T78 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PRINTED IN U.5 A. Cornell University Library PL 6465.Z5T78 Maori-PplYnesjan comparatiye dictiora 3 1924 026 916 480 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026916480 MAORI-POLYNESIAN COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY. THE MAORI-POLYNESIAN Comparative Dictionary BY EDWARD TREGEAR Fellow of the Royal Geogeaphical Society ; Fellow or the EOyal Historical Society ; Member or the Anthkopological Institute op Gkeat Britain ; Member oe the Philological Society, London ; a Vice-President Australasian Association for the Advanoembni of Science ; President Wellington Philosophical Society, N.Z. "MANUS MANUM LAV AT." LYON AND BLAIR, LAMBTON QUAY 1891. (The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved.) THIS WOEK IS DEDICATED TO F. MAX MiJLLER, M.A. Knight Commandbb or the Corona d'Italia; Knioht of the Oedee of Maximilian; KnIQHT of the OeBBE POUB LE MiEITE, EIO. PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY, OXFORD IN ADMIRATION OF THE GENIUS AND LEARNING WHICH HE HAS DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE AND IN GRATITUDE FOR WORDS OF KIND ENCOURAGEMENT AND SYMPATHY SENT OVER THE SEA TO THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. Dbdioaiion .... . y, PEErAOE - . ix. Works Consulted x. Thanks xii. Introduction xiii. Bibliography^ — Grouping of Words — Grammar - xiii. Letter-changes — Maori xiv. — Samoan xvi. Tahitian xvii. — Hawaiian xviii. — Tongan xix. — Earotongan — Marquesan xx. — Mangarevan xxi. — Paumolan — Morion — Extra-Polynesia xxii. Tabl of Interchange of Consonants xxiii. Pakeha-Maori xxiv. Key to Abebeviations xxiv. DICTIONARY— MAOEI-POLYNESIAN 1 Key to the Maoei Woeds 629 Appendix A.— Days of the Moon's Age 666 Appendix B. — Genealogical 667 Maori 667 Moriori 669 Sa moan — Tongan 670 Marquesan 671 Hawaiia 672 Earotongan — Society Islands 673 Index to Geogeaphical and Dialectical Eepeeences 674 PEEFACE. THIS work had its origin in a desire growing in the mind of the Author to comprehend the exact meaning of words used by the Maori people. Much had been done by Europeans long resident in New Zealand, or by those of European parentage born in the country, to gather in and put on record the vernacular forms of the native speech. A large mass of material consisting of songs, legends, &o., was also at the service of a collector, although this in reality was a very small portion of that which might have been procured had not the rough and perilous work of colonization engrossed so much of the time and energies of the early settlers. This material wholly referred to New Zealand and the New Zealand branch of the Maori or Polynesian race. The science of Com- parative Philology has opened up new viatas of knowledge concerning the comprehension of ancient languages, and the old etymologies of Greek as given by purely Greek scholars, or of English as given by purely English scholars, have been found to be laughably incorrect when viewed by the light of the fuller investigation which modern learning has thrown upon the mysteries of Indo- European speech. Zend, Sanscrit, the Teutonic dialects, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, all lent their stores of ancient word-treasures to unravel the difficulties found in the comprehension of each others' language, and the result was so successful that a new science emerged from the domain of the empirical, and claimed followers among those who are ever bearing on from hand to hand the torch of intellectual progress. Begarding the Maori speech of New Zealand as but a dialect of the great -Polynesian language, the Author has attempted to organize and show in a concise manner the existing related forms common to New Zealand and the Polynesian Islands. Several attempts have been made to produce a Comparative Polynesian Dictionary, but so gigantic was the labour, so enormous the mass of material, that the compilers have shrunk back appalled in the initiatory stages of the work, and all that remains of their efforts has been a few imperfect and unreliable pages of vocabulary scattered here and there through books treating of the Malayan and Pacific Islands. The present work is, at all events, continuous and sustained ; it does not pretend to be a dictionary of Polynesian, but to present to the reader those Polynesian words which are related to the Maori dialect ; using the word Maori (i.e., Polynesian, "native," "indigenous") in the restricted sense familiar to Europeans, as apply- ing to the Maori people of New Zealand. Two purposes are served by the presentation of words apparently alhed in sound and sense : 1st. If the Maori agrees with the Polynesian forms generally, the meaning of the word is in all probability above suspicion. If several of the Polynesian dialects agree together as to the meaning of a word, and the Maori differs, then (also probably), the Maori has lost the genuine sense of the original word, and has localised or deformed it. If the Maori word has no Polynesian affinities, then it is almost certainly a local word, either invented since the dispersion of the tribes or so warped from the primitive form as to be unrecognisable without further research. Although the Maori word may not be found directly in any other dialect, still it may be recognized in compounds ; and for this purpose the comparatives are of great value. In the manner a word has suffered letter- change, and passed from dialect to dialect in decaying forms, perhaps all the history that can ever be traced of the Ancient Polynesian and bis habitat may be discovered hereafter by the philologist of the future. 2nd. The classification and simultaneous presentation of the allied words offer to the student of languages a means of ascertaining the oldest and most perfect form of a word as it exists in Polynesia. Comparisons have been separately attempted between Polynesian dialectic words and those of languages spoken on the great continents, but the masters in the school of Comparative Philology have shrunk from the task or frowned upon the attempt of instituting comparisons between these almost-unknown semi-barbarous tongues and the classical or oriental languages. So decayed are many of the word-forms, so uncertain the phonography of Oceanic vocabularies, that unta they could be arranged with some approach to completeness (at all events, in respect to the more vital words) any comparison with the elaborated continental languages appeared mere guess-work and unscientific assertion. Two important parts of the work deserve brief mention. From authorities on Maori, from ancient legends, and from all sources which could be verified by careful investigation I have been enabled to insert some three thousand words (or additional meanings to words) not hitherto published. Many of these are, however, proper names. The scientific nomenclature of plants, PEEPACB. birds, fishes, &a., has received much careful attention, and although this branch of the subject is not absolutely perfect, a long stride has been made in the direction of completeness. An original part of the lexicon is that treating of the gods, heroes, &a., being short abstracts cf the principal events for which their worship or their histories were famous. Want of space forbade lengthy notice or full repetition of legend, but where the tradition was too long for detailed, relation, copious references have been given to the small class of books bearing on the subject. No small proportion of the labour expended upon this work was exerted in providing examples of the use of words, both in Maori and Polynesian. Many thousands of lines from old poems, traditions, and ancient proverbs have been quoted. The examples might more easily have been given by the construction of sentences showing the use of the particular words, but, rejecting made-up examples as being in practice always open to adverse criticism, preference has been given to passages by well-known authors, where the words can be verified and the context consulted. To have given a quotation in this manner for every word would have been impossible ; some of the words are not to be found in any printed record, and to have devoted a still greater