■HVb 
 
OfDrneU Untoeraitg ffiihrarg 
 
 Jt^ata. Sftm Inrk 
 
 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE 
 
 FISKE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE BEQUEST OF 
 
 WILLARD FISKE 
 
 LIBRARIAN OF THE UNIVERSITY 1868-1883 
 
 1905 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QL 402.R13 
 
 Complete writinos of Constantlne Smaltz 
 
 3 1924 024 780 615 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924024780615 
 
THE 
 
 COMPLETE WRITINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 Constantine Smaltz Raflnesque, 
 
 ON 
 
 RECEISTT Sd FOSSIL 
 
 CONCHOLOGY. 
 
 EBITED BT 
 
 WM. G. BINNEY, AND GEORGE W. TRYON JR., 
 
 Members of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 BAILLIEUE BROTHERS, 520 Broadway. 
 
 LONDON : H. Baillibre, 219 Regekt Street. 
 
 PARIS : J. B. BaillibiJe, et Fils, Rue Hautefettillb. 
 
 MADRID; C. Baii.i.t Bailt.ierb, Calle del Principe. 
 
 1864. 
 
THE 
 
 COMPLETE WRITINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 Constantino i^maltz Rafinesqiie, 
 
 ON 
 
 RECEISTT & FOSSIL 
 
 CONCHOLOGY. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 WM. G. mNNEY, AND GEORGE W. TBYON JR., 
 
 Members of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philade]phia, 
 
 NEW YORKi 
 
 BAILLIERE BROTHERS, 530 Broadt^at. 
 
 LONDON : H. Baillieeb, 219 Regent Steebt. 
 
 •PARIS : J. B. Baillieeb, et Eils, Rue HAUTEFBinLLE. 
 
 MADRID : C. Baillt Baillieeb, Calle del PBirrciPE. 
 
 1864. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 t'reface by the Editors , 5 
 
 Titles of Works containing Conehological Writings of Eafinesque 7 
 
 Complete Conehological Writings, &q,. ft 
 
 Index of Generic and Specific Names 97 
 
 Plates 
 
PREFACE BY THE EDITORS. 
 
 The greatest difBculty under which the student of American 
 Conchology labors, is the impossibility of obtaining access to the 
 earlier writings on the subject. To remove this difficulty, a series 
 of Reprints was commenced several years since, by the publication 
 of the Complete Writings of Thomas Say. The present volume offers in 
 an equally accessible form, all the known writings of Constantine 
 Smaltz RAriNESQDE. It is believed to contain a re-print of all his 
 contributions to Recent and Fossil Conchology, and fac-similes of all 
 his published figures. It is the result of the research of several 
 years, and contains extracts from works whose titles are not given 
 in any of the Bibliographies, not even the exhaustive one recently 
 published by Carus and Engellman. It must, however, be antici- 
 pated, that among the numerous publications of so prolific an 
 author, some additional descriptions of MoUusca may yet come to 
 light. 
 
 All the works quoted, have been placed directly into the hand of 
 the compositor, with directions to follow strictly the orthography 
 of the original, a fact which must account for the greater part of 
 the typographical errors which will be found in the work. 
 
6 PREFACE BY THE EDITORS. 
 
 In presenting to the public, for the first time, a complete edition 
 of Rafinesque, we forbear to express an opinion on the differences 
 which have unhappily arisen regarding the adoption of many of his 
 generic and specific names. Where the very highest authorities have 
 differed so much, it would seem presumptuous in us to make a 
 decision. The numerous valuable writings of our author on 
 terrestrial and marine Mollusca (universally acknowledged as such,) 
 together with the great interest which has been awakened in his 
 descriptions of our Naiades, will doubtless render this volume an 
 acceptable addition to Conchological literature. 
 
 Wm. G. Binney, 
 George W. -Tryon, Jr. 
 Philadelphia, May, 1864. 
 
LIST OP WORKS CONTAINING THE CONCHOLOGICAL 
 WRITINGS OF RAFINBSQUE. 
 
 1814. — Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale Enciclopedicadi Sicilia '9 
 
 1814. — Pre.cis des Dec'ouTertes Somiologiques ou Zoologiques et 
 
 Botaniques 11 
 
 1815. — Analyse de la Nature 13 
 
 1818. — Atnerioan Monthly Magazine and Critical Review 32-33-34 
 
 1819. — Journal de Phyalque, dp Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, &c 35-31 
 
 1830. — Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques 34 
 
 1830.— The Annals of Nature 64 
 
 1831. — Enumeration and Account of some Remarkable Objects, «&c 66 
 
 1831. — Continuation of a Monograph, &c 69 
 
 1883-33.— Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, &c 88-91 
 
 1840.— The Good Book and Amenities of Nature 93-94 
 
COMPLETE 
 
 CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS 
 
 Of 
 C. S. RAFINESQUE. 
 
 [From the "SpeccWo delle Scienze o Giornale Enciclopedico di Sicilia," 
 &c., &c. Tomo Secondo. Numero XI. Palermo. 1 Nov., 1814.] 
 
 [153] 
 
 Quadro dei Qeneri di MolluscM pteropodi dei Signori 
 Peron e Lesueur. 
 
 L'Ordine dei Pteropodi (Pleropodia) stabilito trJi la classe dei 
 Molluschi dal celebre Sign. Cavier con i tre generi Clio, Hyalea 
 e Pneumoderma, viene adesso accresciuto sino a 10 generi dai 
 Signori Peron e Lesueur e diviso in 4 seziotii ; eccone i caratteri 
 essenziali. 
 
 PTEROPODI. Corpo libero natante, capo distinto, delle ali, 
 alcune volte un involto testaceo univalve. 
 
 I. Nudi e senza e tentacoli. 
 
 1. G. Firola (Pterotrachea Forsk) 2 occhi, branchie alia base 
 della coda, 3 ale. 
 
 [154] 
 
 2. Gallianira, nessun occhio, 3 ale, branchie cilifere, sopra I'ala 
 laterale. 
 
 II. Nudi e tentacolati. 
 
 3. Fhyllirhoe, 2 tentacoli, una probiscide, contratibile, 2 occhi, 
 una ala caudale. 
 
 4. Pneumoderma Cuvier, 2 tentacoli, una probiscide, nessun 
 occHo, due ale lateral! al coUo, branchie lamellose. 
 
10 rafinesque's 
 
 5. GUo. Linn. 2 tentacoli, una proboscide, nessnn occhio, due ale 
 lateral! al corpo, branchie retiformi sopra le ale. 
 
 6. Glaucus (Scyllea Lin.) 4 tentacoli, nessnn occhio, sei o otto 
 ale laterali digitate branchiali. 
 
 III. Testacei e senza tentacoli. 
 
 7. Cleodora, 2 occhi, 2 ale laterali, testo cartilaginoso. 
 
 lY. Testacei e tentacolati. 
 
 8. Gymbulia, 2 tentacoli, una probiscide, 2 occhi 3 ale, testo car- 
 tilaginoso. 
 
 9. Hyalea Lamark, 2 ale, ai lati della bocca, nessun occhio, testo 
 convesso sopra un lato, apice tricuspidato. 
 
 10. Garinaria Lamark, 2 tentacoli, nessun occhio, testo conico 
 corapresso, dorso &, doppia carena dentata, apice s^irulato. 
 
 Nota dell' editore. lo h6 accresciuto di altri 7 generi nudi, questo 
 ordine di Anamali '; eccone i caratteri essenziali. 
 Alia prima sezione senza tentacoli, appartengono 4 generii 
 
 1. Sypterus, 2 occhi, una probiscide, branchie sotto la coda, un 
 ala sotto il corpo. 
 
 2. Barcopterus, nessun occhio, una grande ala orizontale intorno 
 al corpo, una cresta sul capo, branchie lamellose. 
 
 3. Heteroptera, nessun occhio, molte ale branchiali non digitate 
 ed in numero imparo, le due anterioriori contratibili. 
 
 4. Ahretia, nessun occhio, molte piccole ale branchiali laterali in 
 uumero paro, non digitate, nessuna contratibile. 
 
 [155] 
 B tre generi alia seconda sezione, i tentacolati. 
 
 5. Gteniurus, 2 tentacoli corti ed immobili, 2 occhi, 2 ale bran- 
 chiali digitate da ogni lato del corpo, un ala longitudinale pectinata 
 da ogni lato della coda. — Oss. Vicino del genere Glacus, questo 
 genere con i due precedent! ed il seguente devono formare una fami- 
 glia particolare Fleuropodia. 
 
 6. Dicroptera, 2 tentacoli lunghi e mobili, nessun occhio, 2 pic- 
 cole ale laterali alia coda. 
 
 7. Eione. Molti tentacoli foliosi intorno della bocca, nessnn 
 occhio, 4 ale intorno del corpo, e molte ale o appendici inuguali alia 
 coda. 
 
 Tutti questi generi sono del mare Mediterraneo e tirreno, fuorchfe 
 il Gteniurus che fu ritrovato da me nel mare atlantico. 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 11 
 
 [From Precis des Decouvertes Somiologiques on Zoologiques et Botan- 
 "iques, p. 28. Palermo. 1814.] 
 [28.] 
 
 7. Classe. Malacoda — Lea MoUusques. 
 
 67. Octopus frayedus. Antenopes egaux, egalant presque six 
 fois la longaeur du corps, leur extremite sans su9oirs, su9oir3 alternes, 
 dos rougeatre. 
 
 68. Octopus didynamus. Antenopes inegaiix, deux plus longs, 
 egalant presque cinq foia la longueur du corps, su9oirs alternes, dos 
 brunS,tre' 
 
 69. Octopus heteropus. Antenopes k peine plus longs du corps 
 ineganx, les deux superieurs les plus longs, suyoirs alternes, dos 
 rougeatre. 
 
 70. Octopus ruber. Antenopes egaux, environ le double du 
 corps, su9oirs alternes, corps entiferement rouge. 
 
 71. Octopus tetradynamus. Antenopes inegaux alternativement, 
 plus longs, egalant cinq fois la longueur du corps, su9oirs opposes, 
 dos grisatre. 
 
 72. Octopus moschatus. Antenopes egaux, egalant quatre fois 
 
 la longueur du corps, su9oirs opposes, corps blanchatre. — Obs. J'ai 
 
 [29.] 
 observe en Sicile, rien moins que 6 espfeces de ce Genre, confonduea 
 
 sous la designation d' Octopus vulgaris de Lamark et Montfort, 
 
 j'ai nomme lesautres, 0. albus. 0. niger et 0. maculatus; V 0. 
 
 moschatus de Lamark est mon Ozoena moschata. 
 
 XVIII. G. OOYTHOE. 8 Antenopes, les deux superieurs ailes. 
 interieurement, k su9oirs interieurs pedoncules, reunispar 1' aile lat6- 
 rale, aucune membrane h, la base des antenopes. 
 
 73. Ocythoe tuberculata. Ventre tubercule, dos lisse, antenopes 
 de la Ipngueur du corps, carfenes exterieurement, k duex rangs de 
 su9oirs, 8 su9oirs autour de la bouche. Obs. Mes autres nouvelles 
 espfeces de la famille Sepidia sont, Sepia mucronata, Loligo lan- 
 ceolate, L. odagadium, L. todarus, Ozoena aldrovandi, Dictyethis 
 fusca, &c. 
 
 XI X. Gr. HTPTERfrs. Corps gelatineux cylindrinque, bouche k V 
 extremite d' une trompe, deux yeux, aile comprimee sous le ventre, 
 appendice lacinie (brancMes^ sous la queue. Famille Ptrachidia. 
 
 74. Hypteius appendiculatus. Hyalin, deux appendices articu- 
 les sous la poitrine et un sous 1' aile. 
 
12 EAFINESQtE'S 
 
 15. Hypterus erythrogaster. Hyalin, estomac rouge, points d' 
 appendices articules. 
 
 XX. Stephtlla. Corps oblong deprime, bouche entouree 
 d'une conronne de tentacules lacinies, foliac^s, 2 appendices surla 
 
 [30.] 
 partie posterieure du Dos (branchies ?) anus posterieur k la droite.- 
 
 Famine Phyllidia, 
 
 T6. Stephylla pallida. Dos blanchatre varie de cendre et de 
 
 brun, tentacules gris, appendices bruns. 
 
 11. Stephylla lutescens. Dos jaunatre tachete de brun, tentacules 
 
 noiratres, terminus de blanc, appendices bruns. 
 
 18. Stephylla fasca. Brun fonc4 sans taches, borde de jaune 
 tentacules et appendices noirs, bordes de blanc. 
 
 XXI. Gr. Aemina. Corps oblong deprime, bouche nue retracti- 
 ble, flancs lamelleux, anus k la droite. — Meme famille du precedent. 
 
 19. Armina maculata. Dos roussatre tache de blanc, deux 
 petits tentacules oboves sur la tete, corps aigu posterieurement. 
 
 80. Armina tigrina. Dos noiratre, varie de lignes ondulees 
 blanches, point de tentacules, corps obtus posterieurement. 
 
 XXII. Sarcopterus. Corps entoure d' une grande aile plane, 
 bouche nue k une crete en dessns, branchies laterales lamelleuses. 
 
 81. Sarcopterus ruber'. Entiferement rouge clair, aile arrondie, 
 entifere, coi^ps brun superieurement. 
 
 Obs. J'omets plusieurs espfeces Sieiliennes de Laplysia, Limax, 
 Tethys. Doris &c., et tons les Coquillages, m' apperceyant que je 
 commence k depasser mes limites. 
 
 [From ' ' Analyse de la Nature, bu Tableau de 1' Univeis et des Corps Orga- 
 nises." Palerme, 1815.] 
 
 Among the Helmisia or Les Vers, occur the following ; 
 
 £136.] 
 
 III. 0. ENDOSIPHIA, Les Endosiphes. 
 
 6. Famille. DITREMIA. Les Ditr&mes. Fourreau, tube ou 
 coquille k deux ouvertures au? deux extrfemit^^ 
 
 2. S. F. DENTAiiA. Les Dentaliens. Coquille tubuleuse cal- 
 caire. G. 21. Dentalium L. 22. Odorthus R. sp. do. Siphodon 
 R. sp. do. 24. Asphalium R. 25. Nicteis R. 
 
 1. Famille. TREMONIA. Les Tr&moniens. Fourreau tube 
 ou coquille, k une seule ouverture anterieure. 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 13 
 
 2. S. F. BERPULAKiA. Les Serpulaires. Coquille tubuleuse 
 calcaire. Q. 9. Diodiphus K. 10. Serpula L* 11. Spirilum 
 R. sp. do- 12. Filigrana R. sp. do. 13. Polithalus R. sp. do. 
 14. Spirinea R. sp. do. 15" Stenotrema R. sp. do- 16. Sipho- 
 
 [137.] 
 nemus R. sp. do. 17. Alromopsis R. sp. do. 18. Asepis R. 
 19. Spirorbis Daud. 20. Godostoma R. 21. Exarthria R. 22. 
 Vaginella Daud. 23. Spiroglyphis Daud. 24. Sp'irographis 
 Viviani. 
 
 X. 8. Ctasse. APALOSIA. Les Mollusqws. 
 
 Cette classe fat fondee par Cuvier qui a cru devoir lui assigner sa 
 place immediatement aprfes les Poissons ; mais il suffit de comparer 
 1' organisation des Mollusques arec celle des Crustaces pour s' as- 
 surer que ces derniers 1' ont plus parfaite sous tous les rapports, et 
 qu'ils meritent d' etre places plus pres des Animaux vertfebres ; et 
 aprfes eux doivent neCessairement suivre les Insectes. 
 
 L' appareil des articulations internes ou externes tesse entifere- 
 ment avec la classe precedente, on n' en retrouve plus aucune ided 
 parmi les Mollusques, et a peine quelque legere trace dans la classe 
 suiyante. 
 
 Ces Animaux possfedent presque toujours une enveloppe testacee 
 calcaire ou coquille, ordinairement externe, tantot univalve unilocu- 
 laire non tubuleuse ou multiloculaire ou spirivalve, et tantot bivalve, 
 mais tres-rarement multivalve, quelquefois cette coquille est interne ; 
 1' etude de ces enveloppes porte le nom de Conchy ologie, et elle est 
 
 [138.] 
 h. plusieurs egards plus avancee que celle de leurs Animaux, S, cause 
 de sa facilite, quoique son importance soit bien moindre. Dans le 
 cas des especes fossiles, il ne reste que cette depouille. 
 
 Les Mollusques ont Convent une tete, quelquefois des yeux et des 
 tentacules ; mais ils sont aussi souvent depourvus de tous ces orga- 
 nes : ils ont tous, un ou plusieurs coeurs uniloculaires ou centres de 
 circulation, des artferes, des veines, du sang, des nerfs aboutissant k 
 un cerveau imparfait, et presque toujours des branchies trfes-diversi- 
 tiees, aquariennes ou*aeriennes, externes ou internes; ils ont enfin 
 une bouche et un anus dont la situation est trfes-variable. 
 
 Leur generation s' opfere avec ou sans accouplement, et elle est 
 ovipare ou gemmipare. lis habitent ordinairement les eaux, quel- 
 quefois sur la terre : ils y rampent ordinairement, y nagent quel- 
 quefois et sont rarement fixes. 
 
14 rafinesque's 
 
 Les principaux auteurs ont qui illustre 1' Apalogie aprfes Linnens, 
 sont, Geoffrey, Adanson, Poli, Cuvier, Lamark, MuUer, Bruguiere, 
 Bosc, Montfort, Boisay, Peron . . . Je vais ausssi y contribuer par 
 mes decouvertes, dont je n' ai encore publie qu' une tres-petite par- 
 tie ailleurs, et dont je reserve les details pour un autre lieu. 
 
 TABLEAU DES ORDEES. 
 
 1. Sous-Olasse. CEPHADELIA. oephadeles. Une tfete dis- 
 tincte, ordinairement des yeux et des tentacules ; coquille jamais 
 bivalve. 
 
 1, Ordre, CEPHALOPODIA. Les cfiPHALOPODBS. Tentacules 
 longs servant des pieds, ordinairement plus de quatre ; ordinaire- 
 ment un test interne ou externe uniloculaire ou multilocaire, k spire 
 mulle bu interne. 
 
 [139.] 
 
 II. Frdre. PTEROPODIA. Les pteropodes, Tentacules 
 
 nuls ou courts, 4 au plus, une ou plusieurs nageoires ou appendices 
 natatoires, quelwuefois un test univalve externe 
 
 III. Ordre. GASTEROPODIA. Les gast^ropodes. Ten-' 
 tacules nuls ou courts, 4 au plus, point d' appendices natatoires, 
 corps et dos droit, test lorsqu' il existe externe, ou interne non 
 spirivalve, univalve ou multivalve. . 
 
 IV. Ordre. SPIE.ONOTIA. Les spironotes. Tentacules 
 nuls ou courts, 4 au plus, point d' appendices natatoires, corps ou 
 au moins le dos en spirale, toujours un test externe univalve, unilo- 
 culaire, spirivalve k spire saillante ou externe. 
 
 2. Sous-Classe. AOEPHALIA, Les AOEPHALfis. Point de 
 tete et point d' yeux, ordinairement une coquille bivalve. 
 
 Y, Ordre. BIVALVIA. Les bivalves. Une coquille bivalve, 
 point de tentacules. 
 
 VI. Ordre. POLBTBRIA. Les POLfiifiRES. Des tentacules 
 ou test multivalve ou corps nu sans coquille. 
 
 TABLEAU DES PAMILLES ET DES GENRES. 
 
 I. O. CEPHALOPODIA. Les Cephalopodes, 
 1. Sous-Ordre. ANTEPEDIA. Les Ant'epeles. Corps nu k 
 test interne, ou externe, jamais raultiloculaire, antfenopes ou tenta- 
 cules en nombre determine, deux yeux, bouche en bee. 
 
 1. Famille. OCTOPIA. Les Octopiens. Corps nu sans test 
 interne ni externe, huit antenopes conformes. G. 1. Octopus Lam. 
 
 2. Ozcena R. sp. do. 3. Tigrias R. sp. do. Ocythoe R. 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WRITINGS. 15 
 
 2. ramille. SEPHINIA. Les Sephiens. Corps renfermant 
 int^rieureinent un test ou lame, huit ou dix antenopes, dont deux de 
 
 [140] 
 forme dififerente. G. 1. Sepia L. Lam. 2. Loligo Lam. 3. 
 Sephinia R. 4. Tpdarus R. 5. Dyctiefhis R. 6' Anthrona- 
 cus. R. 
 
 3. Famille. ARGONATJTBA. Les Argonautiens. Corps ren- 
 ferm6 dans un test externe et nniloculaire. G. 1. Argonauta Lam 
 2. Cymbium R. sp. do. 3. Nauticon R. sp. do. 
 
 2. Sous-Ordre. polarnaxia. Les Polarnaxes- Constament un 
 test externe ou interne et multiloculaire, tentacules souvent nombrenx, 
 sauvent point d' yeux. 
 
 4. Tamille. NAUTILIA. Les Naviiliens^ Test externe, ii, 
 spire interne sondee, ordinairement tentacules nombreux. G. 1. 
 Nautilus L. Lam. 2. Oehalus R. sp. do. 3. Orbulites Lam. 
 4. Ammonites Brng. 6. Gytonotus R. sp. do. 6. Geramus R. 
 Ammonoceratites Lam. 7. Flanulites Lam. 8. Baculites Lam ? 
 9. Turrilites Lam ? 
 
 5. Famille. SPIRULARIA. Les Sptrulaires. Test externe 
 ea spirale libre ou sans spire, tentacules souTent determines. G. 1. 
 Spirula Lam. 2. Spironites Lam. 3. Lituolites Lam. 4. Belem- 
 nita Lam. 5, Glosterita R. sp. do; 6. Bopalita R. sp. do. 7. 
 Gampytus R. sp.do. 8. Pachynus B,. Mippurites Lam. Gornuco- 
 pia Thomson. 9. Orthocera ham. 10. OfiKcifMS R. sp. do. 11. 
 Oblongites R. sp. do. ' 
 
 6. Famille. NUMMXJLITIA. Les Nummulitiens. Test plane, 
 ordinairement interne I k, spire nulle ou concentrique. G. 1. Num- 
 mulites Lam. 2. Gumerina R. sp. do. 3. Disoolita R. sp. do. 
 4. Lenticulina Lam. 5. Discorbitus Lam. 6. Botalites Lam. 
 T. Oyrogonites Lam. 8. MilioUtes Lam 9. Benulites Lam. 
 
 IL O. PTEROPODIA. Les Pteropodes. 
 1. Famille. HTALINEA. Les Hyaliens. ' Un test externe, 
 [141] 
 deux ou trois ailes anterieures. G. 1. Myalea Bosc. 2. Aulisa R. 
 
 sp. do. 3. Thoena R. sp. do. 4. Garinaria Lam. 5. Gymbulia 
 Per. 6- Gleodora Per. 
 
 8. Famille. OLIGOPTBRIA. Les Oligopt&res. Corps nu, 
 deux ou un petit nombre de nageoires ordinairement anterieures, 
 jamais situees lat6ralement par paires. 
 
16 • kafinesque's 
 
 1, S. P. riROLiNiA. Les Firoliens. Tete eans tentacules. G. 
 1. Pterotrachea Torsk. 2. Firola R. sp. do. 3. Eypterus R. 
 4. Gallianira Per. 5. Sarcopterus R. 
 
 .2. S. F. CLioNiDiA. Les Glionides. Tete tentaculee. G. 6. 
 Glione R. CZio Brown. 1. Amphirea R. sp. do. 8. Pneumoder- 
 ma CuY. 9. Phylliroe Fev. 10. Z>icroptera R. 
 
 9. Famille. PLEUROPTERIA. Les PleuroptSres. Corps 
 et, plusieurs nageoires ou appendices laterales et longitudinales 
 situees par paires. 
 
 1. S. F. LERNEiDiA. "Les Lemeides. Des appendices posteriure- 
 ment. G. 1. Lernea L. 2. Dotona R. sp.' do. 3. Melanippa R. 
 sp. do. 4. Iphitus R. sp. do. 5. Zeuxonia R. sp. do. 6. CTj/- 
 ii'ano R. sp. do. 7. Eione R. 
 
 2. S. F. PLETiEOPiA. Les Pleuropiens. Point d' appendices 
 posterieurement. G. 8 Blephalum R. 9. Triton L. ? 10. Pleu- 
 ropus R. Scyllea L. Olaucus Lam. 11. Oomphodelis R. sp. do. 
 12 Cteniurus R. 13. Ahretia R. 14. Heteroptera R. 15. .Hip- 
 pothoe R. 
 
 III. 0. GASTBROPODIA. Les Gasteropodes. 
 
 10. Famille. LIMAXIA. Les Limaxiens. Point de test ni 
 externe ni interne. 
 
 1. S. F. TETHYMA. Les Tethydiens. Point de tentacules. G. 
 tl42i 
 
 1 !re%s L. 2. Nereus R. 3. Perihea R. 4. Agenor R. ^eera 
 Cuv. 5. Armina R. 
 
 2. S. F. PHTLLiDiNiA. Les PhylUdiens. Deux tentacules, 
 branchies lamelleuses. G. 6. Enipeus R. Y. Phyllidia Cuv. 8. 
 Pleurohranchus Lam. 9. .£7oZia Cuv. 
 
 8 S: F. DOEiDiA. Les Doridiens. Deux tentacules, brancMes 
 ni lamelleuses ni cachees. G. 10. Doris L. ' 11. Gydippa R. sp. 
 do. 12. Stephylla R. 13. Euphurus R. THtonia Lam. 14. 
 Paralus R. sp. do. 15. Pherusa R. 
 
 4. S. F. ONOHiDiA. Les Onchidiens. Deux tentacules, branchi- 
 es cachees peu apparentes. G. 16. Onchidium Lam- If. i)icia- 
 dus R. 18. Amphrisus R. 
 
 5. S. F. LiMAOiDiA. Les Limaoides. Quatre tentacules, bran- 
 chies cachees peu apparentes. G. 19. LimaxB,. 20. Limic'ias R. 
 sp. do. 21. Parmacella Lam. ? 
 
 11. Famille. LApLYSINIA. Les Laplysiens. Un test in- 
 terne dorsal convert par la peau. 
 
OONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 11 
 
 1. S. F. TETEAOEA. Les T&trac&s. Quatre tentacules. G. 1. 
 Laplysia L. 2. Sympterus R. 3. Bolabella Lam. 
 
 2. S. F. SIGAKETIA. Les. Sigaretins. Deux tentacules. G 4. 
 Theoris R. 5. Sigaretus Lam. 6. Phoroneus R. 
 
 3. S. F. BULLiNiTiA. Les Bullinides. Point de tentacules. G. 
 '7. Bullinia R. Bullea Lam. 8. Laphyra R. 
 
 12. Famille. PATELLARIA. Les Patellaires. Tin test ex- 
 terne dorsal et univalve. 
 
 1. S. F. HAtiOTiDiA. Les Haliotides. Test jamais conique, ^ 
 base legerement contournee ou un pen en spire. G. 1. Bullaria R. 
 Bulla L. 2. Lignaria R. 3. Hipponea R 4. Polydectus R. 
 5. Conchulus R. Goncholepas Lam. 6. ffaliotis L. t. Stomor 
 
 [143] 
 <m Lam. 8. Phymotis R. Stomatella Lam. "I. Oxynoe R. 10. 
 Tylodina R. 
 
 2. S. F. ANCTLiBiA. Les Ancylides. Test &, base 6gale ni con- 
 tournee ni spirulee, et souvent conique ou en bouclier. G. 11. Teste- 
 ceZZa Lam. 12. Testicina R,. sp. do. 13. Urcinella R. sp. do. 
 14. Zilotea R. 15. Patella L. 16. Oaterita R- sp. do. IT. -4nc2/- 
 Zits Geof. 18. Mesypea R. 19. Mesonotus R. 20. fissw-ella 
 Lam. 21. Dasanus R. sp. do. 22. Emarginula Lam. 23. Or-e- 
 pidula Lam. 24. Hercynia R. sp. do. 25. Galyptrea Lam. 26. 
 Oscana Bosc. 27. Gapsalu Bosc. 
 
 13. Famille. CHITONIA. Les Chitaniens, Test externe 
 dorsal et multivalve ou articule. G. 1. Chiton L. 2. Octom&ia 
 R. sp. do. 3. Lophyrus* R. sp. do. 4. Trichamecus R. sp. da. 
 5. Hyplaxus R. 
 
 IV. O. SFIRONOTIA. Les Spironotes. 
 
 Sous-Ordre. adelobranohia. Les AdSlobranches. Branchies 
 pen apparentes, ordinairement en trou, jamais en syphon, quelque- 
 fois quatre tentatules : coquille a bouche ni echancr^e ni canaliculee- 
 
 14. Famille. HBLIOINIA. Les Eelicines. Quatre tentacu- 
 les, point d' opercule. G. 1. Selix L. 2. Periodon R. sp. do. 3- 
 Steniola R. sp. do. 4. Yitrina Drap. 5. Achatina Lam. 6. 
 Succinea Drap. T. Bulimus Brug. 8. Puparia R. Pwpa Lam. 
 9. AmpMbulia R. AmpMbulimus Lam. 10. Janthina Lam. 
 
 15. Famille. TROCHINIA, Les frochiries. Deux tentacu- 
 les, point d' opercule- 
 
 * In errata, this is changed to jir^ronojuff R. XopAunM FoU. 
 
 B 
 
18 RAriNBSQUE'S 
 
 1. S. F. PLANORBiA. Les Planorbiens. Spire roulee sur elie 
 mSme. Q. 1. Planorbis Geof. 2. Spirorbis R. sp. do. 3. 
 Flataliag B. 
 
 .2. S. F. TROCHiDiA. Les TrocMdSes. Spire roulee 
 exterieurement ( ou interieurement ) , coquille plane, conique ou 
 pyramidale. G. 4. Planospir'a Lam. 5. Conispira R. 6. Trochus L. 
 
 [144] 
 
 1. Solarium Lam 8 Eltrostoma R. sp. do. 9. Diplicella R. sp. do. 
 Pjramidella Lam. 
 
 3. S. r. LYMNiDiA. Les Ljmnides. Spire roulee exterieurement. 
 coquille oblongue ou orale. G. 11. Tremurus R. 12. Lymnea Lam. 
 13. Melanidia R. Melania Lam. 14. Melanopsis Lam. 15. Auricula 
 tam. 16. Garychium Mull. lY. Vertigo Mull. 18. Phjsina R. 
 Phjsa Drap. 
 
 16. Famille. NBRITINIA. Les Mritines. Deux tentacules. un 
 opercule adherant an corps, coquille non tubuleuse. 
 
 1. S. P. NERiTAOEA. Les NerifacSes. Coquille ni conique ni 
 pyramidale. bouche non arrondie. G. 1. AmpuJlaria Lam. 2. Goljma 
 R. Helicina Lam. 3. FaZvato Mull. 4. Bolina R. Phasianella Lam. 
 5 Natica Lam. 6. Nacella Lam. 7. Laphrostoma R. Neritina Lam. 
 8. Aplodona R. 9. Nerita R. 
 
 2. S. F. TUEBiNAOEA. Les Turhinactes. Coquille conique ou 
 Pyramidale S, boacbe ronde. G. 10. Gjclosfoma 11. Jutnrna R. sp 
 do. 12. Viviparella R. Vivipara Lam. 18. Praxidice R. Z)eZ- 
 phinula Lam. 14. Monodonta Lam. 15. Pharaonis R. sp. do. 16. 
 
 Turbonus T. Turbo L. 17. Fesfo'ariws. R. sp. do. 18. Scalaria 
 Lam. 19. Turritella Lam. 20. Perforella R. sp. do. 
 
 IT. Famille. VERMBTINIA. Les Fermeiines. Deux tentacules, 
 coquille tubuleuse. G. 1. Vermetus Boissy, Vermicularia Lam. 2 
 Siliquaria Lam. 3. Anthiope R. 4. Euphemus R. 
 
 2. Sous-Ordre. siphobranchia. Les Siphobranches. Branchies 
 en syphon ou tube, toujours deux tentacles ; coquille ^chancree on 
 canallculee a la base. 
 
 18. Famille. CANALIFERA. Les Ganalif&res. Coquille t\ 
 bouche canalicul^e. 
 
 1. S. F. MUREXiA. Les Marexiens. Bord de la base ou bouche 
 
 [145] 
 
 non dilatee en aile. G. 1. Cerithium Brug. 2. Saronus R. sp. do. 8. 
 
 Amithaon R. sp. do.. 4. Gassinia R. Cassis Brug. 5. Vibex R. sp. 
 
 do. 6. Turbinellus Lam. 1. Pleuroma Lam. 8. loeranea R. 
 
CONCHOLOQIOAIi WRITINGS. 19 
 
 Fasciolaria h&m. ^. Hallirhea'R.. Pyrula'Lsm. 10. Fusinus R. 
 Fusus Lam. ll-. Murex L. 12. Brdndaris E.. sp. do. 13. Foliphonus 
 R. sp. do. 14. Phyleris R. sp. do. 
 
 2. S. F. STROMBIA Ztes Strombiens. Bord de la base ou bouche, 
 dilate en aile laterale. G. 15. Strombus L. 14. 'Pterocerd 'L&m. lY. 
 Bostellaria Lam. 
 
 19. Famille. EMARGrlNARIA. Les Emarginaires. Coquille 
 non canalieulee, k bouche ^chancree, h. spire ronl^e en dessus ou 
 superieure, ordinairement un opercnle. 
 
 1. S. F. BTJCOiNiDiA. Les Buccinides. Colnmelle lisse sans plis ni 
 . dents. G. 1. Nassaria R. Nassa Lam. 2. Purpura Brng. 3. 
 
 Monoceros Lam. Y. Buccinum L. 5. Ehurna Lam. 6. Terebraria 
 R. Terebra Brug. T. Dolium Lam. 3. Harparia R. Harpa Lam. 
 
 2. S. F. VOLTJTIDIA. Les Volutides: Columelle plissee ou dentee. 
 G. 9. Peristera R. Columbella Lam 10. Marginella Lam. 11. 
 Cancellaria Lam. 12. Mitraada R. Mitra Lam. 13. FoZitto L. 
 
 20. Famille. IN VOL YE A. Les EnrouUes. Coquille non canali- 
 eulee, a bouche echancree, &, spire roulee en dedans ou interieure, 
 point d'opercule. 
 
 1. S. F. CONULIA. Les Conuliens. Bouche ou ouverture de la co- 
 quille laterale. G. 1. Anaulax Boissy. Ancilla Lam. 2. Olivaria R. 
 Oliva Brug. 3 Terebrina R. Terebellum Lam. 4. Conulus R. 
 Gonus L. 5. Gylindulus R. sp. do. 
 
 2. S. F. OYPRiDiA, Les Gypridies, bouche ou overture longi- 
 [146] 
 
 tudinale presque centrale ou non totalement laterale. G. 6. Volvaria 
 
 Lam. T. Ovula Brug. 8. Gyprea L. 9. Amathonta R. sp. do. 10. 
 Diomphala R. sp. do. 11. Numisea R. sp. do 
 
 Y. O. BIYALYIA. Les Bivalves. 
 
 1. Sous-Ordre. diplophonia. Les Biplophones. Corps muni d'un 
 pied mnsculeux et de deux syphons ou tubes. 
 
 21. Famille, HTPOGIDIA. Les Hypogidees, Corps k manteau 
 ferm6 par devant, ouvert k une extremity par ou passe le pied et se 
 prolongeant k I'autre en un double syphon : coquille in^quilaterale. 
 
 1. S. F. PHOLADARIA. Les Pholadaires. Coquille ^quivalve trans- 
 verse. G. 1. Pholas L. 2. Petricola Lam. 3. Bupellaria 'Flenria.u. 
 4. Eupicola Fl. 5. Saxicava Fl. 6. Solenaria R. Solen L. 1. 
 Strigilaria R. sp. do. 8. Sanguinolaria Lam. 9. Gyrtodaria Daud. 
 10. Myarina R. Mya L. 11. Amathusia R. Panorpa Lam. 12. 
 Anatina Lam. 13. Glycimeris Lam. 
 
