 5 XII-187 J XII-143 ( III-273 III-273 IX-547 VIII- 21 XI- 77 j XII-144 j III-106 III-332 III-311 V-193 XI-413 r XII-144 I 11-112 1 IX-333 IX-336 CHAPTEK III LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS Man is distinguished above all other animals, and is differentiated from them, by his power to articulate sounds, thus forming words, which, arranged according to his mode of thought, constitute spoken language, and, if expressed in visible symbols, written or printed language. Observation and study show that the order of learning a language is as follows : First we hear, and discriminate spoken words, learn to recognize their associations with objects, acts, and relations ; secondly, we attempt to imitate what we have heard, and thus learn to talk ; thirdly, we learn to read ; and, fourthly, to write, or, perhaps, the last two simultaneously. Prof. William D. Whitney, the linguist, says : " There are, we may say, a thousand different lan- guages in the world, and each of them has a different word for hand, or green, or run ; there is no reason why any human being uses one of these thousand words instead of another for a given pur- pose, except that he hears it used by others, and then himself learns to reproduce it with the same idea which it represents in their use." Prof. Max Miiller, another celebrated linguist, argues that thought without language is impos- sible. He shows that the development and spread of all languages may be explained by their origina- ting from less than a hundred primitive forms or roots. The origin, growth, spread, classes, and varieties of languages, and their value in the solution of ethnological and racial problems, constitute most interesting subject-matter. The subject of Language, Linguistics, and Comparative Philology as presented in APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS is exceedingly valuable to all persons interested in this branch of knowledge. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University of California, a celebrated linguist, was the editor-in-charge of this department of the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA. Dr. Wheeler strove to present the phenomena of language in the light of their historical significance, and to treat these in accordance with the methods of the modern science of historical grammar, as distinguished from the merely descriptive methods of earlier linguistic discussion. The plan of his work includes the fol- lowing divisions of matter : (a) Articles on the various groups or families of languages, such as the Indo-European, the Semitic, and the Teutonic. These articles undertake to characterize each group, with reference to its geographical location and distribution, its division into separate languages and dialects, with the determining marks or other characteristics of the division, its historical development, and its main characteristics of sound, form, and syntax, considered from a strictly scientific point of view. {b) Articles on each separate language or dialect that has attained the position of a literary lan- guage, with discussion of its main characteristics, geographical extent, division into dialects, and with reference to the most important lexicographical and grammatical treatises, as well as to con- venient handbooks for acquiring a practical knowledge of the language. (c) Articles explanatory of the technical terms of scientific and descriptive grammar, as of prosody or metre. (sar Battle of Pliarsalus Mark Antony Cleopatra Augustus CiPsar Tiberius and the twelve Csesars Caligula Claudius (Tiberius) Nero Galba, Otho, Vitellius. . • Vespasian Josephus Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Verus Coinmodus Claudius (Marcus) Aurelian Diocletian Constantine the Great. . . . Theodosius Julian the Apostate Persecution of the Chris- tians Valens and Valentinian.. Goths and Huns Theodosius I, the Great.. . Alaric Attila Battle of Chiluiis (Sur- Jlanie) , The VandaN Odoacer Roman architecture The arch for bridges Amphitheaters Aqueducts of Rome Roman baths X-1G4 I VlI-196 j 1\-.V)II l\-.-)4S ]T-:!7T '\'-:)4!» X- 4.-) ( V-:iii:j "( V-4()4 Il-:i28 X1I-5G7 X-:JS3 x-;38;! V-20!) V-2i!l vil-.-)iy X 1-200 lX-394 XII-1G9 11-507 11-401 XI-.507 11-208 X-171 1-248 11-004 1-411 XI^33 11-289 11-590 VI 1 1-404 V- 11 IX- 5:i XlI-230 X 11-179 Vl-480 XI-459 111-482 VlII-405 XI-518 V-373 1-247 VI 1-500 XI 1-1 79 III- 99 11-596 1-412 III-448 III-150 X 1-388 VI-500 VIII-404 ( XII- ■j 105-100 J V-217 ( VI- 78 X 1-888 1- 95 1-402 11-450 XII-UO VI 11-503 X-153 1-281 1-10.-) ( I-2G.J ( X-153 X-157 Livy "I His- I'oi-sius 1_ torians Juvenalis I orators, Literature, Pliilosophy, Law Plant us. . Terence.. . Lucilius.. Lucretius., V.-rtril . . . Horace Ovid ■ i-P.x/ls. I Later ' r poets lX-340 X 1-301 VI 1-347 VI l-34« XII-100 VI- 28 IX- ryj I Cicero Caesar Sallust Livv Tacitus .Seneca Pliny, the elder. Marcus Aurelius. Epictetus Justinian Roman archaeology. Pantheon Interior decorations Sculpture Painting Temples Forum poets. His- torians. Ethics, science, ■ and poli- tics. VII-274 IX-220 VI-518 11-567 11-208 X-270 VII-274 XI-271 X-423 IX-340 VII-500 IV-143 ^1-510 X-152 IX-107 X-154 X-154 X-155 X-156 J I\'-472 ; X-157 Section III. — Mediaeval History (Middle Ages) Jliddle Ages. Dates VIII-107 Principal events VIII-107 Migrnf 10)1 and Settlement of Teutonic Tribes. Ostrogoths Odoacer Theodoric Burgundy Visigoths Vandals Arian Creed (Arius) Athanasius Merovingians Clovis Carlovingians Lombards Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxons in Britain (Angles) Conversion of Barbarians. Ulfi,las (Gothic language). Nicene Creed Augustine Winfred, or St. Boniface. . Monachism, Christian. . . . a. Hermits 1. St. Anthony 2. St. Benedict b. Monks, or Cenobites. Fusion of Latin and Teu- tonic Peoples. Teutons Roman subjugation Ordeals in Teutonic gov- ernment Justinian and Corpus Juris Civis Black death (plague) Heraclius (Byzantine Em- peror) Greek, or Byzantine Em- pire Jlohamiiied and the Sara- . V-217 VIII-563 XI-388 11-230 V-217 XII-116 1-315 1-388 VIII- 42 III- 19 11-853 VII-302 1-217 1-214 V-210 III-241 1-409 II- 94 VIII-204 V-520 VIII-205 1-578 VIII-205 XI -370 X-172 IX- VI-510 IX-323 V-50e 11-258 Saracens X-313 Mecca Vll-002 Mohammed VIII-192 Thellegira V-483 Koran(al) I VI-5B0 Islam, or Mohammedanism i VI 11-192 Abubekr. Jlohanimedati Conquests. . a. Tours b. Charles Martcl..., Bagdad , Haroun Al-l:a~chid. . . I- 17 VIII-190 XI-500 11-473 1-440 \-A24 Arabian Nights. Saracenic art. . . Feudalism and Chivalry. Feudal system Chivalry Knight and knight-tem plar Norman Conquest. The Norman Conquest . j Harold The battle of Hastings (see Battle) Edward the Confessor. . William the Conqueror , Plantagenets Henry 11 Crusades. Crusades Peter the Hermit Tancred Salahdin Richard Coeur de Lion . Papal States and Pope. Papal States and Pope . Hildebrand (Gregory VII) Innocent Friars and mendicants. . . Councils of the Church. . . a. Pisa b. Constance Albigenses Conquest of the Turanian Tribes. Genghis Khan Tamerlane (Timur) Great Mogul Cross and Crescent The Revival of Learning. Scholasticism , Schoolmen Renaissance (Humanism). Humanism Revival of learning 1-272 X-313 IV-310 11-540 ( \' 1-587 ] VI-588 VIII-501 IV- 82 V-424 T-534 II 1-589 XI 1-449 ( IX-326 ] IV- 85 V-500 III-263 IX-238 X 1-288 X-263 X-100 ( IX-108 j IX-398 V-304 VI-258 111-563 III-219 IX-313 111-149 1-101 V- 75 XI-450 VIII-189 j III-257 \ III-244 X-353 X-356 X- 53 VI- 66 X- 83 Section IV. — Modem History England. a. Period. England , Early history , Britannia Heptarchy (Anglo-Saxon) b. Period. Norman Conquest Beginnings of constitu- tional liberty Magna Charta c. Period. Conquest of Wales and war with Scotland William Wallace \ Robert Bruce . Period. The One Hundred Years' Wai' Edward III Wat Tyler Joan of Arc . Period. War of the Roses . Richard III . IV- 82 IV- 83 11-184 1-217 IV- 83 IV- 83 VII-421 IV- 83 IV- 83 XI 1-268 83 201 ( IV- \ 1 1-2 ( IV- 83 ( VI- 75 J IV- 83 / 111-589 IV- 83 j IV- S3 ( VI-461 -185 S X- ( IV- 83 S IV- 83 ( X-101 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS 59 f. Period. The Reformation .../.... Mary Queen of Scots. . . • Elizabeth ( X- 33 ; IV- 83 IV- 84 VII-551 j IV- 84 ] IV- 41 ( IV- 84 i 11-469 g. Period. Struggle between Parlia- h. Period. Civil war IV- 84 Oliver Cromwell j IV- 84 ] 111-354 IV- 84 i. Period. The Restoration Revolution of 1688 j. Period. William of Orange J War of the Spanish Suo- IV- 84 IV- 85 XII-452 XI-189 The rulers of England k. Topics. IV- 85 IX-138 History of Great Britain. . History of Scotland Wales I V-266 j V-618 X-388 XII-265 History of Ireland 1. British colonization. • British India VI-336 V 1-200 Australia 1-417 11-316 XII-192 France. History of Prance Ancient Gaul IV-501 11-422 Visigoths V-317 11-236 Clovis III- 19 The Franks IV-516 Merovingian dynasty VIII- 42 IX-209 11-473 Carlo vingian dynasty Charlemagne 11-353 11-467 Charles the Bald 11^68 11-337 XII-111 Louis VI VII-328 Philip II (Augustus) The States-General The One Hundred Years' War IX-257 XI- 98 VI- 75 Catharine de Medici Louis XI 11-398 Vn-829 III-585 Cardinal Richelieu Great authors. X-103 III-196 b. Racine IX-581 VIII-195 II- 78 e Bossuet 11-105 IV-290 Louis XII VII-329 Louis I to Louis XVI Political writers. a. Voltaire J VII- ■ 328-330 XII-242 X-197 1-108 d. Montesquieu VIlI-229 111-488 French Revolution Necker IV-503 VIII-388 1-529 National Assembly Jacobins and Girondists. . Reign of Terror IV-503 ( VI-389 } V-151 IV-503 Napoleon Bonaparte VIII-350 The Directory Retreat from Moscow .... Waterloo Bourbons Napoleon III , Franco-German War Grfivy Carnot Casirair-Perier , Recent history Germany. Its history. Germany in the dark ages. Germany in later mediae- val ages Germany in the period of Reformation Rise of Prussia Period of French Revolu tion French power in Germany War of Liberation Prussian ascendency German Empire Additional topics. Treaty of Verdun Franks East and West Franconia. King Ludwig Dukedoms. a. Saxony b. Franconia c. Swabia d. Bavaria' e. Lorraine Conrad I, King Henry I Otho Conrad II Henry III, IV, and V ... . Lothair Frederick I, Barbarossa . . House of Hohenstaufen. . . House of Hapsburg House of Luxembourg University of Prague Invention of gunpowder (explosives) Hanseatic League Sigismund , House of Hohenzollern. . . Gutenburg printing Maximilian I The Reformation Martin Luther Diet of Worms Council of Trent Charles V of Germany. . . . The Thirty Years' War.. . Aid of Gustavus Adolphus Peace of Westphalia . . Lutheranism Zwingli and Calvin. . , The Palatinate , Prussian Kingdom Frederick I of Prussia. . . . Frederick the Great Warof Austrian Succession Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. . The Seven Years' War. . . . Ploly Roman Empire Frederick William III German Confederation . . . Franco-German War Frederick William IV Triple Alliance Prince Bismarck Recent German history.. . German literature Bibliography III-455 VIII-356 XII-328 11-118 VIII-359 IV-508 V-308 11-358 11-384 IV-637 V-108 V-108 V-109 V-109 V-110 V-110 V-110 V-110 V-111 XI-535 IV-516 V-108 V-108 X-332 IV-512 XI-234 1-587 VIl-324 III-146 V-501 V-108 III-147 V- 501-502 VII-325 IV-529 V-602 V-407 VII-364 IX-440 IV-221 V-406 X-523 V-603 V-857 VII-589 X- 33 VII-356 111-441 XI-543 11-469 XI-411 V-356 XI-586 VII-359 XII-591 11-292 IX- 82 ( IX-518 I V-109 IV-530 IV-580 XI-190 I- 89 X-441 11-467 IV-531 V-111 IV-508 IV-531 XI-555 II- 34 V-610 V-113 V-111 Russia X-217 a. Early history to Peter the X-217 The Scythians and Sarma- tians X-217 Invasion of Goths, Huns, Avars, and Alans The Slavs, sixth century X-217 X 217 Rurik, founder of the Russian nation Rurik House. X-209 X-217 Oueen Olera VII 1-582 Sviatoslofl X-317 Vladimir the Great Mongol invasion by Ghen- gis Khan X-317 X-317 Ivan the Great VI-379 VI-379 The Romanoffs. Michael Feodorovitch Alexis Michaelovitch Peodor 111 X-317 1-113 X-217 Sophia X-317 b. Russian Empire. Peter the Great, first Em- peror of Russia Pounding of St. Peters- burg , . ( X-217 \ IX-235 X-259 Catharine I 11-398 Peter II IX-235 1-222 Elizabeth (first Russian university) X-217 Catharine 11 11-398 Paul IX-170 Alexander I and the Na- poleonic struggle Peace of Prederioksham, Tilsit . I-llO XI 538 Pounding of the " Holy VI 3 Nicholas I VIIl-478 Victory of Navarino and Peace of Adrianople. . . . Crimean War and battles of: a. Alma VIII-876 I 129 1-458 c. Inkermann VI-256 d. Siege of Sevastopol. . Alexander II, assassinated. Treaties of Paris, Berlin, and San Stefano Count Melikoff X-440 I-llO XI-539 VIII 19 Alexander III I 111 Nicholas II (1894) Russian history, recent. . . Bibliography of Russian history VIII-478 X-627 X 219 Spain. General history of Spain. . Early colonization at a. Cadiz by Phoenicians. b. Saguntum by Greeks. c. Carthasena by Car- thaginians. Roman occupation of Spanish Peninsula Gothic invasion of Spain.. Arabic invasion and control The Moors in Spain Ferdinand V XI- 34 XI- 34 XI- 34 XI- 34 XI- 34 VIII-339 IV 393 Isabella and Castile Conquest of Granada American discovery and Spanish colonization . . . Columbus VI-354 V-337 ( 1-149 \ 1-151 ( 1-155 III 83 Charles I of Spain, or Em- peror Charles V of Ger- many 11-469 CO KnrCATlONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Philip II of Spain | The " Invincible Armada."! Charles II of Spain Wars of the Spanish Suc- oessioii Joseph Bonaparte as ruler. Spanish campaigns and Wellington Amadeus Isabella II Alfonso XII Maria Christina(Qiieen Re- gent) Alfonso XIII The Cuban rebellion. . . . War with the U. S Recent Spanish history. . .- Spanish buiguaci' Spanish literatnre Spanish-American litera- ture Bibliography on Spanish history Italy. a. Period. Conquest and feudalism . . b. The communes and the republic Holy Roman Empire re- stored Lombard League (Lom- bardy) Guelphs and Ghibellines.. c. The decadence of Italy.. . House of Savoy The Medicis The Holy League Battle of the Lepanto (Gulf of) d. The regeneration o£ Italy. Congress of Vienna Piedmont and Charles Al- bert Victor Emanuel It Garibaldi King Humbert City of Milan City of Florence e. Recent Italian history . . . f. Italian literature g. Bibliography of history. . Austria- Hungary The Xeltierlands History of the Netherlands Kecent history of the Neth- erlands North European Countries. a. Swedish history. Sweden Olaf IX-2.-)8 I-:il!) 11-471 XI-180 II- 90 XI 1-382 1-142 V 1-355 1-114 VII-510 1-115 111-630 111-620 XI-609 XI- 37 XI- 37 XI- 35 XI- 34 VI-376 VI-376 VI-376 V 11-803 V-333 VI-376 VI-376 VI-376 VI- 4 VII-155 VI-377 XII-197 11-473 XIl-189 V-36 VI- 69 VIlI-113 lV-397 VI-638 VI-364 VI-377 1-419 VIII^13 VIII-413 VlII-637 XI-339 VllI-578 Battle of Axlewalde .... C^ueen Margaret of Den- mark Union of Calmar (Kalmar). (xustavus Vasa (iustiivus Adolphus Christina Gustavus IV (Gustav II). . Charles XIII Marshal Bernadotte Recent Swedish history.. . . Norway. History of Norway Runic inscriptions (runes) Harold — Fair-haired Treaty of Kiel Oscar II, present king. . . Recent history of Norway . History of Denmark. . . . United States of America. a. Discovery, exploration, and settlement of Anier- TT ica Norseman and Vin- \ land \ Norumbega Columbus. Cabots Ponce de Leon « DeSoto Champlain, Samuel de. . . . Raleigh John Smith Puritans . Colonial and provincial period King George's war French and Indian war. .. Montcalm Wolfe, James Battle of Quebec The frontier Virginia Bacon's rebellion New England colonies Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Effort to unite the colonies Causes of the War of In- dependence The War of Independence The confederation Inauguration of the Fed- eral Government Constitution of the United States Formation of political parties XI-239 VII-509 VI-525 V-356 V-356 11-552 V-356 11-473 XI-339 XI-617 VIII-514 X-208 V-424 Vl-567 IX- 40 VIll-633 III-401 XII- 50 VIII-501 XII-207 VIII-513 III- 83 11-263 IX-895 XI- 15 11-455 X- 1 X-579 IX-551 XII- 50 XII- 50 IV-559 VIII-227 XlI-496 ( IX- j 570-571 IV-578 XlI-213 1-411 V 11-566 X- 93 111-145 XII- 51 Xll- 51 XII- 53 XII- 53 Xll- 53 111-154 XII- 53 XII-420 Nullification acts VI 11-581 i Accession of Anti-Federal- ists , XII- 54 Napoleon's relations to the United States . XII- 54 k . War of 1813 and Treaty of Ghent XII- 55 1. Rise of new issues XII- 55 Hartford convention V-431 VIIl-231 Missouri compromise VIII-178 Tariff XI-398 Democratic party 111-891 Civil service and civil 11-586 The United States Bank. . 1-488 Black Hawk war II- 42 XII-416 Nullification VIII-531 Nominating conventions. . VIlI-498 m. Texas and the Mexican war XII- 68 The Republican party X- 65 Wilmot proviso XII-461 n . The compromise of 1850. . XII- 59 Ostend manifesto lX-601 P . The slavery question and Lundv, Garrison, Phillips, Seward, and Douglas XII- 59 q The Kansas war and John Brown Xll- 59 r The civil war Xll- 60 Abraham Lincoln V 11-243 Jefferson Davis HI 349 Secession X-407 The Confederate States... . H 1-117 Maximilian VII 589 Draft riots 111-497 Bank, currency, and tariff (see titles) "KH 61 Great battles of the civil j III- • 119-133 XII 61 war s. Reconstruction Ku-KluxKlan Vl~607 Hayes's election and the electoral commission... . XII- 63 Silver coinage in United States X 537 t. Beginnings of civil service reform and financial questions XII -63 u Cuba in its relation to United States (Spanish war) 111-620 T Recent history— the Span- ish war Xll 593 W . History of Japan and his- tory of China in relation ( VI-629 1 11-616 to United States X Bibliography of United States history XII- 64 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 61 DIVISION II.— CIVICS AND POLITICS AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS The American Government is, in theory, a " government of the people, by the people, and for the people." To render this true in practice requires approximately ideal citizens. The first requisite of good citizenship is character, and the second Is a thorough knowledge of the American form of government, and specifically one's relations to that government, his political duties and privileges, and his obligations. It is probable that most Americans who have the right of suffrage obtain their knowledge of Civics and Politics second-hand, through superficial or narrow discussion with their fellow-voters, and through the editorial columns of the local and metropolitan press, which may or may not always present unprejudiced and truthful political data, reasonings, and conclusions. The public school, the college, and the university are doing their full share in disseminating civic and political knowl- edge among the young men and women of the nation, but there is still further room and demand for an unprejudiced presentation of such knowledge in every home and in every office. APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS is the best library obtainable on Civics and Politics, for a resident of the United States. Under the division Civics, or the science and art of government, more than forty articles are presented. These are so exhaustively treated that clear, definite, accurate, full, and authoritative knowledge on the every-day details of our government is given. Under the division Politics nineteen articles thoroughly treat political science and related subjects. Another division of the subject treats of representative statesmen and politicians. Under this section the politics and statesmanship of all the npted men of these two classes in the following nations are given : Ancient Greece, ancient Eome, Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Spain, and the United States of America. These biographies form a valuable supplement to the topics on Civics and Politics, since they reveal the actual applications of the principles of civics and politics in different ages and in different nations. One hundred and twenty- five of these politicians and statesmen are thus presented. AUTHOEITIES Chaeles K. Adams, LL. D., Editor-in-chief of the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA. Jeremiah W. Jenks, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of Political Economy in Cornell University. Chaeles H. Hull, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Economy, Cornell. DoEMAN B. Eaton, LL. D., late Civil Service Commissioner. Theodoee Roosevelt, LL.D., President of the United States; And other noted scholars and statesmen. BEANCH A.— CIVICS Note. — " The most important principles upon which all governments should be based are these: Sovereignty is an attribute of the entire organism, and can not be divided ; all governments derive their ' just powers from the consent of the governed ' ; all exercise of governmental power is a trust, and can be justly exercised only for the benefit of the governed ; while sovereignty is indivisible, its powers are divisible, as the legislative, the judicial, and the executive." Science and Art of Government State Sovereignty Government Nature of government Constitution Amendment Development of constitu- tions General objects of all gov- ernments Essential principles of gov- ernment Single and confederate forms of government. . . The U. S. Constitution. . . XI- 97 XI- 30 V-231 V-331 III-153 1-147 V-321 V-321 V-323 V-232 III-154 The U.S. system Aristocracy Absolute monarchy. . . . -j Limited monarchy Republic » Democracy Legislatures Assembly Parliamentary law Law-making (primitive). . . In U. S In Great Britain In France In Germany In Switzerland V-233 1-313 VIIl-308 V-333 V-223 V-334 111-388 VII-134 ( III-141 ( 1-373 IX-140 VII- 99 VII- 99 VII-100 VII-101 VII-103 VII-103 References Treaties Citizenship Consul Civil service Arbitration Judiciary Jurisdiction Courts Jurisprudence, subject-mat- ter of Justice Representation Women's rights Vote Municipal government Bibliography on government VII-104 Xr-533 11-581 III-159 11-586 1-378 VI-496 VI-505 III-333 I VI- ) 508-509 VI-514 X- 60 XII-499 XII-347 VIII-301 V-325 62 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING BKA^'CH B.— POLITICS Section I. — Political Science and [ Related Subjects Political science Political parlies Democratic party (U. S.).. Republican party (U. S.). People's party (L'. S.) Prohibition party Federalists Anti-Federalist party Free-Soil party " Knownothing " party Civil service reform Nationalism Primary elections Methods of law-making Lobby Franchise granting Nominating conventions. . . . Caucus Ballot reform Balance of power (European politics) IX-382 IX-380 III-391 X- 05 IX-208 IX-491 ( X- 65 "( IV-2Tn 1-241 IV-538 VI-589 11-586 VIII-365 1X^64 VII- 99 vii-sro IV-504 VIII-498 11-405 1-469 1-459 Section II. — Kepresentative Poli- ticians and Statesmen a. Ancient Oreece. Lycurgus Codrus , Draco Solon Clisthenes Aristides , Themistocles Pericles Cleon , Alcibiades Philip of Macedon Demosthenes Plato (■' Polities ") Aristotle ('■ Politics ") . Alexander the Great . . b. Ancient Rome. Caius Cassius. . . Coriolanns Cincinnatus. . . . Horatii Cato Scipio Marias Sulla Porapey Cicero VII-368 III- 46 III-497 XI- 6 III- 14 1-313 XI-386 IX-215 11-604 1-104 IX-257 III-393 IX-336 1-314 1-109 11-386 III-194 11-573 VI- 29 11-402 X-383 VlI-518 XI-206 IX-394 11-567 Catiline Julius Caesar Jlarcus Brutus Mark Antony Augustus Csesar Xero Marcus Aurelius.: Constantine c. Oreat Britain. Alfred the Great William the Conqueror. . Henry VIII Sir Thomas More Cardinal Wolsey (Thomas) Elizabeth Lord (Sir Francis) Bacon. Thomas Cromwell Oliver Cromwell Chesterfield, Philip Burke, Edmund William Wilberforce William Pitt Robert Walpole Robert Peel Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William E. Gladstone. . Lord Salisbury d. France. Clovis Pepin Charlemagne Philip (II) Augustus . . . Richelieu Talleyrand Voltaire Montalerabert Rousseau Necker Marat Robespierre Napoleon I Thiers, Louis A e. Germany. Conrad III William I, Emperor Sigismund Frederick the Great Frederick William Prince Bismarck f. Russia. Queen Olga Ivan the Great 11-401 11-268 11-206 1-248 1-411 VII 1-404 1-247 111-150 1-115 XII-449 V-500 VIII-248 XlI-498 IV- 41 1-439 III-254 m-254 11-513 11-237 XII-437 IX-318 XII-272 IX-190 IX-100 III-460 V-155 X-269 III- 19 IX-209 11-467 IX-257 X-102 XI-279 XII-242 VII 1-223 X-197 VIlI-388 VlI-502 X-130 VIII-350 XI-406 III-147 XII-450 X-523 IV-530 IV-531 II- 34 VIII-582 VI-379 Gortschalcoff.. . . Peter the Great. Catharine II Alexander I.. . . Nicholas I Loris-Melikoff. . Alexander II. . . Nicholas II . Italy. Machiavelli Consalvi Victor Emanuel II. Garibaldi King Humbert . . . . Camilio Cavour.. . . h, Austro-Hungary. Maria Theresa Ferdinand II Metternich, Clemens . Kossuth, Louis Klapka, G i. Spain. Maria Christina.. . Bmilio Castelar. . . Don Carlos, Duke. j. United States of America. Benjamin Franklin Samuel Adams James Otis George Washington John Adams Patrick Henry Thomas Jefferson Josiah Quincy John Randolph Andrew Jackson Charles Pinckney De Witt Clinton John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster Hayne, Robert Y Henry Clay Charles Sumner Stephen A. Douglas Abraham Lincoln William H. Seward Roscoe Conkling James G. Blaine T. C. Piatt David B. Hill William J. Bryan William MoKinley V-213 IX-235 11-398 I-llO VIIl-478 VIII- 19 I-llO VIII-478 VII-391 III-147 XII-189 V- 36 VI- 69 11-413 VII-511 IV-293 VIII- 81 VI-600 VI-583 VlI-510 11-388 11-353 IV-514 I- 43 IX- 53 XlI-305 I- 42 IV-503 VI-420 IX-575 X- 5 VI-384 IX-308 III- 13 11-281 XII-363 V-454 11-598 XI-213 111-492 VII-243 X-443 III-144 II- 45 IX-338 V-555 11-206 VlI-399 CHAPTER VI ECONOMICS AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS In modern civilization the term economics has wide application. It may logically include at least four distinct groups of subject-matter, viz. : Sociology, the fundamental science of society, investigating the principles through which the other divisions of economics are to be understood ; Exohange and Transportation, the act of trading and that of conveying the goods exchanged from one place to another ; Finance, the science of monetary affairs, including that of public revenue and expenditure; and Political Economy, the science of wealth, and also the science that undertakes to explain prices and price movements. Thus economics, both as a pure and as an applied science, affects man's material interests and welfare. It would not be incorrect to say that man's material, social, and perhaps moral progress has advanced or retrograded, according as he has gained a clear knowledge of economics and has applied the science individually and nationally. Since the subject of economics is so intimately associated with individual and public interests, some knowledge of its nature, extent, and applications becomes a necessity to all. APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS contains such a fund of economic knowledge that its perusal and mastery by any person will equip that person with the essentials of the science. In one hundred and ninety distinct articles that division of knowledge known as economics receives such thorough treatment that one possessing this Cyclopaedia has therein a valuable library on this subject. Under the division Sociology, at least a score of subjects are included, such as the topics soci- ology, anthropology, socialism, feudal system, serf, pauperism, slavery, nihilism, anarchism, commu- nism, guilds, colony, friendly societies, etc. The list of topics treating exchange and transportation is extensive. More than fifty important topics are to be found. These are exhaustively treated. The list includes such subjects as fairs, exports and imports, transportation, common carriers, express, interstate commerce, chambers of commerce, exposition, etc. The subject of finance and exchange is treated authoritatively and exhaustively. The number of topics in this division of Economics is at least forty-three ; they include such subjects as finance, taxa- tion, public debt, money, coinage, monetary standards, currency, bank, bills of exchange, savings banks, negotiable instruments, securities, trust companies, stock exchange, commercial crises, liquid assets, etc. Under the division Political Economy, the extent of subject-matter and the scope with which each topic is treated constitute this department one of the most exhaustive, comprehensive, yet practical working libraries on this subject to be found. There are sixty-four distinct topics in this branch of economics. They may be grouped under two heads, viz. : {a) Outlines of the science of political economy. (5) Correlated subjects. In this division of political economy, such topics as capital, labor, tariff, free-trade, wages, wealth, tax laws, single tax, rent, cooperation, profits and profit-sharing, corporations, monopolies and trusts, strikes, etc., are fully treated. AUTHORITIES Arthur T. Hadley, President of- Yale University. Henry George, Author of Progress and Poverty, Carroll D. WRiffHl','U. S. Commissioner of Labor. Sbbgius Stepniak, Russian Agitator. ' '' '• ' ,.^4-ri'.,. Jacob A. Rns, Author on Sociological Subjects. 64 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Franklin H. GiDniNc.s. Professor of Sociology, Columbia University. Jeremiah \V. Jenks, Professor of Economics, Cornell University ; And many other high authorities. XoTE. — The stages of sequence in social evolution have corresponded roughly to four stages of association. Con- coui-se, fellow-feeling, social instincts, and mutual aid had their origins in animal society, and it was by means of theiu that animal life was developed into various types. The first stage of association, therefore, was zoogenic. In the second stage the evolution of speech and the genesis of a varied tradition made the social mind self-conscious, and transformed the anthropoid into man. Society was then anthropogenic. The third stage, in which the social mind, acting on spon- taneous forms of alliance, created clan, tribe, folk, and nation, was ethnogenic. In the fourth stage a wonderful develop- ment of the social constitution, with division of labor, has made possible a high utilization of resources, a rapid multipli- cation of population, and a democratic evolution of the social mind. Society has become demogenio; the state subordi- nates and rearranges the social composition, perfects the social constitution, and becomes supreme. Section I. — Sociolog'y Sociology. a. Definition and historv of ". X-601 b. Descriptive sociology. . X-602 1. .Society X-603 2. Population X-603 3. The social mind X-602 4. The social composi tion X-603 5. The social constitu tion ...'. X-603 c. Historical sociology — associations X-604 d. Explanatory sociology. X-606 Anthropology 1-333-234 Socialism. a. Meaning and scope of. b. Early communal system c. Riseof the modern wage system d. Characteristics of the modern competitive system e. Economic antagonisms under the modern in dustrial system f. Cause of commercial crises g. Tendencies toward the socialization of means of production Feudal system Serf Pauperism Slavery Civilization Nihilism Anarchists (Communism Guilds Colony Friendly societies Ganancial system, or Spanish community Fraternal insurance socie- ties Invention (in sociology) Patriotic societies in the U. S. Clubs for women Mount Vernon Ladies' Asso- ciation of the Union . . . NationalCongress of Mother^ X-594 X-595 X-595 X-595 X-596 X-597 X-598 IV-310 X-431 IX-174 X-558 11-585 VIII-484 1-177 111-102 V-339 III- 73 IV-505 V-609 IV-519 VI-624 IX-603 III- 21 VIII-033 III-613 Transportation : a. By caravan. b. By water. . . c. By roads.. . . d. By canals.. . Section IT. — Traffic, Connaerce, and Tranaportation Barter I 1-515 Market ! VII-520 VII-521 IV-243 III- 93 III- 93 Overt market . Fairs Commerce Exports and imports. e. By railways and steam- ships Transportation agencies. . . . Common carriers Freight Consignment and consignee. Stoppage in transitu Bill of lading Sale and delivery Negligence Black list Factor (commission mer- chant) Express Postal service as a transport- ing agency Law of shipping Railways Past freight line Interstate commerce Telephone laws , . . . Railway ownership Street railways Canals Ship canals Ship railways Marine insurance Pire i-nsurance Bounty (subsidy) Free ports Warehousing system Bonded (goods) warehouse . . Customs and duties Balance of trade Chambers of commerce Boards of trade Mercantile agencies Expositions, international . . Expositions, universal Columbian Exposition Permanent expositions Cotton States and Interna- tional Exposition Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition Trans-Mississippi and Inter- national Exposition.. 11-344 XI-535 X 1-525 ( 11-320 } XI-525 X 1-525 XI-r,35 II-3T3 IV-550 III-148 XI-lo7 II- 21 X-202 VIII-391 II- 43 IV-236 IV-337 IX-419 X-486 IX-586 IV-368 VI-313 X 1-622 XI-537 XI-167 11-330 ( X-482 ] X-657 X-487 VI 1-5 13 IV-353 11-170 IV-639 XII-284 XII-385 1 1 1-392 1-459 11-452 II- 70 VIII- 34 IV-325 IV-325 III- 78 lV-027 IV-635 XI-623 X 1-627 Section III. — Finance and Exchange Finance Bibliography on finance. . Taxation Public debt Jloney Gold coin Silver coin Copper Nickel coin IV-333 IV-340 XI-310 III-359 VIII-210 III- 53 III- 53 TII-183 III- 51 Alloy 1-128 Mint VIII-153 Coinage III- 51 Monetary standards a. Bimetallism VI 1 1-209 VIII-209 b. Monometallism Bank VIII-209 1-481 III 385 Commercial paper or bills of II 19 Savings banks X 325 TheU. S. Bank Clearing-houses XII- 55 XII- 57 11-600 Stock Exchange XI 145 Exchange IV-S13 Beai's and bulls XI-147 Check, or cheque, and J marked check j Bond 11-488 VI 1-634 II 91 Exchequer bills IV-313 Exchequer tallies IV-214 Commercial crises HI- 95 Bankrupt and bankruptcy. . Negotiable instruments Insurance 1-618 VIII-304 V 1-286 Building and loan associa- tions 11-217 Life insurance Capital account VI 1-202 11-339 Stocks and stock certificates. Silver coinage Assignat and mandate (Prance) XI-149 X-537 I 372 Consols III 148 Securities X-650 Trust companies XI-629 Liquid assets VII-619 Scots money X 645 Section IV.— Political E a. Outlines of the Science. Nature of and history of political economy Scope of the science of po- litical economy Price and value conomy IX-375 IX-37f IX 377 How value is determined ; competition IX 377 Function of the speculator and attacks on the pres- ent system IX 377 Relation of value to utility and cost of production.. Distribution of wealth ; rent; population; wages. Theory of interest Effects of improvements in production Government interference with industry IX-377 IX-378 IX-379 IX-379 IX-379 Usury laws IX-380 The labor contract Monopolies and railway regulation IX-380 IX-380 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS t>. Co-related Subjects. State , Municipality Population Center of U. S. popula- tion Census Immigration Statistics Vital statistics Feudal system Villein Folc-land Tenure Labor Capital Revenue Interest Usury XI- 97 V] 11-624 lX-401 XII- 38 11-428 VI-174 XI- 99 XII-225 IV-310 XII-201 IV-422 XT-856 VII- 3 11-339 X- 83 VI-292 XII- 91 Tariff Free trade Protection Corn laws (English) Wages V^^ealth ._ Taxation .' Tax laws Single-tax Agrarianism Inheritance tax Municipal assessments.. . Rent Metayer Land League Co-operation Profit sharing Corporations Water company XI-297 IV-539 IX-505 III-197 XII-256 XII-357 XI-310 XI-618 X-544 1-611 VI-620 Vm-623 X- 58 VlII- 58 VII- 40 III-177 IX-489 II 1-200 XII-606 Monopolies and trusts. . . . Memorandum of associa- tion VIII-215 VIII-601 Voting trust XII-604 Contracts in restraint of trade X 622 Boycotting 11-125 Trades-unions XI-513 Coolie labor III-175 Strikes and lockouts XI-173 VII-623 Arbitration boards Factory system 1-278 IV-237 Sweating system XI-237 International working- men's associations VI-310 XI-347 Landlord and tenement.. . Charity organizations VII- 41 11-465 CHAPTEE VII MANUAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND MECHANIC ARTS; ENGINEERING PROFESSIONS AND APPLIED SCIENCE AGRICULTURE AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS The primary idea of agriculture is the tillage of land. It is now understood to comprise all those special industries which are connected with the rearing of plants and animals for economic purposes. The fundamental science and art of agriculture are those connected with maintaining or increasing the fertility of the soil ; and it is also an art which rests upon the combined experience of all previous generations. Some of the more important agricultural questions are the nature and composition of soils and their fertilization, rotation of crops, restoration of worn-out soils, live-stock interests, crops, public lands, roads, agricultural machinery, agricultural education, and literature on agriculture. Every progressive farmer recognizes the importance of accurate and authoritative knowledge on these subjects, even though he may decry book-farming. The special articles on agriculture, numbering more than one hundred, that are contained in APPLETOISrS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS are of such value to the farmer that he can not afford to neglect their perusal and study. In this Cyclopsedia will be found every species of subject-matter coming within the needs of the agriculturist. Taken together, the articles form a body of knowledge of unsurpassing richness and usefulness. AUTHORITIES Liberty H. Bailey, M. S., Associate Editor of this Cyclopseflia ; Professor of Horticulture in Cornell University. Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Professor of Botany in University of Nebraska. Henry H. Wing, M. S., Assistant Professor of Animal Industry, Cornell University. James W. Robertson, Dairy Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. Bernhard E. Pernow, Chief of Forestry Division of U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Isaac P. Roberts, Director of College of Agriculture at Cornell University; And other noted contributors. FISHING, LUMBERING, QUARRYING, BUILDING AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS One of the early industries of mankind is that of fishing. As a sport as well as a means of liveli- hood, it has continued to have its enthusiastic followers. The occupations and arts of lumbering, quarrying, building of edifices of all kinds, and the arts of carpentry and masonry, related as they are to man's Heed of shelter, had their rude beginnings in prehistoric times. Their development and progress have kept pace with advancing civilization. Information on the history and progress made in these arts and occupations is not only highly interesting, but a knowledge of them is frequently of immediate financial value to the contractor and the builder, the architect, and all persons engaged in the building trades, and especially to the owner of buildings to be constructed. While technical works on these subjects are essential to the professional, a thorough and prac- tical knowledge of them may be obtained from APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. On FISHING, the general subjects of fisheries, fish culture, and pisciculture are exhaustively treated ; the several kinds of fishing, such as oyster, crab, lobster, prawn and shrimp, pearl, turtle. THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 67 sponge, walrus, whale, and seal fisheries are presented in detail ; accurate and interesting accounts of the various food and other fisheries, such as the cod, salmon, sardine, trout, shad, pickerel and pike, mackerel, sturgeon, whitefish, herring, are given. On LUMBEEING and relative subjects, the topics forestry, timber and timber trees, and saw- mills are especially extended and valuable. The articles on the principal lumber and timber pro- ducing trees, as well as those for all grades of furniture, are of great practical interest. QUAEEYING as a business or occupation is of great importance. This subject is particularly well described in the articles on marble, slate, granite, and building-stone. HOUSE-BUILDING, OAEPENTEY, and MASONEY are fully and interestingly treated by most competent authorities. Twenty-four separate topics on these subjects present a practical and accurate treatise on these industries and arts. AUTHOEITIES Peederio A. LuoAS, Curator Department Comparative Anatomy, IT. S. National Museum, "Washington, D. C. Tarlbton H. Bean, M.D., M. S., of the U. S. Pish Commission. J. S. KiNGSLEY, D. So., Professor of Biology, Tufts College, Boston. Bernhard E. Pernow, Chief of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. 0. Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Professor of Botany and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. A. D. P. Hamlin, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Architecture, Columbia University, New York. William P. Durpee, Qivil and Mechanical Engineer, West New__Brighton, N. Y. George P. Merrill, Ph. D., one of the Curators of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. George H. Williams, Ph. D., Professor of Inorganic Geology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Russell Sturgis, A.M., Ph.D., P. A.I. A., ex-President of the Architectural League, New York; And other competent writers. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS The most common and at the same time most useful articles to man, whether supplied directly from nature, or produced by discovery and invention, are usually least thought of. We come to think of their presence as a matter of course. Although our actual material wants are limited to comparatively few articles, as warmth, food, clothing, and shelter, yet in thought, as civilization advances, our needs advance in like degree. The home furnishings, food, and clothing of the humblest peasant or laborer of to-day would have been considered fit for royalty in the early historic age of mankind, to say nothing of his life in the age of the cave-dwellers. Every intelligent person should possess some knowledge of the history and processes employed in the manufacture of such common articles as salt, sugar, bread, and butter, the ordinary meats and other foods ; the dishes and other accompaniments of the table ; the adornments of our dwelling- rooms with wall-paper, curtains, carpets, and furniture ; modes of lighting and heating ; the more common articles of wearing apparel, hats, shoes, and the like ; the pin, needle, tack, nail, brush, comb, pencil, pen, ink, paper, soap, matches, and common articles in constant use. The best, most intelligent, easiest understood authoritative account of every manufacturing industry is found in APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. For instance, the history and manufacture of one hundred and fifty machines, instruments, implements, and mechanical devices is given. As an illustration of the extent and thoroughness of treatment, there are two hundred and twenty-one articles on Manufacturing Industries in APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. AUTHOEITIES William Black, Carpet Merchant, Brooklyn, N. Y., and Editor of the Carpet and Upholstery Trade Review, N. Y. WiLpuR C. Brockunier, a. M., Manufacturer, Wheeling, W. Va. Charles P. Chandler, Ph. D,, LL. D., Professor of Chemistry, and Dean of the School of Mines, Columbia Univer- sity, N. Y. Louis W. Clark, Designer, Mississippi Mills, Wesson, Miss. Col. James A. Colvin, LL. B., Editor of the Paper Trade Journal, New York. George H. Dunbar, Manager Eagle Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. William Durfee, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, West New Brighton, N. Y. D. C. Durfee, Newspaper Correspondent and Author, Gloversville, N. Y. 68 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Edward H. Gilbert, Gilbert Manufacturing Company, Ware and Gilbertvillo, Mass. S. \V. Goodyear, Maker of Sowing-machines, Waterbury, Conn. K. ]\IcKeax Jones, of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, Manufacturers of Typewriters, New York. George E. Long, Secretary Joseph Dixon Crucible Company, Jersey City, N. J. J. S. LuDLAM, Manager Merrimac Manufacturing Company, Lowell, Mass. George P. Merrill, Ph. D., Author of Stones for Building and Decoration. Miss Maria Parloa, Lecturer on Cookery, Roxbury, Mass. Charles A. Pillsbury, late Flour Manufacturer, Minneapolis, Minn. Walter J. Salomon, with R. G. Salomon, Tanner, Newark, N. J. \AUGnAN Snider, of the Boot and Shoe Weekly, New York. Edward Stanwood, A. j\L, Editorial Staff Youth's Companion, Boston, Mass. W. B. Weeden, of Taft, Weeden & Co., Agents of the Weybosset Mills, Providence, R. I. MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOP.a:DIA AND ATLAS Dr. Robert H. Thurston, of Cornell University, one of the highest authorities on engineering subjects, defines Mechanical Engineering thus : " The designing and construction of all forms of machinery. This is sometimes termed ' dynamic engineering,' as having to do only with moving structures, while civil engineering, concerned mainly with permanent structures, is sometimes called ' static engineering.' " " Electrical engineering," according to the same authority, "is a modern bianch or offshoot of mechanical engineering, dealing with the design, construction, and operation of the mechanism employed in the production, transmission, and utilization of electrical energy, as derived by trans formation from some other form of energy, through an appropriate system of ' prime movers.' " Bearing in mind these definitions of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and recognizing their great and constantly increasing importance in American life, a trustworthy and practical library on these subjects becomes worthy of notice. APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS contains this library. There are one hundred and fifty-three separate articles on these two divisions of Engineering in this Cyclo- pasdia. For the student, the amateur, or the professional man in Mechanical and Electrical Science and Engineering, APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS gives, in a most avail- able and practical form, just those principles and features of knowledge required in these fields of Applied Science. A critical examination of this Cyclopeedia on these divisions of engineering will satisfy the inquirer that herein is the library he should at once possess. AUTHORITIES Mechanical Science Prof. Robert H. Thurston, Doc. Eng., LL. D., Director of Sibley College, Cornell University, Editor of this depart. ment. George W. Plympton, A. M., C. E., Professor in Cooper Union, New York. Robert Dunlap, Hatter, New York. S. W. Goodyear, Maker of Sewing-machines, Waterbury, Conn. Prof. John H. Barr, M. S., M. M. E., Cornell University. William Kent, A. M., M. E., Associate Editor Engineering News, New York. Prof. William A. Rogers, LL. D., Colby University. Louis \V. Clarke, formerly Instructor in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prof. Isaac P. Robekts, M. Agr., Cornell University. Electrical Engineering Edward L. Nichols, Ph. D., Cornell University, Editor of this department. Prof. Harris J. Ryan, E. M., Cornell University. Prof. Frank H. Bigelow, A. M., L^. S. Weather Bureau. Prof. Ernest Merritt, M. E., Cornell University. Prof. W. S. Franklin, M. Sc, Lehigh University. Prof. Frederick Bedell, Ph.D., Cornell University. THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS 69 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS The effect of the printing-press in scattering broadcast the opportunities for gaining knowledge through books, periodicals, and newspapers is simply stupendous. If, in order to possess books, it were necessary to copy what now appears in print, the particular philanthropy of Mr. Carnegie and men of his type would find no place. From pictorial signs to written alphabetic characters representing sounds, was doubtless a long stride in advance ; from simple signet-stamping and^tablet impressions to Gutenberg's method of type-making and the printing-press, was an advance whose effects have brought forth fruit in the spread of knowledge everywhere. The history and details of Printing and Publishing are full of interest. APPLETONS' UlSri- VEES AL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS contains nearly two dozen special and extended articles on Printing and Publishing, and these are written by acknowledged masters of their respective arts. Every phase of these subjects is brought out and treated in an interesting style. AUTHOEITIES Theodore L. De Vinne, Pounder of the De Vinne Press, New York. Russell Stuegis, A. M., Ph. D., ex-President of the Architectural League, New York. G. H. Buek, of Or. H. Buek & Company, Lithographers, New York. O. Beach, of R. and H. Hoe Company, Printing-Press Manufacturers, New York. Walter E. Woodbury, Editor of the Photographic Times, New York. Ira Remsen, M. D., Ph.D., President of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. George L. Burr, A. B., Professor of Ancient and Mediaeval History, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Whitelaw Reid, Editor-in-chief of the New York Tribune. Geobge W. Harris, Ph. B., Librarian, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Oliver P. Emerson, A. M., Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and Philology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. AiNswoRTH R. Spofford, LL. D., ex-Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C. William I. Pletcher, A. M., Librarian, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. ; And others. NAVIGATION AND BOATS AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS As in childhood, so in the early stages of man's history, the fact that wood will float upon water must have early been noticed and experimented with. From the dug-out of the savage to the magnificent yacht and the palatial steamship of to-day, the advancements made rival those of any other feature of man's progress in civilization. Likewise, the skill and applied science of the modern navigator, who unhesitatingly and fearlessly directs his ship over any maritime portion of the globe, would have been marveled at by the pioneers of this art as practiced by the ancient Sidonian sailors. Historical accounts of early naval warfare and sea explorations are not uncommon ; but detailed descriptions of all classes of water-craft, and the science and art of navigation, are chiefly to be found in special and technical works relating to these matters. Still, one's library is not complete without books upon these subjects, neitber need a person remain ignorant of this branch of knowl- edge when the means are so readily at hand if he possesses APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLO- PEDIA AND ATLAS. In the UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS will be found everything of interest on NAVIGATION AND BOATS. The evolution of boat-building, from the canoe to the latest developments of ship-building and naval architecture, is thoroughly described ; also the science and art of navigation to the present time, including all methods and appliances for rescuing shipwrecked crews and passengers. The CYCLOPEDIA contains forty-one separate and comprehensively treated topics on Navigation and Boats, covering every phase of the subject. AUTHORITIES Alexander H. McCoemiok, Rear- Admiral U. S. Navy, Annapolis, Md. Stephen B. Luce, Rear-Admiral U. S. Navy, Author of Seamanship. Philip Highborn, Rear-Admiral, Chief Constructor U. S. Navy (retired), Washington, D. C. 70 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING JIansfield Mkerimax, C. E., Pli. D., Professor ot Civil Engineering, Leliigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. F. Stcroes Allen, A. B., LL. B., Member of the New York Bar. Frank H. Bigelow, A. M., Professor of Meteorology, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. William P. Durand, Ph. D., Associate Professor of Marine Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. W. P. Stephens, Yachting Editor Forest and Stream, New York ; And other competent writers. ENGINEERING AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS • " Engineering, or the art of construction, has for its province the construction of all classes of important works, whether static or dynamic, civil or military, public or private. It has for its basis the constructive arts, and for its code the principles of applied mechanics and the physical sciences." Thus writes Prof. Eobert H. Thurston, Doctor of Engineering, Cornell University. For the present purpose the term will be restricted to three divisions. Mining, Civil, and Military Engineering, leaving Mechanical and Electrical Engineering to be referred to under Machines and Mechanisms. " Mining Engineering proper deals with mining constructions and operations from the prelim- inary location to the final operation of the completely organized and working establishment." " Civil Engineering is now restricted largely by the assignment of other branches to special departments ; the construction of ' public works,' as railroads, canals, harbors, and bridges." " ililitary Engineering consists in the construction of works for offensive and defensive warfare, including army engineering, the construction of engines, ships, armor, and ordnance." It is obvious that for an accurate, exhaustive, and technical treatment of all divisions of engineer- ing many volumes must be written, involving large expense to him who seeks information on engineering subjects. The careful attention of those interested in these branches is called to the accurate, full, and recent treatment of Engineering, as presented in APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. Under the titles Mining and Metallurgy, and the preparation and manufacture of metals from their ores, eighty separate articles are given, including every detail and division of these subjects, as described in the foregoing definitions of Engineering. The subjects of Mines and Mining, ore and ore deposits, economic geology, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron, and coal mining, as well as the remainder of the eighty topics, are thoroughly treated by the highest authorities and specialists on these industries of mining and the profession of Mining Engineer. Under the division Civil Engineering, Surveying, and. Geodesy, the UNIVEESAL CYCLO- PEDIA AND ATLAS is noteworthy in its extent, thoroughness, and authority. Nowhere else can such reliable knowledge for the engineer of the day be found in so practical form for use. Included in more than one hundred and twelve separate articles, every department of civil engineering is presented, including such subjects as engineering, engineer, civil engineer, experi- mental engineer, construction, bridges, cantilever, drawbridge, truss, abutment, foundation, arch caisson, factor of safety, strength of materials, stresses, torsion, elastic limit, fatigue of materials, modulus of elasticity, reservoir, reservoir dams, retaining-wall dam, earthwork, embankment, rail- ways, and a hundred more equally important subjects. In the third division, or Military Engineering, including war as a science and an art, and army and navy organization, there are nearly two hundred articles in APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. These articles may be grouped under the following heads : Military Organization ' 17 topics. Army Officers 13 Navy Organization and Naval Officers 24 Military Education 9 Military Quarters and Commissariat 9 Army Discipline and Tactics 9 Army Equipment — Weapons of War 51 Attack and Defense in Warfare 26 Miscellaneous Military Topics 15 Great Soldiers 10 These three departments of Engineering as treated in the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS will be found rich and complete in every detail. THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS Tl AUTHOEITIES Mines, Mining, Mineralogy, and Metallurgy Charles Kirchhoff, M. E., Editor of the Iron Age, New York. The editor has revised some of the general articles, and written many new ones. Special subjects are treated by writers pre-eminently qualified, as exemplified in the following partial list : By Mr. Charles Kirchhoff, M. E. : Aluminium, Anthracite, Coal, Coke, Copper, Iron, Lead, Mineralogy, Metallurgy, Metals, Nickel, Tin. By Mr. George P. Kunz, Gem Expert with Tiffany & Co., New York : Chalcedony, Diamond, Emerald, Garnet, Jade, Opal, Pearl, Precious Stones, Quartz. By Prof. Robert H. Thurston, LL. D., Dr. Eng., Cornell University : Bronze. By the late Prof. Thomas Egleston, E. M., LL.D., Columbia University: Crystallography, Goniometer. By Prof. William P. Blake, A. M., University of Arizona : Gold, Palladium, Platinum, Silicide of Carbon, Silver. By Raphael Pumpblly, M. N. A. S., formerly in charge of the Arohsean Division of the U. S. Geological Survey. By John A. Church, M. E., Author of The Mining Schools of the United States. By Thomas M. Drown, M.D., LL.D., President of Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. By Rear-Admiral Francis Tiffany Bowles, Chief Naval Constructor, U. S. Navy. Civil Engineering Dr. Mansfield Merrimak, Profess'or of Civil Engineering in Lehigh University, had charge of the department of Civil Engineering. Among the most prominent subjects in this department are : By Dr. Merriman: Arch, Block System, Bridges, Creeping of Rails, Flexure, Hydraulics, Moment, Mountain Railways, Roads, Strength of Materials, Stresses, Viaducts. By Elmer L. Corthell, C. E., New York : Jetties, Levees, Ship-canals, Ship-railways. By James J. R. Croes, C. E., New York : Aqueducts, Canals, Reservoir, Street-railways. By Joseph P. Frizell, C. E., Boston, Mass. : Hydrostatics, Turbines, Water-works. By Lewis M. Haupt, A. M., 0. E., formerly Professor of Civil Engineering in the University of Pennsylvania : Break- water, Docks, Dredging, Harbors. By the late William Rich Hutton, A. M., C. E., Engineer of the Hudson River Tunnel : Tunnels and Tunneling. By Cady Staley, LL.D., President of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, 0.: Sewerage. By George S. Pierson, C. E., Kalamazoo, Mich. : Plumbing. By Colonel J. W. Adams, Civil and Hydraulic Engineer, Brooklyn, N. Y. By Ira Osborn Baker, C. E., Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, Champaign, 111. By John E. Ostrander, Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. By E. E. R. Tratman, C. E., Associate Editor Engineering News, New York. By General John Newton, U. S. Engineers, New York. By Arthur M. Wellington, C. B., late Editor Engineering News, New York. Navigation and Naval Science Rear-Admiral Stephen B. Luce, U. S. Navy, Editor. All the more important topics were submitted to specialists, who for the most part supplied entirely new articles. The following are^ome of the prominent subjects thus treated : By Rear-Admiral Philip Highborn, U. S. Navy: Ship-building. By Prof. Philip R. Alger, U. S. Navy : Armor, Submarine Navigation. By Lieutenant George F. W. Holman, U. S. Navy : Torpedo-boats. By Rear-Admiral Francis T. Bowles, U. S. Navy : Ships of War. By the late Commander Charles Belknap, U. S. Navy : Nautical Schools. By William F. Durand, Ph. D., Associate Professor of Marine Engineering, Cornell University : Screw Propeller, Search-light. By Charles H. Davis : Great Circle Sailing. By Captain Frederick A. Mahan, U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers : Lighthouses. By Rear-Admiral Alexander H. MoCormiok, U. S. Navy : Navigation. By James A. Whitney, A. M., LL. D. . Life Boats and Life Rafts. By W. P. Stephens, Yachting Editor Forest and Stream, New York : Yachts and Yachting. Military Engineering and Science of War Lieut.-Colonel James Mercur, late Professor of Civil and Military Engineering, West Point Military Academy, Editor. Information on all the general subjects is brought up to the present time, with indications, when possible, of the directions in which future developments may be expected. All important matters of 72 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IX STUDY AND READING military progress are treated by specialists. Professor Mercur wrote many new descriptions of battles and revised many more. A few prominent articles in this department are here mentioned : By Profi'ssor JIercur : Army, Arsenals, Cavalry, Discipline, Infantry, Tactics. By Brigadier-General Oswald H. Ernst, U. S. Engineers : Fortification, Siege, War. By General John C. Tidball, U. S. Army: Artillery, Ordnance, Schools of Artillery. By General Henry L. Abbot, U. S. Army : Explosives, Torpedo. By Captain James M. Inqalls, Artillery School, Port Monroe: Gunnery, Gunpowder. Bv Lieutenant John C. W. Brooks, Fourth U. S. Artillery : Projectiles. By Captain Lawrence L. Bruff, Ordnance Department, Washington, D. C. . Machine and Rapid-fire Guns. By Lieutenant I. X. Lewis, Ordnance Department, Washington, D. C. : Electro-ballistics, Range-finders and Position finders. By Captain Cornelis De W. Willcox. Army Board ot Information, Washington, D. C. : Military Insignia. By Lieut.-Colonel Henry H. C. Ditnwoody, U. S. Signal Corps: Signal Service. Section I. — Agriculture (a) Introductory Topics. Agriculture 1-81 Agricultural geology 1-81 Agricultural chemistry . . 1-76 Agricultural experiment stations 1-79 Department of agricul ture 1-84 Soils (agricultural chem istry) 1-76 Irrigation VI-349 Trees XI-540 Timber and timber trees. XI-444 (b) Crops, Cereals, Hay, etc. Cereal and cereal plants. . Hay Clover Ensilage Grasses Pampas grass Palm Family Wheat Barley Oats Rye Maize \ Millet Hops and hop-culture. Sorghum Sugar cane Beets (for sugar) Sedges (Sedge Family). . Tobacco (c) Horticulture and Garden Products. Horticulture Cuttings Olericulture, or truck- gardening Potato Sweet potato Yarn Tuber Tomato Bean Celery Cauliflower Cabbage Onion Beots Can-fit . . Turnip . P.a .... Nuts . . . (d) Tlie Xursery. Nursery Pomology . . . . 11^41 V^51 III- 18 IY-133 V-251 IX-104 IX-100 XII-411 1-501 VIII-543 X-228 TII-452 YII-633 VIII-130 VI- 27 XI- 13 XI-196 XI- 196-197 X-410 XI-460 XI-626 VI- 41 III-293 VIII-.583 IX-124 X 1-243 XII-.544 X 1-572 XI^69 1-543 11-119 11-406 11-260 VIII-590 1-562 11-375 XI-6o:i IX-l«l VI 11-632 VIII-535 IX-393 Forcing Pruning Grafting Fruits (1) Stone fruits : Cherry Peach Plum (2) Seedy or dry fruits : Strawberry Raspberry , Whortleberry Grapes Raisins Mulberry Currant (3) Pomaceous fruits : Apple Apricot Pomegranate Pear (4) Citrous fruits : Citron Lemon Orange Cranberry Melon Pumpkin Banana (e) Floriculture. Floriculture . . Conservatory.. Greenhouse . . . RosaccEB Rose Tulip Lily Tuberose (f) Fertilizers. Fertilizers Manures Bone dust Guano Phosphates Phosphoric acid. (g) Blights, Diseases, and Pests. Vegetable pathology. Rot Smuts Rusts Weevil Oall insects Grasshoppers Potato hug Insecticide Tuberculosis Rinderpest Sta>;t."--rs Jigger Gyp«y moth IV-^45 IX-517 V-232 IV-580 11-508 IX-183 IX-348 XI-167 X— 9 XII-433 V-347 IX-600 VIII-294 III-285 1-260 1-263 IX-393 IX-184 11-583 .VII-144 IX- 3 III-237 VIII- 21 IX-547 1^77 IV-399 III-148 V-297 X-181 X-103 XI-578 VII-232 XI-57o IV-308 VII-495 II- 93 V-324 IX-375 IX-275 IX-103 X-190 X-580 X-324 XII-388 V- 18 V-2.53 IX-425 VT-3T5 XI-574 X-111 XI- 83 VI-630 V-623 (h) Stock Raising. Breed Cattle Dairy husbandry. Horse Pony Mule Sheep Fowl Poultry Turkey Ostrich farming. . Swine Apiculture 11-153 11-403 III-310 VI- 43 IX-397 VIII-295 X-465 IV-489 1X^34 XI-594 IX- 51 XI-246 1-352 Section II.— Lumbering, Fishing, and Quarrying a. Lumhering. Forestry Timber and timber trees. Teak Oak Pine Walnut Ash Mahogany Rosewood Satin-wood Sequoia Cedar Poplar , Sawmill b. Fishing. Fisheries Fish culture , Pisciculture. . Cod Salmon Sardine. .... Trout Shad Pickerel and pike Spanish mackerel Sturgeon Whitefish Herring ' »yster and oyster fisheries Crab fishing Lobster fishing Prawn fishing Shrimp Pearl fishery Turtle fishery Sponge fishery Walrus fishery Whale fishery Seal fishery c. Quarrying. Marble Slate Granite Building stone IV-446 XI^44 XI-821 VIII-540 IX-308 XII-371 1-363 VII-443 X-186 X-320 X-429 11-416 IX-401 X-339 IV-363 IV-360 IX-314 III- 40 X-370 X-315 XI-560 X-453 j IX- i 2C9-308 XI- 40 XI-180 XII-426 V-532 IX- 67 III-335 VII-381 IX-442 X-510 IX-185 X 1-600 XI- GO X 11-273 XII-409 X-403 VII-.503 X-557 V-241 11-319 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 73 Section IIL — Mining and Metal- lurgy, Preparation of and Manu- facture of Metals from their Ores Mines and mining. Ore Ore deposits Gangue Economic geology. Gold mining Comstock Lode. . . . Silver Copper Metallurgy Assaying Fusibility Smelting Flux Fui'nace Fire-brick Fuel Coal and coal production. . Blasting Lignite Petroleum Natural gas Iron and iron manufacture Foundry Forge and forging Kilns Alloy Brass Bronze Amalgam Amalgamation Fusible metals Britannia metal Lead and litharge Mercury Bell metal Babbit metal Annealing Blowpipe Oxhydrogen blowpipe Electric blowpipe Clay Aluminium and its manu facture Platinum Palladium Iridosmine Osmium Carborundum, or silicide of carbon Thallium in the arts Tungsten in the arts Zinc alloys Zincing of metals Tin and its alloys Tin plate . .^ Phosphorus in the arts Nickel in the arts German silver Galvanized iron Galvanoplasty Electrotype Electroplating Glass Water glass, or artificial stone Mica and mica in the arts (wall-paper) Mineral wool Gold-beating Welding Bullion Minting Arrastre Miner's inch Blast furnace Bloomery VIII-143 IX- 16 IX- 16 V- 32 III-579 V-194 111-108 X-535 III-182 VIII- 50 1-371 IV-GOS X-574 IV-415 lV-596 IV-350 IV-583 ( III- j 23- 29 II- 51 VII-329 IX-240 VIII-367 VI-342 VI-345 IV^87 j IV-^53 IV-454 VI-568 1-128 11-140 11-189 1-143 1-143 IV-638 11-184 VII-110 VIII- 37 1-574 1-433 1-234 II- 65 IX- 67 IV- 10 11-598 1-138 IX-335 IX- 97 VI-338 IX- 42 X-538 X 1-381 XI-580 XII-576 XII-576 XI^50 XI-453 IX-376 VIII-480 V-117 V- 26 V- 28 IV- 35 IV- 34 V-159 Xn-327 VIII- 92 VIII-143 V-191 XII-378 11-235 VIII-153 1-343 VII 1-143 II- 49 II- 62 Case hartlening Rolling mills Moulding Slags Manufacture of steel Wire and wire drawing. Harveyized steel 11-382 X-150 VIII-279 X-557 XI-123 XII^84 V-437 Section IV. — Manufacturiag Industries a. Textile Fabrics. Material : Cotton Fiber Flax Hemp Ramie, or china grass. . Silk and silk culture . . . Jute Wool Processes : Cotton manufactures . . Spinning and spinning jenny Weaving Loom Textile designing. . . . Textile fabrics Silk manufacture. Woolen manufacture . . Fulling Knitting Miscellaneous textile fab- rics ; Cassimere Flannel Floss silk Gauze Ribbon Satin Lace Tapestry Serge Nets and netting Carpets Rugs Matting Floor (or oil) cloth Fire-proofing Shoddy Textile fabrics of the N. A. Indians b. Head and Foot Wear. Materials and processes: Caoutchouc India rubber. Fur Goat's hair ("camel's hair") Felt Leather a. Enameled b. Leather board . . c. Tannic acid. . . . d. Morocco leather Articles : Shoe and shoe manufac- turing Hat making Gloves and glove mak ing c. Food Manufacturing. Materials : Canned goods (preserva tion of foods) Butter, cheese, etc. : a. Butter b. Oleomargarine . . , p. Oil (cotton-seed),, d. Casein III-314 IV-317 IV-384 V-^96 X- 3 X-529 VI-517 XII-508 III-215 XI- 63 XII-359 VII-318 XI-376 XI-378 ( X- ) 530-531 XII-509 IV-588 VI-588 11-385 IV-383 IV^05 V- 59 X- 97 X-319 VII- 8 XI-294 X-433 VIII-415 11-365 X-626 VII-575 IV-397 IV-358 X-505 VI-211 11-334 ( VI-219 ( VI-620 lV-595 V-179 IV-385 VII-114 IV- 71 VII-118 XI-291 VIII-255 X-505 V-441 V-173 IX-457 11-350 VIII-583 III-316 11-382 c. d. e. f. e. Cheese f. Milk g. Milk from the cow tree Flour and its manufac ture Meat products: a. Meat, or flesh . . . , b. Extract of meat. . Caviar Eggs Lard Horse meat Bakery products: a. Bread b. Biscuit c. Baking and bak- ing-powders d. Macaroni Starchy foods : a. Rice b. Sago c. Tapioca d. Plantain e. Mushrooms f. Cocoanut Beverages : a. Coffee b. Tea 0. Chocolate d. Spices (seasoning). Sugars : a. Glucose . ■. b. Cane sugar and its manufacture j Cookery Food Peptonized food Preservation of food Adulteration Famine Fasting d. Dyestuffs. Dyeing Dyestuffs Blue dyes (blue) Indigo Carthamin Cochineal Galls Logwood Madder Murexidse, or purpurate of ammonia Naphthalene colors Phenol colors Purpurin Coralline (rosolic acid). . . Saffranine, or aniline pink Saffron Salicylic acid Sandalwood Aniline colors Tartaric acid (dyeing) . . . Weld, wold, or dyer's wold Mordants e. Inks and Pigments. Carmine Charcoal blacks Vermilion (cinnabar). India, or China ink. . Ink Green pigments Sapgreen Sienna limber Vanadium Zinc-white Paint 11^59 Vin-121 VIII-127 IV-405 VII-601 IV-238 11^13 III-631 VII- 73 VI-614 11-144 II- 33 1-457 VII-380 X- 99 X-341 XI-295 IX-336 VIII-317 III- 40 III- 48 XI-317- 11-543 XI- 59 V-174 I XI- ( 193-203 III-171 IV-430 IX-210 1X^56 I- 49 IV-255 lV-368 III-543 III-545 J II- 66 \ III-544 VI-225 11-378 III- 37 V- 34 VII-300 VII-406 Vni-309 VIII-347 IX-251 IX-551 X-187 X-239 X-240 X-267 X-306 1-219 XI-303 XII-878 VIII-347 11-355 11-464 11-573 VI-201 VI-254 V-300 X-311 X-522 XII- 22 XII-113 XII-577 IX- 77 EDUCATIOXAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING 1. Fermented Liquors and Cigars. Alo Beer Cider Fermentation Distillation Fining, or clarification of liquors Koumiss Liquors Whisky Brandy Gin Wine Champagne wine Port wine Wine and wine-making . . Cigars (manufacture) .... Tobacco (manufacture). . . g. Drugs, Chemicals. Oils, Soaps, Pap»r, Jli.ice/kt- neous Articles of Com- merce. Carbolic acid Chloral Coca Cocaine Cod-liver oil Collodion Glycerine Gum resins Hydrogen peroxide Hypochlorite Levigation, or pestle and mortar trituration .... Lycopodium Musk Oxalic acid Pharmacy (art of) Anthracene Bitters Candles Gas manufacturing Oils Palmitic acid Palm oil Paraffin Tallow Wax Oil of turpentine Soap Perfumery Aerated waters Soda ash Tar and coal tars Fats Mucilage Sulphur Sulphuric acid Varnish Japanning Whalebone Horn manufacture Paper and its manufac- ture Papier-niacliu Parchments Ivory (ve^fetaljle) Glue Gum shellac (lac) Lacquer, or lac varnish . . Matches Pens Fireproof safes Mirrors Umbrellas and parasols. , Saddle Wall paper Lamps Combs 1-107 1-560 11-569 IV-295 III-461 IV-343 VI-601 VII-2,53 XII-418 11-139 V-146 XTI-610 11-454 XII-477 XIT-4T5 XI-462 XI-463 11-345 11-541 III- 35 III- 35 III- 45 III- 68 V-176 V-847 VI-103 VI-127 VII-170 VII-367 VIII-327 IX- 63 lX-249 1-231 II- 37 11-326 V- 48 VlII-575 IX-101 IX-102 IX-119 XI-280 XII-353r| XI-604 X-592 IX-609 I- 53 X-608 ( XI-296 \ III- 29 IV-371 VIII-290 X 1-21)8 X 1-209 XII-124 VI^12 XII^08 VI- 30 I.\'- IX- IX- XII- V- VII- VII- VII- IX- IV- VIII- XII- X- I.X- VII- III- 109 116 12.-, 133 176 7 ■ 13 ■57*i •197 ■358 •162 • 23 236 •116 . 3.-) • 89 i Brushes Gutta-percha Ivory Graphite (lead) pencils. . Tiles Celluloid Artificial flowers Engraving and its tools. Taxidermy Jewelry Keramics Pottery and porcelain. . . , Photography Chrono-photography Art of writing , Handwriting Stenography Visible speech writing . . Wood carving Brick making Globe making Embalming Ropes and rope-making. , Coir Salt manufacture Metal work Bronzing Chasing Enamel Etflbossing Calcium carbide Acetylene generators burners, and lamps . . . , 11-204 A'-022 VI-628 ( V-250 / IX-199 XI-442 11-419 IV-410 IV-116 XI-311 VI-443 VI-553 IX-429 lX-277 11-619 XII-535 V-634 XI-129 Xn-217 XII-503 11-158 V-170 IV- 53 X-179 III- 53 X-272 VIII- 54 11-190 11-480 IV- 71 IV- 56 1-608 1-609 Section V. — ]y[acliines, Iffachinery, Instruments, Implements, and Iffiechanical Devices a. Introductory Topics. Mechanics Mechanical powers Machines and machinery. b. Prime Movers. Engine Steam-engine Eccentric Governors Ply- wheel \\. Cam ij . Gas-engine. . . . t-.\ . .. . . .- . Hydraulic engine Hot-air engine Dynamo-electric machine. Water-wheels Breast-wheel Windmills Inclined plane Screw Jack Machine tools Locomotive Steam-boilers Motion in machinery ... Fireless engine Friction Compressed air Bellows Blowing machines c. Machinery for Moving Solid Bodies. Derrick Dredges and dredging. Hydraulic crane Danaid Crane Elevators or lifts d. For Moving Fluids. Hydraulic ram Pump Vacuum pumps VII-604 VII-603 VII-393 IV- 77 XI-110 III-573 V-225 IV-417 ' 11-803 V- 45 VI- 93 VI- 46 III-549 XII-337 11-151 XII-168 VI-188 X-395 V 1-383 VII-393 VII-289 XI-105 Vni-276 IV-356 IV-562 III-107 1-574 II- 63 ITI-410 1 11-503 VT- 93 III-320 ni-237 IV- 38 VI- 94 IX-544 IX-544 A'alves Air-pump Fanning-machine. 0. For Cutting or Dividing Bodies. Grinding and crushing machinery Grindstones Sand-blast Saw Celt (stone chisel) Cutlery Emery-wheels File Ruling-machines Dividing-engine Dividers f. For Making Textile Fab- rics and Clothing. Loom Spinning-jenny Sewing-machines Drying-machine g. For Pressing or Squeez- ing. Aerostatic press Hydrostatic, or hydraulic press h. Machines for Printing. Printing-presses Calico-printing ■ Calendering Type-setting machines . . i. For Acoustic Purposes. Phonograph Telephone . j. For Optical PmposeB. Field-glass (spy-glass). Lens Spectacles Spectroscope Telescope Microscope Seismograph Magic lantern Stereoscope Vitascope k. For Calculation. Abacus Calculating-machine Mechanical calculation. . . 1. For Measuring and Be ,cordtng and Copying. Meters, for measuring . . . Micrometer, measuring minute distances Calorimeter, measuring amount of heat Chronograph, measuring and registering time. Synchrcmografih Chronosoope, recording time Dynamometer, mea.suring force Hydronicler, measuring specific gravity Hygrometer, measuring amount of moisture. . Lactometer Measuring machines. . . Metronome Photometer Pyrometer Pyroheliometer Radiometer Saecharimetry XII-111 I- 88 'V-256 V-313 V-816 X-289 X-329 11-421 III-293 IV- 65 IV-328 X-306 III-464 III-464 VII-318 XI- 63 X-i48 III-516 I- 59 VI-113 IX-473 11-283 11-281 XII- 6 IX-273 XI-335 IV-S24 VII-148 XI- 45 XI- 46 XI-337 Vin-103 X-414 VII^19 XI-183 XII-601 I- 2 11-275 VII-603 VIII- 69 VIII-103 11-291 11-556 XI-617 11-556 III-552 VI-107 VI-119 VII- 15 VII_600 VIII- 80 IX-280 IX-557 IX-557 IX-582 X-233 TUB UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS 75 Scale Sextant Thermometer and ther- mometry Centigrade thermometer . Celsius — thermometer (Celsius) Differential thermometer. Clocks "Watch Hairspring Escapement Water-meter Voltameter Wheatstone's bridge Galvanometer T-square Vernier Electric meters Electrometers Electric clocks Dipping needle Wattmeters Telegraph apparatus Telautograph Typewriting-machines . . . Writing-machines Voting-machines Weighing-machines Pantograph m. For Traveling Purposes. Carriages Bicycle Cycling Velocipede Automobile (motor car- riages) n. For Extinguishing Fires, or for Fire Protectors. Fire-alarms Fire-engines Fire-armor Fire-escapes Fire-extinguishers o. Agricultural Implements and Machinery. Scythe Reaping and mowing ma chines Sowing-machines , Fanning-machines , Threshing machinery * Plows p. Flectrical Machines. Brush Electric cable Commutator Condenser Electric lighting devices -j Electric railway machin ery Electric transformer. q. For Miscellaneous Uses. Balance . . ." Burning-glass Flying-machines X-334 X-^50 XI— 400-401 11-435 11-421 III-443 III- 15 XII-313 V-380 IV-164 XII-332 XII-243 XII-413 V- 26 XI-572 XII-166 IV- 38 IV- 33 IV- 11 III-454 XII-344 XI-338 XI-326 XII- 7 XII-525 XII-247 XII-369 IX-107 11-367 II- 11 III-297 XII-547 VIII-619 IV-348 IV-350 IV-349 IV-351 IV-352 X-400 X- 17 XI- 31 IV-256 XI-426 IX-347 11-204 11-261 III-103 III-115 IV- 23 VII- 35 IV- 30 XI-519 1-458 11-241 IV-417 Section VI.— Printing and Pub- lishing IX-468 XII- 4 VI-167 VII-261 IV-116 XI-134 XI-135 XII-504 XII-576 Printing Type-founding . . . Illustration Lithography Engraving Stereotyping Electrotypin^ Wood-engraving , Zincography Decalcomanie Book Bookbinding Book-plates Bleaching Cardboard Manuscript Palimpsest Newspapers Periodicals Lexicography Libraries Library administrations . III-361 II- 96 II- 96 11-606 II- 53 11-348 VII-495 IX- 96 VIII^4:9 IX-316 VII-173 VII-186 VII-188 In- Section VII. — Architecture, pentry, Masonry, etc. Architecture Architecture of N. A dians Foundation Quicksand , Building-stone Cement House (building) Fire-proof buildings . . Beam, Floor, Buttress Girder Ceiling Door Mouldings Mullion. Roof Vault (architecture) Plumbing Warming and ventilation.. Chimney Furniture Carpentry as an art Car- 1-288 VI-209 IV-^76 IX-573 11-219 11-423 VI- 53 IV-356 1-543 IV-395 11-255 V-150 11-417 III-485 VIII-280 VIII-297 X-177 XII-130 IX-349 XII-386 11-537 IV-603 11-363 Section VIII. — ITavigation, Boats, etc. Navigation Canoe Boat Keel Deck Bowsprit Mast Anchor Davits Knot Cable Compass (Boxing the) Sail Boatswain Bells Seaman Steam vessels Ship's magnetism Whaleback steamers Tonnage Salvage Chart Pog-signals Lighthouses Eddystone Lighthouse Pilot Life-boats Life-preservers Life-rafts Life-saving service Great circle sailing Mercator's projection Meridional parts Rhumb (lines) Catamaran Caravel Yachts Ship worm (Teredinidae) . . . VIII-377 11-339 II- 70 VI-542 X-483 11-124 VII-570 1-204 III-350 VI-589 11-261 III-105 X-343 U- 71 1-575 X^03 XI-130 X-489 XII-407 XI-474 X-378 11^76 IV-420 VII-215 III-582 IX-305 VII-201 VII-208 VII-309 VII-310 V-267 VIII- 36 VIII- 40 X- 94 11-394 11-344 XII-537 X-504 Ship-building Naval architecture. Screw propeller . . . X-478 X^78 X-646 Section IX. — Civil Engineering, Surveying, Geodesy, etc. Engineering Engineer Civil engineer Experimental engineering . Construction Bridges Cantilever Drawbridge Truss Abutment Foundation Arch Caisson Factor of safety Strength of materials Stresses Torsion Elastic limit Fatigue of materials Modulus of elasticity Reservoir Reservoir dams Retaining wall Dam Stone Masonry Lime Cement Concrete Brick Earthwork River hydraulics .v. i. ..... Embankment Levees Jetties ,•,•■•• Fascines .