N* fcaK> ^^- The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924093960825 American Prisoners of the Revolution BY Author of George Michael Bedinger: A Kentucky 'Pioneer,' " JoT) and Other 'Poems," "Historic Shepherdsto wn," etc. 'And God requireth that which is pa&.^---Eccles. in, 15. The Michie Company, Printers, CharlottesviUe, Va. 1911 Copyright, 1911 BY Danske Dandridce Debication To THE Memory of my Grandfather £ieutenant Daniel Bcbinger, of Bebforb, Dirgtnia "A Boy in Prison" As Representative of All That Was Brav- est AND Most Honorable in the Life AND Character of the Patriots of 1776 PREFACE THE writer of this book has been interested for many years in the subject of the sufferings of the American prisoners of the Revolution. Finding the information she sought widely scattered, she has, for her own use, and for that of all students of the subject, gathered all the facts she could obtain within the covers of this volume. There is little that is orig- inal in the compilation. The reader will find that extensive use has been made of such narratives as that Captain Dring has left us. The accounts could have been given in the compiler's own words, but they would only, thereby, have lost in strength. The orig- inal narratives are all out of print, very scarce and hard to obtain, and the writer feels justified in re- printing them in this collection, for the sake of the general reader interested in the subject, and not able to search for himself through the mass of original material, some of which she has only discovered after months of research. Her work has mainly consisted in abridging these records, collected from so many dif- ferent sources. The writer desires to express her thanks to the courteous librarians of the Library of Congress and of the War and Navy Departments ; to Dr. Lang- worthy for permission to publish his able and inter- esting paper on the subject of the prisons in New York, and to many others who have helped her in her task. Danske Dandridge. December 6th, igio. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE Preface .... . . v I. Introductory . ... ... 1 II. The Riflemen of the Revolution . 5 III. Names of Some of the Prisoners of 1776 .... 20 IV. The Prisoners of New York — Jona- than GiLLETT 25 V. William Cunningham, the Provost Marshal . 33 VI. The Case of Jabez Fitch .... 48 VII. The Hospital Doctor — A Tory's Ac- count of Newt York in 1777 — Ethan Allen's Account of the Pris- oners .... 55 VIII. The Account of Alexander Gray- don ... 69 IX. A Foul Page of English History . 77 X. A Boy in Prison 82 XI. The Newspapers of the Revolu- tion . . . 90 XII. The Trumbull Papers and Other Sources of Information 99 XIII. A Journal Kept in the Provost . 112 XIV. Further Testimony of Cruelties En- dured by American Prisoners . . 123 XV. The Old Sugar House — Trinity Churchyard 128 XVI. Case of John Blatchford . . . 138 XVII. Benjamin Franklin and Others on the Subject of American Prison- ers . . 161 VIII Contents XVIII. The Adventures of Andrevit Sher- burne . . 1^4- XIX. More about the English Prisons — Memoir of Eli Bickford — Cap- tain Fanning 178 XX. Some Southern Naval Prison- ers 186 XXI. Extracts from Newspapers — Some OF THE Prison Ships — Case of Captain Birdsall 192 XXII. The Journal of Dr. Elias Corne- lius — Britispi Prisons in the South 208 XXIII. A Poet on a Prison Ship . . 227 XXIV. "There was a Ship!" 237 XXV. A Description of the Jersey . . 246 XXVI. The Experience of Ebenezer Fox . . .... .254 XXVII. The Experience of Ebenezer Fox (Continued) 269 XXVIII. The Case of Christopher Hawkins 280 XXIX. Testimony of Prisoners on Board THE Jersey 294 XXX. Recollections of Andrew Sher- burne ... 299 XXXI. Captain Roswell Palmer .... 305 XXXII. The Narrative of Captain Alex- ander Coffin 311 XXXIII. A Wonderful Deliverance . . 322 XXXIV. The Narrative of Captain Dring . 332 XXXA^. The Narrative of Captain Dring (Continued) 344 XXXVI. The Interment of the Dead . 353 XXXVII. Dame Grant and Her Boat . . 360 Contents ix XXXVIII. The Supplies for the Prisoners . 362 XXXIX. Fourth of July on the Jersey . 371 XL. An Attempt to Escape .... 377 XLI. The Memorial to General Wash- ington . . . 383 XLII. The Exchange 388 XEIII. The Cartel — Captain Dring's Nar- rative (Continued) 394 XLIV. Correspondence of Washington AND Others ... .... 399 XLV. General Washington and Rear Admiral Digby — Commissaries Sproat and Skinner .... 424 XLVI. Some of the Prisoners on Board the Jersey 432 Conclusion 446 Appendix A. List of 8000 Men Who Were Prisoners on Board the Old Jersey . . 449 Appendix B. The Prison Ship Martyrs of the Revolution, and an Unpublished Diary OF One of Them, William Slade, New Canaan, Conn., Later of Cornwall, Vt. . 492 Appendix C. Bibliography .... 503 American Prisoners of the Revolution CHAPTER I Introductory IT IS with no desire to excite animosity against a people whose blood is in our veins that we pub- lish this volume of facts about some of the Americans, seamen and soldiers, who were so unfortunate as to fall into the hands of the enemy during the period of the Revolution. We have concealed nothing of the truth, but we have set nothing down in malice, or with undue recrimination. It is for the sake of the martyrs of the prisons them- selves that this work has been executed. It is because we, as a people, ought to know what was endured; what wretchedness, what relentless torture, even unto death, was nobly borne by the men who perished by thousands in British prisons and prison ships of the Revolution; it is because we are in danger of forget- ting the sacrifice they made of their fresh young lives in the service of their country; because the story has never been adequately told, that we, however unfit we may feel ourselves for the task, have made an effort to give the people of America some account of the manner in which these young heroes, the flower of the land, in the prime of their vigorous manhood, met their terrible fate. Too long have they lain in the ditches where they were thrown, a cart-full at a time, like dead dogs, by their heartless murderers, unknown, unwept, un- honored, and unremembered. Who can tell us their 2 . American Prisoners of the Revolution names? What monument has been raised to their memories ? It is true that a beautiful shaft has lately been erected to the martyrs of the Jersey prison ship, about whom we will have very much to say. But it is improbable that even the place of interment of the hundreds of prisoners who perished in the churches, sugar houses, and other places used as prisons in New York in the early years of the Revolution, can now be discovered. We know that they were, for the most part, dumped into ditches dug on the outskirts of the little city, the New York of 1776. These ditches were dug by American soldiers, as part of the entrenchments, during Washington's occupation of Manhattan in the spring of 1776. Little did these young men think that they were, in some cases, lit- erally digging a grave for themselves. More than a hvmdred and thirty years have passed since the victims of Cunningham's cruelty and ra- pacity were starved to death in churches consecrated to the praise and worship of a God of love. It is a tardy recognition that we are giving them, and one that is most imperfect, yet it is all that we can now do. The ditches where they were interred have long ago been filled up, built over, and intersected by streets. Who of the multitude that daily pass to and fro over the ground that should be sacred ever give a thought to the remains of the brave men beneath their feet, who perished that they might enjoy the blessings of liberty? Republics are ungrateful; they have short mem- ories; but it is due to the martyrs of the Revolution that some attempt should be made to tell to the gen- erations that succeed them who they were, what they American Prisoners of the Revolution 3 did, and why they suffered so terribly and died so grimly, without weakening, and without betraying the cause of that country which was dearer to them than their lives. We have, for the most part, limited ourselves to the prisons and prison ships in the city and on the waters of New York. This is because such infor- mation as we have been able to obtain concerning the treatment of American prisoners by the British re- lates, almost entirely, to that locality. It is a terrible story that we are about to narrate, and we warn the lover of pleasant books to lay down our volume at the first page. We shall see Cun- ningham, that burly, red-faced ruffian, the Provost Marshal, wreaking his vengeance upon the defence- less prisoners in his keeping, for the assault made upon him at the outbreak of the war, when he and a companion who had made themselves obnoxious to the republicans were mobbed and beaten in the streets of New York. He was rescued by some friends of law and order, and locked up in one of the jails which was soon to be the theatre of his revenge. We shall narrate the sufferings of the American prisoners taken at the time of the battle of Long Island, and after the surrender of Fort Washington, which events occurred, the first in August, the second in November of the year 1776. What we have been able to glean from many sources, none of which contradict each other in any important point, about the prisons and prison ships in New York, with a few narratives written by those who were imprisoned in other places, shall fill this volume. Perhaps others, far better fitted for the task, will make the necessary researches, in order to 4 American Prisoners of the Revolution lay before the American people a statement of what took place in the British prisons at Halifax, Charles- ton, Philadelphia, the waters off the coast of Florida, and other places, during the eight years of the war. It is a solemn and affecting duty that we owe to the dead, and it is in no light spirit that we, for our part, begin our portion of the task. w CHAPTER II The Riflemen of the Revolution E WILL first endeavor to give the reader some idea of the men who were imprisoned in New York in the fall and winter of 1776. It was in the summer of that year that Congress ordered a regiment of riflemen to be raised in Maryland and Virginia. These, with the so-called "Flying Camp" of Pennsylvania, made the bulk of the soldiers taken prisoners at Fort Washington on the fatal 16th of November. Washington had already proved to his own satisfaction the value of such soldiers ; not only by his experience with them in the French and Indian wars, but also during the siege of Boston in 1775-6. These hardy young riflemen were at first called by the British "regulars," "a rabble in calico petticoats," as a term of contempt. Their uniform consisted of tow linen or homespun hunting shirts, buckskin breeches, leggings and moccasins. They wore round felt hats, looped on one side and ornamented with a buck tail. They carried long rifles, shot pouches, tomahawks, and scalping knives. They soon proved themselves of great value for their superior marksmanship, and the British, who began by scoffing at them, ended by fearing and hat- ing them as they feared and hated no other troops. The many accounts of the skill of these riflemen are interesting, and some of them shall be given here. One of the first companies that marched to the aid of Washington when he was at Cambridge in 1775 was that of Captain Michael Cresap, which was 6 American Prisoners of the Revolution raised partly in Maryland and partly in the western part of Virginia. This gallant young officer died in New York in the fall of 1775, a year before the sur- render of Fort Washington, yet his company may be taken as a fair sample of what the riflemen of the frontiers of our country were, and of what they could do. We will therefore give the words of an eye- witness of their performances. This account is taken from the Pennsylvania Journal of August 23rd, 1775. "On Friday evening last arrived at Lancaster, Pa., on their way to the American camp, Captain Cresap's Company of Riflemen, consisting of one hundred and thirty active, brave young fellows, many of whom have been in the late expedition under Lord Dunmore against the Indians. They bear in their bodies visible marks of their prowess, and show scars and wounds which would do honour to Homer's Iliad. They show you, to use the poet's words : "'Where the gor'd battle bled at ev'ry vein!' "One of these warriors in particular shows the cicatrices of four bullet holes through his body. "These men have been bred in the woods to hard- ships and dangers since their infancy. They appear as if they were entirely unacquainted with, and had never felt the passion of fear. With their rifles in their hands, they assume a kind of omnipotence over their enemies. One cannot much wonder at this when we mention a fact which can be fully attested by several of the reputable persons who were eye- witnesses of it. Two brothers in the company took a piece of board five inches broad, and seven inches long, with a bit of white paper, the size of a dollar, nailed in the centre, and while one of them supported American Prisoners of the Revolution 7 this board perpendicularly between his knees, the other at the distance of upwards of sixty yards, and without any kind of rest, shot eight bullets through it successively, and spared a brother's thigh! "Another of the company held a barrel stave per- pendicularly in his hands, with one edge close to his side, while one of his comrades, at the same distance, and in the manner before mentioned, shot several bullets through it, without any apprehension of danger on either side. "The spectators appearing to be amazed at these feats, were told that there were upwards of fifty persons in the same company who could do the same thing; that there was not one who could not 'plug, nineteen bullets out of twenty,' as they termed it,, within an inch of the head of a ten-penny nail. "In short, to evince the confidence they possessed in these kind of arms, some of them proposed to