20 EAFINESQUE'S 
 
 2. S. F. Pandoracia. Lea Pmdoracees. Coquille inequivalve. 
 G-. li. Erodona Daud. 15. Pandora Lam. 
 
 22. Famille. VENERIDIA. Les V&niridees. Manteau ouvert 
 par devant, un pied et deux siphons lateraux : coquille equiralve.- 
 
 1. S. F. isoPERiA. Les Isop&riens. Coquille ^quilaterale. G. 
 
 1. Ungulina Daud. ? 2. Lucina Laia. 3. Gycladea R. Cyclas 
 Jjam. 4. Tellina L. 5, Bucarda Brug. Cerastes Poll 6. Isocarda 
 I^am. Psilotus Poli. 
 
 2. S. F. HETEEOPERiA. liGS Seterop&riens. Coquille inequilate- 
 
 rale transverse. G-- 7. Venericardia Lam. 8. Meretrix Lam. 
 
 {Gytherea Lam.) 9. Fenws L. 10. ffeterocarda B,. Gardita Brug. 
 
 ■ '[147] 
 
 Glossus Poli. 11. Lithocarda R. sp. do. 12. Paphia Lam. 13. 
 
 CrassateZte Lam. 14. Jfac^ra L. 15. OaZZtstoPoli. 16. Arthe- 
 
 mts Poli. 11. Lutraria li&m. IS. Gapsaria'R. Gapsa Jj&m. 19.' 
 
 Bonax Brug. 20. Peronea Poli Tellina sp. 21. Siatella Daud. 
 
 22. Tridacna Brug. 23. Mippopus Lam. 24. Trigella R. Trigo- 
 
 nia Brug. 25. Migonitis R. Erycina Lam. 
 
 2. Sous-Ordre, asiphonia. Les Asiphones. Corps denue de 
 
 syphons ou de pied, manteau ouvert par devant. 
 
 23. Famille. PEDIFERIA. Les Pediferes, Corps muni d'nn 
 pied rampant, tendineux nonbyssif fere, et denue de syphons, coquille 
 equivalve, in^quilaterale transverse. G. 1. Egeria Boissy, Galathea 
 Brug. 2. Unionea R. ZJnio Brug. 3. ^nodonta Brug. 4. Pectun- 
 culus Lam. Axinea Poli. 
 
 24. Famille. BYSSIFERIA. Les Byssiferes, Corps muni d'un 
 pied byssifere, et denue ordinairement de syphon ; coquille. equivalve 
 ou inequivalve. 
 
 1. S. F. PEENAEiDiA. Les Pernavides. Coquille Equivalve, 
 inequilaterale transverse, G. 1. Arcaria R , Area L., Daphne Poli 
 
 2. Pernaria R., Perna Brug. 3. Vulsella Lam. 4. ifodioZa Lam. 
 5. Loripes Poli. 
 
 2. S. F. MTTiLiDiA. Les Mytilides. Coquille equivalve, 6quilate- 
 rale longitudinale. G. 6. Mytilus L. Gallitriche Poli 1. Pinnula 
 R, Pinna L. Ghimera Poli 8. Malleotus R. Malleus Lam. 
 
 . 3. S. F. LiMAEiDiA. Les EimaridSes. Coquille inequivalve. 
 G. 9. Arcula R. Jrca sp. 10. Guculina R. Gucullea Lam. 11. 
 Nucula Lam. 12. Limella R. Lymnea Poli 13. Crenatula Lam. 
 14. ^mcwto Lam. 15. PedwMS R. Pedwm Lam. 16. it'man'aR. 
 iima It. Prognella R. sp. do. 
 
OONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 21 
 
 tl48] 
 
 25. Famille OSTRBACIA. Les Ostreac&es. Corps denue de 
 pied et ordinairement de syphon ; coquille inequivalve. 
 
 .1. S. F. PEOTENiA. ties Pecteniens. Un syphon, coquille auri- 
 culee. G. 1. Fectenus R. Pecten Brng. 2. Spondylus Lam. Ar- 
 gus Poli. 
 
 2. S. F. PLACTJNiA. Les Placuniens. Point de syphon, coquille 
 reguliere. G. 3. Calceolina R. Calceola Lam. 4. Gryphea Lam. 
 5. Plicatula Lam. 6. Placuna Lam. t. Granicella R. Crania 
 Lam. 
 
 2. S. F. ANOMiNiA. Les Anominiens. Point de syphon, coquille 
 irreguliere, souTent adherente. G. 8, Gameola R. Ghama L. 9. 
 Dioerata Lam. 10. Corbula Lam. 11. Ostrea L. 12. Peloris 
 Poli sp. do. R. 13. Anomia L. EcMon Poli 14. Mheria Lam. 15 
 Badiolita Lam. 16. Acarda Brug. 
 
 VI. 0. POLETERIA. Les Poletferes. 
 
 26. Famille. BRACHIOPBA. Les Brachiopes. Coquille 
 biralTe, des tentacules cilies. G. 1. Orbicula Lam. 2. Terebratula 
 Lam. 3. Lingula Lam. 
 
 27. Famille. teeedauia. Les Teredaires. Coquille trivalve, 
 une valve tubuleuse enveloppant le corps, deux petites k son ex- 
 tremite, point de tentacules cilies. G. 1. Teredo L. 2. Fistulana 
 Lam. 3. Furcella Lam. 
 
 28. Famille. ASCIDINIA. Les Ascidinees. Point de test ou 
 coquille, corps nu, ou renferme dans un sac, deux overtures. 
 
 1. S. F. SCTTINOMIA. Les Scytinomiens. Corps coriace fix6 ou 
 pouvant se fixer, rarement aggrege. G. 1. Ascidia L. 2. Grostoma 
 R. sp. do. 3. Phuscaria R. sp. do. 4. Scytinoma R. Stephas- 
 toma R. 6. Fodia Bosc. 1. Amblodeus R. 8. Diplacus R. 9. 
 Melanosteum R ? 
 
 i:i49] , 
 
 2. S. F. SALPARIA. Les Salpaires. Corps Gelatineux nageant 
 ou flottant, souvent aggrege. G. 10. Diophthelts E. 11. SalpaL. 
 12. Notelis R. 13. Sachroa R ? 14. Hyproctomus R. 15. Opip- 
 fera R ? 16. Biphora Cuv. It. Dagysa L. 18. Arthromium R. 
 19. Symphoma R. 20. Biurichus R. 21. jPoZwoonR. 
 
 En tout 331 Genres. 
 
22 eamnksque's 
 
 [From the American Monthly Magazine and Critical EeTiew, Vol. Ill, 
 
 page 354, New York, 1818.] 
 Discoveries in Natural History, made during a Journey through 
 the Western Region of the United States, by Constantine 
 Samuel Safinesque,- Mq. Addressed to Samuel L. Mitchill, 
 President, aud the other Members of the Lyceum of Natural 
 History, in a letter dated at Louisville, Falls of Ohio, 20th 
 July, 1818. 
 [355] 
 
 4. Conchology or the Shells. I trust I have discoTered likewise 
 
 the greatest proportion of the shells of the Ohio, having already 
 collected and described over 30 species, the whole of which appear 
 to be new; they consist of 24 bivalve and 8 univalve shells. It is 
 strikingly singular that those shells belong only to 3 genera, that the 
 24 species of bivalve belong all to a single natural genus ; and that 
 those genera are all different from European fluviatile genera, which 
 I have ascertained beyond a doubt by the shells and animals thereof. 
 I shall add the characters of these new genera. 
 
 I. PoTAMiLUS.* Bivalve- Shell equivalve unequalateral, com- 
 monly transverse, rugose transversely, sloping posteriorly, shape 
 variable, margin thickened, two muscular impressions, an epidermis 
 surrounding the margin by a membranaceous brim, connective 
 oblong convex membranaceous. Ligament with two teeth on one 
 side, and a deep furrow on the other, between two carina in the left 
 shell, while the right shell has two unequal teeth, and two unequal 
 carinas. 
 
 Animal with a mantle open and bilobe, branchias as a second 
 interior mantle, body compressed tough, two openings or siphons 
 anterior on each side, not tubular, one foot on each side commonly 
 bilamellose, next to the openings. 
 
 1. Sub-genus. -Shell transverse, not truncated, thick and without 
 knobs; 1. Potamilu's latissimus ; 2. P. violacinus ; 3. P. niger ; 
 4. P.fasoiolaris; 5. P.phaiedrus; 6. P. ellipticus; t. P. zona- 
 lis ; 8. P. obliquatus. 
 
 2. Sub-genus. • Shell transverse, truncated posteriorly, thick and 
 without knobs. 9. Potam. retusus ; 10. P. truncatus; U. P. 
 triqueter. 
 
 5. Sub-genu.«. Shell transverse, thin, not truncated. 12. P. 
 alatus; 18. P. leptodon; 14. P. fragilis ; 15. P. nervosusj 16. P. 
 fasciatus ; 17. P. auratus. 
 
 * If I remember right, this genus ia also found in the Hudson river, whore 3 or 4 Bnecies are to 
 be seen, which huve been mistallea for Jti/a or CardCum. "iioi-i™ 
 
CONCHOLOaiCAL WRITINGS. 23 
 
 4. Sub-genus. Shell transverse, thick, not truncated; knobby or 
 warty. 18. P. gibbosus ; 19. P. verrucosus; 20. P . tubercularis ; 
 21. P. nodosus. 
 
 5. Sub-genus. Shell rounded or longitudinal. 22. P. pusillus ; 
 23. P. subrotundus ; 24. Potamilus obovalis. Raf. 
 
 II. G. PiiEnROCERA. Univalve. Shell variable oboval or conical, 
 mouth diagonal crooked, rhomboidal, obtuse aud nearly reflexed at 
 the base, acute above the connection, lip and columelle flexuose 
 entire. Animal, with an operculum membranaceous, head separated 
 froni the mantle inserted above it, elongated, one tentaeulum on each 
 side at its base, subulate acute,, eyes lateral exterior at the base of 
 the tentacula. 6 species. 1. PI. retusa ; 2. PI. saxatilis ; 3. PI. 
 fasciata; 4. PI. coneola; 5. PI. angulata ; 6. PI. turricula, 
 Raf. 
 
 III. G. Ambloxis. Univalve. Shell thick oboval, mouth oval, 
 rounded at the base, obtuse above with a thick appendage of the lip, 
 columelle flexuose, a small rugose ombilic. 2 Species, 1 A. eburnea ; 
 2. A. ventricosa. Raf. 
 
 [From the American Monthly Magazine and Critical Eeview, Vol. IV, 
 
 page 39, New York, 1818.] 
 Farther Account of Discoveries in Natural History, in the Wes- 
 tern States, by Gonstantine Samtiel Rafinesque, Esq., com- 
 municated in a Letter from that ffentleman to the Editor. 
 [42] 
 
 8. N. G. Ellipstoma. (Univalve Shell. Nat. fam. Neritinia.) 
 Shell oval, obtusp, mouth oblique, elliptical entire, thick lips, the 
 inner one plaited, smooth covering the columella and ombilic, de- 
 current and notched outside the mouth, below the columella. Three 
 species. 
 
 8. N. Sp. Ellipstoma gibbosa. 4 spires, a large knob behind the 
 outward lip. Prom the Ohio and Wabash, length half an inch. 
 
 9 N. Sp. Ellipstoma zonalisa. 3 spires, smooth, 3 transverse, 
 zones violet. Kentucky river. 
 
 10. N. Sp. Ellipstoma rugosa. 5 spires, smooth, sutures 
 
 wrinkled. Ohio river., 
 [loe] 
 
 General Account of the Discoveries made in the Zoology of the 
 Western States. By G. F. Rafmesque, in 1818. 
 
 8. MoLLTTSCA. As many as 25 new genera, and 212 species, 
 (mostly new) have been discovered ; many of which, however, are 
 
24 eafinesqtie's 
 
 fossil shells. They consist in 4 naked mollusca, of the genus Limax, 
 36 fluviatile univalve shells, 34 terrestrial univalve shells, 42 fluvia- 
 tile bivalve shells, and TO fossil bivalve shells. Such as— (*these are 
 fossils)— Helix, 4 species ; Planorbis, 2 ; Ancylus, 1 ; Mesomphix, 
 N. G. t. univ. 12 ; Trophodor, N. G. do. 10 ; Triodopsis, N. G. do. 
 2; Stenotoma, N. G. do. 1; Toxostoma, N. G. do. 1; Xolotrema, 
 N. G. do. 1; Aplodon, N. G. do. 1 ; Lymnula, 13; Pleurotoma, N. 
 G. fl. un. 12 ; Ellipstoma, N. G. do. 4 ; Bulimus, 1 ; Burystoma, N. 
 G. fl. un. 1 ; Notrema, N. G. do. 1 ; Ambloxis, N. G. do. 4 ; 
 *Voluta, 2; *Solarium, 2s *BelemniteS, 3;**Trochus, 3; *Ortho- 
 cera, 5 ; *Toxerites, N. G. un. 1 ; *Bndotoma, N. G. do. 1 ; 
 *Platinites, J^. G. do. 1 ; *Trigorima, N. G. do. 1 ; -Euomphales, 
 1 ; *PateUa, 2 ; *Melanites, 2 ; Mytilus, 1 ; Lepas, 1 ; Potamila, 
 N. G. fl. biv. 34 ; Truncilla, N. G.- do. 3 ; Stenodon, N. G. do, 3 ; 
 Pleuroxis, N. G. do.> 2 ; *Saconites, N. G. I ; *Gryphea, 5 ; *Ostrea, 
 2 ; *Terebratula, 24 ; *Productus, 15 ; *Spirifer, 2 ; *Tellina, 1 ; 
 *Goniclis, K G. biv. 2 ; *Cyphoxis, N. G. do. 5 ; *Megorima, N. 
 G. do. .4 ; *Oxisma, K G. do. 1 ; *Curvula, N. G. do. 3 ; *Apleu- 
 rotis, N. G. do. 2; *Pachosteon, N. G. do. 1. 
 
 [356] 
 Description of a tiew Genus of Fluviatile Bivalve Shell, of the 
 family of Brachiopodes ; Notrema Fissubella ;, m a Letter to 
 Dr. 8. L. Mitchill, Prof, of Nat. Hist. &c., New Torh. 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 There is a small family of bivalve shells, which have received the 
 name of Brachiopodes, distinguished by having tentacula. It con- 
 tained, in my Analysis of Nature and in Cuvier's Regne Animal, 
 only three genera, lingula, orbicula and terehratula, all maritime ; 
 this last, whicn is very numerous, particularly in fossil species, has 
 lately been divided by Sowerby, who has established the genera Pro- 
 ductus and Spirifer ; and I have added another fossil genus. 
 Apleurotis, distinguished from it by being elongated, obliquated, 
 and auriculated on one side only, in a memoir presented to the 
 Academy of National Sciences of Philadelphia. 
 
 In my travels on the Ohio, I have ascertained another genus 
 belonging to that family, which is very similar to the genus Orbi- 
 . cula ; but it is fluviatile, and the larger or upper valve is perforated 
 in the middle as in Fissurella, and operculated. I have not seen 
 the living animal myself; but Mr. Audubon of Hendersonville, a 
 Zealous observer, has drawn it, and it appears to have a head with 
 
CONOHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 25 
 
 two eyes and no tentacnla jutting out of the perforation. It would 
 therefore deviate from the character of the family'; it may, probably, 
 at a future period become the type of another ; but the shell is so 
 very similar to Orbicula that I unite them now, proposing however 
 for it a sub-family, under the name of Notremidia, which may 
 become the family name when other similar genera shall have been 
 detected. 
 
 Description. — Notrema. Generic character. Fluviatile bivalve 
 shell, inequivalve ; upper valve larger, nearly round, perforated In 
 the middk, opening operculated : lower valve lateral very small 
 inequilateral. Body flat beneath, head in the centre above, retracti- 
 ble, jutting out through the perforation, with two lateral eyes, no 
 tentacula. The generic name means opening in the back, in Greek. 
 
 Notrema fissurella. Specific character. Upper valve convex 
 with circular wrinkles, and oblique transverse furrows : lower valve 
 flat obovate and smooth ; shell fulvous brown, opening round, oper- 
 culum round, brown, and shining, head truncate- 
 
 Ohs. It is found on the rocks of the bottom of the river Ohio, 
 from the falls to the mouth ; it is rare ; diameter about one inch ; 
 it holds on wrecks as the Patellas do, and might be mistaken for 
 one at first ; the operculum has a hinge, when the animal wants to 
 protrude the head, it opens it as a valve. This shell might, perhaps, 
 be deemed trivalve on that account. 
 
 C. S. Rafinesque. 
 
 [From "Journal de Physique, de ,Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, etc." 
 Tome LXXXVIII. Paris, June, 1819.] 
 
 PRODROME 
 
 De 70 nouveaux Genres d'Animaux decouverts dans Finterieur des 
 Etats-TJnis d'Amerique, durant I'annee 1818 ; 
 
 Par C. S. UAFINESQUE, 
 
 Professeur de Botanique et d'Histoire naturelle dans TUniversite de Lex- 
 ington en Kentucky, 
 
 VI Glasse. MOLLUSQUES. 
 [423] 
 24. Pleurocer-A. (Spiral.) Coquille ovale ou pyramidale, plu- 
 
 sienrs tours en aplomb. Ouverture oblique oblongue, base prolon- 
 gee tordue, sommet aign. Lfevre exterieure mince, I'interieure col- 
 lee sur la colnmelle qui est lisse et tordue, sans ombilic. Animal k 
 
S& EAPINESQUE'S 
 
 opercule membraneux, tete proboscidee, inseree snr le dos, 2 tenta< 
 cnles lateranx, sabales; aigns, yeux k leur base exterieure . — Famille 
 des Neritacees. Genre nombreux ; j'en ai dejk 12 espfeces, toutes 
 fiuviatilos, des riyiferea et ruisseaux, ainsi que les genres suivans : 
 
 25. OxYTREMA. Different du Pleurocera par test ovale, oblong 
 on Tentru, pen de tours de spire, le premier formant presqne le tout ; 
 ouverture aigue aux deux bouts ; I'anterieur se prolongeant en une 
 longae pointe aigne. 3 esp^ces fluviatiles. 
 
 26. Campeloma. Test ovale. Ouverture ovale, base tronqnee, 
 Ifevres reflechies, flexneuses, unies en pointe posterieurement. Point 
 d'ombilic. Animal inconnu. J'en ai une seule espfece trouvee dans 
 I'Ohio. G. erassula. 4 tours de spires contraires, sommet aign, 
 test epais, ouverture plus de la moitie de la longueur totale. 
 
 27. Omphiscola. Different du Lymnula (Lymnea, Auct.) par 
 Ifevre iuferieure detacliee de la columelle, avec un ombilic oblong en- 
 tre elles — Eamille des Lymnidees. Plusieurs espfeces fluviatiles on 
 lacnstres. 
 
 28. Espiphylla. Different du Lymnula CZ/ymnea Auct.) 'par 
 ouverture arrondie, et animal k tentacules claviformeSj portant les 
 
 [424] 
 yeux au bout. — Famille Lymnidee. Une seule espfeee, H. Nymphe- 
 ola, palustre. 
 
 29. Leptoxis. Different duZ/j/mnwia par test ovale, bombe, ^ 2 on 
 3 tours de spire ; ouverture^ ovale presqu'aussi grande que le tout, 
 yeux, exterieurs. — ^Environ 4 especes fluviatiles, lacustres et palns- 
 tres. 
 
 30. Cyolemis. Different du Lymnula par test arrondi, Jl 2 on 3 
 tours de spire legferement obliques. Ouverture grande, presque 
 ronde. Animal comme dans VJEspiphylla ? — 2 espfeces lacustres, 0. 
 minutissima et G. olivacea. 
 
 31. Omphemis. Test ovale. Ouverture arrondie, Ifevres deta- 
 chees, columelle separee de la Ifevre inferieure par un petit oipbilic^ 
 oblong. Spire legerement oblique. Animal k opercule membran- 
 eux, 2 tentacules lateraux aplatis, yeux k leur base exterieure. 
 
 Famille des Turbinacees. 2 especes, 0. lacustris et 0, phaioxit 
 qui est fluviatile. 
 
 82. Lomastoma. Test pyramidal aigu. Ouverture oblongue, 
 base obtuse, sommet aiguj entouree entiferement par une 16vre deta- 
 chee, marginale, tranchante, laquelle est decurrente et inaechie k la- 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WRITINGS. 27 
 
 jonction du sommet. Ni opercale, ni ombilic. Animal inconnu. — 
 Genre singnlier ; famille des Lymnidees ? TJne seule espfece connuci 
 L terebriria. Test sabale, lisse, k 4 tours de spire, roussStre pale ; 
 ouvertare 1-3 de la longaear totale, largear 1-3 de la loaguear. Tres- 
 rare. Rnisseaux. 
 
 33. EoTREMA. Test pyramidal tnrricule. OuvertnTe presqne 
 transverse ovale, k appendice obtus anterienreraent. Lfevres reunies, 
 ^paisses, margiaees. Animal sans opercule ? ni tentacules ? 2 yeux 
 sessiles. — Genre singnlier, de famille d nteuse ? line seule espeoe 
 quivit sur les rochers de I'Ohio. E. terebroides. Euvlron 12 
 tears: de spire, une carene laterale et longitudinale. 
 
 34. Ellipstoma. Test epais, ovale, obtns. Oaverture oblique, 
 retrecie, elliptiqae, levres epaisses, reunies et decurrentes obtusement 
 et post6rieurement. Un petit ombilic oblong, etroit, kdemi-couvert 
 par la levre interieure. Animal inconnn. Genre fluviafcile de 4 
 especes, S. gibbosa, E. vittata, E. zonalis, et E. marginula.' Dans 
 I'Ohio, le Mississipi, etc. 
 
 , N. B. — J'ai decoJuvert en tout prfes de 60 coquilles spirales d'eau 
 
 douce, qui sont presque toutes des especes nouvelles ; outre 
 
 celles qui stppartiennent a la serie de beaux genres cidessus, les antres 
 
 se rangent dans les genres Ancylus, Planorbis, Lymnula, Ampul- 
 
 laria, Faludina, Vivipdra, etc. : les suivans sont de3_ nouveanx 
 
 genres spirauxterrestres. 
 [425i 
 o5. Odoteopis. Different du genre Helix par one dent lamel- 
 
 lense, on Carenee sur la spire &. I'orifice de I'buverture, Ifevres com- 
 
 muneraent reflechies, I'interieure dilatee et couvrant I'orabilic. — Plu- 
 
 sieurs especes s'y rapport'eht. 
 
 86. MesoMPHix. Diflfererit du genre Helix par un grand ombi- 
 lic en dessous, oa la spire est apparente en partie. J'en conuois jtlus 
 de 10 especes. 
 
 37. Triodopsis. Different du genre Helix ■par un grand ombilic, 
 comme dans le genre Mesoirhphix, et en outre, par levres epaisses, 
 oUverture ritrecie par 3 dents, une sur cnaque Ifevre et une sur la 
 spire. Plusieurs espSces. 
 
 33. XoLOTREMA. Different dn precedent par le defant d'ombilic 
 (comme dans le genre Helix,) ou un petit reconvert par le bout de 
 la levi'e. Oaverture transversale lllieaire,la dent inferieure devenant 
 nne carfene lamelleuse.— 2 especes senlement. X lunula et X irio- 
 
28 EAriNBSQTJE'S 
 
 39. Chimotrbma. Different du genre Helix par I'ouverture 
 transverse, enti6re,'courbee,semblable slune simple fente. — Une senle 
 espfece, G. planiuscula. 
 
 40. ToxoTKEMA. Different du genre precedent par la levre emar- 
 ginee. 2 ■espfeces, T. globularis et T. complanata. 
 
 41. Stenotrema. Different des precedens par une Ifevre 6paisse 
 enrarginee, et une seconde Ifevre collee sur la spire, se reunissant k la 
 vraie levre et avec une carene transrersale en dessus. 1 espfece, 8. 
 convexa. 
 
 42. Aplodon. Different du genre Helix par bouche arrondie, 
 columelle unidentee et ombiliquee. — Une seule espfece bien remar- 
 quable du Kentucky, A. nodosum. Trois tours de spire bosseles, 
 legferement rides concentriqnement en dessous. 
 
 N. B. — J'ai observe environ 40 espfeces de coquilles spirales ter- 
 restres, toutes nouvelles, parmi lesquelles il y a quelques espfeces des 
 genres Helix Pulimus, Gyclostoma, etc. Les genres suivans sont 
 fossiles, univalves. 
 
 43. Endotoma. (Univalve multiloc.) Conique, droite, cylin- 
 dracee, divisee, int^rieurement en plusieurs lignes par une cloison 
 longitudinale et plusieurs transversales.— Je fonde ce genre de la 
 famille des Orthoceratites sur une espfece microscopique observee 
 fixee sur une espfece de Productus en Kentucky, 11. producti. Sub- 
 ulee, obtuse, fixee ? grand diametre 1-6 de la longueur totale, large 
 fente obtuse k la base, surface lisse. Longueur totale 1-8 de pouce. 
 
 44. Platinites. CUnivalve multiloc.) Oblongue, trfes aplatie, 
 [426] 
 
 divisee interieurement en deux loges par une cloison longitudinale 
 opposee a la largeur transversale. — Famille Belemaites ? P. striata. 
 Elliptique obtuse, tronquee anterieurement. Surface &. stries longi- 
 tudinales distantes ; largeur 1-3 de la longueur, longueur 2 pouces. 
 En Kentucky, dans les couches calcaires avec les Terebratules, etc. 
 
 45. TOXERITE& (Univalve multilocj Cylindracfee, courbe ; ar- 
 ticulations diagonales. Siphon central, solide, cylindracee. Famille 
 
 Orthoceratites. T. truncata. Lisse, les bouts tronques, siphon k 
 foibles cotes obliques. Prfes de Lexingt&n. 4 pouces. 
 
 46. Trigonima. (Univalve multiloc.^ Elliptique, deprimee, 
 solide. Base k cavite divisee en 4 par 3 demi-cloisons divergentes 
 et decurrentes. — AfSnites douteuses. 2 espfeces, T. nuculari» et T. 
 amygdaloides. 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 29 
 
 47. GoNiCLis. (Tlnivalve.) Different du genre Patella par for- 
 me elliptique, dos k angle longitudinal. 2 especes,. G. elliptica et 
 G. dubia f 
 
 48. Erpilites. (Univalve spirale.) Conique, turriculee ; ouver- 
 tnre obovale, levres reunies, columelle flexueuse, lisse, canal obtus 
 tres-court. — Famille Buccinides. Ce genre se rapproche de mon 
 Eutrema et du Liguus de Montfort. II contient une seule espfece 
 tres-abondant (en relief) dans les couches calcaires snperficielles 
 de Lexington en Kentucky. E. carinata. Cinq tours de spire 
 fortement anguleux, lisses ; sommet obtus. 
 
 49. Unio. (Auct.^ J'introduis ici ce genre pour observer que 
 j'en connois deja pres de 50 espfeces ? habitant la plupart la riviere 
 Ohio, et qui offrent une telle diversite de conformation, que I'on 
 devra en modifier les caracteres generiques. Je les divise provisoire- 
 ment en 8 sous-genres, qui pourront bien constitner des genres par- 
 ticuliersunjour, etdont voici lescaractferes. 1. PRoriERA. Valves 
 dilatees anterieurement et plus ou moins ailees superleurement, axe 
 presque medial, dent lamellaire flexueuse. 4 especes, alata, phaie- 
 dra, pallida, etc. 2. Eurynia. Valves oblongues, tres-prolongees 
 anterieurement, axe posterieur, dent lamellaire droite. 4 especes, 
 latlssima, dilatata, soleno'ides, etc. 3. Elliptic. Valves .ellipti- 
 ques, axe presque medial, dent lamellaire courbee. Environ 12 especes. 
 4. Plaqiola. Valves semi-elliptiques, plus ou moins tronquees 
 anterieurement, axe posterieur, dent lamellaire oblique, droite. Plu- 
 sieurs espfeces, verrucosa, fasciolaris, leptodon, depressa, Jlava, 
 obliquatas, etc. 5. Obovaria, Valves obovales ou arrondies, axe 
 presque medial, dent lamellaire oblique. Exemple, obovalis, sub- 
 
 [427] 
 rotunda, syntoa;is,retusa, orassa,torsa, etc. 6. Truncilla. Valves 
 bombees, tronquees anterieurement. Dent posterieure semi lamell- 
 aire dentee, dent lamellaire, oblique, courte, axe presque medial. 2. 
 espfeces, triquetra et truncata. 7. Amblema. Valves non trans- 
 versales, elliptiques ou obovales, axe basilaire lateral, dent, lamellaire 
 oblique. Exemple, A. ovalis. 8. Pleurobema. Valves non trans- 
 versales, alongees, oblongues, base attenuee, axe basilaire lateral, 
 dent posterieure bilobee, dent lamellaire longitudinale, laterale. 2 
 especes, P. mytiloldes et P. conica ? Presque toutes les coquilles 
 bivalves de I'Ohio, du Mississipi, etc., appartiennent k ce genre ou 
 famille, et aux genres Anondonta, Mytilus, Gyclas, Alasmodon, Say. 
 
30 EAFINESQUE'S 
 
 50. OxisMA. (Biv. Foss.) Different du genre Finnula (Pinna, 
 Auct.) par charnifere laterals plissee, membraneusc. — 0. bifida. 
 Droits, noire, scabre, base tronquee, extremite bifide onverte, les 
 deux valves aigues, plates, on pen ahguleuses, vis-Jl-vis la charnifere. 
 Longueur | de pouce, Museum de John D. Clifford de Lexington. 
 
 51. CuRVULA. CBiv. foss.) Different du genre Pinnula par 
 inequivalve, inequilaterale et courbee, la grande valve commune- 
 ment anguleuse, lateralement et longitudinalement. Plusieurs espe- 
 ces, G. striata, plana, levis, dubia, etc. 
 
 52. CTtHOXis. (Biv. foss.) Different du genre Area par valves 
 trfes-bombees, les sommeta basikires bossus, recourbes, separes ,par 
 un grand intervalle ; un sillon oblique, courbe, exterieur, lateral et 
 
 posterieur Plusieurs especes, telles que G. venerina, cardites' 
 
 pulla, lunula, etc. Dans les couches de grfes, de marne, etc. 
 
 53. Megorima. (Biv. foss.) Different des genres Terebratula 
 et Productus, par valves presque egales, lisses, arrondies, transver- 
 sales, retuses, sans auricules, ouverture arrondie ; une grande cavite 
 arrondie, interieure a la base, separee en deux par une cloison lon- 
 gitudinale dans une des valves. — Plusieurs espfeces, M. levis, crastat 
 fruncata, etc. 
 
 54. Apleurotis. (Biv. foss.) Different des genres rereftr-a^MZa 
 et Magas, par valves inequilaterales, obovales ou oblongues (non 
 transversales,) striees, la grande valve plus longue k la base, k ou- 
 verture arrondie, petite, et k une aile laterale. — Deux espfeces de 
 couches calcaires des chutes de I'Ohio, etc. A. peclenoides et A. 
 pusilla. 
 
 55. NoTREMA. (Trivalve ? fluviatile.) Test semi-trivalve ? 
 
 Yalves inegales. Grande valve patelliforme, arrondie, convexe 
 
 [428] 
 perforee au centre. Seconde valve trfes-petile, plane, laterale en 
 dessous. Opereule ou troisieme valve I couvrant I'ouverture centrale 
 superieure, s\ charniere. Animal mutique, se fixant comme les Pa- 
 telles, tete sortant par I'ouverture superieure, alongee, tronquee, k 2 
 yenx sessiles — Ce genre contient une seule espfece bien singulifere, 
 c'est la premiere espfece vivante fluviatile approchans de la famille 
 des Terebratules, qui soit, connue. iV. patelloides. Grande valve 
 k sillons concentriques, croises par des sillons obliques, valve inferi- 
 eure obovale, inequilaterale. Get animal vit sur les rochers de I'Ohio 
 inferieur, coramo les Patelles. 
 
CONCHOMQICAL WftlTINGS. 31 
 
 56. Saoonites. fMollusque fossile.) Dififerent des genres .4sci- 
 dia et Sachondrus {A. saccata, Auct.) par corps k una senleouver- 
 ture, saspenda dans un sac, interieur r^yonnant k axe central. — 
 Animal bien singulier de la famille des Ascidites S. granulans. 
 Corps oblong, obtus, amorphe, granuleux, ainsi que I'enreloppe ex- 
 terleure. II se troave souvent amasse, mais separe, dans le grfes cal- 
 eaire pres de Lexington. 
 
 [From "Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, etc." 
 Tome LXXXIX. Paris, August, 1819. 
 [150] 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 De onze Genres nonveaux de Mollusques, publies en 1814, 
 Par C. S. RAFINESQUE, 
 
 Pro/esseur de Botamque et d'Histoire naturelle dans VUniversite 
 de Lexington. 
 (Note du R&dacteur.) Dans une Lettre qu'il nous a fait I'hon- 
 neur de nous ecrire de Philadelphie, en date du 15 mai de cette' 
 annee, M. Bafinesque nous dit : " Comme le 12e et dernier numero 
 de mon Journal encyclopedique. de la Sicile n'existe pas k Paris, 
 et qu'il a ete presque entiferement detrnit dans les deux nanfrages 
 successifs que j'ai eprouves, je vous envoie les caractferes de onze 
 genres de Mollusques et de Polypes, parmi les 36 genres nonveaux 
 qu'il contient, en vous priantde vouloir bien lespublier denouveau." 
 C'est ce que nous faisons avec le plus grand plaisir, quoique nous 
 so'yons obliges de convenir que pour vouloir peut-etre suivre avec 
 trop de rigueur, ce qu'il appelle les principes linneens de nomencla- 
 ture, M. Rafinesque nous semble etre tombe dans un grave incon- 
 venient, qui consiste k donner si peu de developpemens k ses carac- 
 teres generiques et specifiques, qu'il et fort dif&cile de se faire une 
 1151] 
 
 juste idee des animaux dont 11 parle, et par consequent de savoir 
 s'ils sont nouvellement mentiones ou non. Nous croyons done 
 devoir ne pas meriter les reproches qu'il nous fait dans un autre 
 endroit de sa Lettre, quand il dit &, I'Ecole fran9oise tout entifere: 
 " II est bien k regretter que vous oubliiez entiferement en France les 
 principes de nomenclature et de description de Linne (je ne |)arle 
 pas de son systfeme sexnel), et qu'au lieu de poursuivre le' beau plan 
 trace dans le Systema natures, vous noyiez les connoissances naturel- 
 
32 EAFINESQUE'S 
 
 les dans des details aceessoires ou etrangers, et que vous negligiez 
 de nous faire connoitre ioutes les esp&ces connues ; en sorte que les 
 obserrateurs strangers ne savent trfes-souvent a quoi s'en tenir. 
 Tantot ils craignent de publier leurs decouvertes qu'ils s'imaginent 
 etre en partie connues ; ou s'ils sont plus hardis, ils ne peuvent 
 echapper k un autre inconvenient, qui est de decrire comme nouvelles 
 des espfeces qui ne le sont pas. Mais la faute en est k vous autres, 
 qui ne voulez (ou ne savez) pas nous donner des synopsis generanx 
 de toutes les espfeces connues en zoologie, comme en Botanique ; 
 Roemer et Deeandolle vous en montrent I'exemple." Mais sans 
 relever cette comparaison, parce qu'il est beancoup plus difBcile de 
 conserver toutes les espfeces en Zoologie qu'en Botanique, ou I'on 
 pent successivement les voir et les comparer dans les herbiers, la 
 raison pour laquelle aucun zoologiste n'a encore ose essayer de don- 
 ner un Systema animalium, ne tiendroit-elle pas beaucoup plus a 
 ce que plusieurs personnes abusant de ce qu'elles nomment k tort 
 systSme linnien, se bornant k ne comparer que les espfeces qu'elles 
 out sous les yeux, n'etablissent leurs genres et leurs especes que 
 d'une manifere trop brfeve et trop peu comparative, et par conse- 
 quent incomplete ? II est presque impossible k un homme qui voud- 
 roit faire un peu mieux que I'utile Gmelin, d'employer ces materiaux 
 mal prepares, k un edifice un peu solide. Et les materiaux que nous 
 offre M. Rafinesque ne sont-ils pas un peu dans ce cas f e'est ce qui 
 nous semble malheureusement trop vrai pour les ouvrages que nous 
 connoissons de ce zele zoologiste, auquel, sans aucun doute, la science 
 doit deja beaucoup, mais k qui elle devroit bien d'avantage s'il voul- 
 oit, reflechissant que lorsque Linnasus etablissoit un genre sur un 
 animal ou un vegetal nouveau, il commen9oit par le decrire com- 
 pletement dans quelques dissertations, modifier un peu la rigueur de 
 ses principes linneens, par I'admission de quelques-uns de ceux de 
 I'Ecole fran9oise, dont nous lui rappellerons ici les principaux : 
 
 quand on caracterise un genre de Mammiferes, on doit surtout faire 
 la plus grande attention au systeme dentaire en totalite ; d'oiseaux, 
 au bee et surtout au sternum et k ses annexes ; de reptiles, de 
 poissons, aux dents, k I'ouverture des branchies, k la composition de 
 I'opercule et il la forme de la queue ; de Mollusques, k la position, 
 la forme, la nature, des organes de la respiration, la forme symetrique 
 on non de la coquille, etc. ; desinsectes, au nombre des articulations 
 du corps et de ses differentes parties, au nombre, k la forme, k I'usage 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 33 
 
 de leurs appendices des sens, de la mastication et de la respiration ; 
 et enfin dans les actinozoaires, k la forme generale, la nature de 
 I'enveloppe, au nombre et k ]& structure des tentacules, etc. ; s'il 
 vouloit sartout, en peu de mots, rapprocher le nouveau corps organ- 
 ise, qu'il desire signaler d'un autre parfaitement connu, en donnant 
 les differences avec plus de details qu'il ne fait, peut-etre les travanx 
 de M. Rafinesque, que nous avons ete les premiers k faire connoitre 
 en France, seroient-ils plus generalement repandus et par consequent 
 plus utiles. 
 