-'. ;^. . . Current meter Railways or railroads Block system • Gauge of railways Creeping of rails Ballast Flexure Fish plates Frog Thermodynamics Steam-engine Steam-boilers Locomotive Motion in machinery Mountain railways Underground railways .... Street railways Railroad cars Pneumatic transmission. . . Traveling sidewalks Breakwater Docks Canals and canal -locks Ship canals Ship railways Tunneling Viaduct Cloaca Maxima Water (industrial applica- tions) Sewerage Stand-pipe Water- works Water-meter Aqueducts Water-power Water-wheels (utility) Wheelwork or gearing Surveying Hypsoruetry (leveling) IV- 78 IV- 77 11-584 IV- 78 III-158 11-161 11-333 III-502 XI-567 I- 17 IV-476 1-281 11-273 IV-237 XI-168 XI-171 XI^93 IV- 4 IV-27i VIII-188 X- 71 X- 73 X- 76 III-314 XI-154 VII-559 VII-336 11-432 ni-113 11-158 III-566 X-118 IV- 55 VII-167 VI-440 IV-267 III-287 IX-586 II- 60 V- 58 III-343 1-468 IV-389 IV-374 IV-577 XI-397 XI-110 XI-105 VII-389 VIII-376 VIII-384 XII- 35 XI-167 IX-593 IX-357 XI-531 11-146 111^67 ( II- ( 319-330 X-483 X^87 XI-583 XII-186 III- 14 XII-331 X^44 XI- 87 XII-337 XII-333 1-265 XII-334 XII-337 XII-415 XI-330 VI-138 76 EDUCATIOXAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Levels and leveling Compass Chain and Giintur's chain Contours Plane-table Signaling Turbine water-wheel (as a motor) Geological survcvs Coast and gcddetic sur- veys Geodesy Triangulation Mensuration ReconnaissanoL" Ordnance survey Topography Stadia measurement Projection Roads Appian Way Pavements Engineering laboratories. Technical schools Trade schools Schools of civil and mechan- ical engineering Troy Polytechnic Insti- tute Worcester Polytechnic In- stitute Stevens Institute Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cornell University Alfred Wingate Craven James Watt Thomas Newcomen . . , George Stephenson Robert Thurston John A. Roebling Sir Benjamin Baker. . . James B. Eads yn-169 I 11-105 II-WT III-163 IX-;S-26 X-524 XI-591 XI-231 III- 30 V- 79 X 1-548 YIII- 32 X- 22 IX- 15 X 1-479 XI- 79 1X^93 X-125 1-360 I IX-177 , YII- 4 I VII- 5 X-37] I X-373 X-371 X-619 XII-514 XI-140 VII-568 III-196 III-239 XII-343 VIII-437 XI-133 XI-481 X-146 1-455 III-554 Section. X. — KEilitary Engineer- ing ; War as a Science and Art ; Army and Navy a. JSIilitary Organization. Army 1-330 Army regulations 1-337 Army register 1-337 Army list 1-337 War XII-276 War Department XII-383 Council of war III-319 Militia VIII-119 Corps d'armee (army- corps) III-201 Infantry YI-342 Cavalry 11-409 Artillery (troops) 1-358 Brigade 11-179 Regiment X- 44 Battalion 1-533 Company III-104 Column Ill- 88 b. Army Officers. Commander-in-chief . . . General officer. Staff Brigadier-general Field officer Quartermaster-general . Adjutant-general C(.hin./1 Captain Aidi-s-di-camp Sergeant Brcvit Chaplain Ill- 93 V- 7(1 XI- 80 11-179 IY-325 IX-565 I- 46 III- 71 11-341 I- 86 X^32 11-156 11-462 c. Xary OrgnnizntioH and jS'aval Officials. Xavy Department Navy Ships of war Monitor Turrets Mortar vessels Torpedo boats and ves- sels Torpedoes Submarine navigation. . Marines and U. S. marine corps , Naval signals. Fire ship Greek-fire. ... Blockade Embargo Prize Privateering . . Admiral Vice-admiral . . Commodore . . . Captain Commander. . . Flag-officer.. . . Ensign d. Military Education. Military academies West Point. Academy. . . . Naval academies Annapolis Academy. . . Staff schools Willet's Point Military School Schools of artillery .... Ballistics Signal service e. Military Quarters and Commissariat. Barracks Tent (army) Cantonment Bivouac Commissariat Contributions and requi- sitions Forage Canteen (army) Camp (military) f Army Discipline and Tactics. Military discipline Salutes Tactics Military evolutions Marching Flag Epaulette (uniform and rank) ^Military insignia Court-martial . Army Equipment — Weapons of War. Arms Small arms (ancient) without gunpowder: Bow and arrow Tomahawk Battle-axe Spi-ar Lance ^ling Daggi-r Swfird Bayonet VIII.-380 YIII-379 X-490 VIII-313 XI-605 VIII-263 XI-483 XI-486 XI-183 VII-514 VIII-375 IV-359 V-282 II- 60 IV- 55 IX-484 IX-482 I- 47 XII-187 III- 99 11-841 III- 93 IV-381 IV-123 VIII-117 VIII-118 VIII-374 ( VIII- ) 374-375 XI- 80 XII^149 1-858 1-469 X-524 1-510 XI-355 11-334 II- 39 III- 98 111-167 X- 70 IV-440 11-332 11-310 VIII-119 X-277 XI-273 IV-211 VII-506 IV-379 IV-188 VIII-606 III-232 1-339 11-121 XI^69 1-534 XI- 43 VII- 89 X-568 ITI-808 XI-25n 1-540 Damascus blades. Mace Artillery (ancient) with- out gunpowder : Dart Ballista Catapult Battering-ram Firearms : Firearms Small arras Revolver Magazine guns Breech- loading fire- arms Spencer rifle Artillery Ordnance Rifling of ordnance .... Howitzer Machine and rapid-fire guns Dynamite gun Columbiad Dahlgren gun Bomb Mortars Ammunition, etc. : Ammunition Gunpowder Explosives Fulminates Fuse Smokeless powder. Gunnery: Gunnery Ballistics and ballistics pendulum Projectiles Shot Grape-shot Electro-ballistics Range-finders and posi- tion-finders Case-shot Cartridge Casemate Battery Arsenal Ordnance Department.. . Attack and Defense in Warfare. Approaches (military). . . . Base of operations Engineer Corps. Military bridges Circumvallation Contravallation Earthworks Sappers, miners, and pon- toniers Fortification Abattis Fortress Tower as a fortress Bastion Counterguard Castle Counterscarp Blindage Intrenched camps Epaulement Barricade Coast-guard Blockade Siege , Bombardment Armor III-817 VII-888 in-840 1-469 11-895 1-533 IV-350 X-571 X- 83 VII-394 11-152 XI- 56 I-S50 IX- 10 X-109 VI- 57 VII-395 III-548 III- 78 III-810 II- 84 VIII-262 1-163 V-852 IV-221 IV-589 IV-610 X-585 V-847 1-469 IX-491 X-509 V-249 IV-813 X-609 11-383 11-879 11-383 1-583 1-344 IX- 14 263 -520 11-174 11-579 III-166 III-566 X-311 IV-462 I- 4 IV-469 XI-501 1-529 III-220 11-390 111-220 II- 57 V 1-31 7 IV-1.S8 1-512 ni- 33 II- 60 X-518 II- 84 1-337 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS T7 Coat of mail , Chain-mail. . . i. Miscellaneous Military To board a ship (board) . . Strategy Spy Countersign Capitulation Truce Ill- 33 11-447 II- 69 XI-164 XI- 76 III-220 11-340 XI-563 Honors of war Armistice Ambulance corps Ambulance U. S. Sanitary Commis- sion Red Cross Conscription Contraband Neutrality Declaration of war VI- 31 1-337 1-147 1-146 X-394 X- 36 III-147 III-163 VIII-418 III-368 Great Soldiers. Xenophon and Cyrus Alexander the Great, Hannibal Julius Cffisar Oliver Cromwell George Washington. . Duke of Wellington . Napoleon Bonaparte. Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant XII-535 1-109 V-404 11-368 III-254 Xn-305 XII-383 VIII-350 VII-125 V-343 CHAPTER yill FINE ARTS MUSIC, ORATORY, AND ACTING AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS The Fine Arts appealing to the ear are Music, Oratory, and Acting ; the last in its elocutionary and oratorical aspects. Ethnologically considered, music is born of the dance, and the earliest is purely rhythmic, its pur- pose being to mark the time for terpsichorean performances. The music of the American Indians is largely of this character, although a slight development of melody is discovered. The second stage is the melodic, in winch themes are repeated with variations. The third stage is the harmonic, which is a union of co-existent melodies. The fourth stage is the symphonic, when music is a suc- cession of harmonies with varying themes. The art of address strikes its roots far into the deepest and richest soil of the man himself. Delivery, in oratory, is nothing less than the man, the whole man, speaking — communicating him- self. All true orators and great artists in dramatic and musical expression are conscious of a strange and often bewitching power from within. Oratorical or artistic power goes out of them. JIagnetism is the life of public speaking and is one great secret of its influence. On the subject of music, APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS has three hundred and seventeen articles ; on oratory and representative orators it has fifty-two ; and on acting and actors sixty-eight. Under the first division of Music, viz., as a science and an art, the one hundred and two separate articles will be found to constitute a most valuable treatise on music written by some of its masters. The articles on musical instruments and the biographies of the great composers, conductors, and instrumental and vocal artists are not less interesting and valuable. The article " Elocution," properly coming under the head of Oratory, is a masterpiece of writing. It is by John W. Churchill, late Professor of Elocution in Andover Theological Seminary, and it forms a fitting introduction to the study of oratory. The principal Greek, Eoman, French, Italian, Irish, English, and American orators are discussed in the several articles bearing their names. Under the head of " Acting " there are extensive articles on the theater, act, tragedy, comedy, pantomime, harlequin, and the miracle plays, Passion Play, etc. In the biographies of the most noted Greek, Eoman, Italian, French, German, Spanish, English, and American actors, the reader will find authentic information. AUTIIOEITIES Mr. Dudley Buck, Organist and Composer, Brooklyn, New York ; Editor, Reviser, and Contributor of articles on 3Iusic. JoHX W. Churchill, late Professor of Elocution in Andover Theological Seminary. Basil L. Gildersleeve, Ph. I)., LL. I)., D. C. L., Professor Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Artuur R. Marsh, A. JI., former Professor of Comparative Literature, Harvard University ; And other prominent authorities. PAINTING, SCULPTURE, DECORATIVE ART, AND ARCHITECTURE AS TREATED IX APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS The fine art of painting is the most elaborate and complex of all the arts that appeal to the eye. It is therefore the moct ditticult to understand and appreciate. At the same time, as painting much more than sculpture deals with scenes, incidents, historical events, the illustrations of poems and fiction, landscape and the representation of common objects of all sorts, so it is painting that persons nut specially instructed in art are the most apt to care for. THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 79 Architecture is the highest of the industrial arts, and the most useful of the fine arts. The architect may impart to his work sublimity, splendor, grace, playfulness, variety, or solemnity, and beautify it by grace of proportion, picturesque outline, play of light and shade, richness of carving and detail, or splendor of color ;' at the same time he consults and satisfies the demands of durable construction ; so that architecture ranks as a fine art with painting and sculpture. On»the subject of painting the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS contains three hundred and twenty articles, and on art and sculpture (in all) nearly six hundred. AUTHORITIES Russell Sturgis, A. M., Ph. D., ex-President of the Architectural League, New Yorlc. Prof. Alfred Emerson, A. M., Ph. D., Associate Professor of Classical Archeology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Prof. Wolfgang Helbig, formerly Secretary of the Archaeological League, Rome, Ital}'. Prof. Rydolfo A. Lanciani, Ph. D., LL. D., Direetor of Excavations, Rome. W. J. Stillman, Artist and Critic, Correspondent of the London Times, Rome. William A. Coffin, formerly Secretary Society of American Artists, N. Y. A. D. P. Hamlin, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Architecture, Columbia University, N. Y. DIVISION A.-MTJSIC Section I. — Musical Science and Art Music The Muses Mythology in relation to music Ethnology in relation to music Doctor of music. . . Imitative music. . . Scale (gamut) Gamut Interval Solfeggio "C" in music Natural Plat Chromatic Tone Major Pitch Note Musical notation.. . German scale Tonic sol-fa system Clef G clef Key Transposition G., Fourth , Fifth Fifteenth Imperfect Large Melody Harmony Harmonics Hexachord Consonance Dissonance Distance Rhvthm (phrase) Time Accent Syncopation " Line " in music Key-board Temperament Fingering. Graces, or grace notes A capella Thorough bass Ground bass Decimi in thorough bass, . . Figured bass General bass VIII-318 VIII-314 VIII-314 IV-178 111-472 Vl-173 X-334 V-530 VI-315 XI- 5 11-260 VIII-367 IV-384 11-555 XI-472 VI 1-453 IX-317 Vin-521 VIII-530 V-117 XI-473 11-602 V- 62 VI-558 XI-529 V- 1 IV-489 IV-826 IV-326 VI-181 VII- 73 VIII- 19 V-420 V-419 V-539 III-149 111^61 111-461 X- 96 X 1-448 I- 22 Xl-257 VI 1-247 VI-559 X 1-343 IV-343 V-231 I- 21 XI-422 A'-320 III-364 IV-327 V- 69 Fundamental bass and fun- damental chord.. ."..... Mode '. .. Modulation Holding note Dominant Inversion Cadence Half cadence Arrangement Sequence Voice in music Contralto -. . Tenor Voice culture in music Plain song, or Gregorian music Gregorian music Madrigal Choir.. Chorus Choral Chant Intonation Pibroch Christmas carols Glee Gloria Chime Antiphony Counterpoint Polyphony, or contrapuntal . Fugue Cadenza "Canon" Organ point Stop (organ) Foot (organ) Harmonic stops Enharmonic Cavatina Fantasia Cantata Opera (music) Oratorio Recitative in oratorio Orchestra Overture Concerto Sonata, Symphony IV--590 VIII-185 VIII-188 V-605 IV-480 VI-324 11-265 V-384 1-342 -X-429 XII-234 III-166 XI-355 XII-234 IX-325 V-303 VII-411 11-542 II-S47 11-546 11-460 VI-316 IX-298 11-552 V-168 V-171 11-527 1-245 III-220 IX-391 IV-586 11-266 11-329 IX- 24 XI-156 IV-438 V-420 IV-131 11-411 IV-257 11-331 Vin-595 IX- 4 X- 21 IX- 5 IX- 59 III-llO XI- 9 XI-256 Section II.— Musical Instruments a. Instruments of Percussion. Drum Tambourine. Cvmbals . . . . III-515 XI-287 III-299 b. Wind Instruments. Reed instruments Accordion Harmonica Concertina , Organ Bagpipe Flute Clarinet Fife Basset horn Bugle Bassoon Serpent. Trombone Human voice c Stringed Instruments. MoMaxi harp Harp Zither Lyre Lute Guitar Mandolin Oboe Hurdy-gurdy Harpsichord Spinet Pianoforte Violoncello Viola Violin X-81 1-25 V-419 III-llO IX- 23 1-450 IV-415 11-593 lV-326 1-527 11-317 1-527 X-433 XI-559 XII-234 I- 53 V-434 XII-578 VII-373 VII-356 V-343 VII-479 VIII-549 VI- 82 V-425 XI- 63 lX-279 XI 1-209 XII-208 XII-208 Section III.— Musicians Noted Composers Conductors. and Abt, Francis German Bach (family) " Bach, Johann " Bishop, Sir Henry.. .English Beethoven, Ludwig. German Benedict, Sir Julius. " Bergmann, Carl. ... " Bottesini " Bruch, Wax " Biilow, Hans von ... " Chopin, F " Flotow, F Franz, R " Gluck, C. W. von... " Goldsohmidt, " Handel. G. P " HiUer, F '• Klein, Bruno " Meyerbeer, G " I- 17 1-437 1-437 II- 33 1-563 1-579 1-589 11-114 11-201 11-229 11-545 IV-405 IV-518 V-173 V-198 V-403 V-556 VI-584 VIII- 89 80 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Mozart, V\' German Xi'ueiidorff, A Offenbach, J Ueinicke, K '' UheinlKn-goi-, J " Sehnbert, F " Seiill. A S|mhr, L Strauss, J Tlioinas, Theodore Wagner, W. H " Zerrahn, C David, F French Dubois, C. F " Gounod, C Lalo, E. V " Mii^s^, Felix M " Massenet, Jules E " Mendelssohn, B " Raineau, J. P Keyer, L. E " Saint-Saens, C. C " Haydn, F. Joseph Austrian Dvorak, A " Hummel, J. X Ijiszt, F. (pianist) " Schumann, R of Saxony Tschaikowski, P Russian Bellini, Vincenzo Italian Cimarosa, Domenico " Palestrina, G " Piccini, N " Rossini, G " Verdi, G " Cherubini, M. Luigi " Rubinstein A. G Roumanian Depres, Josquiu Flemish Benoit, P. L Donizetti, G Italian LuUy, J. B Flemish Tinel, Edgar Belgian Gade, N. W Danish Ilamerik, Asger " Ijassen, Eduard '" Barnett, John English Barnett, John F •' IJennett, William " (Vlher, A " Colder, Frederick " Costa, Sir M " Curwen, John " D'Albert, E Scotch Cowen, F. H English Hatton, J. L " Horn, Charle'? Edward " Ilorsley, C. Edward Horsley, William " Ilullah, John '• Lawes, H " Macfarren, G. A " Mackenzie, A. C Scotch Pureell, H English Sullivan, Sir A •' Tallis, Thomas " StaitiLT, Sir J " Thomas, A. G " Balfe, M. W Irish Bowman, Eilward American Bradburv, William B " Bristow,G. F Buck, Dudley " Chadwick, G. W " Clarke, Hugh A " Damni^eh, Walter " I)o„_f !,„„..,„ S see Callicrates ( Parthenon jg^^j^j;^^^^ Diana, Temple of, Ephesus. . Erechtheum (at Athens). . . . Entasis (Greek) Etruria (arts and civiliza- tion) Roman archaeology Pantheon (ancient Rome). . . Capitol (Rome) Basilica (Rome) 1-289 1-290 1-290 1-293 1-296 1-297 1-298 X- 56 III-364 V-269 IX-149 III-430 IV-1,17 IV-124 IV-180 X-1.53 IX-107 11-1340 1-523 Amphitheater Theater in architecture Theaters of Paris, architec- ture of Thermal baths (architecture of)... Arch Triumphal arch Arabian architecture Mohammedan art Saracenic art Byzantine art Escurial (Spanish palace). . . Renaissance in architec- ture Gothic revival Gothic architecture (Roman- esque) Decorative style (Gothic) . . . Elizabethan architecture Fan vaulting (English Goth- ic) Lancet windows (English) . . Lady Chapel (church archi- tectu re) Baptistery 1-165 XI-382 IX-130 XI-397 1-281 1-283 1-269 VIII-190 X-313 11-358 IV-166 X- 55 V-217 V-216 II 1-369 IV- 42 XTI- VII- 130 • 40 VII- 17 1-488 Central American antiqui- ties; (architecture) Architectural structures in parks Landscape gardening Orders of architecture Doric order Ionic order Corinthian order Composite oi'der Tuscan order Module (see Orders) Base Column Caryatides Pilaster Capital Frieze Entablature Cornice Corona M ouldings Cyma Dome Cupola Gable 11-436 IX-135 VII- 45 IX- 7 1 11-487 VI^327 III-194 III-106 X 1-606 VIII-188 1-520 III- 87 11-380 IX-304 11-339 IV-571 IV-123 III-197 1 1 1-199 VI 11-280 I 11-399 II 1-479 III-281 V- 1 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS 83 11-417 Vault XII-130 2^ave VIII-376 Porch IX-408 III-485 III-439 III-487 VIII-397 Oriel (bay) windows IX- 25 V- 36 Disposition in architecture. . III-460 Section II. — Famous Architects a. Of Ancient Oreece and Calliorates (Greek) ApoUodorus (Damascus) . . Gitiadas of Sparta Vitruvius, PoUio (Roman) 11-290 1-255 V-152 XII-330 h. Italian Architects. Pontana, Dom IV-430 Giovanni da Pisa V-148 Giulio, Romano Palladio, Andrea Maderno, Carlo Oroagna, Andrea Porta, Giacomo, della.. Rossellini, Bernardo. . . Sangallo, Giuliano da.. Soamozzi, Vincenzo. . . Vanvitelli, Luigi c. French Architects. Delorme, Philibert Fontaine, Pierre Gamier, Jean Louis. . . Lassus, Jean Baptiste . Lefuel, Hector Martin. Le Notre, Andre Mansart, Jules H Mansart, Nicholas P.. . d. German Architects. HittorfE, Jacques Klenze, Leo von Semper, Gottfried V-152 IX- 97 VII-407 IX- 5 IX-404 X-189 X-393 X-335 XII-131 III-384 IV-439 V- 38 VII- 79 VII-129 VII-147 VII-488 VII-488 V-594 VI-585 X-423 Vittoria, Alessandro (Aus- trian) XII-330 e. English Architects. Nash, John VIII-363 Paxton, Sir Joseph IX-179 IX-543 Scott, Sir George Gilbert . Smirke, Sir Robert Smirke Sydney X-391 X-575 X-575 Street, George Edmund. . . Stuart James XI-167 XI-177 X-593 Thomas John XI-414 XI-423 XII- 80 Van Brugh, Sir John XII-114 XII-131 "Wren, Sir Christopher f . American A rchiteds. Hunt, Richard Morris. . . . Mills Robert XII-531 VI- 79 VIII-131 Olmstead, Frederick Law. Sturgis, Russell VIII-585 IX-180 DIVISION D.— DECORATIVE ART Decorative art Archaic art Animal forms (Egyptian) . Pottery and porcelain deco- ration III-369 1-284 III-597 IX-429 Repousse Stucco in decorative art. Arabesque Embroidery Wood engraving X- 60 XI-178 1-268 IV- 56 XII-504 Palissy, Bernard Jones, Owen Baudry, Paul Blashfield, Edwin H, IX- 97 VI-481 1-535 II- 49 DIVISION E.— SCULPTURE a. Sculpture as a Fine Art Sculoture X-397 Ethnology (sculpturing) . . IV-178 VIII-335 1-377 Apollo in art (sculpture) . Roman archaeology (sculp- ture) 1-354 X-153 Bas-relief 1-525 1-138 Relief X- 48 Elgin marbles in the Brit- ish Museum IV- 39 Equestrian statue Metal-work IV-154 VIII- 54 Wond-carvincT XII-503 b. Famous Sculptors. Ancient Greek sculptors : Agasias of Ephesus Apollonius of Tralles Lysippus of Sicyon Myron I- 71 1-355 VII-376 VIII-334 Phidias (greatest Greek IX-253 IX-443 Italian sculptors : Arnolfo di Cambio Bandinelli, Baocio Brunelleschi, Filippo 1-341 1-480 11-203 11-331 Cellini, Benvenuto Civitali, Matteo 11-419 11-588 Donatello (statue of David) Ghiberti, Lorenzo Michelozzi in-483 V-134 VIII- 96 Mino da Piesole VIII-152 Niccolo da Pisa Niccolo da Arezzo Robbia, Lucca Robbia, Andrea Sehadow, Zeno Ridolf o . . . Tenerani, Pietro Verroochio, Andrea del . . . Lombardo, Pietro French sculptors : Bartholdi, Frederic Bosio, Frangois J David d'Angiers Desjardins , Dubois, Paul Duret, Francisque J , Puget, Pierre Rochet, Louis Rodin, Auguste , Roubiliac, Louis F Rude, Frangois English sculptors : Arundel, Thomas, art col lector Banks, Thomas Gibbons, Grimling Chantrey, Sir Francis. . . Gibson, John (Welsh) Hughes, Ball Steel 1, Sir John (Scotch). Stevens, Alfred George. . Thompson, Launt (Irish). Thornycroft, Walter H . . Weeks, Henry Westmacott, Sir Richard Wilton, Joseph Woolner, Thomas VIII-477 Vni-477 X-128 X-128 X-343 XI-349 XTI-169 VII-303 1-516 11-104 III-346 III-414 III-519 III-535 lX-542 X-136 X-145 X-193 X-204 1-359 1-486 V-138 11-461 V-139 VI- 63 XI-136 XI-139 XI-416 XI-432 XII-867 XII-397 XII^65 XII-511 German sculptors : Drake, Friedrich III-498 Sehadow, John G Schilling, Johannes Vischer, Peter X-342 X-349 XII-216 Swiss sculptors : Pradier, James IX-438 Vela, Vincenzo XII-145 Danish sculptors : Freund, Hermann Ernst. . Thorwaldsen, Albert American sculptors : Augur, Hezekiah Ball, Thomas IV-5ei XI-432 1-408 1-464 Bartholomew, Edward 1-516 11-196 Crawford, Thomas Greenough, Horatio Hart, Joel T III-340 V-299 V-430 Hosmer, Harriet VI- 43 Palmer, Erastus Dow .... Powers, Hiram IX- 99 1X^37 Rinehart, William H Rogers, John X-111 X-147 Rogers, Randolph Story, William Wetmore. Ward, John Q. Adams Dexter, Henrv X-148 XI-159 XII-283 111-628 Ezekiel, Moses J IV-628 Gerhard, Karl V-610 Hartley, Jonathan Soott. . Haseltine, Joseph Henry.. Hoxie, Vinnie Ream Simmons, Franklin V-636 V-636 VI-615 X-659 81 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING DIVISION F— ORATORY AND REPRESENTATIVE ORATORS Elocution I IV- 47 Greek oratory V-289 Philippics IX-259 89 Greek orators V IsiEus VI-3.55 Isocrates I VI-360 Lycurgus ' VII-368 Lysias i VII-375 III-390 III-398 I- 59 1-245 11-290 III-250 Demoerates. . Demosthenes. .^schines Antiphon . . . . Callistratus. . . Critias Roman orators : Hortensius, Quintus. . Pollio, Gains Cicero, Marcus VI- 41 IX-887 11-567 CiPsar, Julius 11-268 Quintilian on oratory . . . . French orators : Lacordaire, Jean IX-576 VII- 13 Napoleon Bonaparte VIII-350 V- 29 Thiers, Louis Adolphe Irish orators : Robert Emmet XI-406 IV- 68 IV-163 Daniel O'Connell VIII-559 English orators : Duke of Wellington XII-382 11-194 Edmund Burke H-237 Sir Robert Peel IX-190 Lord Thomas Lyttelton . . Richard Cobden VII-377 III- 34 John Bright 11-180 Benjamin Disraeli William M. Thackeray. . William E. Gladstone. . . American orators: Patrick Henry John Randolph Henry Clay Edward Everett Daniel Webster Cassius M. Clay Robert Charles Winthrop Wendell Phillips Samuel Adams Abraham Lincoln Charles Sumner William H. Seward Alexander H. Stephens.. James G. Blaine , Ralph W. Emerson Henry Ward Beecher.. . . in-460 X 1-380 V-155 V-503 X- 5 n-598 IV-195 XlI-363 11-598 XII-483 IX-261 I- 48 VII-243 XI-313 X-443 XI-131 II- 45 IV- 63 1-559 DIVISION G.-ACTING AND ACTORS Acfiiiff. Theater XI-382 Act in drama I- 37 XI-516 Comedy Pantomime III- 89 IX-108 Harlequin V-417 Miracle-plays, moralities. . VIII-156 IX-155 Actors. Greek: .^schylus I- 59 Roman (ancient) : Roscius, Quintus X-182 Italian : Rossi, Ernesto X-189 Salvini, Tommaso X-280 French : Leeouvreur, Adrienne. . Bernhardt, Sarah Lemaitre, Frederic Talma, Frangois VII- 28 1-597 VII-148 XI-281 German : Schroder, Friederich . . . Schroder, Sophia Janauschek. Franceska (Austro-Hungarian). . . X-375 X-376 VI-402 Spanish : Neilson, Adelaide English actors : Faucit, Helen VIII-397 IV-272 Garrick, David V- 39 IV-264 V-311 Gwynn, Nell Irving, Henry V-359 VI-353 Terry, Helen XI-365 Keaii, Edmund Booth, Junius B Macready, William Charles VI-541 II- 99 VII-404 Keene, Laura VI-543 Kemble (a family of act- ors) VI-545 Kendal, William H Kendal, Margaret Mathews, Charles Sothern, E. A VI-547 VI-547 VII-579 Xr- 15 Owens, John Edward . . Sullivan, Barry Siddons, Sarah IX- 62 XI-207 X-517 Toole, John Lawrence. . Wallack, James William Tree, H. Beerbohm Boucicault, Dion (Irish) Kean. Charles J. (Irish). Sheridan, Thomas (Irish) XI^78 XII-269 XI-541 11-115 VI-541 X-472 American actors : Adams, Edwin Barrett, Lawrence Booth, Edwin I- 41 1-518 II- 98 Davenport, B. L Davenport, Fanny Harrigan, Edward JefEerson, Joseph Mayo, Frank III-345 III-345 V-426 VI-430 VII-594 Payne, J. Howard Re lan, Ada IX-180 X- 45 Robson, Stuart Vezin, Hermann Warren, William Thompson, Henry Den- man X-138 XII-186 XII-393 XI-416 Drew, John Daly, John (manager and playwright) Crane, William Cushman, Charlotte Forrest, Edwin Miscellaneous nationali" ties: Langtry, Lillie (Isle of Jersey) III-513 III-314 111-^38 III-291 IV-458 VII- 52 Modjeska, Helen (Po- lish) VIII-187 Mansfield, Richard (Heligoland) Rachel, Elisa R. (Swiss). VII-489 IX-581 CHAPTER IX GAMES, AMUSEMENTS, CUSTOMS, FASHIONS, ETC. AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS There is a deeply laid basis in our natures for the saying, " All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." It has been shown that play is instinctive in animals and in man. The function of play is twofold. It is both creative and recreative. In other words, to children and youth, play is anticipative of useful occupation in the future, and in addition it gives recreation. But observation and experience corroborate what Shakespeare wrote : " If all the year were playing holidays, To sport would be as tedious as to work." And Cowper : •' Absence of occupation is not rest, A mind quite vacant is a mind distressed." A scientific analysis of play would involve many factors and require great research and study. For practical purposes, play may be cofisidered under the divisions : Games, sports and pastimes, recreations, and exercises. ' One of the oldest games, if not the oldest, on record is checkers, or draughts. It originated before 2000 b. c, previous to Abraham's time, and was introduced into Europe from Egypt. Chess, that game which has been called the art of human reason and the touchstone of the human intellect, dates from the time of King Solomon, at least 1430 b. c. Probably the first book printed from metal type in England (1479 A. d.) was The Game and the Play of Chesse. Dice is an ancient game, originating with the Greeks and Egyptians, or the Lydians. Football, too, is an ancient game ; and the history of playing-cards shows that the games played with them are several centuries old. The easiest and most eflScient manner of obtaining present-day, reliable information on any game, sport, or recreation, is to consult APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYOLOPJSDIA AND ATLAS. Thirty-six games, fifteen sports, and eight classes of recreations are minutely described in the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS. AUTHORITIES Chakles K. Adams, LL. D., Editor-in-chief of the Cyclopaedia. Prof. Charles H. Thuebek, A. M., of the University of Chicago, Assistant Editor. Prof. Alonzo a. Stagg, A. B., of the University of Chicago. Prof. Francis B. Gummere, Ph. D., of Haverford College. Prof. Dudley A. Sargent, A. M., M. D., Director of the Harvard Gymnasium. Hon. John Johnson, Banker, of Milwaukee, Wis. William Steinitz, late Chess Editor of the New York Tribune. R. P. Poster, Author of the Whist Manual. Edward Hitchcock, Jr., Professor of Physical Culture, Cornell University. John Reid, President St. Andrew's Golf Club, Yonkers, N. Y. ; And many other competent authorities. FASHIONS AND CUSTOMS " One might as well be out of the world as out of the fashion.'' " When you are in Rome, you must do as the Romans do." " Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy, For the apparel oft proclaims the man." These and other epigrammatic sayings express a world-wide characteristic of mankind. In his Education, Herbert Spencer says that in education, as in dress and fashion, the ornamental pre- cedes the useful. Be that as it may, as a rule "Fine feathers make fine birds," provided the birds have the discretion to keep silent until the proper occasion arrives. 85 so EDUCATIUXAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Frequent changes in fashion and dress, while resulting in increasing expenditures to a large class, are beneficial to the producer and the manufacturer. Most persons probably follow Pope's advice regarding fashions : " In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold, Alike fantastic if too new or old : Be not the first by whom the new are tried, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." The subjects of fashion, costume, dress, and peculiar customs are in nowise unimportant to those who would be well-informed. "Whether any particular fashion, however fantastic, is merely a sur- vival of some ancient but, at the time, useful device or pattern, or a revival, or a result of the modiste's invention — these are interesting questions. For example : Why are buttons retained on one's coat sleeve? AVhy do notches and buttonholes occur in the lapels of one's coat collar? What is the origin of the peculiar cut of the dress coat? etc, APPLETOXS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS contains full recent knowledge on all these subjects. Under the topics dress, headdress, boots, fans, costume, fashion, motto, coat-of-arms, heraldry, complete information by the highest authorities is given. Peculiar customs, such as mourning, wake, tournaments, St. Nicholas and Christmas gifts, cre- mation, dueling, and other topics are comprehensively treated in the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. AUTHORITIES Mrs. Jexn'ess Miller, of Washington, D. 0. Russell Sturgis, A. M., Ph. D., of New York. Samuel Saxton, M. D., of New York. Charles H. Thueber, A. JI., of Chicago, 111. Note. — Without recognition of the philosophy underlying bodily expression, improved dress is impossible. Fashion does not recognize the body; it subjugates it, and becomes itself the central and arbitrary point of attraction. Fashion does not demand the co-operation of the body in expression, but rather seeks in every possible manner to deprive the body of independent expression in order that it- may serve as an inconsequential model for the external decoration. Correct dress should not violate either health or the plastic beauty of the figure by cramping any part. The natural points of support, like the shoulders and hips, should be recognized as those from which all drapery should radiate in fine flowing lines free to follow and accentuate the movements of the body until the outward covering expresses the wearer's personality and suggests something special to each individual. The highest type of dress must recognize not only freedom, expression, radiation, and color, but snch subdivisions as utility in freedom, grace in expression, harmony in radiation, and subtlety in color — qualities that should remain through all the variations affecting the minor changes in dress. Section I. — Crames Baccarat 1-437 Backgammon 1-^39 Baseball 1-520 Bagatelle 1-449 Battledore I-,534 Boston 11-105 Bowls and bowling 11-122 Cassino 11-385 Checkers, or draughts II-i89 Billiards 11-16 Chess II-r)l)!J Coiiiraerce (cards) Ill- 95 Cribbage III-245 Cricket 111-248 Croquet III-2o5 Curling III-283 Diee III-433 Euchre IV-183 Football IV-13M Golf Y-198 Grecian games Y-2T0 Lacrosse : YII- 14 Lawn-tennis j VII-104 Nemean game-; ! YIII-400 Olympian games VIII-.586 IX-.313 IX-341 IX-363 IX-.388 IX-5(;r» IX-jTT Piquet (cards) . Plaving-eards, hi>ton- of. . Poker.' .■ Polo Pythian iramcs Quoits Rackets Seven up (cards) Tennis Whist IX-583 X^40 X 1-353 XII-420 Section II. — Sports and Pastimes Archers and archery. Angling Bull-fighting Charade acting Cheiromancy Cock-fighting Kite-flying Falconry Horse-racing S|)orts Wrestling Yachting Canoes (canoeing) . . . Carnival (festival) . . . 1-286 1-215 11-224 11^63 11-498 III- 39 VI-639 IV-349 VI- 38 XI- 70 XII-522 XII-r,37 11-329 11-357 Section III. — Recreations and Ex- ercises Calisthenics Cymnastics Fencing Horsemanship Rowing Sculling Dancing (also a fine art). . Clubs for recreation . ... 11-290 V-360 IV-2H5 VI- 36 X-199 X-397 III-321 III- 20 Section IV. — Customs Cannibalism Cremation Curfew Dueling Geophagism (dirt-eating) . Customs of the gypsies. . . Mourning Wake Tournament Coronation Tattooing Vampire Walpurgis Night St. Nicholas 11-338 III-342 III-283 III-532 V- 95 V-861 VIII-287 XII-261 XI-500 III-199 XI-308 XI 1-113 XII-372 VIII-478 Section V.— Dress, Costumes, Fash- ions, etc. Dress Head-dress Boots Fans Crinoline Costume Egyptian costume Fashion III-509 V^55 II- 99 IV-357 111-249 III-209 i 11-596 IV-266 Section VI.— Insignia and Devices ^^'•^i" VIII-279 Coat of arm.s HI- 33 Heraldry V-506 Rose (in heraldry) X-183 CHAPTEE X MEDICINE AND SURGERY AS TREATED IN APPLBTONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS Medicine is the art and science of curing diseases. Its origin is obscure, but dates back to the early existence of the human race, coincident with the liability to injuries, sickness, and process of decay. The Chinese have practiced and written of medicine from the remotest ages, but without intel- ligence or method. The Hindu practice has always been simple. The methodical study of medicine began in the fabulous age of Egypt. The reports concerning the practice of medicine in Greece in early times are legendary. Hippocrates, born in Greece 460 b. c, is known as the " Father of Physic." His remedies were mainly vegetable and dietetic. Medicine was introduced into Eome from Greece 200 B. c. By his teachings and writings, Galen, a Eoman physician, so influenced medicine that he was esteemed infallible authority for fully twelve centuries. He regarded disease as due purely to putridity of the " four humors " — blood, phlegm, bile, and black bile. During the dark ages medicine declined in Europe, but was preserved by the Arabian school, which dominated from the end of the ninth to the end of the fourteenth century. The Italian schools succeeded the Arabian. The great discoveries and researches of the Italians and that of Jenner (vaccination) laid the foundations for the modern practice of medicine and surgery. APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS contains more than one thousand articles on medicine and surgery. All the more important articles are signed by and contributed by specialists in their several departments, thus constituting the most valuable library on medicine and surgery ever contained in a cyclopaedia, because complete, recent, and by the very highest authorities. The subject-matter in this department consists of special articles on human anatomy and physiology, pathology, therapeutics, surgery, germ theory, and bacteriology, veterinary medicine and surgery, and medical biographies. AUTHORITIES William Pepper, M. D., ex-Provost University of Pennsylvania, Editor. John Ashhurst, Jr., M. D., University of Pennsylvania. John S. Billings, M. D., ex-Superintendent of the Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C. W. T. Cohnoilman, M. D., Harvard Medical School. George E. de Schweinitz, M. D., Jefferson Medical College. Charles W. Dulles, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa. Seneca Egbert, M. D., Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. Frederick Forchheimee, M. D., Cincinnati, Ohio. George H. Fox, M. D., New York. HoBART A. Hare, M. D., Jefferson Medical College. Guy Hinsdale, M. D., University of Pennsylvania. Barton C. Hirst, M. D., University of Pennsylvania. Henry M. Hued, M. D., Johns Hopkins University. Drs. Jacobi and Sondern, New York. Paul F. MundJ;, M. D., New York. EoswELL Park, M. D., University of Buffalo. George A. Piersol, M.D., University of Pennsylvania. Edward T. Reioheet, M. D., University of Pennsylvania. D. B. St. John Roosa, M. D., New Y'ork. De Forest Willard, M. D., University of Pennsylvania. Horatio C. Wood, M. D., LL. D., University of Pennsylvania. Timothy Field Allen, M. T)„ LL. D., New York. S. H. Guildford, D. D. S., Philadelphia, Pa. Charles Truax, Esq., Chicago, 111. Dr. Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia, Pa. 88 EDLTATIOXAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Note. — During the nineteenth century devotion to the development of technical and scientific investigation, rather than to speculation, as the true basis of the treatment of disease steadily increased, and warrants the belief that a system of scientific medicine is being erected. This has also been designated an ajje of "rational empiricism" in medicine, since skill in treatment is largely cumulative from experience, yet rendered intelligible and certain by a clear discernment of the laws of life, of the functional activities which constitute health, and of their perversion in disease. Ilistology, physi- ology, microscopy, micro-chemistry, pathology, physiological medicine, pharmacy, and therapeutics are fields of incessant work and progress. Correct and intelligent diagnosis, study of morbid anatomy and etiology, and an accurate knowledge of the physiological effects of remedies are sought as the only substantial basis for the treatment of disease, while its prophylaxis by the use of preventive inoculations was a brilliant anticipation of that which is now realized. In surgery great importance is to be attached to the general diffusion among practitioners of sound physiological, pathological, and therapeutic knowledge, thus enabling the surgeon to operate with facility and judiciously to treat the ]iatient after the operation, thus promoting speedy recovery. DIVISIOX FIRST.— HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Section I. — Introductory Topics Anatomv | I-1T8 Biology." II- 2.-) Histologv ^'-^)G7 Nutrition VIII-537 CcU 11-419 Embrv.ilogv I IV- 57 Physiology I IX-293 Section II. — Conncctivo Tissues Cellular tissue. , Fibrous tissue. , Elastic tissue . , Adipose tissue , Il-tlO IV-330 IV- 4 I- 4.-) Section III. — Skeleton IX- 43 II- 93 X-.5r)3 XI- 61 X- 98 11-513 XI-137 11-597 X-340 VI- 73 IX-583 III-188 11-366 V-401 X-336 IX-196 IV-285 IX-158 IV-320 IV^36 X-340 1-398 X-556 IV-077 IX-137 XI- 58 XI 1-245 IV-177 IX- 83 I V 1-128 IX-489 I IX-217 \ll-r,:U 11-379 1 VI-474 XI -234 ' III- 99 XI-347 I- 28 Ligament | VII-211 Section IV. — Huscles Muscle '• VIII-313 Fiu-e muscles : IV-235 Bleeps I n_ U Bufciiiator | 11-207 Sphincter i XI- 58 Osteology Bone Skeleton Spinal column . . Ribs Chest, or thorax. Sternum Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Coracoid bone. . . Carpus Hand Sacrum Pelvis Femur , Patella Fibula Foot Scaphoid bone . . . Atlas Skull Frontal Bone Parietal bones. . . . Sphenoid bone . . . Vomer Ethmoid bone. . . , Palatal bones . . . . Hyoid bone Prognathism Periosteum Marrow Cartilage Joint .Suture Commissure Tendon Achilles' tendon.. Accelerator Rigor mortis (muscles) . I- 21 X-110 Section V. — Jree Surfaces, Integu- ment, and Secretion JIucous membrane. . Serous membrane. . . Synovial membrane. Epithelium Secretion Epidermis Gland Pore Sweat Nails Scalp VIII-291 X-433 XI-359 IV-151 X-408 IV-145 V-156 IX-403 XI-236 VIII-341 X-335 Section VI. — Food Food Dietetics Meat, or flesh Milk Peptonized food Extract of meat Uses of water (sanitary in- spection) Uses of salt (sanitary inspec- tion) IV-430 III-441 VII-601 VIII-121 IX-210 IV-328 XII-328 X-274 Section VII.— Digestion, Absorp- tion, Ductless Grlands Digestion Teeth Dental formula. ... Deciduous teeth. . . Mastication ; . . . Saliva Salivary glands Parotid gland Pharynx Palate CEsophagus Epiglottis Abdomen Alimentary canal. . . "Cardiac orifice". . Stomach Pepsin Chyme Intestine Duodenum Ileum Liver Gall bladder Bile Pancreas Pancreatin Sjileen Chyle Pevcr's glands Cnh,n FMTes , Peri.-taltic motions . III-443 XI-322 III-403 III-363 VII-574 X-269 X-269 IX-144 IX-250 IX- 82 VIII-566 IV-145 I- 9 1-131 11-348 XI-153 IX-310 11-566 VI-.S16 111-531 VI-l(iO VI 1-270 V- 16 II- 16 IX-105 IX-106 XI- 66 11-566 IX-247 III- 71 IV-241 IX-217 Lymphatics Lymph Lacteals Thyroid gland Mesentery Anal glands (comparative anatomy) Kidney Ureter Urethra Bladdei' Urine Cowper's glands VII-370 VII-370 VII- 15 XI-433 VIII- 44 1-173 VI-565 XII- 84 XII- 84 II- 44 XII- 85 III-231 Section VIII.— The Blood and its Circulation Blood Venous blood Fibrin Coagulation Serum Leucocyte Hajmoglobin Circulation of the blood. Heart Endocardium Artery Aorta Carotid artery Brachial artery Pulse Sphygmograph Capillaries Veins II- 61 XII-154 IV-330 III- 23 X-434 VII-166 V-374 11-576 V-458 IV- 73 1-347 1-249 11-359 11-127 IX-543 XI- 59 11-338 XII-145 Section IX. — Respiration and Tem- perature Respiration Larynx Bronchi Lungs Pleura Expiration Diaphragm Respiratory sounds Animal heat Temperature of the body. . . X- 74 VII- 76 11-188 VII-355 IX-345 IV-221 III-430 X- 74 1-220 XI-345 Section X.— Nervous System Brain Dura mater Pia mater Sensorium Cerebellum Cerebral localization Parietal eye, or pineal gland. Foramen Medulla spinalis, or spinal oord Cerebro-spinal fluid Keflex action Nerves Pacinian corpu.scle8 11-133 III-533 IX-296 X-436 11-441 VI 1-283 IX-127 IV-^40 VIII- 8 11^141 X— y"^ VIII-405 IX- 70 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS 89 Vagus nerve, or pneumogas- trio Pneumogastric nerve Facial nerves Trigeminus Auditory nerve Hypophysis Infundibulum Excito-motor action XII-101 IX-3.~.8 lV-235 XI-551 1-405 VI-128 VI-351 IV-214 Section XI. — Reproduction Reproduction Pangenesis Weismann's theory. Spermatozoa X- 61 IX-106 Y-519 XI- 53 Prostate gland . . . Womb Fallopian tubes . . Ovaries Ovum Puberty Catamenia Gestation Mammary glands. Placenta Fffitus IX-505 XI 1-499 IV-252 IX- 58 IX- 61 IX-535 11-395 V-127 VII-467 IX-312 1V^18 Section XII. — The Senses Senses. Pain . . X-426 IX- T3 Tongue Vision Eye Cornea Iris Choroid coat Lachrymal glands. Tears Weeping Ear Eustachian tube. . . ( 'erumen Touch Pacchionian bodies Prossure-sense .... Muscle-sense XI-473 XII-218 IV-229 III-196 VI-338 11-547 VII- 12 XI-321 XII-368 111-555 IV-191 11-443 XI-498 IX- 69 lX-459 VIII-314 DlVISIOISr SECOXD.-PATHOLOGY, OR DISEASES Section I. — Introductory Topics Pathology IX-163 Disease III-457 Diagnosis III-424 Nosology, or classification ot diseases VIII-517 Congenital diseases 111-138 Hare-lip V-416 Infectious diseases : . . VI-245 Section II. — Intestinal Diseases Filth diseases IV-383 Human parasites Trichina Tapeworm Ascaris Pin-worm Cestoid worms . . . Nemathelminthes. IX-124 XI-549 XI-294 1-361 IX-811 11-444 VIII-399 Section III. — Fevers Fever Yellow fever Typhoid fever Typhus fever Relapsing fever Miasma Remittent fever Intermittent fever Chill Hectic fever Milk fever Febricula Thermic fever, or sunstroke IV-315 XII-548 XII- 13 XII- 14 X- 48 VIII- 91 X- 53 VI-295 11-525 V-477 VIII-127 IV-277 XI-397 Section IV. — Diseases of the Diges- tive Organs Enteritis IV-124 Cholera 11-544 Cholera infantum 11-544 Dysentery III-552 Diarrhoea 111-430 Milk-sickness VIII-127 Sea-sickness X^05 Nausea VIII-373 Vertigo XII-179 Vomiting XII-245 Colic in-59 Ileus VI-160 Cramp 111-236 Constipation III-152 Dyspepsia III-553 Pyrosis IX-558 Appendicitis 1-259 Diseases of the rectum X- 25 Fistula IV-374 Hajmorrhoids. V-374 Piles IX-304 Hernia V-526 Section V. — Diseases of the Mu- cous and Serous Membranes a. Of the Mouth, Tliroat, and Luvgs. Diseases of the mouth. . . . Cancrum oris Canker Tonsillitis Throat diseases. . . , Dysphonia v .: Diphtheria Dysphagia -. . . . . . . . Laryngitis Quinsy. , Croup Asthma Bronchitis Cough Whooping-cough Hay asthma Influenza (la grippe) Expectoration Pectoriloquy Pleuro-pneumonia Pneumonia Tuberculosis Consumption b. Of the Blood. Blood-poisoning . Pyaemia Hsematozoa Bleeding Epistaxis Hasmorrhage . . . . Hasmophilia CEdema Hsemoptysis Ansemia Plethora Rheumatism . . . . Haematemesis . . . Leucaemia Phagocytosis. . . . Of the Veins and Ar- teries. Varicose veins Phlebitis Thrombus Aneurism Embolism d. Of the Heart. Heart-disease Endocarditis Carditis Angina pectoris Palpitation of the heart. Cardialgia Patty degeneration Plypertrophy VIII-287 11-325 11-327 XI^76 XI-427 111-553 111-451 111-558 VII- 76 IX-576 III-259 1-881 11-188 IH-218 XII-433 V^52 VI-249 IV-221 lX-187 IX-346 IX-358 XI-573 111-160 II- 62 IX-554 V-874 II- 54 IV-150 V-374 V-374 VIII-564 V-374 1-171 IX-344 X- 89 V-374 VII-166 IX-248 XII-123 IX-267 XI-428 1-212 IV- 56 V-460 IV- 73 11-849 1-214 IX-102 11-348 IV-371 VI-125 Section VI. — Tumors, Abscesses, and Ulcers Tumors Cyst Cancer Epithelioma Carbuncle Boil Exudation Suppuration Gangrene Hospital gangrene . . . Ulcer Anthrax Abscess Abscess of the breast. Goitre Leucine (in tissues) . . Obesity Scrofula Dropsy Hydrocele Hydrocephalus Wen XI-579 111-803 11-334 IV-151 11-347 II- 78 IV-229 XI-223 V- 33 VI- 45 XII- 20 1-233 I- 15 11-151 V-190 VII-166 VIII-545 X-396 111-514 VI-100 Vl-101 XII-388 Section VII. — General Diseases of the Mucous and Serous Mem- branes Inflammation . Congestion Emphysema. . . Phlegmasia . . . Catarrh Pleurisy Peritonitis. . . . Hepatitis VI-346 III-139 IV- 69 IX-367 11-396 lX-345 IX-218 V-504 Section VIII. — Miscellaneous eases and Symptoms Dis- Asphyxia Strangulation Choking Drowning Resuscitation from drown- ing Blennorrhoea Sweating sickness Chlorosis Jaundice Dyspnoea Mumps Nostrils and their diseases. Hiccough Thirst Fainting Headache Chilblain Frostbite Cretinism Kakke 1-369 xi-ies 11-544 III-514 X- 76 II- 54 XI-236 11-543 VI-415 II 1-553 VII 1-298 VIII-518 V-545 XI-407 lV-243 V-455 11-523 lV-579 II 1-245 VI-523 90 EDUCATIONAL COl'RSES IN STUDY AND READING Tetanus, or lockjaw ' XI-3li7 Spasm 1 XI- 42 llyaicphobia , Vl-lmt SEniox IX. — Diseases of tlie Kid neys and Bladder Renal diseases. . ._ Addison's disease' liright's disease, or nepli ritis Albuminuria Dialietes Calculus Urinary calculi Concretion Oxahiria Glycosuria Piilyuvi.'i Retention of urine Ura>niiii Cystitis W.-Lxy dejienenUion Manisiuus Starvation X- 57 I- 44 II-lSl 1-103 III-424 II-2T6 XII- So III-114 IX- 63 V-177 lX-391 X- 77 XII- 81 I I 1-302 XlI-3o4 vii-sni XI- 97 Section X. — Diseases of the Bones and Joints Periostitis. . . . Exostitis Riclvets Caries Spinal caries., Coxalgia Necrosis Ankylosis . . . . Atrophy IX-217 IV-320 X-106 11-351 XI- 60 III-232 VIII-389 1-222 1-400 Section XI. — Diseases of the Skin Skin diseases Freckles Prickly heat Rash Nettle-rasli, or hives Elephantiasis Measles Erysipelas Chicken-pox '. . Sraall-pox Scarlatina Leprosy Roseola, or German measles Gutta rosea Lupus Herpes X-554 IV-529 1X^62 X- 8 VIII-415 IV- 37 VII-599 IV-163 11-521 X-573 X-840 VII-157 X-185 V-3o7 VII-355 V-530 Hydatid Pomphijrus Psoriasis Lichen Scabies (itch). . . Barlicr's itch. . . Eczema Chapped hands. Scurvy Dandruff Baldness Ichthyosis Ringworm Warts Callus Corn Bunion Section XII. — Diseases Genital Organs Uterine diseases Leucorrhoea Dysmenorrhoea Prolapsus uteri Abortion, disease from Puerperal fever Sterility Ergotism Syphilis Gonorrhoea Chancre Stricture Strangury Rupia VI- 91 L\-1!I6 IX-523 V 11-194 X-333 1-495 III-581 11-462 X-399 III-322 1-460 VI-148 X-111 XI 1-294 11-290 nW95 11-230 of the XII- 94 VII-166 III-553 IX-494 VIII-553 IX-537 XI-136 IV-1,58 XI-262 V-204 11-458 XI-171 XI-103 X-209 Section XIII. — Diseases of the Nervous System ■with Allied Diseases and Symptoms Nervovis diseases Neuritis Neurosis Neuralgia Facial neuralgia Enteralgia Epilepsy (fits) Hystero-epilepsy Myelitis Tabes dorsalis, or locomotor ataxia Basedow's disease . .^^ . , ,. . Shock ?. . .'7". . Convulsions Apoplexy Paralysis Facial paralysis VIII-405 VIII-416 VIII-417 VIII-416 IV-236 IV-124 lV-145 VI-131 VIII-333 XI-270 1-522 X-505 II 1-169 1-256 IX-122 IV-236 Paralysis agitans, or shak- ing palsy Hemiplegia Paraplegia Meningitis Hypera'sthcsia Hysteria Delirium Concussion Inebriety Intoxication Dipsomania Stupor Delirium trcniciis Chorea Dancing mania Tarantism Feigned diseases Dementia Ecstasy Hypochondria Hypochondriasis Catalepsy Coma Calenture Somnambulism Trance Hypnotic states (hypnotism) Coma-vigil Insanity Doubting insanity Puerperal insanity Stammering (chorea) Aphonia Aphasia Diseases of memory Dumbness Imbecility Precocity IX-122 "\'-4y5 IX-123 VIII- 31 VI-124 VI-180 III-383 ni-114 VI-239 VI-316 I I 1-455 X 1-179 III-383 11-546 III-322 XI-296 IV-281 III-386 III-579 VI-137 VI-137 11-394 III- 88 11-281 XI- 9 XI-518 A'I-125 III- 89 VI-266 111-491 IX-539 XI- 85 1-252 1-251 VIII- 24 III-527 VI-171 IX-446 Section XIV. — Diseases of the Eye and Ear Diseases of the eye Blindness Cataract Ophthalmia Iritis Granular lids Ptosis Gutta Serena Glaucoma Astigmatism Myopia Squinting (strabismus). Diseases of the ear Deafness IV-330 II- 57 11-395 VIII-596 VI-341 V-246 IX-535 V-357 V-168 1-381 VIII-383 XI- 78 III-556 III-356 DIVISION THIED.— THERAPEUTICS, OR REMEDIES Section I. — Introductory Topics Materia medica Pharmacy PreM-ripti 1-246 I XI-r,73 1-240 llI-4.-)M IV-t2« I-24II I XI-.J22 Section II. — Irritants Blisters Leech Irritants Counter-irritants . . Cupping Enderraic method. 11- 58 VII-127 Vl-352 III-320 III-381 IV- 73 Section III. — Laxatives Purgatives. Calomel . . . Blue pill. . . Cathartics . Cathartine. Rhubarb. . . Ca.stor oil. . Aperients. . iX-r,r,o 11-291 II- 67 U-398 11-398 X- 94 11-391 l-2.-)l Sec. IV. — Sedatives, Narcotics, etc. Sclatives I X-410 Neurotics ' VIII-417 Atomization 1-398 VIII 361 Carbolic acid 11-345 Valerian XII 106 Ether IV 175 Chloral 11-541 Chloroform 11-542 Opium VIII-598 Paregoric IX-126 Laudanum VII- 90 ('ocaine III- 35 Hashi.sh Curari V-488 III-281 Monkshood VIII-213 Henbane V-497 Section V. — Tonic Tonics 8 XI-473 Quinine IX 575 Stimulants XI 144 Nitrous oxide VIII-493 Nitrite of arayl VIlI-493 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 91 SECTioff VI. — Rubefacients, Expec- torants, Expulsives, etc. Rubefacients Arnica Camphor Astringent (for contraction) Expectorant Diuretic Vermifuges Anthelmintics Vesicants Febrifuge. Refrigerants X-203 1-339 11-318 1-383 IV-321 III-463 XII-163 1-330 XII-179 IV-278 X- 89 Section VII. — Emetics Emetic Tartar emetic. Ipecac IV- 65 XI-803 VI-331 Section VIII.— Emulsions and Foments Cod-liver oil Carminatives Tinctures Creosote Croton oil Cerates Urates, or lithiates . . . Dentifrice Effervescing powders. Ill- 45 11-355 XI-4:53 III-244 III-358 II^WO XII- 83 III-403 111-591 Dover's powder. . . Depilatory Fowler's solution. Fomentation Poultice III-494 111^07 IV-490 IV-438 1X^34 Section IX. — Miscellaneous Reme- dial Agents Fetid gums . Glycogen . . . Ichtliyol. . . . Gallic acid. . Ox-gall Beef tea . . . , IV-310 V-177 VI-143 V- 17 IX- 65 1-560 Section X. — Remedial Eflfects of Some Plants, and their Ex- tracts Salol Santonin. . . . Digitalis . . . Pennyroyal . Camomile . . yuassia Squills Lobelia Cinnamon Feverfew and feverwort. Stramonium X-371 X-309 III-444 IX-306 11-310 IX-568 XI- 77 VII-280 11-574 IV-316 XI-163 Mustard Jaborandi Myrrh Juniper Garlic Eucalyptus Nux vomica Sarsaparilla Capsicum Scammony Horehound Liquorice Ergot, or spur Hamamelis, or witch-hazel VIII-331 VI-883 VlII-385 VI-502 V- 87 IV-181 VIII-537 X-317 11-341 X-335 VI- 39 VII-357 IV-158 V-391 Section XI. — Medicinal Properties and Effects of Oxygen Sulphur Iodine Iodoform Phosphorus Hypophosphites Iron, medicinal uses of. . . Potassium Lead Mercury Remedial uses of fasting. Medical electricity Faradization IX- 67 XI-209 VI-336 VI-336 IX-376 VI-138 VI-346 1X^33 VII-113 VIII- 38 IV-368 VIII- 4 IV-359 DIVISIOlSr FOUETH.— SUEGEIIY Surgery Orthopedic surgery Wounds Gunshot wounds X-rays (application of the) . Amputation Artificial limbs Contraction Ligation, or ligature Tourniquet Bleeding (blood-letting). . . Bandages Plaster Sticking-plaster Splint Spinal curvatures XI-334 IX- 37 XII-519 V-354 XII-615 1-106 VII-234 III-166 VII-311 XI-500 II- 54 1-479 IX-333 XI-142 XI- 66 XI- 61 Club-foot, or talipes . . . . Laryngoscope Cautery Caustic Cicatrization Sprain Fracture Compound fracture . . . . Dislocation Trephining Obstetrics Forceps and their uses. . Bndermic method Acupuncture Hypodermic medication. Tracheotomy III- 20 VII- 76 11^08 11-407 11-567 XI- 72 IV-493 III-107 III-459 XI-545 VIII-552 IV^44 IV- 73 I- 39 VI-128 XI-509 Stethoscope Ear trumpet Audiphone Laparotomy Lithotomy Catheter Bougie Whitlow, or felon Burns and scalds. Tapping Stomach pump . . . Ophthalmology . . Ophthalmoscope . Spectacles Teratology Dentistry XI-187 III-566 1^05 VII- 64 VII-363 11-400 11-116 -Xn^39 11-343 XI-396 XI-158 VIII-597 VIII-597 XI- 45 XI-859 111^03 DIVISION FIFTH.— MISCELLANEOUS MEDICAL TOPICS Section I. — Introductory- Subjects Health V-457 Hygiene VI-116 Symptoms XI-356 Medicine VIII- 5 Hippocratic oath V-563 Medical writings of aneient Egyptians III-607 Medical schools X-367 Eclecticism in medicine. . . . III-577 Allopathy 1-138 Homoeopathy VI- 13 Hydropathy VI-109 Bath 1-531 Osteopathy IX- 50 Massage VII-568 Grape cure V-348 Rest cure X- 75 Mind cure VIII-138 Mental hygiene VIII-601 Christian Science X-381 Sec. II. — Germ Theory of Disease Fermentation IV-301 Bacteriology 1^442 Germ theorv V-135 Virus ". XII-315 Contagion III-161 Section III. — Poisons Toxicology Systematic toxicology. Poison of serpents .... Venom Ptomaines Lead poisoning XI-504 XI-506 IX-363 XII-154 IX-535 VII-113 Section IV. — Ilethods and Acces- sories ; Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Percussion IX-313 Hysterotomy VI-132 Antagonism of drugs 1-338 Dispensary III-460 Geographical distribution of diseases V- 83 Endemic IV- 73 Epidemics Health laws Diathesis Hospital Ambulance Quarantine Longevity Diseases of old age Climate (medical effect) Cold, its effects upon man. . Morbidity Crisis Mortality Death Mortuary Epizootic Pink-eye Farriery, or horse-surgery. , Rinderpest (cattle murrain) Veterinary medicine Vivisection Medical aspects of marriage Heredity Mitosis Vital statistics IV-144 V-638 III-431 VI- 43 1-146 IX-563 VII-311 VIII-579 III- 11 III- 55 VIII-346 III-349 VIII-363 III-357 Vni-367 IV-151 IX-310 IV-264 X-111 XII-183 XII-231 VII-530 V-519 VIII-183 XII-235 92 EDUCATIONAL COUGSES IX STUDY AND READING DIVISION SIXTH.— MEDICAL BIOGRAPHIES DiHtor. or >r. D Abenutliy, John -K^rulapius Agnew, Cornelius Aselc]iiada3 Barker, Fordyce Beaumont, AVilliiira Brown-Sei|uard, C. Edouard Carpenter, William B Esmareh, Friedrich Fabrizio, G Ferrier. David Flint. Austin Galen ITahnemann, Samuel Hallor, Albrecht (father of the science of physiology) III-471 I I- 12 I- 59 I- 7o 1-362 1-500 1-550 11-199 11-362 lV-168 IV-2H3 lV-306 IV-391 V- 11 V-:377 A'-388 Harvey, ^Villiam Hippocrates Jacobi, jMary Putnam Jcnner, Edward Koch, Robert Kolliker, Rudolf Albert. . . Lachapelle, Maria L Laveran, Alphonse Laycock, Thomas Lecuwenhoeck, Antonius. . Leishman, William Lister, Sir Joseph Long, Crawford Loomis, Alfred Loomis, Silas L Malpighi, Marcello Martin, Henry X'., biologist \^S7 A'-5(i2 V 1-389 A' 1-424 VI-591 ■\' 1-593 VII- 11 VII- 95 VII-109 VII-129 VI 1-141 A'II-259 VI 1-310 VII-330 V 11-023 V 11-462 VII-635 McGee, Aniia Xewcomb... Paracelsus Parker Willanl VIT-630 IX-lls IX-137 Pepper, William IX-210 IX-562 Richardson, Sir Benja- nin X-101 X-107 Rush, Beniamin X-210 X-233 Thompson, Sir Henry X 1-41 6 1 X-333 Pasteur, Louis IX-156 Virchow, Rudolf XI 1-209 Volkmann, Richard Wilson, Sir James B Wyman, Jeffries XI 1-241 XI 1-463 XII-529 OHAPTEE XI LAW AS TREATED IN APPLBTONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS MoDEEN law is the system of social order established and enforced by the state and its govern- mental organs. In early times and in semi-civilized communities the domain of law is regularly determined by race or by religion ; so that the law of a certain tribe or that of a certain confession or sect follows the members of the tribe or sect everywhere, and governs them only. Until a very recent period most European countries recognized that the peculiar laws of the Jews governed their marriages and family relations; and in British India the courts still recognize and enforce the laws and customs of the different confessions. In the TJ. S., Indians living under tribal government are largely ruled by their own national laws. In most non-Christian countries, Europeans and Amer- icans are regularly exempted from the local law, and are governed by their own national laws ; but these survivals of an older practice are tending to disappear. The modern principle is that all laws are territorial in their operation, governing all persons within the territory except foreign sovereigns and diplomatic representatives of foreign countries. The common law of England and the United States, which rests upon the basis of judicial deci- sions, is the persistent custom of the judicial department of government. A rule of law is regularly a declaration by some authorized organ of government that certain acts or a certain state of facts shall have certain legal results. The subject-matter of jurisprudence includes that of law, rights, duties, legal relations, and sanctions. The entire field of law is substantially treated in seven hundred and twenty-five separate articles contained in APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS. Eor example, under the several divisions of Substantive Law — public and private — there are two hundred and eighty-four exhaustively treated articles ; eight topics on persons (in law) ; twelve on the family ; one hundred and sixty-six on property, including one hundred and twenty-two on contracts. Under the division of Remedial Law there are one hundred and thirty-two topics on criminal law, and one hundred and thirty-two topics on civil cases and procedure. International, historic, and foreign law are treated in one hundred and six topics ; twenty-one topics are on miscellaneous legal subjects ; twenty-one topics on Admiralty and Maritime Law ; and twenty-four on the biog- raphies of eminent jurists. A critical examination of any or all of these seven hundred and twenty-five law subjects will convince the reader that APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS is a law library of unsurpassing excellence. AUTHORITIES President Henet Wade Rogers, LL. D., of the Northwestern University. Francis M. Burdiok, A. M., LL. B., Professor of Law, Columbia University. Theodore S. Woolset, A. M., LL. B., Professor of International Law, Yale University. Frank J. Goodnow, A. M., LL. D., Professor of Law in Columbia Law School. William A. Keener, LL. B., Professor of Law in Columbia Law School. George W. Kirchwet, A. B., Professor of Law in Columbia Law School. MuNBOE Smith, A. M., J. U. D., Professor of Law in Columbia Law School. P. Sturges Allen, A. B., LL. B., Member of the New York Bar. Theodore W. Dwight, LL. D., Late Professor of Municipal Law, Columbia University. Frederic Adams, A. B., LL. B., Lawyer, Newark, N. J. George Chase, LL. B., Dean of the New York Law School. Thomas Byrnes, Ex-Superintendent of Police, New York. Robert Fletcher, M. D., Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C. R. T. Irvine, M. D., Physician Sing Sing Prison, Ossining, N. Y. Anton A. Raven, Vice-President of Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company, New York. Lieutenant-Colonel H. M. Robert, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. 93 94 EDL'CATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND EEADING Charles B. Spahr, Ph. D., of The Outlook, New York. AIcLeod Stewart, Barrister, Ex-JIuyor of Ottawa, Canada. Note. — While the laws of all ai;cs and of all peoples are theoretically and practically made in order to enable every man to demand and receive his due from his fellow-men — in short, to enable him to live in the full enjoyment of all those rights which are his according to the degree of enlightenment of those by whom the laws are made — they do not always attain this object. The imperfections of human language, the mistaken notions of those who make the laws, the necessity of expressing the laws in general terms, all conspire to bring about those cases in which the law, as it must be adminis- tered by the judge, works incidental injustice. The only remedy for this injustice is to change the law. In many cases equity may step in to modify the decision where a strict adherence to the rules and forms of the common law would do injustice ; but equity itself is governed by certain rules, and can act only according to established rules and principles, and can not relieve against the express provisions of statute law. DIMSIOX FIRST.— SUBSTANTIVE LAW Section I.— Public a. Constitutional Law. Sovereignty State Commonwealth Convention Declaration of rights Liberty Religious liberty Constitution Articles Amendment Citizen Alien Naturalization Test oath Allegiance Election Vote Methods of law-making.. . Lobby in law-making Law Jurisprudence Justice Judiciary Legislatures Concurrent Congressional term, limits of Statutes Apportionment Apportionment bill Attainder Bill of attainder Ex post facto Sumptuary laws Bill of peace Bill of rights Independence of States. . . Intercourse between States, right of Interstate commerce Territory Town City Fisherv laws Game-laws Homestead laws Location : of land Immigration Local-option laws Public license Law of lakes Filium aqua; Freedom of navigation . . Riparian rights Law, or rule, of the road, Highway Private road Franchise Privilege Eminent domain Police power Nullification XI- 30 XI- 97 III-103 III-167 III-368 VII-184 VII-185 III-153 1-350 1-147 11-581 1-120 VIII-369 XI-366 1-124 IV- 7 XII-247 VII- 99 VII-279 VII- 96 VI-507 VI-514 VI-496 VII-184 III-114 III-141 XI-102 1-262 1-262 1-400 II- 19 IV-237 XI-214 II- 23 II- 22 VI-190 VI-291 VI-313 XI-364 XI-503 11-583 lV-369 V- 2!J VI- 8 V 11-622 V 1-1 74 V1I_2K4 VII-l(i:i VII- 26 I IV-.332 VIIl-.'JTH X-IU X-12.5 V-5o2 IX-620 lV-504 IX-48:i IV- 67 ix-*;is VIII-.j:jl 1 Emancipation Declaration of war Pardon Peace Referendum Tax sales Municipal corporations. . . b. Administrative Law. Administrative law Jurisdiction Courts Circuit Nisi prius Circuit Court Court of Appeals Affidavit Judge Capias Judge Advocate Judge Advocate-General.. Diplomacy Diplomatic agent Commission ' Arbiter Arbitration Articles of war Modern laws of war Executive department. . . . Veto Sheriff Appointment. Attorney-General Municipal government . . . Police District attorneys of the U.S Alderman Committee Comptroller Auditor Assessor IV- 52 I 11-369 IX-125 IX-182 X- 32 •XI-312 VIII-300 I- 47 VI-505 III-223 11-576 VIII^91 11-576 III-236 I- 60 VI-493 11-338 VI-493 VI-493 III-451 III-451 III- 98 1-278 1-278 1-360 XII-279 IV-315 XII-185 X-473 1-263 1-402 VIII-801 IX-37a 111^62 1-107 in- 99 III-108 1-405 1-372 Section II. — Private a. Persons. 1. Natural. (a) Infants and minors : Infant Apprentice (b) Women : Married women (c) Lunatics: Insanity before the law. 3. Juristic. (a) Corporations : (Corporation . . . . (b) Foundations: Foundation Trusts Charitable uses. Advancement.. . VI-241 1-363 VII-531 VI-271 III-200 IV-476 XI-567 11^65 I- 51 b. Family. 1. Husband and wife : Maintenance Community property Jointure Abandonment , 2. Parent and child : Parent and child. Domicile , Ancestor , Affinity , Consanguinity Bastard , Adoption 3. Guardian and ward : Guardian c. Property. 1. Realty. Estate Future estate Easement Support of land Copyhold Escheat Abeyance Betterments Fences Incumbrance Landlord and tenant. Farm laws Rent Use and occupation . . Tenure Tenement Seisin Remainder Uses Waste . . Villein, or villain . . . . 2. Personalty. (a) Movables: Chattels Goods and chattels.. . Emblements Chose Fixtures Estray (b) Trade-marks, pat- ents, copyrights : Good-will Label Trade-mark Copyright Designs Abridgment Caveat Caveat emptor Patents (c) Contracts, quasi-con- tracts, and obliga- tions : Contract Consideration VII-450 III-103 VI-477 I- 3 IX-126 III-479 1-204 I- 00 III-147 1-527 I- 48 V-328 IV-171 IV-609 III-566 XI-616 III-185 IV-165 I- 13 1-603 IV-631 VI-190 VII- 41 IV-628 X- 58 XII- 89 XI-356 XI-847 X-414 X- 52 XII- 90 XII-3ia XII-201 11^84 y-206 IV- 56 11-547 IV-377 IV-174 V-207 VII- 3 XI-512 111-185 I1I-C26 I- 15 11-411 11-411 IX-158 III-164 111-148 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 95 Covenant Specific performance. Breach of contract . . . Rescission Agent Commission agent Factor Partnership Survivorship Bargain and sale Guaranty (suretysliip) Guarantee companies Bailments Bond Pawnbroking (bail- ment) Marriage Marriage settlement.. Morganatic marriage. Insurance Marine insurance .... Life insurance Accident insurance. . . Accord and satisfac- tion Release Negotiable instru- ments Promissory note Interest Draft Acceptance Dishonor Joint and several Bought note Broker Check, or cheque Claim Credit Assets Debt Loan Letters of credit Bill of credit Insolvency Bankrupt Auction III-228 Assignment 1-372 XI- 44 I- 25 III-165 Payment IX-179 X- 71 Deposit III-407 I- 73 Receipt X- 20 III-613 Xn-249 IV-236 Deed III-372 IX-148 Tax title XI-619 XI-232 XII-291 1-498 V-327 Torrens system (deeds XI-627 V-326 1-453 Registration of titles. X-617 IX-220 II- 91 Pee IV-380 Feoffment IV-293 IX-178 Seal X-401 VII-525 VII-634 VIII-251 Notary public Acknowledgment .... Conveyance VIII-519 I- 29 III-168 VI-286 VII-513 Abstract of title Conveyancer 1-605 III-168 VII-303 I- 23 Recording of convey- X- 23 I- 25 X- 48 Vni-395 Voluntary conveyance Fraudulent convey- ance Appurtenances Morteraere XII-244 IV-527 1-363 VIII-262 IX-494 III-358 VI-292 V 11-200 III-497 1-22 Vendor's lien Sale Xn-148 X-262 111^58 VI-474 Contracts in restraint of trade X-622 11-116 11-187 Common carriers Freight 11-372 IV-550 11-488 11-588 III-241 Bill of lading Consignment Consignee II- 21 III-148 III-148 1-372 III-358 VII-378 VII-165 II- 19 VI-278 Warehouseman Warehouse receipts . . Warehousing system . Joint ownership Part ownership Mortmain XII-384 XII-284 XII-284 VI^75 IX-152 VIII-265 1-485 VII-192 1-405 Private license VII-192 Charter Foreign corporations. Joint-stock company. Dividend Donation Innkeeper Guest Usage (custom) Appropriation of pay- ments Recovery, common . . . Re-exchange Escrow Waiver Accession Wager policy Hiring Party-wall Wharfing 3. Inheritance and iSuc- cession. Will, or testament . . . Codicil Executor Letters testamentary. Administration Settlement of dece- dent's estate Probate courts in re- lation to will Dower Dowager Heir Cy-pres doctrine Statute of frauds Heirlooms Title Succession Primogeniture Next of kin J Hereditaments Legacy Entail Annuity Advowson Condition 11-476 IV-635 VI-476 111^64 III-483 V 1-257 V-335 XII- 89 1-368 X- 25 X- 32 IV-166 XII-260 I- 23 XII-256 V-564 IX-153 XII-409 XII-444 III- 45 IV-315 VII-165 I- 47 X-655 IX-626 111-495 III-494 V-^3 III-299 IV-526 V-483 XI-458 XI-188 IX-466 VI-579 V-518 VII-129 IV-123 1-335 I- 52 III-115 DIVISION" SECOND.— REMEDIAL LAW Section I. — Criminal Law . Crimes, and Torts. Crime Criminology.. .» Criminal anthropology. . . Criminal suggestion (hyp- notic) Infamy and infamous crimes Felony Compounding of felony. . . Murder Treason Homicide Manslaughter Infanticide Suicide Hara-kiri Piracy Accessory Accomplice Conspiracy Escape Autrefois convict Arson Counterfeit Forgery Robbery Abduction Kidnaping III-347 III-617 1-336 VI-136 VI-240 IV-384 III-107 VIII-308 XI-532 VI- 11 VII-490 VI-343 XI-203 V-408 IX-313 I- 22 I- 25 ITI-149 IV-164 1-430 1-346 III-320 IV-453 X-138 I- 10 VI-565 Bribery Embezzlement Burglary Forcible entry Entry (burglary) Mayhem Perjury Larceny Tort False imprisonment Malice. .". Malicious mischief Pollution of waters Malicious prosecution. . . Blackmail Threats Assault and battery Libel and slander Libel Cheat (fraud) Fraud Fraudulent conveyance. . Conversion Misrepresentation Nuisance Trespass Negligence Betting, or wagering. . . . Riot Boycotting Smuggling Champerty 11-157 IV- 55 11-235 IV.^44 IV-135 VII-593 IX-318 VII- 71 XI-494 IV-354 VII-458 VII-459 XII-606 VII-459 II- 43 XI-425 1-371 VII-179 VII-179 11-487 IV-523 IV-527 111-168 VIII-162 VIII-529 XI-545 VIII-391 1-602 X-113 11-125 X-586 11-455 Usury Contempt Contumacy Gaming Lottery Mistake, in law Accident Bigamy Incest Abortion Adultery Fornication Seduction b. Criminal Procedure. Summary proceedings. . Writ Bench warrant Requisitions Reward Informer Information Visitation and search.. . Search and seizure Constable Arrest Posse comitatus Grand jury Presentment Bill Indictment Bail XII- 91 III-161 III-167 V- 30 VII-325 VIII-178 I- 33 II- 13 VI-188 I- 14 I- 51 IV.^58 X-411 XI-313 XII-524 1-578 X- 70 X- 83 VI-351 VI-250 XII-324 X-404 III-149 1-343 IX-419 V-241 IX-456 II- 16 VI-234 1^53 96 EDUCATIONAL rOruSES IN STUDY AND READING Amercement Prosecutor Assize Oyer and terminer Voir dire Ignorantia juris Intoxication, in law Intent Dyiiii; declarations State's evidence Expert testimony Confession, in law Handwriting (forgery). . . . Charge Verdict Acquittal Bill of pains and penalties Habeas corpus Avenger of blood Sentence Penalty Commute Punishment Prison .■ . . Jail Convict Capital punishment. . . . Decapitation Electrocution Impalement Imprisonment Peine forte et dure Torture Ordeal Transportation Exile Expatriation Whipping-post Bastinado Amende honorable Disfranchisement Pine Amnesty Duress Juvenile offenders 1-147 I.\-.i03 1-373 IX- 07 .\ll-'-^:i7 VI-ir,7 V1-:U7 VI-291 1 11-546 XI- 98 IV-024 III-KW V-GU ll-4i;.-) XII-158 I- 37 II- 31 A'-368 1-421 X-426 TX-198 1 1 1-103 IX-548 1X^79 VI-395 111-168 11-339 111-363 IV- 31 VI-179 Vl-183 lX-193 Xl-495 IX- 6 Xl-539 lV-219 lV-320 X1I^17 1-529 1-147 111-458 lV-841 1-163 111-534 Vl-518 Section II. — Civil Cases, their Na- ture and Legal Procedure Civil action Action in law Trover Assumpsit Contract, breach of. , Equity Cause Causes celebres Code Practice, in law Pleading 11-584 1- 39 Xl-561 1-375 111-165 lV-154 11^07 11-407 111- 41 lX-438 lX-343 Abatement Limitation of actions. Statute of liniilations.. IssiR' (pleading) I»oclr general, education consists in the development and cultivation of all the powers of man. As an art, it attempts this development and cultivation by so adapting the means or material— the sub- ject-matter—to the individual to be educated that he may become the ideal individual. As a body of doctrine pertaining to the training of children and youth, the science of education is pedagogics. To all persons the means, the process, and the result of this development and training summed up in the word education, should be of great interest, as, indeed, it is of vital importance. To the' constantly increasing body of men and women engaged in teaching, the study of education as a science, or pedagogics, becomes a necessity, since teaching is now to be ranked as a profession. The threefold nature of pedagogics, the three M's of the science, a knowledge of which is in con- stant demand by the teacher may be classified thus : Matter, Mind, Method. In other words, teachers must possess : Knowledge of subject-matter, or knowledge of subjects ; knowledge of mind, or psy- chology and mind-growth ; knowledge of method, or educational history, schools, systems and method of education. For teachers, professors, and superintendents of schools, the best home, class-room, and school working library is APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS, because it is accu- rate and complete in its presentation of knowledge ; accurate and complete in its exposition of every phase and division of the new psychology, and because its treatment of schools, educational systems and methods, from the Kindergarten to the University, in our own and other countries, is complete and authoritative — a library on educational science as its exists to-day. In its subject-matter, APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAg speaks for itself in every department of knowledge. In Physiological psychology, the educational psychology for teachers, the UNIVERSAL CYCLO- PEDIA AND ATLAS is immensely rich. There are ninety-five special articles on this subject, the whole constituting the most valuable and usable knowledge for teachers ever written in English. In its treatment of Educational history and methods, the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS is unsurpassed. The list of subjects on educational history and biography includes all the noted educational reformers and their work. Under the diTision Educational Systems and methods, schools and institutions, the list of topics is extensive and the treatment of every topic most satis- factory even to the severest educational critic. There are twenty-five articles on systems and methods ; seventeen on schools ; seventeen on Miscellaneous Educational Matter, such as public education in England, France, and Germany, school laws, illiteracy, school statistics, etc., and forty- one special articles on universities and university education. To teachers, APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS is truly the best means for studying pedagogics at their own homes, at their own leisure, and with least expense, as it contains more knowledge than the best university can offer. Including the strictly pedagogical sub- jects and the closely related department of philosophy and ethics, there are four hundred topics treating education, one hundred and forty of which deal with educational psychology. The authorities on education and schools as treated in the UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS are : Dr. Charles K. Adams, Editor-in-chief of the Cyclopaedia. Dr. William H. Patxe. Chancellor State Normal University, NashTille, Tenn. Charles H. Thuebee, Professor of Pedagogy, University of Chicago. William L. Bbtax, Professor of Philosophy, Indiana University. Kdward M. Gallaudet, LL. D., President of Columbia Institute for Deaf and Dumb, Washington, D. C. Willum Hen'RY Blenham, Ph.D., Instructor in Pedat,'o£ry. Clark LTniversity, Worcester, Mass. Howard Crosby Waeeex, A.M., Assistant Professor of Ex[ierimental Psychology, Princeton University. THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 99 Prof. C. M. Woodward, Manual Training School, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Prof. W. N. Hailmanjt, Editor of The New Education, Washington, D. C. Prof. Earl Barnes, of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Dr. Charles De G-armo, Professor of Pedagogy, Cornell University. Nathaniel Schmidt, Professor of Semitic Languages, Colgate University. Henry M. Hurd, Professor of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University. James Barr Ames, Professor of Law, Harvard University. Dr. T. C. Mendbnhall, President Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Charles R. Richards, Director Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. William A. Coffin, of the Society of American Artists. Dr. Daniel C. Oilman, ex-President Johns Hopkins University. Dr. William T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Education. Prof. J. Mark Baldwin, Ph. D., of Princeton University. Section I. — Educational Psychology Medulla spinalis The brain The hand Growth of the body Evolution Genetic psychology Psychological recording ap- paratus Excito-motor action Reflex action Consciousness Senses Accommodation and adap- tation Muscle-sense Sensation Visual sensation Space ! . . ... I ..,. . . Color ..;..,.....,.. Complementary' colors.. . . . . Form, ... Visual perception Pressure-sense Ideo-motor action Imitative suggestion Effort Synthesis (assimilation) Perception Attention Cerebral localization Localization in space Idea Association of ideas Concrete Abstraction Conception , Judgment Thought Memory Self -consciousness Person and personality Identity Illusion Imagination Invention Recognition Reflection Impulse Desire Peeling Ideal feelings, or emotions . . Sentiment Emotional expression Modesty and bashfulness. . . Ideals Pain and pleasure Sympathy Temperament Motive Will Habit Exercise Heredity Darwinism VIII- 8 11-133 V-403 V-331 IV-200 V- 73 X-C1,3 IV-314 X-/,33 III-614 X-436 1-605 VIII-314 X-425 XII-331 XI- 31 III- 73 ni-106 IV-455 XlI-333 IX-459 VI-155 VI-173 III-631 Xl-261 IX-211 i-elu VII-282 VII-384 VI-151 1-373 III-113 I- 17 III-llO VI-495 XI-424 VIII- 23 X-417 IX-226 VI-155 VI-166 VI-169 VI-624 X- 33 X- 33 VI-184 III-636 IV-380 VI-153 X-436 IV-618 VIII-613 VI-154 IX- 73 XI-255 XI-343 VIII-377 XII-443 V-370 IV-318 V-519 III-341 Laughter Sighing Weeping Sleep Psychosis Suggestion Telepathy Hypnotism Muscle-reading JJervgus di,ae^es„^, . .,. Hysteria . . I i Idiosyncrasy Imbecility Aphasia.. . , , Durabness.'T^T. Stammering Squinting Defects of vision Color-blindness Criminal anthropology. Insanity j. . . . . . Precocity ,. Genius.. . ., y, ... . Psychometry .':'. . . Psycho-physics Personal equation Apperception Interest Child study ,'. . . . Woniah ;,•■■• Menial hygiene ........ Psychology Pedagogics VII- 91 X-523 XII-368 X-564 IX-533 XI-302 XI-333 VI-135 VIII-313 VIII-405 VI-180 VI-155 VI-171 1-351 - III-537 XI- 85 XI- 78 X 11-333 III- 75 1-236 VI-366 IX-146 V- 75 IX-538 IX-530 IV-153 1-359 VI-638 11-614 iXII-610 VlIl-601 IX-528 IX-187 Section II. — Educational History and Biography Education Socrates Plato Aristotle Quintilian Plutarch Bacon, Roger Vittorino da Peltre Humanism Renaissance Bacon, Francis Luther, Martin Rabelais, FranQois Ascham, Roger Sturm, Johannes von Montaigne, Michel E Ratich, Wolfgang Comenius, John Amos Locke, John Milton, John Rousseau, Jean J Basedow, Johann B Pestalozzi, Johann H Richter, Jean Paul Herbart, Johann P Pichte, Johann G Necker de Saussure, Adrienne Diesterweg, Priedrich A . . . . La Salle, Jean Baptiste III-587 X-606 IX-336 1-314 IX-576 IX-351 1-440 XII-602 VI- 66 VI- 67 1^39 VII-356 IX-579 1-361 XI-180 VIlI-223 X-612 III- 90 VII-287 VIII-133 X-197 1-521 IX-334 X-105 V-514 IV-320 VIII-626 III-441 VI 1-608 Proebel, Priedrich Arnold. Thomas Mann, Horace Spencer, Herbert Hall, G. Stanley Literature of education. IV-575 1-341 VII-486 XI- 54 V-387 VII-631 Section III. — Educational Systems and Methods ; Schools and In- stitutions a. Systems and Methods. Ephebe Physical education Olympic games Method in education Nature study School gardens Vacation schools Manual training Pratt Institute Laboratory system Delsarte system Chautauqua system of edu- cation Business colleges Industrial schools in the South Monitorial system Education of the blind . . . Education of deaf-mutes. . Schools and training for - juvenile offenders Corporal punishment Hedge schools School diseases School hygiene Little schools of Port Roy- al :. Religious training of the young (Loyola) Mohammedan schools. . . . b. Schools. Historical development Primary schools Secondary schools Normal schools Theological schools Medical schools Law schools Technical schools Trade schools Infant schools Kindergarten system .. . Kindergarten gifts Kindergarten occupations Common schools Grammar schools College Scholastic degrees c. Miscellaneous Education- al Topics. German education Publiceducation in Prance Public education in Eng- land IV-618 IX-286 VlIl-586 VIII-605 VIII-626 X-634 XII-597 VII-493 1X^42 VII- 4 III-385 11-486 11-246 XII-606 VIII-213 II- 55 III-355 VI-518 III-616 V-630 X-631 X-634 IX-619 VII-343 VIII-615 X-356 X-360 X-361 X-363 X-365 X-367 X-369 X-371 X-373 VI-245 VI-571 VI-571 VI-573 III-lOO V-613 III- 60 III-377 V-106 IV-500 IV- 82 100 EDUCATIONAL COrRSES IN STUDY AND READING Sc.-h.icl laws : School statistius . . .' Illiteracy Libraries National Education At^so- ciation National Humane Alliancr American Institute American Association for the Advancement of Science College education of worn en rollcjiiato fraternities. . . . University extension I'niversity settlements... Smithsonian Institution. . Academy ,. Vniversities. Definition and scope Distinction between col- leges and universities.. . The idea of liberal studies Immediate precursor of modern universities. .\'-634 .\-(i41 V1-61S VII-186 VIH-fli.T VIII-626 1-157 1- lo6 III- 65 III- 63 XII- 75 XII- 78 X-583 II I- 19 XII- 68 XII- 68 XII- 68 XII- 60 Unirersity of Bologna. . . .| XII- 70 University of Paris XII- 70 Florence University ^'-634 IJapid spread of universi- ties in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries XII- 71 Rise of German universi- ties XII- 71 Spread of universities throughout Europe XII- 71 Attendance upon Euro- pean universities XII- 73 Universities in the U. S.. . XII- 73 Existing form of European universities XII- 73 Dominant subjects of study XII- 73 Functions of a univer- sity XII- 74 Bibliography on universi- ties XII- 75 Oxford University IX- 65 Cambridge University . . . 11-305 Harvard University V-435 Yale University XII-543 Columbia University | III- 77 I Princeton University . . . . Johns Hopkins Univer- I sity ! Cornell University New York University . . University of the State of New York University of I'eiinsylvu- nia University of Michigan . . University of Wisconsin . . University of Chicago. . . . University of Nortli Caro- lina University of Colorado. . . University of Indiana. . . . Leland Stanford Junior University Clark University Catholic University of America Dartmouth College .... Union College Vassar College Smith College Wellesley College IX-624 VI-465 III-19G VIII-470 XII- 78 IX-206 VIII-101 X 11-489 11-519 YIII-631 III- 75 VI-620 VII-143 11-595 11-401 III-340 XII- 37 XII-137 X-583 XII-381 CHAPTER XIII PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS AS TREATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS Etert person who thinks, who reflects concerning the relations of cause and eilect, who endeavors to find some ultimate cause or principle upon which all systematized knowledge is founded, is a philosopher. Philosophy, then, is the science of sciences. "Whenever man attempts to refer all his thoughts to one thought, he begins to philosophize. Each nation's philosophy is an endeavor to solve, by some one principle, the problems of the world as they appear to it from the standpoint of its national life. Since the philosophic solution of a problem consists in the reduction of the immediate and contra- dictory elements, as they are given in life, to the ultimate terms or expressions that indicate the uni- versal and necessary conditiohs out of which those elements have arisen, therefore every philosophy has two factors, (1) the temporal and 4Hite one— that is, the then present world of man and nature which involves problems to be solved;; (2) an eternal and' an infinite element, or the permanent and unchangeable ultimate idea,' through which the solution is wrought out and by which the temporal and finite is explained. Psychology, or the science of the mind, investigates and seeks a rational solution of the problems f uunished by mentat^phenomena in animals and in the individual, the nation, and the race. Logic is the science that deals with the forms of thought determining their validity or otherwise from the basis of primary judgments. Ethics, or moral philosophy, is the theory of the value of human conduct. It is a branch of phi- losophy as distinct from the curriculum of the sciences. Thus philosophy seeks to explain or interpret all phenomena from one principle ; psychology to explain how mental phenomena are produced ; logic seeks to ascertain whether our conclusions are true or otherwise ; and ethics seeks to determine the value of our conduct. It is well-nigh unthinkable that any normal mind should find no interest whatever in some one or all of these four departments of knowledge, since, wittingly or not, every person's character and acts are based upon these four factors involved in human existence. In seeking a knowledge of philosophy, psychology, logic, and ethics, it is of the utmost impor- tance that the reader, student, or investigator should have access to clear, accurately expressed, defi- nite, full, authoritative, and recent knowledge on these branches ; otherwise a chaotic, confused mass of notions on these subjects will result, and the reader would better have employed his time in investigating other fields of learning. APPLETONS' UNIVEESAL OYCLOP^EDIA AND ATLAS is without question the best source of knowledge extant on these subjects. A careful and candid reading of the two hundred and sixty six articles on these subjects will result in a clear, definitely arranged, comprehensive knowledge of these great departments. Under the division " Subject-matter of Philosophy " there are forty-six articles. These embrace some of the most fundamental themes and problems in the province of philosophy. Another division of this subject consists of eighty articles on the several systems and schools of philosophy and ethics. Here the reader or student will find a complete history and discussion of philosophical and ethical theory from the earliest Chinese, Hindu, and Greek systems down to the present. The subject of Psychology, as treated in the UNIVEKSAL CYCLOPEDIA, is extraordinarily rich in extent and completeness. Under the division Physiological and Empirical Psychology, there are ninety-five separate articles defining, describing, and discussing the very latest re- searches, methods, and results in this field of inquiry ; while under another division, that of Philo- sophical or Eational Psychology, there are thirty-two principal articles besides the minor ones, 101 102 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READINa the entire list of topics in both divisions forming the most valuable library on Psychology in the English language. The subject of Logic is treated in fifteen articles, and is presented in a manner at once clear, intelligible, and thorough. AUTHOEITIES William T. Harris, A. M., LL. D., U. S. Commissioner oi Education, Washington, D. C, Editor and author of philosoph- ical works. J. Mark Baldwin, Ph. D., Stuart Professor of Experimental Psychology, Princeton University, co-Editor of the Psycho- logical Review and author of psychological works. Alexander T. Ormond, Ph. D., Stuart Professor of Mental Science and Logic, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J. John Dewey, Ph. D., Professor of Philosophy, Chicago University, Chicago, 111., Editor of the Psychological Review, etc. J. MoKeen Cattell, M. A., Ph. D., Professor of Experimental Psychology, Columbia University, New York. Georoe B. Halstead, Ph. D., Professor of Pure Mathematics, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. Richard Garbe, Ph. D., Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in the University of Konigsberg, KOnigsberg, Prussia. Section I. — Subject-Matter of Philosophy Philosophy Metaphysics Epistemology Form Idea Mind Matter Mind and body Monism Dualism Teleology Materialism Intuitionalism Doctrine of occasional causes Pinal causes Material cause Natural law Uniformity of nature. .... Activity Sensationalism Determinism Idealism : . Realism Transcendentalism , Nominalism Scholasticism Conceptualism Understanding Knowledge , Reason , Rationalism Utilitarianism Hedonism , Pain and pleasure Optimism Pessimism Categorical impc'ni,tive Eclectic Empiric Agnosticism Philosophy of the condi tioned Pusitivism , Skepticism Freethinker Freedom of the will Moral obligation IX-262 VIII- 57 IV-619 IV-^55 VI-151 VIII-187 VII-581 VlII-611 VIII-212 III-517 XI-332 VII-577 VI-321 VIII-554 IV-333 VII-577 VIII-626 XII- 26 1-610 X^25 III-416 VI-153 X- 15 XI-519 VIII^97 X-358 Ill-lilO XII- 25 VI-589 X- 19 X- 10 XII- 95 V-478 IX- 73 IX- 2 IX-232 VI-181 111-577 IV- C9 I- 75 111-116 1X^16 X-341 IV-538 IV-547 VIII-547 Section II. — Psychological, Xiogi- cal, and Ethical Subjects Relativity Ontology Cause Philosophy of the infinite. Theism Theosophy Man ■Soul X- 48 VIII-594 11-407 VI-245 XI-386 •XI-394 VII^68 XI- 15 Person and personality. . Will Conscience Belief and faith Moral philosophy Immortality Necessity Ethical sentiment Esthetics , Psychology of art Psychology Seif-consciousness Identity Philosophy of perception Association of ideas Synthesis Space Concrete Abstraction Concept Apperception Innate and acquired ideas . . Thought Judgment Category Dialectic Logic Symbolic logic Hypothesis i Fall&gsyi,.^.' Dilemma A priori and a posteriori. . . Relation of psychology to philosophy Argument Deduction Generalization Demonstration Universals lX-226 XII-442 III-147 1-631 VIII-240 VI-177 VIII-387 X-426 I- 60 , J-6a3 1 I#-?33 y 1-417* VI-155 IX-211 1-373 XI-261 XI- 31 III-113 I- 17 III-llO 1-359 VI-632 XI-424 VI-495 11-397 ,111-4^4 vii-^ee xi-aa;3 Vlii28 IVi2Sl III-444 1-257 IX-524 1-309 111-372 V- 70 III-398 XII- 67 Section III. — Systems and Schools of Philosophy and Ethics Confucius Mencius Taoism Hindu philosophy Brahma Sankhya Nyaya philosophy Vai§eshika philosophy Yoga philosophy Vedanta Nidana Mimansa Ionic school of philosophy. . Thales Anaximander Anaximenes Heraclitus Pythagoras Eleatic school III-137 VIII- 27 XI-293 V-560 11-131 X-296 VIII-538 XII-101 XII-552 XII-131 VIII-482 VIII-135 IX-264 XI-380 1-203 1-204 V-506 IX-559 IV- 7 Xenophanes XII-535 Parmenides IX-143 Zeno of Elea XII-672 Bmpedocles IV- 68 Anaxagoras I 203 Democritus III-396 Sophists XI- 11 Protagoras IX-505 Soerates X-606 Plato IX-336 Aristotle 1-314 Arcesilaus 1-280 Entelechy IV 124 Stoics XI-151 Zeno the Stoic Xn-573 Epicureanism, philosophy. . Epicurus IV-143 lV-143 A exdndrian school .j., Simplicius \'. .0 Sextus Empirieus i., // 1-113 1, X-541 8 X-451 Liicretiusi: ;. Neo-Platonism VII-348 VIII-403 Plotinus IX-347 Gnostics V-178 Mysticism, philosophic J?hilo Judaeus VIII-336 IX-261 i'7ijaniin Manassi'li Moses ^[iriani Levi Levite Joslina Ji-phUiah Samson Satnuel Eli V-180 I- 40 11-270 I- 10 VIII-495 VI-413 V-391 X-420 IX-105 I- 15 VI-354 V 1-388 A' 1-302 IX-581 i VI-491 VI-485 i 1-582 i VlI-472 Viri-270 VIII-161 VII-170 VIT-171 V1-4H0 VM24 X-2H3 X-2H4 IV- 40 David Jonathan Philistines Absalom Solomon Hiram of Tyro Rehoboam Jeroboam Ammonites Jezebel, wife of Ahab Prophet Elijah Blisha Jehu Joash, Ahaz Hezekiah Josiah Ezra Nehemiah Isaiah Nahum Daniel Obadiah Jonah Zechariah Zephaniah Messiah Melchizedok Christ Jesus Christ Nazarene Herod, King of the Jews Joseph, the husband of Mary Mary, the Blessed Virgin. . . John the Baptist Judas Iscariot Pontius Pilate Ecce Homo Apostle Saint Paul Timothy Saint Thomas, or Didymus. James the Greater, son of Zebedeo Jude, or Judas, two of the twelve apostles Philip, fourth apostle of Christ James the Little, son ol Alphcus 1-846 VI^80 IX-260 I- 15 XI- 5 V-564 X- 45 VI-426 1-162 Vl-458 IX-502 IV- 40 IV- 41 VI-422 VI-461 I- 85 V-544 VI-487 IV-231 Vin-390 VI-855 VIII-340 III-322 VIlI-544 VI-480 XIT-570 XII-573 VIII- 45 VIII- 17 11-548 VI-438 VIII-381 V-527 VI^85 VII-545 VI^71 VI-492 IX-304 111-573 1-257 IX-168 XI-449 XI-412 VI-398 VI-492 IX-257 VI-393 Section III. — Noted Places Events of tho Biblo Biblical arelia'ologv Eden : Par;t'lise Cherubim Antediluvian Deluge, its oljject Sodom I XI- 1 Plagues of Egypt I IX-323 and T-2R4 III-.5K2 IX-H!) 1 1-.5()8 1-229 111-385 THE. UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 105 The Exodus IV-219 VIII-183 XI-369 1-136 IX-462 1-225 X-235 IV-360 Incense VI-188 XII- 85 IX-54a III-361 V-193 11-581 X- 59 V-103 VI^83 Galilee V- 13 Moabites and the Moabite Urim and Thummim Sinai Jericho VI-426 stone Jerusalem . VI^27 Tabernacle Decalogue Bethlehem 1-601 Altar Golden calf Nazareth VIII-881 Priest Mount of Olives VIII-584 Anointing Rephidim V-130 Sacrifice Gerizim .... Crucifixion III-261 First-fruits offerings Jordan Holy sepulchre VI- 4 DIVISION SECOND.— RELIGIONS Section I.- -Jewish Religion, Sects, and Doctrines Religious history of the Jews Jewish sects First-born Circumcision Scribes Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Samaritans Essenes Chasidim Karaites Rabbi Ephod (Jewish robe) Sabbath Synagogue Jubilee Passover Sabbatical festivals Purim feast Pentecost feast Feast of the Dedication .... Feast of Tabernacles Tithes Talmud (Jewish Bible) Targiim (explanatory Bible) Midrash (Bible) The elder Gamaliel Proselytes Wave-oilerings Persecutions of the Jews . VI-448 VI-448 IV-359 11-578 X-895 IX-249 X-237 X-294 X-381 IV-170 11-480 VI-535 IX-578 IV-139 X-230 XI-256 VI-491 IX-155 X-331 IX-550 IX-207 III-872 XI-269 XI-456 XI-281 XI-297 VIII-110 V- 29 IX-503 XII-347 VI-455 Section II. — Mohammedanism VIII-192 VI-596 VI-519 VIII-292 VIII-392 VIII-270 IV-270 Mohammedanism Koran (Mohammedan Bible) Kaaba Mufti (Mohammedan priest) Muezzin (Moslem prayer). . . Mosque Pate (Mohammedan belief). Houris (Mussulman's para- dise) Harem Dervishes (Mohammedan monks) Shiites (Mohammedan sect). Motasalis (Mussulman heret- ical sect Druses (Mohammedan sect) Babists (Mohammedan sect) VI- 51 V-416 III-411 X^76 VIII-274 III-516 1-433 Section III.— Christian Religion, Theology, Doctrines, Sects, and Societies a. The Early Christian Church. Christianity Christology Church Baptism Apostolic fathers . Apostles' Creed. . . 11-550 11-553 11-560 1-488 1-257 1-257 A. Monotheistic Fathers of the Church . . . IV-270 Benedictine editions of the Fathers 1-579 Church history, or histor- ical theology 11-561 Apostolic succession 1-258 "Archbishop," first used in the fourth century, A. D 1-285 Pope IX-398 Bishop 11-33 b. Roman Catholic. 1. Theology, Doctrine, and Worship. Ablution ............. 1-14 Advent ....... ^. . . I- SI Antiochian scliool . . . . . 1-244' Apostles' Creed 1-257 Articles of Faith 1-350 Ascension Day (Holy -Thursday).. 1-361 Ash-Wednesday 1-365 Athanasian Creed 1-^388 Atonement 1-399 Auricular confession. . . 1-413 Beatific vision 1-548 Bidding prayer II- 11 Book of Concord III-113 Celibacy... 11-418 Chalice (cup) 11^49 Confessions of faith. . . . III-136 Consubstantiation III-158 Contrition III-167 Corpus doctrinEe (con- cord formula) III-202 "Dies IrsB," one of the seven great hymns . . . III-440 Doctrine of the immac- ulate conception VI-173 Eucharist (Lord's Sup- per) IV-181 Extreme unction I V-229 Fast IV-267 Feast of the Annuncia- tion 1-235 "Pilioque" (and from the son) IV-381 Formula of Concord. . . III-118 Fundamentals, or fun- damental articles of faith IV-590 Future state IV-619 Gehenna V- 63 Gloria in Excelsis Deo . V-171 Gloria Patria V-171 Holy water VI- 5 Holy Week VI- 5 Host (consecrated bread) VI- 46 Impanation VI-179 Indulgence VI-289 Infallibility of the Pope VI-240 Immaculate Conception VI-173 Magnificat VII-488 Mass VII^38 Missal (liturgies) VIII-163 Mozarabic liturgy Pater noster Penance, doctrine. of. . . Pluralism, canon law. , Polemics Procession of the Holy Spirit Purgatory Real presence, doctrine of, in Eucharist Sacrament Supererogation Tantum ergo I Theological schools, their rise Transubstantiation .... Viaticum (Eucharist via) Elevation of the Host . . Vespers, or canonical hours "Veni Creator Spiri- ~ tiis,"rone of the seven great hyrnhs , 2. Church History, Polity,- Forms,-etc.- Catholie Church Roman Catholic Church Church jurisdiction. . . . Church discipline : Ecclesiastical discipline Commandments of the Church Church government . . . Saint Apostoliei Doctors of the Church. Ecclesiastical polity . . . Canon Canon law Ritual law Apostolic canons and constitutions Canon, a church offi- cial Canonization Martyr Martyrology Six articles of faith — Henry VIII Hierarchy Cardinal Conclave Primate Vicar-apostolic Vicar-capitular Vicar-general Ecclesiastical vestments Chasuble Pallium Investiture Surplice Syllabus (eighty - eight propositions) TTltramontanism Papal brief VIII-389 IX-163 IX-198 IX-351 IX-371 IX-487 IX-550 X- 16 X-334 XI-222 XI-293 X-365 XI-539 XII-186 IV- 38 XII-179 XII-153 11-400 X-159 11-565 11-561 III-456 III- 93 11-561 X-244 1-258 III-473 IX-385 11-329 11-380 X-624 1-257 11-329 11-830 VII-546 VII-546 1-350 V-547 11-348 III-lll IX-461 XII-187 XII-187 XII-187 XII-181 11-481 IX- 98 VI-324 XI-229 XI-253 XII- 21 11-179 106 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND BEADING Encyclicals of Pope Leo Xtll Epistle Dispensation Anathema Inquisition Index Librorum Pro hibitorum Tridentine, profession of faith Consecrator Confessional Confession Crucifix Mary, the Blessed Vir gin Pictures of Christ Schism Antipope Heresy Unigenitus Bull In coena Domini Church discipline Excommunication Innocents' day Saints' days Feriaj (a week-day with no feast) Passion-tide Palm Sunday Ember Week Easter Lent Festival of Pools Candlemas Consistory Arcani disciplini Legends, in relation to V? sermons >.' Communicatio idioma- tum Coricoraitance, \i saora- mental False decretals Mariolatry Doxology Benediction True Cross, or Holy Rood The Holy Coat of Treves Veronica, or cloth re ceived from Christ. . , Casuistry , Iconoclast Stations of the cross. . Truce of God . Councils. CEcumenical Councils (General) Council of Constance . . Council of Florence. . . . Council of Frankfort . . Council of Pisa Cuuiic-il of Trent Lateraii councils, or Svu.mI . Sects, Sell isms, and Offshoots. Arians Arianism Pelagianism Donatists . Anastasia Arminius and Armini- anism Trappists Ebionites Eleesaites Montanists Gallican Church Xt-~torians United Greek Church. . VII-610 IV-151 111-460 1-17S yi-2«i VI-193 XI-551 III-148 III-136 III-136 III-261 VII-547 11-548 X-349 1-245 V-520 XII- 37 VI-190 11-561 IV-214 VI-259 X-260 IV-295 IX-155 IX-102 IV- 65 III-56,';i VII-149\ IV-436 11-326 III-148 1-280 -102 in-111 III-371 VII-516 III-496 1-579 XI-564 VI- //a XII-168 11-392 VI-148 XI- 99 XI-563 III-219 III-149 IV-398 IV-513 IX-313 XI-543 Vll- 79 1-311 1-311 IX-193 II 1-483 1-177 1-322 XI-530 III-573 IV- 5 VIlI-226 V- 17 viii^oe ! XII- 31 i the United Copts .... Unitod Syrians. . . Kuthfniaii Kite . . Latin Cluireh .... Mandffans Azymites Congregation of Passionists German Catholics . . . Anglo-Catholics Wahabees French prophets Dositheans Redemptorist Fathers Maronites Christians of St. Thomas Congregation of Rites. . Catholic Apostolic Church Jacobites Piarists, or Pauline Congregation Quietism Evangelical Counsels, or Counsels of Per- fection Old Catholics (seceders, 1891) MoftasHc Orders, Fri- ars, Nuns, etc. 1 1 5. K' 1 Monaohism j V Asceticism! Anchorites Hermit Coenobites Benedictines (Benedio- , tine Order, 529 a. d^ (' Cistercians (Bernardine Order, 1098 A. D.)..L Pranciscans (menfli- » cants, 1208 ik. d.) Ji, . Dominicans (mendi- cants, 1215 A. D.) Jesuits (1534 n. d.) Augustinian Monks. . . . Friars Capuchin Friar's \\Prtulicians \Taulist Fathers Vinc^htians Brethren of the Com- mon Life Lollards (1500 A. D.) Hospitallers, or Knights of St. John of Jeru- salem Observantine Friars and Nuns Congregation of the Oratory Order of the Holy Sep ulchre Order of the Holy Ghost Congregation of the Holy Cross. Fratricelli . . , Archdeacon. Cordeliers, or Cord Wearers Crutched Friars. . . Convent Canoness Abbess Sisters of Cliarity. , Sisters of Mercy. . , Canonical Virgins. Augustine Nuns. . . Elizabethine Xuris Ursulines Daughters of the Infant Jesus XII- 30 XII- 04 X-226 VII- 81 VI 1-470 1-431 IX-155 V-103 1-215 XII-258 IV-559 111^89 X- 26 VII-524 11-551 III-141 11-400 VI-390 IX-297 lX-574 IV-193 Vni-580 I I 1-361', 1-204 V-526 III- 48 111^81 VI-436 1-410 IV-562 11-842 IX-i70 1X^173 X.n-204 11-155 VII-301 VI- 46 VIII-549 IX- 4 VI- 5 VI- 8 VI- 2 IV-523 1-285 III-191 III-263 III-167 n-330 I- 4 11-467 X-550 11-330 1-410 IV- 42 XII- 87 VI-342 ^ Sisterhoods Ladies of the Siinod Heart (1826 A. d.).... The Greek and Easleni Churches. x-.''>r>o X-23r) v-379 Coptic Church Eastern Churches The Protestant Church. 1. Doctrines and Faith. III-184 III-569 IX-510 Creed III-241 God ^'-l80 VI-423 Omniscience VII 1-589 VII-299 Incarnation VI-187 Providence IX-515 VI-279 Revelation X- 79 Freedom of the will . . . IV-547 X-319 Devil III-419 V-372 Sheol X-470 Evil IV-200 Original sin IX- 26 Fall of man IV-253 Foreknowledge ( Foreordination Prayer IV-446 IV-446 IX-448 Worship XII-518 Faith lV-246 V-230 Regeneration X- 43 V «J-ustification. VI-515 X-286 1 1 esurrection .' X- 75 1 ■ eaven 'iV-472 2. Theology and Ministe- rial Training. Theology Theism XI-389 XI-886 Natural theology ' Exegesis Doctrine of the Holy Ghost, or Holy Spirit German theology Rule of faith VIII-371 IV-215 VI- 3 V-117 IV-247 Evidences of Christian- ity IV-198 Apologetics 1-255 Theological anthropol- OffV 1-384 Dogma III-475 Eschatology, or doctrine of the future state. . . Religious liberty Monotheism IV-165 VII-185 VIII-219 Pantheism IX-107 Anthropomorphism. . . . Religions us developed theologically Comparative religion . . Augsburg Confession, the first Protestant confession of faith. . . Thirty-nine Articles of Religion 1-239 XI-389 X- 49 1-407 XI^07 Catechism II 896 Calvinism II 293 Imputation VI 185 Westminster Assembly. Westminster Assembly Standards XII-898 XII-400 Tubingen School of The- ology XI-575 Union Theological Sem- inary XII 28 The higher criticism. . . V-551 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 107 General Theological Seminary, Protestant Episcopal Church.. . . V- 71 1-209 III-512 VI- 12 VI- 13 IV-217 VI-122 IX-519 XII-244 V-178 X-409 I- 75 III-378 1-391 IV-538 1-224 VI-239 VI-167 VI-155 XI-394 IX- 73 IV-254 XI- 64 XII-491 III-419 1-231 III-397 I- 10 I- 51 I- 70 I- 71 I-lOl 1-168 1-314 1-243 1-489 11-8 11-155 11-301 11-550 X-381 11-551 11-565 11-565 VIII^38 X-389 11-565 III-140 III-168 m-238 III-328 III-364 III-277 111-^56 111^61 III-529 IV-150 IV-156 Evangelical Association (German Methodist Church) IV-193 Andover Theological Seminary Evangelical Churches. . Evangelical Union (Scotch Independents) Familists, or Family of Love IV-193 Drew Theological Semi- nary Homiletios IV-193 IV 354 Homily Free Church of Scotland Free Congregations (op- posed to a revival of positive Christianity, 1844) IV 533 Exempla-books HTmnoloe"T Psalmody Voluntaryism IV 536 Theories and Influence of: Gnostics: "Whence and why is evil ? Free-will Baptists Friends of God Harmonists (Germans who interpret Scrip- ture litera ly) Humanitarians (Unita- rians to some extent). IV-547 IV-568 Secularism V-420 Agnosticism in theology Deists VI- 69 Atheism VI 84 Freethinker Independents , VI 193 Annihilationist Lutheranism VII-358 Inf allibilist Lutheran Church in the United States Mercerburg Theology, or German Reformed Church of America. . Methodism Image-worship, or ico- VII-363 Idolatry Theosophy VIII- 36 Paganism VIII- 70 Familiar spirits Spiritualism Methodist Episcopal Church South Mennonites Millennarians VIII- 75 Witchcraft VIII- 31 Devil-worshipers Animism Vm 129 VIII-129 Monophysites (sect of Armenian Church). . . 3. Denominations and VIII-315 VIII 219 Beliefs. Abecedarians The Moravian Church (Church f United Brethren) VIII-245 African M. E. Church. . African Methodist Epis- copal Zion Church. . . Mormons (Latter -Day Saints) VIII-353 Oneida Community Patripassians (Anti- Trinitarians) Perfectionism VIII-589 IX-166 Anglican Church IX-215 Plymouth Brethren Presbyterian Cjiureh. ?1 Protestant Episcopal Church IX-352 ^ IX-448 Bible Christians, or Bryanites 1 IV-147 IX-551 the Free Spirit Calvinistic Methodists.. Reformation . . . ■.-. . . . ; . Reformed Episcopal - X- 32 X- 36 Christian Science Christian Union Reformed Church of America X- 36 Churches Reformed Church in the United States (Ger- man Reformed Church) Church of England Church Methodists, or Primitive Wesleyans . Church of the New Jeru- salem (Swedenborg- X- 35 Reformed Presbyterian (Covenanters or Cam- eronians) X- 37 Church of Scotland .... Church of God Congregationalism Convocation (Church of En(?]and^ Relief Presbytery Remonstrants (adher- ents of Arminius) Restorationists ( U n i - versalists) X- 49 X-353 X- 75 Sabism, or Zabism (a Baptist sect) Salvation Army Scotch Confession of Faith Covenant, National, of X-231 X-279 Crypto-Calvinists X-585 rian Church, nine- teenth century Disciples of Christ (Campbellites) Second Advent Separatists X^08 X-438 Seventh-day Baptists. . . Shakers (Millennial Church, or United Society of Believers) . Six-principle Baptists. . Sooinians and Sooinian- ism (Anti - Trinitari- ans) X-440 Dunkers (German- American Baptists) . . Episcopal system Erastians (Church of Scotland, 1843) X^55 X-551 X-599 Society of Friends (Qua- kers) IV-568 Taborites, or Bohemian Brethren , XI-370 Unitarianism XII- 28 United Armenians XII- 30 United Baptists XII- 30 United Brethren (Mo- ravian) XII- 30 United Brethren in Christ XII- 30 United Christians of St. XII- 30 United Evangelical XII- 31 United Methodist Free Church XII- 31 United Nestorians XII- 31 United Original Sece- de r s (Presbyterian Church) XII- 31 United Presbyterian Church of North America XII- 31 United Presbyte- rian Church of Scot- land XII- 31 United Secession Church XII- 33 United Society (Synod) of the Presbyterian Church XII- 64 United Society of Be- lievers (Shakers) XII- 33 Universalism XII- 66 Utraquists (Hussites) . . XII- 96 Waldensian Church XII-263 Welsh Calvinistic Meth- odist Church... XII-385 Wesleyans and Primi- tive Wesleyans. . . ... : :^I]^-393 Church Soeiefies and - :' Organizations. American Sunday- school Union 1-158 Christian Endeavor, Young People's So- ciety of 11-549 Dorcas Society III-486 Epworth League IV-153 Missions VIII-163 Sisters of the Holy Communion (Protes- tant Episcopal Church Society) VI- 3 §unday-schools XI-319 Young Men's Christian Associations XII-557 Young Women's Chris- tian Associations XII-560 Tract Societies XI 511 Young People's Chris- tian Union (of the United Brethren in Christ) XII-616 Baptist Young Peo- ple's Union of Amer- ica I 619 Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip (Second Reformed Church).. . 11-609 Brotherhood of St. An- drew (Protestant Episcopal Church So- ciety) 11-609 Luther League of Amer- ica (Lutheran Church Society) VII-638 Church Temperance So- ciety (Protestant Episcopal Church So- ciety) 11-633 108 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Dauirhters of tho King A iiliii\ti.'iTS of Aimririi (Salvntinn Aniiy). . . . Kilif;iiius societies Institutional CIiuilIi. . Brotherhood of th( Kingdom Christian and Mission arv Alliance White Cross Society. . Woman's Christian Temperance Union . . 5. Synods, Assemblies, and Conventions. Church Congress (Prot- estant Episcopal Church) C 1 a s s i s (Reformed Church) Conference (church) . . . Ecumenical Evangelical Alliance . . Evangelical C h u r cli Conference General Assembly. . . . General Convention, The Gorham Controversy (regeneration) Lambeth Articles (Church of England vs. Calvinists) III-624 XII-603 .\-l)lS VI-022 11-610 11-619 XII-608 XII^99 11-561 11-596 III-135 III-581 IV-191 IV-193 V- 68 V- 69 V-211 'I VII- 83- Lambeth Conference (Protestant Theolog ical Conference) Savoy Conference Synod Synod of Dort (Calvi nists vs. Arminian ism) 6. CJmrcli Officials, etc. Churchwardens. ....... Clergy Dean (ecclesiastical) . . . Deacon Deaconess Elder Parson, or rector and vicar Presbyter (or Baptist) . . Bishop 7. Liturgies and Disci- pline. Book of Common Prayer Canonical hours Confirmation Consecration First and Second Books of Discipline TV. General rules ? I ) Ordination I — ' Litany. Liturgies , Commination VII-605 X-328 XI-258 X 1-258 n-565 n-604 III-357 III-354 III-354 IV- 5 IX-146 IX-448 II- 33 III- 99 11-330 III-136 III-147 III-456 V- 71 c- loi X-117 Bishops suffragan Miscellaneous Tojiics relating to the Church. Abstinence II- 83 I- 16 Anthropomorphites. . . . Bibliomancy 1-239 II- 10 Bibliography of the Church of England. . Camp-meetings IV- 87 11-813 11-461 Christmas 11-553 Cross III-357 Dove (as an emblem of the Holy Spirit) Diocese III-493 III-448 Feast, or festival Font IV-275 IV-429 Halloween, or All Hal- low Eve V-389 ** Hosanna " VI- 43 Jansenism VI-403 Institutional Church . . . Latitudinarianism Miracles VI-623 VII- 88 VIII-158 Sunday XI-318 Thanksgiving Day The "three impostors," Moses, Jesus, Mo- XI-381 VI-183 Tractarianism XI-510 Traducianism Washing of feet XI-515 XII-297 SEOTToy I. — ^Keligions of the Chi- nese, Japanese, and of North- ern Asia < Confucianism Taoism (Lao-tse) Shamanism, or Lamaism (devil-worshipers) Religion of the Japanese . . . III-137 XI-293 X-459 VI-409 Section II. — ^Religion and Beliefs of the Hindus Hinduism Naraka Sukhavati Hinayana Yama Dhyana Brahmanisra Caste (the Brahma, or priest of the Vedas) Krishna Vishnu Vaishnavas Siva, or Shiva Karma (doctrine of exist- ence) Nirvana Jaggernaut Shinshiu Jains (protest against Brah- manisra) Fakir Buddhism V-559 VIII-360 XI-205 V-558 XII-544 111^33 11-131 11-387 VI-604 XII-216 XII-103 X-551 VI-537 VII 1-490 VI-394 X-478 V 1-395 I\'-S47 1 1-21. '3 B. Polytheistic Religions Devaloka (Buddhist system) Mahayana '. Gautama (Buddha) Lamaism (corrupt form of Buddhism) ■ III-418 VII-441 V- 59 VII- 28 SECTroN III. — Ancient Egjrptian Religion, Worship, and Doc- trine Ancient Egypt, religion of. Metempsychosis Transmigration Ptah (oldest Egyptian deity) Horus Isis. Kheper Thoth Set-typhon Ra Ka Mat, or Maa (Egyptian god- dess) Ritual of the dead Mummy (Egyptian religion). IIT-597 VIII- 59 XI-524 IX-533 VI- 42 VI-358 VI-561 XI^23 X-439 IX-578 VI-519 VII-575 X-117 VIII-298 Section IV. — Religion of Ancient Persia Zoroaster A vesta, or Zend Ormazd (the Good) . Psalms of Zoroaster. Sun-worship XII-586 1^23 IX- 29 IX-520 XI-222 Parsees, or fire-worshipers. Magic (Animism) Magi (Persian priests) , '\ IX-146 VI 1^1 8 VII-418 !n\ Section V. — Religions of Ancient Greece and Rome VIII-337 VIII-335 VIII-335 IV- 38 III-397 III-384 Mythology Mysticism Mysteries Bleusinian mysteries Demon, or doemon Delphi (oracle of) Pythia (priestess of Apollo in Delphi) Zeus (Greek superior god) . . Janus (Roman god) Lares (Roman tutelary gods) Flamen (Roman priest) .... Lupercalia (Roman feast) . . Fides IX-560 XII-574 ' VI-405 VII- 73 IV-382 VII-355 IV-323 Section VI, — Religions and Wer- ship of the American Abo- rigines Religion of the North Amer- ican Indians VI-214 Religion of the South Amer- ican Indians VI-217 Totemism Xl-497 Exorcism I V-220 Fetish IV-310 Ghost-dance (1889) V-135 DIVLSIOX THIRD.— BIOGRAPHY Alexander (poppsi ' .Viiiliro.se St. (Latin Father). Aiiilri'ws, .lames Osgood. . , Anselm { Bishop of Cariter- Ijiiry Antony, .St. (founder of Moii- achism) i I-llO 1-146 1-210 1-220 1-248 A polios (Bishop of Corinth). Aquinas, St. Thomas Arius (the founder of Arian- ism) Athanasius Augustine. St Beccher, Henry Ward 1-255 1-268 1-315 1-388 1-409 1-559 Benedict I (and popes) Bernard, St Booth, William (Salvation Army) Briggs, Charles A Calvin, John Cameron, John 1-579 1-596 IT- 99 II-ISO 11-293 11-308 THE UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 109 Cameron, Richard Campbell, Alexander Channinij, William EUery . . Chapin, Edwin H Clement I Collyer, Robert Corrigan, Michael A Cox, Samuel Cranmer, Thomas Crosby, Howard Cruden, Alexander Dorner, Isaac A Drummond, Henry Eichhorn, Johann G Bunomius Pox, George Francis of Assisi Puloo de Neuilly Gladden, Washington Gregory Nazianzen, St Gregory (popes) Hermes, Georg Hilda, St Hillel, the Great, or the El- der Hodge, Charles IT-309 11-311 11-460 11-463 11-603 III- 68 III-303 III-333 III-338 III-356 III-863 III-488 III-515 III-613 IV-185 IV-491 IV-507 IV-587 V-154 V-30O ■ V-304 V-535 V-553 V-556 V-598 Huntington, William R Huss, John Hutchinson, Ann Ignatius, St John (twenty-three popes) . . Kempis ,Thomas h Knox, John Langton, Stephen Latimer, Hugh Leo I, St. (popes) Loyola, Ignatius de Luther, Martin Massillon, Jean Baptiste. . . . McCloskey, John (cardinal).. Melanchthon, Philip Miller, William (Millerites) . Jloody, Dwight L. . . . , Newman, John Henry Nicholas, St Nicholas (popes) Origen (Christian Father, 185 A. D.) Parker, Theodore Paul (popes) Philo JudiEus Pius (popes) VI- 81 VI- 84 VI- 85 VI-157 VI-463 VI-546 VI-090 VII- 53 VII- 81 VI 1-150 Vn-343 VII-356 VII-569 VIl-384 VIII- 15 VIII-130 Vin-336 Vin-440 Vin-478 VIII-478 IX- 35 IX-137 IX-170 IX-361 IX-331 Polycarp (70 a. d.) Pusey, Edward B Ridley, Nicholas (bishop). . . Ritschl, Albrecht Sohafi, Philip Sixtus (five popes) Smith, Joseph (Mormon) Spurgeon, Charles H Stephen, St. (the first Chris- tian martyr) Stephen (ten popes). ....... Strauss, David Sylvester (two popes) T'almage, T. De Witt Tischendorf, Lobegott P Titus (Paul's companion) . . . Tyndale, William Ulric, St Urban (eight popes) Wesley, Charles Wesley, John Whitefield, George Williams, Roger Wyclif, John Young, Brigham Zwingli, Ulrich IX-389 IX-553 X-108 X-115 X-343 X-551 X-580 XI- 75 XI-130 XI-130 X 1-165 XI-353 XI-381 XI-455 XI-458 XII- 3 XII- 31 XII- 83 XII-390 XII-391 XII-426 XII-455 XII-538 XII-556 XII-591 BID) pfn, TT' Vi=/ i MSA H' U pmi JJUtf. ONE THOUSAND QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TEEATED IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS Note. — In the column headed "location on page,'' 1 and 2 signify the first and second columns on the page; ■' u,'' " m,'' and " b " signify respectively the upper, middle, and bottom part of the page. Thus, " 1 u " means upper part of first column ; "1 m" " middle " " " "1 b" " bottom " " " "2 u " '' upper - " "- second " "3 m" " middle " " " ; " "2 b" " bottom " " " " Questions. 1. Who is known as " the father of the faithful " and " the friend of God " ? 2. According to English law,_may a king abdicate his crown ■? 3. Who discovered the aberration of light? Why was this discovery an important one? 4. What are the earliest inhabitants of a country called ? 5. What is the earliest known organization of a total abstinence society in the TJ. S.? 6. Who founded the first academy ? 7. How does the jelly-fish capture its prey alive ? ; . . . 8. When and where was the first accident-insurance company formed ? 9. What was one of the earliest uses of the storage battery or aocumulatoi- ? 10. Who was Achilles ? How did he meet his death ? 11. What is the simple test for an acid ? ^ 12. How does the intensity of sound vary? 13. The inner ear has how many microscopic cords stretched within it to receive vibrations re- sulting in the sensation of soufid,?. ., jj..-. ...:.. ,^ 14. What celebrated temple was situated on the Acropolis of Athens ? j 15. What three important eflfeots do'-the+ays of the sun produce?.' ........ ., 16. Criminal actions are always prosecuted in what name ? 17. Where is the Adirondack Park ? For what resort is it of priceless value ? 18. Why are admirals frequently called flag-officers ? 19. What are the principal adulterants of bread ? Of butter ? 