stand with apples on their heads, while others at the same distance undertook to shoot them off, but the people who saw the other experiments declined to be wit- nesses of this. "At night a great fire was kindled around a pole planted in the Court House Square, where the com- pany with the Captain at their head, all naked to the waist and painted like savages (except the Captain, who was in an Indian shirt), indulged a vast con- course of people with a perfect exhibition of a war- dance and all the manoeuvres of Indians; holding council, going to war; circumventing their enemies by defiles; ambuscades; attacking; scalping, etc. It is said by those who are judges that no representation could possibly come nearer the original. The Cap- tain's expertness and agility, in particular, in these 8 American Prisoners of the Revolution experiments, astonished every beholder. This morn- ing they will set out on their march for Cambridge." From the Virginia Gazette of July 22nd, 1775, we make the following extract: "A correspondent in- forms us that one of the gentlemen appointed to command a company of riflemen to be raised in one of the frontier counties of Pennsylvania had so many applications from the people in his neighborhood, to be enrolled in the service, that a greater number pre- sented themselves than his instructions permitted him to engage, and being unwilling to give offence to any he thought of the following expedient : He, with a piece of chalk, drew on a board the figure of a nose of the common size, which he placed at the distance of 150 yards, declaring that those who came nearest the mark should be enlisted. Sixty odd hit the object. — General Gage, take care of your nose!" From the Pennsylvania Journal, July 25th, 1775 : ''Captain Dowdle with his company of riflemen from Yorktown, Pa., arrived at Cambridge about one o'clock today, and since has made proposals to Gen- eral Washington to attack the transport stationed at Charles River. He will engage to take her with thirty men. The General thinks it best to decline at present, but at the same time commends the spirit of Captain Dowdle and his brave men, who, though they just came a very long march, offered to execute the plan immediately." In the third volume of American Archives, is an extract from a letter to a gentleman in Philadelphia, dated Frederick Town, Maryland, August 1st, 1775, which speaks of the same company of riflemen whose wonderful marksmanship we have already noted. The writer says : American Prisoners of the Revolution 9 "Notwithstanding the urgency of my business I have been detained here tliree days by a circumstance truly agreeable. I have had the happiness of seeing Captain Michael Cresap marching at the head of a formidable company of upwards of one hundred and thirty men from the mountains and backwoods ; painted like Indians; armed with tomahawks and rifles; dressed in hunting shirts and moccasins; and, the' some of them had travelled hundreds of miles from the banks of the Ohio, they seemed to walk light and easy, and not with less spirit than at the first hour of their march. "I was favored by being constantly in Captain Cresap's company, and watched the behavior of his men and the manner in which he treated them, for is seems that all who go out to war under him do not only pay the most willing obedience to him as their commander, but in every instance of distress look up to him as their friend and father. A great part of his time was spent in listening to and relieving their wants, without any apparent sense of fatigue and trouble. When complaints were before him he determined with kindness and spirit, and on every occasion condescended to please without losing dignity. "Yesterday, July 31st, the company were supplied with a small quantity of powder, from the magazine, which wanted airing, and was not in good order for rifles: in the evening, however, they were drawn out to show the gentlemen of the town their dexterity in shooting. A clap board with a mark the size of a dollar was put up; they began to fire offhand, and the bystanders were surprised. Few shots were made that were not close to, or into, the paper. When they 10 American Prisoners of the Revolution had shot some time in this way, some lay on their backs, some on their breasts or sides, others ran twenty or thirty steps, and, firing as they ran, ap- peared to be equally certain of the mark. With this performance the company were more than satisfied, when a young man took up the board in his hand, and not by the end, but by the side, and, holding it up, his brother walked to the distance, and coolly shot into the white. Laying down his rifle he took the board, and holding it as it was held before, the second brother shot as the former had done. "By this exhibition I was more astonished than pleased, but will you believe me when I tell you that one of the men took the board, and placing it be- tween his legs, stood with his back to a tree, while another drove the centre? "What would a regular army of considerable strength in the forests of America do with one thousand of these men, who want nothing to preserve their health but water from the spring; with a little parched corn (with what they can easily procure by hunting) ; and who, wrapped in their blankets in the dead of night, would choose the shade of a tree for their covering, and the earth for their bed?" The descriptions we have quoted apply to the rifle companies of 1775, but they are a good general description of the abilities of the riflemen raised in the succeeding years of the war, many indeed being the same men who first volunteered in 1775. In the possession of one of his descendants is a letter from one of these men written many years after the Revo- lution to the son of an old comrade in arms, giving an account of that comrade's experiences during a part of the war. The letter was written by Major Henry American Prisoners of the Revolution 1 1 Bedinger of Berkeley County, Virginia, to a son of General Samuel Finley. Henry Bedinger was descended from an old Ger- man family. His grandfather had emigrated to America from Alsace in 1737 to escape persecution for his religious beliefs. The highest rank that Bedinger attained in the War of the Revolution was that of captain. He was a Knight of the Order of the Cincinnati, and he was, after the war, a major of the militia of Berkeley County. The document in possession of one of his descendants is undated, and appears to have been a rough copy or draught of the original, which may now be in the keeping of some one of the descendants of General Finley. We will give it almost entire. Such family letters are, we need scarcely say, of great value to all who are in- terested in historical research, supplying, as they do, the necessary details which fill out and amplify the bare facts of history, giving us a living picture of the times and events that they describe. PART OF A LETTER FROM MAJOR HENRY BEDINGER TO A SON OF GENERAL SAMUEL FINLEY "Some time in 1774 the late Gen'l Sam'l Finley Came to Martinsburg, Berkeley County, Virginia, and engaged with the late Col'o John Morrow to assist his brother, Charles Morrow, in the business of a retail store. Mr. Finley continued in that employment until the spring of 1775, when Congress called on the State of Virginia for two Complete Independent Volunteer Companies of Riflemen of 100 Men each, to assist Gen'l Washington in the Siege of Boston & to serve one year. Captains Hugh Stephenson of Berkeley, 12 American Prisoners of the Revolution & Daniel Morgan of Frederick were selected to raise and command those companies, they being the first Regular troops required to be raised in the State of Virginia for Continental service. "Captain Hugh Stephenson's rendezvous was Shep- herd's Town (not Martinsburg) and Captain Mor- gan's was Winchester. Great exertions were made by each Captain to complete his company first, that merit might be claimed on that account. Volunteers presented themselves in every direction in the Vicinity of these Towns, none were received but young men of Character, and of sufficient property to Clothe them- selves completely, find their own arms, and accoutre- ments, that is, an approved Rifle, handsome shot pouch, and powder horn, blanket, knapsack, with such decent clothing as should be prescribed, but which was at first ordered to be only a Hunting shirt and pantaloons, fringed on every edge and in Various ways. "Our Company was raised in less than a week. Morgan had equal success. — It was never decided which Company was first filled — "These Companies being thus unexpectedly called for it was a difficult task to obtain rifles of the quality required & we were detained at Shepherds Town nearly six weeks before we could obtain such. Your Father and some of his Bosom Companions were among the first enrolled. My Brother, G. M. B., and myself, with many of our Companions, soon joined to the amount of 100 — no more could be received. The Committee of Safety had appointed Wm Henshaw as 1st Lieut., George Scott 2nd, and Thomas Hite as 3rd Lieut to this Company, this latter however, de- clined accepting, and Abraham Shepherd succeeded American Prisoners of the Revolution 13 as 3d Lieut — all the rest Stood on an equal footing as Volunteers — We remained at Shepherds Town un- til! the 16th July before we could be Completely armed, notwithstanding the utmost exertions. In the mean time your Father obtained from the gunsmith a re- rr.arkable neat light rifle, the stock inlaid and orna- mented with silver, which he held, untill Compelled, as were all of us — to ground our arms and surrender to the enemy on the evening of the 16th day of November 1776. "In our Company were many young men of Con- siderable fortune, & who generally entered from patriotic motives * * *. Our time of service be- ing about to expire Captain Hugh Stephenson was commissioned a Colonel; Moses Rawlings a Lieuten- ant Colonel, and Otho Williams Major, to raise a Rifle Regiment for three years: four companies to be raised in Virginia and four in Maryland. "Henshaw and Scott chose to return home. Abra- ham Shepherd was commissioned Captain, Sam'l Finley First Lieutenant, WilHam Kelly Second Lieu- tenant, and myself 3rd Lieutenant. The Commissions of the Field Officers were dated the 8th July, 1776, & those of our Company the 9th of the same month. Shepherd, Finley and myself were dispatched to Berkeley to recruit and refill the old Company, which we performed in about five weeks. Col'o Stephenson also returned to Virginia to facihtate the raising the additional Companies. While actively employed in August, 1776, he was taken sick, and in four days died. The command of the Regiment devolved on Lieutenant Colonel Moses Rawlings, a Very worthy and brave officer. "Our Company being filled we Marched early in 14 American Prisoners of the Revolution September to our Rendezvous at Bergen. So soon as the Regiment was formed it was ordered up the North River to the English Neighborhood, & in a short time ordered to cross the River and assist in the defence of Fort Washington, where were about three thousand men under the command of Col'o Magaw, on New York Island. The enemy in the mean time possessed New York, and had followed General Washington to the White Plains, from whence, after several partial actions, he returned, and approached us by the way of King's bridge, with a force of from 8 to 12000 Men. Several frigates ran up the Hudson from New York to cut off our inter- course with Fort Lee, a fort on the opposite bank of the North River: and by regular approaches invested us on all sides. "On the 15th November, 1776, the British General Pattison appeared with a flag near our Guards, de- manding a surrender of Fort Washington and the Garrison. Col'o Magaw replied he should defend it to the last extremity. Pattison declared all was ready to storm the lines and fort, we of course prepared for the Pending contest. "At break of day the next morning, the enemy com- menced a tremendous Cannonade on every side, while their troops advanced. Our Regt. tho weak, was most advantageously posted by Rawlings and WiUiams, on a Small Ridge, about half a mile above Fort Wash- ington. The Ridge ran from the North River, in which lay three frigates, towards the East River. A deep Valley divided us from the enemy, their frigates enfiladed, & their Cannon on the heights behind the advancing troops played incessantly on our party (consisting of Rawling's Regiment, say 250 men, and American Prisoners of the Revolution 15 one other company from Maryland, and four com- panies of Pennsylvania Flying Camp, also for the present commanded by Rawlings and Williams). "The Artillery were endeavoring to clear the hill while their troops crossing the Valley were ascending it, but without much effect. A few of our men were killed with Cannon and Grape Shott. Not a Shott was fired on our side untill the Enemy had nearly gained the Sumit. Though at least five times our numbers our rifles brought down so many that they gave way several times, but by their overwhelming numbers they at last succeeded in possessing the sum- mit. Here, however, was great carnage, each making every effort to possess and hold so advantageous a position. This obstinacy continued for more than an hour, when the enemy brought up some field pieces, as well as reinforcements. Finding all resistance use- less, our Regiment gradually gave way, tho' not be- fore Col'o Rawlings, Major Williams, Peter Hanson, Nin Tannehill, and myself were wounded. Lt. Har- rison* was the only officer of our Regiment Killed. Hanson and Tannehill were mortally wounded. The latter died the same night in the Fort, & Hanson died in New York a short time after. Capt. A. Shepherd, Lieut. Daniel Cresap and myself, with fifty men, were detailed the day before the action and placed in the van to receive the enemy as they came up the hill. "The Regiment was paraded in line about fifty yards in our rear, ready to support us. Your Father