length of time to the coUeotion of examples would not have produced a result commensurate with the loss of time occasioned by long delay before publication, or even, perhaps, with the chance of the work never being finished at all. Although the dictionary relates to the classification of Polynesian dialects proper, Malay, Melanesian, and Micronesian vocabularies have also furnished comparatives. These vocabularies are mostly in a very imperfect state, and the phonography full of variations; but the words are suggestive both as to letter-changes and meanings. It does not follow that any of these words are related to Polynesian, but the coincidences are many, and until the laws by which all languages are governed are more fully explored, it would be mischievous to exclude these apparently similar forms from comparison with each other. Farther on I have thanked those authors and those friends from whom I have received assistance. This refers to the raw material only. In collecting the vocabularies, in searching for comparisons, in making quotations for examples, in the compilation, in the whole of the philological and literary work I have been unassisted. EDW. TEEGEAR. WOEKS CONSULTED. [Note. — Although the books here enumerated have been consulted, extracts have not been made from all of them. Some are unreliable, some almost useless for lexicographical purposes, but almost every one contained some hint or allusion pointing out where more valuable information could be found.] Transactions New Zealand Institute, Vols, i, to xxii., (1868 to 1880) ; Williams's New Zealand Dictionary, 1871; Bullee's Birds of New Zealand, 1889; Colenso's Nomenclature, 1883; Colenso's Suahine Range, 1884, and Ancient Tide Lore, 1889 ; Codkington's Melanesian Languages, 1885 ; Inglis's Aneityumese Dictionary, 1882 ; Inglis's In the New Hebrides, 1887 ; Lawe's Motu Grammar and Vocabulary, 1885 ; Chalmees and Gill's Work and Adventure in New Guinea, 1885 ; Chalmees's Pioneering in New Guinea, 1887 ; Gill's Savage Life in Polynesia, 1880 ; Gill's Jottings in the Pacific, 1885 ; Gill's Life in the Southern Isles, 1876 ; Gill's Gems from the Coral Islands, 1856 ; Tuenbe's Samoa a Hundred Years ago, 1884 ; Max Mullek's Biographies of Words, 1888 ; Max Mullee's Science of Language, 1864 ; Max Mullee's Science of Thought, 1887 ; Max Mdller's Introduction to the Science of Religion, 1882 ; Keighiley's Fairy Mythology, 1884 ; Jules Eemy's Ea Mooolelo Hawaii, 1862 ; Pennv's Ten Years in Melanesia, 18s8 ; Dibble's History of the Sandwich Islands, 1843 ; Mueeay's Bible in tlie Pacific, 1888 ; Bougainville's Voyage Round the World, 1772 ; Whitney's Life and Growth of Language, 1882 ; Kalakaua I. (King of Hawaii), Legends and Myths of Hawaii, 1888 ; Kalakaua's Na Mele aimohu, 1890 ; Buenoup'b Science of Religion, 1888; Featheemann's Social History of the Races of Mankind (Papuo and Malayo Melanesians), 1887 ; Cook's Voyages, 1773 ; Fokstek's Voyage Round tlie South Pole and Round the World, 1777 ; Tuenbull's Voyage Round the World, 1806 ; Anoas's Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand, 1847; Beown's New Zealand and its Aborigines, 1845; Bulleb's Forty Years in New Zealand, 1878; Beoughton's Voyage of Discovery in H.M.S. "Providence," 1864 ; Teeey's New Zealand, 1842; Calvbei's Fiji and the Fijians, 1870 ; White's Ancient History (^f the Maori (v. vols.), 1888; London Missionary Society's Tahitian Dictionary, 1851 ; The Samoan PREFACE. Bible, 1884; The Barotongan Bible, 1888; Hoohstetteb's New Zealand, 1867; Matthes's Makassaanch-Hollandsch Woorderiboeh, 1885 ; Bubnby's Chronological History of Discoveries in the South Seas, 1803; Nicholas's Narrative of a Voyage to New Zealand, 1817; Ceewe's Narrative of Life in New Zealand, 1874 ; Ckdise's Journal of a Ten Months Residence in New Zealand, 1824 ; Eabokb's Tongan Dictionary, 1849; Don Juan Gayacao's Wmcto FocaftuZario en Hispano-Ihcano, 1884; Gataoao's Manual de Conversaciones en Hispano-Bicol, 1881 ; Gataoao's Nuevo Vocabulario Espanol Tagalo y Parnpango, 1882 ; Happaet's Dictionary of the Favorlang Dialect of Formosan Language, 1840 (written, 1650) ; Logan's Journal of the East Indian Archipelago, 1847 to 1863 ; Davies's Grammar of the Tahitian Dialect of Polynesian Language, 1823 ; Moerenhodts' Voyages aux iles du Grand Ocean, 1837 ; Favee's Account of the Wild Tribes Inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula, 1865; Wallace's Malay Archipelago, 1869; Haeven's La NouvelU Zilande, 1883; Maubee's Die Nikobaren, 1867 ; Gaknieb's Voyage autour du Monde-Oeeanie, 1875 ; Miklucho Maclay's Meine Zweite Excursion nach New Guinea, 1874 ; Maning's Old New Zealand, 1863 ; Woodfoed's a Naturalist Among the Head-hunters, 1890 ; Peatt's Samoan Dictionary, 1878 ; Andbewb's Hawaiian Dictionary, 1865 ; Cheyne's A Description of Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean, 1852; Foheest's Voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccas., 1779; Bopp's Uber die Verwandtschaft der Malayisch-Polynesischen Sprachen mit den indisch-europaischen, 1841 ; Humboldt's TJber die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel Java, 1838 ; Steven's Dyak Vocabularies (M8S); Taylob's Te Ika-a-Maui, 1870 ; Hutton's New Zealand Mollusca, 1880 ; Ceawfued's Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language, 1852 ; Eemy's Becits d'un vieux sauvage (Hawaii), 1869 > Wintee's Kawi-javaansch Woordenboek, 1880 ; The Tongan Bible, 1884 ; Bied's Six Months among the Palm-Groves, Coral-Beefs and Volcanoes of the Sandwich Islands, 1875 ; Ellis's Tour through Hawaii, 1826; Maeiner's Tonga Islands, 1818; Hbctoe's Fishes of New Zealand, 1872; Maori Bible, 1868 ; De Bovis' Etat de la Societe Taitienne, 1855 ; Young's Soutliern World, 1858 ; PeStee de Piopus' Grammaire des lies Marquises, 1857 ; Buzacott's Akataka Reo Barotonga, 1878 ; Pueves' Drake and Dampier's Voyages, 1882 ; (Anon) He Hamani pia pa (Marquesan), 1868 ; Maxwell's Manual of the Malay Language, 1882 ; Hazlewood's Fijian Dictionary, 1872 ; Hawaiian Bible, 1884 ; Transactions Anthropological Institute, 1880-1890; Vkssmb.^^ Malagasy Grammar, 1883; Buchauan's Indigenous Grasses of New Zealand, 1880 ; Transactions of Philological Society (London), 1877- 1888; PmboivajJ's Tamil Dictionary, 1867; Schebzeb's Foj/age o/ the " Novara," ISQS ; Library of Entertaining Knowledge The New Zealanders, 1830 ; Kiek's Forest Flora of New Zealand, 1889 ; Geey's Poems of the New Zealanders (Nga Moteatea), 1853 ; Gbey's Polynesian Mythology, 1885 ; FoENANDEB's The Polynesian Race, 1878 ; White's Maori Superstitions, 1885 ; Shoetland's Maori Beligion and Mythology, 1882 ; Shoetland's Southern Districts of New Zealand, 1851 ; Shoetland's Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, 1856 ; Latham's Comparative Philology, 1862 ; Schibebn's Die Wandersagen der Neuseeldnder, 1850 ; Well's History of Taranaki, 1878 ; The Tahitian Bible, 1884 ; Steel's New Hebrides, 1880 ; Feeeman's Malagasy Dictionary, 1836 ; GiBBiNG's Folk Lore, 1889 ; Seeeano's Nuevo Dicconario Espanol-Tagalo, 1872 ; Pubves' Anson's Voyage Round the World, 1882 ; Jaussen's Te Faufaa Api (Tahiti), 1889 ; Hovelacque's Science of Language, 1877 ; Topinaed's Anthropology, 1878 ; Tylob's Early History of Mankind, 1865 ; Tylob's Primitive Culture, 1871 ; Gisboene's Colony of New Zealand, 1888 ; Deighton's Moriori Vocabulary, 1887 ; Davis's Life and Times of Patuone, 1876 ; Joly's Man before Metals, 1883 ; Beechey's Voyage of the "Blossom," 1839; Peace's Manual of Ethnology, 1863; Lubbock's Prehistoric Times, 1865 ; Lubbock's Origin of Civilization, 1882 ; Eoohon's Voyages aux Indes Orientales, 1802 ; Lee and Kendal's New Zealand Grammar and Vocabulary, 1820 ; D'Ubville's Voyages dans "V Astrolabe," 1833; PoLkOK's New Zealand, 1838; Maunbell's Grammar of the New Zealand Language, 1842 ; Wade's Journey in the North Island of New Zealand, 1842 ; Quatbefages' Les P.olynSsiens ; Lesson's Les Polynesiens, 1880 ; Melville's Marquesas Islands, 1846 ; Russell's Polynesia, 1848; Gvfsy's Solomon Islands, 1887 ; Li.wB.Y's Friendly and Feejee Islands, 1850; Ellis's Polynesian Researches, 1829; Jaussen's TaWtian Vocabulary; "WiLi^ikm's Fiji and the Fijians, 1858; Beown's Baccs of Mankind, 