20. When, where, and by whom did ballooning originate ? 21. To whose theory of knowledge is agnosticism traceable? Who first suggested the term " agnostic " ? 22. What were the provisions of the " agrarian " law t 23. For what purpose are " agricultural experiment stations " carried on ? 24. Should the so-called abandonment of Eastern farms cause apprehension ? Why not? 25. To what government does Dawson City (Klondike) belong ? (See map) 26. What is an albino? 27. What most celebrated contralto singer of the nineteenth century sang at Rossini's centenary and then declared she would never sing again, not even in her own home ? 28. Of what is acetylene composed ? How is it made ? 29. What three elements compose alcohol ? Prom what is rum made ? 30. Who valued the Iliad so highly that every night a copy of that poem was placed along with his sword under his pillow ? 81. What was the first known treatise on algebra ? 32. By what two means, or methods, have astronomers acquired a knowledge of two immense dark bodies, forever invisible to human eyes, and incapable of producing any motion that can yet be detected by the ordinary telescopic measurement ? 38. From whom did we (Americans) learn to make hominy, johnny-cake, and maple-sugar? 84. " By raising the potential to 20,000 volts, or even to 80,000 volts, it becomes possible to transfer hundreds of horse-power over conductors no larger than an ordinary telegraph wire." This is due to the remarkable property of what kind of electric currents? 35. What mighty river has a descent of only an inch to the mile for 3,500 miles ? 36. What country of South America has given to the world more gold than California? 87. What is meant by " weighing the anchor " ? 88. Who is known as the " Children's Friend " on account of his most mteresting tales, which have given him a world-wide reputation ? 39. What locality, according to Humboldt, "affords in the smallest space the greatest possible variety of impressions from the contemplation of nature? Here man is enabled to view alike all the families of plants and all the stars of the firmament " Vol. Page. 15 9 12 14 16 19 20 23 26 28 28 31 36 37 38 39 46 47 50 54 75 76 79 81 96 101 102 605 105 109 115 117 119 137 144 153 204 206 208 Location on page. 1 b 3u 3u 2b 2m lu lb 2u lb lu 3m 2 m 2u 2m 2u lb lu 2m 3b 3m lb Ira 3u 3b Map 2u lu 2b 3m 1 m 3b 3b 2m Im 2u 1 m 3m 1 m 2u 11 112 ONE TIIDISAXD QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED Questions. 40. 41. 41 43. 44. 4.'). 46. 47. 4S. 49. .50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 63. 63. 64. 6.5. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 73. 73. 74. 75. 70. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 83. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 93. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 103. 103. 104. What noted spy drew with a pen and ink a portrait of himself the day before his execution t ■ This portrait is now in VmIc Uiiivi'i-.sitv What is the famous story nf Aiidrnck's and the Lion< Why is the angel-fish so called f Whiit is the most sportsmanlike way of catching bluefishf. In view ot what fact dues it bcconic evident that our own civilized human nature does not altogether differ from that of the savage ? ■ What remarkable animals are slave-makers, being carried and fed by their slaves < What quite large animal of very swift movement in entirely free from fat? Jurists say that without a crime there is no criminal ; anthropologists say that the criminal is here with the intent to commit crime. Which is right? What is the " Bertillon method " of identifying criminals, the chances of error being only one in 13,000,000 i What noted wall in Scotland was 36 miles long and 20 feet highT By whom and when was it built? . What animals have been termed the '■ milch cows " of the ants ? In what Protestant church are lessons from the Apocrypha included in the latest revision of the iectionary ? What is meant by " a posteriori " and " a priori " reasoning and knowledge What is the most famous highway in the world ? What is the most important fruit of temperate climates? There are four or five thousand varieties. How are new varieties produced ? What nation has made the least progress in the industrial arts ? What was " Brehon law " ? Why is this body of law valuable ? What is the difference between," mediation " and "arbitration " in settling disputes? Where did the arch probably originate?. What and where is the most ra^niflcent podern triumphal arch ? Who was the author ot the hiA;oJ-\c iekpre^sion I'gur^ka," (I have found it)? also, "Give me where I may stand, and I y^l'-XtioYi th6~Vorrti^ It; . '...'.". What country is the birthplace of historic architecture ? What two causes led to the decay of Gothic architecture ? What is the origin and meaning of the so-called " knock down " argument? What is the most ancient voyage of discovery mentioned by poet or historian? What was its object?... .' Whom did the ancients call the father of those who know ? , What is the river of the U. S. whose banks expose to view geological strata of all the forma tions in their regular , pl^oes to the thickness of 25,000 feet ? What isihe precise-dffferehdtf between' Calvinism and Arminianism ? To whom belongs the credit of originating the idea of applying armor to the sides of war- ships? . Who wrote the poem " The Light of Asia " ? What is its subject f What recent English poet and critic is called " the apostle of culture " ? Under what circumstances is a private person bound to' make an arrest ?. What is an effective antidote for arsenic poisoning ?. . . '. Mow can one tell whether an artery Or a vein is wounded ?. What is the deepest artesian bore-hole ever drilled ? ■. In what battle and when were cannon first used ? What are the asteroids ? What is their probable origin ? With what nation did astrology (predictmg human events by the stars) originate? Which is the oldest ot the sciences? What recent theory would seem to account for the sun's heat and light? What discovery probably marks the highest achievement of the human intellect? What is the explanation of the reappearance in animals and plants of traits belonging to their remote progenitors, which their immediate parents did not present ? In mythology, who was the goddess of wisdom ? Why is an atlas (in geography) so called ? Of what great English philosopher and statesman is it said, "It seemed as if Pate had raised him to the highest pinnacle that his fall might be the more tragic and conspicuous"?. . What are bacteria? What is meant by the " balance of trade " of a country ? Who is the most famous French novelist of the nineteenth century ? . Dante wrote the Di- vine Comedy, but this novelist wrote the Human Comedy... What was the earliest banking institution in Europe? When was the name " Baptist " first applied to this body of Christian people ? One of the greatest of Greek philosophers divided the human family into two classes, Greeks and barbarians. Who was he ? What is the origin and significance of the red stripes on a barber's pole ? What cereal is said to be more widely distributed than any other grain ? Why is mercury used in the barometer ? ' Why does a slowly rising barometer usually give assurance of fair weather? What was the cause of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew ? What was the first real step toward progi'ess in the development of baseball ? In baseball, what is meant by a " foul " ? How is a " curved " ball pitched ? What was the famous Bastile ? When and by whom was it destroyed ? What is the medicinal value of hot, cold, Turkish, and Russian baths ? Why are beads so called ? Who was the greatest ancient writer of fables, and who their greatest modern writer? How do beavers construct their dams? Whose name is regarded as the greatest in the ancient literature of Britain? " Nature never makes new organs for new functions she wishes performed." By what means, then, is the new function performed? Vol. I.oi-Utic Pafje. on pajJ: 209 3 b 211 3 m 313 1 m 315 2 m ?31 2u 337 3b •i-Z'd 2b 237 599 247 253 253 257 260 260 269 153 278 281 283 287 289 301 309 327 339 340 343 845 347 348 351 380 382 383 385 386 387 391 398 439 443 459 476 482 489 lu lb IN APPLBTONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 113 Questions. Vol. Page. I 560 I 567 I 593 I 593 I 594 I 595 II 8 II 11 II 16 II 19 II 24 II 26 II 66 II 63 II 67 II 79 II 99 II 125 II 133 II 189 II 162 II 283 II 293 II 303 11 305 II 313 II 317 II 320 II 339 II 340 II 341 II 355 11 377 II 400 II 405 II 409 II 445 II 444 II 449 II 451 II 458 II 454 II 456 II 461 II 466 II 476 II 486 II 489 II 491 II 500 II 503 II 505 II 509 II 519 II 528 II 533 II 536 II 539 II 540 II 542 ir 543 II 544 11 549 11 555 II 556 II 567 II 575 Location on page. 105. How is beef-tea made ? 106. What is the most densely populated country of Europe ? 107. On what street of what German city is one of the most imposing statues ever erected? 108. What European city has the most perfect and inexpensive system of sewerage existing?. . 109. What treaty, formulated in one month, is the longest ever written ? 110. Why is the Doctor's degree granted by the University of Berlin so highly valued? 111. When and by whom was the greatest modern revision of the English Bible made? 112. When and where was the present form of the bicycle first introduced , _ 113. What was the earliest form of the game of billiards? When and by whom was the game introduced into America ? 114. In bills of exchange, what is the important difference between business paper and accora modation paper ? 115. What is considered to be one of the greatest of Sir Isaac Newton's mathematical discoveries the formula of which was placed on his tomb? 116. In what five important respects do animals and plants differ from the mineral kingdom?. 117. What is the origin of the story of Bluebeard? 118. By what comparatively simple process is cast or pig iron, produced from iron ore? 119. Why are " blue laws " so called f What is the origin of the expression " true blue " ? 130. How may Water be heated to any degree of temperature without boiling? 131. In the higher class of people of what great nation did the color of the shoes worn indicate their rank ? 123. What is the origin of the term " boycotting " ? 123. Is there a close relation between brain-weight and intelligence ? 134. What metal made from copper and tin stands next to iron in importance in the arts? 135. What is the oldest wooden bridge on record, and for what is it celebrated in history? 126. How are the various patterns and colors of calicoes produced ? 137. Who is the father of Presbyterianisra, and what is the only blot on his name ? 138. Who was Calypso ? In what classics is she a leading character ? 129. Who are " senior wranglers "?..., 130. Where, when, and by whom was the first camp-meeting held ? 131. Who are the great Canadian poets ? 132. Where, when, and by whom, and for what purpose were the first canals built ? 133. Who was the first circumnavigator of the globe? 134. What states and countries have abolished capital punishment ? 135. In the U. S. Navy how do these officers rank in order : captain and commander ? 136. A celebrated British critic and historian called the American civil war " the burning of a dirty chimney." Who was he ? 137. What noted philosopher proposed thought as a basis of existence ? — i. e., " I think, therefore I exist".. 138. What and where is the largest churph edifice in- the world f 139. What is the origin of the word " caucus " (political primary) ? 140. What nation was the first to establish a standing army ? 141. From what mountain-top does tradition say Buddha ascended to heaven ? 142. How does the whale feed her offspring? 143. What is the origin and formation of chalk ? 144. What animal can to some extent change its color through its own will ? How ? 145. What are " chambers of commerce " ? When and where first established in Great Britain and in the U. S. ? 146. What is the composition of champagne wine ? How made ? 147. Through whose efforts and discoveries are we enabled to interpret hieroglyphic inscriptions on Egyptian monuments ? 148. What are chap-books ? 149. What are the essential characteristics of " charity organizations " as now conducted 150. In mythology, who was Charon and what was his duty ? 151. What are the leading features of the " Chautauqua system " of education ? 153. What are the civil and criminal liabilities of drawers of checks having no funds with the bank ? 153. What is cheese, and how is it made? 154. What element forms a large proportion of the earth's crust ? 155. What is the atomic theory ? Who first proposed it ?. 156. What is the composition of air? Of Water? Of common salt? 157. What game has been called the art of human reason and the touchstone of the human brain ? 158. What place was a small village in 1830, and is now a city of over 1,500,000 in popu- lation ? 159. What animal most resembles man in general appearance ? Which is most nearly related to man, anatomically? 160. How many syllables constitute a Chinese word ? Does this fact show a decay in the language, or a primitive condition ? 161. What is the weakest side or phase of the Chinese literature? 162. What substance forms the outer covering, or skin, of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc. ? 163. When and where did the institution of chivalry originate ? 164. Of what does chloroform consist ? When, where, and by whom was it discovered ? 165. Prom what is chocolate produced ? Why is it so nutritious ? 166. What germ causes cholera ? Who discovered this and when ? 167. When and where did the " Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor" originate? 168. What is the chromosphere of the sun, and when only is it visible to the naked eye? 169. What instrument is used to measure the velocity of light ? also to measure the speed of i)ro- jectiles ? 170. What memorable Roman conspiracy did Cicero by his eloquence crush ? 171. What is the famous problem of "squaring the circle "? . . , 8 lb Im 2m 2m 2m 1 m 2m 2u 2m 2b 2u 1 u 2u lu 2 m lu 2u Im 2 m lu 1 ra 3b Im Im 2u 3b 2m 3u lb lu 2b lu 1 m lb lb lb lb 2b 2u lu lu 2m 2u 2u lb lu 2b Im 2u 2b 2m 1 m ; 2 m 2 m lb lu lu 2b 3 m 3 m 2u 3u Im lb 3b 2b 2m 2m 114 ONE THOrSAXD QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED Qdbstions. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. What causes the heart to beat ? What are the provisions of the " Civil Damage act " in law t In sociology, where does the " clan " have its place 1 In literature, what is a " classic " t How do fire-clays differ from pottery-glazing clays t In ascertaining bank balances, how does the New York Clearing-house accomplish in ten minutes what could not be otherwise done in less than six or eight hours ? When and where, and for what purpose was the obelisk, now standing in Central Park, New York city, first erected f Who was the first to institute ostracism, and was himself the first to suffer from it ? What English king devised a clock composed of twelve candles graduated to burn two hours Vol. each?. In legislative bodies, what is meant by " cloture " ? What king, hard pressed by his foes, appealed to the God of his wife, promising that, if vic- torious, both he and his army would worship the Christian God t How many pounds of coal will, when properly utilized, represent the labor of a man for one < year t 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 230. 221. 222 22.1 224. From what is carbolic acid made t What is absolute cold, or the absolute zero of the physicist t What is the greatest degree of cold yet produced artificially ? What college was the first to open its doors to wom^n ? When f What is meant by color-blindness t What is its cause, and how. is it detected ? What is the probable origin of comets? What is undoubtedly the true cause of commercial crises ? How are soups and broths prepared? .T. . .. , * !....., Who built after his own designs the first IqcoiDotive engine ever constructed on the Amer- ican continent f When ? What were the corn laws of England ? When repealed ? Nine-tenths of all the "salad-oil" consumed m the U. S. consists of cotton-seed oil. How is cotton-seed oil manufactured ? Over 1,000 kinds of true crabs are known. What are the peculiarities of the hermit-crab?. . What is a Creole ? When and for what purpose did the children's crusade occur ? What naturalist had such an intimate knowledge of the structure of animals that he could, from a single bone or small fragment of a tfossil animal, determine the order and even the genus to which it belonged ? ". How is the relative blueness of the sky ascertained ? What is a cyclopaedia? What historic incident illustrates true friendship? (See the article "Damon and Pythias.") What people or nation required its children to be trained in the art of dancing from the age of five years ? Who was the poet Dante's inspiration, and is intimately connected with his production of the Divine Comedy ? What is Darwinism ? \ , .' At the time of our Lord, what was the only day of the week that had a specific name ?. What is the most recent and most successful method of teaching the dumb to speak?. What animals cast out and renew their teeth continually 1 What is meant by the declination of the magnetic needle ? Why was Decoration Day fixed on May 30th ? How are " deep sea " soundings now successfully made ? What class of animals begin their lives as backboned animals but in the adult stage become moUusks ? 22o. 220, 227, Why is longitude reckoned east and west and latitude north and south ? _ . What two French artists of the nineteenth century began a transformation in painting that has affected every school of art in the world ? Bv whom is it supposed the oracles at Delphi were uttered ? Who was Delsarte and what is the basis of his system ? What are the essential principles of democracy ? How does a Jeffersonian Democrat differ from a present-day Democrat ? What is meant by demoniacal possession ? What ' vere the most famous speeches of Demosthenes ? Wha'' is meant by the " dental formula " ? In dentistry, how are artificial crowns (teeth) supplied without the use of a plate ? By what agency were most ot the valleys of the world formed ? What is the " queen city " of the plains ? Who are dervishes f What city of the U. S. has been claimed by three different sovereigns, and since this country has held it had its government thrice transferred, twice besieged by the Indians, and once totally destroyed by fire ? Who are the " devil worshipers " ? In what geologic period are found the earliest traces of trees ? In what regions of the earth does a, plumb-line deviate most from the verticaH 228. The devil-fish is not a fish, nor the dragon-fly a fly. What are they?. 220. Does dew fall f 2:^0. What is meant bv the diagnosis of a ilisease ; on what is it based ? 2:J1. Dialysis is specially useful in examining animal fluids for poisons. What process is dialysis? 2:i2. How are diamonds split, cut, and polished ? 233. In French history, what is the story of the famous " diamond necklace " i 2:i4. Whut are diatoms? 2:j.5. What was Dickens's first book i His last book f His greatest book ? II II II II II II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III in III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III m{ III III III III III III III Page, 577 584 590 596 598 601 604 14 15 17 19 25 29 55 65 76 90 97 173 176 198 216 233 243 263 294 295 298 318 821 331 342 352 356 863 369 869 374 376 377 378 384 385 888 893 897 398 402 405 406 406 411 Location on page. 2b 2 m 2u Im lu 1 m lb lu lu 2b 2 m Im lb 2u lb lu 2b 2b 2b lb lu 2b 2b 2b lu lb 2b 2m 2b 2b 2m 1 u 2b 2u 2m lb 2b 1 u lb 2u 2b 2u lb 1 m 2u 2m 2ra lb 2 m 1 m lb lu 417 2b 419 2m 419 2 b 419 Im 419 2m 497 2b 420 2b 424 1 m 425 2m 428 2u 429 2u 431 lb 434 1 u IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 115 Questions. 236. Who first suggested the idea of teaching the blind to read by the sense of touch? 237. Who wrote the " Dies Irse " ? " Day of wrath ! On that dread day 1 " • 238. What instrument measures a change of the 6,000th part of a degree Fahrenheit in temper- ature ? 239. About how many pounds of tiie gastric juice does a healthy (human) stomach secrete daily t 240. What is meant by a dilemma ? 241. What extinct bird measured 9 foet in length and whose eggs were nearly a foot long? . 243. Alexander the Great once visited a philosopher and said to him, "What can I do for you?" The philosopher replied, " Cease to stand between me and the light." Who was this philosopher I 243. Who first said, " History is philosophy teaching by example " 244. In French history, what is meant by the Directory ? 345. Where is the " Dismal Swamp " ? 246. Where in the U. S. do its citizens have no vote either in district or national affairs? . . , 347. LTnder what circumstances, and who issued the famous order, " If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot " ? 348. What was the only bird that could be sacrificed among the Jews? 349. In what nation has its dramatic writers surpassed all others, ancient or modern, in comedy ? 350. When and where did the practise of " ducking," as a punishment for common scolds, originate ? 351. What is meant by the " new " education ? , 352. Which has the greater value from the modern point of view, algebra or geography ? . . . . 253. What historic country is the creation of its own main river, while the river in turn is the preserver of the country ? 254. What discovery made in 1883 is of 4mm,ejjse importance 4n fixing the early stages of the route of the Exodus ? , 255. In what country are the soil and climate such that three crops per year are grown ? 256. How are the President and Vice-President of the U. S. chosen ? , 357. What is the temperature of the carbon points of an arc electric light? Why is the upper point so hollowed out and the lower one pointed ? 258. How is the electric current taken from the trolley line and caused to propel a car? ' 359. Who was the first to suffer the death penalty by electrocution ? When and where ? 360. What are Elgin marbles? Where may they be seen? 261. The Elizabethan age was almost unequaled in literature through the genius of what five men ? 262. What is the secret of an interesting and impressive style of delivery in speaking ? 263. What are the essential principles of effective Bible-reading in public ? 264. What is the most important document ever penned by a President of the U. S. ? 265. How is applique embroidery made ? 266. All animals begin their development from an ovum or egg. The history of this develop- ment of the young animal before birth constitutes what science ? 267. What gem or precious stone comes next in price to the diamond ? 268. What American poet and philosopher said, " To-day is along in disguise"? He ignored European traditions, methods, and literary properties wherever these could be better superseded by home products , , 269. For what purpose was the Stanley expedition to Central Africa planned and executed ? 270. What is enameling, and how is cloisonne enameling done?. . ^ : 271. Two of the grandest scientific truths of the century are the " correlation of forces " and the " conservation of energy." What do these expressions signify ? 272. What two great rights were secured to the English people in advance of any other people, in 1315 A. D., by the signing of the " Magna Charta " ? 273. What are the chief points of difference between the Low Church, the High Church, and the Broad Church, as applied to the Church o£ England ? 274. The elements of the composite English language of the present day include at least seven different languages. What are they ? 275. What were Chaucer's unrivaled characteristics as a writer?.. 276. Who is considered the greatest master of English prose, and was one of the wisest of modern politicians ? 277. What English poet (1812-1890) is not only the greatest English dramatist of the age, but the greatest since Shakspeare ? 278. Who was the greatest writer of stories that ever lived ? 279. How do insects breathe ? 280. Who invented the " Monitor " armor-clad ? 281. What people explain the phenomena of the universe by myths? Their priests can see into the land of spirits and summon the powers to consult with them in healing the sick, etc.. . 282. In which book of the Bible does the name of God not occurence? Pasting is spoken of, but no mention is made of prayer 383. "The development of civilization has been from inyth to science." What science proves this? '. 284. Who is called the "Father of Geometry"? A king once asked him if there was not some easier process of learning the science than the usual one. The reply was, " There is no royal road to geometry " 385. How is the game of euchre played ? 386. What eminent American orator and statesman, through money earned by his eloquence, secured Mt. Vernon from the danger of falling into the hands of speculators and secured it as a national possession ? 387. What are the two instruments of evidence in Taw ? 388. What are the seven great conflicts which Christianity has had, and out of each has emerged with triumphant vindication of its claims? 289. What is the theory of organic evolution? Who first placed this idea before the world in a systematic form ? When ? Vol. Page. Ill III 438 440 III III III III 443 443 444 447 III III III III III 448 449 455 459 463 III III HI 465 493 499 III III III 521 588 589 III 603 HI III IV 601 603 8 IV IV IV IV 10 30 31 39 IV IV IV IV IV 43 48 49 53 57 IV IV 57 63 IV IV IV 64 67 71 IV 74 IV 83 IV 87 IV IV 93 96 IV 105 IV IV IV IV 107 108 137 159 IV 167 IV 172 IV 179 IV IV 183 183 IV IV 195 197 IV 198 IV 200 Location on page. 3m 3b lb 3u 2b 2u 3m 3m 3u 2b lb 2b 2 m 2m 2m 2m lu 3 m 1 m 3b lb Im 2m 2 ra 2b Im lb lu lb Im lb Im lb 3b Im 2b 3b lb 1 m 3b lb 3m lb Im 3b 2b Im 3m lb 2u 3 m 3 3b iir. ONE THOUSAND QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED Questions. Vol. Page. Location on page. 290. 291. 202 h:i. 294. 295. 200. 207. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. What two records of the history of the living world have been studied, are well understood and both of which are in full accord with evolution t How does Prof. J. W. Dawson show that two of the greatest exponents of the Darwinian theory of evolution— Wallace and Romanes — reason constantly in a circle, and are often inconsistent f How did the ancient Israelites excommunicate offenders? What is the consulting or advisory council to the President of the U. S. ? Of what officials does it consist f On what hygienic grounds, aside from cleanliness, do health boards forbid expectoration in public places? What is dynamite? When and by whom was it invented ? At what point in the eye is the sense of vision most perfect ? What muscles of the face are brought into action in laughter? In weeping? In perplexity? In grief i. Who was the first to perfect a factory in which all the processes from the raw material to the finished goods were carried out consecutively under one directing mind? What is the distinction between faith and belief? Between belief and knowledge? How may we distinguish an error or a mistake from a fallacy ? All fallacies are character ized by reasoning in a circle or jumping to a conclusion. How is this shown ? Many modern German thinkers consider the fall of man as the happiest event in human history. On what grounds? Why is a famine in western and central Europe impossible? What country is the fatherland of the fan ? Who made the great discovery of magneto-electric induction ? The common hen may be readily hypnotized. Is it probable that serpents hypnotize birds?. To what are the different colors on birds due ? What is meant by a fee, or fee-simple, in property ? What is meant by a fellowship in a college or university ? In fencing, what is the attitude of the guard ? What are the three general points where an antagonist may be attacked when on guard ? Who were the Fenians ? When and where did the first Fenian Congress meet ? What is the distinction between fermentation, putrefaction, and decay of substances? Are bacteria and disease germs now considered to be animals or plants ? What was the feudal system ? In finance, what is meant by " budget " ? What are the essential features of the property tax in the U. S. ? ., Of all the fine arts why is music the purest ?. j . What are the chief means of clarifying or fining turbid liquors? How do fireflies, lightning-bugs, etc., produce light ? '..'.'.'. What are the four main purposes sought, and what are the methods of construction of fire- proof buildings? Where are the chief herring fisheries ? Who invented and constructed the first double-acting condensing engine, transmitting power by means of cranks? When and where was it first applied? A yellow flag shows a vessel to be in what condition ? What is meant bv " stVikiiie' the flag " ? J B What is the greatest flax-raising country in Europe ? '_ _ In what city and in what one of its buildings is the finest collection of pictures in the world ? Which State of the Union has the largest floricultural business in proportion to its size t In the sale of cut flowers, which flowei' takes the lead? What is the "new process" of producing flour? !!..!... If the green parts of leaves (the coloring matter) be dissolved in alcohoi, the resuVt'is of a beautiful blood-red color. How is this explained ? The first instance of actual flight by man was made on Julv 31, 1894, and the speed attained was 50 miles per hour, the lifting power of the machine being 5 tons. Who was the inventor ? For what purpose is the fly-wheel attached to an engine ? .....'.'...'.'.... Why is the eastern coast of the U. S. especially subject to fogs ? ..'.'..'.. Traditions, superstitions, signs, charms, etc., handed down from generation to generation for two thousand years are explained through what modern study ? Of animal food, in what order as to nutritive value do eggs, fish, and the flesh of animals rank? Remarkable work in carving, writing, painting, playing musical instruments, etc., can be performed by the foot when the hand is lacking. What is its structure that enables it to do this ? What was the resolution introduced in the U. S. Senate in 1829 over which Daniel Webstiji- made his celebrated reply to Hayne of South Carolina? What are the six great forces in Nature whose action on matter produces all materiaV piie' nomena ? Where is Fort Hancock, one of the strongest forts in the U. S. ? By what means are geological formations in new countries identified? What is the effective war footing of Prance ? What three forms of religious worship are recognized in France and maintained at her expense ? " The reign of terror " in France, what was its cause? Who wera its leaders ? When did il begin and end? What were its results? What is meant by the right of " eminent domain " in a country ? '.'.'...'.'..'.'.'. What causes freckles, and how may they be readily removed ? '..'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'....'. Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, was condemned to death by his own father when' the latter was king. What was the cause, and how was he saved ? IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV 203 208 214 215 221 223 230 235 237 247 251 252 255 257 258 266 277 280 284 286 291 295 300 310 334 337 341 343 353 356 863 375 397 399 407 414 417 417 420 426 433 437 439 443 461 473 499 501 503 .'505 529 530 3m 2b 2b lb 2u 2u lb lb 2 m lu lb 2b 2u 1 m 2u 3m lb lb 3u lb lb lb 2b 3b lu 2m 2u 3 lb 3m 2b lb lb Im 3 m 2m 2m 3u 3m 3b Im 2m 3b 2m 3m Ira 2b 2u 2u lu 2m 2u Im Vb IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 117 Questions, 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 353. 3.53. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 860. 361. 363. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 373. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 383. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 393. 393. 394. There are at least a dozen points of the argument in favor of free trade as opposed to pro- tection. What are they ? In making ice-cream, what proportion of powdered ice and of common salt will cause the mercury of a thermometer to fall five degrees below zero f How is this produced t By whom and when did the French language attain a definite and fixed form with purity, clearness, and simplicity of language that at once became Inodels, impressing upon French literature the tendency it was to follow for two hundred years, the inaugurator of French classicism ? When did France cease to have a share in the colonial interests of North America? What is one great advantage that fresco-painting has over oil-painting ? The total resistance of wheels to track of railroad trains on level grades under favorable conditions is from 8 to 10 lbs. per ton weight of train at all ordinary speeds. The resist' ance of a moving ship is 1 lb. per square foot of surface moving at 10 knots per hour. How are these facts explained ? When and under what circumstances was the term " Quaker " first used as applied to a relig ious sect ? What was the peculiar circumstance that gave to Proebel, founder of the kindergarten, the joyful conviction that there is a law which, gradually discovered and intelligently obeyed would bring peace and harmony into the human universe ? In what continent are there no frogs ■? How is the heating value of any fuel determined ? What kind of musical composition is a fugue ? What is meant by refunding a debt f What people bury their dead in a sitting posture ? Who bury theirs in ttee-tops ? When and where did upholstered furniture come into fashion ? What is the Roman Catholic doctrine of the state of man after death ? When a horse is trotting upon a pavement, how many sounds are heard as made by the striking hoofs per body length of the horse? How many in the canter? How explained? What physician was the highest authority in his profession for thirteen hundred years? What is the origin of the well-known American oak-apple produced on the leaves of the black oak ? Why do some children learn to speak earlier than others ? What river in southern Asia is worshiped by the natives as a goddess ? How is coal (illuminating) gas manufactured ? What is the purpose or object of the grand jury ? Of how many men does it consist ? What are the two chief uses of graphite or plumbago ? Where is the great source of supply of graphite? What one force controls the motions of every planet and star in the universe ?. . . What is meant when we say the specific gravity of a piece of lead, for example, is 11 ? or that the specific gravity of cane-sugar is 1.61 ? What single poem has given Thomas Gray a very high position in English literature ? How is the game of golf played ? The bones of what five very large species of tropical animals have been found in the rocks of Great Britain ? What is the motto of Great Britain ? The shortest track from Queenstown to Sandy Hook lightship, for example, is by " great circle sailing." What does this mean ? Which of the U. S. lakes has no fish in it? Why? In ancient Greece, what were the chief games played by little children ? When and under whose leadership did Greece attain her greatest excellence in the fine arts and civilization ?. What caused the recent (1897) war between Greece and Turkey ? What are the characteristic features of worship in the Greek Church as distinguished from the Roman Catholic worship ? What is the subject-matter of the Iliad and the Odyssey? Who is supposed to be their author? Vol. Which are the heavier, on the average, boys or girls, between twelve and fourteen years of age ? What authority has a guardian over the person of his ward ? To what is the origin of the Gulf Stream due ? " Probably there is not one theater or circus in Great Britain or the U. S. in which there is not at least one performer of more or less Gypsy blood." Who are the Gypsies ? What instrument was made famous by Pouoault's use of it to show to the eye the rotatioi. of the earth? What was the first daily penny newspaper ever printed? What famous journalist was one of its publishers ? Habits are originated through voluntary acts. How do habits finally get beyond the con- trol of the will? What is the use of the hair-spring in a watch ? Pour thousand hair-springs weigh an ounce. Who wrote the famous story " A Man without a Country " ? What seaport of America has one of the finest harbors in the world, and is one of the most strongly fortified positions held by Great Britain ? Who is called the " Nestor " of American geology ? Who was Nestor ? Who is called the father of the science of physiology ? What is the cause of halos around the sun and the moon ? Why are the fingers of different lengths ? Who composed the oratorio " The Messiah " ? What are the two prominent characteristics of his music? 395. What is meant by the phrases " Fabian policy " and " Carrying the war into Africa " ? , 396. What was the Hanseatic League ? When and for what purpose was it organized ? IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V VIII V V V V V Page. 539 549 557 559 560 564 568 575 576 585 586 590 591 606 609 11 19 73 31 48 340 350 356 357 258 198 361 365 267 368 271 276 279 281 286 331 339 343 362 365 292 370 880 888 385 387 406 888 890 402 403 405 406 Location on page. 2b lu 2b 2b 3u lb 2b 2 m lb lb 2b lb lu 2u 3b 3m lu Im 1 11 Im lu lb 2"m lu 2u 2b lb 1 m 2u. 3b 2u 2 m 1 b Im 2b Im 2u 2b 1 m lb 2b 2b lb Im lb lb 1 b 3b lb lb lb i 1 m ' lb 2b 118 ONE THOUSAND QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED Questions. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 423. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 442. 44:1 444. 445. 44G. 447. 44s. 449. 450. 451. 452. 453. 4."j4. 4.",.j. 456. 457. 458. 4511. In music, what is the difference between melody and harmony t When did musicians at- tempt harmony f Where did Longfellow get the material for forming the framework of his poem "The Golden Legend " ! Why is the " harvest moon " so called f What is '• Harveyized " steel ? How are silk hats manufactured f .