of course on that day, and in the whole of the action commanded Shepherd's Company, which performed its duty admirably. About two o'clock P. M. the Enemy obtained complete possession of the hill, and former *Lieutenant Battaille Harrison of Berkeley County, Va. 16 American Prisoners of the RevoIvUtion battle-ground. Our troops retreated gradually from redoubt to redoubt, contesting every inch of ground, still making dreadful Havoc in the ranks of the enemy. We laboured too under disadvantages, the wind blew the smoke full in our faces. About two o'clock A. Shepherd, being the senior Captain, took command of the Regiment,* and by the advice of Col'o Rawlings & Major Williams, gradually retreated from redoubt to redoubt, to & into the fort with the surviving part of the Regiment. Col'o Rawlings, Major Williams, and Lt Hanson and myself quitted the field together, and retreated to the fort. I was slightly wounded, tho my right hand was rendered entirely useless. Your Father continued with the regiment until all had arrived in the fort. It was admitted by all the surviving officers that he had conducted himself with great gallantry and the utmost propriety. "While we were thus engaged the enemy succeeded much better in every other quarter, & with little com- parative loss. All were driven into the fort and the enemy began by sundown to break ground within 100 yards of the fort. "Finding our situation desperate Col'o Magaw dis- patched a flag to Gen. Howe who Commanded in per- son, proposing to surrender on certain conditions, which not being agreed to, other terms were proposed and accepted. The garrison, consisting of 2673 pri- vates, & 210 officers, marched out, grounded arms, and were guarded to the White House that same night, but instead of being treated as agreed on, and allowed to retain baggage, clothes, and Side Arms, every valuable article was torn away from both officers and soldiers : every sword, pistol, every good hat was seized, even in ♦After Rawlings and Williams were disabled. American Prisoners of the Revolution 17 presence of Brittish officers, & the prisoners were con- sidered and treated as Rebels, to the king and country. On the third day after our surrender we were guarded to New York, fourteen miles from Fort Washington, where in the evening we received some barrels of raw pork and musty spoiled biscuit, being the first Morsel of provision we had seen for more than three days. The officers were then separated from the soldiers, had articles of parole presented to us which we signed, placed into deserted houses without Cloth- ing, provisions, or fire. No officer was permitted to have a servant, but we acted in rotation, carried our Cole and Provisions about half a mile on our backs. Cooked as well as we could, and tried to keep from Starving. "Our poor Soldiers fared most wretchedly different. They were crowded into sugar houses and Jails with- out blankets or covering; had Very little given to them to eat, and that little of the Very worst quality. So that in two months and four days about 1900 of the Fort Washington troops had died. The survivors were sent out and receipted for by General Washing- ton, and we the officers were sent to Long Island on parole, and billetted, two in a house, on the families residing in the little townships of Flatbush, New Utrecht, Newlots, and Gravesend, who were com- pelled to board and lodge us at the rate of two dollars per week, a small compensation indeed in the ex- hausted state of that section of country. The people were kind, being mostly conquered Whigs, but some- times hard run to provide sustenance for their own families, with the addition, generally, of two men who must have a share of what could be obtained. These people could not have furnished us but for the ad- —2 18 American Prisoners of the Revolution vantage of the fisheries, and access at all times to the water. Fish, oysters, clams. Eels, and wild fowl could always be obtained in their season. "We were thus fixed on the inhabitants, but with- out money, or clothing. Sometimes a companion would receive a few hard dollars from a friend through a flag of truce, which was often shared by others to purchase a pair of shoes or a shirt. "While in New York Major WiUiams received from a friend about forty silver dollars. He was still down with his wound, but requested Captain Shepherd, your Father and myself to come to his room, and there lent each of us ten Dollars, which enabled each of us to purchase a pair shoes, a shirt, and some other small matters: this liberality how- ever, gave some offence. Major Williams was a Marylander, and to assist a Virginian, in preference to a Marylander, was a Crime almost unpardonable. It however passed off, as it so happened there were some refugees in New York from Maryland who had generosity enough to relieve the pressing wants of a few of their former acquaintances. "We thus lived in want and perfect idleness for years : tho sometimes if Books could be obtained we made out to read : if paper, pen, and ink could be had we wrote. Also to prevent becoming too feeble we exercised our bodies by playing fives, throwing long bullets, wrestling, running, jumping, and other athletick exercises, in all of which your Father fully participated. Being all nearly on the same footing as to Clothing and pocket money (that is we seldom had any of the latter) we lived on an equality. "In the fall of 1777 the Brittish Commander was informed a plan was forming by a party of Americans American Prisoners of the Revolution 19 to pass over to Long Island and sweep us off, release us from captivity. There were then on the Island about three hundred American officers prisoners. We were of course ordered off immediately, and placed on board of two large transports in the North River, as prison ships, where we remained but about 18 days, but it being Very Cold, and we Confined be- tween decks, the Steam and breath of 150 men soon gave us Coughs, then fevers, and had we not been re- moved back to our billets I believe One half would have died in six weeks. This is all the imprisonment your " ********* "The r€st of this valuable letter has been, most un- fortunately lost, or possibly it was never completed. We have given a great deal of it because of its graphic description of the men who were captured at Fort Washington, and of the battle itself. Major Bedinger was a dignified, well-to-do, country gentle- man ; honored and respected by all who knew him, and of unimpeachable veracity. CHAPTER III Names of Some of the Prisoners of 1776 AS WE have seen, the officers fared well in com- parison with the wretched privates. Paroled and allowed the freedom of the city, they had far better opportunities to obtain the necessities of life. "Our poor soldiers fared most wretchedly different," says Major Bedinger. Before we begin, however, to speak of the treat- ment they received, we must make some attempt to tell the reader who they were. We wish it were pos- sible to give the name of every private who died, or rather who was murdered, in the prisons of New York at this time. But that, we fear, is now an im- possibility. As this account is designed as a memorial to those martyred privates, we have made many ef- forts to obtain their names. But if the muster rolls of the different companies who formed the Rifle Regi- ment, the Pennsylvania Flying Camp, and the other troops captured by the British in the summer and fall of 1776 are in existence, we have not been able to find them. The records of the Revolution kept in the War De- partment in England have been searched in vain by American historians. It is said that the Provost Marshal, William Cunningham, destroyed his books, in order to leave no written record of his crimes. The names of 8,000 prisoners, mostly seamen, who were confined on the prison ship Jersey, alone, have been obtained by the Society of Old Brooklynites, from the British Archives, and, by the kind permission of this Society, we re-pubhsh them in the Appendix to this volume. American Prisoners of the Revolution 21 Here and there, also, we have obtained a name of one of the brave young riflemen who died in torment a hundred times worse, because so much less swift, than that endured on a memorable occasion in India, when British soldiers were placed, during a single night, into one of their own "Black Holes." But the names of almost all of these our tortured countrymen are forgotten as completely as their places of inter- ment are neglected. In the hands of the writer, however, at this time* is the pay-roll of one of these companies of riflemen, — that of Captain Abraham Shepherd of Shepherds- town, Virginia. It is in the handwriting of Henry Bedinger, one of the lieutenants of the company. We propose to take this hst, or pay roll, as a sample, and to follow, as well as we can, at this late day, the misfortunes of the men named therein. For this purpose we will first give the list of names, and afterwards attempt to indicate how many of the men died in confinement, and how many lived to be ex- changed. MUSTER ROIvI, The paper in question, falling to pieces with age, and almost illegible in places, is headed, "An AB- STRACT of the Pay due the Officers and Privates of the Company of Riflemen belonging to Captain Abraham Shepherd, being part of a Battalion raised by Colonel Hugh Stevenson, deceased, and afterwards commanded by Lieut Colonel Moses Rawlings, in the Continental Service from July 1st, 1776, to October 1st, 1778." The paper gives the dates of enlistment; *This muster roll was lent to the writer by Henry Bedinger Davenport, Esq., a descendant of Major Bed- inger. 22 American Prisoners of the Revolution those who were killed; those who died; those who deserted; those who were discharged; drafted; made prisoners; "dates until when pay is charged;" "pay per month;" "amount in Dollars," and "amount in lawful Money, Pounds, Shillings and pence." From this account much information can be gleaned con- cerning the members of the company, but we will, for the present, content ourselves with giving the muster roll of the company. MUSTER ROLL OF CAPTAIN ABRAHAM SHEPHERD'S COM- PANY OF RIFLEMEN RAISED IN JULY, 1776 Captain Abraham Shepherd. First Lieutenant, Samuel Finley. Second Lieutenant, William Kelly. Third Lieutenant, Henry Bedinger. First Sergeant, John Crawford. Second Sergeant, John Kerney. Third Sergeant, Robert Howard. Fourth Sergeant, Dennis Bush. First Corporal, John Seaburn. Second Corporal, Evert Hoglant. Third Corporal, Thomas Knox. Fourth Corporal, Jonathan Gibbons. Drummer, Stephen Vardine. Fifer, Thomas Cook. Armourer, James Roberts. Privates, William Anderson, Jacob Wine, Richard Neal, Peter Hill, William Waller, Adam Sheetz, James Hamilton, George Taylor, Adam Rider, Patrick Vaughan, Peter Hanes, John Malcher, Peter Snyder, Daniel Bedinger, John Barger, William Hickman! Thomas Pollock, Bryan Timmons, Thomas Mitchell, Conrad Rush, David Harman, James Aitken, William American Prisoners of the Revolution 23 Wilson, John Wilson, Moses McComesky, Thomas Beatty, John Gray, Valentine Fritz, Zechariah Bull, William Moredock, Charles Collins, Samuel Davis, Conrad Cabbage, John Cummins, Gabriel Stevens, Michael Wolf, John Lewis, William Donnelly, David Gilmore, John Cassody, Samuel Blount, Peter Good,. George Helm, William Bogle (or Boyle), John Nixon,. Anthony Blackhead, Christian Peninger, Charles. Jones, William Case, Casper Myre, George Brown, Benjamin McKnight, Anthony Larkin, William Sea- man, Charles Snowden, John Boulden, John Blake,, Nicholas Russell, Benjamin Hughes, James Brown,, James Fox, William Hicks, Patrick Connell, John Holmes, John McSwaine, James Griffith, Patrick Murphy, James Aitken. Besides the names of this company we can give a few privates of the Pennsylvania Flying Camp who are mentioned by Safifel. He adds that, as far as is known, all of these perished in prison, after inscribing their names high up upon the walls. SOME PRIVATES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FLYING CAMP WHO PERISHED IN PRISON IN 1776-7 "Charles Fleming, John Wright, James McKinney, Ebenezer Stille, Jacob Leinhart, Abraham Van Gordon, Peter D'Aubert, William Carbury, John McDowell, Wm. McKague, Henry Parker, James Burns, Henry Yepler, Baltus Weigh, Charles Beason, Leonard Huber, John McCarroll, Jacob Guiger, John May, Daniel Adams, George McCormick, Jacob Kettle, Jacob Miller, George Mason, James Kearney, David Sutor, Adam Bridel, Christian Mull, Daniel McKnight, Cornelius Westbrook, Luke Murphy, Joseph Conklin, 24 American Prisoners of the Revolution Adam Dennis, Edward Ogden, Wm. Scoonover, James Rosencrants." The names of the officers who were prisoners in New York after the battle of Long Island and the surrender of Fort Washington, can easily be obtained. But it is not with these, at present, that we have to do. We have already seen how much better was their treatment than that accorded to the hapless privates. It is chiefly to commemmorate the sufferings of the private soldier and seaman in the British prisons that this account has been written. CHAPTER IV The Prisons of New York — Jonathan GilIvEtt ''E WILE now endeavor to describe the principal w places of confinement used by the British in New York during the early years of the war. Lossing, in his Field Book of the Revolution, thus speaks of these dens of misery : "At the fight around Fort Washington," he says, "only one hundred Ameri- cans were killed, while the British loss was one thousand, chiefly Hessians. But the British took a most cruel revenge. Out of over 2600 prisoners taken on that day, in two months & four days 1900 were killed in the infamous sugar houses and other prisons in the city. "Association of intense horror are Hnked with the records of the prisons and prison ships of New York. Thousands of captives perished miserably of hunger, cold, infection, and in some cases, actual poison. "AH the prisoners taken in the battle near Brooklyn in August, 1776 and at Fort Washington