1876 ; Vaux's Probable Origin of the Maoris, 1876 ; Wood's Natural History of Man, 1868; Gibonieee's Twenty Years in the Philippines, 1856; Money's Java, 1861; Pemeboke's South Sea Bubbles, 1872 ; Eicci's Fiji, 1875 ; Sibeee's The Great African Island, 1880; Wilkes's The United States Exploring Expedition, 1845 ; Faeeae's Language and Languages, 1878 ; Dieffeneach's Travels in New Zealand, 1843; Bastian's Inselgruppen in Oceanien, 1883; Coppinoeb's Cruise of the " Alert," 1885 ; Labillabdieeb's Voyage a la Becherche de La Peroux, 1792; Dabwin's Voyage of the " Beagle," 1860; 3vK&-'a Voyage of the " Fly," 18i7; McGilliveay's Voyage of H.M.S. " Battlesnake," 1851; Osbobn's Journal in Mclayan Waters, 1860; Magellan's First Voyage Round the World, 1874. peeface. THANKS. I have to thank certain authors for the advantages I have received from their works, and without which I should have been unable to present my dictionary in so complete a form. First of these valuable books is Williams's New Zealand Dictionary. Although I have made considerable additions to the stock of Maori words, the work of Bishop and Archdeacon WiLiiiAMS (father and son) has been the basis of my structure, as it has been for many years the authority and reference for all Maori and English translators. Its fidelity and usefulness is so widely recognised that no word of praise from me would raise it in public estimation. The literary productions of Sir Geokge Gebt, Sir James Hectoe, Sir Waltee Bullee, the Eev. W. Colenso,* Dr. Shoktland, Professor Eiek, Mr. John White (all of New Zealand), Judge Foenandee, of Hawaii; H.M. the King of Hawaii ; Judge Andeews, of Hawaii ; the Rev. W. Wtatt Gill, of Mangaia ; the Eev. Geoege Peatt, of Samoa; the Eev. E. H. Codeington, of Melanesia, have all been largely drawn upon, and have been of inestimable service. With deep gratitude I acknowledge my obligations for generous co-operation given to me by the following scholars, some of them my warm friends, others the more valued because their assistance has been rendered to one personally unknown. Foremost of these (because not of my own nation) I have to thank three distinguished Frenchmen. From Monseigneur l'Ev^que d'Axieei, author of the Tahitian Dictionary, I received Marquesan, Paumotan, and Mangarevan vocabularies with French equivalents. These vocabularies, collected long ago, and thus more valuable, were in MSS., the Mangarevan being especially a unique and priceless document. From him I also received many letters full of the learned counsel and guidance inseparable from the words of one grown to a venerable old age in doing noble and self -forgetful service — service which has endeared him alike to Native and European, Cathohc and Protestant. To his Excellency M. Lacascade, Governor of the French possessions in Oceania ; and to M. le Vioomte de Jouffkoy d'Abbans, late Vice-consul for the French Eepublio, Wellington, N.Z. (now in Switzerland), I beg to express my obligations for their courtesy and assistance. Of my own countrymen the list is long. Some have put their collections at my service ; some have answered difficult questions as to Polynesian vocabularies or mythology ; others have taken the trouble to consult aged Maori chiefs in diilerent parts of the country as to obsolete or doubtful words. The Eev. W. Wtatt Gill, B.A. (author of Mj/i/js and Songs of the South Pacific, Savage Life in Polynesia, &c., &c.) ; the late Judge Foenandee, of Hawaii (author of The Polynesian Pace) ; Miss Teuiea Henet, of Tahiti ; Mr. A. Shand, Chatham Islands ; the Eev. J. L. Geeen, of Tahiti ; Professor Alexandee, Surveyor- General of Hawaii ; Mr. J. L. Young, of Tahiti ; the Eev. W. Colenso, F.E.S., of Napier, N.Z. ; the late Mr. C. 0. Davis (author of Maori Mementoes), N.Z. ; Mr. J. White (author of The Ancient History of the Maori), N.Z.; Mr. Geo. Davies, interpreter. Native Department, N.Z.; Mr. Peeoy Smith, P.E.G.S., Surveyor General, N.Z.; Sir James Heotoe, F.E.S. , of Wellington, N.Z.; Eev. A. Williams, of Putiki, Whanganui, N.Z. ; Major Mate, Judge of the Native Land Court ; Mr. T. W. Kiek, F.E.M.S., Wellington, N.Z. ; Mr. H. Hahfield, interpreter to the Legislative Council; Mr. Butlee, native lands purchase agent; Mr. Stevens, of Ardmore, Papa- kura (an accomplished Malayan scholar); Mr. Geoege Poc (Te Pou Tawera), interpreter, Native Department ; Mr. Peatt (Te Parata) , interpreter, Native Department. Last, but not least, I have to acknowledge the generosity and love of literature displayed by Mr. J. E. Blaie (Messrs Lyon & Blaie) in publishing this book. To his enterprise I owe the fact that I am able to present a technical book bristling with typographical difficulties in a manner the accuracy of which is a credit to the publishing firm and to this young colony. E. T. Wellington, New Zealand. * students of the New Zealand language have long looked foKward -with interest to the production of the great lexicon undertaken many years ago by the Kev. W. ColensOj F.E.S. Circumstances beyond the author's control have again and again delayed its appearance, but so useful and valuable would be the work of a scholar singularly fitted by nature, occupation, and education to produce a unique book on the word-forms of a race fast passing away, that those who, like myself, take interest in the study of obscure languages, cannot even yet give up hope that philology may benefit by the lexicon being born into the world of letters. At an advanced age, when the minds of moat men fail, there still remains with our veteran scholar scientific ardour and intellectual power suf&cient, should he so will, to bring his life-work to a successful close, and to give us that special knowledge which, in New Zealand, rests with him alone. INTEODUCTION. BIBLIOGEAPHY. THAT the Polynesian dialects are related to each other and form but isolated varieties of one great language is by no means a very modern discovery. The first attempt at a comparative table (of forty-seven Oceanic words) was made by Dr. Eeinhold Forster, the naturalist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage. Mr. Anderson published a table at the end of the third voyage of Cook, in which the comparison was carried further by including the languages of Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago. Anderson was followed by the Abb6 Lorenzo Hervas, the Jesuit, who, in his " Catalogue of Languages," published in 1800, set the case very clearly and intelligently before the public. William Marsden and John Crawfurd, authors of great repute as Malay students, followed with learned essays — the former considering the Polynesians as offshoots from the Malays, and the latter believing that the origin of the Malay and Oceanic languages was distinct. Dumont d'Urville accompanied his report on the French Exploring Expedition of 1825- 1829 with a Comparative Vocabulary, published in 1833 ; at the same time stating his opinion to be that the Polynesians were survivors from the peoples of a now-submerged continent. Adelbert von Chamisso issued a volume on the Hawaiian language in 1837, and was followed by Baron W. von Humboldt in 1838 with his scholarly book on the Eawi Language of the Island of Java. In this very voluminous work Humboldt examines the vocabularies and grammatical construction of the Oceanic languages, and considers that the Tagal of the Philippines is the leading dialect. His vocabularies, however, were of a very imperfect character, and his deductions would have been con- siderably modified had he possessed the information at present at our service ; his Maori being the Maori of Lee and Kendall, and his Tongan, if possible, still more defective and illusory. The more modern attempts, fragmentary in character, have all been marred by imperfect comparison and care- less printing, so that they are of no use as authorities for any scientific purpose. THE GROUPING OF WOEDS. Most of the Polynesian Vocabularies follow the rule of putting all the words commencing with a vowel or continuing with vowels before those having leading consonants. Thus the Hawaiian Dictionary is arranged in following order : A, E, I, 0, U, H, K, L, M, &a. ; Umu precedes Hau, Hed precedes Hehe, &c., &e. This custom has not been