 Genre 2. Opiptera. (MoUusque.) Corps nageant, deprime, sans 
 tete ; une grande aile horizontale posterieurement ; deux longs ten- 
 tacules inegaux, non retractiles a'nterieurement ; la bouche entre 
 eux. — II difffere des MoUusques pteropodes par le manque de tete et 
 de branchies. — 1 Espece 0. hicotor ; hjalin, aile rougeatre, longueur 
 2 pouces.* 
 
 Genre 4. Oxtnoe. (Mollusque.) Corps rampant, a grande 
 coquille dorsale exterieure, pulliforme, k spire simple ; ventre ou 
 pied etroit si branchies marginales, striees transrersalement ; manteau 
 elargi en 2 ailes laterales, 2 tentacules non retractiles. — Different du 
 genre Sigaretus par la coquiUe exterieure, etc. 1 0. olivacea. 
 Olivatre, elliptique ; tentacules saillans, obtus. Coquille a sommet 
 obtus, evasee.* 
 
 Genre 5. Tylodina. (Mollusque.) Corps rampafct, k petite 
 coquille dorsale exterieure, membraneuse, sans spire, ovale, k pointe 
 calleuse, palliliforme. 4 tentacules, les 2 posterieurs eloigues et plus 
 
 C153] 
 grands, branchies dorsales sous la coquille k droite, anus k la droite 
 du cou. — T. punctulata, pointille de brun, tentacules obtus;. 
 coqaille lisse. 
 
 * Qaoiqae nous ne pnisEions guere aire a* quel gruupe de MoUusques appartient cet animal, 
 nous pouTons assurer qu'il est fort douteux, que les tentacules soieat iuogaax. 
 
 * Le genre Sigaret dont M. Rafinesque rapproche'ce genre, en differe beaucoup par la situation 
 et la lorme des branchieB qui sent 'omposeea de deux peigaes inegaux places au-dessus de la 
 racine du dos. 
 
34 BAFINESQUE'S 
 
 [From the 13th Livraison of the Fifth Volume, of the Arwales Gt'nerales des 
 Sciences Pliysiques, Bruxelles. Sept. 1830, page 287. The extra copies 
 of this paper, which are usually met with, have a different folio from the 
 original, pag« 31 corresponding with page 287 of the latter. A reprmt 
 of the text and plates of this paper was published in Chenu's Bibhotheque 
 Conchyliologique, Paris, 1845. A translation without the plates was 
 ,»lso published by Mr. Poulson, Philadelphia, 1833.] 
 
 [287] 
 
 monoaeaphie des coquilles bivalves fltiviatiles de la riviere 
 Ohio, contenant douze genres et soixante-huit especes. 
 
 Par M. C. S. RAFINESQTJE, 
 
 Professeur de hotanique et cPhistoire naturelle & TUniyersiti 
 Transylvane de Lexington. 
 
 Les nombreuses coquilles fluviatiles et terrestres de I'interieur de 
 I'Amerique septentrionale n'avaient pas encore ete observees et 
 decrites quand j'entrepris ce travail en 1818 et 1819. Je fas surpris 
 et charme de decouvrir qu'elles eiaient presque toutes des espfeces 
 nouvelles, et totalement dififerentes de celles qui habitent les terras 
 atlantiques ; en sorte qu'il parait que la chaine des montagnes 
 Alleghany, qui separe les deux eontrees, forme aussi une ligne de 
 demarcation entre les poissons et les coquilles des eaux du bassin de 
 I'Ohio, et ceux des eaux qui aboutissent k I'Ocean Atlantique. 
 Quoique bi*en eloigne d'avoir epuis6 I'etude des coquilles de cette 
 contree, neanmoins j'y ai dej&, observe, recueilli et figure environ 
 180 especes, dont environ tO univalves fluviatiles, 50 univalves 
 terrestres et 60 bivalves fluviatiles. Ce sont ces derniferes que je 
 vais faire connaitre dans cette monographie. Les univalves seront 
 decrites ailleurs ; j'en ai deji publie plusieurs et particuliferement les 
 novueaux , genres dans mon Prodrome des animaux nouveaux de 
 I'Amerique septentrionale. 
 
 La majeure partie des bivalves de l?Ohio, se trouve dans la plupart 
 des riviferes qui s'y jettent, telles que le Kentucky, Cumberland, 
 Tennessee, Wabash, Miami, Green, Scioto, Licking, Muskingum, 
 Kenhaway, etc. dont plusieurs sont des riviferes considerables de 5 i 
 
 [288] 
 800 milles de cours (ou 2 k 300 Jieues). II reste k verifier si elles 
 sont communes k tout le bassin du Mississipi, et au Missouri, Ar- 
 kanzas, etc. Je suis deji\ certain que quelques-unes s'y trouvent, et 
 il me parait probable que les coquilles de cet immense bassin doivent 
 
CONCHOlOaiCAL WEITINGS. 35 
 
 ^tre analogues, quoique plusienrs espfeces particuliferes pnissent etre 
 par la suite decouvertes dans les. grandes branches occidentales et 
 meridionales. 
 
 Parmi les bivalves de I'Ohio, la plupart des espfeces appartienneat 
 au seul genre f7nio, tel qa'il estenonce. Un nombre aussi consid- 
 erable d'espfeces, qui quadruple tout d'un coup ce genre, et qui offre 
 des anomalies infinies de forme et de structure, est un fait trfes-re- 
 marquable, qui m'a occasionne des doutes sur 1' enonciation des 
 caractferes. Frappe d'abord par qnelques differences dans les 
 caracteres des mollnsqnes quihabitent les cpquilles de I'Ohio, j'avais 
 cru y entrevoir nne nonvelle famille ou un nouveau genre de bivalves, 
 que je me proposals de nommer Potamila. Convaincu par la suite 
 que, nonobstant les legferes differences dans I'animal, les coquilles 
 ftorrespondaient entierement an caractfere generique de 1' Unio, mais 
 en offrant des earactferes secondaires bien tranches, tels que des 
 coquilles transversales on longitudinales, k formes elliptiques, 
 triangulaices, carrees obovalves, arrondies, etc. et k dent lamellaire 
 horizontale, oblique, verticale, droite, courbe, flexueuse, etc., je pro- 
 posal de les diviser en 8 sous-genres, dans mon Prodrome de tO 
 nouveaux genres. Depuis lors, ayant accru mes espfeces et verifi6 
 lenrs caractferes, il me semble convenable d'en former plusieurs 
 genres et sous-genres ; mais pour complaire aux naturalistes, qui 
 hesitent dans I'adoption des changemens de nomenclature que les 
 decouvertes necessitent, je donnerai le nom d' Umo en second lieu, h 
 toutes mes nouvelles especes, en leur observant qu'en les admettant 
 toutes dans le genre Umo, qui par \k deviendra compose de plus de 
 '70 espfeces, il faudrait repeter dans I'enonciation des caractferes 
 specifiques, celni des caracteres de mes nouveaux genres, ce qui 
 rendrait la definition des especes longue et prolixe. 
 [289] 
 
 Parmi les Wnio de I'Ameriqu^ septentrionale dejJl mentionn^s par 
 les anteurs, il y en a un decouvert par Michaux fils, dans I'Ohio, et 
 nomme U. Ohiensis dans son voyage ; mais comme il n'y est pas 
 decrit, je ne puis pas le rapporter k aucune de mes espfeces : d'ail- 
 leurs le nom d'OMensis est trfes-peu convenable, et il est singulier 
 que Michaux n'ait pu recueillir qu'une espece dans I'Ohio, ou il en 
 existe plus de 50 ! L' U. caroliana de Bosc, est deqrite incomplete- 
 ment ; cependant je presume qu'elle n'est indentlque avec aucune 
 espfece de I'Ohio. Parmi les nouvelles especes d' Vnio decrites par 
 
36 BAFINESQUE'S 
 
 Say dans Particle Gonchology du dictionnaire de Nicholson, 11 y en 
 a 4 qui sent de I'Ohio : TJ. crassus, U. alatus, U. ovatus et U. 
 cylindricus; la description du premier comprend evidemment 
 plnsieurs espfeces, mal a,-propos confondues. 
 
 Des autres bivalves de I'Ohio appartiennent aux genres Alasmo- 
 don, Gyclas et Notrema, et renferment trfes-peu d'espfeces. 
 
 Toutes ces coquilles sont k peine mangeables ; elles ont un gout 
 extremement fade et insipide, en sorte qu'on les neglige ; cependant 
 quelques-unes des grandes espfeces ont un mollusque appetissant ; 
 la seule manifere de rendre ces mollusques propres k la table, 
 consiste k les laisser tremper dans du vinaigre pendant un 
 certain temps ; on pent ensuite les frire on les confire au vinaigre. 
 Plusieurs poissons s'en nourrissent et surtout VAmbloclon grunniens. 
 Les herons aussi les mangent k defaut de poisson, et les cochons en 
 sont trfes-friands ; on les voit trfes-souvent aller en troupe dans les 
 riviferes k leur recherche, et ils les mangent avidement, nonobstant 
 I'epaisse et dure coquille de plusieurs espfeces. Les noms vulgaires 
 du pays sont pen varies ; on les confond tous sous les noms de 
 muscles, dames, box-shells, snuff-box, etc. 
 
 Plusieurs espfeces sont orneea de couleurs trfes-brilliantes dans 
 I'interieur, offrent plusieurs nuances de pourpre, violet, cuivre, nacre, 
 dore, irise, etc. quoique leur exterieur soit copstamment reconvert 
 
 [290] 
 par un epiderme de couleur foncee ou noire, brune, chataigne, rousse, 
 olivatre, etc. Plusieurs produisent des perles ou excroissances 
 perlees et color^es, dont quelques-unes sont trfes-belles ; on pourrait 
 mSme tirer parti de leur nacre variee. Dans certains lieux, hors de 
 la region calcaire, on les ramasse pour taire de la chaux. Le mol- 
 lusque est communement blanc; mais quelquefois jaune ou safrane. 
 U vit trfes-long-temps. 
 
 Famille. Pediferia. Les Pedifferes. 
 
 Bivalve equivalve in6quilaterale. Mollusque k grand pied com- 
 prim6, tendineux non byssiffere ; deux siphons trfes-courts, ou rem- 
 places par deux ouvertures; anus sous le ligament; charnifere 
 dentee ou lamellee. 
 
 Cette famille comprend toutes les bivalves de'l'Ohio, tels que les 
 genres Unio, Anodonta, etc. des auteurs, ainsi que mes nouveau;x 
 genres demembr6s de 1' Unio. Je la divise en plusieurs sous-families, 
 dont 5 habitent dans I'Ohio. 
 
OONCHOLOaiOAL WEITINGS; 37 
 
 I. Sous-famille. Uniodia. Les TIniodes. 
 
 Coquille transverse. Dent bilobee anterieure. Dent lamellaire 
 posterieure, horizontale on' oblique. Sommets un peu obliques. 
 Rides concentriques on zonales. 
 
 l"- Genre. Unio. Mulette. 
 
 Coqnille elliptique. Ligament droit. Dent bilobee communement 
 sillonnee. Dent lamellaire horizontale, souvent droite, jamads 
 flexueuse. Axe variable. Contour marginal, presquetoujoursepaissi. 
 Trois impressions musculaires. MoUusque k grand manteau bilobe, 
 non frange ; siphons il peine saillans, une appendice plate bilamel- 
 laire a, cote de chaque siphon ; branchies striees, en forme de second 
 manteau interieur et bilobe. 
 
 ■C'est ainsi que je definis le groupe auquel je laissele aom d'Unio, 
 parce qu'il parait etre le plus nombreux, et se rapprocher de celui a 
 qui I'on a donne ce nom en Europe ; cependant il parait que s'ils 
 
 [291] 
 sont identiquement congenferes, on aurait du observer les appendices 
 lamellaires.des siphons etles branchies striees mantelliformes. Beau- 
 coup d'especes out, outre les trois impressions musculaires, une 
 fossule musculaire k I'extremite de la dent lamellaire, qui, quoique 
 quelquefois confluente avec I'impression solitaire de ce cote, en est 
 souvent distinete. Si ce genre difffere par I'animal, des Unio 
 europeens, il faudra le nommer Elliptio, nom que j'ai appliqrte k un 
 de ses sous genjes. Je le divise en 4 sous-genres. 
 
 !"■• Sous-genre. ELi,rpTio. EUipte. 
 
 Test elliptique. Axe extra-medial. Dent sillonnee. Contour 
 epaissi. Ligament com6. Dent lamellaire droite. 
 
 1. Espfece. Cmo wig'ra (Elliptio nigra). Mulette noire. PI. lxxx, 
 fig. 1, 2, 3 et 4.* 
 
 Ovale-elliptique, pea bomb^e, k legfere troncature angnlaire 
 posterieurement ; tfest epais ; 6piderme noiratre ; nacre ros6e ; dent 
 lamellaire epaisse, obtuse, rides legferes. Longueur 9-15. Diamfetre 
 6-15. Axe 2-5 de la largeur. 
 
 C'est une des grandes especes de I'Ohio, pnisqu'elle parvient 
 quelquefois k 6 pouces de largeur. Sa nacre est belle, quelquefois 
 iridescente, les impressions le sont toujours. La fossule existe dis- 
 
 ^Lesdessins nous ayant ete eavoyes non colories et les coq.nines ne se trouvant pas a HOtre 
 disposition, nous u'avoiifl pa en rendre les couleurs sur les planclies, et le lytho^raphe a da 
 s'astreindre au simple role de eopiste. 
 
38 eafineSqtie's 
 
 tinetement. Voiei la forlne de sa charnifere et cette description 
 seryira pour toutes les autres espfeces. Dent bilobee anterieure, 
 epaisse, triquetre, sillonnee : lobes ineganx, I'anterieur plus petit, 
 dans la valve droite, I'oppose dans la gauche. Dent lamellaire sim- 
 ple dans la valve gauche. Ligament dur presque calcaire, corne ex- 
 terieurement et convexe. Deux impressions musculaires inegales 
 sous la dent bilobee, la seconde ou inferieure plus petite. La fossule 
 formant une espfece de quatrlfeme impression musculaire entre 16 
 
 [2921 
 bout de la dent lamellaire et son impression qui en est detacher. 
 Sommet des valves k epiderme use, et souvei^t aussi le test. Ce 
 caractfere a ete employe par les Conchyologistes comme speciSque ; 
 mais k tort, car il existe dans toutes les especes, hormis U- fiava, U. 
 Viridis, et les coquilles naissantes ; il est purement accidentel et 
 secondaire, mais inherent k lenr manifere de vivre. En ouvrant et 
 fermant ses valves, I'animal est contraint de les faire frotter centre 
 le sable ou le gravier dans lesquels il vit, et il en use graduellement 
 le sommet ; s'il vit dans la boue, ce sommet s'use treslentement, 
 tandis que pa'rmi les pierres toute la surface des valves devient 
 graduellement usee et cariee. Le contour du bord marginal est an 
 contraire tres-entier, et ferme hermetiquement par une prolongation 
 de I'epiderme membraneux et mobile, que I'animal forme par une 
 exsudation de son pied. Aucnnepartie de lacoquille n'est brilliante, 
 hormis dans les vieux individus. Pour completer la connaissance 
 generale de ces animaux, je vais donner la description et la figure 
 du moUusque de VU. nigra. 
 
 Tons les animaux de cette famille n'offrent que de legferes differ- 
 ences de couleurs, dimensions et proportions. 
 
 Corps blanc on un pen incarnat (Sg. 4). Manteau mince, lisse, 
 tapissant les valves, bilobe et echancre pos'erienrement, sans franges. 
 Second manteau interieur, branchial, strie obliquement, rainee, bilobe 
 posterieurement, beancoup moindre que I'exterieur, et enveloppant 
 le pied. Pied comprime, musculenx, coriaoe, oblong, dilatable. 
 Bouche anterieure. Anus posterieur, k I'extremite du ligament. 
 Siphons anterieurs lataraux ; egaux, un de chaque c6te, derriere la 
 bouche, en forme de tubercule perfore ; et encore plus en arrifere, 
 egalement de chaque cote, une appendice oilamellaire obtus, k lames 
 inegales, plates, ovales ou oblongues : I'interieure plus grande. Ce 
 Bont apparemment les organes de la generation. D'aprfes cette des- 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WRITINaS. 39 
 
 cription exacte, et que j'ai verifiee sur plas de 20 espfeces et 300 
 
 [293] 
 individus, on verra qu'il y a une difference notable entre <ses mollus- 
 ques et ceux des Vnio europeens tels qu'ils sont dacrits par les 
 aHteurs et notamment par Perussac, (Essai fune methode conohy' 
 ologique) qui se pique d'une scrupuleuse exactitude dans I'enoncia- 
 tion des moUusques fluviatiles. 
 
 Ces animaux vivent a la surface du lit des riviferes, libres et situes 
 de toutes les mauieres, sur le eote ou verticaleraent avec I'ourerturie 
 en haut, en has ou oblique. lis savent au besoin s'enfoacer dans le 
 sable ou la terre, partieuliferement en hirer et m^me en ete dans les 
 petites rivieres siijettes a des dessechemens auxquels ils resistent fort 
 bien. Ils out un mouvement progressif treslent, i\. I'aide de leur 
 pied qui sillonne lentement le terrain. lis sont hermaphrodites et 
 multiplient beaucoup. Leurs oeufs sont tres-petits, glaireux, souvent 
 jaunes. Pldsieurs jeunes coquilles eclosent dans la coquille de lenr 
 m6re. 
 
 Cette espfece a deux varieties. 
 
 Var. 1. Fasca. Epiderme brun fence ; nacre pale. 
 
 Var. 2. Maeulata. A taches brunes ; nacre presque blanche. 
 
 2. Espfece. Unio crassa (EUiptio crassa). Mulette epaisse. 
 U. crassus. Say Conch. Tab. 1, fig. 8, esp. 1. 
 
 Elliptique ; pen bombee ; test tres-epais ; epiderme brun ; nacre 
 blanche; dentlamellaireepasse, obtuse; rides marquantes. Longueur 
 2-3, diaraetre 1-3, axe 1-5 de la largeur. 
 
 Cette espece est Bguree par M. Say sous ce nom ; mais sa des- 
 cription, ou, de son propre aveu, il confond plusieurs espeoea, ne 
 Tant rien. Le test est ici encore plus epais que dans la precedente : 
 du reste, elle lui ressemble beaucoup; la principale differeaoe consiste 
 dans I'axe plus lateral et le defaut d'iaclinaison posterieure. Largeur 
 de 4 a 5 ponces. 
 
 3. Espece. Unio viridis (Elliptio viridis). Mulette verte. 
 Elliptique, tronquee obliquement posterieurement, peu bombee ; 
 
 test peu epais, sommets il rides flexueuses; epiderme lisse,.vert- 
 
 [294] 
 oliTHtre ; nacre un pen bleuS,tre ; dent bilobee comprimce, crenelee, 
 decurrcnte. Longueur 5-9, diametre Y-16, axe 1-3 de lalargeur. 
 
 Var. 1. Radiaia. Radiee de jaune p^le. 
 
 Var. 2. Fuscata. Epiderme brun-olivStre, 
 
 Petite espete, de la, longueur d'un pouoe et demi au,pl«B. Rare 
 
40 EAFINESQTTE'S 
 
 dans I'Ohio, plus commune dans le Kentirky et les petites riviferes 
 adjacentes. Elle a rarement les sommets uses, car ils sont epaissis 
 par des rides flexueuses, remarquables puisque le reste de la coquille 
 est lisse. La dent bilobee est etroite et en devient crenelee, au lieu 
 de sillonnee. Troncature oblique, convexe; impressions pen marquees; 
 fossule nulle ; dent lamellaire etroite. 
 
 4. Espece. Unio fasciata (Elliptio fasciata). Mulette fasciee. 
 EUiptique bombee.; test peu epais.; epiderme peu rugueux, oliva- 
 
 tre, orne de rayons bruns ; nacre bleuatre ; dent bilobee rngueuse, 
 divariquee ; dent lamellaire carenee. Longuenr 2-3, diametre 1-2, 
 axe 1-3 de la largeur. 
 
 Var. 1. Nigrofasciata. Raies noires. 
 
 Var. 2. Alternata. Verdatre, si rayons vert-noiratrea, alterna- 
 tivement plus larges et plus etroite. 
 
 Var. 3. Guprea. CuiTree k raies olivatres ; nacre blanch e- 
 enivree. 
 
 Jolie espece qui se rapproche de VO. ochraceus de Say. Ordi- 
 nairement petite, cependant j'en ai tu de plus de 3 pouces de large. 
 Dans I'Ohio et les ririferes Alleghany, Muskingum, Kentuky, Salt, 
 Green, etc. Impressions peu marquees ; fossule profonde. 
 
 Obs. L'on doitprobablement rapporter k ce sous-genre les especes 
 suivantes des auteurs, et peut-etre quelqu'autres encore. 
 
 Unio Caroliniana de Bosc. 
 
 Vnio plicata? de Lesueur. Du lac Erie. Var. d'?7. crassa 
 Say. 
 
 Unio purpurea, de Say. tab. 3, fig, 1, De Pensylvanie. 
 [295] 
 
 Unio aurata, N. Bsp. de la rivifere Hudson. Elle est elliptique 
 arec la partie posterieure tronquee obliquement ; test peu epais ; 
 epiderme brun, noir^tre, olivatre, dore ; dent petite, rngueuse. 
 Longueur 4-7, diametre 2-T, axe 1-4 de largeur. 
 
 Unio pictorum, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 2'"- Sous-genre. Leptodea. Leptode. 
 
 Dent bilobee entifere et lisse : celle de la valve droite simple. 
 Contour non-epaissi. Ligament membraneux. Dent lamellaire 
 legerement courbee. 
 
 5. Espfece. i7moZepto«ion (Elliptio leptodon.) Mulette leptode. 
 PI. Lxxx, fig. 5, 6 et 7. 
 
 Elliptique trfes-comprimde attenuee posterieurement ; test mince 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WRITINGS. 41 
 
 et fragile un peu rugueux ; epiderme brunatre ; nacre violae^e ; dent 
 biolbee petite, obtuse, lisse, tuberculiforme ; dent lamellaire mince 
 et longue. Longueur 1-2, diamfetre 1-6, axe 1-3 de la largeur. 
 
 Assez commune dans les parties inferieures de I'Ohio, ordinaire- 
 ment petite, car son test est si fragile, qu'elle devient aisement la 
 proie de ses ennemis : cependant elle parvient quelquefois k 3 pon- 
 ces de largeur. Les impressions sont peu apparentes fossule apparente 
 confluente. Animal blanehatre. 
 
 Yar. 1. Olivacea. Epiderme oliy^tre. 
 
 Yar. 2. Semi-radiata. Olivatre k demi-rayons bruns. 
 
 6. Bspeee. Uniofragilis (EUiptio fragilis.) Mulette fragile. 
 
 EUiptique, un peu dilatee posterieurement ; test tres-mince et fra- 
 gile, presque lisse ; epiderme olivatre ; nacre bleu^tre ; dent bilob^e 
 lisse, comprimee ; dent lamellaire eourte. Longueur 2-8, diamfetre 
 1-3, axe 1-3 de la longueur. 
 
 Yax./uscata. Brun-roussatre exterieurement. 
 
 Cette espece ressemble beaucoup k la precedente ; mais elle en 
 differe par sa forme dilatee, au lieu d'etre attenuee ; peu comprimee, 
 bombee, surface presque lisse, etc. Les sommets ne sont pas appa- 
 rens. L'animal est jaunatre, > Largeur environ deux pouces. Ces 
 deux espfeces ressemblent assez exterieurement aux U. viridis, U. 
 
 [296] 
 fasoiata, U. aurata et XT. nasuta, etc., qui ont aussi la coquille 
 fragile ; mais ils s'en distinguent aisement par leurs dents bien diffe- 
 rentes ; elles sont lisses, arec la lame un peu courbee, etc. 
 
 7. Espfece.' Unio nervosa (EUiptio nervosa). Mulette nerveuse. 
 PL Lxxx, fig. 8, 9 et 10. 
 
 Elliptique, pliia large posterieurement ; test assez mince, convert 
 de nervures flexueuses, concentriques, vermiculaires, bords ondules ; 
 epiderme brun ; nacre, bleuSitre. Longueur 2-3, diamfetre 2-5, axe 
 1-3 de la largeur. 
 
 Espfece rare et bien distincte. Je I'ai trouvee aux rapides de 
 I'Ohio. Largeur un pouee et demi. Les dents bilobees sont petites, 
 tuberculiformes ; la dent lamellaire etroite' courbe, avec les impres- 
 sions peu apparentes ; le bord marginal est un peu epaissi et ondule 
 ou erode. 
 
 3mo. Sous-genre Aximedia. Aximfede. 
 
 Dent lamellaire un peu courbe ; axe presqne medial ; valves 
 presqu'equilaterales , 
 
42 eafinesque's 
 
 8. Espfece. Unio elliptica (BUiptio elliptica). Mulette elliptique. 
 Elliptique, partie posterieure angulaire ; test epais, presque lisse , 
 
 epiderme brun-cliatain ; nacre pale, violacee ; dent bilobee ridee, 
 obtuse : lame obtuse, epaisse. Longueur 3-4, diametre, 3-8, axe T-16 
 de la largeur. 
 
 Rare ; vue prfes de Louisville et de Maysville. Largeur environ 
 deux pouces. Impressions profondes. Valves un peu bombees, a 
 sommets saillans, trfes-obtns. 
 
 9. Espfece. Unio levigata (EUiptio levigata). Mulette lisse. PI. 
 Lxxx, fig. 11, 12 et 13. 
 
 Elliptique, arrondie, bombee ; test epais, lisse ; epiderme olivatre ; 
 nacre blanc-bleuatre; dent bilobee peu ridee, lame courte. Longueur 
 5-7, diamfetre 4-1, axe.t-16 de la largeur. 
 
 ■ Petite espece d'un pouce au plus, qui approche des genres Botun- 
 daria et Gyolas. Dans le Kentuky. Sommets arrondis, saillans, uses. 
 La lame est un peu oblique. Cette espfece devrait peut-6tre appartenir 
 
 [297] 
 au sous-genre Plagiola du genre Obliquaire. 
 
 10. Espfece. Unio zonalis (Elliptio zonalis). Mulette zonale. 
 Elliptique ; test epais, ride ; epiderme rouSsHtre k zones brunes ; 
 
 sommets saillains, bombes. Longueur 3-5, diamfetre 2-5, axe 2-5 de 
 la largeur. ' 
 
 Espfece trfes-rare : vue une seule fois aux rapides de I'OMo ; lar- 
 geur au-dela de 2 pouces. 
 
 4me. Sous-genre. Etjetnia. Eurynie. 
 
 Valves trfes-transversales ou trfes-larges. Axe presque lateral. 
 Ligament trfes-long. 
 
 11. Espfece. Unio dilatata (Elliptio dilatata). Mulette dilatee. 
 Elliptique, oblongue, un peu attenuee posterieurement ; test 6pais, 
 
 presque lisse; epiderme brun-ronssS,tre; nacre violette; dents obtuses, 
 epaisses, lame taut soit peu inclinee. Longueur 1-2, Diamfetre 2-7, 
 axe 1-4 de la largeur. 
 
 Jolie espfece trfes-commune, k nacre trfes-belle, souvent k reflets 
 pourpres ou bleuatres ; largeur 3 &. 4 pouces. Elle varie k Epiderme 
 bran ou roux, et a nacre plus ou moins foncee ou pale. Impressions 
 striees ; fossule apparente ; dent bilobee epaisse, rugueuse, lame 
 obtuse. Mollusque jaunatre. 
 
 12. Espfece. Unio latissima (Elliptic latissima). Mulette large. 
 PI. Lxxx, fig. 14 et 15. 
 
CONaHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 43 
 
 Elliptique-oblongue, un peu attenuee posterieurement ; test epais, 
 lisse ; epiderme noiratre ; nacre incarnate, contour blanc ; dent 
 bilobee obtuse, ridee, lame carenee, tres-droite et tres-longue. Lon- 
 gueur 2-5, diametre 1-4, axe 1-4 de la largeur. 
 
 Grande espfece, parvenant quelquefois k 8 pouoes de largeur. Elle 
 n'est pas aussi commune que la precedente. Dent un peu tri^re ; 
 impressions lisses ; fossale peu marquee, lame en carene, aigue, 
 epaisse, horizontale. Mollusque blanc. Une espfece pareille ou 
 voisine se trouve dans le fleuve Susquehannah. 
 [298] 
 
 13. Espece. Unio solenoides (Elliptic solenoides). Mulette 
 solenoids. 
 
 EUiptique-eylindracee, amincie, arrondie anterieurement, tronquee, 
 retuse posterieurement; test epais, tres-bombe, k rides flexueuses 
 posterieures ; epiderme brun olivitre ; nacre blanche-bleuAtre ; Dent 
 rugueuse, obtuse, lame tres-longue, horizontale. Longueur 3-Y, 
 diamfetre 4-11, axe 3-11 de la largeur. 
 
 Tres-remarquable. Je I'ai observee daus la partie superieure de 
 I'OMo, largeur environ 3 pouces;, sommets saillans ; fossule 
 evidente. 
 
 Var. 1. Interrupta, k quelques lignes noir^tres, interrompues 
 anterieurement. 
 
 Yar. 2. Nodosa. A quelques nodosites posterieurement. 
 
 Yar. 8. Gylindrica. Say. Conch, esp. 8, tab. 4, fig. 3. Test tres- 
 epais ; nacre blanche ; sommets trfes-grands. 
 
 lime. Genre. Lampsilis. Lampsile. 
 
 Coquille ovale. Ligament courbe. Dent bilobee sillonnee. Dent 
 lamellaire courbee, _;?ea;MeMse. Axe extramedial. Contour marginal 
 epaissi. Trois impressions musculaires. — Mollusque semblable ticelui 
 de P Unio ; mais a siphons apparens, courts. 
 
 Le nom est modifie de Lasmacampsilis, qui signifle lafne llexuolee, 
 d'aprfes le caractere essentiel du genre. 
 
 14. Bspfece. Lampsilis cardiumCnmocsLviinm). Lampsile ccEur. 
 PL Lxxx, fig. 16, 17, 18 et 19. 
 
 Ovale, elargie et inclinee posterieurement, tres-bombee ; sommets 
 saillains, en coeur ; test epais ; epiderme rouxbrun, rugueux, noiritre 
 posterieurement ; nacre blanche, rosee posterieurement. Longueur 
 3-4, diamfetre 2-5, axe 1-3 de la largeur.. 
 
 Belle coquille tres-bombee ; largeur jusqu'a 6 pouces. Dent 
 
44 eafinesque's 
 
 bilobee striee et crenelee ; dent lamellaire comprimee. Mollusque 
 blanc; les appendices bilamellaires larges ; la lame ext^rieure plus 
 grande. 
 
 15. Espfece. Lampsilis ovata (Unio ovata). Lampsile ovale. 
 
 [299] 
 
 Unio ovatus. Say Conch, esp. 3, tab., 2, fig. T. 
 
 Ovale, regulifere, attenuee posterieurement, bombee ; sommets 
 saillans ; epiderme corne, brun sur la depression posterieure ; nacre 
 blanche ; test pen 6pais. Longueur 3-4, diamfetre 3-10, axe 1-3 de 
 la largeur. 
 
 Est-ce une variete de la precedents ? EUe parait en differer princi- 
 palement par sa forme moins bombee et non dilat^e posterieurement. 
 
 16. Espfece, Lampsilis fasciola (Unio fasciola). Lampsile 
 fascicle. 
 
 Ovale, dilatee posterieurement, bombee ; test peu epais ; Epiderme 
 olivatre, k bandes radiees, flexueuses, in6gales, verd4tres. Longueur 
 2-3, diamfetre 2-5, axe 1-3 de la largeur. Nacre blanche-bleuEtre. 
 
 Rare : espfece vue dans le Kentuky ; largeur 2 k 3 pouces, dent 
 bilobee petite, sillonn6e superienrement, lisse et decurrente inferieure- 
 ment ; dent lamellaire mince, plissee.* 
 
 111°"- Genre Metapteea. Metaptere. 
 
 Coquille ovale, triatfgulaire, dilatee en aile posterieurement ; liga- 
 ment incline sur I'aile. Dent bilobee crenelee. Dent lamellaire cour- 
 h6e, detachee du bord de I'aile. Axe extramedial, Contour k peine 
 epaissi. Trois impressions musculaires. — Mollusque semblablo k 
 celui de 1' Unio. 
 
 Le nom signifie aile posterieure ; j'avais d'abord adopte 
 celui de Froptera, c'etait par erreur, car il eut signifie aile 
 antfirieure. 
 
 [3001 
 
 It. Espfece' iKetepiera megropfera (Unio megaptera). Metaptfere 
 raegaptere. PI. Lxxx, fig. 20, 21 et 22. 
 
 * Les deux especea suirantes que j 'ai decouTertes dans le fleuve Hudson, dolTent appartoair a 
 ce genre. 
 
 Lampailis rosea. Ovale, dilatee et tronquee obliqaement posterieurement ; test epais, ride, 
 ollvatro, noir posterieurement; nacre roacc; trei-liombee; sommets saillaua. Longueur 5-9, 
 diametre 1-2, axe 4-5 de la largeur. 
 