in November of the same year, were confined in New York, nearly 4000 in all. The New Jail and the New Bridewell were the only prisons. The former is the present Hall of Records. Three sugar houses, some dissenting churches, Columbia College, and the Hospital were all used as prisons. The great fire in September ; the scarcity of provisions ; and the cruel conduct of the Provost Marshal all combined to produce intense suf- ferings among the men, most of whom entered into captivity, strong, healthy, young, able-bodied, the flower of the American youth of the day. "Van Cortlandt's Sugar House was a famous (or 26 American Prisoners of the Revolution infamous) prison. It stood on the northwest corner of Trinity church-yard. "Rhinelander's Sugar House was on the corner of William and Duane Streets. Perhaps the worst of all the New York prisons was the third Sugar House, which occupied the space on Liberty Street where two buildings, numbers 34 and 36, now stand. "The North Dutch Church on William Street con- tained 800 prisoners, and there were perhaps as many in the Middle Dutch Church. The Friends' Meeting House on Liberty and several other buildings erected for the worship of a God of love were used as prisons. "The New Jail was made a Provost Prison, and here officers and men of note were confined. At one time they were so crowded into this building, that when they lay down upon the floor to sleep all in the row were obliged to turn over at the same time at the call, 'Turn over! Left! Right!' "The sufferings of these brave men were largely due to the criminal indifference of Loring, Sproat, Lennox, and other Commissaries of the prisoners. "Many of the captives were hanged in the gloom of night without trial and without a semblance of justice. "Liberty Street Sugar House was a tall, narrow building five stories in height, and with dismal under- ground dungeons. In this gloomy abode jail fever was ever present. In the hot weather of July, 1777, com- panies of twenty at a time would be sent out for half an hour's outing, in the court yard. Inside groups of six stood for ten minutes at a time at the windows for a breath of air. "There were no seats ; the filthy straw bedding was never changed. Every day at least a dozen corpses were dragged out and pitched like dead dogs into the American Prisoners of the Revolution 27 ditches and morasses beyond the city. Escapes, deaths, and exchange at last thinned the ranks. Hun- dreds left names and records on the walls." "In 1778 the hulks of decaying ships were moored in the Wallabout. These prison ships were intended for sailors and seaman taken on the ocean, mostly the crews of privateersmen, but some soldiers were also sent to languish in their holds. "The first vessels used were transports in which cattle and other stores had been brought over by the British in 1776. These lay in Gravesend Bay and there many of the prisoners taken in battle near Brooklyn in August, 1776, were confined, until the British took possession of New York, when they were moved to that city. In 1778 the hulks of ships were moored in the Wallabout, a sheltered bay on the Long Island shore, where the Navy Yard now is." The sufferings of the prisoners can be better under- stood by giving individual instances, and wherever this is possible it shall be done. We will commence by an abstract of THE CASE OF JONATHAN GILLETT OF WEST HARFORD This man with seven others was captured on Long Island on the 27th of August, 1776, before they could take to their boats. He was at first confined in a prison ship, but a Masonic brother named John Archer procured him the liberty of the city on parole. His rank, we believe, was that of a lieutenant. He was a prisoner two years, then was allowed to go home to die. He exhibited every symptom of poison as well as starvation. When he was dying he said to his son, Jonathan Gillett, Junior, "Should you enlist and be taken pris- 28 American Prisoners of the Revolution oner as I was, inquire for Mr. John Archer, a man with whom I boarded. He will assist you." In course of time his son enlisted, was taken pris- oner, and confined in the Old Sugar House on Liberty Street. Here he was nearly starved to death. The prisoners ate mice, rats, and insects. He one day found in the prison yard the dry parings of a turnip which seemed to him a delicious banquet. It is recorded that Jonathan Gillett, Jr., was finally freed from captivity through the efforts of the same gentle- man, Mr. John Archer, who had aided his father. In 1852 Jacob Barker offered to present survivors who had been confined in the Old Sugar House with canes made from the lumber used in its construction. Four of these survivors were found. Their names were William Clark, Samuel Moulton, Levi Hanford, and Jonathan Gillett, Jr. The latter's father during his confinement wrote a letter to his friends which has been preserved, and is as follows : My Friends, No doubt my misfortunes have reached your ears. Sad as it is, it is true as sad. I was made prisoner the 27th day of August past by a people called heshens, and by a party called Yagers the most Inhuman of all Mortals. I cant give Room to picture them here but thus much — I at first Resolved not to be taken, but by the Impertunity of the Seven taken with me, and being surrounded on all sides I unhapily surendered; would to God I never had — then I should never (have) known there unmerciful cruelties; they first disarmed me, then plundered me of all I had, watch. Buckles, money, and sum Clothing, after which they abused me by bruising my flesh with the butts of there (guns). They knocked me down; I got up and they (kept on) beat- American Prisoners of the Revolution 29 ing me almost all the way to there (camp) where I got shot of them — ^the next thing was I was allmost starved to death by them. I was keept here 8 days and then sent on board a ship, where I continued 39 days and by (them was treated) much worse than when on shore — after I was set on (shore) at New York (I was) confined (under) a strong guard till the 20th day of November, after which I have had my liberty to walk part over the City between sun and sun, notwith- standing there generous allowance of food I must inevitably have perished with hunger had not sum friends in this (city) Relieved my extreme necessity, but I cant expect they can always do it — what I shall do next I know not, being naked for clothes and void of money, and winter present, and provisions very skerce ; fresh meat one shilling per pound, Butter three shillings per pound, Cheese two shillings. Turnips and potatoes at a shilling a half peck, milk 15 Coppers per quart, bread equally as dear; and the General says he cant find us fuel thro' the winter, tho' at present we receive sum cole.* "I was after put on board siezed violently with the disentarry — it followed me hard upwards of six weeks — after that a slow fever, but now am vastly better * * * my sincere love to you and my children. May God keep and preserve you at all times from sin, sickness, and death * * * I will Endeavor to faintly lead you into the poor cituation the soldiers are in, espechally those taken at Long Island where I was ; in fact these cases are deplorable and they are Real ob- jects of pitty — they are still confined and in houses where there is no fire — poor mortals, with Httle or no *I have made no changes in this letter except to fill up some blanks and to add a few marks of punctuation. 30 American Prisoners of the Revolution clothes— perishing with hunger, offering eight dollars in paper for one in silver to Relieve there distressing hunger; occasioned for want of food— there natures are broke and gone, some almost loose there voices and some there hearing — they are crouded into churches & there guarded night and day. I cant paint the horable appearance they make— it is shocking to human nature to behold them. Could I draw the curtain from before you; there expose to your view a lean Jawd mortal, hunger laid his skinny hand (upon him) and whet to keenest Edge his stomach cravings, sorounded with tattred garments. Rotten Rags, close beset with un- welcome vermin. Could I do this, I say, possable I might in some (small) manner fix your idea with what appearance sum hundreds of these poor creatures make in houses where once people attempted to Implore God's Blessings, &c, but I must say no more of there calamities. God be merciful to them — I cant afford them no Relief. If I had money I soon would do it, but I have none for myself. — I wrote to you by Mr. Wells to see if some one would help me to hard money under my present necessity I write no more, if I had the General would not allow it to go out, & if ever you write to me write very short or else I will never see it — what the heshens robbed me of that day amounted to the value of seventy two dollars at least. * * * I will give you as near an exact account of how many prisoners the enemy have taken as I can. They took on Long Island of the Huntingon Regiment 64, and of officers 40, of other Regiments about 60. On MouIch gin Island 14, Stratton Island (Staten) 7, at Fort Washington 2200 officers and men. On the Jersey side about 28 officers and men. In all 3135 and how many killed I do not know. Many died of there American Prisoners of the Revoi^ution 31 wounds. Of those that went out with me of sickness occasioned by hunger eight and more lie at the point of death. "Roger Filer hath lost one of his legs and part of a Thigh, it was his left. John Moody died here a pris- oner. "So now to conclude my little Ragged History * * * I as you know did ever impress on your mind to look to God, for so still I continue to do the same — think less of rrie but more of your Creator, * * * So in this I wish you well and bid you farewell and subscribe myself your nearest friend and well wisher for Ever John'a Gillett New York, Dec. 2nd, 1776. To Eliza Gillett at West Harford The figures given in this pathetic letter may be in- accurate, but the description of the sufferings of the prisoners is unexaggerated. Of all the places of tor- ment provided for these poor men the churches seem to have been the worst, and they were probably the scenes of the most brutal cruelty that was inflicted upon these unfortunate beings by the wicked and heart- less men, in whose power they found themselves. Whether it was because the knowledge that they were thus desecrating buildings dedicated to the worship of God and instruction in the Christian duties of mercy and charity, had a peculiarly hardening effect upon the jailers and guards employed by the British, or whether it was merely because of their unfitness for human habitation the men confined in these buildings perished fast and miserably. We cannot assert that no prisoners shut up in the churches in New York lived to tell the 32 American Prisoners of the Revolution awful tale of their sufferings, but we do assert that in all our researches we have never yet happened upon any record of a single instance of a survivor living to reach his home. All the information we have gained on this subject we shall lay before the reader, and then he may form his own opinion of the justice of these remarks. CHAPTER V William Cunningham, the Provost Marshal WE WILL condense all that we have to say of this man, whose cruelty and wickedness are almost inconceivable, into one chapter, and have done with the dreadful subject. As far as we have been able to learn, the facts about his life are the following. William Cunningham was an Irishman, born in Dub- lin Barracks in 1738. His father was a trumpeter in the Blue Dragoons. When he was sixteen he became an assistant to the riding-master of the troop. In 1761 he was made a sergeant of dragoons, but peace having been proclaimed the following year, the company to which he belonged was disbanded. He afterwards commenced the business of a scaw-banker, which means that he went about the country enticing mechanics and rustics to ship to America, on promise of having their fortunes made in that country ; and then by artful prac- tices, produced their indentures as servants, in con- sequence of which on their arrival in America they were sold, or at least obliged to serve a term of years to pay for their passage. This business, no doubt, proved a fit apprenticeship for the career of villainy before him. About the year 1774 he appears to have embarked from Newry in the ship Needham for New York, with some indentured servants he had kidnapped in Ireland. He is said to have treated these poor creatures so cruelly on the passage that they were set free by the authorities in New York upon their arrival. When Cunningham first appeared in New York he offered himself as a horse-breaker, and insinuated him- 34 American Prisoners of the Revolution self into the favor of the British officers by blatant toryism. He soon became obnoxious to the Whigs of that city, was mobbed, and fled to the Asia man-of-war for protection. From thence he went to Boston, where General Gage appointed him Provost Marshal. When the British took possession of New York he followed them to that city, burning with desire to be revenged upon the Whigs. He is said to have compassed the death of thousands of prisoners by selling their provisions, exchanging good for spoiled food, and even by poisoning them. Many also fell victims to his murderous violence. About two hundred and fifty of these poor creatures were taken out of their places of confinement at mid- night and hung, without trial, simply to gratify his bloodthirsty instincts. Private execution was con- ducted in the following manner. A guard was first dispatched from the Provost, about midnight, to the upper barracks, to order the people on the line of march to shut their window shutters and put out their lights, forbidding them at the same time to presume to look out of their windows on pain of death. After this the prisoners were gagged, and conducted to the gallows just behind the upper barracks and hung without cere- mony there. Afterwards