followed in the present volume, where the words, intended for English readers, are arranged in the order of the English alphabet. The exceptions are ng and wh ; these are considered as single letters ; words commencing with ng follow the completed series of n, and words in wh follow the completed series of w. There are strong reasons in favor of printing all words commencing with the causative whaka under wh; the main point in favour of this course being ease of reference, especially to those persons not at all acquainted with the language. In a Comparative Dictionary, however, it is necessary to group the words together for convenience of reference. Thus whaka-oti, to finish, must be looked for under On ; pwpuM and puMpuhi under Pchi ; papai, paingia, whaka-pai, and whaka-paipai under Pai. A very little practice in consulting the Dictionary will make the reader accustomed to this order of composition. GEAMMAE. I have carefully avoided the use of letters to mark the native words as substantive, adjective^ verb, cfec. It is an unwise, if not a mischievous, effort to make if we endeavour to force the rules of grammar which fit (more or less) the modern stage of the English tongue upon a language belonging to the utterly unequal grammar-period in which the Polynesian speech is now found. I use these expressions with consideration, because I believe that there is a constant progress or decay in all languages, affecting their character and rendering their forms unsuitable. This is certainly the case in regard to the English grammar, where we have seen case-endings and inflected plurals in a state of flux for the last few centuries and tending to disappearance. The Polynesian (of course including Maori) has been in such a condition of isolation that its changes have not been recorded ; indeed, they have probably been fewer than those of peoples where intercommunication has been easy, and where language and dialect have again and again, by conquest or commercial enterprise, overlaid and overlapped the linguistic boundaries. The effort to adapt Maori words to rules of English grammar is evaded by the complex simplicity (if I may use such an expression) of the native language, where one word may serve either as verb, noun, or adjective, according to its context, and wherein particles INTEODUCTION. whose use only praotioe oan render familiar, are able to link words into sentences capable of render- ing very subtle and sensitive expression. If we attempt to retain these particles in the net of English grammar, we shall be in the unpleasant situation of having to lay down rules -with more exceptions than examples. The Accent (as mara, mona, &a.) has been used to denote a lengthened stress upon the vowel so marked. [Through inadvertence, in a few cases the accent has been printed thus, d instead of ft.] Some writers of Maori prefer a double letter, as maara, &c., but this is misleading, as the sound is not that of two distinct vowels. In all cases where accents are not used, the first syllable is more strongly marked than the others, although not with the lengthened vowel sound. The pronunciation of the Vowels as printed in Maori and in all Polynesian writings is nearly that used by the Italians. The vowels are as follows : — a short, almost like the English short u in smut. a long ; rather longer than in father. e short, as in bent, sent. e long, resembling the a in Mary. i short, as in hit, pit, &c., I long, as ee in fleet. short, as in locJt. long, as in cocoa. u short, as o in lose. u long, as 00 in pooh. The Consonants have nearly the same power as in English. Ng is pronounced like ng in Hinging, ringing, &a. It is probable that formerly in some localities the r varied into I and d, the p into h, &a., but the efforts to educate the Maori children in their own language have resulted in the production of a classic form, in which the r and p are distinctly r and p. The pronunciation varies slightly with locality, thus tangata is in some places tanata, but these irregularities of the sub-dialects are very fluctuating and unfixed. MAOEI AND POLYNESIAN LETTEE-CHANGES. VOWELS. The vowels sometimes interchange with each other. The following may serve as examples : — A and E. — Tutai, a spy, tutei ; hapa, crooked, hape ; hura, to search, fiwre ; ngawhara, to arrsxvahle, ngawhere ; ngarahu, chaicosi, ngarehu ; ngangara, to snarl, ngengere ; tora, to burn, tore; tawatawa, a mackerel, tewetewe. A and I. — Bari, to make a loud confused noise, rara ; tara, rays of the sun, tira. A and 0. — Eanohi, the eye, konohi ; hopua, hollowed, hapua; nati, to constrict, noU; purau, a fork, paroM; houhou, cool, hauhau; tora to hurn, toro. A and U. — Kanapa, bright, kanapu'; rakaraka, to scratch, rakuraku ; hawini, to shiver with cold, huwini. A Lost. — Ngaoki, to creep, ngoki. E and I.—Ngaingai, shells, ngaengae; niti, a dart, neti. E and 0. — Tore, to burn, toro. E and U. — Kame, to eat, kamu. I and A. — As A and I ante. I and E. — As E and I ante. I and 0. — Hapoki, a pit for storing potatoes, hapoko; hinga, to lean, honga; hopi, to be afraid hopo ; ngahiri, to be abundant, ngahoro. I and U. — Ito, an object of revenge, uto; inu, to drink, unu; himu, the hip-bone, humu ; iho, the heart of a tree, uho. I Lost. — Hutoitoi, stunted, hutotoi. and A. — As A and ante. and E. — As E and ante. and I. — As I and ante. and U. — Hotoke, winter, hutoke ; ngoro, to snore, nguru. U and A. — As A and U ante. V and E. — As E and U ante. U and I. — As I and U ante. U and 0. — As and U ante. U hOB'T.—Hauware, BBMya, haioare ; houkeke, obstinate, ftoftefte; toukeke, clyar]i&ii, tokeke. INTEODUCTION. CONSONANTS. H and K. — Ev/rutete, stunted, kurutete ; hare, not, kore ; hatea, whitened, hatea ; huwha, the thigh, kuwha ; harangi, unsettled, harangi ; hukari, the young of birds, kukari ; houka, a species of cabbage-tree, kouka. H and N. — FuhuM, blunt, pvnuki. H and NG. — Kongehe, feeble, kongenge ; puhaehae, envious, pimgaengae. H and P. — KorohuJm, to boil, koropupu ; Jiarirau, a wing, parirau ; hua, to bloom, pua. H and E. — Hiwai, the potato, riwai. H and T. — Hangoro, loose, tangoro; hapi, a native oven, tapi; hapaki, to oatchlioe, tapaki; havM, cowardly, tautaua; hawera, a burnt spot in the bush or fern, tawera; hikaro, to pick out, tikaro; hokeke, churlish, tokeke. H Lost. — Hitau, a small waist-mat, itau; hokioi, the name of a mythical bird, okioi; ngaehe, to rustle, ngahehe; hanene, blowing gently, anene; harangi, unsettled, arangi; hamhato, a kind of tangaa, awhato ; ftauiftc, to pass round, awhe; hihi, a sunbeam, iMiW; hiku, the eaves of a house, ikuiku; hinanga, the name of a small fish, inanga; hopi, terrified, opi. H and WH.— JHaro, to scrape clean, wharo; hea, what place? wheal hinau, the name of a tree, whinau; More, the tail, whiore; hiroki, thin, whiroki ; huha, the thigh, huwha; ohiti, on one's guard, owhiti; hapuku, the name of a fish, whapuku, &o., &a. K and H. — See H and E ante. K and M. — Kaewa, to wander, maewa; kapura, fire, mapura. K and N. — Takoki, sprained, tanoni. KandNG. — Kareko, to slip, karengo; kita, tightly, fast, ngita; koekoe, to ecte&va, ngeongoe ; koiro, the conger eel, ngoiro. [Note. — This is a very frequent letter-change, and between the NG of the North Island and K of the South is almost constant; as kainga, a vUlage, kaika; nga, the plural article, ka, &c.] E and P. — Karenge, to slip, parengo. E and B. — Kahui, a herd, rahui ; poroTtere, broken, pororere. E and T. — Kokiri, to launch endways, tokiri ; hiki, to start involuntarily, whiti ; kawpoki, to cover, taupoki ; naku, to scratch, natu. K Lost. — Kahore, not, ahcyre ; Kahua, form, appearance, ahv/i ; karangi, unsettled, aravgi, M and E. — As K and M ante. M and JUG.— Mote, to suck, ngote; mongamonga, crushed, ngonga; motumotu, a firebrand, ngotu; mumutawa, a kind of beetle, ngwngutawa. M and P. — Maheno, untied, paheno ; maka, to throw, panga ; mona, a knot of a tree, pona. M and T. — Mawhera, open, tawhera ; haumaku, bedewed, hautaku. M and WH. — Amio, to go round, awhio. M Lost. — Maewa, to wander, aewa. N and K. — As E and N ante. N and NG. — Neinei, to stretch forwards, ngeingei. N and E. — Naku, to scratch, raku; nehutai, spray, rehutai; Niwaru, the name of a canoe, Riwaru; wiri, to tremble, winiwini; nanea, copious, ranea. N and T. — Noke, a worm, take ; natu, mixed, nanu. NG and H.