 Jjo/nvpffilis pallida. Ovale, dilatee et arrondie posterieurement; test epaia, a rides eloignees ; 
 epiderme roux-olivatro, a qnolqnes rales brunes, obliques posterieuromeat ; naoro blanche. 
 Longueur 3-4, diametre 1-2, axe 4-5 de la largeur. 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WHITINGS. 45 
 
 Test mince, comprime ; epiderme brun, flexueusement rnguenx ; 
 nacre pourpree ; aile trfes-grande, lisse interieurement ; dent lamel- 
 laire double dans la Talre droite, et k protuberance oblongue k 
 I'extremite. Longueur 2-3, diametre 2-9, axe 1-4 de la largeur. 
 
 Belle espfece commune dans I'Ohio, k jolie nacre pourpree et 
 iridescente, souvent ayec des tubercules perliformes. Dent bilob^e 
 k lobes presqu'egaux, Hsses exterieurement, creneles, comprimes, 
 sillonnes, interieurement ; impressions anterieures trfes-marquees, 
 striees ; la posterieure presqu'effac^e. Largeur jusqu'k 6 pouces. 
 
 L' Unio alatus de Say. Concb. esp. T, tab. 4, fig. 2, qui se trouve 
 dans le lac Erie, parait se rapprocber beaucoup de cette espece et 
 n'en differer que par son aile rugueuse interieurement ; contour 
 marqu^, flexueux ; dent lamellaire simple sur la valve droite ; lon- 
 gueur 4-5, de la largeur, etc. 11 parait que les deux espfeces suivantes 
 de Say devront aussi se rapporter k ce genre ; mais il n'indique pas 
 la lame, comme flexueuse 
 
 Unio ochraceus. Say Conch, esp. 5, tab. 2, fig. 8. 
 JJnio cariosus. Say Conch, esp. 4, tab. 3, fig. 2. 
 
 jyme (jenre. Tetincilla. Truncille. 
 Coquille semi-triangulaire. Axe presque medial. Ligament 
 oblique. Troncature plane, oblique, posterieure. Dent bilobee lisse, 
 denticnlee et comprimee. Dent lamellaire comprimee, oblique. — Mol- 
 lusqe semblable a celui de 1' Unio ? 
 
 Le nom derive de la remarquable troncature oblique, qui est 
 bien plus marquee que dans toutes les autres espfeces de cette 
 famille. 
 
 18. Espece. Truncilla triqueter (Unio triqueter). Truncille tri- 
 quetre. PI. lxxxi, fig. 1, 2, 3 et 4. 
 
 Test peu epais, trfes-bombe, sommets saillans ; forme presque 
 triedre ; face posterieure trfes-plane, un peu tesselee, verruqueuse ; 
 epiderme olivatre-fonce, raye de brun anterieurement, bords et rides 
 
 [301] 
 flexueux au milieu, nacre blancbe-bleu4tre. Longueur 2-3, diametre 
 1-2, axe 2-5 de largeur. 
 
 Espfece trfes-remarquable et rare, que je n'ai observ^e qu'aux 
 chutes de I'Ohio ; sa forme est si singuliere qu'on lui a donne le nom 
 vulgaire et particulier de Snuffbox, qui signifie tabatifere. Je n'ai 
 pas vu I'animal; que je soup-conne un peu different de I'Unio. Lar- 
 geur environ un pouce et demi. Dent lamellaire, courte, large et 
 
46 rafinesqtje's 
 
 obtuse. Impressions, pen profondes : la posterieure- trfes-grande, 
 occupant presque tout le fond plat de la face posterieure des valves ; 
 fossule pre.«qne nulle ; bord du test trfes-'legerement flexueux. 
 
 19. Espece. Truncilla truncata Unio truncata). Truncille 
 tronquee. 
 
 Test pen epais, pen bombe, sommets saillans ; forme un pen 
 (Squarrie ; 1 face posterieure tronquee; epiderme olivatre ; bord et 
 rides flexueux ppsterieurement ; nacre blanche-bleutoe. Longueur 
 4-5, diamfetre 8-15, axe 5-12 de la largeur. 
 
 Beaucoup plus commune que la . precedente, et plus petite, ordi- 
 nairement d'un pouce de large. Dents larges ; lame tranchante. 
 
 Var. 1. Fusca. Presqu'entierement brune. 
 
 ,Var. 2. Vermiculata. A lignes flexueuses, brunes, trans- 
 versales. 
 
 Y"'. Genre. Obliqtjaeia. Obliquaire. 
 
 Coquille variable, souvent k peine, transversale et plus ou moins 
 oblique posterieurement. Ligament oblique. Dent bilobee commune- 
 ment sillonnee : dent lamellaire oblique, souvent droite. Axe variable. 
 Contour marginal epaissi. Trois impressions musculaires. — Mol- 
 lusque semblable kcelui de VUnio. 
 
 Ce groupe est nombreux en espfeces ; il difffere principalement de 
 1' Unio ou Elliptio par sa forme, par le ligament et la dent lamel- 
 laire oblique, etc. II offre beaucoup d'anomalie et de caractferes 
 seeondaires, ce qui m'oblige de le diviser en 6 sous-genres. 
 
 r302] 
 
 1". Sons-Genre. Plagiola. Plagiole. 
 Axe extra-medial. Dent lamellaire courbe. Ligament courbe. 
 Forme variable, mais non oblique. 
 
 20. Espfece. Obliquaria decorticata (TJ. decorticata)'. Obliquaire 
 ecorcbee. 
 
 Test arrondi-elliptique, 6pais et trfes-bombe, sommets saillans ; ■ 
 epiderme noir4tre presque tout detache, rides eloignees; nacre 
 blanche. Longueur .S-4, diametre 1-2, axe environ 1-3 de la 
 largeur. 
 
 J'ai observe cette espfece dans le museum de M. J. D. Clifford k 
 Lexington ; elle habite dans le Mississipi et apparemment dans la 
 partie Inferieure de. TOhio. . Elle a la forme des lampsiles, mais sa 
 dent lamellaire, au lieu d'etre flexueuse, est courbee en arc oblique 
 et court. Quoique I'animal fut vivant, presque tout son Epiderme 
 
OONCHOLOGICAL WRITINQS; 41 
 
 etait detruit jasqu'k la nacre blanche, et on apercevait aux sommets 
 nne nacre intermediaire lisse, luisante et oliv4tre. Les rides etaient 
 profondes et 61oignees. TJn leger talus oblique posterieurement ; 
 dents tres-sillonnees ; impressions tres-profondes ; fossule confluente. 
 Largeur au-delk de 4 pouces. 
 
 21. Bspece. Ohliquaria interrupta (XJ. do). Obliquaire 
 interrompue. 
 
 Test ovale-elliptique, pen ^pais et peu bombe ; epiderme brun- 
 ronss&tre, peu ride, k quelques bandes tranyersales noirHtres inter- 
 rompues ; nacre blanche-bleu4tre. Longueur 5-8, diametre 1-3, axe 
 3-8 de la largeur. 
 
 Dans le Kentuky et Ohio ; largeur environ 2 pouces ; fossule 
 apparente ; dent lamellaire un peu rugueuse, epaisse, carenee. Som- 
 mets non saillains. 
 
 22. Bspfece. Ohliquaria depressa (TJ. depressa), Obliquaire 
 deprimee. PI. lxxxi, fig. 5, 6 et 1: 
 
 Test ovale-triangulaire, epais et trfes-deprime ; epiderme ride, 
 oliv4tre-bran, avec des points noirs, lineaires, obliques, epars ; nacre 
 bleuatre, un pea tronquee posterieurement. Longueur 2-3, diamfetre 
 2-9, axe 1-3 de la largeur. 
 
 [303] 
 
 Espece trfes-rare, que je n'ai vue qu'une fois pr^s d'Bvamville en 
 Indiana. J'ai depose le seul individu que je possede dans le museum 
 de M. J. D. Clifford k Lexington, avec tbutes mes autres especes. 
 La coquille est presque plate ; largeur 1|- pouce ; fossules appa- 
 rentes ; dents striees ; lame carenee aigue. EUe se rapproehe da 
 S. G. Scalenaria. 
 
 23. Espfece. Ohliquaria lineolatd QJ. lin^olata). Obliquaire 
 lineolee. 
 
 Test presque arrondi, epais, peu bombe, un peu tronque poste- • 
 rieurement ; epiderme rouss^tre, peu ride, a quelques lignes brunes ; 
 nacre blanche. Longueur 4-5, diamfetre 1-2, axe 1-3 de la largeur. 
 Sommets un peu saillains. 
 
 Aux chutes de I'Ohio ; largeur , environ 2 pouces; portion tron- 
 quee posterieure, plane, etroite ; impressions profondes, rugueuses, 
 lamellaires, courtes, epaisses, carenees, rugueuses, presque droites. 
 2"° Sous-Genre. Ellipsaria. Ellipsaire. 
 
 Axe extra-medial ; dent lamellaire droite ; ligament droit ; forme 
 elliptique. 
 
48 eafinesque's 
 
 24. Espfece. Obliguaria ellipsaria (U. ellipsaria). Obliqnaire 
 ellipsaire. 
 
 Test elliptique, sn angle diagonal posterieur ; epiderme pen ride, 
 roux-olivatre ; nacre blanche. Axe presque lateral. Longueur 3-4, 
 diametre 3-8, axe 1-5 de la largeur. 
 
 Tar. 1. Fusca. Entierement brune. 
 
 Largeur : environ 5 pouces ; point de fossule. Dans le Kentuky ; 
 elle s6 rapproche da G. Amhlema ; ligament horizontal. 
 
 25. Espece. Obliquaria fasciolaris (TJ. faseiolaris). Obliquaire 
 fasciol6e. 
 
 Test epais, convexe, ovale-elliptique ; attenu6 posterienrement ; 
 epiderme presque lisse, rousstoe, a bandes obliques brunes ; nacre 
 blanche. Longueur 2-3, axe 1-4 de la largeur. 
 
 Yar. 1. Interrupfa. Bandes interrompues. 
 [304] 
 
 Yar. 2. Fuscata. Presqu'entiferement brune, bandes noires. 
 
 Yar. 3. OUiterata. Bandes presqu'obliterees, test tres-epais. 
 
 Yar. 4. Longa. Longueur 3-4 de la largeur.. 
 
 Espfece assez commune dans I'Ohio, le Wabash, Kentuky, etc. 
 Elle parait intermediaire entre VU. interrupta {es^. 21), etl'fJ. 
 nasuta de Say. Son moUusque est blanc, semblable k celui des 
 elliptes. Tin caractfere remarquable de cette espfece consiste dans la 
 cavite des Talves ; elle est munie de quelques rides obliques. Liga- 
 ment un peu oblique ; sommets epais, mais non saillans ; dents 
 bilobees ridees, epaisses ; lame epaisse, courte ; fossule apparente ; 
 impressions profondes. Largeur jnsqu'k 5 pouces. 
 
 26. Espfece. Obliquaria verrucosa (TJ. verrucosa). Obliquaire 
 verruqueuse. PI. Lxxxi, fig. 10, 11 et 12. 
 
 Test peu epais, elliptique, en talus oblique posterienrement, a 
 rides verruqueuses ; 6piderme brun-rouss3,tre ; nacre blanche. Lon- 
 gueur 2-3, axe 1-8 de la largeur. 
 
 Espfece remarquable par plusieurs rangs concentriques de vermes 
 inegales, aplaties, souvent blanches par le frottement. Dans I'Ohio ; 
 largeur 3 pouces ; dent bilobee k un lobe trfes-gros, ride, I'autre petit 
 et lisse ; impressions profondes et lisses ; dent lamellaire obtuse ; 
 ligament horizontal. 
 
 27. Espfece. Obliquaria cuprea (XJ. cuprea). Obliquaire cnivree. 
 PI. Lxxxi, fig. 8 et 9. 
 
CONOHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 49 
 
 Test epais elliptique, en talus oblique posterieurement ; ^piderme 
 noir presque lisse ; nacre cuivree. Longueur 3-5, diametre 5-8, axe 
 1-3 de la largeur. 
 
 Trfes-jolie espfece de 2 pouces de large, h, nacre singulifere, k teinte 
 incarnate brunie presque cuivree, et k reflets pourpres. Je I'ai trouvee 
 dans le Monongahela et le Potowmak ; lame courte ; pointe de fos- 
 sale ; dents peu ridees ; ligament horizontal.* 
 [305] 
 
 3°". Sous-Genre. Quadrula. Quadrule. 
 
 Forme ecarrie mais arrondie anterieiirement, a peine tran- 
 versale. 
 
 28. Espece. Obliquaria Jlava (U . &a.Ya:). Obliquaire jaune. PI. 
 txxxi, fig. 13 et 14. 
 
 Test peu epais, convexe en talus posterieurement ; sommets un 
 peu saillans, entiers, ragueux ; epiderme presque lisse, brun jaun&tre; 
 nacre incarnate. Longueur 5-T, diamfetre et axe 2-1 de la 
 largeur. 
 
 Belle espfeoe, qui ne se trouve que dans les petites riviferes se jetant 
 dans le Kentnky, Saltriver et Greenriver. Largeur 2 a 4 pouces. Le 
 moUusque est jaune fonce ou orange, k grand pied circulaire ; dn 
 reste semblable k celui de VEllipta. La coqnille est presque jaune 
 dans sa jeunesse ; lame carenee mince ; dents striees de toutes parts; 
 ligament oblique, voisine de VU. lineolata, qui peut-etre doit se 
 placer ici. 
 
 29. "Espece. Obliquaria cyphya (TJ. eypMa.). Obliquaire 
 cyphie. 
 
 Test 6pais bombe, bossele, bord flexueux, en talus posterieure- 
 ment ; epiderme brun-ch4tain ; tubercule k rides flexueuses ; nacre 
 blanche. Longueur 8-9, diamfetre et axe 5-9 de la largeur. 
 
 Largeur 2 a, 3 pouces ; test plus 6pais anterieurement, k grosses 
 rides et &, quelques tubercules oblongs.; une grosse bosse oblique 
 longitudinale ; dents epaisses striees. Aux chutes de I'Ohio. 
 
 *L'Unio nasuta de Say, .Concli. tab. 4, fig. 1, paralt devoir appartenir a ce BouB-genre, et 
 I'espece suivante que j'ai observee dans le fleure Hadsou, etat de New- York, B'ea rapprocbe 
 beancoup. En est-ce unevariete? 
 
 Obliguaria aUenuata. Elliptique, dilatee, attenuee, et en talus posterieurement. Ligament 
 borizontal; epiderme rugueux, brun foncee; nacre rose-pale. Lsugueur 1-2, diametre 1-4, axe 
 1-4 de la largear. Environ 4 pouces. 
 
 D 
 
50 kafinesque's 
 
 30. Espfece. OUiquaria metanevra (U. metanevra). Obliquaire 
 metanfevre. PL lxxxi, fig. 15 et 16. 
 
 Test epais bombe, bossel^, k deux sinus marginaux : un posterieur 
 et un terminal, en talus et nerve .posterieurement ; epiderme rid6, 
 
 [306] 
 brun4tre, k taches noir^tres ; nacre incarnate. Longueur 4-5, diame- 
 tre T-IO, axe 4-10 de la largeur. 
 
 Petite espfece rare ; n'ayant guferes plus d'un pouce de largeur ; 
 dans le Kentuky; test aminci posterieurement; nervures courbes 
 obliques sur le bord dilate, posterieur; une ou deux bosselures 
 sur I'elevation oblique ; lame courte et large ; dent striee ; fossule 
 nulle. 
 
 31. Espfece. OUiquaria refiexa (U. reflexa). Obliquaire 
 reflecliie. 
 
 Test epais, convexe, bossele, presqu'arrondi, tronque posterieure- 
 ment, borde inferieur reflechi avec uu sinus posterieur ; epiderjne 
 rouss4tre, presque lisse, rugueux posterieurement ; nacre blanche» 
 iridescente. Longueur 5-6, diametre 2-3, axe 5-12 de la 
 longueur. 
 
 Largeur un pouce et demi ; test aminci posterieurement ; deux 
 bosselures sur I'elevation mediale ; son bout reflechi ; rides eloignees, 
 flexueuses, en forme de sutures ; lame alongee, carenee, trfes-legere- 
 ment courbee ; dent tres-striee ; fossule apparente. Dans le Ken- 
 tuky et aux rapides de Letart. Peut-etre appartient-elle au S. G. 
 Bolundaria ? 
 
 32. Bspece. OSh'^wana re^Msa (Unio retusa). Obliquaire retuse. 
 PI. Lxxxi, fig. 19 et 20. 
 
 Test epais, convexe, sans elevations, k 16ger sinus terminal ; Epi- 
 derme oliv^tre, k rides legferes, distantes ; nacre blanchitre. Lon- 
 gueur Y-8, diametre 3-8, axe 1-3 de la largeur. 
 
 Petite espfece d'un pouce ou deux de large ; rare ; dans I'OMo et 
 le Kentuky. Lame courte, carenee ; fossule non-appareate. 
 
 33. Espfece. OUiquaria Jlexuosa (Unio flexuosa). Obliquaire 
 flexueuse. 
 
 Test Epais, a deux legeres elevations et une large depression plate 
 entr'elles, en talus posterieurement; Epiderme brun - jaunitre, 
 lineole de brun k la base, k rides flexueuses, un peu strides ; bord 
 flexueux ; nacre bleutee. Longueur 6-t, diamHre 3-1, axe 3-T de 
 la largeur. 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WRITINGS. 51 
 
 [307] 
 
 Dans le Kentuky, Salt-river et Green-river. Largeur environ 
 denx pouces ; lame courte, presque doublee meme dans la valve 
 droite ; fossule apparente ; dent laijiellaire petite, striee ; impres- 
 sions profondes. 
 
 Var. 1. Bullata. A quelques tubercules larges, plats et transver- 
 saux sur les elevations. 
 
 34. Bspfece. Obliquar'ia nodulata (Unio nodulata). Obliquaire 
 nodulee, PL xxxxi, fig. It et 18. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, nodule, en talus posterieurement et tronqu6 
 verticalement ; des tubercules lineaires longitudinaux sur la dilata- 
 tion posterieure ; epiderme prfisque lisse, bran-rouss4tre ; nacre 
 iridescente. Longueur 11-12, diametre 2-3, axe 1-3 de la 
 largeur. 
 
 , Largeur un pouce et demi ; dans le Kentuky ; quatre nodosites 
 distantes ; dent bilobee, epaisse, stride ;-impressions profondes ; lame 
 earenee. EUe ressemble k VO. retusa, toutes deux ont la lame tant 
 Boit peu' courbe. 
 
 35. Espece. Obliquaria quadrula (TJnio quadrula). Obliquaire 
 quadrule. 
 
 Test tres-epais, nn peu bombe, k elevation longitudinale oblique, 
 a sillon oblique et sinus posterieurement ; epiderme brun, ride : rides 
 striees et tuberculees anterieurement ; nacre blanche, rosee sur les 
 bords. Longueur 6-7, diamfetre i-l, axe 1-4 de la largeur. 
 
 Largeur 2 &, 3 pouces ; assez commune dans I'Ohio ; quelques 
 tubercules oblongs transversaux sur I'el^vation ; test unipeu sinue en 
 face ; lame courte, epaisse, car^nee, striee ; fossule confluente ; dent 
 grande, striee ; sommets tronqu^s. 
 
 36. Espfece. Obliquaria bullata (U. bullata). Obliquaire 
 bullee. 
 
 Test epais, convexe, peu bomb6, k sillon oblique et sinus poste- 
 rieurement, parseme de tubercules irreguliers, confluens ; Epiderme 
 roussS,tre, k rides flexueuses, distantes ; nacre blanche, incarnate. 
 Longueur 11-12, diamfetre 2-3, axe 1-3 de la largeur. 
 [308] 
 
 Aux chutes de I'Ohio, rare ; largeur un peu moins de 2 pouces ; 
 dents et lames comme au precedent ; sommets arrondis, us6s, mais 
 non tronques ; les tubercules sont souvent uses et blanchis, aplatis, 
 pustules, de forme variable. 
 
52 EAFINESQUE'S 
 
 4"°. Sous-genre. Rotundaria. Rotundaire. 
 Forme arrondie, k peine transversale, presque equilaterale, axe 
 presque medial; ligament courbe, court, come; dent lamellairei 
 legerement courbee ; dent bilobee &, peine anterieure. 
 
 37. Espece Obliquar ia tuber culata(U.tnhevcvi[a,ta,). Obliquaire 
 tuberculee. 
 
 Test trfes-epaia, bombe, un peu tronque posterieurement, parseme 
 de tubercules inegaux, hormis anterieurement ; epiderme ride, 
 brun-chatain ; nacre violacee. Longueur 10-11, diametre 6-11, 
 axe 5-11. 
 
 Trfes-commune dansJ'Ohio et les riviferes adjacentes. Largeur 3 
 pouces au plus. Mollusqae jaunitre ; dent epaisse, trfes-rugueuse ; 
 lame courte, car6nee ; fossule confluente ; impressions profondes. 
 Elle varie k nacre bleu^tre ou pourpre-fonce. 
 
 38. Espfece. Obliquaria subrotunda (IT. subrotunda). Obliquaire 
 arrondie. PI. Lxxxi, fig. 21, 22 et 23. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, convexe, parfaitement arrondi ; epiderme 
 presque lisse, brun fauve ; nacre blanche-bleu^tre. Longueur 
 presqu'egale, diamfetre 3-4, axe 7-16 de la largeur. 
 
 Var. 1. Maoulata. Parseme de taches noir^tres. 
 
 Espfece trfes-commuue dans I'Ohio et. toutes les rivieres qui s'y 
 jsttent ; remarquable par sa forme presqu'equilaterale, et nuUement 
 transversale ; sommets saillans, arrondis ; dents epaisses, sillonnees; 
 lame carenee, courte, un peu, pointillee ; fossule confluente ; impres- 
 sion anterieure, pointillee. 
 
 39. Espfece. Obliquaria pusilla (Unio pusilla). Obliquaire 
 petite. 
 
 Test epais, convexe, parfaitement arrondi; 6piderme lisse, noirtoe; 
 
 [309] 
 nacre blanche. Longueur 6-7, diamfetre 2-7, axe 3-7 de la 
 largeur. 
 
 Trfes-rare ; dans la partie inferieure de I'OMo. Largeur : guferes 
 plus d'un demi-pouce ; forme et apparence d'un Cyclas ; dents 
 presque lisses ; lame lineaire. Est-ce un jeuneindjvidu ? 
 5™- Sous-genre. Scalenaria. Scalenaire. 
 
 Forme triangulaire oblique, k peine transversale, mais trfes-inequi- 
 laterale ; axe presque lateral ; dent bilobee k peine anterieure ; dent 
 lamellaire droite ; ligament oblique. 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAIi WRITINGS. 53 
 
 -10. Espfece. Obliquaria obliquata (TJ. obliquata). Obliquaire 
 obliqnee. 
 
 Test trfes-epais, bombe, ovale-triangulaire ; les trois cotes arques ; 
 ane legfere depression longitudinale oblique ; ^piderme presque lisse, 
 noir ; nacre rose pourpree. Longueur 9-10, diametre 6-10, axe 2-10 
 de la largeur. 
 
 Jolie espfece, a belle nacre pourpree, k reflets iridescens. Dans le 
 Kentuky. Largeur 2 k 3 pouces ; lame longue, carenee ; fossule 
 grande, distincte ; dents ridees ; impressions profondes ; sommets 
 saillans, tronques. 
 
 41. Espfece. Obliquaria triangular is (V.tTi&ngnl&ris). Obliquaire 
 triangulaire. 
 
 Test trfes-epais, bomb^, triangulaire ; face posterieure droite ; 
 sommets saillans ; point de depression longitudinale ; epiderme brnn, 
 presque lisse j nacre blanche-rosee. Longueur 3-4, diamfetre 1-2, 
 axe 1-6 de la largeur. , 
 
 Var. 1. Nigrescens. Epiderme noiritre ; nacre blanche. 
 
 Commune dans I'Ohio ; largeur jusqu'tl 4 pouces ; dents trfes- 
 grosses, sillonnees ; lame grosse, carenee ; impression et fossule 
 profondes. 
 
 42.Esp6ce. Obliquaria scalenia(\].ac2i[&!aa). Obliquaire scalene. 
 PI. Lxxxi, fig. 24 et 25. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, triangulaire ; les cotes presque droits, surtout 
 
 le posterieur qui est tronque ; angles arrondis point de depression ; 
 
 [310] 
 epiderme lisse, roussitre, k quelques lignes longitudinales obliques 
 
 brunes ; nacre blanche. Longueur T-9, diamfetre 5-9, axe 1-5 de la 
 
 largeur. 
 
 Largeur environ 2 pouces ; dans le Kentuky, etc. ; dents et lame 
 sillonnees ; forme confluente ; lignes etroites, distantes, radioes. 
 6"°. Sous-genre. Sintoxia. Sintoxe. 
 
 Forme orale-oblique ; dent lamellaire et ligament eourbes. 
 
 43. Espece. Obliquaria lateralis (TJ. lateralis). Obliquaire 
 laterale. 
 
 Testepais, bombe, ovale-oblique, a, legfere depression oblique, longi- 
 tudinale, courbee, etroite ; Epiderme ride, brun ; nacre blanche. 
 Longueur 4-5, diamfetre 3-5, axe 1-5 de la largeur. 
 
 Largeur 2^3 pouces ; dents grosses, striees ; fossules 
 apparentes ; lame epaisse, carenee, un pen doubl^e dans les deux 
 ralTes. 
 
54 kafinesqtje's 
 
 44. Espfece. Obliquaria sintoxia (TJ. siutoxia). Obliquaire 
 sintoxe. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, oTale-oblique, sans depression ; ^piderme noir 
 et presque lisse ; nacre rosee. Longueur 9-10, diametre 6-10, axe 
 2-5 de la largeur. 
 
 Dans I'Ohio ; rare ; largeur 2 &, 3 pouces, tres-voisine de VOho- 
 varia pachostea, de I'Obliq. ohliquata et de VObliq. triangularis ; 
 dents eomme cette dernifere. Par sa forme elle fait le passage avec 
 le genre suivant, Obovaria. 
 
 11"'. Sous-famille. Amblemidia. Les Amblemides. 
 
 Coquille longitudinale ; dent bilobee inferieure ; dent lamellaire 
 inferieure, verticale ; axe terminal ; rides zonales. 
 
 VI"°. Genre. Obovaeia. Obovaire. 
 
 Coquille obovale, presqu'equilaterale ; axe presque medial ; 
 ligament courbe ; dent bilobee striee ; dent lamellaire presque 
 verticale, un peu courbee ; contour marginal epaissi ; trois impres- 
 sions musculaires ; moUusque Bemblable &, 1' Unio, mais ayant I'anus 
 inferieur. 
 [311] 
 
 45. Espfece. Obovaria obovalis (TJnio obovalis). Obovaire 
 obovale. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, arrondi inferieurement ; sommets saillans ; 
 6piderme brun-fauve, ride ; nacre blauche. Largeur inferieure 8-9, 
 diamfetre 2-3 de la longueur, axe medial. 
 
 Cette espece est commune dans I'Ohio et les riviferes voisines. 
 Longueur de 2 &, 3 pouces ; dents larges, epaisses, rugueuses ; lame 
 carenee, un peu oblique ; impressions profondes. 
 
 46. Espfece. Obovaria torsa (Unio torsa). Obovaire tordue. PI. 
 Lxxxii, fig. 1, 2 et 3. 
 
 Test trfes-epais, bombe, arrondi inferieurement; epiderme brunatre; 
 nacre pourpree. Largeur mediale 6-T, diamfetre 3-T de la longueur, 
 axe medial. 
 
 Var. Marginata, Nacre k contour blanc. 
 
 Espfece rare dans I'Ohio, plus commune dans les petites riviferes. 
 Longueur 1^2 pouces. Remarquable par ses sommets tournes en 
 avant et ses grandes rides souvent divisees en deux par un sillon ; 
 dents et lames ridges ; fossule apparente ; lame un peu oblique, 
 presque double, meme dans la valve droite. 
 
 41. Espfece. Obovaria striata (Unio striata). Obovaria striee. 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 55 
 
 Test epais, bombe, arrondi inferieurement, k rides striees ; sommets 
 k peine saillans ; epiderme brun ; nacre blanche. Largeur mediale 
 10-11, dia^etre 6-11 de la longaeur, axe 2-5 de la largeur. 
 
 Yar. 1. Tuberoulata. Quelques tubercules striees sur les 
 rides. 
 
 Var. 2. Bosea. Epiderme roussitre,' brun anterieurement ; nacre 
 ros4tre. 
 
 Longueur environ 3 peaces. Dans la partie superieure de I'Obio. 
 MoUusque jaune ; lame presque verticale, epaisse ; dents sillonnees ; 
 fossnle apparente. 
 [312] 
 
 48. Espfece. Obovaria pachostea (U. pachostea). Obovaire 
 pachostee. 
 
 Test excessivement epais, bombe, arrondi et attenue ou flexuenx 
 inferieurement ; sommets un peu saillans ; epiderme brun, peu ride; 
 nacre violaeee-p41e ; contour flexueux. Largeur mediale 9-10, diame- 
 tre 'r-12 de la longueur, axe oblique 2-5 de la largeur. 
 
 Espfece remarquable, k cavite interieure trfes-petite et ridee ; large 
 cavite sous la dent ; elle se rapproche du S. G. sintoxia, O. ohliqua- 
 ria, par son axe un peu oblique, ou par une legfere dilatation poste- 
 rieure. Dans le Kentuky. Lbngueur 3 A. 4 pouces. Lame courte, 
 verticale, obtuse ; dents trfes-grosses et larges, sillonnees ; fossule 
 apparente. 
 
 49. Bspfece. Obovaria stegaria (TJnio stegara). Obovaire tuilee. 
 PL Lxxxii, fig. 4 et 5. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, arrondi inferieurement, un peu tuile par de 
 grosses rides ecartees ; sommets un peu saillans ; epiderme brun ; 
 nacre blancbe. Largeur inferieure 12-13 de la longueur, diametre 
 2-3 de la largeur, axe medial. 
 
 Yar. 1. Tuberoulata. A quelques tubercules ^pars. 
 
 Yar. 2. Fasoiolata. Fasciolee de brun verd^tre ; nacre 
 rosatre. 
 
 Jolie espece, rarement longue de plus d'un pouce ; lame un peu 
 oblique, droite, obtuse ; dents striees ; fossule apparente ; assez rare 
 dans I'OMo. 
 
 60. Bspfece. Obovaria cordata (Unio cordata). Obovaire cord^e. 
 PI. LXXXII, fig. 6 et T. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, corde inferieurement jJar un sinus et une legfere 
 depression ; epiderme lisse, brun ; nacre blanche ; sommets un peu 
 
56 EAriNESQTJE'8 
 
 saillans. Largenr inferienre 11-12, diamfetre 2-3 de la longueur, 
 axe medial. 
 
 Yar. 1. Bosea. Epiderme noir^tre ; nacre rosatre. 
 
 Jolie petite espece d'environ un pouce de longueur ; dans I'Obio^ 
 etc. rare. Lame doublee aigue, k peine oblique, droite ; dents 
 
 [313] 
 sillonnees. Elle se rapproehe beaucoup de VObliquaria retusa. 
 VIP'- Genre Pletjeobema. Pleurobeme. 
 
 Coquille oblongue, trfes-inequilaterale ; ligament droit ou plutot 
 unilateral ; axe totalement lateral ou posterieur ; dent lamellaire 
 verticale ; dent bilobee peu ridee ; sous le sommet qui est superieur, 
 terminal ; quatre impressions musculaires ; mollusque semblable a 
 VUnio, mais anus et siphons inferieurs. 
 
 51. Espece. Pleurobemamytiloides (U. My tiloides). Pleurobeme 
 mytiloide. PI. ixxxii, fig. 8, 9 et 10. 
 
 Test epais et bbmbe superieurement, attenu6 aux deux bouts ; 
 sommels saillains, entie^s ; epiderme presque lisse, roussMre, k 
 quelques bandes obliques, noires, longitudinales ; nacre bleu4tre ; 
 lame etroite. Largeur 3-5, diamfetre 1-2 de la longueur, axe 1-6 de 
 la largeur. 
 
 Espfece rare ; ,observee dans le Wabash. Longueur 2 pouces • 
 sommets nn peu anguleux, tres-saillans, entiers, formant un cosur ; 
 lame tres-droite ; impression et fossule profondes. 
 
 52. Esp6ce. Pleurobema cuneata (Unio cuneata). Pleurobeme 
 cuneiforme. 
 
 Test epais et bombe superieuremeni:, oblong-ovale, attenue en 
 coin inferieurement, arrondi superieurement; sommets saillans, 
 tronques ; epiderme presque lisse, brun ; nacre blanche, iridescente ; 
 lame k peine droite. Largeur S-t diametre 1-2 de la longueur ; axe 
 1-6 de la largeur. 
 
 Yar. 1. Maoulala. Quelques taches noires, eparses, equar- 
 ries. 
 
 Yar. 2. Sulcata. Legfere depression longitndinale. 
 
 Assez commune dans I'Ohio prfes de Steubenville, Marietta, etc. 
 Longueur 1 il 3 pouces. Elle differe principalement de la preeedente , 
 par sa forme, par sa lame un peu courbe, etc. Mollusque jaunitre- 
 paie; impressions profoude^ : la fossule forme nne quatrifeme 
 impression trfes-marquee. 
 
CONCHOIOQICAL WRITINGS. 5T 
 
 [314] 
 
 VIII™. Genre. Amblema. Amblfeme. 
 
 Coqnille ovale, elliptique ou equarrie, trfes-inequilaterale ; axe 
 lateral posterienr ; sommet lateral oblique, presque superleur ; 
 ligament droit; dent lamellaire verticale; dent bilobee ridee, laterale 
 au sommet ; trois impressions musculaires ; moUusqu'e semblable au 
 Pleurobema. 
 
 53. Espfeee. Amblema olivaria (TJ. olivaria). Amblfeme 
 olivaire. 
 
 Test epais, peu bombe, ovale, elliptique; sommetsti peine saillans, 
 presque superieurs ; epiderme ride, olivStre ; nacre blanche, irides- 
 cente ; lame droite. Largeur 2-^, diamfetre i-9, axe 1-20 de la 
 longueur. 
 
 Yar. 1. Dilatata, h, base dilatee superieurement. 
 
 Yar. 2. Fasciolaris, k bandes rayonnees, brunes. 
 
 Dans le Kentuky. Longueur 2 k 3 pouces. Intermediare entre ce 
 genre et le precedent ; fossule apparente ; dents peu ridees ; lame 
 epaisse ; ligament dore, 
 
 64. E^pece. Obliquaria rubra (U. rubra). Obliquaire rouge. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, un peu elliptique ; sommets peu saillans, k 
 leger sinus oblique ou large ; sillon posterienr ; aux presque lateral ; 
 epiderme ride, noirtoe ; nacre, rouge-pourpree. Longueur 5-t, 
 diametre 4-7, axe 1-T de la largeur. 
 
 Yar. 1. Lineata. Roussitre, lineolee de brun. 
 
 Yar. 2. Pallida. Brunitre, nacre p^le. 
 
 Dans le Kentuky. Longueur environ 2 pouces. Elle a quelques 
 rapports avec VElliptio et VObliquaria ellipsaria. Lame un peu 
 obtuse, tres-legerement oblique ; dent epaisse rugueuse ; nacre jolie, 
 iridescente, a reflets bleutoes ; point de fossule ; mollusque jsiun- 
 atre. 
 
 55. Esp-fece. Amblema torulosa (Unio torulosa). Amblfeme toru- 
 leuse. PI. Lxxxii, fig. 11 et 12. 
 
 Test epais, peu bombe, elliptique-equarri, k legfere depression 
 oblique et quelques nodules, bords flexufeux ; epiderme olivAtre, k 
 rides flexueuses ; nacre blanche-bleuatre. Largeur 3-4, diamfetre 1-2, 
 axe 1-5 de la longueur. 
 [315] 
 
 Yar. 1. Angulata. Depression preSqae nuUe, contour presque 
 angttleux. 
 