they were buried by his as- sistant, who was a mulatto. This practice is said to have been stopped by the women along the line of march from the Provost to the barracks. They appealed to General Howe to prevent further executions, as the noise made by the sufferers praying for mercy, and appealing to Heaven for justice was dreadful to their ears. It would seem from this account that, although the wretched men were gagged as they were conveyed American Prisoners of the Revolution 35 along the streets, their ferocious murderer could not deny himself the pleasure of hearing their shrieks of agony at the gallows. Watson, in his "Annals of New York," says that Cunningham glutted his vengence by hanging five or six of his prisoners every night, until the women who lived in the neighborhood petitioned Howe to have the practice discontinued. A pamphlet called "The Old Martyrs' Prison," says of Cunningham : "His hatred of the Americans found vent in torture by searing irons and secret scourges to those who fell under the ban of his displeasure. The prisoners were crowded together so closely that many fell ill from partial asphyxiation, and starved to death for want of the food which he sold to enrich himself." They were given muddy and impure water to drink, and that not in sufficient quantities to sustain life. Their allowance was, nominally, two pounds of hard tack and two of pork per week, and this was often un- cooked, while either the pork, or the biscuit, or both, were usually spoiled and most unwholesome. Cunningham's quarters were in the Provost Prison, and on the right hand of the main door of entry. On the left of the hall was the guard room. Within the first barricade was the apartment of his assistant. Ser- geant O'Keefe. Two sentinels guarded the entrance day and night ; two more were stationed at the first and second barricades, which were grated, barred, and chained. "When a prisoner was led into the hall the whole guard was paraded, and he was delivered over to Cap- tain Cunningham or his deputy, and questioned as to his name, age, size, rank, etc., all of which was entered in a record book. These records appear to have been discreetly destroyed by the British authorities. 36 American Prisoners of the Revolution "At the bristling of arms, unbolting of locks and bars, clanking of enormous iron chains in a vestibule dark as Erebus, the unfortunate captive might well sink under this infernal sight and parade of tyranni- cal power, as he crossed the threshold of that door which probably closed on him for life. "The north east chamber, turning to the left on the second floor, was appropriated to officers of superior rank, and was called Congress Hall. * * * In the day time the packs and blankets used by the prisoners to cover them were suspended around the walls, and every precaution was taken to keep the rooms clean and well ventilated. "In this gloomy abode were incarcerated at different periods many American officers and citizens of distinc- tion, awaiting with sickening hope the protracted pe- riod of their liberation. Could these dumb walls speak what scenes of anguish might they not disclose ! "Cunningham and his deputy were enabled to fare sumptuously by dint of curtailing the prisoners' ra- tions, selling good for bad provisions, etc., in order to provide for the drunken orgies that usually terminated his dinners. Cunningham would order the rebel pris- oners to turn out and parade for the amusement of his guests, pointing them out with such characterizations as 'This is the d d rebel, Ethan Allen. This is a rebel judge, etc' " Cunningham destroyed Nathan Hale's last letters containing messages to his loved ones, in order, as he said, that "the rebels should not know that they had a man in their army who could die with such firmness." From Elias Boudinot's "Journal of Events" during the Revolution we extract the following account of his interview with Cunningham in New York. "In the American Prisoners of the Revolution 37 spring of 1777 General Washington wrote me a letter requesting me to accept of a Commission as Commis- sary General of Prisoners in the Army of America. I waited on him and politely declined the task, urging the wants of the Prisoners and having nothing to sup- ply them." Washington, however, urged him not to refuse, say- ing that if no one in whom he could trust would ac- cept the office, the lot of the prisoners would be doubly hard. At last Boudinot consented to fill the position as best he could, and Washington declared that he should be supplied with funds by the Secret Commit- tee of Congress. "I own," he says, "that after I had entered on my department, the applications of the Pris- oners were so numerous, and their distress so urgent, that I exerted every nerve to obtain supplies, but in vain — Excepting £600 I had received from the Secret Committee in Bills of exchange, at my first entrance into the Office — I could not by any means get a farth- ing more, except in Continental Money, which was of no avail in New York. I applied to the General de- scribing my delicate Situation and the continual appli- cation of the Officers, painting their extreme distress and urging the assurance they had received that on my appointment I was to be furnished with adequate means for their full relief. The General appeared greatly distressed and assured me that it was out of his power to afford me any supplies. I proposed draining Cloth- ing from the public stores, but to this he objected as not having anything like a sufficient supply for the Army. He urged my considering and adopting the best means in my power to satisfy the necessities of the Prisoners, and he would confirm them. I told him I knew of no means in my Power but to take what 38 American Prisoners of the Revolution Monies I had of my own, and to borrow from my friends in New York, to accomplish the desirable pur- pose. He greatly encouraged me to the attempt, prom- ising me that if I finally met with any loss, he would divide it with me. On this I began to afford them some supplies of Provisions over and above what the Enemy afforded them, which was very small and very indiffer- ent. "The complaints of the very cruel treatment our Prisoners met with in the Enemy's lines rose to such a Heighth that in the Fall of this Year, 1777 the Gen- eral wrote to General Howe or Clinton reciting there complaints and proposing to send an Officer into New York to examine into the truth of them. This was agreed to, and a regular pass-port returned accordingly. The General ordered me on this service. I accordingly went over on the 3rd of Feb. 1778, in my own Sloop." The Commandant at this time was General Robert- son, by whom Boudinot was very well treated, and al- lowed, in company with a British officer, to visit the prisons. He continues: "Accordingly I went to the Provost with the Officer, where we found near thirty Officers from Colonels downwards, in close confine- ment in the Gaol in New York. After some conversa- tion with the late Ethan Allen, I told him my errand, on which he was very free in his abuse of the British. * * * We then proceeded upstairs to the Room of their Confinement. I had the Officers drawn up in a Ring and informed them of my mission, that I was deter- mined to hear nothing in secret. That I therefore hoped they would each of them in their turn report to me faithfully and candidly the Treatment they severally had received,— that my design was to obtain them the proper redress, but if they kept back anything from American Prisoners of the Revolution 39 an improper fear of their keepers, they would have themselves only to blame for their want of immediate redress. That for the purpose of their deliverance the British officer attended. That the British General should be also well informed of the Facts. On this, after some little hesitation from a dread of their keeper, the Provost martial, one of them began and in- formed us that * * * some had been confined in the Dungeon for a night to await the leisure of the Gen- eral to examine them and forgot for months ; for be- ing Committee men, &c, &c. That they had received the most cruel Treatment from the Provost Martial, be- ing looked up in the Dungeon on the most trifling pre- tences, such as asking for more water to drink on a hot day than usual — for sitting up a little longer in the Evening than orders allowed — for writing a letter to the General making their Complaints of ill- usage and throwing (it) out of the Windows. That some of them were kept ten, twelve, and fourteen weeks in the Dungeon on these trifling Pretenses A Captain Vandyke had been confined eighteen months for being concerned in setting fire to the City, When, on my calling for the Provost Books, it appeared that he had been made Prisoner and closely confined in the Provost four days before the fire happened. A Major Paine had been confined eleven months for killing a Captain Campbell in the Engagement when he was taken Prisoner, when on examination it appeared that the Ca,ptain had been killed in another part of the Ac- tion. The charge was that Major Paine when taken had no commission, though acknowledged by us as a Major. "Most of the cases examined into turned out wholly false or too trifling to be regarded. It also appeared 40 American Prisoners of the Revolution by the Declaration of some of the Gentlemen that their water would be sometimes, as the Caprice of the Provost Martial led him, brought up to them in the tubs they used in their Rooms, and when the weather was so hot that they must drink or perish. On hear- ing a number of these instances of Cruelty, I asked who was the Author of them — they answered the pro- vost keeper — I desired the Officer to call him up that we might have him face to face. He accordingly came in, and on being informed of what had passed, he was asked if the complaints were true. He, with great Insolence answered that every word was true — on which the British Officer, abusing him very much, asked him how he dared to treat Gentlemen in that cruel Manner. He, insolently putting his hands to his side, swore that he was as absolute there as General Howe was at the head of his Army. I observed to the Officer that now there could be no dispute about Facts, as the fellow had acknowledged every word to be true. I stated all the Facts in substance and waited again on General Robertson, who hoped I was quite satisfied with the falsity of the reports I had heard. I then stated to him the Facts and assured him that they turned out worse than anything we had heard. On his hesitating as to the truth of this assertion — I observed to him the propriety of having an Officer with me, to whom I now appealed for the truth of the Facts. He being present confirmed them — on which the General expressed great dissatisfaction, and promised that the Author of them should be punished. I insisted that the Officers should be discharged from his Power on Parole on Long Island, as other Officers were — To this after receiving from me a copy of the Facts I had taken down, he assented, & all were discharged except seven, American Prisoners of the Revolution 41 who were detained some time before I could obtain their release. I forgot to mention that one Officer, Lieu- tenant was taken Prisoner and brought in with a wound through the leg. He was sent to the Provost to be examined, next night he was put into the Dungeon and remained there ten weeks, totally forgotten by the General, and never had his wound dressed except as he washed it with a little Rum and Water given to him by the Centinels, through the hole out of their own rations. Captain and a Captain Chatham were confined with them and their allowance was four pounds hard spoiled Biscuit, and two pounds Pork per week, which they were obliged to eat raw. While they were thus confined for the slightest Complaints, the Provost Martial would come down and beat them un- mercifully with a Rattan, and Knock them down with his fist. After this I visited two Hospitals of our Sick Prisoners, and the Sugar House: — in the two first were 211 Prisoners, and in the last about 190. They acknowledged that for about two months past they fared pretty well, being allowed two pounds of good Beef and a proportion of flour or Bread per week, by Mr. Lewis, My Agent, over and above the allow- ance received from the British, which was professed to be two thirds allowance ; but before they had suffered m,uch from the small allowance they had received, and and that their Bread was very bad, being mostly bis- cuit, but that the British soldiers made the same com- plaint as to the bread. From every account I received I found that their treatment had been greatly changed for the better within a few months past, except at the Provost. They all agreed that previous to the capture of General Burgoyne, and for some time after, Their treatment had been cruel beyond measure. That the 42 American Prisoners of the Revolution Prisoners in the French church, amounting on an aver- age to three or four hundred, could not all lay down at once, that from the 15th October to the first January they never received a single stick of wood, and that for the most part they eat their Pork Raw, when the Pews and Door, and Wood on Facings failed them for fuel. "But as to my own personal knowledge I found Gen- eral Robertson very ready to agree to every measure for alleviating the miseries of War and very candidly admitted many faults committed by the inferior Of- ficers, and even the mistakes of the General himself, by hearkening to the representations of those around him. He showed me a letter from General Howe who was in Philadelphia, giving orders that we should not be at liberty to purchase blankets within their lines, and con- taining a copy of an order I had issued that they should not purchase provisions within ours, by way of retalia- tion, but he represented it as if my order was first. I stated the facts to General Robertson, who assured me that General Howe had been imposed upon, and re- quested me to state the facts by way of letter, when he immediately wrote to General Howe, urging the pro- priety of reversing his orders, which afterwards he did in a very hypocritical manner as will appear hereafter." It does not seem that Cunningham was very se- riously punished. It is probable that he was sent away from New York to Philadelphia, then in the hands of General Howe. Cunningham was Provost Marshal in that city during the British occupancy, where his cruel- ties were, if possible, more astrocious than ever before. Dr. Albigense Waldo was a surgeon in the American army at Valley Forge, and he declares in his Journal concerning the prisoners in Philadelphia that "the Brit- American Prisoners of the Revolution 43 ish did not knock the prisoners in the head, or burn them with torches, or flay them alive, or dismember them as savages do, but they starved them slowly in a large and prosperous city. One of these unhappy men, driven to the last extreme of hunger, is said to have gnawed his own fingers to the first joint from the hand, before he expired. Others ate the mortar and stone which they chipped from the prison walls, while some were found with bits of wood and clay in their mouths, which in their death agonies they had sucked to find nourishment."