— As H and N G ante. NG and E.— As E and NG ante. NG and M. — As M and NG ante. NG and N.— As N and NG ante. NG and P. — Ngahoahoa, headache, pahoahoa. NG Lost. — Hungoingoi, trembling, huoioi. P and H. — As H and P ante. P and E. — As E and P ante. P and M. — As M and P ante. P and NG.— As NG and P ante. P and T.—Hiapo, to be gathered together, hiato ; poremi, to disappear, toremi. P and W. — Tapeke, to be all come or gone, taweke. P and WH. — Penei, like this, wherwi ; pena, like that, whena. E and H. — As H and E ante. E and E. — As E and E ante. E and N. — As N and E ante. T and H.— As H and T ante. T and E. — As E and T ante. T and M.— As M and T ante. INTRODUCTION. T and N.— As N and T ante. T and P.— As P and T ante. T Lost. — Tauporo, to cut short, awporo ; tiketike, high, lofty, ikeike ; tungutu, to put together the sticks of a fire, ungutu. W and T.— As T and W ante. W Lost. — Tapuwae, a footstep, tapxuie. WH and H.— As H and WH ante. WH and M.— As M and WH ante. WH and P.— As P and WH ante. Teansposition. — Rango, a fly, ngaro ; erangi, it is better, engari ; ngarehe, ioreat, ngahere, &e. VOWELS. The vowels seldom interchange in Samoan words, although there are a few examples of such transfer, e.g., tonini, to guess a riddle, tonana; soma, red native cloth, sema ; taunu'u, to arrive, tunu'u. The vowel-changes between Samoan and Maori are much more frequent. In the following in- stances the related Maori words are given in brackets: — Aluga, a. soft pillow iurunga); anahea, when ? of past time (inahea) ; lepa, a pond, to be stagnant (repo) ; anapo, last night, (inapo) ; 'emo, to wink the eye (kimo) ; ogoogo, the stinging nettle {ongaonga) ; tafola, a whale, {tohora) ; tagamimi, the bladder (tongamimi) ; tipa, to jump as a stone on the water when playing " ducks and drakes " {tipi) ; tupito, last, at the end (topito.) CONSONANTS. Here the Samoan words are placed first with related Maori words (marked M) or Samoan words (marked S) following. L and E. — Lagi, the sky, M. rangi ; lau, a leaf, M. ran; lima, five, M. rima, &a., &a. This is the regular interchange. L and T. — Lona, his, M. tona; lou, thine, M. ton; lo'u, my,M. toku; Zixm, thy, M. tou ; la'u, my, M. taku; U, the, M. te ; le, not, M. te ; Una, that, M. tena; lenei, this, M. tenet. L (or E) and N. — Naumati, dry, M. raumati ; nini'i, small, M. ririki and S. liliki ; manino, calm, M. marino; manene, to fall slowly, M. marere; nape, to be entangled, S. tape ; no'uno'u, to be weighed down, M. roku; nono, the white ant, M. rororo ; nunu, to crowd together, M. ruru; pologa,a, slave, M. pononga. L and G (NG).— Saia, continually, S. saga ; tugagi, duU, blunt, S. tulali ; tugafana, the step of a mast, S. tulafana. G is written in Samoan for the sound of Maori NG, as gafulu, ten, M. ngahuru. A regular script. L (or E) and ' (K.) — Pipi'i, to stick to, M. piri. L and S. — Segasega, yellowish, S. legalega. M and T. — Tale, a cough, M. mare. M and P.— ilfase'«se'e, slippery, M. paAefe/ie&c ; mastmit, to singe, M.pahunu; malemo, to be, drowned, M. par emo ; mapa, to make a cracking noise, to snap, M. papcL; magugu, to be scranched. S. pagugu. M and F.—Maneme, to loiter, S.fanene; mafine, a. woman. S.faflne. S and T. — Safe, pannus menstrualis, M. taJie ; lalato, to have the mouth stung by an acrid substance, S. salato ; sasa, a rod, M. ta ; sefea, which? M. tehea ; sou, thy, M. tou; so'u, my, M, toku ; sau, thy, M. tau ; sana, his, M. tana ; se, not, M. te ; senei, this M. tenei ; sena, that M. tena. S and P. — Salafalafa, flat, M. paraharaha. S and K. — Sapo, to catch at, M. kapo ; sasala, to be diffused, as a perfume. M. kakara. S and H. — A regular interchange between Maori and Samoan. Soa, a companion, M. hoa ; sau, dew, M. liau, &a., &o. S and WH. — Asiosio, a whirlwind, M. awhiowhio. ' and K.— A regular interchange. [' is used to denote a " break " or catch of the breath, in sound between K and H, and used for the former letter.] A'a, fibres of a root, M. aka ; 'a'e, to ascend, M. kake; ' ai, to eat, M. kai, &o., &c. ' and V. — Sa'eu, to stir up, S. saveu. ' lost.— C/Ji, a dog, M. kuri ; alalu, a cockroach, M.. kekereru ; iaSo, bars connecting the out- rigger with the canoe, M. kiato ; io, a long strip of flesh or fish, M. kiko ; ina'i, to eat one kind of food with another, as sauce, M. kinaki ; ave, a tentacle of outtle-fish, M. kawekawe; avei, the handle of a mat-basket, M. kawei. INTEODUCTION. xvii. ' added. — Hvi, a bone, M. iwi ; 'aue, alas ! M. aue ; '«'«, to place upon, M. eke. • and T.—Fato,to eat, S. va'o. W and v.— A regular interchange. Vai, fresh water, M. wai ; vae, the leg of an animal, M. wae, &o., &a. W and P — Fasi, to split, a piece, M. wahi. M and 'S.—Filo, a thread ; S. milo, to twist rope. [See Whieo.] V and F. — Fato, to eat, S. va'o. WH and P.— A regular interchange. Fetu, a star, M. wUtu ; fiU, to plat, M. wMri ; fa, four, M. wha, &o., &o. H and V.—Fui, a cluster of nuts, M. hui ; fua, to produce fruit, M. Tma ; fono, to hold a council, M. hono ; foe, a paddle, M. hoe ; fo% to return, M. hoH. This is a very frequent though iiTegular interchange, and probably points out that the related Maori words have lost W ; thus hoe, a paddle, should be whoe ; hold, to return, should be wlioki. N and T.—Ninifi to adorn, S. titifii. H Lost. — I'm, the tail, M. hiku, uluulu to be bushy, said of the beard, M. huruhuru. T Lost. — Mati'u'u, the finger nail, S. mai'u'u. Tkanspositions. — Namu, a smell, an odour, S. manu; nivaniva, the bow of a native drill, S. vinavina. VOWELS. The Tahitian words sometimes exchange vowels, but between Maori and Tahitian the inter- change is more frequent. In the following examples the Tahitian word is placed first, and the related Maori or Tahitian word (marked M. or T.) follows. Oeoe, sharp, pointed, M. koi; fetii, to tie or bind, M. wMtiki; hapoi, to carry, T. hopoi; hinaaro, affection, M. hinengaro ; mama, progeny, M. momo; marara, the flying fish, M. niaroro; metua and mitua, a parent, M. matua; pererau, the wingiof a fowl, M. parirau; teimaha, heavy, T. and M. taimaha; tinai, to extinguish fire, M. tinei; manihini, guests, visitors, M. manuhiri ; afata, a scaffold, T. ihata; mahita, soon angry, T. mahiti; nivaniva, unsteady, T. nevaneva; nahu, well regulated, T. ma/jona/w; miWm'/ii, neat, T. nehenefte; opai, to drift to leeward, T. opae; arava, a stripe, T. irava; manaa, manageable, T. manee; maua, an old cocoanut tree, T. maui; mira, to polish clubs, &a., T. mire; mitaro, accustomed, T. mataro; pahoro, a comb, l.pahere ; rara, to run M. rere; reme, a torch, M. and T., rama; tioi, to turn a thing to one side, T. taoi; taopaopa, to roll, T. tiopaopa; tipaopao, to mark for revenge, T. tapaopao; tatia, a girdle, M. and T. tatua; tiatia, to carry or convey, T. tietie; tiparu, to flatter, T. taparu; tip«, to chop, T. tapu; virua and venia, the spirit, T. varua; vitahi, someone, T. vetahi; vihi, a wrapper, T. vehi. Tia appears often to be used for tu; as, tiapapau, a corpse, M. tupapaku; tia, to stand, M. tu; tiapuTia, an ancestor, M. twpuna.; iiarama, a torch, M. turama, &a., &o. Nia, above, is a curious word. It has probably been runga, nunga, niia, nia. CONSONANTS. E and N. — Ramu, a mosquito, T. namu; anuhe, common fern, M. aruhe; manii, to be spilling, M. maringi; manino, calm, M. marino; manana, vagrant, M. marara; natu, to be brought into some dilemma, M. rapu; manaa, manageable, T. maraa; manuhini, visitors, M. and T. manuhiri; nave, to be pleased, M. rawe; nawpa, to obtain, T. raupa; navai, to suffice, T. ravai; nua, above, M. runga. M and P. — Mahme, to be peeling off, T. and M. pahore ; nauma, to obtaiu, T. naupa; mahu, to cease, T.pahu; mahemo, to slip off, T. pahemo; patia, a spear, M. matia. M and WH {¥).—Humaha, the thigh, M. huwha and T. hufaa ; maha, four, M. wha. M and H.—Hiro, to twist, M. mi7-o. M hosT. —Teiaha, heavy, T. teimaha ; araea, red earth, Marquesan karamea. K Lost. — This is an entire loss. Ai, the neck, M. kaki ; io, flesh, M. hike, &o. &c. K and V. — Vita, tied, fast-bound, M. kita. NG Lost. — This is an entire loss. Aa, an insult, M. kanga ; aau, the heart, M. ngakau, &c. &c., &o. N and 'Sd.