- What is probably the cause of hay-fever ? What is the only means of cure ? What oratorio was Haydn's greatest composition ? What was the most common form of head-dress during the Middle Ages f What is the " mechanical equivalent " of " heat unit " ?. What produces the illumination in a gas-flame or a candle-flame f What IS the underlying doctrine of the New Testament regarding the locality of heaven and the condition of existence there? Hedonism is the doctrine that we perform all acts with happiness as the end in view. What are the arguments for and against this doctrine ? Who was the most celebrated satirist in German literature ? Who was the most beautiful woman in all Greece ? What was her history i Which are the leading hemp-producing countries of the world ? What prominent English historian gives the best defense of the character of King Henry VIII f Vol. What American statesman said in a memorable speech, " Cfesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and George III may profit by their example " ? Is there properly such a thing as the " coat of arms " of a family ? A botanist's collection of specimens of plants for study and reference is called an herbarium What are the simple and explicit directions for making an herbarium?. . .J^j " It takes ideas to understand ideas." What noted German philosopher makes this the key- note of his system in his psychology of apperception ? What and where are the "' pillars of Hercules " ? What are the most recent and important theories on heredity?. In the Protestant world, what have been two of the most recent and memorable heresy trials t On what question ? Who is called the father of history ? .' Who discovered the planet Uranus, also 2,500 nebulae ? How does the tail of a shark or of a sturgeon differ from that of a cod, trout, perch, etc. 1. . In the English law of inheritance, who is the heir-apparent, and who the heir-presumptive ? 'What is meant by the " higher criticism " ? ! On whafebrinciples is it based ? What were the " high places " mentioned in the Old Testament ? Who was called the " right arm of Wellington " and was the most popular general in the British army 1 What was the " Hippocratio oath " in the code of medical ethics?, In what great city is horseflesh now a very popular food and declared to be better than beef under the same conditions? What is the structural unit of all linng organisms, an^naj or vegetable, and of what is it composed ? What IS now considered to be the best method of stud What is meant by the term " Hobson's choice " ? Ho What picture is often called Hogarth's masterpiece? What days are legal holidays in the U. S. ? In England ? Of what American poet is it said, " His after-dinner poems and other short lyrics are amojig the best of their kind in the language "? In British politics, what is meant by " home rule " ? Who have been the chief advocates of home rule, and who their opponents ? What are the homestead and exemption laws of New York and New Jersey ? Homicide is justifiable under four conditions ; it is excusable under two conditions. What are these conditions ? What city is the great distributing center and the commercial clearing-house of China ? Who was Robin Hood? Where were horses probably first domesticated ? What noted trotting horse made a mile in 2.14 when seventeen years old t What was the size of the most ancient horse ? What is the most approved manner for a lady or a gentleman to mount a horse ? When and where were hospitals for the sick poor first established ? Of what color are the Hottentots ? Why were they called Hottentots ? In the houses of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, how was light admitted to their interior? history? . .., . d it originate?. What did John Howard accomplish in the way of prison reform ? What are William Dean Howells's principal works ? Who, though totally blind, ascertained the life history of bees, discovering, among other things, why they hum so constantly ? Who discovered the direction and rate of proper motion of the fixed stars? By what methods ? What is meant by " humanism " ? What was the naturalist Humboldt's greatest work, and what is its importance? What are hurricanes? Where do they originate? What is the season of hurricanes? In what department of science did Prof. Thomas H. Huxley accomplish his greatest work?.. " Nature avoids hybridity." Why ? How is the number of horse-power a running stream of water will produce, determined? What substance, if taken in an overdose, will cause death as quickly as a stroke of lightning? What are among the earliest symptoms of hydrophobia? What are the successive stages?. . When a soUd floats, what position relative to the displaced fluid does it take? V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V, V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI Page. 421 433 436 437 441 452 453 456 464 470 473 478 482 484 496 501 503 513 514 515 517 519 521 528 538 538 488 651 652 555 562 564 567 698 597 601 605 608 7 10 12 20 22 33 35 35 37 43 50 52 55 57 59 63 m 70 83 86 91 99 101 112 115 Location on page. 1 m 2b 2m 1 b 2b lb 1 m 2m 2b lb. 2u 2b 2b lb lb lb Im 2u lb Im lb lb 2b 2u 2b lb 2u 2u lu 2m 2b lu lb 2m 2u 2m 2m lu lb 2b 1 Im lu Ira 2u 2b lb lb 2m 2ra lb lu 2b 2u lb 2b lu 2b 2u 2m 2m lb 2m IN APPLBTONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPiEDIA AND ATLAS 119 Questions. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464. 465. 466. 467. 468. 469. 470. 47L 473. 473. 474. 475. 476. 477. 478. 479. 480. 481. 483. 483. 484. 485. 487. 489. 490. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. 499. 500. 501. 503. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 513. 513. 514. 515. According to Paget, what are three great and unmistakable evidences of a typically healthy man ? What has been the most successful hymnal ever published in any language, circulating by the millions? What bone of the body is joined to no other bone ? Who were the hyperboreans? What are the various methods of producing the hypnotic sleep ? How is the value of a bleaching- powder tested ? What are the best remedies for morbidity of mind and melancholia, " the blues," etc. ? What is meant by " hypothecating " a property ? What is the most common form of verse or meter in English poetry ? What famous bird was allowed perfect freedom in the streets of ancient Egyptian cities? What Norwegian poet in 1875 began that series of realistic pictures that have made him famous as a dramatist of the first order all the world over? What remarkable phenomena does ice show under continued stress ? On what island of 70,000 population can there not be found a child ten years old unable to read? When we use the term " idea," what four different things may the word represent ? What is the difference between an illusion and an hallucination ? Prom what countries have been our chief sources of immigration since 1820 ? Among the proofs of immortality there are five most relied upon by the popular mind. What are they? What were the laws of marriage among the North American Indian ? How is vulcanite, ebonite, or hard rubber made ? -. What was the size, formation, order of march, and locked or defensive order of the celebrated Macedonian phalanx ? In what explosive is infusorial earth (formed from diatoms) a principal constituent? Of what and how are copying-inks, carbon, and India inks made ? What is one of the most significant modern discoveries as to the means by which fertiliza- tion of flowers is effected ? Should sulphur be burned to produce a vapor as an insecticide ? When and where was the first iron produced in North America? In what prominent nation of to-day do the women wear no jewelry, and household plate is unknown ? Who was the inventor of vaccination as a preventive of small-pox, receiving nearly $200,000 in grants for it ? What is the jetty system as applied to the mouth of the Mississippi river ? Who founded the religious society known as the Jesuits ? What did the American missions of the Jesuits embrace ? What has been the chief cause of Jewish persecution in different lands? Who was Pope Joan ? What poem (a book of the Bible) is a wonderful specimen of literary art ? What were undoubtedly the motives that prompted Judas to betray the Lord ? What is hanky-panky ? What is the great national poem of Pkrland ? What powerful animal uses its tail as a third hind leg ? For what was the temple of Karnak noted ? With the exception of the Bible, what book is the most read in Christian literature ? Who was its author? The last one of Kepler's three immortal "laws" was vrorked out after seventeen years of study. What are these three laws ? What is ceramics? What is the purpose of the kindergarten system of instruction, and how is it carried out through the " gifts," " occupations," etc .'. How is Point d'Alengon lace made ? " The Stone Age villages of the ' lake-dwellers ' are thought to reach back at least 6,000 or 7,000 years." Who were the lake-dwellers ? What is the chief agency that causes the formation of lakes ? Is there any relation between the development of any language and any development of man himself out of a lower type of animal ? Does civilization tend to increase or to decrease the number of languages and dialects ? Who was the author of the " Nebular Hypothesis," one of the grandest conceptions of the origin of the actual cosmos (universe), as the result of the continuous action of physical laws ? In what country and among what people do the men do all the cooking and the women all the sewing? A person may steal goods of which he is the general owner. How is this possible ? What musical instrument does each person continually carry which gives three qualities of sound ? The golden age of Latin literature may be divided into two periods, the Ciceronian and the Augustan. To which of these periods did Vergil belong? Ovid? Quintilian ? Horace? Tacitus ? Committees practically make nearly all the laws in the U. S. Congress. How is this accom- plished ? What is the first recorded instance of the use of leather ? How is Eussia leather made, and what gives it the peculiar odor? Who was the greatest critic of modern times, the reformer in literature, and one of the fore- most liberators of the human mind for all times? Goethe said of him, " There may be as shrewd and intelligent men, but where is such a character ? Where is the largest library now existing ? Vol. Page. VI 118 VI 123 VI 133 VI 124 VI 126 VI 137 VI 127 VI 138 VI 134 VI 135 VI 135 VI 137 VI 139 VI 153 VI 166 VI 175 VI 177 VI 313 VI 324 VI 243 VI 251 VI 355 VI 375 VI 276 VI 346 VI 409 VI 434 VI 441 VI 436 VI 456 VI 461 VI 462 VI 493 VI 498 VI 523 VI 528 VI 537 VI 546 VI 553 VI 553 VI 571 VII 9 VII 24 VII' 25 VII 61 vn 56 VII 67 VII 67 VII 73 VII 77 VII 86-88 VII 99 VII 115 VII 118 VII 163 VII 188 Location on page. au 3u 2b 2 m 1 m 3u 3b 3 m lu Im 2 m 2u 1 m Im 2b lu 2u Ira Im 2m 3b 2m Im lb Im lu lb lb lb 3 m lu lu Ira 2b lb 1 ra lb 3m 3u 3m lb; 3b 3b lb 2b lu Im Im 3b 1 u lu lb lu lb 2b 1 m 120 ONE THOUSAND QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED Qdestions. Vol. Page. Location on page. 516. 517. 518. 519. 520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 52.5. 526. 537. 528. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533. 534. 535. 536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 541. 542. 543. 544. • 545. 546. 547. 548. 549. 550. 551. 552. 553. 554. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. .563. 66:i 564. 565. 566. If the holder of a theater ticket, after taking his seat, is notified by the proprietor to leave the building, is he bound to do so t Of his early life, he says, " We reached our new home about the time the State came into the Union. It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods. There I grew up." This man became the savior of the nation. Who was he ? What organ, unlike any other gland in the body, is a secreting as well as an excreting organ, and forms a, substance (sugar) which is delivered directly into the blood f In history, what is the earliest mention of a key t Where was the first lock made ? " The mind can only act upon what is given to it from without, furnishing nothing original from itself." This philosophy laid the foundation for " sensationalism " in England and " materialism " in France. Who was this philosopher ? What does an average size locomotive weigh f How does the ordinary locust, katydid, cricket, etc., produce its sounds t The greater longevity of women than of men is probably due to what facti What celebrated Italian historian of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries produced a work of genius, which, at once, made politics a science, and will stand forever as a masterpiece of Italian prose stylef What is the origin of the " Maffia " society f How does it carry into effect its object ?. What are the essential features of the Mauser rifle t " Magic" was a passion, the principal study, in ancient Egypt and Assyria. What is magic, and what is the basis for its belief and its development f How are magic squares made t What is the difference between a magnet and a magnetic substance^ An electric current flowing in a conductor produces what condition in the surrounding region! What fact of equal importance in electro- magnetism did Faraday discover! The sun sends out electro-magnetic, wr visible rays falling upon the earth's equator, and magnetic, or invisible rays falling upon the polar regions. What does this explain as re- gards the weather ! Whose theory of magnetism is one of the latest and agrees well with the observed phenom- ena of magnetism ! ; Where does the mahogany-tree flourish ! ......'. What New England State was the pioneer in prohibiting the liquor traffic f What cereal is more generally cultivated over the whole of the U. S. than any other! '. . In music, what is the difference between a major and a minor mode, interval, or key! What are the three classes or kinds of damage which will support an action for malicious prosecution ! What noted scholar (English) shows that population unchecked increases in geometrical ratio, while food supply can, at best, increase only in arithmetical ratio ! In what geological epoch are found the earliest evidences of the mammals, or milk-givers!. . What and where is the largest known cavern, or cave, in the world ! What is the latest scientific evidence that man has inhabited th« earth for at'lcast thirty thousand years ! What facts lead almost to a certainty that the birthplace of man was somewhere on the southern slope of the vast mountain chain which extends from the Pyrenees to the Hima- layas ! The three highest qualities of humanity are beauty, strength, and genius. Has there yet been found the connecting link between the ape and man showing these qualities! What canal of great importance was formally opened for traffic in England bv Oueen Vic- toria on May 31, 1894 ! ; _ To what one educator is largely due the founding of normal schools iii "the tf.' S. 1 !!!!!!!! 1 What is the argument for manual training as an essential feature of a correct educational system* What is said to be the oldest map extant ! Who is reputed to be the first who attempted to draw a map of the world ! One of the most important battles ever fought occurred 490 b. c. The burned JDones of its heroes were found there in 1890 A. D. What battle was it ! Was the execution of Mary Queen of Scots justifiable ! ........'..'.'.... Where is " Mason and Dixon's line " ! Wliy was it so called ! ......'.........'..'. The successful use of massage as a medical treatment depends upon what conditions ! . . " Is thought a function of nervous action ! Is " materialism of life " on the increase ! How did Maximilian cause trouble between our Government and Prance at the close of the American civil war! What generals commanded the two armies in the decisive battle of the American civirwar! Electricity is a most valuable remedial agent in cases of sleeplessness, headache, or brain fag. What is the best method of its application in these cases ! What is a " medallion " carpet ! " " _' " We start out walking by an impulse from our will, but we continue walking quite'inatten- tive to what our body is doing." How is the action continued ! What property of the nervous system seems to account for both retention in memory aiid effacement from memory ! To which advent of Christ does the bulk of the New Testament Messianic prophecy point!! . Of what does the " wet method " of treating ores consist in preparing metals from their ores f What causes meteorites to burst on reaching our atmosphere ! About how many weather maps does the U. S. Weather Bureau issue per 'year V In a cyclone, what is meant by the " eye of the storm " ! To whom was the terra " Methodists " first applied ! Wheri ami where V. ........... . What system of weights and measures has been adopted by largely more tihaii half the Chris- tian world! What gigantic work was accomplished on a ceiling 70 feet high, 130 feet long, aiid -44 feet wide by Michelangelo, a work which has been preserved as a permanent possession of Europe! ; _ _ _ VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII 192 244 271 285 288 289 291 312 393 413 416 419 421 423 425 431 442 449 453 453 459 463 467 468 469 469 469 474 487 493 498 502 552 556 568 578 689 598 5 3 24 49 52 60 61 66 70 80 94 2b lu 3u lb 111 2m 2u Im 2u 3u lu 2u lb 2m 1 m lb 2u lb Im lb 2m 2b 2b lu 1 b Im 2u 2b 2 m 1 m 2b lu 2ra lb lu 2m lu 2m Im lu 1 m 2b lu 1 b 2b 1 m lb 1 u 1 m Im IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND ATLAS 121 Questions. 567. Which one of the U. S. produces one-third of its copper, about two-fifths of its iron, and one-fifth of its lumber ? 568. What Italian city has a church whose exterior is adorned with 2,000 statues and the interior with 900'? Near by is the convent containing that ruined masterpiece of art, Leonardo da Vinci's " Last Supper " 569. How are cadets selected and admitted at West Point ? 570. How is condensed milk prepared ? 571. What celebrated English philosopher and logician says of himself, "I have been told that I began to read Greek when I was three years old.*' " I am one of the very few examples in this country of one who has not thrown ofi religious belief, but never had it " 573. Millet was one of the greatest artists of modern times. Is the " Angelus " now considered his masterpiece ? 573. What general principle (explained by psychology) produces the universal tendency for people to act, believe, think, dress, etc., as custom, habit, and social life dictate ? 574. What is meant by the miner's inch f 575. What State of tlie Union contains 10,000 lakes? 576. What per cent of gold coin is silver ? What people invented coin ? 577. What is a miracle ? W^hat are the proofs of miracles t 578. It is estimated that the annual amount of solid matter delivered into the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi river equals a volume a mile square and 360 feet high. How does this fact account for the Mississippi delta ? 579. What was the Missouri Compromise ? 580. On what grounds is " ignorance of the law " inexcusable ? 581. What American astronomer and general distinguished himself in the civil war by a forced march into northern Alabama and seizing the railway between Corinth and Chattanooga ? 582. What are the most successful and the true methods of cultivating the memory ? 583. What does the inscription on the celebrated Moabite stone prove regarding the Greek alpha- bet? 584. What bird is reputed to be the best American song-bird ? 585. For what reason do .composers of instrumental music prefer the use of the natural to the sharped sixth in the ascending minor ? 586. What were the actress Modjeska's favorite Shakspearean characters ? 587. Whal is the simple and brief creed of the Mohammedans ? 588. What is " Kismet " in Mohammedanism ? 589. What French dramatist of the seventeenth century produced the series of great comedies that remain the glory of the French drama ? 590. What constituted the German General von Moltke's remarkable generalship 'I 591. What is the earliest Christian hermit known ? 592. " Monad " as a philosophical term lias permeated every system of thought since its concep- tion. What does the term signify ? 593. What are the four concisely stated arguments in favor of bimetallism ? 594. What is the distinction between " money " and " currency " ? 595. What system of teaching was founded on the assumption that a child who knows nothing of teaching, or but little of the subject taught, can be a thorough instructor ? 596. What is a " trust " as applied to a monopoly ? _ 597. What President of the U. S. was beloved by all parties? His administration was "the era oE good feeling " '. 598. What and where is the longest railroad tunnel in the world ? 599. What and where is the island made famous by Dumas's romance " The Count of Monte Cristo"? 600. Who was one of the greatest of modern evangelists ? 601. If a person weighing 150 pounds were at once on the moon, what would then be his weight 602. " We might describe the moon as a place where nothing ever happens. No sound ever breaks the silence." What are the proofs of these statements ? 603. What is a mordant ? What are the principal mordants ? 604. " By the unanimous consent of historians, Sir Thomas More is considered one of the greatest minds and purest characters on record." Why was he condemned and beheaded ? . . . 605. What is meant by a morganatic marriage ? 606. What was the origin of the Mormon sect ? What is their membership ? 607. Of what and how is morocco leather made ? 608. In the Revolutionary campaign of 1781, had it not been for one man's pledging his credit for army supplies to the amount of $1,400,000, the campaign would have been impossible. Who was this patriot ? 609. When, where, and by whom was the first telegraphic message sent and received ? 610. Where is the largest bell in the world ? What is its weight ? 611. The name of Moses is one of the greatest in history. Why ? 612. What are " Mother Cary's chickens " ? What is the superstition connected with them ? 613. What are the three simple units of measure by which natural phenomena are investigated ?. . 614. Are all our acts dependent upon our motives? 615. Is the art of molding an ancient or a recent art? 616. Who were the mound builders? 617. What is the origin of mountains ? 618. Which of the U. S. has many mountain railways? 619. What is the mourning color in Egypt ? In China ? In Turkey ? 630. In what city of an island province of Portugal are seven-eighths of its inhabitants slaves ? . . 631. What ancient people founded their entire religion on the doctrine that man is a fallen angel, once an equal with the gods ? 622. What would appear to be the first form in which the idea of immortality occurs to man ? . . . 633. Was there a Declaration of Independence in our country prior to that of July 4, 1776 ? 624. How and when did the " masquerade " originate ? 635. After what battle was General McClellan superseded ? Why ? Vol. Page. VIII 97 vni 113 VIII 119 VIII 125 VIII 127 VIII 131 VIII 136 VIII 142 VIII 148 VIII 153 VIII 159 VIII 172 VIII 178 VIII 179 VIII 180 VIII 183 VIII 184 VIII 184 vni 185 VIII 188 VIII 193 VIII 193 VIII 196 VIII 201 VIII 205 VIII 207 VIII 209 VIII 210 VIII 213 VIII 217 VIII 231 VIII 227 VIII 227 VIII 236 VIII 236 VIII 237 VIII 247 VIII 248 VIII 251 VIII 253 VIII 255 VIII 260 VIII 261 vni 269 VIII 270 VIII 275 VIII 275 VIII 278 VIII 279 VIII 281 VIII 282 VIII 285 VIII 287 VIII 289 VIII 59 VIII 59 VIII 2 vn 563 VII 383 location on page. 1 and 3 1 m lb 2u 2b lu lu 2b lb IbandSu lb lb 1 u 2m 2b 3m lu 2b lu lu 1 m lb 3u lb 3u 3b 2b 2b lb Im 2u 1 m 3u lu 2u 2u 3b 2b 2m lb 3m lu 3 m lb lb 1 u lb 3 in lb 1 b lb lb 1 u Im lu lu 2u lu 2u 122 OXE THOUSAND QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED Questions. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 633. 633. 634. 635. 636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. Who is considered t he greatest musical composer of the world t , In city government, is the modern tendency in the direction of increasing or decreasing the poWei-s of the mayor as to appointments or removal from office t Does simple intellectual work exhaust the muscles as well as the brain 1 In relation to the early myths, which was the greater power, fear or pleasure ■? How did the 50,000 or more English surnames originate f Among the Chinese, how many family names are there f What arctic explorer reached 86° 14' north latitude (or within about 264 miles of the north nole), April 8, 1895 i Who invented logarithms i What is their great use in mathematics ? What was Napoleon's great coup d'etat ? " Stupendous as were his successes, a careful analysis of his career will show that Napoleon's failures were still greater." What facts tend to prove this assertion % Who was the last Emperor of Prance i What happened to him September 3, 1870 f What religion teaches that there are more than 100,000,000 hells for the wicked? What is the most valuable form of fuel known, displacing in Pittsburg, Pa., for example, 8,500,000 tons of coal per year? What are the several steps by which an alien may become a naturalized citizen of the U. S. % What form of theology seeks to ascend through nature up to nature's God ? Where do students of tlie U. S. nautical schools receive their instruction and training ? . . . Holmes's beautiful poem beginning " This is the ship of pearl " is drawn from the life history of what animal f , Vol. 643. By what system have signals between two vessels miles apart been made 1 , 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 6q1. 652. 653. 634. 635. 656. 657. 658. 659. 660. 661. 662. 663. 664. 665. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. 678. 679. Who were the pioneers in the art of navigating the seas ? ■ What nation was among the fljBpt to maintain a navy respectable in its character and distin fuished for its organization, its discipline, and its efficiency %..\\ , o has earned the title of thfe," Father of Church History "% How are nebulse distinguished from the fixed stars'? , What does the " nebular hypothfeSis " in astronomy attempt to explain '?..., What are the latest improvements in the manufacture of the sewing-machine needle ? If negotiable paper payable to order be transferred by the payee without indorsement, will the latter lose his interest in it % What can the transferee compel the payee to do in this case % Do the physical traits peculiar to the Negro race indicate a well-developed or a poorly devel oped type of man? Prom whom did Lord Nelson learn his great military and naval tactics? In what memo- rable battle against the Prench was he victorious ? When one's Nemesis overtakes him, what results ? The animals and plants of what geological period are regarded as the immediate ancestors of existing species ? The discovery of what planet is justly regarded as the most remarkable achievement of the nineteenth century f What Roman emperor caused his mother's death, is supposed to have burned Rome, and finally committed suicide % What are the chief causes of nervousness 'S What birds are excellent masons'? Carpenters? Weavers? Tailors? The palisades of the Hudson belong to what system and age geologically ? What are the powers and duties of the mayor of the city of New York ? Who was the inventor of the first real steam-engine ? Which of the U. S. was one of the earlier portions of the American continent to appear above the universal and primeval ocean ? In which of the U. S. did the women have the same right to vote as tlie men for the first thirty-one years of the Union?. What is the Swedenborgian doctrine concerning the nature of heaven.and hell ? What is the Mardi-gras carnival ? Where is it celebrated ? Which city of the U. S. claims to have erected the first Baptist church, also the first public school, the first synagogue, the oldest newspaper in this countrv, and a building erected five hundred years before the arrival of Columbus? " What are the leading London daily newspapers? Which is the most influential and profit- What is believed to be the first illustrated daily newspaper in the world ? Which State of the Union, in its rock formation, represents nearly all geological time? Which of the U. S. ranks first in agriculture and first in manufactures ? During what geological period was New England completely buried, nearly the whole of New York, and parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania ? What was the cause ? In what styles of architecture are the following noted buildings of New York city : (1) Madi- son Sciuare Garden? (3) Union League Club? (3) the Post-Office? (4) New Criminal Courts Building ? (5) Academy of Design ? (6) Trinity Church ? (7) St. Patrick's Cathedral ? (8) the U. S. Sub-Treasury on Wall Street ? What British island about the size of Pennsylvania, has no indigenous land mammals except two species of small bats, no snakes, but one species of frog, and but very few insects ? What are the proofs that the Niagara Falls are at least seven thousand years old ? Why is the correct determination of their age important? What is the subject of the Nibelungenlied, the greatest popular epic of the Middle High German period t What is the chief use of nickel ? By what means or agency is this use accomplished ? .'. What recent noted historian has shown .us how to distinguish legend from history? Why is the " nightmare " also called " incubus " ? What did the ancients believe is its cause ? What acid alone dissolves gold ? In Great Britain, what are the five ranks or titles to nobility ?. VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII IX VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII Page. Location on page. 290 301 314 388 344 346 848 852 358 360 360 369 370 871 378 373 (876 ]623 877 379 882 885 387 390 894 39S 398 401 jj 401 403 404 405 410 422 629 428 481 437 439 444 1 1 u 2u 1 m lu lu lb 2m lu 2b 1 m 2m lb lb lu 2u 2b lu 2 m 2u lb Im 2m Im 2b 2u 2u 2b lu 2m lb 2 m 2m Im 2u 2u lu 1 m lb Im Im 445 450 454 458 460 343 466 471 474 475 480 482 484 493 495 lb; 2u 1 u 3m 2u 3ra 2u 1 b; 2u 2 m lu lu 1 b lb lb 2m 2b IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 123 Questions. Vol. Page, Location on page. 680. 681. 683. 684. 685. 686. 687. 688. 689. 690. 691. 693. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. 698. 699. 700. 701. 703. 703. 704. 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 713. 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 731. 733. 738. 734. 725. 736. 737. 738. 739. 730. 731. When and by what political party was the first National Nominating Convention in the U. S. held ? The three witches in Sbakspeare's Macbeth have their origin in what mythology?. In which State of the Union is the right of voters to hold office denied to atheists'? What is the distinction between the novel and the romance '? Which is drawn more from the real ? What did Scott portray in his novels? Dickens? Thackeray? Bulwer? When and why does a person grow fat? When mu.scular? Upon what does the life and health of a person depend ? How do the Chinese take their oaths ? Of what does the science of nosology treat ? ' What was one of the most momentous decisions ever rendered by the U. S. Supreme Court — the bulwark of American individualism against democratic impatience and socialistic fantasy ? If the ocean were of uniform density from top to bottom, about 3,000,000 square miles of coastal lowlands would be submerged. What is the explanation ? How does a film of oil lessen the violence of waves? What is the greatest height of waves yet measured ? When and where did the "Independent Order of Odd Fellows" originate? The natural history of the bodies of men and animals, and of all living beings, includes what five stages ? For salads and medicinal purposes what oil is universally preferred ? What mountain near Jerusalem was the scene of the most striking events in Bible history?. Of what signal importance was it to be a victor in the ancient Olympian Games ? When and in what city did the' first " opera " appear? What is the origin of the expression " playing 'possum " ? What was one of the most remarkable and beautiful discoveries, ever made in the history of optics? ' Hang- What was the ordeal, or trial, by fire, water, etc. ? What is the original home of the orange ? Of what is an " order " in architecture composed ? What are the principal " orders In ore deposits, what are " horses " ? " Country rook " ? " Strike " of a vein ? ing-wall " ? " Dip " ? In musical instruments, what organ has 66 stops and 6,666 pipes? What American city has one of the largest organs in the world ? What is meant by the expression " original sin "? What are its two forms? In Greek mythology, what musician had such skill and charm in music that wild animals, trees, and rocks followed him ? " Our present [English] orthography may be said to represent nineteenth-century words which really stand for sixteenth-century sounds." In spelling, is the word or the letter the unit? Is the appeal to the eye or to the ear? What is the only Egyptian myth of which we have the outlines in any degree of complete- ness? The hero of this myth weighs each soul after death with the counterpoise of truth.. What very hard metal — the most poisonous of all known substances in some of its combina- tions — is used for tipping gold pens ? In which of the U. S. is ostrich farming carried on? What is the chief market of the world for ostrich feathers? What is the usual price per pound for ostrich feathers? The consumption of what sea food is so enormous that, generally, the natural supply can by no means keep pace with the demand ? i''. What Russian pianist began to play the piano when three years old, was appointed professor of music when eighteen, and when twenty-four began to give concerts which everywhere won the greatest enthusiam ? Why do persons who have suffered the loss of a limb often experience pain just as though the pain were actually coming from the absent member ? Why is the fine art of paintmg, of all the fine arts, the most difficult to understand, appreci- ate, and criticise with correctness ? Ten divisions of rocks constitute the three great eras of geologic time. Their comparative time ratios have been ascertained. What are they ? According to the testimony of the rock series, which appeared on earth first, the spider oi- the fly ? the lobster or the oyster ? What one family of plants sometimes supplies man with food, clothing, shelter, furniture, utensils, tools, weapons, ornaments, medicines, and intoxicating drinks? What building is the most perfectly preserved and one of the most admired structures of ancient Rome ? From what is one of the most important paper-making materials derived? How is it prepared ? What is papier-mache ? What is its great use ? What are some of the numerous and important uses of paraffin in the arts ? What date is the first historic mention of Paris (France) ? What are among the best known parks of the present day in London, Berlin, Paris, Dublin, New York, etc. ? In the order of precedence in taking up questions, what is the rule in parliamentary law?. . . In a partnership, what are a partner's powers ? What constitutes a patentable invention ? Who was the first Christian reformer ? What is the relative cost and relative serviceability of these four kinds of pavements : (1) wood? (3) stone? (3) brick? (4) asphalt? What subjects should be taught in the schools, in what order arranged, and how taught? . . Who was the last reigning monarch in America ? When did he abdicate and why ? How are fountain, or stylographic, pens made ? Of what and how are lead-pencils made ? VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX lix I IX 'IX IX IX 503 507 536 537 537 543 517 548 556 557 561 579 584 585 587 595 600 3 6 17 24 26 35 37 41 43 51 68 71 73 78 84 88-89 101 107 113 116 119 133 136 141 150 160 169 177 188 189 190 198 199 1 u 3 m 1 u lb 3m 3u lb 3m 3m 2b 3u Im lb lu lu lu 3m Im lu 3m 1 m lu 3 m lb; 3u lu 1 u Im 2m Im Im Im lu 2b 2u 3b Diagrams 1 m Im 2b 3b lb lb lu 2ra lb 3 3b 3m lb 3m 124 OXE THOUSAND QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED Questions. T32. Is perpetuul motion a possibility to Mian f 733. "It is certain that one human body may be the home of many consciousnesses," says Prof. William James. What facts prove this? 734. What is pessimism, and what are the characteristics of a pessimist 1 735. Who was the chief founder of the modern science of education ? 736. What English philosopher is the point of departure for the chief systems of philosophy which have appeared during the past hundred years t 737. How are " blue-prints " made t How is photography in natural colors done ? 738. Is phrenology a science, or is it worthless ? Why ? 739. Who introduced physica training as a science into Harvard University ? When ! 740. How have most of the great plains been formed 1 741. With a force of how many pounds does the heart drive the blood into the arteries'? 742. What is Plato's celebrated doctrine of ideas 1 743. How can the thoroughness of house plumbing readily be tested ? 744. Which form of literary expression developed the earlier, prose or poetry ? 74.5. What class ot officials have knowledge of more disputes and quarrels and decide more cases than all the courts of the land I 746. What and when was the earliest system of postal service ? 747. Who discovered the art of making porcelain ? 748. What is the correct method of canning food for preservation ? 749. What are the principles of the " profit-sharing " system between employer and employee in economics! 750. What are the striking contrasts in the management of political parties in great Britain and the U. S.? 751. Why is realism in art generally assumed to be a debasing theory and practice? 753. What is meant by the " recent period " in geology ? 753. How does the German system of recording mortgages make the ascertainment of title simpler and the security of title greater, and hence gives a safer basis to credit, than any other system ? 754. What great party leader revolutionized the parliamentary proceedings of the U. S. House of Representatives early in 1890 J What was the new departure ? 