58 kafinesqtie's 
 
 Longueurs pouces. Dans I'Ohio et Kentuky ; 2 ou 3 nodules 
 sur I'elevation oblique ; lame trfes-droite ; point de fossule ; dent 
 ridee. 
 
 56. Espfeee Amhlema gibhosa (Unio gibbosa) Amblfeme 
 bossue. 
 
 Test epais, bomb6, ovale-elliptique, a deux grosses cotes noueuses, 
 obliques, a depression iqtermediaire, bords flexueux ; epiderme brun- 
 rousatre, presque lisse ; nacre blancbe. Largeur 2-3, dlamfetre 4-'!, 
 axe 2-9 de la longueur. 
 
 Tar. 1. Olivacea. Epiderme oliv4tre, a rides flexueuses. 
 
 Var. 2. Badiata. A lignes radices, p&les. 
 
 Var. 3. Difformis. A bosselures et depressions difformes. 
 
 Trfes-commune dans I'Ohio et les riviferes adjacentes. Longueur 
 1 &, 3 pouces. Lame courte, oblique, obtuse ; fossule trfes-apparente; 
 dents ridees ; sommets saillans en coeur. EUe a de tres-grands rap- 
 ports avec le G. Ohliquaria ; mais la dent bilob^e est sous le som- 
 met et presque inferieure. 
 
 5'r. Espece. Amblerrla costata (Unio costata). Amblfeme costee. 
 PI. Lxxxii, fig. 13 et 14. 
 
 Test peu 6pais, applati, up peu equarri, a large cotes longitudi- 
 nales, peu oblique, flexueux, dilate en aile sous le ligament, a cotes 
 obliques courbees, bords ondules ; epiderme jaunitre, presque lisse; 
 nacre blanche, iridescente. Largeur 4-5, dialmfetre 3-10, axe 3-20 de 
 la longueur. 
 
 C'est une des plus belles co^uilles de I'Ohio ; elle y est rare ; elle 
 I'est moins dans les petites riviferes du Kentuky, etc. Elle paryient 
 presqu'^ 6 pouces de longueur. Sa nacre est lavee d'incarnat et k 
 reflets violets. 
 
 Elle produit des perles ; j'en ai vu une oblongue d'un quart de 
 pouce de long. Sommets obliques rides, entiers ; lame longue, 
 large, aigue, comprimee, legerement oblique ; point de fossule ; 
 dent striee inferieure. Bords interieurs ondules. MoUusque 
 jaune. 
 [316] 
 
 IIL Sous-famille. Anodontidia. Les Anodontides. 
 
 Coquille transverse. Point 'de dents ni de lames. 
 IX""". Genre. Anodonta. Anodonte. 
 
 Coquille elliptique ou ovale ; ligament droit ou courbe. Axe 
 extra-medial; trois impressions musculaires peu apparentes ; contour 
 il peine ^paissi ; mollusque comme celui de P C/mo. 
 
CONOHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 59 
 
 Ce genre peut se diviser en trois sous-genres trfes-marques. 
 
 1. Sous-Genre. Anodonta. _Anodonte. 
 
 Nulles rides lamellaires k la charnifere. Ce S. G. comprend la 
 plupart des espfeces, telles que A. anatina, A. cygnea, A. radiata, 
 A. marginata, Say A. cataracta, Say, etc. Outre les deux espfeces 
 suivantes que j'ai observees dans le fleuve Hudson. 
 
 Anodonta atra. Test bombe, mince, lisse, elliptique, noiratre ; 
 nacre blanclie anterieurement, rousse, iridescente posterieurement. 
 
 Longueur 1-2, diamfetre 5-12, axe 1-3 de la largeur Largeur 
 
 jusqu'il 6 pouces.i 
 
 Anodonta cuneata. Test peu bombe, mince, elliptique, attenue 
 posterieurement ; epiderme ride, brun-oliv4tre ; nacre blanche- 
 bleuitre. Longueur 1-2, diamfetre 1-4, axe 1-4 de la largeur. Lar- 
 geur 4 tl 5 pouces. 
 
 2. Sous-Genre. Strophittjs. Strophite. 
 Charnifere k projection marginale sous le bee. 
 
 Jj'A. undulata de Say, forme ce S. G. qui pourrait bien, ainsi que 
 le suiyant, etre considere comme un genre. 
 
 3. Sous-Genre. Lastena. Lastene. 
 
 Charnifere ;i deux rides transversales, obtuses, presque lamelliforraes, 
 divergeant de chaque cote du bee. Ligament droit, membraneux, 
 double, ou anterieur ou posterieur. 
 
 58. Espfece. Anodonta oJiiensis (L&stena, ohiensis). Anodonta de 
 I'Ohio. 
 
 Test tres-mince, fragile, transparent, bombe, elliptique, un peu 
 aile et ensuite tronque obliquement en arriere ; sommets entiers, 
 rides ; epiderme lisse, olivWre ou brun ; nacre-bleuatre. Longueur 
 
 [317] 
 5-9, diamfetre et axe 1-3 de la largeur. 
 
 Var. ] . Radiata. OlivAtre-cuivre, a bandes radices, verdatres. 
 
 Var. 2. Viridis. D'un beau yert-olivatre. 
 
 Var. 3. Violacind. Nacre violacee. 
 
 Yar. 4. Nigrescens. Noiritre-oliv^tre. 
 
 Trfes-commune dans I'Ohio et toutes les riTiferes adjacentes. 
 Largeur de 2 ti 4 pouces ; les rides lamellaires sont parfaitement 
 separees des bords de la coquille. L'aile posterieure est comprimee, 
 angulaire, en talus et bruniltre. II aurait peut-^tre ete couYenable 
 de nommer cette espfece A. mutabilist- 
 
 59. Espfece. Anodonta Iqta (Lastena lata). Anodonta elargie. 
 PL Lxxxii, fig. IT et 18. 
 
60 eapinesqtje's 
 
 Test trfes-mince, fragile, transparent, convexe, elliptique-oblong ; 
 sommets ecorches, presqu'invisibles ; 6piderme brun, noir&tre ante- 
 rieurement ; nacre bleuAtre, violette sons les sommets. Longueur 
 3-8, diamfetre 2-9, axe 1-4 de la largeur. 
 
 Rare, dans le Kentuky, etc. Largeur 2 k 3 pouces. Rides 1am- 
 ellaires attenantes au bord, I'anterieure k peine apparente. EUe doit 
 peut-etre former un autre S. G. Semistena, ou etre reunie au premier 
 S. G. ; mais le ligament est double, ou etehdu des deux cotes des 
 sommets. Les' Lastfenes se rapprochent du G. Dipsas. 
 
 IV. Sous-famille. Alasmidia. Les Alasmides. 
 
 Coquille transTerse ; une dent primaire anterieure ; point dedent 
 laiQellaire. 
 
 X'°^ Genre. Alasmidonta. Alasmidonte. 
 
 Coquille ovale ou elliptique ; axe extra-medial ; trois cicatrices 
 ou impressions musculaires ; ligament droit, embrique, etc. 
 
 60. Espfece. Alasmidonta marginata. Alasmidonte marginee. 
 Ovale-elliptique, en talus posterieurement et k rides obliques- 
 
 obtuses ; epiderme brun-oliv4tre, radie de vert et ride zonalement ; 
 
 [318] 
 nacre blanche-bleutoe, a contours blancs ; dent simple, comprimee, 
 oblique. Longueur 1-2 de la largeixr. 
 
 Ce genre et cette espfece ont ete etablis par' Say, dans le Journal 
 de I'AcadSmie des Sciences naturelles de Philadelphie, vol. 1, p. 
 459. II y rapporte en outre son tlnio undulata, Conch, tab. 3, 
 fig. 8, et il faut y ajouter aussi-l'espfece suivante. Celle-ci se trouve 
 dans la rivifere Scioto. Longueur 2 pouces et demi. Je ne I'ai 
 point observee vivante, mais j6 I'ai vue dans le cabinet de 
 I'Academie. 
 
 61. Espfece. Alasmidonta eostata. Alasmidonte costee. PI. 
 Lxxxii, fig. 15 et 16. 
 
 Test mince, elliptique, legerement bombe, un peu sinueux ante- 
 rieurement, ondnle et k larges cotes courbees 'posterieurement; 
 epiderme presque lisse, olivfttre anterieurement, noir^tre posterieure- 
 ment ; nacre blanche, lavi5e d'incarnat ; dent bilobee comprimee, 
 oblique, crenelee. Longueur '1-2, diamfetre 1-4, axe 2-9 de la 
 largeur. ■ 
 
 J'ai observe cette belle coquille dans le museum de M. Cliffbrd a 
 Lexington : elle a et6 recueillie dans la rivifere Kentuky, o;i elle 
 parait etre rare. Largeur pr6s de cinq pouces. Elle est ecorchee 
 
CONOHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 61 
 
 anterieuvement et snperieurement, mais trfes-entiere posterieurement ; 
 cotes tres-grandes inferieurement; ligament corne, ecailleux, embrique; 
 dent decurrente ; lame remplaeee par un petit angle court, .oblique ; 
 de petits tnbercules dans I'interieur. 
 
 V. Sous-famille Cycladia. Les Cycladees. 
 Coquille presqu'equilaterale ; deux dents lamellaires : une ante- 
 rieure et une posterieure ; souvent une ou'plusieurs dents cardinales, 
 intermediaires sons le sommet. 
 
 XI™. Genre Cyolas. Cyclade. 
 
 Deux impressions musculaires ; lames obliques ; rides zonales ; 
 contour non epaissi. 
 
 Ce genre a besoin d'etre reforme nonobstant les travaux de Megerle 
 et Ferussac. Je propose de le diviser en quatre sous-genres qui 
 
 [319] 
 pourraient peut-etre former autant de genres. 
 
 1. Polymesoda. Plusieurs dents intermediaires aux deux valves ; 
 test arrondi ou un peu transversal. Type : Gyclas caroliniana 
 Bosc, etc. 
 
 2. Phymesoda. line dent interm^diaire k une valve ; test un peu 
 transvers9,l. Type : C. lacustris, G. duMa Say, etc. 
 
 3. Amesoda. Point de dent interm^diaire a une valve au moins ; 
 test un peu transversal. Type : G. similis Say, G. lasmampsis, 
 etc. 
 
 4. Gorbicula. (Megerle). Plusieurs dents intermediaires aux 
 deux valves ; test triangulaire ou un peu alonge. Type :. G. ham- 
 malis, G. fluviatilis, etc. 
 
 62. Espfece. Gyclas lasmampsis (Ameroda lasmampsis). Cyclade 
 lasmampside. PI. lxxxii, fig. 19, 20 et 21. 
 
 Test transparent, bombe, un peu arrondi ; rides serrees, inegales, 
 plus eloignees et larges superieurement ; lames flexueuses, I'ante- 
 rieure tordue, elargie; longueur 3-4, diamfetre 1-2, axe 5-12 de la 
 largeur, nacre bleuatre. 
 
 Largeur 1-3 ou 1-2 pouce ; epiderme variable, noir, noiratre, 
 bran, brunatre, oliv4tre, rouss4tre, come, etc. ; sommets arrondis, 
 non-saillans. Dans I'OMo et les riviferes adjacentes. Points de dents 
 intermediaires. 
 
 6^. Espfece. Gyclas equalis (Phymeroda equalis) Cyclade; 
 egale. 
 
 Test transparent; bombe, arrondi ; rides serrees, presqu'egales, 
 
63 eafinesque's 
 
 obtuses ; lames un peu flexueuses, courtes, distantes, egales ; dent 
 
 intermediaire oblique, unique dans chaque valve ; epiderme corne ; 
 
 nacre bleuStre ; longueur 4-5, diametre 2-3, de la largeur, axe 
 
 medial. 
 
 Petite espfece ; longueur 1-4 de pouce ; rare dans I'OHo ; dent 
 
 interne, peu apparente, obliquement inclinee posterieurement ; 
 
 valve droite a 2 fossules oblongues, lamellaires ; presqu'egales ; 
 
 la gauche a dent lamellaire correspondante ; sommets arrondis non- 
 
 saillans. 
 [320] 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Je vais decrire dans ce supplement deux espfedes qui n'appartien- 
 nent qu'imparfaitement k mon sujet; ear I'une est une coquille 
 trivalve etl'autre une moule de la Louisiane. J'y ajoaterai quelques 
 especes qui ont ete omises a leurs places respectives, ou reconnues 
 durant mon travail. 
 
 XII°. Genre. TkEmesia, Tremesie. 
 
 Test trivalve, inequivalve ; valve principale patelloide, perforee 
 au centre ; la petite valve fermant ce trou en guise d'opercule ; 
 troisifeme valve inferieure, laterale ; mollusque cephale, k tete 
 extensible par I'ouverture mediale, k deux yeux lateraux ; point de 
 t«ntacules. 
 
 Ce genre singulier parait etre le type d'une nouvelle famille inter- 
 mediaire entre les Brachiopes, les Teredaires et les Patellaires ; elle 
 a trois valves comme les Teredaires ; mais une tete comme les 
 Patellaires, et eette tete oculee et tentaculee est centrale au lieu 
 d'etre tgrminale. 
 
 64. Espfeee. Tremesia patelloldes. Tremesie patelloide. PI. 
 Lxxxii, fig. 22, 23 et 24. 
 
 Yalve principale arrondie, un peu conique, striee eoncentrique- 
 ment et tesselee par des stries courbes, obliques, transversales ; 
 ouverture ronde; petites valves lisses: I'inferieure oblique, obovale; 
 mollusque strie flexueusement en dessouS;aigU't\ I'oppose de la valve 
 inferieure ; tete tronquee. 
 
 Animal bien singulier, que j'avais deJEl annonce I'annee passee 
 sous le nom fautif de Notrema dans V American Monthly Magazine. 
 II se trouve dans la partie inferieure de I'Ohio, attache aux pi^rres 
 comme les Patelles, par sa base ; test fauve-brun ; valve operculaire 
 brane, luisante, mobile; diamfetre environ un pouce, hauteur un 
 demi-pouce. 
 
CONOHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 63 
 
 65. Espfece. Mytilus recurvus. Moule recourbee. 
 
 Test oboTale, cuneiforme, recourbe, a, stries longitudinales de trois 
 longueurs ; epiderme noir4tre ; nacre-violette ; bees obliques, a 
 
 [321] 
 un angle decurrent de chaque cote ; bord iuferieur et interieur strie, 
 crenele ; largeur T-12, diamfetre 5-12, de la longueur, longueur 
 1 a 2 ponces. EUe se trouve dans le Mississipi pres de la NouTelle- 
 Orleans. Les stries sont souYent bifides. Partie bMUante oblongue, 
 laterale. 
 
 66. Espfece. Vnio teres (Elliptic teres). Mulette ronde. 
 
 Test peu epais, bombe, elliptique, elargi, tronque inferieurement, 
 posterieurement et obliquement ; epiderme presque lisse, corne ; 
 nacre blanche, iridescente ; longueur environ 2-5, diamfetre 2-.S, 
 axe 1-5 de la largeur. Appartient au sous-genre Eurynia. 
 (Voyez p. 29T.) 
 
 Largeur environ 3 ponces. Dans la rivifere Wabash, leg^rement 
 sinuee inferieurement ; sommets effaces ; lame longue, mince ; dent 
 crenelee, decurrente. 
 
 . 6T. Bspece. Obliquaria sinudta. (Unio sinuata). Obliq. 
 sinuee. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, elliptique, sinue inferieurement ; epiderme 
 roussatre, ride; nacre blanche, &,sillons profonds, obliques, interieurs; 
 longueur 1-2, diametre 1-3, axe 1-4 de la largeur. Appartient au 
 sous-genre Ellipsaria. (Voyez p. 303.) 
 
 Dans le Kentuky. Largeur 4 pouces; lame 6paisse, oblique, droite, 
 ridee ; fossule apparente ; dent striee. 
 
 68. Espfece. Obliquaria atroviolacea (Unio atroviolacea). Obliq. 
 violet-brun. 
 
 Test peu epais. convexe, elliptique, ovale, attenue posterieure- 
 ment; epiderme noirttre, presque lisse ; nacre d'un violet trfes-fonce, 
 bord brun-mat; longueur 1-2, diametre 1-4, axe 1-5 de la largeur. 
 
 Appartient au sous-genre Ellipsaria. 
 
 Jolie espfece h belle nacre ; largeur trois pouces ; dans le Ken- 
 tuky, etc. ; lame carenee, droite ; fossule confluente ; impressions 
 profondes ; dents ridees. 
 
 69. Espece. Obliquaria Cliffordiana (TJnio Cliffordiana) . 
 Obliq. Cliffordienne. 
 
 Test epais, bombe, ovale, arrondi, grande longueur posterieure ; 
 
64 rafinesque's 
 
 [322] 
 tains posterieur ; nacre presque lisse, noiratre, pourpree-p^le ; lon- 
 
 gnenr 3-4, diamfetre 2-5, axe 1-4 de la largeur. Appartient au sous- 
 genre Plagiola. (Voyez"p. 302.) 
 
 Du museum de M. Clifford ; trouvee dans le Kentuky ; largeur 
 3 pouces ; lame dourbee, epaisse, ridee ; fossule apparente ; 
 dents striees ; sommets h peine saillans, ecorches, h nacre plane, 
 saFranee. 
 
 REMARQUES. 
 
 1. Le ligament que j'ai decrit' est le grand ligament posterieur ; 
 il y a en outre dans toutes ces coquille^ un ligament anterieur mem- 
 braneux et foliace qui est trfes-petit et court dans les coquilles 
 alonguees ou arrondies, et plus grand ou oblong dans les coquilles 
 elliptiques ou dilatees.' 
 
 2. Ayant mieux observe I'espfece 48 Obovaria pachostea (voyez 
 p. 312), j'ai reconnu qu'elle appartient au genre Amblema, auquel 
 il faudra reunin Yoici son caractfere : 
 
 Amblema Antrosa. Test trfes-epais, un peu bombe, arrondi, 
 flexueux, k petit sinus lateral inferieurement ; epiderme brun, 1am- 
 elleux ; nacre violacee, pale, ondulfee et a grande cavite sous la 
 dent bilobee ; largeur G-t, diametre 1-2 de la longueur, axe presque 
 terminal. 
 
 [From the Annals of Nature, or Annual Synopsis of ne-w Genera and Species 
 of Animals, Plants, &c. First Annual Number, p. 10 , Philadelphia, 1830. ] 
 
 [10] 
 
 VllI CLAS. APALOSIA.— THE MOLLTJSCA. 
 
 XVI. N. Gr. Philomtctjs. Differs from Limax by no visible 
 mantle, the longer pair of tentacula terminal and club shaped, the 
 shorter tentacula lateral and oblong. — The name means friend of 
 iungi, on which they feed. 
 
 69. Philomycus quadrilus. Grey, back smooth, with four longi- 
 tudinal rows of irregular black spots, long tentacula black and ap- 
 proximated : rather attenuated behind, tail obtuse. On the banks 
 of the Hudson, length over half an inch. 
 
 TO. Philomycus oxyurus. Fulvous grey, slender, back wrinkled 
 longitudinally ; tentacula brown, the lateral ones very small ; tail 
 acute, carinated above. — Length two-thirds 'of an inch, in New 
 York. 
 
CONOHOLOGIOAL WRITINGS. 65 
 
 11. Philomycus fuscus. Entirely brown, tentacnla thick, back 
 smooth, tail compressed, acute. — In Ohio, on Amanita elliptica ; 
 length one f6urth of an inch. 
 
 '12. Philomycus flexuolaris. EuItous, back Tariegated with 
 flexuose brown lines, slightly wrinkled transversally ; attenuated 
 behind, tail obtuse. — Length from one to two inches, it may change 
 its shape. Found on the Catskill mountains. There are many other 
 species of this genus in the United States. 
 
 XVII. N. Qt. EuMELUS. Differs from Limax by no visible 
 mantle, the four tentacnla almost in one row in front and cylindrical, 
 nearly equal, the smallest pair between the larger ones. — Name 
 mythological. 
 
 73. Eumelus nebulosus. Body nearly cylindrical, rounded at 
 both ends ; back smooth, crowded with grey and fulvous spots inter- 
 mixed of the same tinge, without spots beneath ; tentacula brown. — 
 Length about one inch ; in Ohio and Kentucky. 
 
 74. Eumelus lividus. Livid brown above, grgyish beneath, 
 antenna black, obtuse behind, back smooth and convex — Length 
 one inch ; in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky. 
 
 75. Limax gracilis. Body slender, head and lower tentacula 
 fulvous, neck grey, upper tentacula brownish, mantle dark fulvous, 
 back smooth brown, beneath dirty white ; tail brown, obtuse above, 
 mucronate and acute beneath. — Probably a real Jjimax. Tet it has 
 the two long tentacula inserted above the neck, while the small ones 
 are terminal, and all slightly club shaped. It may perhaps fdrm a 
 sub-genus Deroceras. Length over one inch. Found near Hen- 
 dersonville in Kentucky, and in woods. 
 
 XVIII. N. G. Hemiloma. (Univalve land shell.) Spire raised 
 and smooth ; opening obliqual elliptic, with an interior raised half 
 margin on the inside lip, a Uttle twisted ; Columella decurrent on 
 thfe whorl obliquely and with a very small umbilicus. — The name 
 means half margin. 
 
 76. Hemiloma ovata. Ovate, very obtuse, smooth, six spires, 
 breadth two-thirds of the length. — Found near Lexington", in nearly 
 a fossil state, by Mr. John D. Clifford; whitish, length three- 
 sixteenth of an inch. 
 
 [11] 
 
 77. Fleurocera verucosa. Ellipsoidal, top very obtuse, base of 
 the opening obtuse, inside lip thiekly plaited ; four spires, the two 
 
 E 
 
66 rafinesque's 
 
 last flattened, the other large, with several rows of warts, back of the 
 ^ opening wrinkled. — Length about two-thirds of an inch, not quite 
 double the breadth; colour olivaceous brown, opening whitish. It lives 
 in the lower parts of the Ohio. This genus which contains nearly 
 twenty species of fluviatile shells, was described in my 70 N. G. 
 Animals, &c. I have discovered already about one hundred and 
 eighty species of fluviatile and land shells in the United States. 
 
 [From Enumeration and Account of some remarkable Natural Objects in 
 the Cabinet of Prof. Kaflnesque, in Philadelphia, page 3. Philadelphia, 
 November, 1831. 
 
 [2] 
 
 lY. FOSSIL UNIVALVE SHELLS. 
 
 13. ERPILITES, Eaf. ^. G. or perhaps a S. G. of Trochites. 
 Opening oval, subquadrangular by the end being nearly truncate, 
 columella with a twisted fold and ending with an acute point. All 
 the sp. from tHe limestone and sandstone of Ohio and Kentucky, 
 where other Univalves are very rare.. I have 7 sp. at least, and shall 
 here describe 5 of them. The name means creeping. Although 
 these shells are marine, they appear to approximate very near to the 
 Pleurocera and Meldnia, now living in the Rivers of the same 
 
 , region. 
 
 14. Erpilites Multistriata, Raf. 1818. Suboval, 3 spires with 
 many spiral ribs and minutely striated obliquely. Fine perfect speci- 
 men from sandstone of Knobhills, one and a half inch long, with 
 crystals inside. 
 
 15. Erpilites Platenia, Eaf. 1820. Broad depressed, 3 spires 
 smooth, the first very large with a broad biangular flat raised band, 
 becoming a spiral angle in the other spires. Large sp. two inches 
 broad, silicified, from the limestone. 
 
 16. Erpilites Ohiensis, Raf. 1818. Suboval, 5 spires smooth, 
 each ending by a spiral angle on the upper edge. Limestone of 
 Ohio state, one inch. 
 
 17. Erpilites Garinata, Raf. 1818. Oblong smooth, 5 spires 
 carinated in the middle spirally. Near Lexington in limestone, small, 
 half an inch, seldom petrified. 
 
 18. Erpilites Stenotenia, Raf. 1821. Oblong smooth, 4 or 5 
 spires with a narrow depressed spiral band. Limestone of 
 Kentucky. 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WEITINGS. 6T 
 
 V. FLTJYIATIL'E TJNIVALVE SHELLS. 
 
 19. Pleurocera Oonula, Raf. 1818. Seven spires, the first with 
 two or three small angles, the others with only one. River Ken- 
 tucky. My G. Pleurocera, 1819, is perhaps a S. G. of Melania, 
 
 [3] 
 but the animal is different, with lateral feelers ; the shell is always 
 conical oblong with the opening oblong oblique acute at both ends, 
 columella flexaose twisted. 
 
 20. Pleurocera Acuta, Raf 1818. Shell elongate very acute, 
 smooth, nine spires, the first angular in front. Lake Erie. 
 
 21. Pleurocera Quadrosa, Raf 1816. Conical, smooth, six 
 spires, the first with an obtuse circular angle, and a furrow below it, 
 giving the opening a subquadrangular appearance. Small streams 
 of "West Kentucky, one inch long. 
 
 22. Melania Bugosa, Raf Pyramidal acute, nine spires rugose 
 vertically, streams of Cumberland Mountains. I leave the name of 
 Melania to the shells with opening obtuse at the end, or they may 
 form the S. G. Amhloxus. 
 
 23. Melania Viridis, Raf. Suboval smooth, five spires, end 
 obtuse, opening oblong. Fine shell, one inch, green, from Licking 
 River. 
 
 TI. LAND UNIYALVE SHELLS. 
 
 24. APLODON, Raf 1819. Differ from Eelix by an ombilic 
 and a callous tooth above it in the opening. Several sp. 1. A. 
 nodosum, Raf 1818. Subdepressed, rugose below concentrically, 
 3 nodose spires. In Kentucky. 
 
 25. STENOSTOMA, Raf 1819. Differ from Helix, opening 
 linear with lips, upper lip notched, lower carinated. 1. St. convexa, 
 Raf Nearly round, both sides convex, smooth, 5 spires. Kentucky. 
 
 26. TOXOSTOMA, Raf 1819. Differ from the last, by no lower 
 lip nor keel to the opening, ■rt'hich is curved. 1. T. globularis. 
 Globular smooth, 5 spires. In Kentucky. 
 
 27. MESODON, Raf 1819. Differ from Helix by lower lip with 
 a tooth. 1. M. maculatum. Depressed, hardly striated, upper lip 
 reflexed, tooth careniform, 5 spires. Fulvous with brown spots. 
 The G. Trophodon differ from this by upper lip notched. The G. 
 Odomphium by having an ombilic. 
 
 28. OMPHALINA, Raf 1819. Differ from Helix by no lips? 
 
68 EAFINESQTJE'S 
 
 but an ombilio. Many sp. 1. 0. cuprea. Subovat, 4 spires, 
 smooth, brittle, diaphanous coppery, shining^ opening very large. 
 In Kentucky. 
 
 29. TRIODOPSIS, Raf. 1819. Differ Helix, opening with 3 
 teeth. 2 above, 1 below, an ombilic. 1. Tr. lunula. Depressed, 
 mouth narrow With thick lips, pmbilie lunulated. In Kentiicky. 
 Forms S. G. menomphis. 
 
 30. XOLOTREMA, Raf. 1819. Differ from the last by no 
 ombilic, opening linear. 1. X clausa. Subdepressed, 5 spires' a 
 little striated, openipg almost hidden. I have m.any more land and 
 fluviatile univalves, too many to enumerate here ; but I add two 
 beautiful Agatinas from the south. 
 
 31. ■ Agatina Variegaia, Raf. 1820. Six spires, smooth, yellowish, 
 variegated with brown spots near the sutures, first spire with some 
 narrow coloured strias concentric Nearly two inches, from 
 Louisiana. 
 
 32. Agatina Fuscaitt, Raf. 1822. Eight spires, smooth, reddish 
 brown, with broad longitudinal black bands on the spires, of- a lan- 
 ceolate flexuos^ shape. Over two inches, From Texas. Both col- 
 lected by Dr. Strong. 
 
 Vll. FOSSIL BIVALVE SHELLS. 
 
 Z3. MytilusexotiluSi'Ra.f. 1820. Oblong oboval, minutely striated, 
 strias broader below, curved near the sides. Breadth two thirds of 
 length, thickness 4-9. From the lim,estone near Boon creek, Ken- 
 tucky, petrified, over 2 iiQchep. 
 
 84. APLEIIROTIS, Raf. 1819, and tract of October, 1881. K 
 G. very near mytiluSjhut winged and perforated. 1. Apl. pectenoides, 
 Raf. Oboval, iipper valve convex striated, wing well marked, lower 
 valve flat, scarcely striated. Breadth 4-5 of the length, which is 
 oyer 2 inches, 'i. Apl. pusilla, Raf. Oblique oboval, flattened, 
 mi|B,iitely striated, wing small. Breadth | of the length, which is less 
 than one inch. Both from Knobhills of Kentucky. 
 
 36. OXISMA, Raf. 1819. N. G. near Pinna. Base truncate, 
 [4] 
 end gaping, equivalve, hinge lateral plicate on one valve, angular on 
 the other. 1, 0. 6(/ida,.Raf. Shell bifid by valves acute and gaping 
 before, outside black and rough, sides straight, length 3-8 of the 
 breadth, hardly one inch. Knobhills. 
 
 37- Terehratulites Eriensis, 'B.&t 1%1%. Base smooth, remainder 
 
CONCHOLOaiCAL WRITINQa. 69 
 
 with concentric wrinkles, large valve with a depression and sinus. 
 Length 4-5, thickness 2-5 of the breadth. From the limestone of 
 Lake Erie and Ohio, silicified blackish, about one inch. 
 
 38. STROPHOMENBS, Raf. 1820. See tract of October. 1. 
 Str. levigata. Very smooth, longer valve convex, lower valve con- 
 cave, corners acute, not auriculate, contour arched and even. Length 
 4-5 of the breadth. Kentucky limestone. 2. Str. flexilis. Very 
 thin, lower valve hardly concave with minute curved strias, upper 
 valve convex with minute flexuose strias, corners acute subauriculate, 
 length and breadth equal. Limestone of Ohio, 1 or 2 inches. 
 
 40. CTJRVULITES, Raf. 1819. Inequilateral, inequivalve, valves 
 elohgatedj curved or crooked, larger valve broader, the smaller often 
 angular. 1. G. striata, Raf. 1818. Cnneate curved, base narrow, 
 end broad rounded, striated longitudinally, short alternate strias near 
 the end. In the Kentucky limestone, 2^ inches. 
 
 41. ZONARITES, Raf Tribe of Atremosia or imperforated 
 Terebratulites. Shell subtransversal equilateral, subinequivalve, 
 both valves convex with thick concentric wrinkles, hinge linear, beaks 
 very small. 1. Z. atrata. Nearly rounded, with large wrinkles and' 
 furrows between. Length 5-6 of the breadth, thickness nearly half. 
 Perfect black shell silicified, nearly one inch, from the Knobhills, 
 disc, in 1822. 
 
 42. Zonarytes? Tesselata, Raf. Rounded, tesselated by concen- 
 tric and longitudinal wrinkles and furrows. Length 7-8 of the breadth. 
 From the Knobhills, one inch broad, has only 1 valve incrusted in 
 quartz, and with the hinge too imperfect to refer it decidedly to 
 this Genus. 
 
 [Continuation of a Monograph of the Bivalve SljeUs of the River Ohio, and 
 other Rivers of the Western States. By Prof..C. 8. Rafinesque. (Pub- 
 lished at Brussels, September, 1830. J Containing 46 Species, from No. 76, 
 to No. 131. Including an Appendix on some Bivalve Shells of the Rivera 
 of Hindoatan, with a Supplement on the Fossil Bivalve Shells of the 
 Western States, and the Tulosites, a new Genus of Fossils. Philadelphia, 
 October, 1831.] 
 
 [1] 
 
 Hardly a dozen species of North American fluviatile bivalve shells, 
 had been mentioned by Bosc. Lamark, Say, and Lesueur, before 
 1820, when I described, in a special and ample Monograph, lb 
 species of 'them 1 with 40 varieties, mostly discovered by myself, in 
 
70 kafinesque's 
 
 my travels of 1818 and 1819, and figured 28 of them. This labour 
 was written at Lexington, in January 1820, and published in French, 
 at Brussels, in September 1820, in the General Annals of Physical 
 Sciences, by Bory and Drapiez, and also in a separate pamphlet. I 
 stated then, that several other species existed in the Western Waters, 
 but described none but those I had before my eyes. I have, how- 
 ever, diligently collected these additional species, iu my successive 
 travels between 1820 and 1826, and have thus added, at least 40 
 species to the Y5 already described ; some of which, must also form 
 peculiar Genera, or Sub-genera, particularly the- Lasmonos, which 
 fills the gap in the variety of hinges. We have thus five different 
 tribes of Bivalve shells. 
 
 1. Unio. Hinge, with a cardinal tooth and a lamellar tooth. 
 
 2. Alasmodon. Hinge, with a cardinal tooth only. 
 
 3. Lasmonos. Hinge, with a lamellar tooth only. 
 
 4. Anodonta. Hinge, without teeth. 
 
 5. Gyclas. Hinge, with two lamellar teeth. 
 
 My labor on this branch of conchology, of which I was the pioneer 
 and first historian, has attracted a great deal of attention in Europe, 
 and latterly, also, with us. I was repeatedly asked for the shells I 
 had discovered and described ; I disposed of some rare ones, for the 
 Museum of my friend Clifford, in Lexington, and for the Museum of 
 Transylvania University. I furnished several to my friends, Elliot, 
 Collins, Graham, Hart, &c., in America, and Ferusac, Brnogniart, 
 Swainson, .Sowerby, &c., in Europe. Meantime, I have lately found 
 that these fine shells have acquired a great value in Europe, and 
 some have sold at very high prices in England, Germany and France, 
 while I have seldom derived any profit from them, but much trouble, 
 expense; and even vexation. I am determined to dispose of none left 
 me, but for sale ; I have as yet 400 specimens, or 60 species, of my 
 Monograph in my cabinet, and all those described in this continua- 
 tion, about 96 species in all, which I value from one to five dollars 
 each; and even 5 species at ten dollars or more, being perhaps 
 unique specimens. I offer them for sale, and have begun to sfell 
 upwards of 50 to Mr? Ch. A. Poulson, for his fine cabinet in 
 Philadelphia. ■ 
 
 Some of these shells are so very rare, that I have only met them 
 once in 4,000 miles of travels and explorations ; others I have never 
 seen, except in collections, such are the Unio ridibundHs, and the 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WRITINQS. Tl 
 
 Aldsmodon complanatum, for instance. I shall describe here, (Mj 
 those which / have now before my eyes, and with the names given 
 them ten ySars ago, at their discovery ; I have seen a few others, 
 which I delay to describe, not having them now in my hands. Those 
 who shall purchase these new shells, may have the pleasure to. give 
 splendid figures of them, if they like. 
 
 Since 1820, several American Conchologists have attempted to 
 notice, describe, or figure these shells ; Barnes, in 1823, Lea, Say, 
 and Eaton, later still. They had a fine field before them, in elucida- 
 ting them by good figures, and describing the new kinds ; but led 
 astray, by various motives, they have neglected to verify, or properly 
 notice my previous labors, although they were known to them. Mr. 
 Say is, above all, inexcusable. I had respectfully noticed, in 1820, 
 his previous labors ; but he has never mentioned mine, and knows 
 so little of the animals of .these shells, as to have mistaken their 
 mouth for their tail, and their anterior for the posterior part of the 
 shells I > 
 
 If he had seen these animals alive, feeding, moving, and watched 
 their habits as I have done repeatedly, he would not have fallen into 
 such a blunder. The mouth is always near the cardinal tooth, and 
 the lamellar tooth is to the right of it in the right valve, to the left 
 in the left valve. — Others pretend that my monograph is too intri- 
 cate ; it is the subject which is such ; whenever many species belong 
 to a tribe, many divisions and sections are needed to plucidate and 
 _ [2] 
 isolate the species. All the great naturalists know and do this. 
 