—Na, the plural article " the," M. nga ; noi, a knot, M. ngoi. N and P. — Natu, to be brought into some dilemma, T. napu; panai, to stand in a line, T. nanai. N Lost.- — Niniore, a species of fish-blubber, T. iiore. N and E. — See E and N ante. H and M.— See M and H ante. H and F. — Aoha, a species of plantain, T. aofa ; pufa, a disease of the foot, T. pulia. H and WH.— Hinnai, to lean on another, M. whaka-whirinaki. H and B.— Mooftt, native, T. and M. Maori. INTEODUCTION. H and P. — Hanami, flowing (as the sea), T. pananu. H Added. — Humaha, the thigh, T. hufaa. H Lost. — ^liaana, bright, shining, M. hana,T. hanahana; rairai, thin, M. rahirahi; ono, to join one piece to another, M. and T. hoino ; oromi, to disappear, M. horomi ; nohirwhi, small, T. noinoi ; opohe, to he checked in growth, T. opoe. P and M. — See M and P ante. P and WH (F). — Patiri, thunder, M. whaitiri ; patu, a stone wall, to build with stone, M. whatu. P and N. — See N and P ante. P Lost. — Pafata, a cage, a box, T. afata E Lost. — Van, eight, M. waru; puamaru, agitation of mind, T. puauau. T Lost. — Eaumai, to be fair after raining, M. raumati ; ahu, to be burnt, tahu. V and W.— A regular interchange. Valia, the mouth, M. waha; vai, water, M. wai, &o., &o. V Added. — TJvira, lighting, M. and T. uira. WH and F. — A regular interchange. Fai, to confess, M. whaM ; fare, a house, M, whare, &o. WH and H.— See H and WH ante. WH and M.— See M and WH ante. In the following examples the Hawaiian word is written first, the corresponding or related word in Maori or Hawaiian (marked M. or H.) following the explanation. VOWELS. Hehili, thunder, M. whaitiri ; hone, to prick, M. hmii ; keehi, to stamp with the foot, M. takahi; fttnai, to extinguish, as fire, M.. tinei ; koanamimi, the bladder, M, tongamimi ; paha, perhaps, M., pea ; mao, to carry off, M. mau ; mae, to pine in sickness, H. mai ; wao, to scrape, H. wau ; wauke, the shrub from which a native cloth was made, H. waoke ; wea, a red dye, H. weo ; wila, a ribbon H. wilt ; paaa, banana rind, H. paau ; paolo, a, bundle, H. puolo ; paho, to sink, K.poho ; pakaki, to talk irrationally, H. ^a/caJce ; ^afeto, to slip out of one's grasp, H. j^aiteZe ; yaJiofe, incompetent, H. pokole; peheu, the wing of a bird, M. pahau; peke,\ov/, not tall, H. jjo/co ; poMM, puzzling, H pohihiu; pole, to defend off, M. pare ; polemo, to sink in the water, H. palemo ; pv£pue, to be large and plump, 'R.puipui; palm, the bursting of a boil, Ac, Il.puJm; puhenu, a breathing, B..puhanu;- pukoko, io aa.dk\e, K.pukaka; ne/co, bad smelling, H. niku ; nulie, sullen, H. nuha ; meliana, hea,t H. and M. mahana; loea, siill, U. loia ; kalii, to cut, H. kahe ; kahuwai, a brook, H. kahawai; kapuwai, a footstep, M. tapuwae ; keo, white, H. kea, M. tea ; Mope, lame, H. kaopa ; kohi, to detain, H. kohe ; kunahua, to bend forward in walking, H. kanahua ; kupola, to roU up in'a bundle, H. kapola ; hai, to break open, H. hae ; liauapu, a yearning, H. hauupu ; haupo, the thorax, H.' houpo ; haknkai, to be stormy, H. hakukoi ; hanu, to breathe, H. liam) ; hapakui, to stammer,' h! hapakue; heliu, to face about, H. haliu ; Tienehene, to laugh in derision, H. henahena ; henuhenu, to be smooth, polished, H. hinuhinu ; hilo, to turn, to twist, H. MU ; huikau, to turn topsy-turvy' H. huikai ; hukiki, to shiver, H. hukeke ; ume, a lengthening out, H. umi ; umu, to bake, H. imu ; upo, to desire strongly, H. ipo and upu; oaka, to open as a door, H. uwalta ; elelo, the tongue H. alelo; enei, here, H. anei. ' CONSONANTS. K.— The Maori K is entirely lost in Hawaiian ; e.g.. A, to burn, M. ka; aea, to wander, M. kaea ■ ume, to pull, M. kume, &o., &o. The Hawaiian K represents the Maori T. There are, however a few cases in which irregularities appear to occur, suggesting that probably the K has bem retained Kakakaha, small cracks, M. katakata; kala, a public crier, M. kala; kawa, to flow freely as perspiration, M. kakawa; naku, to root as a hog, M. naku; pekapeka, slander, f&.peka; kumu a species of red fish, M. kumukumu, the gurnard; kuhukiihu, a dove, M. kuku. ' ' K and T.-The regular interchange of Maori and Hawaiian. Kanaka, a human being M. tangata; kane, a male, M. tane; kai, the sea, M. tai, &a., &c. K (T) and il.—Welie, to open, as a door, H. loeke; pekekeu, a wing, H. peheu; kike to sneeze H. kihe. ' ' K(T) ^nAF.-Kokoke, near to. II. pokohe; ™tomte, plump, U. nupanupa; ftote, the crack of a whip, E..poha; hupi, to pull, H. huki; kulehu, to roast, H.pulehti. K (T) and M.—Makia, to fasten with nails, H. kakia. K (T) and L. -Ekekei, short, H. elehei. KCI)ho,T.-Nakele,hoggj,U.naele; kalania, smooth, as the sea, H. ateia; Joafca, valiant H. koaa; kopiko the name of a shrub, H. opiko ; kukuhi, to pour water into a vessel H ukuhi H and K (T). — See K and H ante. ' H and 'S.—Ponaha, circular, H. pokaha; nehe, a rumour, H. nene. INTRODUCTION, H and P. — Hupu, angry, H. huhu. H and M. — Hilo, to twist, milo. H and Vf.—Hili, to twist, M. wiri. H and WH. — A regular interchange between Maori and Hawaiian. Naha, to split open, as the ground, M. ngawha; hihi, the entangling of vines, M. whiwhi, &a., &a. H. LoBi. — TJpe, mucus from the nose, M. hupe ; mahalui, to labour long, H. makaluhi ; hoehaeha, morose, H. koea; hehu, mist, H. ete; Jwhule, bald, H. ohide ; homi, withered, H. omi; hopilo, to relapse after sickness, H. opilo ; hulili, to burn, H. ulili ; hulina, to be soft to the touch, H. ulina; hehi, to trample, H. ehi. M and H.— See H and M {ante). M and K.— See K and M {ante). M and P. — Pai, blight, fading, H. mat; piula, mule (a modern word), H. miula ; peua, to join together, H. meua; pehe, like as, H. mehe ; mumuka, bad, H. pwpuka. M and N. — Kunu, a gentle wind, H. kumu. M and W. — Wakaikai, to examine, H. makailtai ; komi, to press together, H. kowi ; uwala, the sweet potato, M. Ttumara. M Lost. — Maikola, worthless, H. aikola ; uala, the sweet potato, M. kumara. N and L (E). — Ununa, a pillow, M. urunga; hanana, to flow as water, H. halana; kanulu, heavy, H. kanunu; kulokuloku, to stand in pools, as water, H. kunokunoku ; nanakea, to be weak in body, H. lanakea ; nanahu, a coal, H. lanahu, M. ngarahu ; manini, to spill, M. maringi ; manino, calm, H. malino, M. marino ; kalana, to sift, H. kmiana ; kunana, to step awry, H. kulana ; hanana, to flow as water, H. halana ; nanaau, to float on the current, H. lanaau ; nanu, surf, H. nalu, M. ngaru ; pino- pino, bad swelling, H. pilopilo, M. piro ; polohuku, a present, H. polonuku ; nalo, lost, H. nana ; nina soft to the touch, H. Una ; lanau, to be sour-tempered, H. nanau. N and NG. — A regular interchange of Maori and Hawaiian. Naha, to crack open as the ground, M. ngawha ; nau, to chew, M. ngau, &o., tfec, &o. N and H. — See H and N ante. N and M.— See M and N ante. N and P. — Nun, to swell up, H. puu. N or NG Tiosi.—Naikola, to boast or glory over one, H. aikola ; lai, the sky, H. lani, M. rangi. L (or E) and W. — Poweko, eloquent, H. poleko. L (or E) and N. — See N and L ante. L and K (T). — See K and L ante. L (or E) Lost. — Koali, to turn round, H. koai , wau, to scrape, M. warn ; pakeaai, a glutton, H. pakelaai. P and M. — See M and P ante. P and H. — See H and P ante. P and N. — See N and P ante. P and K. — See K and P ante. P Lost. — Peheu, the -wing ot a bird, H. eheu ; ponaha, circular, H. onaha; puha, to hawk up mucus in the throat, H, uha ; puke, to strike, H. uke ; pulu, wet, H. ulu. W and U. — Wifes, lightning, H. uila; naueue, to vibrate, 'S.nawewe; ualaau, to cry out, H. walaau. W Lost. — Lauwili, unstable, H. lauili. W Added. — Hua, to be jealous, H. huwa; uai, to open or shut as a door, H. uwai; uao, to inter- fere, H. uwao; uahi, a cloud, H. uwahi ; ue, to jerk, H. uwe ; ui, to wring H. uwi ; uo, to cry out, H. uwo ; aue, alas ! H. auwe ; wau, I, M. au; kauo, to haul a load, H. kauwo ; wewe, the placenta, M. ewe; huua, fuU, H. hmma; pupua, a blossom, B.-piipuwa; laoa, to bundle up, H. laowa. In the following examples the Tongan word is written first, the related Tongan or Maori word (marked T. or M.) following, VOWELS. Eiki, a chief, M. ariki ; efiafi, evening, M. ahiahi; elelo, the tongue, M. arero ; eku, my, M. aku; mamahi,pam, M. mamae ; ofato, the name of an insect, M. awhato ; unufi, the caterpillar, M. anuhe; fefie, firewood, M. wahie; mele, to cough, M. mare ; luo, a cave, M. rua ; tagamimi, the bladder, M. tongamimi ; tokoto, to lie down, M. takoto ; malu, soft, T. molu, soft ; kemo, to wink, M. kimo ; kofu, a garment, M. kahu. CONSONANTS. H and K.