* Boudinot has something to say about these wretched sufferers in the City of Brotherly Love during the months of January and February, 1778. "Various Re- ports having reached us with regard to the Extreme Sufferings of our Prisoners in Philadelphia, I was di- rected by the Commander-in-Chief to make particular inquiry into the truth. After some time I obtained full Information of their Sufferings. It was proved by some Militia of good Character that on being taken they were put under the care of the General's Guard, and kept four or five days without the least food. That on the fifth day they were taken into the Provost, where a small quantity of Raw Pork was given to them. One of their number seized and devoured it with so much eagerness that he dropped down dead: — ithat the Provost Martial used to sell their provisions and leave them to starve, as he did their Allowance of Wood. I received information from a British Officer who con- fided in my integrity, that he happened in the Provost just at the time the Provost Martial was locking up *This account is quoted by Mr. Bolton in a recent book called "The Private Soldier under Washington,'' a valuable contribution to American history. 44 American Prisoners of the Revoiossible to gain admittance into any dwell- ing. There being at that time no hospital in or near the town, and no preparations having been made for the reception of the sick, they were abandoned for that night. They were, however, supplied in a few hours with many small articles necessary for their im- mediate comfort, by the humane people in the vicinity of the wharf. The friends of the sick who belonged in the vicinity of the town were immediately informed of our arrival, and in the course of the following day these were removed from the vessel. For the re- mainder of the sufferers ample provision was made through the generous exertions of Messrs. Clarke and Nightingale. "Solemn indeed are the reflections which crowd upon my mind as I review the events which are here recorded. Forty-two years have passed away since 398 American Prisoners of the Revolution this remnant of our ill-fated crew were thus liberated from their wasting captivity. In that time what changes have taken place! Of their whole number but three are now alive. James Pitcher, Dr. Joseph Bowen, and myself, are the sole survivors. Of the officers I alone remain." CHAPTER XLIV Correspondence of Washington and Others /'"^ENERAL Washington cannot with justice be VJT blamed for any part of the sufferings inflicted upon the naval prisoners on board the prison ships. Although he had nothing whatever to do with the American Navy, or the crews of privateers captured by the British, yet he exerted himself in every way open to him to endeavor to obtain their exchange, or, at least, a mitigation of their sufferings, and this in spite of the immense weight of cares and anxieties that devolved upon him in his conduct of the war. Much of his correspondence on the subject of these unfortunate prisoners has been given to the world. We deem it necessary, in a work of this character, to reproduce some of it here, not only because this cor- respondence is his most perfect vindication from the charge of neglect that has been brought against him, but also because it has much to do with the proper understanding of this chronicle. One of the first of the letters from which we shall quote was written by Washington from his head- quarters to Admiral Arbuthnot, then stationed at New York, on the 25th of January 1781. Sir: Through a variety of channels, representations of too serious a nature to be disregarded have come to us, that the American naval prisoners in the harbor of New York are suffering all the extremity of dis- tress, from a too crowded and in all respects disagree- able and unwholesome situation, on board the Prison- ships, and from the want of food and other necessa- ries. The picture given us of their sufferings is truly 400 American Prisoners of the Revolution calamitous and deplorable. If just, it is the obvious interest of both parties, omitting the plea of humanity, that the causes should be without delay inquired into and removed; and if false, it is equally desirable that effectual measures should be taken to obviate misap- prehensions. This can only be done by permitting an officer, of confidence on both sides, to visit the pris- oners in their respective confinements, and to examine into their true condition. This will either at once satisfy you that by some abuse of trust in the persons immediately charged with the care of the prisoners, their treatment is really such as has been described to us and requires a change ; or it will convince us that the clamors are ill-grounded. A disposition to aggravate the miseries of captivity is too illiberal to be imputed to any but those subordinate characters, who, in every service, are too often remiss and un- principled. This reflection assures me that you will acquiesce in the mode proposed for ascertaining the truth and detecting delinquency on one side, or false- hood on the other. The discussions and asperities which have had too much place on the subject of pris- oners are so irksome in themselves, and have had so many ill consequences, that it is infinitely to be wished that there may be no room given for reviving them. The mode I have suggested appears to me calculated to bring the present case to a fair, direct, and satis- factory issue. I am not sensible of any inconvenience it can be attended with, and I therefore hope for your concurrence. I should be glad, as soon as possible, to hear from you on the subject. I have the honor to be, etc., George Washington. American Prisoners of the Revolution 401 To this letter, written in January, Admiral Arbuth- not did not reply until the latter part of April. He then wrote: Royal Oak Office April 21st. 1781. Sir: If I had not been very busy when I received your letter dated the 25 of Jan. last, complaining of the treatment of the naval prisoners at this place, I cer- tainly should have answered it before this time; and, notwithstanding that I then thought, as I now do, that my own testimony would have been sufficient to put the truth past a doubt, I ordered the strictest scrutiny to be made into the condition of all parties concerned in the victualling and treatment of those unfortunate people. Their several testimonies you must have seen, and I give you my honor that the transaction was con- ducted with such strict care and impartiality that you may rely on its validity. Permit me now, Sir, to request that you will take the proper steps to cause Mr. Bradford, your Com- missary, and the Jailor at Philadelphia, to abate the inhumanity which they exercise indiscriminately upon all people who are so unfortunate as to be carried into that place. I will not trouble you. Sir, with a catalogue of grievances, further than to request that the unfortu- nate may feel as Httle of the severities of war as the circumstances of the time will permit, that in future they may not be fed in winter with salted clams, and that they may be afforded a sufficiency of fuel. I am. Sir, your most obdt and hble srvt M. Arbuthnot. —26 402 American Prisoners of the Revolution Probably the American prisoners would have been glad to eat salted clams, rather than diseased pork, and, as has been shown, they were sometimes frozen to death on board the prison ships, where no fire ex- cept for cooking purposes seems ever to have been al- lowed. In August, 1781, a committee appointed by Con- gress to examine into the condition of naval prisoners reported among other things as follows : "The Com- mittee consisting of Mr. Boudinot, Mr. Sharpe, Mr. Clymer, appointed to take into consideration the state of the American prisoners in the power of the enemy report : "That they have collected together and cursorily looked into various evidences of the treatment our unhappy fellow-citizens, prisoners with the enemy, have heretofore and do still meet with, and find the subject of so important and serious a nature as to de- mand much greater attention, and fuller consideration than the present distant situation of those confined on board the Prison-ships at New York will now ad- mit of, wherefor they beg leave to make a partial rep- resentation, and desire leave to sit again. * * *" PART OF THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE "A very large number of marine prisoners and citi- zens of these United States taken by the enemy, are now closely confined on board Prison-ships in the har- bor of New York. "That the said Prison-ships are so unequal in size to the number of prisoners, as not to admit of a pos- sibility of preserving life in- this warm season of the year, they being crowded together in such a manner American Prisoners of the Revolution 403 as to be in danger of suffocation, as well as exposed to every kind of putrid, pestilential disorder: "That no circumstances of the enemy's particular situation can justify this outrage on humanity, it be- ing contrary to the usage and customs of civilizations, thus deliberately to murder their captives in cold blood, as the enemy will not assert that Prison-ships, equal to the number of prisoners, cannot be obtained so as to afford room sufficient for the necessary pur- poses of life: "That the enemy do daily improve these distresses to enlist and compel many of our citizens to enter on board their ships of war, and thus to fight against their fellow citizens, and dearest connections. "That the said Marine prisoners, until they can be exchanged should be supplied with such necessaries of clothing and provisions as can be obtained to mit- igate their present sufferings. "That, therefor, the Commander-in-chief be and he is hereby instructed to remonstrate to the proper officer within the enemy's lines, on the said unjusti- fiable treatment of our Marine prisoners, and demand, in the most express terms, to know the reasons of this unnecessary severity towards them ; and that the Com- mander-in-chief transmit such answer as may be re- ceived thereon to Congress, that decided measures for due retaliation may be adopted, if a redress of these evils be not immediately given. "That the Commander-in-chief be and he is hereby also instructed to direct to supply the said prisoners with such provisions and light clothing for their pre- sent more comfortable subsistence as may be in his power to obtain, and in such manner as he may judge most advantageous for the United States." 404 American Prisoners of the Revolution Accordingly Washington wrote to the officer then commanding at New York, Commodore Affleck, as follows : Headquarters, August 21 1781 Sir: The almost daily complaints of the severities ex- ercised towards the American marine prisoners in New York have induced the Hon. the Congress of the United States to direct me to remonstrate to the com- manding officer of his British Majesty's ships of war in the harbor upon the subject; and to report to them his answer. The principal complaint now is, the in- adequacy of the room in the Prison-ships to the num- ber of prisoners confined on board of them, which causes the death of many, and is the occasion of most intolerable inconvenience and distresses to those who survive. This line of conduct is the more aggrava- ting, as the want of a greater number of Prison-ships, or of sufficient room on shore, can hardly be pleaded in excuse. As a bare denial of what has been asserted by so many individuals who have unfortunately experienced the miseries I have mentioned, will not be satis- factory, I have to propose that our Commissary-gen- eral of prisoners, or any other officer, who shall be agreed upon, shall have liberty to visit the ships, in- spect the situation of the prisoners, and make a re- port, from an exact survey of the situation in which they may be found, whether, in his opinion, there has been any just cause of complaint. I shall be glad to be favored with an answer as soon as convenient. I have the honor to be yr most obdt srvt George Washington American Prisoners of the Revolution 405 Affleck's reply New York 30 August 1781 Sir: I intend not either to deny or to assert, for it will neither facilitate business, nor alleviate distress. The subject of your letter seems to turn on two points, namely the inconvenience and distresses which the American prisoners suffer from the inadequacy of room in the Prison-ships, which occasions the death of many of them, as you are told; and that a Com- missary-general of prisoners from you should have liberty to visit the ships, inspect the situation of the prisoners, and make a report from an' actual survey. I take leave to assure you that I feel for the distresses