 The works wherein their erroneous labors are found cost above 
 $100 I (mine only 50 cents.) This has put it out of my power, as 
 yet, to verify all their mistaken and synonymous names. A complete 
 synonymy of these shells will soon be required, which I may perhaps 
 undertake in future, unless it is done by Mr. Poulson, who has trans- 
 lated and means to publish my monograph of 1820. Thiscontinua- 
 tion will be a supplement to his translation. I mean to give in it 
 my shells under my own names, imposed as soon as found in 1821 
 and 1822 chiefly, the undoubted right of a previous discoverer and 
 explorer. If some of them are already well named and described, 
 let their names be compared and the oldest or best prevail, as those 
 of my old Monograph ought in all cases. 0. S. R. Philadelphia, 
 Oct. 1831. 
 
T2 eafinesqtje's 
 
 I. TRIBE.— "CNIO. 
 
 1. N. G. Epioblasma. Differs from Amblema and Ellipsaria hy 
 lamellar tooth obliqual, divergent towards the bacli and straight. 
 .A,xis nearly terminal. The Unio or Amblema torulosa. Sp. 55, 
 perhaps belojigs here also. 
 
 76. Sp. Unio biloba or Epioblasma biloba, discoTered 1821. 
 Elliptical, both ends rounded, back convex, belly bilobed, sides 
 rugose, more or lessgibbose, swelled before, greenish brown outside, 
 bluish white inside. Breadth 2-3, diameter 2-5 of. the length. 
 Var. 1. Pallida not greenish, rufescent, a little longer. 
 In Green river and Kentucky river, about 3 inches long. Remark- 
 able species, very rare, summits prominent, teeth striated, the lamel- 
 lar short, reaching only to the middle. 
 
 2. N. G. ToxoLASMA, Differs from Amblema, Plagiola and Sin- 
 toxia, by lamellar tooth not obliqual but arched parallel with the 
 back, axis nearly terminal, general form rounded, back curved. 
 
 7*7. Sp. Unio cyclips. ( Toxolasma cyclips. — 1820.) Shell thick 
 rounded-elliptical, swelled subglobose, subrugose and yellowish out- 
 side, incarnate inside. Breadth 6-1, diameter 4-8 of the length. 
 Axis 1-lOth. 
 
 Yar. I. Fuscata. Larger, brown outside, and nearly smooth, 
 whiter inside, longer lamellar tooth. 
 
 Var. II. Lutescens. Yellow outside, bluish, white inside. 
 River Ohio and Mississippi 2 to 4 inches, beautiful nacre, lamellar 
 tooth carinate, serrulate as in many other species. It is said that 
 this is the U. abruptus of Say. I cannot see any thing abrupt in it ; 
 my name means Bound Ellipsis. 
 
 78 sp. Unio cinerescens (Toxolasma ditto. — 1820.) Shell thick, 
 rounded oboval, a slight posterior obliqual ridge, nearly smooth and 
 cinerescent brown outside, bluish white inside. Breadth 8-9, diameter 
 5-9 of the length. Axis l-9th. 
 
 River Ohio and Kentucky. About 2 inches, cardinal tooth much 
 striated, lamellar not Serrulate. 
 
 79 sp. Unio lividus, {Toxolasma do. 1822.) Shell elliptical 
 swelled not thick, outside subrugose, brown, inside livid purplish. 
 Length 8-4, diameter 3-8, axis 1-4 of the breadth. 
 
 Iu.Rockcastle river, exceedingly rare Size only one inch, lamel- 
 lar tooth long, thin curved, not serrulate. 
 
0ONCHOL0GIC4I. WRITINGS. 13 
 
 80 sp. Unio fleocus. [Toxolasma, ditto, 1821. j Shell thick 
 rounded, swelled, undulate below; outside subrugose, olive brown, 
 inside bluish ^\\i%. Length 5-6, diameter 1-2, axis l-6th of the 
 breadth. 
 
 In the Kentucky river, rare, 1 or 2 inches, lamellar tooth well 
 curved, thick ; not serrulate. 
 
 3. N. G. Babiosta. Form of Scalenaria, lamellar tooth curved, 
 and not obliqual, as in Sintoxia, shell transversal, triangular. 
 
 81. Sp. Unio ponderosus. (Bariosta ditto, 1820.) shell very 
 thick and heavy, oval triangular, rounded before, curved slope 
 behind, with an oblique ridge ending to a point, a sinus next to it ; 
 outside rough and blackish ; inside incarnate, iridescent, uneven. 
 Length 3-5, diameter 2-5, axis 1-4 of the breadth. 
 
 In the lower Ohio and Mississippi. Pine shell, with beautiful 
 nacre, 3 to 5 inches broad ; cardinal tooth striate, lamellar tooth 
 scabrous 1 Many uneven wrinkles inside. The U. sinuata Sp. 6T, 
 belongs to this section, .Barzoste having a similar lamellar tooth: but 
 it is broader, more elliptical, without ridge, and white inside ; the 
 sinus is also more central. 
 
 82 sp. Unio vittatis (Lampsilis? vittata. — 1818.) Shell oval, 
 swelled, rather thin, broad subalate and subtruncate behind with two 
 or three oblique ribs longitudinal, rounded and rugose before, sides 
 smooth, outside olivaceous, radiated with narrow straight greenish 
 rays, bluish white inside. Length 3-4, diameter one half, axis one 
 third of breadth. 
 
 In Green river, 3 inches broad or more. Very near my Lampsilis 
 fasciola, sp. 26: — ^but it is larger, rounder, with straight rays. 
 Cardinal tooth crenulate, lamellar tooth not flexuose, but well 
 curved in the right valve ; short, compressed, truncate behind. 
 
 83 sp. Unio montanus, {Eurynia montana, 1823.) Shell thin, 
 elliptical, compressed, behind broad a little winged, end truncate, 
 outside nearly smooth brown, a little laminated and fulvous around, 
 inside bluish. Length one half, diameter and axis 2-5 of breadth. 
 
 In the streams of the Alleghany and Cumberland mountains. 
 About 2 inches. Lamellar tooth very long, nearly straight, a sinus 
 above it. 
 
 ^4 Sp. Unio diploderma, (Lampsilis ditto. 1822.) Shell thin 
 elliptical^ hardly swelled ; back hardly broader : surface a little 
 
*H rafinesque's 
 
 ribbed with a double epidermis, the outer rufous, the inner green- 
 ish : inside bluish purple. — Length '7-12, diameter 1-3, axis 1-4 of 
 
 breadth. 
 
 [3] 
 In Salt river, rare, small, l^ inch ; cardinal tooth almost as in 
 
 Leptodea, lamellar tooth well curved, and flexuose. 
 
 85 Sp. TJnio diaphanus, (Metaptera? diaphana 1821.) Shell 
 very thin, transparent, oval-elliptic, swelled, broader behind, with a 
 small wing, surface smooth horny, inside, pale incarnate. Length 
 3-4, diameter and axis 3-8 of the breadth. Var. lineolata with, ful- 
 vous greenish lines. 
 
 In small streams of Kentucky, one or two inches, rare, cardinal 
 tooth compressed, crenulate, lamellar well curved. 
 
 86 Sp. Unio lasmabrachys (Metaptera? do. 1820.) Shell 
 rather thick, oval triangular, swelled, truncate behind with an arched 
 ridge, surface rugose horny, inside bluish white, small truncate wing, 
 beaks prominent. Length 5-7, diameter 3-7, axis 2-7 of the 
 breadth. 
 
 Licking river, &c., 3 or 4 inches, rare, deep cavity inside : teeth 
 ■wide apart, cardinal crenulate, lamellar very short, broad and trun- 
 cate in the right valve. This and the last belong more to Metaptera 
 by the teeth than the wings. 
 
 ,87 Sp. Unio rimosus, {Eurynia rimosa. 1823.) Shell elliptic, 
 thick, thinner, broader, and rimose behind ; surface olivaceous nearly 
 smooth, inside bluish white. Length 2-3, diameter 1-6, axis 1-4 of 
 length. 
 
 In the Cumberland river, rare, small 1-^ inch. Resembling some 
 Amblemas, but evidently transversal, cardinal tooth crenulate, lam- 
 ellar smooth, short, nearly horizontal, but a little curved towards the 
 back. Perhaps a peculiar S. G. near to Epiohlasma, it might be 
 called Lemioos. 
 
 88. Sp. Uniofulvus. (Eurynia fulva. — 1823.) Shell elliptical, 
 thick before, sloping behind, surface depressed nearly smooth, bright 
 fulvous or rufous outside and inside. Length one half, diameter and 
 axis one fifth of the breadth. 
 
 Yar. 2. Fuscata, brownish rufous outside, pale inside. 
 
 Var. 2. Bufa, quite rufous outside, iridescent inside. 
 
 In Green river, Rockcastle river, &c., — ^rare, fine shell, 2 or 3 
 inches, cardinal tooth crenate, lamellar long and straight. Near to 
 my U. auratus. 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 15 
 
 Q. Obliquaria. 
 
 89 Sp. Uniocalendis,{Obliq.calendis.—-lS2l.) Shell thick and 
 swelled, rounded, subtruncate behind, surface with broad flat wrinkles. 
 Length T-8, diameter 1-2, axis 1-5 of the breadth : outside yellowish, 
 inside iridescent and uneven. 
 
 In Dick river, &c. Fine sp. beautiful nacre, rare, 2 inches. Near 
 to U. cyclips, bat smaller, less round, lamellar tooth quite oblique, 
 slightly curved as in the Plagiola, cardinal tooth striated ; proba- 
 bly a Sintoxia. 
 
 90 Sp. Unio Venus, {Obliquaria Venus — 1820.) Shell oval 
 elliptic, thick and swelled, truncate behind with transverse wrinkles, 
 outside nearly smooth, of a reddish chesnut colour, inside lilac irides- 
 cent. Length 3-4, diameter 1-2, axis 1-3 of the length. 
 
 In the Kentucky and Cumberland, very rare, 3 inches wide ; the 
 prettiest of all the TJnios, resembling a Venus. Lamellar tooth thick 
 erose obliqual. My Unio Elliptica sp. 8, is very near to this : both 
 are of S. G. Aximedia. 
 
 91 Sp. Unio ^WeoZws, (Obliq. ditto. 1823.) Shell rather thin, 
 broad, elliptic lanceolate, attenuate and subacute behind, very com- 
 pressed or nearly flat, outside brown nearly smooth, inside bluish. 
 Length one half, diameter and axis 1-5 of breadth. 
 
 At the falls of the Cumberland. Small, 2 inches, rare. Akin to 
 U. cuprea. Cardinal tooth small, bilobe, lamellar obliqual short. 
 
 92. Unio teneltus, (Obliq. ditto. 1822.) Shell elliptic thin, nearly 
 equilateral, quite flat, margin erose, outside minutely striated, oliva- 
 ceous with square green spots, inside bluish. Length 4-T, diameter 
 1-7, axis 3-1 of the breadth. 
 
 Exceedingly rare, seen only once in a stream of the Knob-hills of 
 Kentucky. Size one inch. It is an Aximedia which is to be a S. 
 G. of Obliquaria. Lamellar tooth obliqual very short, cardinal 
 bilobe small as in Leptodea. 
 
 93 Sp. Unio bicolor, (Obliq. ditto. 1821.) Shell thick elliptic, 
 lanceolate, attenuate and subtruncate behind, with an obliqual ridge, 
 outside brown nearly smooth, inside yellow above, white beneath. 
 Length 1-2, diameter 1-3, axis 1-5 of breadth. 
 
 In Kentucky river, 3 or 4 inches, akin to U. di'Zotato, but smoother 
 inside, different nacre, axis more anterior : more rare and beautiful. 
 Lamellar tooth obliqual thick. — The U. dilatata is however also an 
 Obliquaria and may be called Obi. violacea. 
 
76 rafinesque's 
 
 94 Sp. Unio pallens, (Obliq. ditto. 1821.) Shell thick com- 
 pressed, perfectly elliptic, both ends equal, hardly subtruncate 
 behind, outside smooth pale yellowish, inside white. Length 3-5, 
 diameter 3-10, axis 1-5 of the breadth. 
 
 Ohio and Kentucky, rare, 2 or 3 inches. Lamellar tooth a little 
 obliqual, short and thick, in the left valve furrow closed as in the G. 
 Obovaria and Botundaria. Tet an Elliptio which is the same as 
 Ellipsaria. 
 
 96 Sp. Unio rivularis, (Obliq. ditto. 1821.) Shell rather thick 
 swelled, perfectly elliptical, slightly arcuate below, outside brown 
 and smooth, inside, bluish. Length 4-t, diameter 3-T, axis 2-7, of 
 breadth. 
 
 In the small streams of the Knob-hills and Cumberland mountains. 
 Very small, hardly one inch. Lamellar tooth as in sp. 93. — Near 
 to U. sinuata, sp. 67. 
 
 96. Vnio fontinalis, (Obliq. ditto. 1823.) ' Shell thick, rounded, 
 triangular, sub-truncate behind ; quite rounded before and below ; 
 outside smooth, yellow, with some green spots ; inside bluish white. 
 Length 4-5, diameter 3-5, axis 2-5 of the breadth. 
 
 At the spring of the source of Green E,. in the Knob-hills, rare, 
 very small, like a Cyclas ; but belong to S. G. Scalenaria, lamellar 
 tooth obliqual, straight, short. 
 "[4] 
 
 97 Sp. Unio chloris, (Obliq. chloris. 1823.) Shell oval obliqual, 
 rather thick, and swelled ; the 3 sides rounded, outside greenish and 
 smooth, inside bluish iridescent. Length 4-5, diameter 3-5, axis 1-5 
 of the breadth. 
 
 Small streams of Knob-hills. Minute shell, next to U. calendis 
 Sp, 89, but distinct, lamellar tooth more curved, and not bisulcate. 
 Both are Sintoxia. 
 
 98 Sp. Unio casfaneus; [Obliq. and Aximedia, 1823.] Shell 
 rather thin, oval, elliptical, swelled, nearly equilateral, broader be- 
 hind, outside very smooth, and chesnut colour ; inside, bluish white. 
 Length 4-5, diameter 3-5, axis 3-7 of the breadth. 
 
 Knob-hills streams, in east Kentucky. — Very small, lamellar tooth 
 suboblique, thin. Perhaps a variety of U. lenigata. Sp. 9. 
 G. Truncilla. 
 
 99 Sp. Unio perpleonis. (Tr. perplexa, 1830.) Shell rather 
 uboyal, slightly swelled, only subtruncate ; rounded below, outside 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 11 
 
 olivaceous, with narrow black lines, inside incarnate, iridescent. 
 Length 3-4, diameter 1-3, axis 2-5 of the breadth. Apex not 
 prominent. 
 
 In the river Kentucky, about one inch, I have called it perplexing, 
 because it deviates much from the other Truncilla, approximating 
 to Scalenaria and Plagiola, but the hinge is like Truncilla. 
 
 100 Sp. Unio granulatus. (Tr. g^anulata, 18'2,l.) Shell thick, 
 subtriedral, very much swelled, rounded below, posterior truncature 
 nearly flat, subtesselate, granular ; outside smooth, olivaceous, with 
 broad blackish bands, inside bluish white. Length 1-2, diameter 
 1-2, axis 1-3 of the breadth. Apex slightly cordate. 
 
 In Salt river, rare, above one inch. Nearest to Tr. Triqueter, 
 but less cordate, less tesselate, with granulations instead of warts 
 behind. Not flexuose below, as Tr. truncata. Lamellar tooth 
 very short. 
 
 101 Sp. TJnio metaplata. (Tr. do., 1822.) Shell thick, subtried- 
 ral, much swelled, broad and curved below, posterior truncature 
 nearly flat," hardly tesselate, subgranular above ; cuticle yellowish, 
 inside bluish white. Length 3-4, diameter 5-8, axis 2-5 of the 
 length. Apex deeply cordate. 
 
 Yar. 1. Vittafa, with black band^. 
 
 In the Cumberland and Green Rivers, very rare ; the lai;geBt 
 Truncilla, often 2 inches, lamellar tooth crenulate, as in Tr. truncata. 
 Sp. 19. 
 
 N. B. Besides these 26 new TJnio, I find in my notes the account 
 and figures of several others, such as U. pustulatus, U. punctatus, 
 U. scaber, U. elegans, 13. badius, U. crenulatus, &c., but not having 
 now the specimens before me, I must delay their publication. 
 
 Of my previous species of 1820, bat few are found in Lamark last 
 edition of 1819. My U. latissima is, perhaps, his U. recta. I 
 found only 8 names, of difi'erentsp. from mine, clashing by similarity, 
 U. retusa, U. sinuata and IT. depressa. I have thus changed 
 mine in consequence. My U. retusa, 1820, is now my U. premorsus, 
 my U. depressa 1820, is my U. compressus ; my U. sinuata 1820 
 is my TI. cuUratus. 
 
 Lamark and myself gave feminine terminations to our Unios ; they 
 are now generally made masculine, as I do here ; but this difference 
 is of little account. 
 
 The comparative proportions of the length, breadth, diameter, 
 
>m kafinesque's 
 
 and axis of the TJnios and other bivalve shells, having been misunder- 
 stood by some, it may be needful to state that my formula is a kind 
 of abbreviation of a longer exposition. Thus when I say, length one 
 half, diameter one third, axis one fourth of the breadth — I meant 
 to say, and I must be understood to state the following longer 
 account ; — 
 
 2he length of the shell is one half, t'he diameter is one third, 
 and' the axis is at one fourth of the whole breadth, or largest 
 dimensions of the shell. 
 
 In longitudinal shells this is reversed, the length being the longest 
 dimension, becomes the size of comparison. 
 
 I ought to have added to the names of our late writers on Unio, 
 Mr. Hildreth, who has described over again a few of my species, and 
 Prof. Eaton, who I regret to say, has, (in his Zoological, Text- 
 Book, Albany, 1826, now before me,) noticed 33 species of Unio and 
 Alasmodon of Say and Barnes, but none of my previous ones ! and 
 put them all back to the old genus Mya of Linneus 1 This, as well 
 as his whole Zoological book, proves that he is forty years back- 
 wards in the science of Zoology, as ,he is 30 years backwards in 
 Botany, and about 20 in Geology. But this is not peculiar to him, 
 it is the fate of one half of our Naturalists, Botanists and Geologists. 
 The daily increase of knowledge and improvement in science is 
 despised or neglected by them as useless innovations 1 While all the 
 world, and all the sciences move forward, they would keep those 
 they teach or cultivate at a stand ! it is all in vain, and time will 
 show it. 
 
 II. Genus or tribe Alasmodon. 
 This fine tribe of shells of which I knew only 2 species in 1819, 
 was found rather prolific in species in 1820 and 1821. I ascertained 
 then that it was also to be divided into several genera (subgenera 
 or sections) offering many different peculiarities iu the hinge. I 
 have therefore established the following 4 genera with it. 
 
 1. Lasmigoka. Cardinal tooth knobby, crenate and decurrent 
 before. Lamellar tooth remplaced by an horizontal angular pro- 
 jection, flat above. 
 
 2. Amblasmodon. Cardinal tooth knobby, crenate and decurrent 
 before. Ivamellar tooth remplaced by an obtuse oblique knob, a 
 furrow between it and the ligament. 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL -WEITINGS. 19 
 
 3. Decurambis. Cardinal tooth bilobe flexuose enamelled, de- 
 .current on both sides, decurrence on remplacing the lamellar tooth 
 behind, no angular knob to it. 
 
 4. SuLCULAEiA. Cardinal tooth small striated decurrent before; 
 separated by an oblique furrow from a small oblique projection 
 
 remplacing the lamellar tooth, with a small fold in it. 
 
 All these shells are transversal and inequilateral ; I have seen 
 none yet longitudinal as among the TJnios : most of the species are 
 ribbed behind. The A. complanata of Say, must form another 
 peculiar Genus, which I propose to call Pterosyna; having the 
 united wings behind of the Genus Metaptera. The 2 Alasmodon of 
 my monograph belong to the G. Lasmigona. 
 
 102 Sp. Alasmodon ponderosum, (Lasm. ponderosa, 1820.) 
 Elliptical, very thick, somewhat swelled, truncate and broadly ribbed 
 behind : yellowish and laminated outside, white and uneven inside. 
 Length 3-5, diameter 1-3, axis 1-3 of the breadth. 
 
 In lower Ohio and in the Mississippi. — Large heavy shell, five to 
 six inches broad, roughly rugose outside by their concentric lamina. 
 Cardinal tooth nearly trilobe, lamellar angle obtuse, confluent 
 together. 
 
 If these characters of the teeth should separate it from the Las- 
 migona, it may be called Gonamhlus. 
 
 103 Sp. Alasmodon rugosum (L. rugosa. 1823.) Shell thick 
 elliptfcal, hardly swelled, subtruncate behind, broad ribs behind and 
 below, subsinuate below, outside rugose and olivaceous, white and. 
 nearly even inside. — Length 3-5, diameter 1-4, axis 3-4 of breadth. 
 
 Tennessee river, rare, 5 to 6 inches broad. Akin to the last, but 
 more flat, less thick and heavy, teeth different, cardinal smaller not 
 trilobe, angular projection less obtuse, with a wrinkle and small tooth 
 at the base. 
 
 104 Sp. Alasmodon sulcatum, (L. Sulcata. ft23.) Shell thick, 
 elliptical and swelled, posterior slope with broad, ribs, surface oliva- 
 ceous with large sharp concentric ribs and broad furrows between, 
 inside white incarnatS. Length 1-2, diameter 1-3, axis 1-4 of the 
 breadth. 
 
 River Tennessee and Mississippi : fine large shell, 6 inches broad, 
 beautiful nacre ; cardinal tooth crenate, the angular projection acute 
 before, obtuse behind. Beak or apex a little prominent and slightly 
 rugose. Very rare. 
 
80 kafinesque's 
 
 105 Sp. Alasmodon viridis (L. viridis disc. 1820.) Shell thin 
 swelled, subelliptical, quadrulated, posterior slope slanting truncate^ 
 without ribs : outside greenish, nearly smooth, inside bluish, with 
 flexuose wrinkles. Length 1-2, diameter 1-3, axis 1-3 of the 
 breadth. 
 
 Var. I. Ghloris. Bright gr'een. 
 
 Yar. II. Radiata. Oliyaceous with green rays. 
 
 Var. III. 'Fuscata. Brownish. 
 
 In the Ohio and other streams. So much like Unto viridis out- 
 side as to be easily mistaken for it. Tooth small bilobe crenate, 
 angular projection sharp with a wrinkle or furrow. One or two 
 inches broad. 
 
 5 N. G. Amblamodon. 
 
 106 Sp. Alasmodon Mans (Ambla^modon Mans, 1823.) Shell 
 thick; much swelled, elliptical, subobliqual and gaping, margin flex- 
 uolate, posterior slope with broad ribs. Outside rugose and yellow- 
 ish brown, inside even pale incarnate. Length 7-20, diameter 2-5, 
 axis 1-4 of length. 
 
 River Tennessee, fine rare shell, 5 inches broad. Hinge quite 
 peculiar, cardinal tooth not lobed, large subcrenate, large oblique 
 knob on the projection decurrent, twisted and curved behind. 
 6. N. G. Decurambis. 
 
 107 Sp. Alasm. scriptum {Depuramb'is literata disc. 1822.) 
 Shell rather thin, subelliptical, very much swelled, truncate behind, 
 nearly flat with transverse furrows and ribs, subsinuate beneath. 
 Outside smooth greenish with blackish spots like capital letters ! — 
 inside bluish. Nearly equilateral, apex ardate. Length and 
 diameter one half, axis 5-12 of the length. 
 
 In Green river. "Wonderfur shell, exceedingly rare and strange, 
 outside form of a Truncilla, 2 or 3 inches broad. Tooth flexuose 
 trilobe compressed, decurrence befid before. Certainly a peculiar 
 genus. 
 
 108 Sp. Alasm. atropurpureum(Decurambis ditto, disc. 1823.) 
 Shell rather thin, elliptical, hardly swelled, snjooth and not truncate 
 behind, subsinuate beneath : outside rugose, blackish purple, quite 
 inequilateral, apex hardly cordate. Length one half, diameter and 
 axis one third of the breadth. 
 
 In the river Cumberland, very rare, 3 inches broad. 'Tooth flexuose 
 subtrilobe, hardly prominent. Very distinct from the last, although 
 a true Decurambis. 
 
CONCHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 81 
 
 1 N. G. SULCULARIA. 
 
 109 Sp. Alasm. badium (Sulcularia badia disc. 1821.) Shell 
 thin, suboval, truncate obliqually behind, back straight, rounded 
 beneath, outside smooth bay with some faint bands, inside pale bay 
 or rufous iridescent. Length 2-3, diameter and axis -1-4 of the 
 breadth. 
 
 Small streams of the Knobs, rare, one or two inches : tooth obtuse, 
 projection very small. 
 
 110 Sp. Alasm. papyraceum (Sulcularia papyracea disc. 1821.) 
 Shell very thin and flat, elliptical, broader behind, truncate crenate 
 with furrows and broad ribs : outside olivaceous a little uneven, ■ 
 inside bluish. Length one half, diameter 2-9,. axis one fourth of 
 breadth. 
 
 In East Kentucky. Very rare ; 2 or 3 inches, tooth short and 
 wide, projection with an oblique fold ; the posterior ribs are seen 
 both outside and inside. - 
 
 III. Genus or tribe Lasmonos. 
 
 8 N. G. Lasmonos. Cardinal tooth none, remplaced by a sinus, 
 a flat tubercle, and a decurrent enamel. Lamellar tooth curved 
 fallowing the beak. General form of Metaptera with a small coales- 
 cent wing. 
 
 Ill Sp. Lasmonos Fragilis disc. 1822. — Shell very thin, 
 depressed, suboval, broader behind, with a small wing, some nodulo- 
 
 sites behind, outside smooth olivaceous, inside purplish blue. Length 
 
 [6] 
 3-5, diameter and axis 3-10 of the breadth. 
 
 In East Kentucky, very rare, 2 or 3 inches wide. Very singular 
 shell, which I mistook at first for a Metaptera; tubercle of the 
 hinge hardly visible, lamellar tooth very long, close to the back, 
 bifid at the end . in the left valve. Type of a new Genus 
 which may include other species when sought for in the south 
 west. 
 
 IV. Genus or tribe, Anodonta. 
 112 Sp. Anodonta inflata. disc. 1822. 
 
 Shell thick, elliptical ; somewhat attenuated behind, very much 
 swelled, summits wrinkled, subprominent, outside olivaceous, 
 wrinkled, inside white iridescent. Length ^3-5, diameter 2-5, axis 
 3-10 of the breadth. 
 F 
 
82 kafinesque's 
 
 Yar. 1. Viridis. Green outside. 
 
 Var. 2. Fuscata. Brown outside. 
 
 Var. 3. Zonalis. With green and brown zones. 
 
 River Kentucky and Green, the largest and finest sp. of the 
 West, reaching 5 and 6 inches, hinge almost without any visible- 
 fold. 
 
 113 Sp. Anodonta digonota. {Lastena digonota, 1826.) Shell 
 thin, oval swelled, back straight, obliqual, with two angles, one 
 before and one behind, similar to small wings, sloping bebind, with 
 a flexuose edge ; outside laminated, pale, olivaceous, inside bluish 
 white, iridescent. Length 5-8, diameter 3-8, axis 1-4 of the 
 breadth. 
 
 From Lake Erie, two inches, hinge inside, with a flexuos« fold, 
 separated from the straight back. Perhaps a peculiar S. G. 
 Flexiplis. 
 
 I have besides, another doubtful Anodonta; A. rufa, probably a 
 var. of A ohiensis, sp. 58. 
 
 V. Genus or tribe, CTCLAS. 
 
 I have no new sp. of Cyclas ; but I am enabled to present a beau- 
 tiful new genus of this tribe, which forms the passage between Unio 
 and Cyclas. I call it Diplasma, meaning double lamellar teeth. 
 The specimen before me, was not collected by myself ; it belongs to 
 the cabinet of shells of Mr. Hembel, of this city, who has had the 
 goodness to lend it to me. It is labelled Unio, and is supposed to 
 come from the river Tennessee, which I am inclined to doubt, because 
 I have in my cabinet, a specimen nearly alike, from the river Ganges, 
 collected by Dr. Burroughs, and because the G. Diplasma appears 
 to be Asiatic. I therefore suspect that this species of Mr. Hembel, 
 is also from Hindostan, and shall therefore include it in th& 
 following 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 On eight Asiatic bivalve fiuviatile shells. 
 These shells were all collected in the rivers of Hindostan, by Dr., 
 Burroughs of this city. They appear very different from our North 
 American shells, forming even often peculiar genera. They are S 
 sp. of Diplasma, 1 sp. Loncosilla, 2 sp. Lampsilis, and 1 
 Ohliquaria. 
 
CONCHOLOaiCAL ■WRITINGS. 83 
 
 9 N. G. DIPLASMA. 
 
 Shell inequilateral and transversal, hinge with two lamellar teeth, 
 nearly confluent, united into a curve, not serrulate, more or less 
 unequal, bilamellar anteriorly in the right valve, bilamellar poste" 
 riorly in the left valve. 
 
 Certainly a distinct Genus, more like Gyclas and Hiria, in the' 
 hinge than Unio, although so labelled by Dr. Burroughs and our 
 conchologists, by the external form merely. I suspect that many 
 Asiatic Unios belong to it. I shall describe 3 of them, besides our 
 doubtful American species. 
 
 114 Sp. Diplasma marginata. Shell thin, elliptical, swelled, 
 back horizontal, sloping and truncate obliquely behind ; outside 
 very smooth, shining brown, anterior and interior margin yellowish, 
 inside pale incarnate. Length one half, diameter 1-3, axis 3-10 Of 
 the breadth. 
 
 From the river Tennessee, as stated to Mr. Hembel, but so near 
 the next, that the fact appears doubtful to me ; perhaps the locality 
 has been erroneously stated or labelled in Mr. Lea's cabinet, from 
 whence the shell is said to have come, and it may be also a shell 
 from Hindostan. Lamellar tooth properly curved, the anterior 
 pretty long. Size of the shell over two inches. 
 
 115 Sp. Diplasma similis. Shell very thin, elliptical, not swelled, 
 back horizontal, truncate obliquely behind, hardly sloping, outside 
 smooth, dark olivaceous, with a pale margin, inside bluish incarnate. 
 Length T-IS, diameter 4-15, axis 1-5 of the breadth. 
 
 From the river Ganges, so similar to the last as almost to appear 
 the same, yet thinner, flatter, and teeth somewhat different, forming 
 almost an angle rather than a curved arch, anterior tooth shorter, 
 oblique, the posterior perfectly horizontal. Length nearly two 
 inches. 
 
 116 Sp. Diplasma vitrea. Shell very thin and brittle, almost 
 transparent, oval swelled, broader behind, with a slope outside, very 
 smooth, greenish, or fulvescent, inside whitish, teeth subequal. 
 Length 2-3, diameter 2-5, axis 2-5 of the breadth. 
 
 From the river Jellinghy in Bengal. Small, hardly over one inch, 
 fine delicate shell. 
 
 IIT Sp. Diplasma striata. Shell thick, suboval, swelled, behind 
 sloping subtruncate and transversally striated, outside olivaceous 
 greenish, smooth below, but longitudinally striated above ; strias in 
 
84 rapinesque'S 
 
 a zigzag form in the middle, inside silvery white, teeth subequal, 
 
 much curved. Length 2-3, diameter 2-5, axis 5-12 of the'breadth. 
 
 Also from the river Jellinghy. Small, hardly one inch. This 
 
 fl,nd the last agree in many points, and might form a peculiar sub- 
 
 [7] 
 genus Hemisolasma, having shell ovate, axis suhmedial, lamellar 
 
 teeth subequal. , 
 
 118 Sp. Vnio fulgens, [Lampsilis fulgens.] 
 
 Shell thick, elliptical, swelled, attenuated behind, outside nearly 
 smooth, laminated, ferruginous brown ; inside of a beautiful 
 metallic incarnate and iridescent. Length 1-2, diameter 1-3, axis 
 1-5 of the breadth. 
 
 Prom the river Ganges, two or three inches, beautiful shell, a true 
 Lampsilis, with a long flexuose lamellar tooth subcrenulate ; cardinal 
 tooth compressed crenulate. Anterior fossule, very conspicuous 
 below the anterior impression. > 
 
 119 Sp. Unio Argyratus, \_Lampsilis argyratus.'} 
 
 Shell thin, elliptical, swelled, attenuated behind, outside laminated 
 greenish, decoricated and silvery at the summit, ingide bluish irides- 
 cent. Length 1-2, diameter 1-3, axis 1-16 of the breadth. 
 
 Also from the river Ganges. Size one and a half inch. Yery 
 near to the S. G. Leptodea, but teeth as in the last, cardinal small 
 crenulate, lamellar less flexuose, not crenulate. In both the teeth 
 are wide apart as in all the Lampsilis. 
 
 120 Sp. Unio corrugata, of the authors from the river Baramputra, 
 it is an Ohliquaria, very near to my U. Venus and V. Elliptica, S. 
 G. Aximedia. In Mr. Poulson's cabinet, I have not yet been able 
 to determine precisely whether it is well named, and not having the 
 specimen before me, I cannot describe it. 
 
 10 N. G. LONCOSILLA. 
 
 Shell transversal, unequilateral, somewhat gaping, only one mus- 
 cular impression anteriorly. No teeth as in Anodonta, but a hinge 
 with a marginal nerve, or fold anteriorly ; distinct from the margin, 
 and a little obliqual behind. Ligament small at the very summit. — 
 Animal unknown. 
 
 A distinct genus of the tribe Anodoiita, which had been mistaken 
 for a fluviatile Solen by Dr. Burroughs the discoverer 6f it ; but all 
 the Salens are marine shells. The name means little knife ; it is 
 different from all my S. G. of Anodonta. 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAI, WRITINaS. 85 
 
 121 Sp. Loncosilla solenoides, or Anodonta solenoides. Shell 
 elliptic, somewhat swelled, both ends rounded and a little gaping, 
 back horizontal, outside and inside smooth and whitish. Length 1-3, 
 diameter 2-7, axis 2-T of the breadth. 
 
 From the river Jellinghy in Bengal. Small, seldom one inch long. 
 Posterior nerve of the hinge short. 
 
 Addition.— nth N. G. DIANISOTIS. • 
 
 The examination of these Asiatic shells, enables me to afSrra 
 decidedly that the Symphanota hialata of Lea is also a peculiar 
 genus, very different from our Metaptera, nearer to Hiria and 
 Diplasma. I have seen it in Mr. Poulson's cabinet, and ascertained 
 that it has, like Lasmonos, a lamellar tooth on each side, forming a 
 curve as in Diplasma, but these teeth appear simple, not forked, and 
 the two unequal ears, [whence my name] or wings distinguish it as 
 Metaptera from Unio, and Pecten from Ostrea. 
 
 I propose to call it Dianisotis chinensis, as bialatais not a speci- 
 fic but generic character. I could see no cardinal tooth. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT 
 
 On the Fossil Bivalve Shells of the Western Region. 
 
 Almost all the fossil bivalves of the western states from Ohio to 
 Alabama, belong to the great order of Terebratulites or rather 
 Brachiopites, whose animals of Q. Brachiopus were very different 
 from those of the living bivalve shells, having ciliate limbs. My 
 monograph of 1821 contained 23 genera, all new except five [and 
 about 80 species] and five others had already been published in 
 1819 by me in my account of 70 N. G. of animals, Journal de 
 Physique. 
 
 I propose to give an epitome of this monograph which I have not 
 yet seen in print. I possess nearly all the shells. They are found 
 in the secondary strata of limestone, slate and sandstone which 
 extend from Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico, in horizontal strata, 
 the limestone being the lowest, and the sandstone the highest, form- 
 ing in many parts hills and ridges from 100 to 500 feet high. They 
 are very rare in the slate. 
 