755. What actions of the body are regular, definite, beyond control, inherited, and presided over by the lower brain-centers and the spinal cord ? 756. What are the two main principles on which Protestantism as a religious system was founded! 757. Why is the sound of a waterfall, for example, heard so much farther and more distinctly at night than during the day, even in the most silent of country districts? 758. What famous scientist of the present day believes from close research and reasoning that our earth is on the whole more rigid than a solid glass globe, or even of steel of the same dimensions? 759. What is meant by nature religions ! By ethical religions ! 760. Who was the greatest of Dutch painters ? What was the subject of his greatest work? 761. Bv what system of reproduction does a potato produce a plant like itself ! 762. When, where, and at whose suggestion did the name " Republican " originate as the name of that political party in the U. S. ? 763. The doctrine of the resurrection rests on what incontrovertible historical fact ? What are the proofs that this is a fact? What are the eleven arguments of the opponents to this doctrine ? 764. What evident facts in human nature prove that "the kingdom of God cometh not with ob- servation," and that a special revelation is absolutely necessary ? 765. Who is called the father ot rhetoric ? 766. In which New England State has the governor no veto power ? 767. What important cereal of the grass family was introduced into China by India in 2822 b. c? It forms the food of much of the human race 768. What French statesman and cardinal overthrew the feudal power of the nobility, lived among conspirators, yet punished them with merciless severity, and even overawed the king, Louis Al himself ? 769. At what place in the bore ot a rifled gun should the twist (the spiral grooves giving rotary motion to the ball) be the greatest ? Why ? 770. Of what has the finger-ring been the symbol from the remotest antiquity? 771. The natural history of a river proves that it passes through several life stages; it has a birth, childhood, youth, maturity, and old age. How are these facts ascertained ? 772. Has any person the right (legally) to cut and take ice from a navigable river ? 773. In Great Britain, when two vehicles meet, in which direction must each turn out! What is the rule of turning out when a steamship meets a sailing vessel ? 774. Since its introduction, what have been the five great improvements in the rolling-mill !. . . . 77.5. The existence of a Rome anterior to the Rome of recorded history has been proved by the discovery of what objects ? 776. What two great law systems rule the modern civilized world? During what period of Roman history was legal advice given gratuitously? 777. What is the essential difference between classic literature and romantic literature ! 778. What conditions caused the downfall of the Roman Republic and the establishment of the Roman Empire ! , 779. What is one of the largest roofs ever built ? What material is now in general use in roof construction ! 780. From what milk is Roquefort chee.'-e made? How is this cheese kept through the summer! 7>'I. What are the essentials to be observed in cultivating and producing the finest roses! 782 What is the largest telescope of the world < What is its diameter ? Vol. Page. IX 220 IX 228 IX 234 IX 284 IX 265 IX 279 ■ 280 IX 282 IX 287 IX 290 ■ 323 IX 292 IX 886 IX 850 IX 361 IX 872 IX 419 IX 482 IX 457 IX 489 IX 381 X 16 X 21 X 23 X 81 X 32 X 32 X 89 X 42 X ( 50 151 X 52 X 62 X 66 X 75 X 81 X 89 X 92 X 99 X 102 X 109 X 111 X 121 X 123 X 125 X 150 151 X 159 X 164 X 167 X 171 X 177 X 180 X 183 X 189 Location on page. lu lb 1 U 2u 2 m 1 u lb 2b 1 m 2m 2 lb 2ra lb lb Im 2b 2m Im 2u lb 2u lu 2b lb 2b 2b lu 2b 2b 2m 2b 1 u lu 1 m 1 u lb lu 2b 2m 2 m 1 2u 1 2b 1 u lb 1 b ; 2 m 2b 1 m 2b 2u 1 b lu IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 125 Questions. 783. 784. 785. 786. 787. 788. 789. 790. 791. 793. 793. 794, 795. 796. 797. 798. 799. 800. 801. 802. 803. 804. 805. 806. 807. 808. 809. 810. 811. 812. 813. 814. 815. 816. 817. 818. 819. 820. 821. 823. 834. 835. 836. 827. Who composed the operas of "William Tell," "The Barber of Seville," and "Semiramide"? Who built the Great Eastern and introduced the wave system into the construction of ocean steamships ? What causes apples, plums, peaches, potatoes, tomatoes, etc., to rot? Who was the iirst Jew admitted to Parliament in England ? When ? What was at the basis of his ideas and his philosophy that made Rousseau's influence upon his country and Europe difiRcult to be overestimated t What is the Courtney stroke in rowing ? What are Rubens's two masterpieces in painting ? What famous art critic is also one of the great modern masters of English prose, especially in imaginative and poetic description? How has his influence as a thinker been im- paired ? Who is the present monarch of the largest empire in the world ? , Which day of the week is the first day! Why celebrated ? On what condition did the re- former Martin Luther suggest that people might dance, work, etc., on the Sabbath day?. . On what principle is the safety-lamp for miners constructed? Where is the largest desert in the world ? What causes its aridity ? In buying and selling, what are the legal duties and remedies of both buyer and seller? In what army are women eligible to any position as its officers ? By what means is glass engraved and ornamented ? What is the highest and most interesting mountain in Arizona? Prom its summit, one can look down into the throats of more than 100 extinct volcanoes What literature is the oldest literary monument of our part of the human race ? Who were the Saracens ? According to the highest recent authorities, what is the nature and structure of the planet Saturn's rings ? In nearly every instance, what is the cause of the failure of savings banks ? Where were saw-mills first employed for cutting lumber? Why were they violently opposed in England? Where first located in America? What myth relating to the world ash-tree is one of the most poetic and significant myths in Scandinavian mythology ? On what grounds is skepticism declared to be a necessary preparation to philosophic think- ing, i. e., we must doubt before we can clearly think? Two of the greatest German poets discovered unexpected points of sympathy in each other, after which they became united in a personal and literary friendship noble as it is rare in history. Who were these poets ?.- What eminent German theologian and philosopher of the eighteenth and nineteenth cen turies, insisted that " Religion is not a knowing nor a doing, but a feeling of dependence " ? Through what educational agency arose the first general intellectual movement of modern Europe ? Who was the first in lEurope to advocate the establishment of schools for the What nation as early as 500 B. c. had divisions in the education of its youth corresjjonding to the three divisions of modern times, viz., primary, secondary, and higher education? On what grounds h3,ve normal schools any inherent right to exist ? What is the real func- tion of the normal school ? What are the recent requirements for admission to medical schools in the State of New York ? . . What IS the inductive, or case method, of studying law as now employed in nearly every law school in this country ? By whom and when was the method introduced ? On what theory of matter is the curative system of " Christian Science " based? Who dis covered the principle underlying the method ? During the sixteenth century, what Protestant Church was the richest in Christendom, own- ing one half the real estate of the country ?' What was the cause of this ? Said a great poet and novelist, years after he had become famous ; " It is with the deepest regret that I recollect in my manhood the opportunities which I neglected in my youth. Through every part of my literary career I have felt pinched and hampered by my own ignorance ; and I would at this moment give half the reputation I have had the good for- tune to acquire, if by doing so I could rest-the remaining part upon a sound foundation of learning." Who was this poet? By what simple method were screw-threads cut at first? What is one of the chief uses of the screw ? - What is the modern method by which the sculptor produces his work? What was Michel angelo's method? How did the use of the seal as a device lor authenticating important written instruments originate? Where is the principal seat of the hair-seal fishery? What is the probable cause of seasickness? What are the remedies? In 1844 it was declared by a commission from the Academy of Sciences of Paris that up to 1837 idiots could not be educated nor cured by any means previously known or practiced. Who did solve the problem in 1837? By means of what instrument are the motions of a point on the earth's surface during an earthquake recorded so that afterward they may be studied ? What is the explanation of this fact in infancy : A child separated from his mother loses a part of himself, as much so as to be separated from a hand or foot ? Why does cold water feel colder, if the hand is just from warm water ? "No other writer ever united imagination, fancy, humor, knowledge of human nature, worldly wisdom, psychological insight, and creative power. He does not hesitate to show us that even both good and bad may, and often do, act from motives good and evil." Who was this genius?. What nation was probably the first ship-builders?. When and where was the Maine blown up ? X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Page. 190 212 191 192 198 200 202 211 627 231 238 242 264 379 288 293 301 313 331 337 339 339 341 348 350 357 361 363 368 371 381 389 393 395 397 401 403 405 413 414 417 425 457 478 503 Location on page. 1 m 3u 1 ra lb Im 2 ra lb 2 m 3b lu 2m 2b 2m; 3 b 3b 3m lb Im lb lb lb 2m lb 2b lb lb lb; 3m Im Im; lb lb lu 3b lb Im Im 3m 3u 3u 3b lb 2m 2b 2m lb 3m Footnote 120 ONE THOUSAND QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED Qdestions. 828. 839. 830. 831. 833. 833. 834. 835. 836. 837. 838. 839. 840. 841. 843. 84:i. 844. 845. 846. 847. 848. 849. 850. 851. 853. 853. 854, 855. 856. 857. 858. 859. 860. 861. 863. 863. 864. 865. 866. 867. 868. 869. 870. 871. 872. 873. K74. 87o. 876. 877. What was the earliest form of the shoe! When and where was it the fashion to wear shoes with pointed toes about two feet longt What breed of cattle exceeds in numbers all other pure-bred cattle in the.U. S. i Are they bred for milk or beef i How are shot made ? What is a sibyH What were three of the most memorable (recent) sieges in military history? Why do we sigh i Is sighing peculiar alone to the human species ? , How IS the balloon-train a factor of the utmost value in modern war tactics 1 OE what is carborundum made, and what are its uses ? Over 30,000,000 lbs. of raw silk are produced annually. What two countries alone supply more than one-half this'? What is there peculiar in the manufacture of damask, brocade, and damasse silks? Whnse wife became the goddess of silkworms t One grain of what precious metal may be drawn out into a wire 400 feet long and is so malleable that it may be beaten -into foil m o ' m) o of an inch thick ? When and why was silver demonetized in the U. S. ? What hermit-saint, in order to escape intrusion, placed himself on the top of a tower 60 feet high and 4 feet in diameter and is said to have lived there for thirty years? What is the •' single-tax " theory? What are the arguments in its favor? At what age does one have the greatest number of bones in his body ? In what nation were their slaves emancipated every fiftieth yearj and what was that year called ? , Vol. Page. Location on paf^. What condition of the brain exists to produce somnambulism — sleep-walking? Who is regarded as the father of modern political economy? , Why are smokeless powders smokeless ? What is smuggling? What are its penalties ? , What two conditions regulate the altitude of the snow-line limit in any place? Of what and how are the best toilet soaps made ? > , . . Modern scientific socialism attempts to give an intelligent explanation of the growth of human society. What are the steps in this growth ? In what did cannibalism doubtless have its origin ? What is the supreme end or aim of society in its ideal development ? (1) The family, (3) the clan, (3) the tribe, (4) military organization, and (5) a people or ethnic nation are the steps in the formation of a nation. After society enters upon civilization, how many stages does it pass through ? For what crime did the greatest and the wisest of the Greek philosophers suffer death?! .1 '. '. I Astronomers measure the distance to the sun by means of solar parallax. What is solar ■J parallax ? / What constitutes the solar system ? !!!!!! The legislation of what one man is the greatest work of art which political wisdom lias pro- duced ? This man was the first man in his country, at liberty to secure for himself abso- lute power for life, yet firmly resolved to accomplish his purpose without any violation of law What famous manuscript was purchased by the Heidelberg Library in 1889 for $100,000, probably the highest price ever given for a" manuscript or a book ? '....' Wnat is the most celebrated book In Spanish literature, marking the central poiiit of' the golden era as it is often called ? What causes the dark lines in the solar spectrum ? .'!'.'..'!.'...'!.. By means of spectrum analysis, what have astronomers learned regarding the sun, stars comets, and nebdlse ? ' " A change from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coherent heterogeneity accompanying the dissipation of motion and integration of matter." This is the famous law of " evolution." It sums up and covers all the processes of development in nature and in mind from the unrolling of a planetary system to the sprouting of a wayside flower, and from the genesis of intelligence to the latest variations of social life. What philosopher worked out this law? _ From what and how does a spider spin its web ? Do spiders secrete poison ? !!!!!!."!.. What is one of the most ancient of industries? With what two implements was the work accomplished ? What does " spiritualism " teach as to the future life ? .'.'...'....'.., In sports, games, etc., what is a novice ? an amateur ? a professional ? What was the " star chamber " i When abolished, and why 1 .'.'..'....'.'... The fi.\ed stars are classified by their spectra into (1) white stars, (3) yeilow'sVars,' (3) orange' red stars, (4) red stars. Which of these types are hottest ? To which does our sun belong? What is the chief use of statistical investigation in addition to the law of constant recur- rence t What are the chief causes of steam-boiler explosions ? What is the earliest notice of the use of steam as a motive power ? ......'.'......, What is the " Bessemer process " of making steel ? .....'.'.'.'...... How are new securities " listed " on the Stock Exchange? ..'..'...........'......... What was the first great " strike " of which we have any record i How are " strikes" best settled? '.'...'...'. Richard Wagner's famous opera "Tanhauser" embodies what legend? " What is the story iii brief f 87!l. HSO H.Avdoes tapestry manufacture differ from weaving or from embroidery? How does the Gobelin differ from the Bayeux tapestry ? What is the cause of thunder ? .'.'....'. Why would our country under any tariff conditions still he a great manufacturing coiiriirvV In what country has the art of tattooing been brought to the highest and most artistic rlivel- opment y X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XI XI i XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI 505 507 509 515 530 533 625 538 639 530 531 635 537 539 544 553 558 565 576 585 586 591 594 594 603 604 T" 605 607 3 3 6 9 39 50 50 55 60 63 65 71 93 96 101 109 110 134 146 173 173 390 394 430 301 308 3m Im lb lb 1 and 3 3b 3b 2m 3b 3b lb Im 2b 2u 1 and 3 3u lb lb Im 2m 2m Im lb 2b 2m lb i\ 2b Im a. a ■ lb 2m 2m 2b lb 1 2m 2u Im lb 2u Im 2b 2 lu 3u 3u 1 1 b 1 m Sm lb 1 b; 3u 1 b lu 2n IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 127 Questions. 882. 883. 884. 885. 887. 890. 891. 893. 893. 894. 895. 896. 897. 898. 899. 900. 901. 902. 903. 904. 905. What few and simple rules can be given which tend to secure effectiveness of tax laws and to avoid discrimination against the honest ? In what country is the tea plant indigenous, often attaining a height of 30 feet t When and by whom was tea introduced into Europe ? -. Why is tea so largely used as a drink ■? Should tea leaves be boiled ? Why not ? Who discovered that the earth may be employed as part of a telegraphic circuit ? Telegraphy without wires was accomplished December 12, 1896, by whom t What is the principle on which wireless telegraphy is based ? What is telepathy K What are some of the recent conclusions of scientists as to its possi- bility? For the most successful long-distance telephoning, are complete metallic circuits used, or grounded circuits, as in telegraphy ? Why ? Is the story of William Tell fact or fiction ? What is the only valid argument for total abstinence ? Of what famous recent English poet is it said, " His success is largely explained by the fact that he clothed in artistic form the higher thought and sentiment of his time, thus enrich- ing the spiritual life of England and the world. He fulfilled Milton's condition ; his life was a poem " ? Why is " Wednesday" so called'? What eighteen items should be included in a complete description of a textile design, even for a simple fabric ? In textile fabrics, what is the difference between simply woven goods and twilled goods ? Between satin and velvet 'S When, where, and by whom did the American Thanksgiving Day originate ? By whom and when was the theater established ? the U.S. opened? When and where was the first theater in What two questions should theology answer to be called a science ? What is the difference between theology and religion ? . . ; On what must the theology of the future rest in order to stand the test of criticism and con- trol the consciences of men and find an unequivocal testimony to its truth ? In " theosophy," what is meant by the " astral " body ? " The application of thermo-djnamics has been greatly extended recently and will probably be a most valuable aid in the further development of physics and chemistry." ' What is thermo-dynamics ? Who is Lord Kelvin ? What has he done for science ? What are the three mental processes involved in the production of thought ? What is the celebrated problem of the " three bodies " ? Who IS universally considered as the first and greatest critical historian of antiquity?. . . . What country of 6,000,000 inhabitants and having an area of over 500,000 square miles, is one of the least known countries in the world ? What was the question involved in the celebrated " Tichborne case," which trial lasted 103 days ? 906. What is tide height in mid-ocean ? What causes the tides ? 907. What is meant by " standard " time ? What is meant by solar time ?. 908. 909. 910. What is the oldest known metal, and what country is its chief source ? . Are toads poisonous? Are they ever found imbedded in solid rook? . In the use "of tobacco, what form affects the system most promptly and powerfully, chewing, smoking, or snuffing? Which the least? Which the most, cigar or pipe? 911. 912. 913. 914. 915. 916. 917. 918. 919. 920. 921. 932. 923. 924. 935. What are the four steps in the trial of a case by a juryl 936. 927. 928. 929. 930. 931. 932. 933. Who is Count Tolstoi and what is his belief and practice ? What fruit ranks next to the potato in economic importance among garden products ? For vocal music, what is the great simplicity of the Tonic Sol-Pa system of musical notation ? What is the cause, the symptoms, and the mode of treatment of tonsillitis ? What is a tontine life insurance policy ? Why so called ? What is a topographical map and how is it made ? In what class of boats has there been more marked and persistent progress than in apy other class of marine architecture ? Who was the originator of submarine mining as now practiced ? To what is acuteness of touch due? For what is the Tower of London noted ? , When and where did trades unions make their appearance ? Up to what date were they for- bidden as a crime? • What instrument converts an alternating current from a higher to a lower, or from a lower to a higher potential in electric manipulation ? What is the argument in favor of government ownership and control of railways? What four conditions are essential to the validity of a treaty ? In the judgment of courts, when does a " trust" become a " monopoly " ? It is estimated that one-seventh of all deaths are due to consumption, or tuberculosis. What are the causes of tuberculosis ? What discovery in 1883 is unquestionably one of the most brilliant contributions to human medicine ever put forth ? What water-wheel utilizes 90 per cent, of the theoretic work of the fall of water ? The turkey is a native of what country ? What country presents the greatest variety of races and creed, and in which it is the most difficult to obtain trustworthy statistics ? In what language is its verb the most complete and transparent of all languages? , What is a " shunpike " road ? Vol. XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI Page 311 317 331 327 (331 I 621 333 337 341 845 355 370 377 379 381 (382 384 393 395 397 419 424 425 429 433 436 (438 (439 J446 ■(447 450 460 463 468 469 473 476 477 479 484 487 498 502 513 519 528 533 (546 ^547 570 573 573 591 594 597 600 604 Location on page. lu 2 m 1 u 2m 3b 3 3m lb lb lu lu lb lu 1 and 2 2b 2b 2u 2m 2u lb 2 m 3b lu lb lb 2b Im 1 and 3 lb 2 3 2 m lu 2m 2 m 3m 2m 2 lb 3b 2u lb lb Im 3m; 2b lb 3 lb; 3u 2b lu lb 3u 3b 3b 3m 2m 2u lu 12S ONE THOUSAND QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS TREATED QOESTIONS. 934. At what height does the iUmosphcio cease to reflect the rays of the sun?.... 935. Who first translated the Now Testament into English ■? \V hat was his fate? 936. In his famous Belfast add^o^s, what noted English scientist known the world over said that he found in matter the promise and potency of every form and quality of life ? 937. Bv whom and when was the first typewriter invented in the ^■.^■''- ■••■„■■■■■ ■■■••; •••/%„ 938. What eccentric traveler and philanthropist is believed to have been the first man of note to carry a parasol in the streets, encountering much ridicule for doing so f 939. What is meant by " unconscious states " of the mind ^ ........ ... 940. What citv has 13 miles of underground railway, with 4 tracks 'yi'i.f ^stations ?..... ... . . 941. What is tho principle of Unitarianisra? In what city was the birthplace of Umtaiianism in 942. In respect to' tiie'vaiiie of Its products, which is increasing the more rapidly in the U. b., agriculture or manufactures i Ai " " " ; onl^'a 943. What is the greatest feature of U. S. history from 1865 to 187i 1! 944. What is meant by the dramatic unities ? 945. What are the three fundamental units adopted in science ? 946. What is the doctrine of Universalism ? _ • 947. For what reasons is it probable that the universe is finite in extent 1 948. What is the distinction between a college and a university's •• ■ 949. In which ot the U. S. does its constitution provide for the public whipping of tramps K 950. What is the probable origin of the custom of sending valentines on Pebraary 14 ? 951. What celebrated building is computed to contain 11,000 rooms ? 953. What is the Vedanta, and what does it have for its object ? ; • 953. Why does a bicycle retain a balanced upright position when in motion and fall when not in motion? • 954. What noted city is built on 1 18 small islands connected by 378 bridges ? 955. Which is the most beautiful of the planets seen with the naked eye? 956. Is the verdict of a jury valid that is returned and received by the court on Sunday?. . . . 957. In proportion to its population, which Northern State lost the most men in hospital and battlefield in the civil war? 958. In what geological period did birds first make their appearance in North America ? 959. Did Amerigo Vespucci ever claim to have discovered America, or did he originate the name ? 960. What color does the pope of Rome wear ? 961. Why was veterinary science very early developed? When and where was the first veterinary school in the U. S. established ? 963. What pageant in London, June 22, 1897, is said to have been the most magnificent the world has ever seen ? 963. What is the largest lake in Africa and the second fresh-water lake in size in the world ? Who owns it and its shores ? 964. In the art galleries of what city do the works of Rubens, DUrer, and Van Dyke surpass all other collections ? 965. What was settled by the famous Congress of Vienna in 1814 and 1815 ? 966. What people were the first to venture out of sight of land in ships ? .■ ■. . . 967. What is the origin and history of the word " villain " ? 968. What are the principal sources of information in regard to the discovery and settlement of Vinland, North America, by the Norsemen in 1000 a. d. ? 969. What is considered the most perfect of musical instruments? In what two respects? 970. In making intelligible drawings explanatory of construction and design, and making them with extraordinary rapidity, who is the greatest artist ever known ? 971. Who was the originator of the celebrated theory in pathology that the laws working in dis- ease are not different from those operating in health, but simply subject to different con- ditions ? 972. Which of the English colonies ot America was first settled ? 973. What is the basis ot the "visible speech " symbols whereby any strange language maybe readily written and spoken ? 974. What is the immediate cause of perception in vision ? 975. What defects belong to all human eyes ? 976. What color do the longest light waves produce in vision ? The shortest? 977. Kepler demonstrated that the images of all external objects seen are inverted ; then, why do we see al 1 objects as erect ? 978. There are five principal defects of vision. What are they? , 979. Nearly all the actual knowledge possessed in physiology, the action of medicines, and the germs that cause disease, are the results attained by experiments on the living body. What are the arguments against vivisection i ; 980. What is the most important thing to be considered in the culture of the voice ? 981. What is the most recent theory as to the cause of volcanoes ? 98'-?. What is a " volt '" in electricity ? 9'^3. What is " voluntaryism " in the support and control of churches ? 984. What race has a lower death-rate than any other ? 985. What are the chief advantages of voting-machines ? 986. Is wagering, or betting, illegal in most of the U. S. ? 987. Who is the greatest musical genius since Beethoven ? In what respects f ttwM. What is the most ancient soil, geologically, in Great Britain ? 989. The first |icmiaririit cnluny that settled in New York (city), also the first in Brooklyn, con- sisted lar^'tly o[ Walloons. Who were the Walloons? 990. In legendary hi^tory. who is the " Wandering Jew"? 991. "The history of war i, the history of the human race. It may safely be said that the sun never sets upon a world wholly at peace." Is war a necessary evil? 992. When are goods said to be "in bond " ? 993. In well- ventilated buildings, what are the objects to be secured? Vol. XI XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII Page. 608 3 23 25 25 ( 29 I 30 42 61 64 65 66 68 68 101 106 128 131 147 151 155 159 164 175 180 181 (183 ^184 192 193 196 197 199 201 207 208 309 209 213 317 318 320 333 (219 I 323 228 381 235 240 242 244 238 348 256 258 265 271 275 276 284 286 Location ou paeo- 2 u 2u 1 u lu lb lu Ini 2b lb lu 1 m 2u 2u lb 1 u 2m lb lu 3b 2b lb 2b lb Im 2b 2u 2u 2m 1 2m 3m 2m 3m 3b 1 b lb 2b 2b 1 m 3m 2m 2b 2m 2m lu lb Im 2b 2b 2 m b; 2u lu 2u lb lu 1 u lb Im lb 1 b 2m 2 b 2u IN APPLETONS' UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS 129 Questions. 994. Who is known in history as " the king-maker " ? 995. What and where is the largest legislative chamber in the world K 996. What words are inscribed on the dome of the capital in Washington, D. O.i 997. What is the most universal solvent and of what is it composed ? 998. What was one of the most important military engagements in history ? When was it fought, and by whom ^ 999. Who founded the first crefedless state in history ?. ...'...'.'............. 1000. For what just reasons is George Washington, more perfectly than any other man in all history, entitled to be known as the " Father of his Country "t Vol. Page. XII XII XII 295 302 304 XII 818 XII XII 328 456 XII 310 Location on page. 2u 1 m 2u i2m 12b 2b 1 u 2m INDEX Abscesses and ulcers^ 89. Absorption, physiological, 88. Acids, 28. Acoustics, 30. Acting and actors, 84. Actors, American, 84; ancient Greek, 84 ; ancient Roman, 84 ; English, 84 ; French, 84; German, 84; Italian, 84; Spanish, 84. Administrative law, 94. Africa and its divisions, descriptive geography of, 38. Agricultural implements and machin- ery, 75. Agriculture, 72 ; introductory topics on, 73. Alcohols, chemistry of, 28. Algebra, 16. America, descriptive geography of, 37. American aborigines, religion and wor- ship of, 108. Anatomy and physiology, human, 88. Architects, American, 83 ; ancient Greek, 83 ; ancient Roman, 83 ; Eng- lish, 83; French, 83; German, 83; Italian, 83. Architecture, as a fine art, 83 ; practi- cal, 75. Arithmetic, 16. Army discipline and tactics, 76. Army equipment, weapons of war, 76 ; officers, 76. Articles of commerce, manufacture of, 74. Asia and its countries, descriptive geog- raphy of, 38. Astrology, 33. Astronomical instruments, 33 ; observa- tions, corrections to, 33. Astronomy, 23 ; general topics in. 33. Attack and defense in warfare, 76. Australia and its divisions, descriptive geography of, 38. Austro-Huiigary, history of, 60. Bases, chemical, 28. Basque languages, 49. Beverages, 21. Bible, the, 104 ; books of, l04 ; transla- tions of, 104. Biblical persons, noted, 104 ; places and events, noted, 104r-105. Biographies, astronomers, 25 ; chemists, 30; geographers, 37; geologists, 36 mathematicians, 17; physicists, 21 theologians, 108-109. Biological sciences, 39-45 ; general out- line, 42. Bleaching, chemistry of, 31. Blights, diseases, and pests, 73. Blood and its circulation, 88 ; diseases of the, 89. Bolognese school of painting, 81. Bones and joints, diseases of, 90. Botany, 43 ; descriptive, 44. Calculating machines, 74. Calculus, 17. Carpentry, 75. Celestial sphere, the, 33. Central America and its countries, de- scriptive geography of, 37. Cereals, 73. Chemical compounds, 38 ; elements, 38; industries, miscellaneous, 30 ; instru- ments, 29; principles, animal, 39, vegetable, 39 ; states and processes, 38. Chemicals, manufactur© of, 74. Chemistry, 28 ; agricultural, 29 ; intro- duction to, 28. Chinese and Japanese religions, 108. Christian Church, early, 105 : miscella- neous topics relating to, 108. Christian religion, theology, history, and sects, 103. Cities, special index map studies of, 38. Civics, 61. Civil engineering, 75. Climatology, 37. Comets, 24. Commerce, 64. Connective tissues, 88. Constitutional law, 94. Contracts, in law, 94. Copyright, in law, 94. Corporations, in law, 94. Costume, 86. Crimes, in law, 95. Criminal law, 95 ; procedure, in law, 95. Crops, 73. Customs, 86. Decorative art, 83. Descriptive geography, 37. Digestion, 88. Digestive organs, diseases of, 89. Diseases and symptoms, miscellaneous, 89. Dress, 86. Drugs, manufacture of, 74. Ductless glands, 88. Dutch and Flemish school of painting, 81. Dyeing and dyestuffs, chemistry of, 39. DyestufEs, manufacturing of, 73. Earth, the, as an astronomical body, 33. Economics, 63. Educational history and biography, 99 ; systems and methods, 99; miscellane- ous topics, 100. Egyptian (ancient^ religion, worship, and doctrines, 308. Electrical machines, 75 ; measurements, 31. Electricity, 30-21 ; current. 30; dy- namical, 30; frictional, 30; induc- tion, 31. Electro-dynamics, 31. Emetics, 91. Emulsions and foments, 91. English history, 58 ; language, 49. Ethers, chemistry of, 38. Ethics, 103. Europe and its countries, descriptive geography of, 37 ; great powers, 37 ; minor powers, 37. Explosives, chemistry of, 39. Family, in law, 94. Fashions, 86. Fats, chemistry of, 39. Fertilizers, 73. Fevers, 89. Fine arts, 78. Fire extinguishers, 75. Fisheries and fishing, 73. Florentine school of painting, 81. Floriculture, 73. Flowering plants, 44. Fluids, mechanics of, 30. Pood, 88; chemistry of, 29; manufac- ture of, 73. Forces, effects of, on the earth's sur- face, 36. Foundations, in law, 94. French history, 59. French school of painting, 81. Games, 86. Gases, mechanics of, 20. Genital organs, diseases of, 90. Geodesy, 76. Geology, 35 ; dynamic, 35 ; historical, 36 ; paleontological, 36. Geometry, 16 ; analytical, 17 ; descrip- tive, 17; modern, 17; plane, 16; solid, 16 ; spherical^ 17. Germ theory of disease, 91. German history, 59. German school of painting, 81. Greece and Rome (ancient), religions of, 108. Greek and Eastern churches, the, 106. Guardian and ward, in law, 94. Hamitic family of languages, 49. Hats, 73. Hay, 73. Heart, diseases of the, 89. Heat, 20. Hindu religion and beliefs, 108. History, 56; ancient, 57; mediaeval, 58 ; modern, 58. Horticulture and garden products, 73. Human body, free surfaces of, 88. Husband and wife, in law, 94. Hydrocarbons, 28. Hydrography, 37. Indo-European, or Aryan family of languages, 48. Infants and minors, in law, 94. Inheritance and succession, in law, 95. Inks and pigments, manufacturing of, 73. Insignia, 86. Instruments, implements, and mechan- ical devices, 74. Intestinal diseases, 89. Irritants (therapeutics), 90. Italian history, 60. Jewish religion, 105. Juristic persons, in law, 94, Kidney and bladder diseases, 90. 131 132 EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN STUDY AND READING Language, agglutinated group, 49; of the American Indians, 49; families and their subdivisions, 48. Law, administrative, 94; admiralty and maritime, 97 ; historic and for- eign, 96 ; international, 96 ; private, 94 ; public, 94 ; remedial, 95 ; sub- stantive, 94. Laxatives (therapeutics), 90. Legal biography, 97. Legal topics, miscellaneous, 97. Light, 21. Liquids, mechanics of, 20. Liquors, 29 ; fermented, and cigars, manufacture of, 74. Literature, English, 50; middle Eng- lish, 50; modern English, 50; old English, 50. Logic, 102. Lumbering, 72. Lunatics, in law, 94. Lung diseases, 89. Machines and machinery, 74-75. Magnetism, 20. Magneto-electricitv, 21. Manufacturing industries, 73. Masonry, in buildings, 75. Mathematics, 15, Matter, 19 ; properties of, 19. Measuring machines, 74. Medical biographies, 92. Medical effects of electricity, 91. Medical topics, miscellaneous, 91. Medicine and surgery, 87. Medicines and drugs, chemistry of, 29. Metallurgy, 73. Meteorology, 87. Meteors, 24. Method of using the Universal Cyclo- pasdia and Atlas, 11. Military education, 76; engineering, 76; organization, 76; quarters and commissariat, 76 ; topics, miscellane- ous, 77. Mineralogy, 34. Mineral waters, chemistry of, 29. Mining, 73. Misdemeanors and torts, in law, 95. Mohammedanism, 105. Moon, the, 24. Mouth diseases, 89. Movables, in law, 94. Mucous and serous membranes, dis- eases of, 89. Muscles, human, 88. Music, 79. Musical instruments, 79. Musicians, 79. Mythology, 55 ; Chinese, 55 ; Egyptian, 55; Greek, 55; Hindu, 55; Ameri- can Indian, 55 ; Roman, 55 ; Scandi- navian and German, 55. Natural persons, in law, 94. Navigation and boats, 75. Navy organization and naval officers, 76. Nebulae, 24. Nervous system, diseases of, 90. Netherlands, history of the, 60. Nursery, the, 72. Oils, manufacture of, 74. Optics, 21. Oratory and orators, 84. Oxides, 28. Painters, ancient, 81 ; modern, 81. Painting, 81 ; famous schools of, 81. Paper, manufacture of, 74. Parent and child, in law, 94. Patents, in law, 94. Pathology, 89. Pedagogics and education, 98. Persian (ancient) religion, 108. Personalty, in law, 94. Persons, in law, 94. Philosophy and ethics, 102. Physical geography, 36. Physics, 17. Physiography, 36. Pigments, paints, and varnishes, 29. Planets and asteroids, 24. Plants, 44. Poisons, 91. Political economy, 64. Political science, 62. Politicians and statesmen, representa- tive, 62. Politics, 62. Polytheistic religions, 108. Prehistoric man, 57. Prime movers, 74. Printing and publishing, 75. Printing mabhines, 74. Property, in law, 94. Protestant Church doctrines and faith, 106. Psychology, 99, 102. Quarrying, 72. Radicals (in chemistry), 28. Realty, in law, 94. Recording and copying machines, 74. Recreations and exercises, 86. Religions, 105. Remedial agents, miscellaneous (thera- peutics), 91. Renaissance in art, 81. Reproduction, physiological, 89. Respiration and temperature, 88. Rhetoric, English, 49. Rocks, 35. Roman Catholic Church, 105. Roman" Catholic councils, 106. Rubefacients (therapeutics), 91. Russia, 59. Salts (in chemistry), 28. Schools, 99. Sculptors, 83. Sculpture, 83. Sedatives and narcotics (therapeutics), 90. Semitic family of languages, 49. Senses, the human, 89. Skeleton, the human, 88. Skin, diseases of the, 90. Soaps, manufacture of, 74. Sociology, 64. Soldiers, great, 77. Solids, mechanics of, 20. South America and its countries, de- scriptive geography of, 37. Spanish history, 59. Spanish school of painting, 81. Sports and pastimes, 86. Stars, the, 24. Stock-raising, 72. Sugars, chemistry of, 29. Sun and planets, apparent motion of, 23. Siin, the, 24. Surgery, 91. Surveying, 76. Textile fabrics, 73. Therapeutics, introductory topics, 90. Thermo-electricity, 21. Throat diseases, 89. Tonics (therapeutics), 90. Trade-marks, in law, 94, Traffic, 64. Transportation, 64. Trigonometry, 17. Tumors, 89. Umbrian school of painting, 81. United States of America, 60. Universe, 24. Universities, 100. Ural-Altaic, or Turanian family of languages, 49. Vegetable oils and gums, 28. Veins and arteries, diseases of, 89. Venetian school of painting, 81. Veterinary medicine and surgery, 91. Water, chemistry of, 29. West Indies, descriptive geography of, 37. ■ Women, in law, 94. Zoology, 43. (4) THE END