—Hake, to ascend, M. kake; habu, the banana leaf tied at each end to hold water, M, kapu (7). H and B,.—Vhiuhi, dark blue, M. iiriwi ; bibihi, to cleave to, M. pipiri INTEODUCTION. H and ¥.—Efiafi, evening, M. ahiaU ; hifo, down, M. iho; afi, fire, M. aU ; fuji, to deplume, M. Jiuti. H and S. — Tuha, equal, T. tusa. H Lost. — Agai, the corresponding opposite, M. hangai. . H Inserted.— JTufe, upwards, M. ake ; hala, a road, M. ara ; hifo down, M. iho ; uha, rain, M. ua ; haamo, to carry on the shoulders, M. amo ; lolm, a forked stick used for twisting oH bread fruit, M. rou : toho, to drag, M. to ; haku, my, M. aku ; Mva, nine, M. iwa ; Jwnge, scarce, M. onge ; vahe, to divide, M. wawae ; fuhi, a bunch, M. hui. K and H. — See H and K ante. E and N. — Hoko, to apply, to join, M. h/ino. K and T— Tafara, sour, M. kawa; iki, small, M. iti; fekilokihfaU, to stare about. ^ (M. probably a compound of tiro, to look. It is the more curious because the Tongan comparative of tiro is jio.) K and G (NG).— Gaua/i, a fire stick, M. kauahi. E Insekted. — Kau, I, M. au. E Lost.— 4itoa, an expression of pleasure at the misfortunes of another, M. kaitoa. M and ^.—Bahabaha, light, not heavy, M. mama; malu, loose, soft, M. paru. B and P.— Eegular interchange of Tongan and Maori. Ba, a fence, M. jpa; baba, a board, M. papa, ; bae, a sill, M. yae, &o., &c. V and W.— Eegular interchange of Maori and Tongan. Vale, foolish, M. ware; valu, eight, M. waru, &c., &a, M and B. — See B and M ante. N and L {'R).—Neka, joy, M. reka; nunu, to gather together, M. ruru; nima, five, M.nma. L and E.— Eegular interchange between Maori and Tongan. Loto, inside, M. roto, &o., &o. P and E. — Fuga, high, M. runga. F and WH.— Eegular interchange between Maori and Tongan. Fa, to feel after, M. wha; faji, to break, M. whati, &a., &b. P and S. — Sai, good, M. pai. L (E) Lost.— TamaiM, chidren, M. tamariki; mui, behind, M..muri; ama, a torch, M. rama ; ogo, to hear, Jl/. rongo; ua, two, M. rua; uku, to dive, M. ruku; jio, to look, M. tiro; uiui, black, M. uriuri; tui, the knee, M. turi; vau, to scrape, M. waru. J and T. — Tamajii, a small boy, M. tamaiti; oji, to be finished, M. oti; koji, to cut with scissors, M. koti; faijijili, a thunderbolt, M. whaitiri and whatitiri; faji, to break, M. whati; jio, to look, M. tiro; mimiji, to suck, M. miti; fuji, to deplume, M. huti. The Earotongan of this dictionary also includes Mangaian. No dictionary or vocabulary of the Hervey Islands dialect is procurable, but one is now in course of construction by the Eev. W. Wyall Gill, B.A., and students of Polynesian are looking forward with interest to the completed work of this devoted scholar and historian. Until the book can be obtained, any attempt to classify the irregular letter-changes would be premature. A constant diiierence from Maori and most other Polynesian dialects is the complete absence of the letter H in Earotongan. Thus : Inn, oil, M hinu; ara, a sin, M. hara; maara, to think, M. mahara, &c. So strongly is this dislike of the aspirate maintained, that words spelt in Maori with wh (the Polynesian /;, lose the w also in Earotongan; e.g., u, four, M. wlia, Samoan/a; anau, to be born, M. whanau, &o., &o. In the following examples the Marquesau word precedes, and the related Maori word (marked M.) follows. VOWELS. Etua, a god, M. atua; meama, the moon, M. marama; metaki, wind, M. matangi; menino, calm, M.marino; metau, a hook, M. matett; tehito, old, M. tawhito; tuehine, sister, M. tuahine ; tekahi, to trample, M. takahi; vehie, firewood, M. wahie ; vehine, a woman, M. wahine; kouvae, the chin, M. kauwae; toua, war, M. taua; toua, a rope, M. taura ; mounu, bait, M. maunu; pootu, elegant, M. puroiu ; tokete, brother-in-law, M. taokete ; kaake, the armpit, M. keke ; tokoau, the north-east, M. tokerau. CONSONANTS. H and E. — Piahiahi, clear, M. piari. H and W. — Haha, the mouth, M. walia. H and WH.—Hataa, shelves, M. whata ; hati, to break, M. whati; hatiitii, thunder, M. whatitiri. INTRODUCTION. K and T. — Malcamakaiima, a finger (M-Jj. =matamatarmma). K and NG. — Haka, to work, M. hanga ; hold, to smell, to kiss, M. hongi; iU, to spill, M. ringi ; ikoa, a name, M. ingoa ; inaka, the name of a small fish, M. inanga ; kaahu, charcoal, M. ngarahu; kahae, a tear, a rent, M. ngahae ; kavelta, a burden, M. kawenga ; mako, the shark, M. mango; oko, to listen, M. rongo ; potako, a dark night, M. potangotango. K lost. — Ate-puapua, the lungs (M. pukapuka) ; haa-metau, to fear, M. wJiaka-mataku ; imi, to seek. M. kimi ; inai, a relish, M. kinaki; inoino, a bad man, M. kino; paa, ripe, M. paka ; umete, a chest, a box, M. kumete ; upeka, a net, M. kupenga. E Lost. — This is almost absolutely lost. Paaoa, a Sperm-whale, M. paraoa; poi, a tribe, M. pori ; tao, the tare plant, M. taro ; iki, to pour out, M. ringi; ekaeka, pleasure, M.rekareka, &o., &o. V and W. — A regular interchange between Marctuesan and Maori. Vehine, a woman, M. wahine, &b., &a. M and P. — Moupuna, a grandchild. Marqnesan also poupuna (Maori, mokopuna). N and NG. — Na, the (plural article), M. nga ; nutu, the head (probably M. ngutu). N and E. — Menino, calm, M. marino ; nino, to spin, M. rino. In the following examples the Mangarevan word precedes the explanation, and the Maori word (marked M.) follows. VOWELS. Tekere, a keel, M. takere; teito, ancient, M. tawhito; tepeiru, a queen, M. tapairu; teturi, wax in the ear, M. taturi; vehie, firewood, M. wahie; veine, a wife, M. wahine; enuhe, a caterpillar, M. anuhe; erero, language, M. arero (tongue); kerere, a messenger, M. karere; megeo, to itoh, M. mangeo; merigi, to spill, M. maringi; merino, calm, M. marino; nenea, to abound M. nanea; peJiau, a wing, M. pahau; pererau, a wing, M. parirau; peremo, drowned, M. paremo; ruehine, an old woman, M. ruahine; karou, a, hook, M. karau; koumatua, an old man, M. kaumatua; kouae, the jaw, M. kauae; noumati, summer, M. raumati; kourima, a fire-stick, M. kaurimarima; mohore, peeled, M. mahore; mohora, expanded, M. mahora; moto, raw, M. mata; motua, father, M. matua; mounu, bait, M. maunu; hue, to collect, M. hui; tuhuga, skilled, M. tohunga; tohuhu, a ridge-pole, M. tahuhu; aka-tokoto, to lay, to place, M. whaha-takoto ; tohuri, upside down, M. tahuri; toua, war, M. taua; toumaha, an offering, M. tawmaha; toutoru, Orion (a constellation), M. tautoru. CONSONANTS. H and R. — Tiho, to examine, M. tiro. H and K. — Aka-makara, to think upon, M. whaka-mahara. H Lost. — Uhuti, to puU up by the roots, M. huhuti; uha, the thigh, M. huwha; uka, foam from the mouth, M. huka; una, to hide, M. huna; oa, a friend, M. hoa; oaga, a whetstone, M. hoanga; ogi, to kiss, M. hongi; aha, wearied, M. hoha; oko, to barter, M. hoko; ono, to join, M. hono; aea, when, M. ahea; anga, to work, M. hanga; ape, a crooked foot, M. hape; amama, to yawn, M. hamama; amu, to eat scraps, M. hamu; ana, heat, M. hana; ari, to carry, M. hari; iga, to fall, M. hinga; inaki, a fish-basket, M. hinaki; kou, low clouds, M. kohu; maana, warm, M. mahana. K and NG. — Ngiengie, the pandanus, M. kiekie (a related plant). K Added. — Aka-kata, a mirror, M. whaka-ata. E Lost. — Aumatua, old, M. kaumatua; ave, trailers, rope, &c., M. kawe; inaki, a relish, M. kinaki, M and P.—Oho-pangu, black hair, {pangu='M.. mangu, black). Urupatiu, west a-quarter-south, and urupatoga, south a-quarter-west (the^a here = M. ma, and). M Lost. — Kakaraea, red ochre (Paumotan and M. karam^a). N and E (or 'L).—Ahi-tino, to look at, M. whaka-tiro ; noumati, summer, M. raumati. P and M. — See M and P ante. E and N. — See N and E ante. E Lost.— Ete, ashes, Polynesian generally, rehu. V and W. — A regular interchange between Mangarevan and Maori. Ivi, a bone, M. iwi; iva, nine, M. iwa, &c., &o. W (V) Lost. — Aha, the mouth, M. waha. V and WH. — Vio, to whistle, M. whio. VfB. JjOBI.