 Order BRACHIOPIA. 
 
 Animal brachiopus when living, brachiopites when fossil. Shell 
 bivalve, animal within having a bilobed mantle, and two thick ciliate 
 arms or limbs. 
 
86 kapinesqtje's 
 
 I. Family, LINGULARIA. Shell equivalve, loiigitudinal, 
 inequilateral, valves entire, not perforated, 1. G. Lingtjla of 
 Brugiere. 
 
 II. Family TEREBRARIA. Shell inequivalve, one valve per- 
 forated or emarginated. 
 
 1st Section, Macrilia. Shell longitudinal. 
 
 2 G. DiOLiSMA, Raf Equilateral, the two valves split at the 
 summit. 
 
 3 Q. Apletjrotis, Raf. ISW. Inequilateral, the great valve per- 
 forate, and with a lateral wing. 
 
 4 G. Trigorima, Raf. Equilateral, smaller valve perforate, four 
 cavities at the base separated by three septa. 
 
 5 G. Obovites, Raf Equilateral, the great valve perforate. 
 
 6 G. Magas (Sowerby) equilateral, great valve with an angular 
 opening. 
 
 2d ^Section, Isilia. Shell equilateral, nearly equital or hardly 
 transversal. 
 
 T G. Terebratula (Brugiere) great valve perforate. 
 
 8 G. Spinieer (Sowerby) subequital, great valve with an angular 
 opening, hinge vi^ith two spiral appendages. 
 
 9 G. GoNOTREMA, Raf Shell subtransversal, small valve with 
 aa angular opening, and interval cavity, hinge short, straight or 
 curved. 
 
 3d Section, Platilia. Shell equilateral, transversal or very 
 broad. 
 [8] 
 
 10 G. Platilites, Raf Small valve with an angular opening and 
 internal cavity, hinge very long, often longer than the shell which is 
 thus winged. 
 
 11 G. Pletjrinia, Raf Differ from last by the great valve per- 
 forate, shell winged also. 
 
 12 G. Pachiloma, Raf Inequilateral, with thick edges, hinge 
 with a linear opening. 
 
 13 Strophomenes, Raf. Equilateral) hinge broad, great valve 
 notched by a lunulate sinus receiving a lunulate projection of the 
 smaller valve. 
 
 III. Family ATRBMOSIA. Shell inequivalve, valves entire, not 
 perforated. 
 
CONCHOLOGIOAL WEITINGtS. 8T 
 
 14 G. OsBicuLA (Cuvier, Lamark.) Shell orbicular, one valye flat 
 and one conical. 
 
 15 G. Strophesia, Raf. Shell orbicular equilateral, beak curved 
 in the great valve. 
 
 16 G. Diclipsifes Raf. Differs from last by hinge short and 
 straight ; no proeminent beak. 
 
 17 G. Trunoulites, Raf. Subequital, valves convex, equilateral, 
 nearly equal, hinge short and truncate. 
 
 ' 18 G. Productus, (Sowerby,) Equilateral, winged, or rather 
 auriciilated, one valve convex, the other flat or convex, hinge 
 linear. 
 
 19 G. Styriasis, Raf. Differ from last by great valve, with a pro- 
 jecting cruciform appendage on the beak. 
 
 20 G. Goniclis, Raf. Shell longitudinal, great valve concave 
 inside, with a longitudinal" angle outside. 
 
 21 G. Megarites, Raf. Shell longitudinal, equilateral suborbicular, 
 valves nearly equal, both convex with concentric ridges, binge like 
 a linear horizontal fissure. 
 
 Most of the species belong to the following Genera. 
 
 Obovitps — 6 sp. 
 
 Gonotrema — 15 sp. 
 
 Platilites — 13 sp. 
 
 Shophomenes — 16 sp. 
 
 •In a supplement of March 1821, I added 2 N. G. 
 
 22 G. Amblotrema, Raf. Differs from Gonotrema by the opening 
 or perforation, being oval or oblong, and obtuse. 
 
 23 G. Pleuranisis, Raf. Differ from Platilites by having the 
 shell inequilateral. 
 
 The geological age of these shells appears the same as that of 
 the oldest fossils, Madreporites, Turbinolites, Encrinites, &c., being 
 found together and promiscuously in the same strata, or in diluvial 
 debris ; but the different genera and species are not found together, 
 sometimes they are wide apart, or very rare ; they are mostly 
 siliciGed. 
 
88 KAriNESQUE'S 
 
 [From the Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge. No. III. , page 116 
 Philadelphia, 1832.] 
 
 [116] 
 14. LtrciLiTES Nigra, a new univalve fossil Shell, from the 
 
 Alleghany Mountains of Pennsylvania. By G. S. Rafinesque. 
 
 This pretty fossil is in the Cabinet of my friend Hayden, in, Balti- 
 more, who found a single specimeii of it, on the side of a limestone 
 cliff at Bedford Springs, in a valley of the Alleghanys of S. Penn- 
 sylvania. It was taken 60 feet from the ground. It is the most 
 shining fossil Shell which I have seen, almost as if recent, whence I 
 have called it Lucilites or shining fossil. Itsblack color very un- 
 natural among shells makes a fine contrast with the dull blue lime- 
 stone in which it is fixed. It belongs to the familly of Patellites, and 
 
 [117] 
 
 only differs from Patella, by being elliptical and smooth, without 
 radiations. , 
 
 G. Lucilites Eaf. Simple univalve pateloid shell. Elliptical 
 entire, outside convex smooth without radiations, inside concave 
 smooth. No openings or fissures. 
 
 Sp. L.' nigra. Black shining outside, both ends equal obtuse. 
 Length double of the breadtK. Over half an inch in the 
 specimen 
 
 [From the Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge; No. III., page 121. 
 Philadelphia, 1832.] 
 
 [121] 
 
 PSEPHIDES PARADOXA. 
 
 22. CoNCHOXiOGY. — A New Tubular fresh water shell of the Alle- 
 ghany Mts. 
 
 1 was much gratified to find this year a new fluviatile shell of the 
 simple tubular form ; but the animal was not within. It was found 
 in Sherman creek, a mountain stream of Perry County, Pennsylvania, 
 among the Alleghanies. 
 
 This strange shell has something mysterious in it. It appears a 
 mass of gravel ; strongly cemented, even holding sometimes minute 
 fossil terebratulites and other fossils. It is not therefore the tube of 
 
CONOHOLOGICAL WRITINGS. 89 
 
 a Phryganpa. Since they are all brittle, arenaceous or membrana- 
 ceous. Yet the worm that forms it and dwells in it, (as no mollusca 
 form tubular shells) is unknown, and I was told none has ever been 
 seen in it. A singular idea was suggested to me by Prof. Green 
 
 that it might be a fossil's shell ! Since it is found in a rich fossil 
 
 [122] 
 region ; and has a stony appearance ; but being found free, in the 
 water or on the banks of the stream, and never imbedded in stones 
 it can hardly be so. The subject must remain doubtful, until other 
 consimilar Genera are found. Meantime I give a figure of it, and 
 its description ; whereby it appears to approximate to the Sabel- 
 lites and other tubular annelides, perhaps also to my G. Potami- 
 phus of the R. Ohio, published in 1819, whose worm I detected ; 
 but its shell is arenaceous open at both ends and operculate before. 
 My name of Psephides means gravelly tube. 
 
 PsEPHiDES. Cylindrical-tubular shell, open before, closed behind, 
 opening round entire, inside smooth hard stony, outside 'entirely 
 formed by cemented gravel and little shells. 
 
 Psephides paradoxa Raf. Uncial, diameter equal throughout, 
 about one sixth of length and obtuse, inside brown, outside versi- 
 color. — Length less than one inch. The gravel of the outside is of 
 all colors, formed by small angular fragments of shale, slate, clorite, 
 quartz and other stones seldom found in Sherman Creek .' and 
 even entire fossil shells or fragments of fossils. 
 
 0. S. Rafinesque. 
 
 Fossils of Sherman Creek. 
 
 I have discovered this year, this new locality for fossil remains, 
 and collected about 50 sp. in a tract of 5 miles, near the Kennedy 
 Springs, in the Quaker hills and Mt. Pisgah forming a geological 
 basin of red, yellow, brown and white sandstone, gravel or pebble 
 stone and conglomerate, holding chert of all colors. The fossils are 
 found in all, and even the chert or Petrosilex. They are of the 
 oldest formation. 
 
 I mean to give hereafter a full account of this fine oryctological 
 region and all the fossils collected in it. I shall here merely indicate 
 them. Most of them are new. 
 
 Vegetable fossils. Pucites 2 Sp. 
 
 Animal fossils. Porostomites 2 Sp. Encrinites 2 Sp. Turbino- 
 lite 1 Sp. 
 
90 
 
 rapinesque's 
 
 'Fossil shells. Orthoceratite 1 sp. Gryphites 3 sp. Diclisma 3 sp. 
 Productus 6 sp. Terebratnlite 8 sp. Eurytes 3 sp. Gonotrema 2 sp. 
 Diclipsites 4 sp. Trunculites 3 sp. Pleureterites 10 sp. &c. 
 
 This last is a fine N. G. quite prolific in sp. it differs from Pro- 
 ductus by being inequilateral. Nay it may be the type of a new 
 tribe, since ope sp. which I have called PI. stellata having a bilobed 
 hinge and a quadrifid shell might also form a peculiar G. Eemiste- 
 rias quadrifida. C. S. R. , 
 
 [From the Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge. No. IV., page 
 143. Philadelphia, 1833.] 
 [142] 
 
 New Fossil Shells of Pennsylvania, by C. S. Rafinesque. 
 
 Among the 40 N. sp. of Bivalve fossils 
 found this year on Sherman cr. in the 
 Alleghany mts. I select those which are 
 unequilateral as the most curious, and I 
 shall describe 10 of them giving above 
 the figures of Y, ranged under 3 new 
 genera. All are Inequivalve. 
 
 1. N. G. Hemisteeias Eaf. Shell 
 transversal with 2 wings thus unequilate- 
 ral, hinge with 2 teeth tod an angular 
 sinus outside at the beak, margin lobed 
 
 H. quadriloba fig. 1. Four obtuse 
 
 lobes and 3 obtuse sinusses, lateral lobes 
 like wings one much longer, an oblong 
 furrow on each lobe, length half of 
 breadth. 
 
 2. N. G. Telistrophis Raf. Shell 
 unequilateral transversal with one wing on the longest side, hinge 
 without beak, straight with a round impression inside at the apex, 
 margin unlobed — T. torsala fig. t. Shell convex, minute longitudi- 
 nal curved strias, short side rounded, long side with a twisted 
 obtuse wing, length 2-5ths of breadth. — Impression in Petrosilex, 
 one inch. 
 
 3. N. G. Pleureterites R. Shell unequilateral transversal with- 
 out wings, hinge more or less curved simple or with a wrinkle and 
 a beak, margin unlobed. — The name means irregular sides, Telistro- 
 phis means spotted hinge, and Hemisterias means half starry — 
 8 sp. 
 
CONCHOLOaiOAL WHITINGS. 91 
 
 1 Sp. PI. lateristria R. fig. 2. Shell oblong, small side smoolh, 
 longer side with 5 transversal furrows, axis far behind, length one 
 third of breadth — In petrosilex, one inch long. 
 
 2 Sp. PI. divisa R. Shell oblong divided in the middle by a large 
 furrow and small sinus at the end of it, 5 curved ribs on the small 
 sidfe, t on the large divided by deep furrows, small side rounded, 
 longer attenuate, axis proeminent submedial, length half of breadth. 
 In grey petrosilex, over one inch. 
 
 3 Sp. PI. anisocta Raf. Shell swelled rounder; a deep furrow in 
 the middle, 8 curved unequal ribs, 4 on each side, small side round, 
 longer side truncate, beak proeminent submedial, length 3-4ths of 
 breadth. In variegated petrosilex, about one inch. 
 
 4 Sp. PI. latiundata R. fig. 6. Shell oblong both ends obtuse, 3 
 L143] 
 
 or 4 broad waved ribs, margin flexuose, beak submedial, length 2-5 
 of breadth. With the last larger. 
 
 5 Sp. PL striata R. Shell oblong, swelled both sides rounded," 
 hinge flexuose by arched beak, equal longitudinal, strias throughout, 
 beak submedial, length half of breadth. In white sandstone, nearly 
 two inches. 
 
 6 Sp. PI. Mfasciata R. fig. 4. Shell rounded swelled, smooth 
 with two faint 'transversal bands or wrinkles, beak round lateral, 
 length 2-3ds of breadth. In yellow sandstone, small, half an 
 inch. 
 
 *l Sp. PI. concentrica R. fig. 5. Shell oval, minute concentric 
 strias, beak obtuse at 1-3, sides rounded, length 2-3ds of breadth. 
 In petrosilex. 
 
 8 Sp. PI. obliqua R. fig. 3. Shell oval oblique swelled, 8 curved 
 oblique furrows, 3 and 4 on the sides of the middle one, beak pro- 
 eminent at 1-3, length 2-3 of breadth. In grey chert or petrosilex, 
 small half an inch, near to sp. 3, but less deeply furrowed not trun- 
 cate behind. 
 
 [From the Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge. No. IV., page 154. 
 PhiladelpWa, 1833.] 
 
 CoNCHOLOQY. Two New Bivalve Flu-viatile Shells or b. 
 
 America, By C. S. Rafinesque. 
 
 These two fine shells are from the Cabinet of Professor Green, 
 who permitted me to draw them and describe last March. They 
 are both from the R. Parana above Buenos Ayres. 
 
92 eamnesqtje's 
 
 1 Anodonta aperta Raf. Oval elliptical much swelled, broader 
 behind and slapting) very smooth and dark brown outside, quite 
 gaping below, iridescent white inside. Length and diameter ^ of 
 breadth, axis at ^. Fine large sp. 6 inches broad, shell rather thick, 
 beaks proeminent, not gaping at the ends but below ; hinge streight 
 slanting ending in 2 small angles, no wrinkles on it, but slightly 
 flexuolate beneath. 
 
 2. Unio paphos Raf. Oval, flexuose and subtruncate behind, with 
 an obliqual ridge from the beak, brown outside with many minute 
 concentric strias, inside purplish white. Length 2-3, diameter t-18, 
 axis at 1-3 of the breadth. Pretty sp. 2 inches broad, shell rather 
 thin for TJnios, lamellar tooth slightly curved, cardinal tooth sub- 
 bilobe crenate. Beaks not prominent. 
 ODATELIA N. G. of N.^ American Bivalve fluviatile shell. By 
 
 G. S. Rafinesque. 
 
 One of our Ohio shells, which Has been put with the Unios or 
 'Anodonta by* different writers ; it was unknown to me till I observed 
 it in Prof. Green's cabinet, and I immediately ascertained that it 
 must form a N. G. or group between Anodonta and Sulcularia. I 
 call it Odatelia meaning imperfect teeth. 
 
 Odatelia Raf. Cardinal tooth imperfect like a callosity, with a 
 large desinense as in Alasmodon, becoming an imperfect lamellar 
 tooth angular as in Lasmigona This G. must belong to the series 
 of Anodonta, but forms the passage with Alasmodon. How Say 
 and Lea could put it with Unio .' is rather strange. 
 
 Odatelia radiata Raf. Elliptical flattened elongate, broader 
 behind with subtruncate end, outside olivaceous brown, with black 
 rays, inside bluish iridescent. Length 1-3, diameter 2-9, axis at 
 2-9 of the length. 
 
 Unio Oriens. Lea. 
 
 Unio dehiscens. Say. 
 
 Anodonta prelonga. Green. 
 
 Breadth over 2 inches, shell rather thin both ends rounded and 
 brown. 
 
 [From the Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge. No. V. page 165. 
 
 Philadelphia, 1833.] 
 
 [1651 
 On 3 N. O. of Land Shells from Buenos Ayres in South America. 
 
 By C. 8. Rafinesque. 
 
 They are:' rom the cabinet of Prof Green, where they are not 
 
 labelled, and who permitted me to describe them. 
 
CONCHOLOGICAl -WRITINGS. 93 
 
 1. Siphalomphix, Raf. N. G. shell conical, openifig oval acute, 
 end rounded, columella twisted with a tubular ombilic. It differs 
 from Agathina by the columella and ombilic. 
 
 S. honariensis Raf. or Ag. bonariensis, Raf. Six spires tip 
 nearly obtuse, first spire with a transversal angle — shell about one 
 inch long, whitish semi-transparent, brittle. 
 
 2. Stegflmphix, Raf N. G. shell oval opening nearly round lips 
 not quite joined, the internal covering a small spiral ombilic. — There- 
 fore different from Gyclostoma and Paludina. 
 
 St. elegans, Raf. {or Gyclostoma) oval with 5 spires^ white, end 
 nearly obtuse yellow, spires ^ith many small prominent transversal 
 strias. — One inch long or less very pretty. 
 
 3. Diplicaria. Shell oval, opening oval, columella broadly 
 plaited with 2 folds or thick oblique ribs. — Near Valuta and Torti- 
 cella, but not marine. 
 
 B. bonariensis, Raf Oval 'obtuse smooth olive color with 2 
 spires only — small shell of half inch. 
 
 On Jive New Fresh Water Shells, of Bengal and Assam in 
 I Asia. 
 
 They have been collected by Dr. Burroughs and are in^ my 
 cabinet. 
 
 1. Flanorbis albescens, Raf. nearly smooth whitish flattened on 
 the right side with 3 raised spires, only 2 on the left in a hollow, 
 opening hardly oblique. Size above half an inch. 
 
 2. Paludina v'ltula, Raf. oval conical acute, 5 spires, swelled 
 before, olivaceous with narrow spiral brown bands. — Size about one 
 inch long. 
 
 3. Paludina fragilis, Raf. oval swelled ' acute, 5 spires, smooth 
 [166] 
 
 brittle; of a uniform dark or pale horny color. — ^^Smaller than the 
 
 last. 
 
 4. Melania tessula, Raf. oblong, brown, seven spires, somewhat 
 tesselated by prominent ribs and small spiral' strias, about one inch 
 long, I have 3 varieties. 1. first spire with duplicate strias — 2. do. 
 single strias, knobby tesselate shorter. 3. do. strias nearly obliterated. 
 Are they different Sp ? 
 
 5. Melania costula, Raf. elongate, olivaceous brown, t ov 8 
 spires, all with regular angular ribs lengthway, the first spire with 
 a spiral angle ending at end of opening. Over 1 inch, from the 
 river Ganges. 
 
94 rai'inesque's 
 
 [Prom "The Good Book aadAmemties-of Nature, or Annals of Historical 
 and Natural Sciences." Philadelphjaj, 1840.] 
 
 [631 
 
 12. On tfie B Genera of Cephalopodes, 
 OcYTHOEj ToDAEUs and Anisocths. 
 
 My Gt. Ocythoe altho' adopted by Leach and others, is yet a pro- 
 blematical animal for many, and I find even in late Joarnals discus- 
 sions on its being or not the animal of. the Argonauta shell— it would 
 be wiser to ask me (the original discoverer) for my opinion or ex- 
 perjencer— I once wrote to Leach about it, but it was during his 
 sickness, and , I believe, he omitted to publish, my remarks, which 
 were at variance with his. It is time therefore to settle this question, 
 or rather throw new doubts on it perhaps ; my recollections of my 
 Qcythoe are qjiite; vivid, as a very remarkable animal. 
 
 I omitted in my short account of the Genus (in my precis of 1814) 
 to state the size of this animal, and thence have originated many 
 wrong surmises. I did not state that it, was the animal, of the 
 Argonauta since I never dreamt of such a thing, knowing the 
 Todarus as the animal often found in it, (in Sicily,) while the 
 Ocythoe never could dwell in it, being larger than a man's head, 
 and" weighing 15 pounds. 
 
 Such was my Ooythoe tuberculata type of the genus and certainly 
 not the same as that of Leach : this animal was brought to me ahve 
 in 1811 as a rare kind of Octopus, it was ferocious, endeavoring to 
 bite and wound the holder, although, out of water for one hour : it 
 
 [641 
 changed color like a Chameleon from white to red in its angry and 
 dying moments. It was killed as usual with the Octopus by turning 
 its head, a process well known to the Fishermen of the Mediterra- 
 nean : else they will live long out of the water and are dangerous 
 till dead. ' I did eat this Ocythoe which afforded a meal for many, 
 and it was as good as usual with the Octopus. The Fishermen 
 never told me that it dwelt in the Argonauta, while all deemed their 
 Todaru the animal of it, calling the shell and animal by the same 
 name, while the Ocythoe was .called Pulpu. 
 
 I do therefore aver that my Ocythoe is not the animal of the 
 Argonauta, and could never be, by its size and thick spherical body, 
 unfit eveu to enter it. 
 
 Not so with the Todaru, which was merely indicated in my precis 
 as the Loligo todarus ; but I have since deemed it a Genus, called 
 
CONCHOIiOGICAL WRITINGS. 95 
 
 Todarus argo, as it differs from Loligo bjthe 2 superior Antenopes 
 having a cuneiform wing or broad membrane, yet it has the body 
 of Loligo, with 2 posterior round wings, and an internal Aploste, 
 linear subulate thin and" flexible. 
 
 This animal is exactly of the size and flexible shape suitable to 
 enter the Argonauta and dwell therein : although I never was sure 
 that it was the real producer of the shell — the fishermen asserted it, 
 it is met floating with it and using its 2 winged feet as sails, I had 
 it caught and brought to me with its black eggs filling the bottom 
 of the shell — and yet I never was positive as to being the real 
 mysterious Argonauta. I was once inclined to believe it, but the 
 animal was so different from that described by Montford and others, 
 its body was so unlike the fluted shell, that I always had great 
 doubts. 
 [65] 
 
 It is well known that many sBells of Argonauta are blackened in 
 their inner apex : this happens by the black eggs laying there, 
 although the Todarus "has not the ink bag of the real Loligos, yet 
 it emits>a kind of dark liquor and its eggs are blackened by it. I 
 incline to believe that it uses the shell as a home, boat and nest, at 
 the time of laying eggs, and changes the shell yearly. It has no 
 kind of adhesion to it, and may be entirely withdrawn with ease. 
 
 I give here the figures of both Ocythoe and Todarus argo. This 
 last is fulvous grey above, white , beneath, body oblong smooth, 2 
 rows of alternate cnpules on the antenopes that are. shorter than 
 body, but promuscides as long without cnpules. 
 
 A third Genus medial between these two was found by me in 'the 
 Atlantic Ocean in 1815, and I procured 2 sp. of it, both pelagic, 
 floating at the surface. I called it Ganopus then, but this name 
 being employed I have changed it to Anisoctus mg 8 unequal. 
 
 Gr. Anisoctus Raf. differing from Octopus by body as Loligo with 
 a very small subulate aploste (internal bone) but 8 unequal Ante- 
 nopes, as in Octopus. 
 
 1. Anisoctus punctatus Raf L. body whitish dotted of brown, 
 Antenopes cylindrical coiled at the end, 2 longer, 2 shorter, cupules 
 alternate — 5 inches long. 
 
 2. Anisoctus bicolor Raf. body bay above, white beneath, ante- 
 nopes trigone acute nearly equal cupules alternate — t inches long. 
 
 Figure 50, Ocythoe tuberculata. 
 
■96 RAFINESQTJE'S 
 
 Figure 51, Todarus argo. 
 
 Fig. 52, 53, Anisoctus punctatus and bicolor. 
 
 [66] 
 
 13. DiTAXOPus PAEADOXUS, a new Fossil Q. of Gephalopodes, 
 
 discovered 1819 — Figure 54 and 55, Shell and Animal. 
 
 This was one of my most remarkable discovery in fossil Zoology, 
 among the Wasioto hills of Central Kentucky. While breaking 
 many fossiliferous flints of that Region, I fell upon one having in 
 the centre, a perfect hollow mould of a Univalve shell, shaped 
 between Haliotis and Carinaria, and containing inside a delicate 
 flinty Animal almost perfect, of the most extraordinary shape. It 
 was however evidently a Cephalopode, since the cupules were con- 
 spicuous on the Antenopes ; but these were not around the head or 
 body, somewhat as in the Cirrhipedes or Terebratules although not 
 articulated as in these. It is difficult to convey a proper idea of 
 this strange animal, but the figures- will explain it better. 
 
 I carefully put up the fragments of the Stones together, and pre- 
 sented this unique specimen (worth 50 dollars) to my friend John D. 
 Clifford for his Museum, where it was preserved, and is perhaps yet 
 in this Jcollection, (since gone thro' 2 or 3 hands) if not stolen or 
 broken. I sent descriptions and figures of it to Cuvier and 
 Brongniart, but have not heard if they published them. 
 
 This discovery is of double importance, becaiise it links with the 
 rare Gr. Carinaria, of which the animal is as mysterious as that of 
 the Argonauta, and may lead us to detect a new order of the 
 Cephalopodes class, distinguished by a single elongate branched 
 antenope. I gave it the name of Ditaxopus, meaning 2 rows of feet. 
 [67] 
 
 Description. Shell univalve ovate patent smooth with a small 
 obtuse knob of spire at base, and an obtuse keel behind, — Animal, 
 body amorphous in the fossil state, ending in a long curved limb 
 with above about 6 pairs of antenopes in 2 rows, opposite curved or 
 coiled, the upper longer, all . obtuse cylindrical with 2 rows of alter- 
 nate cupules or tubercles inside. 
 
 Found near JEstil, Gritstone hills of Central Kentucky imbedded 
 in fragments of flint or chert. Size over one inch. The shell was 
 destroyed ; the fossil being of the very oldest formation. 
 
IIsTDEX. 
 
 Abretia, 
 
 10,16 
 
 Anodonta cataracta, Say, 
 
 69 
 
 Aoarda, Brag, 
 
 21 
 
 " oygnea. 
 
 59 
 
 Acephalia, 
 
 -14 
 
 " (Lastena) diguota. 
 
 82 
 
 Acera, Gut, 
 
 16 
 
 '- luflata, 
 
 81 
 
 Achatina Lam, 
 
 17 
 
 " " var. fuscata, 
 
 82 
 
 Adelobrauchla, 
 
 17 
 
 " " " Tiridia, 
 
 82 
 
 Agatina, 
 
 93 
 
 ■ " " " zoualia. 
 
 82 
 
 " bonarieuBia, 
 
 93 
 
 *' (Lastena) lata, 
 ■' marginata, Say, 
 
 69 
 
 " fuacata. 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 " variegata, 
 
 68 
 
 " mutabilis. 
 
 59 
 
 Agenor, 
 
 16 
 
 '* oblenaia. 
 
 69,82 
 
 Alasmidia, 
 
 60 
 
 " var. nigreacena, 
 
 69 
 
 Alasmidouta, 
 
 60 
 
 " " radiata. 
 
 69 
 
 " costata, 
 
 60 
 
 " " violacina, 
 
 69 
 
 '* marginata, 
 
 60 
 
 " viridls. 
 
 69 
 
 Alasmodon, 29, 36, 
 
 70, 78,93 
 
 " prelonga Green, 
 
 92 
 
 *' (Decarambis) atropurpureum, 80 
 
 " radiata, 
 
 59 
 
 " (PnlciOaria) badiam, ' 
 
 81 
 
 " rufa. 
 
 82 
 
 '• complanatum, 
 
 71 
 
 " Solenoidea, 
 
 86 
 
 " (AmblaBmodan) hians, 
 • " (SnlcalaTia)papyTaceum, 
 
 80 
 
 " undulata, Say, 
 
 89 
 
 81 
 
 Anodontidia, 
 
 68 
 
 '* (Lasmlgona) ponderosum 
 
 79 
 
 Anomia, L, 
 
 21 
 
 " " rugosum. 
 
 79 
 
 Anominia, 
 
 21 
 
 Scriptum,. 
 
 80 
 
 Antepedia, 
 
 14 
 
 " (Lasmigona) sulcatum. 
 
 79 
 
 Anthiope, 
 
 18 
 
 " vlridla, 
 
 80 
 
 Anthronacua. 
 
 16 
 
 " var. chlorls. 
 
 80 
 
 A^aloaia, 
 
 13 
 
 ' " fuacata, 
 
 80 
 
 Apleurotis, 
 
 24,30,68,86 
 
 " radiata, 
 
 80 
 
 ", pectenoidea, 
 
 30 
 
 Amathonta, 
 
 19 
 
 " puailla. 
 
 - 30, 68 
 
 Amatbusia, 
 
 19 
 
 Aplodon, 
 
 18, 24, 28, 67 
 
 Amblasmodon, 
 
 78, 80 
 
 " ■ nodoaum, 
 
 28, 67 
 
 Amblema, 29,48,67,72 
 
 Area, 
 
 20,30 
 
 " , autrosa, 
 
 64 
 
 Arcaria, 
 
 20 
 
 *• ovalis. 
 
 29 
 
 Areola, 
 
 20 
 
 Amblemldla, 
 
 64 
 
 Argonauta, Lam, 
 
 15,94 
 
 Amblotrema, 
 
 87 
 
 Argonautea, 
 
 - 15 
 
 Ambloxia, 
 
 23,24,67 
 
 Argus, Poll, 
 
 21 
 
 " eburnea. 
 
 23 
 
 Armina, 
 
 12,16 
 
 " ventricoaa, 
 
 23 
 
 •' ma«ulata. 
 
 12 
 
 Ameaoda, 
 
 61 
 
 " tigrina. 
 
 12 
 
 Amithaon, 
 
 18 
 
 Artbemia, Poll, 
 
 20 
 
 Ammonitea, Brug, 
 
 IS 
 
 Artliromium, 
 
 21 
 
 Ammonoceratites, Lam, 
 
 IS 
 
 Artbronotua, 
 
 17 
 
 Ampbibulia, 
 
 17 
 
 Aacidia, 
 
 31 
 
 Amphibulimus, Lam, 
 
 17 
 
 Asepis, 
 
 13 
 
 Amphirea, 
 
 16 
 
 Aaipbonia, 
 
 20 
 
 Amphrlsus, 
 
 16 
 
 Asphalium, 
 
 12 
 
 Ampnllaria, 
 
 18,27 
 
 Atremosia, 
 
 86 
 
 Anatina, Lam, 
 
 19 
 
 Atromopaia, 
 
 13 
 
 Anaulax.Boiaay, 
 Ancilla, Lam, 
 Ancylidia, 
 
 19 
 
 Aulisa, 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 Avicula, Lam, 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 Avimedia, 
 
 41,76,84 
 
 AucyluB, Gaof, 
 
 17,24,27 
 
 Axinea, Poli 
 
 20 
 
 ABiaoctns, 
 
 94,95 
 
 Baoulites, 
 
 15 
 
 " bicolor. 
 
 95,96 
 
 Barioata, 
 
 73 
 
 " pnuctatua. 
 
 95,96 
 
 Belemnita, Lam, 
 
 15 
 
 Asodouta, Biug, 20, 29, 36, S8, 69 
 
 70, 84, 92 
 
 Belemnites, 
 
 24 
 
 " anatina, 
 
 69 
 
 Bipbora, Cut., 
 
 21 
 
 " aperta 
 
 92 
 
 Bivalvia, 
 
 14 
 
 " atra, 
 
 69 
 
 Blepbalum, 
 
 16 
 
 " (soneata, 
 
 69 
 
 Bolina, 
 
 li 
 
INDEX; 
 
 Brachiopea, 
 
 Brachiopia, 
 
 Brachiopus, 
 
 Brandaris, 
 
 Bucarda, Brug., 
 
 Buccinidia, 
 
 Buccmum, 
 
 BulimHB, Brngr., 
 
 Bulla, Linn., 
 
 Bollaria, 
 
 Bullea, 
 
 BuUinla, 
 
 Bnllinitia, 
 
 ByBslferia, 
 
 Galceola, Lam., 
 
 Oslceolina, 
 
 Callianira, Perry., 
 
 Callista, Foli., 
 
 OaHitriclie, Poll., 
 
 Calyptraea, Lam., 
 
 Gameola, 
 
 Campeloma, 
 
 CampytuB, 
 
 Ganallfera, 
 
 CanCellaria, Lam., 
 
 CaaopiiB, 
 
 C^^sa, Lam., 
 
 GapBaln, Bosc, 
 
 GapBaria, 
 
 Gardita, Brug., 
 
 Cannaria, Lam., 
 
 Carycliium, Mull., 
 
 GaBBiua, 
 
 GaSBis, Brug., 
 
 Gephadella, 
 
 Gephalopodla, 
 
 CeramuB, 
 
 CeraBtes, Poll., 
 
 Gerithium, Brug., 
 
 Ghama, Linn., 
 
 Chimera, Poll., 
 
 Ghimotrema, 
 
 Chiton, L., 
 
 Ghttonia, 
 
 Cleodora, Perry., 
 
 Clio, Linn., 
 
 Clio, Brown, 
 
 Cltonft, 
 
 Clionidia, 
 
 Glosterita, 
 
 Glytiana, 
 
 CodoBtoma, 
 
 C&lumhella, . Lam ., 
 
 t.'olyma, 
 
 CofiLcholepaB, Lam., 
 
 Cohchulus, 
 
 Gonospira, 
 
 Counlia, 
 
 Gonulua, 
 
 CdiiuB, Linn., 
 
 CoThicula, Megerle, 
 " fluviatilis, 
 
 Corhula, Lam., » 
 
 Cornucopia, Thompson, 
 
 Crania, Lam , 
 
 Grauicella, 
 
 Cra'Bsatella, Lam., 
 
 Ci*@natula, Lam., 
 
 Cfepidula, Lam., 
 
 Crostoma, 
 
 OteniuruB, 
 
 Cuoulina, 
 
 Cuoullea, Lam ., 
 
 Cttmerina, 
 
 Cutvula, 
 
 " dubla, 
 
 21 
 
 sa 
 
 86 
 19 
 2D 
 19 
 19 
 17, 24 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 9,16 
 20 
 20 
 17 
 21 
 26 
 1.1 
 18 
 19 
 96 
 20 
 17 
 
 10, IS, 96 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 18' 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 10,16 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 ,16 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 10,16 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 24,30 
 
 SO 
 
 " levia, 
 " plana, 
 " striata, 
 OurTulites, 
 
 " -Striata, 
 Cyi^adea, 
 Cycladia, 
 
 GyclaB, 20, 29, 36, 
 
 " Caroliniana, 
 " crasBula, 
 " duhia, Say, 
 " (Phymeroda) equalis, 
 " lacuBtriB, 
 " lasmampsis, 
 . " olivacea, 
 Cyclemis, 
 Cyclips, 
 Cyclostoma, 
 Cy^ippa, 
 Cylindulus, 
 Cymbium, 
 Cymbulia, Perry., 
 Cyphoxis, 
 
 " cardites, 
 '* lunula, 
 " puUa, 
 " venerina, 
 Cypraea, Linn., 
 Cypridia, 
 Cytheria, Lam., 
 Cyrtodaria, Baud., 
 Cytonotus, 
 Dagysa, L., 
 Daphne, Poll., 
 Dasanus, 
 Becurambis, 
 
 " literata, 
 
 Belphinula, Lam., 
 Dentalia, 
 
 Bentalium, Linn., 
 DeroceraB, 
 BianiBotlB, 
 
 " chinensis, 
 
 Blcerata, Lam., 
 BidladuB, 
 BiclipsiteB, 
 Biclisma, 
 Bicroptera, 
 BictyethiB fuBca, 
 BiodiphuB, 
 Biomphala, 
 Biophthelis, 
 Biplasraa, 
 
 " marginata. 
 " similiB, 
 " artiata, 
 " vitrea, 
 Biplicaria, 
 
 " bonariensis. 
 DiSlioella, 
 Blplophonia, 
 
 61 
 
 42,61,70,82,83 
 61 
 26 
 81 
 61 
 61 
 61 
 26 
 2.5 
 76 
 18, 28, 93 
 16 
 19 
 15 
 10,16 
 24,30 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 19 
 16 
 21 
 ■20 
 
 1? 
 