of mankind as much as any man ; and since my com- mission to the naval command of the department, one of my principal endeavors has been to regulate the Prison and hospital ships. The Government having made no other provision for naval prisoners than shipping, it is impossible that the greater inconvenience which people confined on board ships experience beyond those confined on shore can be avoided, and a sudden accumulation of people often aggravates the evil. But I assure you that every attention is shown that is possible, and that the Prison-ships are under the very same Regulations here that have been constantly observed towards the prisoners of all nations in Europe. Tables of diet are publicly affixed; officers visit every week, redress and report grievances, and the numbers are thinned as they can provide shipping, and no attention has been wanting. The latter point cannot be admitted to its full ex- tent ; but if you think fit to send an officer of character 406 American Prisoners of the Revolution to the lines for that purpose, he will be conducted to me, and he shall be accompanied by an officer, and be- come a witness to the manner in which we treat the prisoners, and I shall expect to have my officer visit the prisoners detained in your jails and dungeons in like manner, as well as in the mines, where I am in- formed many an unhappy victim languishes out his days. I must remark, had Congress ever been in- clined, they might have contributed to relieve the distress of those whom we are under the necessity of holding as prisoners, by sending in all in their posses- sion towards the payment of the large debt they owe us on that head, which might have been an in- ducement towards liberating many now in captivity. I have the honor to be. Sir, with due respect, etc, Edmund Affleck Much correspondence passed between the English and American Commissaries of Prisoners, as well as between Washington and the commanding officer at New York on the subject of the naval prisoners, but little good seems to have been effected thereby until late in the war, when negotiations for peace had al- most progressed to a finish. We have seen that, in the summer of 1782, the hard conditions on board the prison ships were in some measure mitigated, and that the sick were sent to Blackwell's Island, where they had a chance for life. We might go on present- ing much more of the correspondence on both sides, and detail all the squabbles about the number of pris- oners exchanged ; their treatment while in prison ; and other subjects of dispute, but the conclusion of the whole matter was eloquently written in the sands of the Wallabout, where the corpses of thousands of vic- tims to British cruelty lay for so many years. We American Prisoners of the Revolution 407 will therefore give only a few further extracts from the correspondence and reports on the subject, as so much of it was tedious and barren of any good re- sult. In December of the year 1781 Washington, on whom the duty devolved of writing so many of the letters, and receiving so many insulting replies, wrote to the President of Congress as follows: "I have taken the liberty of enclosing the copies of two letters from the Commissary-general of Pris- oners setting forth the debt which is due from us on account of naval prisoners; the number remaining in captivity, their miserable situation, and the Httle probability there is of procuring their release for the want of proper subjects in our hands. "Before we proceed into an inquiry into the meas- ures that ought to be adopted to enable us to pay our debt, and to affect the exchange of those who still re- main in captivity, a matter which it may take some time to determine, humanity and policy point out the necessity of administering to the pressing wants of a number of the most valuable subjects of the republic. "Had they been taken in the Continental service, I should have thought myself authorized in conjunction with the Minister of War to apply a remedy, but as the greater part of them were not thus taken, as ap- pears by Mr. Skinner's representation, I must await the decision of Congress upon the subject. "Had a system, some time ago planned by Congress and recommended to the several States, been adopted and carried fully into execution, I mean that of oblig- ing all Captains of private vessels to deliver over their prisoners to the Continental Commissioners upon certain conditions, I am persuaded that the numbers 408 American Prisoners of the Revolution taken and brought into the many ports of the United States would have amounted to a sufficiency to have exchanged those taken from us; but instead of that, it is to be feared, that few in proportion were se- cured, and that the few who are sent in, are so par- tially applied, that it creates great disgust in those re- maining. The consequence of which is, that conceiv- ing themselves neglected, and seeing no prospect of relief, many of them entered into the enemy's service, to the very great loss of our trading interest. Con- gress will, therefore, I hope, see the necessity of re- newing their former, or making some similar recom- mendation to the States. "In addition to the motives above mentioned, for wishing that the whole business of prisoners of war might be brought under one general regulation, there is another of no small consideration, which is, that it would probably put a stop to those mutual complaints of ill treatment which are frequently urged on each part. For it is a fact that, for above two years, we have had no occasion to complain of the treatment of the Continental land prisoners in New York, neither have we been charged with any improper conduct to- wards those in our hands. I consider the sufferings of the seamen, for some time past, as arising in great measure from the want of that general regulation which has been spoken of, and without Vv^hich there will constantly be a great number remaining in the hands of the enemy. * * *" Again in February of the year 1782 Washington wrote to Congress from Philadelphia as follows : Feb. 18, 1782. * * * "Mr. Sproat's proposition of the ex- change of British soldiers for American seamen, American Prisoners of the Revolution 409 if acceded to, will immediately give the enemy a very considerable re-enforcement, and will be a con- stant draft hereafter upon the prisoners of war in our hands. It ought also to be considered that few or none of the Continental naval prisoners in New York or elsewhere belong to the Continental service. I, however, feel for the situation of these unfortu- nate people, and wish to see them relieved by any mode, which will not materially affect the public good. In some former letters upon this subject I have mentioned a plan, by which I am certain they might be liberated nearly as fast as they are captured. It is by obliging the Captains of all armed vessels, both public and private, to throw their prisoners into com- mon stock, under the direction of the Commissary- general of prisoners. By this means they would be taken care of, and regularly applied to the exchange of those in the hands of the enemy. Now the greater part are dissipated, and the few that remain are ap- plied partially. * * *" James Rivington edited a paper in New York dur- ing the Revolution, and, in 1782, the American pris- oners on board the Jersey addressed a letter to him for publication, which is given below. "On Board the Prison-ship Jersey, June 11, 1782. "Sir: Enclosed are five letters, which if you will give a place in your newspaper will greatly oblige a num- ber of poor prisoners who seem to be deserted by our own countrymen, who has it in their power, and will not exchange us. In behalf of the whole we beg 410 American Prisoners of the Revolution leave to subscribe ourselves, Sir, yr much obliged srvts, "John Cooper "John Sheffield "William Chad "Richard Eccleston "John Baas" enclosures of the foregoing letter David Sproat, Commissary of Prisoners, to the prisoners on board the Jersey, New York. "June 11 1782 "This will be handed you by Captain Daniel Aborn, and Dr. Joseph Bowen, who, agreeable to your peti- tion to his Excellency, Rear-Admiral Digby, have been permitted to go out, and are now returned from General Washington's Head-quarters, where they de- livered your petition to him, representing your dis- agreeable situation at this extreme hot season of the year, and in your names solicited his Excellency to grant your speedy rehef, by exchanging you for a part of the British soldiers in his hands, the only pos- sible means in his power to effect it. Mr. Aborn and the Doctor waits on you with his answer, which I am sorry to say is a flat denial. "Enclosed I send you copies of three letters which have passed between Mr. Skinner and me, on the oc- casion, which will convince you that everything has been done on the part of Admiral Digby, to bring about a fair and general exchange of prisoners on both sides. I am "your most hble Srvt, "David Sproat "Comm. Gen. for Naval Prisoners.'' American Prisoners of the Revolution 41 1 enclosures sent by d. sproat David Sproat to Abraham Skinner, American Com- missary of Prisoners. New York 1st June 1782 "Sir: "When I last saw you at Elizabeth Town I men- tioned the bad consequences which, in all probability, would take place in the hot weather if an exchange of prisoners was not agreed to by the commissioners on the part of General Washington. His Excellency Rear-Admiral Digby has ordered me to inform you, that the very great increase of prisoners and heat of the weather now baffles all our care and attention to keep them healthy. Five ships have been taken up for their reception, to prevent being crowded, and a great number permitted to go on parole. "In Winter, and during the cold weather, they lived comfortably, being fully supplied with warm cloath- ing, blankets, etc, purchased with the money which I collected from the charitable people of this city; but now the weather requires a fresh supply — something light and suitable for the season — for which you will be pleased to make the necessary provision, as it is impossible for them to be healthy in the rags they now wear, without a single shift of cloathing to keep themselves clean. Humanity, sympathy, my duty and orders obliges me to trouble you again on this dis- agreeable subject, to request you will lose no time in laying their situation before his Excellency General Washington, who, I hope, will listen to the cries of a distressed people, and grant them, (as well as the British prisoners in his hands) relief, by consenting to a general and immediate exchange. "I am, sir, etc, "David Sproat." 412 American Prisoners of the Revolution It is scarcely necessary to point out to the intelligent reader the inconsistencies in this letter. The comforta- ble prisoners, abundantly supplied with blankets and clothing in the winter by the charity of the citizens of New York, were so inconsiderate as to go on starving and freezing to death throughout that season. Not only so, but their abundant supply of clothing was re- duced to tattered rags in a surprisingly short time, and they were unable to be healthy, "without a single shift of clothing to keep themselves clean." We have already seen to what straits they were in reality reduced, in spite of the private charity of the citizens of New York. We do not doubt that the few blankets and other new clothing, if any such were ever sent on board the Jersey, were the gifts of pri- vate charity, and not the donation of the British Gov- ernment. No one, we believe, can blame General Washing- ton for his unwillingness to add to the British forces arrayed against his country by exchanging the cap- tured troops in the hands of the Americans for the crews of American privateers, who were not in the Continental service. As we have already seen, the blame does not rest with that great commander, whose compassion never blinded his judgment, but with the captains and owners of American privateers them- selves, and often with the towns of New England, who were unwilling to burden themselves with pris- oners taken on the ocean. The next letter we will quote is the answer of Com- missary Skinner to David Sproat : "New York June 9th. 1782 "Sir: From the present situation of the American na- American Prisoners of the Revolution 413 val prisoners on board your prison-ships, I am in- duced to propose to you the exchange of as many as I can give you British naval prisoners for, leaving the balance already due you to be paid when in our power. I could wish this to be represented to his Excellency, Rear Admiral Digby, and that the pro- posal could be acceded to, as it would relieve many of these distrest men and be consistent with the hu- mane purposes of our office. "I will admit that we are unable at present to give you seaman for seaman, and thereby relieve the prison-ships of their dreadful burthen, but it ought to be remembered there is a large balance of British soldiers due to the United States, since February last, and that as we have it in our power we may be dis- posed to place the British soldiers who are now in our possession in as disagreeable a situation as those men are on board the prison ships. "I am yr obdt hble srvt "Abraham Skinner" COMMISSARY SPROAT's REPLY "New York June 9th 1782 "Sir: "I have received your letter of this date and laid it before his Excellency Rear Admiral Digby, Com- mander in charge, etc, who has directed me to give for answer that the balance of prisoners, owing to the British having proceeded, from lenity and humanity, on the part of himself and those who commanded be- fore his arrival, is surprized you have not been in- duced to offer to exchange them first ; and until this is done can't consent to your proposal of a partial ex- 414 American Prisoners of the Revolution change, leaving the remainder as well as the British prisoners in your hands, to linger in confinement. Conscious of the American prisoners under my direc- tion, being in every