— Angai, to feed, M. whangai; ahao, to put in a bag, M. whawhao; etu, a star, M. whetu; ariki, a mat, M. whariki ; ati, to break, M. whati; atutiri, thunder, M.. whatitiri ; ea, where ? M. whea ; eke, the octopus, M. wheke ; enua, shallows, M. whenua (land) ; itu, seven, M. whitu. INTBODtJCTlON. pjs.xjMorrjs.M'. This dialect, altliough in bulk Polynesian, has been " crossed " with some foreign tongue in a very remarkable manner. The numerals and many of the vital words are utterly strange to the Maori linguist ; but, on the other hand, the Polynesian words have been preserved with great purity of sound and accuracy of meaning. The following examples may serve to show the presence of the foreign element. The Paumotan word is placed first, and the related Maori word (marked M.) follows. Upoupo, heart (mind), M. ngakau; nimo, heart of a tree, M. uho; hipa, to see, M. Hte; vehe, a fault, M. Kara; pepenu, a head, M. upoTio; kama, stupid, M. kuware ; togari, sweat, M. kakawa; utari, to follow, M. what; pouru, a kidney, M. whatukuhu; keka, a road, M. ara; toau, salt, M. mataitai; konao, stone, M. kowhatu; aveke, canoe, M. waka; touiti, rain, M. ua; touo, egg, M. hua ; keiga, bone, M. iwi ; kave, nephew, M. iramutu ; tarena, sinew, M. uaua ; paku, cloud, M. kapua ; kavake , ■moon, }£. marama ; tate, fish-hook, M. matau; mori, oii, M. hinu ; kerikeri, the liver, M. ate; puka forest, M. ngahere ; tuetue, large, M. nui ; teke, fruit, M. hua; kaihora, smoke, M. auahi; niganiga, mud, M.. paru ; neki, korure, rotika, fire, M. ahi, Ttapura; orari (o rari), one, M. tahi; eite [e ite), two, M. rua ; egeti {e geti), three, M. toru ; eope (e ope), four, M. wha-; ekeka, emiha (e keka, e miha), five, M. rima ; ehene {e hene), six, M. ono ; ahito {a hito), seven, M. whitu ; ehava (e hava), eight, M. warn; enipa (e nipa), nine, M. iwa ; horihori, ten, M. tekau; makaro, son, M. tama ; viru, good, M. pai ; manemanea, finger, M. matihao ; komo, water, M. wai ; titi, slave, M. taurekareka, pononga ; kaifa, husband, M. tane ; mahoi, howhoro, spirit, soul, M. wairua ; kamoke, to count, M. tatau; kega, ladder, M. arawhata; tapurena, ashes, M. pungarehu ; manania, girl, M. Mne, kotiro; morire, woman, M. wahine; paneke, fat, M. mrnnona. These words, however, are few compared with the Polynesian words in the dialect, and them- selves have the Polynesian phonology. In the following examples the Paumotan word precedes, and the related Maori word (marked M.) follows. VOWELS. Motoro, adultery, M. matoro; hopoi, to lift, M. hapai; horau, a shed, M. wharau; marara, the flying-fish, M. maroro; ketaketa, solid, M. kita; kakalalo, the cookroaoh, M. kekereru; kiliru, the eel, M. koiro. CONSONANTS. H and E. — Maohi, indigenous, M. maori; tohe, the anus, M. tore. H Added. — Hoge, scarcity, M. oge; mahuga, a mountain, M. maunga; hanuhe, a caterpillar, M. anuhe. H Lost. — Arai, to guide, M. araM ; poutu, to splash, M, pohutu. K and NG. — Gutu, a louse, M. kutu, K Added. — Beko, speech, M. reo. M and P. — Parau, to speak, Paumotan marau. M Lost. — Ote, to suck, M. mote. N and E. — Kirokiro, vile, M. kino. N and NG. — Rarani, a row or rank, M. rarangi. E Added. — Buruga, a bolster, M. urunga. T Lost. — Tureirei, to pitch up and down, as a ship, M. turetireti. The inhabitants of the Chatham Islands (which lie about 400 miles to the eastward of New Zealand) speak a corrupt form of Maori. It has been asserted that the Moriori are the autochthones of New Zealand driven forth by the Polynesian immigrants ; but investigation proves them to have been of Polynesian speech and traditions. Their language is a sub-dialect of New Zealand Maori, difiering little (save in a slovenly dropping of vowels) from that of their brothers on the larger islands. Exception must be made in two curious particulars. They have the tch sound as used in the Friendly Islands, and unknown in New Zealand : thus, the Maori word tamaiti, a child, is pronounced by the Moriori as tchimitchi. The other peculiarity is a very interesting and puzzling phenomenon in comparative philology, viz., that the Causative takes the form hoko, used in Eastern Polynesia, and not whaka {haka, aka, faka, fa'a, &o.), common to New Zealanders, Samoans, Tongans, Earo- tongans, &c. The Moriori dialect has preserved in its long isolation some ancient and precious words lost to the vocabulary of New Zealand; except for this, it would hardly deserve notice as a separate dialect. £:x:rri&A pox4^!ri^x: siA. Many words of languages spoken in Oceania and the Malay Archipelago are presented in this Dictionary as being possibly related to Maori. It is by no means certain that they are Polynesian words adopted by the speakers, nor that the Polynesians have received the words from their neigh- bours, nor even that they had a common source; but as they resemble Polynesian in sound or sense INTEODUCTION. (sometimeB m both), it is possible that they may throw light on some phase of meaning which has not been preserved elsewhere. They are valuable also for the tracing of letter-changes ; but these Ietter-oha,nges are so difficult to bring under law that no attempt is made in the present volume to arrange their multitudinous diversity. Of these, however, the Fijian deserves a brief special notice. The language of the Fiji or Viti Islands contains Polynesian words to the extent of nearly a third of its whole vocabulary ; the rest is derived from Melanesia and other sources foreign to the Maori people. With the exception of a regular change of v for Polynesian h (as vono, to join. Poly, hono ; vou, new. Poly, hxm, &a.), and a few irregular changes, as th (printed c) for k and h (thala, to err, M. hara; thalo, to scoop out, M. karo, &o.), s for t (gusu, the lip, M. ngutu), &c., the Polynesian words are pure and permanent. Another Extra Polynesian language, that of Madagascar, is of special interest, on account of the great distance separating its speakers from those in whose tongue are found many kindred words. How far this kindred may be traced it is difficult to say ; but it is certain that words having affinity in both sound and meaning may be found in Malagasy and Polynesian. It is probable that the real affinity is rather between Malay and Malagasy; but some words which modern Malays do not share with their brothers in the "Great African Island" appear to find relationship in the Polynesian vocabulary. _ _ The absence of the vowel u in Malagasy necessitates the comparison of Polynesian words having either u or o; but the Ukeness is very apparent. In the foUowing examples the Malagasy word is placed first, and the related Polynesian word (marked P.) follows. Ovi, a yam, P. uwU, or ufi; nao, thine, P. nau; havokavoka, the lungs, P.pukapuka; voy, the act of rowing, P. hoe, to paddle; volo, hair, P. hulu, or fulu, hum; voa, seed, P. hua, or fua, fruit; tona, an eel, P. tuna; roa, two, P. rua, or lua; rozirozi, weariness, P. ruhi, weary. As an example how deceptively the letter-changes may cloak a real affinity, I will present the Malagasy word vorondolo, an owl, as equivalent to Maori ruru, an owl. Voro is used as an equivalent for "feathers," the Polynesian huruhuru: the v (as in above examples) = ft, and o = u. The Malagasy, however, use vorma as a general name for birds (probably i.e. "the feathered creatures"), as vorombola, a peacock ; voromahailala, a pigeon. The nd of ndolo may be considered as equivalent to the Fijian, in which every d is nd; and as d is merely a form of r and I [dikydihy = lihyliky ; roa = Malay dua, &c.), and o = «, therefore dolo is a form of ruru. Thus voro-ndolo means "bird- riiru"; and unlikely as at first sight appears the relationship, it is probable. On the other hand, I have not been able hitherto to trace even a possible affinity between Malagasy and Maori in more than one hundred words out of ten thousand in each language. In Malay, the so-called affinities are disappointing as to the number a Polynesian scholar would expect to find, after having read the works of many writers who have boldly asserted the near relationship of the Malay and Polynesian languages, and after having heard the Maori so often spoken of as being a branch of the Malayo-Oceanic family. The numerals are only parallel as far as five ; the Tagal and Malagasy being far more sympathetic. Many important Malay words, such as those for sky, fire, root, hill, eye,