 79,80 
 
 80 
 
 18 
 
 li 
 
 12 
 
 66 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 87,90 
 
 86,90 
 
 10, 16 
 
 • 11 
 
 -13 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 32, 83, 86 
 
 S3 
 33 
 
 BIdcolita, 
 
 Discorbitus, Lam., 
 Bitaxopua, 
 
 " paradox u 
 Ditrema, 
 BiuriohuB, 
 Dolabella, Lam., 
 Bolium, Lam., 
 Donax, Brug., 
 Bctridia, 
 Dttris, Liiin., 
 Dotona, 
 byctlethiB, 
 JEiearnea, Lam., 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 
lOTBX. 
 
 Bohlon, Poli., 
 
 21 
 
 HemleolaBma, 
 
 84 
 
 'Egepia, Boissy, 
 Eione, 
 
 20" 
 10,16 
 
 Hemiloma, 
 
 " ovata. 
 
 68 
 
 BJlipsarii, 
 
 47, 63, 76 
 
 Hemistena, 
 
 80 
 
 BlUpstoma, . 
 
 23. 21, 27 
 
 Hemisteria, 
 
 90 
 
 ' gibbosa, 
 
 23,27 
 
 " quadrifida, 
 
 SO 
 
 " marginula, 
 
 27 
 
 " quadriloba, 
 
 SO 
 
 rngosa, 
 
 28 
 
 Hercynia, 
 
 17 
 
 Tittata, 
 
 27 
 
 Hetei'ocarda, 
 
 20 
 
 '* zonalis, 
 
 27 
 
 Heteroperia, 
 
 20 
 
 " zonaliBa, 
 
 23 
 
 Heteroptei-a, 
 
 10,16 
 
 EUiptio, 
 
 29, 37, 46, 76 
 
 Hiatella, Baud., 
 
 20 
 
 Bitrostoma, 
 
 18 
 
 Hipponea, 
 
 17 
 
 Bmarginaria, 
 
 19 
 
 Hippopua, Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 Emarginnla, Lam., 
 
 17 
 
 Hippothoe, 
 
 16 
 
 Bnctotoma, 
 
 24,28 
 
 HippnriteB, Lam., 
 
 16 
 
 " prodacti, 
 
 / 2' 
 ' 16 
 
 Hyalea, 
 
 10,15 
 
 Bnipeus, 
 
 Hyalinea, 
 
 16 
 
 Eolla, Cuv., 
 
 16 
 
 Hyplaxus, 
 
 IT 
 
 Epioblasma, 
 
 74 
 
 Hypogidia, 
 
 19 
 
 Erodona, Dand., 
 
 20 
 
 Hyproctomus, 
 
 21 
 
 Erpilites, 
 
 29,66 
 
 Hypterus, 
 
 10,11,16 
 
 " carinata, 
 
 29,66 
 
 " appendicalatns, 
 
 11 
 
 " mnltistriata, 
 
 66 
 
 '* erythrogaster, 
 
 12 
 
 " Ohien&la,. 
 
 66 
 
 Hypterus, 
 
 10,16 
 
 " Platenia, 
 
 66 
 
 Hyria, 
 
 83,85 
 
 " Stenotenia, 
 
 66 
 
 Involyea, 
 
 19 
 
 Erycina, Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 IpMtns, 
 
 16 
 
 Espiphylla, 
 
 26 
 
 loeranea. 
 
 18 
 
 " Nympheola, 
 
 26 
 
 Isilia, 
 
 86 
 
 Etheria, Lam., 
 
 21 
 
 iBocardia, Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 Eiimelns, 
 
 66 
 
 Isoperia, 
 
 .28 
 
 lividus, 
 
 65 
 
 JantMna, Lam., 
 
 17 
 
 *' nebulosuB, 
 
 es 
 
 Jnturna, 
 
 IS 
 
 EaomphaluB, 
 
 24 
 
 LampsiliB, 
 
 43,82 
 
 Euphemus, 
 
 18 
 
 LaphroBtoma, 
 
 18 
 
 Euphnrus, 
 
 16 
 
 Laphyra, 
 
 17 
 
 Bnrynia, 
 
 42 
 
 Laplysiai L. 
 
 17 
 Iff" 
 
 Biirystoma, 
 
 24 
 
 Laplysinia, 
 
 Eurytes, 
 
 90 
 
 Lasmigona, 
 
 78, 79, 92 
 
 Eutrema, 
 
 27,29 
 
 Laflmonos, 
 
 70,81,85 
 
 " terebrgides. 
 
 27 
 
 " fragilis. 
 
 81 
 
 Exarthria, 
 
 13 
 
 LaBtena, 
 
 69 
 
 FaBciolaria, Lam., 
 
 19 
 
 Lemiox, 
 
 74 
 
 Filigraua, 
 
 13 
 
 Lenticullna, Lam., 
 
 19 
 
 Krola, 
 
 9,16 
 
 Lspas, 
 
 24 
 
 Firolinia, 
 
 16 
 
 Leptodea, 
 
 40, 74, 76, 84 
 
 fiBsurella, Lam., 
 
 17,24 
 
 Leptoxis, 
 
 26 
 
 Fistulana, Lam., 
 
 21 
 
 Lemea, L., 
 Lerneidia, 
 
 16 
 
 FlexipUs, 
 
 82 
 
 16 
 
 lE'bdia, Bosc, 
 
 21 
 
 Lignaria. 
 
 17 
 
 Furcellft, Lam., 
 
 21 
 
 LiguuB, Mont , 
 
 29 
 
 FusinuB, 
 
 10 .s 
 
 Lima, 
 
 20 
 
 Tusus, Lam., 
 
 19 
 
 ' Limacidia, 
 
 16 
 
 Galathea, Brug., 
 
 20 
 
 Lingula, 
 
 21,24,86 
 
 Gasteropodia, 
 
 14 
 
 Lingularia, 
 
 86 
 
 Gaterita, 
 
 17 
 
 Lithocarda, 
 
 20 
 
 ' Glaucus, Lam., 
 
 10,16 
 
 LituoliteB, Lam., 
 
 15 
 
 GlossnB,Poli., 
 
 20 
 
 Loligo, 
 
 11,16,96 
 
 Glycimeris, Lam, 
 GomphodeliB, 
 
 ' 19 
 
 " tanceolata. 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 " ' odagadium. 
 
 11 
 
 Gonamblus, 
 
 79 
 
 '.' todarus. 
 
 11,94 
 
 GonlcliB, 
 
 24, 29, 87 
 
 Lomastoma, 
 
 26,2% 
 
 " dubia, 
 
 29 
 
 " terebrina, 
 
 27 
 
 " elliptica. 
 
 29 
 
 LoncoeiUa, 
 
 82,84,86 
 
 Gonotrema, , 
 
 86,87 
 
 " eolenoides, 
 
 86 
 
 Gryphea, 
 
 24,27 
 
 Lophyms, Poli., 
 
 17 
 
 Gryphites, 
 
 90 
 
 Loripes, Poli., 
 
 20 
 
 GyrogoniteB, Lam., 
 
 15 
 
 Lucillijeft, 
 
 88 
 
 Haliotidia, 
 
 17 
 
 " nigra, 
 
 88 
 
 Haliotis, Linn., 
 
 17 
 
 Lucinaj Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 HalUraea^ 
 
 9 
 
 Lutraria, Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 Harpa, Lam., 
 
 19 
 
 JCymnea, 
 
 18, 20, 26 
 
 Harpana, 
 
 18 
 
 Lymnidia, 
 
 18 
 
 Helicina, 
 
 17,19 
 
 Lymnula, 
 Maorilia, 
 
 24, 26, 27 
 
 Helix, Linn,, 
 
 17,24,28,67 
 
 86 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Mactra^ L., 
 
 Magas, Sowb., 
 
 Malleotns, 
 
 MalleuB, L'am., 
 
 Margiuella, Lam. , 
 
 Megarites, 
 
 Megorima, 
 
 « crasta, 
 " levis, 
 " truncata, 
 
 Melania, 
 
 *' coBtula, 
 ." rugosa, 
 " tessula, 
 " viridis, 
 *Melanidl9,, 
 
 Melauippa, 
 
 MelaniteB, 
 
 Melauopsie, Lam., 
 
 Melanosteum, 
 
 MenompMs 
 
 Meretrix, Lam., 
 
 Mesodon, 
 
 " maculatura, 
 
 Mesompfalx, 
 
 Mesonotue, 
 
 Mesypea, 
 
 Metaptera, 
 
 Migonitis, 
 
 Miliolites, Lam., 
 
 Mitra, Lam, 
 
 Mitraxia 
 
 Modiola, Lam, , 
 
 MonoceraB, Lam., 
 
 Monodonta, Lam., 
 
 Murex, Linn., 
 
 Murexia, 
 
 My a, Linn., 
 
 Myarina, 
 
 Mytilidia, 
 
 MytiluB, Linn., 
 " exotilus, 
 '■ recurvuB, 
 
 Nacella, Lam., 
 
 Nassa, Lam., 
 
 Naasaria, 
 
 Natica, Lam., 
 
 Nauticon 
 
 Nantilia, 
 
 Nautilus, Linn., 
 
 Nereus, 
 
 Nerita, 
 
 Neritacea, 
 
 Neritina, Lam., 
 
 NeritinJa, 
 
 Nicteis, 
 
 Notelis, 
 
 Notrema, 
 
 " fiBBuralla, 
 *' patelloldeB, 
 
 Notremidia, 
 
 Nucula, Lam., 
 ^ Numisea, 
 
 Nammulites, Lam., 
 
 Nummulltla, 
 
 ObliciteB,_ 
 
 Obliquaria, 
 
 Oblongitee, 
 
 Obovaria, 
 
 Obovitea, 
 
 Octomeia, 
 
 ectopia, 
 
 Octopus, Lam., 
 " albus, 
 "" didynamus, 
 ** frayedus, 
 
 24,25,E 
 
 2D 
 
 Octopar heteropUB, 
 
 11 
 
 20,86 
 
 " maculatus. 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 " moschatus, Lam., 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 " niger. 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 '* tetradynamne, 
 
 11 
 
 87 
 
 " vulgaris. Lam. , 
 
 11 
 
 24,30 
 
 Ocythoe, 
 
 11,14,94,96 
 
 30 
 
 " tuberculata, 
 
 11,94 
 
 30 
 
 Odatelia, 
 
 92 
 
 30 
 
 " . radiata. 
 
 92 
 
 18,66 
 
 Odomphium, 
 
 67 
 
 03 
 
 OdorthnB, 
 
 12 
 
 67 
 
 Odotropis, 
 
 27 
 
 93 
 
 Oebalus, 
 
 16 
 
 67 
 
 Oilva, Brag., 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 Olivaria, , 
 
 IB 
 
 16 
 
 Omphaliaa, 
 
 67 
 
 24 
 
 " ciipi-ea, 
 
 67 
 
 18 
 
 Omphemis, 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 " lacustris, 
 
 26 
 
 68 
 
 '* phaioxis. 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 Omphiscola, 
 
 26 
 
 67 
 
 Onchldia, 
 
 16 
 
 67 
 
 Onchidium, Lam., 
 
 16 
 
 24,27 
 
 Opiptera, 
 
 1 21,33 
 
 17 
 
 " bicolor, 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 Orbicula, Cuv. Lam,, 
 
 21, 24, 26, 87 
 
 79, 81, 86 
 
 Orbttlites, Lam., 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 Orthocera, Lam., 
 
 15^24 
 
 15 
 
 Orthoceratite, 
 
 90 
 
 19 
 
 Oscana, Brug., 
 
 17 
 
 . 19 
 
 Ostrea, Linn.,. 
 
 21, 24, 85 
 
 20 
 
 Ostreaela, 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 Ovula, Brug., 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 Oxisma, 
 
 24,30,68 
 
 19 
 
 " bifida, 
 
 30,68 
 
 18 
 
 Oxynoe, 
 
 17,33 
 
 19 
 
 " olivacea. 
 
 33 
 
 19 
 
 Oxytrema, 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 Ozoena, 
 
 11,14 
 
 20,24,29 
 
 " aldrovandi. 
 
 11 
 
 68 
 
 " moschatuB, 
 
 11 
 
 63 
 
 Pachiloma, 
 
 86 
 
 18 
 
 Pachoateon, 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 PacbynuB, 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 Paludlna, 
 
 27,93 
 
 18. 
 
 " fragilis, 
 
 98 
 
 16 
 
 " vitnla. 
 
 93 
 
 IS 
 
 Pandora, Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 IS 
 
 Pandoracia, 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 Panorpa, Lam., 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 Paphia, Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 18 , 
 
 Parallos, 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 Parmacella, Lam., 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 Patella, Linn., 
 
 17,24 
 
 12 
 
 PateUaria, 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 Pecten, Brug., 
 
 20,21,83 
 
 30, 36, 62 
 
 Peotenia, 
 
 21 
 
 24,25 
 
 Peotenus, 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 Pectunoulus, Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 '25 
 
 Pediferia, 
 
 20,36 
 
 20 
 
 Pedinus, 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 Pedum, Lam., 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 Peloris, Poli., ■ 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 Perforella, 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 Peribea, 
 
 16 
 
 76,82,84 
 
 Periodon, 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 Peristera, 
 
 19 
 
 64,76 
 
 Perna, Brug., 
 
 20 
 
 86,87 
 
 Pernaria, 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 Pernaridia, 
 
 20 
 
 ' 14 
 
 Peronea, Poll., 
 
 20 
 
 11,14,^5 
 11 
 
 Petricola, Lam., 
 
 19 
 
 Pharaonis, 
 PhastanelJa, Lam., 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 PMIomycuB, 
 
 64,65 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PhilomyoQB flexaolaris, 
 
 66 
 
 Potamilns ftagilifl, 
 
 
 22 
 
 " fucsUB, 
 
 6S 
 
 " gibboMUB, 
 
 
 e^ 
 
 " oxyurtts. 
 
 «4 
 
 " latissimus. 
 
 
 22 
 
 " quadriluB, 
 
 64 
 
 *' leptodon. 
 
 
 22 
 
 Pholadaria, 
 
 19 
 
 " nervoftus, 
 
 
 22 
 
 PholaB, Linn., 
 
 19 
 
 " niger, 
 
 
 22 
 
 Phoronea, 
 
 17 
 
 " nodosns, 
 
 
 23 
 
 Phnscaria, 
 
 21 
 
 " obovalis. 
 
 
 2S 
 
 Phylerie, 
 
 19 
 
 *' obliquatns. 
 
 
 22 
 
 PhyUiaia,Cuv., 
 
 16 
 
 '' phaiedrus. 
 
 
 22 
 
 PhyUidinia, 
 
 16 
 
 " pusillus. 
 
 
 23 
 
 Phyllirhoe, Pevry, 
 
 9,16 
 
 '* retnstis, 
 
 
 22 
 
 PhymeBoda, 
 
 61 
 
 " subrotunduB, 
 
 
 22 
 
 PhymotiB, 
 
 17 
 
 '* triqueter. 
 
 
 22 
 
 Physa, Drap., 
 
 18 
 
 " truncatus, 
 
 
 22 
 
 PhyBina, 
 
 18 
 
 " tubercularis, 
 
 
 23 
 
 Pinna, Linn., 
 
 20, 30, 68 
 
 ' ' verrucosoe, 
 
 
 23 
 
 Pinnola, 
 
 20,30 
 
 " violacinns, 
 
 
 ■22 
 
 Placnna, Lam., 
 
 21 
 
 " zonalis, 
 
 
 22 
 
 Placnnia, 
 
 21 
 
 Potamiphus, 
 
 
 S9 
 
 Plagiola, 29, 42, 46, 
 
 64, 72, 76, 77 
 
 Praxidice, 
 
 
 18 
 
 Planorbia, 
 
 18 
 
 Productus, 
 
 24, 28, 30 87, 90 
 
 Planorbia ,6eof., 
 
 18, 24, 27 
 
 Prognella, 
 
 
 20 
 
 " albescens. 
 
 92 
 
 Proptera, 
 
 
 44 
 
 PlanoBpira, Lam., 
 
 IS 
 
 Psephides, 
 
 
 89 
 
 Plannlites, Lam., 
 
 IS 
 
 " paradoxa, 
 
 
 88,89 
 
 Platalias, 
 
 18 
 
 Pailotiis, Poll., 
 
 
 20 
 
 PlatiUa, 
 
 86 
 
 Pterooera, Lam., 
 
 
 19 
 
 Platilites,. 
 
 86,87 
 
 Fteropodia 
 
 s, 
 
 10,15 
 
 PlaHniteB, 
 
 24,28 
 
 Pterotrachia, Forsk., 
 
 
 9,16 
 
 " striata, 
 
 28 
 
 Pupa, Lam. 
 
 
 17 
 
 Pleureterites, 
 
 90 
 
 , Puparia, 
 
 
 17 
 
 " anisocta. 
 
 91 
 
 Purpura. Bmg., 
 
 
 19 
 
 " bifasciata. 
 
 91 
 
 Pyramidella. Lara , 
 
 
 18 
 
 " concentrica. 
 
 91 
 
 Pyrala, Lam., ' 
 
 
 19 
 
 " divisa. 
 
 91 
 
 Quadrula, 
 
 
 49 
 
 " latei-iBtriala, 
 
 91 
 
 Radiolita, Lam., 
 
 
 21 
 
 " latinndata, 
 
 91 
 
 Ropalitia, 
 
 
 IS 
 
 " obliqna, 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 " stellata. 
 
 90 
 
 Rostellaria, Lam., 
 
 
 IP 
 
 *' striata. 
 
 91 
 
 Hotundaria, 
 
 42,60 
 
 62,76 
 
 Plenrinia, 
 
 86 
 
 Rapellaria, Flenrlau, 
 
 
 19 
 
 Plerobema, 
 
 S6 
 
 Bupioola, Flueriau, 
 
 
 19 
 
 PlenrobranchuB, Lam., 
 
 17 
 
 SachondruB, 
 
 
 21 
 
 Pleurocera, 
 
 23,26,26,66 
 
 " saccatii. 
 
 
 21 
 
 " acata, 
 
 66 
 
 Sachroa, 
 
 
 21 
 
 " angnlata. 
 
 23 
 
 Saconites, 
 
 
 2i. 31 
 
 " coneola, 
 
 23 
 
 " graulanij, 
 
 
 31 
 
 /aaciSla, 
 
 13 
 
 Salpa, Linn., 
 
 
 21 
 
 " gonnla, 
 
 67 
 
 Salparia, 
 
 
 21 
 
 " quadrosa, 
 
 67 
 
 Sangninolaria, 
 
 
 19 
 
 " retasa, 
 
 23 
 
 Sarcopterus, 
 
 10 
 
 12, 16 
 
 saxatUiB, 
 
 22 
 
 " ruber, 
 
 
 12 
 
 " turricula. 
 
 23 
 
 ^XOttUS, 
 
 Saxicava, FI., 
 
 
 18 
 
 " verracoBa, 
 
 65 
 
 
 19 
 
 Plearoma, Lam., 
 
 18 
 
 Scalenaria., 
 
 47, 62, 73 
 
 76,77 
 
 Pleuropia, 
 
 16 
 
 Scyllea, Linn., 
 
 
 10,16 
 
 Pleuropteria, 
 
 16 
 
 Scytinoma, 
 
 
 21 
 
 PlenropnB, 
 
 16 
 
 Scytinomia, 
 
 
 31 
 
 Pleorotoma, 
 
 24 
 
 Sephinia, 
 
 
 IS 
 
 PlenroxiB, 
 
 24 
 
 Sepia, Linn., 
 
 
 11,16 
 
 Plicatula, Lam., 
 
 21 
 
 " mrcronatai 
 
 
 11 
 
 Fnenmoderma, Cnr. , 
 
 9,16 
 
 Serpula, Linn., 
 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 Polamaxia, 
 
 16 
 
 Serpulaiia, 
 
 
 Poleteria, 
 
 14 
 
 Sigaretia. 
 
 
 17 
 
 PolithaluB, 
 
 13 
 
 SigaretnB, Lam., 
 
 
 17,33 
 
 Polizoon, 
 
 21 
 
 Siliqnaria, Lam., 
 
 
 18 
 
 PolipbonuB, 
 PolydeotnB, 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 Sintozia 
 
 " lateralis, 
 
 .^:3,'73 
 
 7.1, 76 
 63 
 
 Folymesoda, 
 
 61 
 
 Siphalompbix, 
 
 
 93 
 
 PotamiluB, 
 
 22,24,36 
 
 " bonariensis. 
 
 
 93 
 
 " alatufi. 
 
 22 
 
 Biphobrancbia, 
 
 
 19 
 
 " anratas, 
 
 22 
 
 Slpbodon, 
 
 
 12 
 
 " ellipticas, 
 
 22 
 
 SiphonemOB, 
 
 
 13 
 
 " fasclatiiB, 
 
 23 
 
 Sotorinm, Lam., 
 
 
 18,24 
 
 " feBciolariB, 
 
 22 
 
 Bolen, Linn., 
 
 
 19,84 
 
6 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Solenariii, 
 Bpinifer, Sowb., 
 Spirifer, 
 Spirinea., 
 Spiralum, 
 
 ■Bpiroglyphis, Daud., 
 Spirograplus. Viv,, 
 Spironites, Lam., 
 fipironotia, ■ 
 Spirorbis, Baud., 
 Spirula, Lam., 
 Spirularia, 
 Bpondylus, Lam., 
 Stegomphix., 
 Steniola, 
 Stenodon, 
 StenoBtoma, 
 
 " convexa, 
 
 "Steuotoma, 
 Steuotr^ma, 
 ' ■ " convexa. 
 
 Btephastoma, 
 Stephylla, 
 
 " fusca, 
 
 " luteaceris, 
 
 " pallida, 
 Stomatella, Lam., 
 Stomatia, Lam., 
 Strigillaria., 
 Sti'ombia, 
 StrombuB, L., 
 Strophesia, 
 StropMtuB, 
 Btrophomeues, 
 
 " flexiUst 
 
 " levigata, 
 
 Succinea, Brap., 
 Sulcularia, 
 Symphoma, 
 
 Sympnonota bialata, Lea, 
 Sympterus, 
 Telistrophis, 
 
 '• torsala, 
 
 Tellina, 
 
 Terebellum, Lam., 
 Terebra, Brug., 
 Terebraria, 
 Terebratula, Lam., 
 Terebratulites Eriensis, 
 Terebrina, 
 Tei'edaria, 
 Teredo, Linn., 
 Testacella, Lam., 
 Testacina, 
 Tethydia, 
 Tethyti, L., 
 Tetracea. 
 Theoris, 
 Thoena, 
 STigi'ias, 
 TodaruB, 
 
 ■" ■ argo, 
 Torticella, 
 Toxerites^ 
 
 " truncata, 
 Toxolasma, 
 Toxoatoma, 
 
 " globulai'is, 
 
 Toxotrema, 
 
 " complanata, 
 
 " globularls, 
 Tremesia, 
 
 " patelloldes, 
 Tremooia, 
 TremaruB, 
 TriohomecuB, 
 
 IB 
 
 ^ridacna,SBmg., 
 
 20 
 
 86 
 
 Trigella, 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 Trigonia, Brag., 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 Trigonlma, 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 " amygdaloidei. 
 
 2S 
 
 IS 
 
 " , nucularie, 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 Trigorima, 
 
 24,86 
 
 16 
 
 Tiiodopsis, 
 
 24,27,68 
 
 14 
 
 " lunula. 
 
 68 
 
 13,18 
 
 Triton,!., 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 Tritonia, Lam., 
 
 16 
 
 la 
 
 Trochidia, 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 Trochinia, 
 
 17 
 
 93 
 
 Troohites, 
 
 66 
 
 17 
 
 Trochus, L., 
 
 18,24 
 
 24 
 
 Trophodon, 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 Ti'ophodor, 
 
 24 
 
 67 
 
 Truncilla, 24, 76, 77, 80 
 
 24 
 
 " triqueter. 
 
 77 
 
 13,28 
 
 " truncata, 
 
 77 
 
 28 
 
 Truneulitee, 
 
 87,90 
 
 21 
 
 Turbinellus, Lam-, 
 
 18 
 
 12,16 
 
 Turbinacea, 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 ■ Turbo, L., 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 Turbonns, 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 Turrilites, Lam., 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Turritella, Lam., 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 Tylodina, 
 
 17, 33 
 
 19 
 
 " punctulata, 
 
 33 
 
 19 
 
 Ungulina, Baud., 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 Unio, , 20, 29, 35, 36, 37, 46, 70, 88, 86, 92 
 
 87 
 
 " abruptus. Say, 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 " alatus Say, 
 
 36,46 
 
 69, 86, 87 
 
 '" ^Proptera) alata. 
 
 29 
 
 69 
 
 " (Lampsilis) argyratus, 
 
 84 
 
 69 
 
 " (Obliquaria) atroylolaoea, 
 
 63 
 
 17 
 
 " " attenuata. 
 
 49 
 
 79,81,92 
 
 " aurata. 
 
 41,74 
 
 21 
 
 *' badlns. 
 
 77 
 
 86 
 
 " (Obliqwaria) bicolor. 
 
 76 
 
 17 
 
 '* (Epioblasma) biloba, 
 
 72 
 
 90 
 
 " (Obliquaria) bullata. 
 
 61 
 
 90 
 
 " "■ calendis, 
 
 76 
 
 20,24 
 
 " " pallida. 
 
 72 
 
 19 
 
 " (Lampsilis) cardium. 
 
 43 
 
 19 
 
 " cariosus. Say, 
 
 46 
 
 19,86 
 
 " Caroliniana, Bosc, 
 
 36,40 
 
 21, 24, 30, 86 
 
 " (Obliq. and Axim.) castaneus. 
 
 76 
 
 68,69,90 
 
 " cbloris, 
 
 76 
 
 19 
 
 - " (Toxolasma) cinerescens. 
 
 72 
 
 24 
 
 " (Obliquaria) Cliffordiana, 
 
 63 
 
 21 
 
 '• compressue. 
 
 77 
 
 17 
 
 " (Heurobema) conica, 
 " (Obovaria) cordata, 
 
 29 
 
 ^7 
 
 66 
 
 ne 
 
 " " var. rosea. 
 
 58 
 
 16 
 
 " ooiTugala, 
 
 86 
 
 17 
 
 " (Ambloma) costata. 
 
 68 
 
 17 
 
 *' crassiis. Say, 
 
 36,89,40 
 
 16 
 
 " crenulatua. 
 
 77 
 
 24 
 
 " (EUiptio) oi'auaa. 
 
 89 
 
 16,94,95,96 
 
 " (Obovaria) crassa. 
 
 29 
 
 96,96 
 
 " cultratuB, •' 
 
 77 
 
 93 
 
 " (Pleurobema) cunoata. 
 
 66 
 
 24,28 
 
 " •' var. maculata, 
 
 66 
 
 28 
 
 " " " sulcata, 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 " (Obliquaria) cuprea. 
 
 48,75 
 
 24, 67 
 
 " (Toxolasma) cyclips. 
 
 72 
 
 67 
 
 var. fuscata. 
 
 72 
 
 28 
 
 " lutescens, 
 
 72 
 
 28 
 
 " oylindrica. Say, 
 
 36,43 
 
 28 
 
 " (Obliquaria) cyphia, 
 
 49 
 
 62 
 
 " " decorticata. 
 
 46 
 
 62 
 
 " dobiecens. Say, 
 
 92 
 
 12 
 
 " depressa. 
 
 77 
 
 18 
 
 ■' (Obliquaria) depressa. 
 
 47 
 
 17 
 
 '* (Flaglola) depTessa, 
 
 29 
 
INDEX. 
 
 (Metaptera) diaphansi, 
 
 74 
 
 Unio (Obliquaria) pnsiUa, 
 
 52 
 
 (ElUptlo) dUatata, 
 
 42 
 
 " quadmla, 
 
 61 
 
 Eurynla) " 
 
 29 
 
 " recta, 
 
 77 
 
 ObUquaria) " 
 
 76 
 
 " (Obliquaria) reflexa, 
 
 " (Obllq. and Obov.) retnsa. 
 
 60 
 
 Lampsilis) dlplodevma, 
 
 73 
 
 29,51,77 
 
 elegauB, 
 
 77 
 
 " ridibundus, 
 
 70 
 
 (Obligaaiia) ellipsana, 
 
 48,56 
 
 " (Eurynia) rimoaa. 
 
 74 
 
 var. fuBca, 
 
 48 
 
 " (Obliquaria) rivularis, 
 
 76 
 
 elllpta, 
 
 49 
 
 " (Lampsilis) rosea, 
 
 44 
 
 tEllipfio) ellipUca, 
 
 42 
 
 " (ObUquaria) rubra, 
 
 67 
 
 eUlptioa, 
 
 76,84 
 
 var. lineata, 
 
 67 
 
 eUiptio, 
 
 67 
 
 ■ " pallida, 
 
 67 
 
 (Elliptio) fasciata, 
 
 40,41 
 
 " " scalenia. 
 
 63 
 
 var. alternata, 
 
 40 
 
 " (Bar. and Eury.) aoleuoides, 
 " (Obovaria) stegaria, 
 
 29,43 
 
 *' cuprea, 
 
 40 
 
 66 
 
 " nigrofasciata, 
 
 40 
 
 var. fasciolata. 
 
 56 
 
 (Lampsilis) fasciola, 
 
 44,73 
 
 " tubercufata. 
 
 yiH 
 
 (Obliq. and Plagiola) fasciolaria 
 
 , 29,48 
 
 " " striata. 
 
 64 
 
 " " flava, 
 
 29,38,49 
 
 var. ri>8ea. 
 
 65 
 
 (Obliquaria) flexuosa, 
 
 60 
 
 " tuberculata. 
 
 56 
 
 var. biillata, 
 
 61 
 
 " (Obov. and Obliq.) subrotuuda, 
 
 29,62 
 
 (Toxolasma) flexus, 
 (Obliquaria) fontinalis. 
 
 73 
 
 var. maculata, 62 
 
 76 
 
 " (Obovaria) syntoxis. 
 
 29 
 
 (Blliptio) ftaflilis, 
 
 41 
 
 *' (Obliquaria) teneltus, 
 
 75 
 
 var. fuscata. 
 
 41 
 
 " (EUiptio) teres. 
 
 63 
 
 (Lampsilis) fnlgens, 
 
 84 
 
 " (Obovaria) torsa, 
 
 29,54 
 
 Enrynia) &lva,' 
 
 74 
 
 var. marginata, 
 
 64 
 
 Amblema) glbboaa, 
 
 58 
 
 " (Amblema) torulosa, 
 
 .-.7, 72 
 
 var. difformis, 
 
 58 
 
 var. angulata, 
 
 .57 
 
 " olivacea, 
 
 58 
 
 " (Obliquaria) triangularis, 
 
 53 
 
 " radiata, 
 
 .08 
 
 " (TrttnciUa) triqueter. 
 
 29,46 
 
 (Truncilla) gi'aunlatus, 
 
 77 
 
 " *' truncata, 
 
 29,46 
 
 (Obliquaria) interrupta, 
 
 47,48 
 
 var. fuaca, 
 
 .10 
 
 (Metaptera) lasmabranchys, ^, 
 
 74 
 
 " ve.imiculata, 
 
 46 
 
 (Burynea & EUiptio) latiasima, 
 
 29, 42, 77 
 
 . " (Obliquaria) tuberculata, 
 
 52 
 
 (Elllptio 4 Plagiola) leptodon, 
 
 29,40,41 
 
 " undulata. Say, 
 
 60 
 
 var. olivacea, 41 
 
 " (ObUquaria) venus, 
 
 76,84 
 
 " semi-i 
 
 adiata, 41 
 
 " (Obliq. and Plag.) verrucosa, 
 
 29,48 
 
 EUiptio) levigata, 
 
 42,76 
 
 " (Obliquaria) violacea. 
 
 75 
 
 Obliquaria) Uueolata, 
 
 47,49 
 
 » (EUiptio) viridis, 
 
 38, 39, 41 
 
 Toxolasma) lividus, 
 
 72 
 
 var. fuscata. 
 
 39 
 
 Metaptera) megaptera, 
 
 42 
 
 " radiata. 
 
 39 
 
 Obliquaria) metanevra, 
 
 .50 
 
 " (Lampsilia) vittatus, 
 
 73 
 
 metaplana, 
 
 77 
 
 " (EUiptio) zonalis, 
 
 42 
 
 (Eurynia) montana, 
 (Pleurobema) mytUoides, 
 
 73 
 
 Uniodia, 
 
 37 
 
 20,66 
 
 Uuionea, 
 
 20 
 
 nas^ta^Say, 
 
 41, 48, 49 
 
 Urcinella, 
 
 17 
 
 (EUiptio) nervosa, 
 
 41 
 
 Vaginella, Baud., 
 
 13 
 
 " nigra. 
 
 37, 38 
 
 Valvata, MuU., 
 Venericardia, Lam., 
 
 18 
 
 
 39 
 
 20 
 
 " maculata. 
 
 39 
 
 Veneridia, 
 
 & 
 
 nodosa. 
 
 43 
 
 Venulites, Lam., 
 
 1.1 
 
 nodulata. 
 
 61 
 
 Venus, L., 
 
 20 
 
 (ObUq. and Plagiola) obliquata 
 (Obovaria) obovalis,. 
 
 29,53 
 
 Vermetinia, 
 Vermetus, Boissy, 
 
 is 
 
 29,64 
 
 18 
 
 ochraceus, Say, 
 
 40.45 
 
 Vermicularia, Lam., 
 
 18 
 
 Ohiensis, 
 
 36 
 
 Vertigo, Mull., 
 
 18 
 
 (Amblema) olivaria, 
 
 67 
 
 VestiariuB, 
 
 18 
 
 var. dilatata. 
 
 67 
 
 Vibex, 
 
 18 
 
 " fasciolaris, 
 
 67 
 
 Vitrina, Drap., 
 
 17 
 
 oriens. Lea., 
 
 92 
 
 Vivipai-a, Lam., 
 
 18,27 
 
 i Lampsilis) ovata. Say, 
 
 36,44 
 
 Viviparella, 
 
 18 
 
 Obovaria) pachostea. 
 
 64,64 
 
 Voluta, 
 Volatidia, 
 
 19, 24, 93 
 
 Obliquaria) pallens, 
 
 76 
 
 19 
 
 paphos, 
 
 97 
 
 Volvaria, Lam , 
 
 19 
 
 (Prop and Lamp.) paUida, 
 
 29,44 
 
 Vulsella, i.am., 
 
 20 
 
 perplexus, 
 
 96 
 
 Xolotrema, 
 
 24, 27, 68 
 
 (Proptera) phaiedra, 
 
 29 
 
 " clausa, 
 
 68 
 
 pictorum, 
 
 40 
 
 " lunula. 
 
 27 
 
 (Obliquaria) plateolus, 
 
 76 
 
 " triodopais. 
 
 27 
 
 pUcata, Lesueur, 
 
 40 
 
 Zeuxonia, 
 
 16 
 
 (Bariosta) ponderoaus. 
 
 73 
 
 Zilotea, 
 
 17 
 
 premorsuB, 
 
 77 
 
 Zonaritea, 
 
 69 
 
 puuetatus, 
 
 77 
 
 " atrata, 
 
 69 
 
 porpurea, Say, 
 
 40 
 
 " tesselata, 
 
 69 
 
Tl. LXX'Z 
 
 Z1 
 
 
 ^ ■ 6 . Jlajuni^aiuju 
 
 \.47 
 
 \^- 
 
 ir> 
 
 /t^ 
 
 / M 
 
 r ^^'j^; 
 
 -/ 
 
 «ij?/( . dj>4f JVlvnaMS 
 
C . S ■Ji^A'^^'^ 
 
 XiJjA c6bil .ymjxi^/l<^ 
 
C .iS TlcifoTLiA-q'^ 
 
 J (}£. lit*.' ^'Tf-yrmJ^'U.