respect taken as good care of as their situation and ours will admit. You must not believe that Admiral Digby will depart from the jus- tice of this measure because you have it in your power to make the British prisoners with you more miser- able than there is any necessity for. I am, Sir, "yr hble servt "David Sproat." The prisoners on board the Jersey published in the Royal Gazette the following ADDRESS TO THEIR COUNTRYMEN "Prison Ship Jersey, June 11th 1782 "Friends and Fellow Citizens of America: "You may bid a final adieu to all your friends and relatives who are now on board the Jersey prison ships at New York, unless you rouse the government to comply with the just and honorable proposals, which has al- ready been done on the part of Britons, but alas! it is with pain we inform you, that our petition to his Ex- cellency General Washington, offering our services to the country during the present campaign, if he would send soldiers in exchange for us, is frankly denied. "What is to be done? Are we to He here and share the fate of our unhappy brothers who are dying daily? No, unless you relieve us immediately, we shall be under the necessity of leaving our country, in preservation of our lives. American Prisoners of the Revolution 415 "Signed in behalf of prisoners "John Cooper "John Sheffield "Wilham Chad "Richard Eccleston "George Wanton "John Baas. "To Mr James Rivington, Printer N. Y." This address was reproduced in Hugh Gaines's New York Gazette, June 17, 1782. Whether the John Cooper who signed his name to this address is the Mr. Cooper mentioned by Dring as the orator of the Jersey we do not know, but it is not improbable. Nine Coopers are included in the hst, given in the appendix to this volume, of prison- ers on the Jersey, but no John Cooper is among them. The list is exceedingly imperfect. Of the other signers of the address only two, George Wanton and John Sheffield, can be found within its pages. It is very certain that it is incomplete, and it probably does not contain more than half the names of the prison- ers who sufifered on board that dreadful place. David Sproat won the hatred and contempt of all the Ameri- can prisoners who had anything to do with him. One of his most dastardly acts was the paper which he drew up in June, 1782, and submitted to a number of American sea captains for their signature, which he obtained from them by threats of taking away their parole in case of their refusal, and sending them back to a captivity worse than death. This paper, which they signed without reading, was to the following effect : 416 American Prisoners of the Revolution LETTER purporting TO BE FROM A COMMITTEE OF CAP- TAINS, NAVAL PRISONERS OF WAR TO J. RIVINGTON, WITH A REPRESENTATION OF A COMMITTEE ON THE CONDITION OF THE PRISONERS ON BOARD THE JER- SEY New York, June 22, 1782. Sir: We beg you will be pleased to give the inclosed Report and Resolve of a number of Masters of Ameri- can Vessels, a place in your next Newspaper, for the information of the public. In order to undeceive numbers of our countrymen without the British lines, who have not had an opportunity of seeing the state and situation of the prisoners of New York as we have done. We are. Sir, yr most obdt, hble srvts, Robert 'Harris, Captain of the sloop Industry John Chace Charles Collins, Captain of the Sword-fish Philemon Haskell Jonathan Carnes REPORT "We whose names are hereunto subscribed, late Masters of American vessels, which have been cap- tured by the British cruisers and brought into this port, having obtained the enlargement of our paroles from Admiral Digby, to return to our respective homes, being anxious before our departure to know the true state and situation of the prisoners confined on board the prison ships and hospital ships for that purpose, have requested and appointed six of our number, viz, R. Harris, J. Chace, Ch. Collins, P. Haskell, J. Carnes and Christopher Smith, to go on board the said prison ships for that purpose and the American Prisoners of the Revolution 417 said six officers aforesaid having gone on board five of the vessels, attended by Mr. D. Sproat, Com. Gen. for Naval Prisoners, and Mr. George Rutherford, Surgeon to the hospital ships, do report to us that they have found them in as comfortable a situation as it is possible for prisoners to be on board of ships at this season of the year, and much more so than they had any idea of, and that anything said to the contrary is false and vi^ithout foundation. That they inspected their beef, pork, fiour, bread, oatmeal, pease, butter, liquors, and indeed every species of pro- visions w^hich is issued on board his British Majesty's ships of war, and found them all good of their kind, which survey being made before the prisoners, they acknowledged the same and declared they had no complaint to make but the want of cloaths and a speedy exchange. We therefore from this report; and what we have all seen and known, Do Declare that great commendation is due to his Excellency Rear Admiral Digby, for his humane disposition and indulgence to his prisoners, and also to those he en- trusts the care of them to; viz: To the Captain and officers of his Majesty's prison-ship Jersey, for their attention in preserving good order, having the ship kept clean and awnings spread over the zvhole of her, fore and aft: To Dr Rutherford, and the Gentlemen acting under him * * * ^ foi- their constant care and attendance on the sick, whom we found in whole- some, clean sheets, also covered with awnings, fore and aft, every man furnished with a cradle, bed, and sheets, made of good Russia linen, to lay in; the best of fresh provisions, vegetables, wine, rice, barley, etc, which was served out to them. And we further do declare in justice to Mr. Sproat, and the gentlemen —27 418 American Prisoners of the Revolution acting under him in his department, that they con- scientiously do their duty with great humanity and indulgence to the prisoners, and reputation to them- selves; And we unanimously do agree that nothing is wanting to preserve the lives and health of those un- fortunate prisoners but clean cloaths and a speedy exchange, which testimony we freely give without restriction and covenant each with the other to en- deavor to effect their exchange as soon as possible: For the remembrance of this our engagement we have furnished ourselves with copies of this instru- ment of writing. Given under our hands in New York the 22 of June, 1782. Signed : Robert Harris John Chace Charles Collins Philemon Haskell J. Carnes Christopher Smith James Gaston John Tanner Daniel Aborn Richard Mum ford Robert Clifton John McKeever Dr. J. Bowen. The publication of this infamously false circular roused much indignation among patriotic Americans, and no one believed it a trustworthy statement. The Independent Chronicle, in its issue for August, 1782, had the following refutation :* *This letter is said to have been written by Captain Manly, five times a prisoner during the Revolution. American Prisoners of the Revolution 419 "'Mr Printer: "Happening to be at Mr. Bracket's tavern last Saturday, and hearing two gentlemen conversing on the surprising alteration in regard to the treatment our prisoners met with in New York, and as I have had the misfortune to be more than once a prisoner in England, and in different prison-ships in New York, and having suffered everything but death, I cannot help giving all attention to anything I hear or read relative to the treatment our brave countrymen met with on board the prison-ships of New York. One of the gentlemen observed that the treatment of our prisoners must certainly be much better, as so many of our commanders had signed a paper that was wrote by Mr. David Sproat, the commissary of naval prisoners in New York. The other gentleman answered and told him he could satisfy him in re- gard to the matter, having seen and conversed with several of the Captains that signed Mr. Sproat's paper, who told him that, although they had put their names to the paper that Mr. Sproat sent them on Long Island, where they were upon parole, yet it was upon these conditions they did it : in order to have leave to go home to their wives and families, and not te sent on board the prison-ships, as Mr. Sproat had threatened to do if they refused to sign the paper that he sent them. These captains further said, that they did not read the paper nor hear it read. The gentleman then asked them how they could sign their names to a paper they did not read; they said it was because they might go home upon parole. He asked one of them why he did not contradict it since it had appeared in the public papers, and was false: he said he dare not at present, for fear of being recalled 420 American Prisoners of the Revolution and sent on board the prison-ship, and there end his days : but as soon as he was exchanged he would do it. If this gentleman, through fear, dare not contra- dict such a piece of falsehood, I dare, and if I was again confined on board the prison-ship in New York, dare again take the boat and make my escape, al- though at the risk of my life. "Some of the captains went on board the prison- ship with Mr. Sproat, a few moments, but did not go ofif the deck. "In justice to myself and country I am obliged to publish the above. "Captain Rover." Besides this refutation of Sproat's shameful trick there were many others. The Pennsylvania Packet of Tuesday, Sept. 10, 1782, published an affidavit of John Kitts, a former prisoner on board the Jersey. "The voluntary affidavit of John Kitts, of the city of Phila., late mate of the sloop Industry, com- manded by Robert Harris, taken before the sub- scriber, chief justice of the commonwealth of Pa., the 16th day of July, 1782. — This deponent saith, that in the month of November last he was walking^ in Front St. with the said Harris and saw in his hand a paper, which he told the deponent that he had re- ceived from a certain Captain Kuhn, who had been lately from New York, where he had been a prisoner,, and that this deponent understood and believed it was a permission or pass to go to New York with any ves- sel, as it was blank and subscribed by Admiral Ar- buthnot : that he does not know that the said Robert Harris ever made any improper use of said paper." American Prisoners of the Revolution 421 AFFIDAVIT of JOHN COCHRAN, DENYING THE TRUTH OF THE STATEMENTS CONTAINED IN THE RE- PORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF CAPTAINS From the Pennsylvania Packet, Phila., Tuesday, Sept. 10, 1782. "The voluntary Affidavit of John Cochran, of the city of Phila., late mate of the ship. Admiral Yout- man, of Phila., taken before the subscriber, the 16 day of July, 1782. "The said deponent saith, that he w^as taken pris- oner on board the aforesaid ship on the 12 of March last by the ship Garland, belonging to the king of Great Britain, and carried into the city of New York, on the 15 of the same month, when he was immedi- ately put on board the prison-ship Jersey, with the whole crew of the Admiral Youtman, and was close confined there until the first day of this month, when he made his escape; that the people on board the said prison-ship were very sickly insomuch that he is firmly persuaded, out of near 1000 persons, per- fectly healthy when put on board the same ship, dur- ing the time of his confinement on board, there are not more than but three or four hundred now alive; that when he made his escape there were not three hundred men well on board, but upward of 140 very sick, as he understood and was informed by the phy- sicians : that there were five or six men buried daily under a bank on the shore, without coffins ; that all the larboard side of the said ship was made use of as a hospital for the sick, and was so offensive that he was obliged constantly to hold his nose as he passed from the gun-room up the hatchway; that he seen maggots creeping out of a wound of one Sulli- van's shoulder, who was the mate of a vessel out of 422 American Prisoners of the Revoi^ution Virginia ; and that his wound remained undressed for several days together; that every man was put into the hold a little after sundown every night, and the hatches put over him ; and that the tubs which were kept for the use of the sick * * =i= were placed under the ladder from the hatchway to the hold, and so offensive day and night, that they were almost in- tolerable, and increased the number of the sick daily. The deponent further saith, that the bilge water was very injurious in the hold, was muddy and dirty, and never was changed or sweetened during the whole time he was there, nor, as he was informed and be- lieves to be true, for many years before ; for fear, as it was reported, the provisions might be injured thereby; that the sick in the hospital part of the said ship Jersey, had no sheets of Russia, or any other linen, nor beds nor bedding furnished them; and those who had no beds of their own, of whom there were great numbers, were not even allowed a ham- mock, but were obliged to lie on the planks; that he was on board the said prison ship when Captain Rob- ert Harris and others, with David Sproat, the com- missary of prisoners, came on board her, and that none of them went or attempted to go below decks, in said ship, to see the situation of the prisoners, nor did they ask a single question respecting the matter, to this deponent's knowledge or belief ; for that he was present the whole time they were on board, and fur- ther the deponent saith not. "John Cochran" "Theodore McKean C. J. It seems singular that Sproat should have resorted to such a contemptible trick, which deceived few if any persons, for the reputation of the Jersey was too American Prisoners of the Revolution 423 notorious for such a refutation to carry weight on either side. In the meantime the mortahty on board continued, and, by a moderate computation, two-thirds of her wretched occupants died and were buried on the shore, their places being taken by fresh victims, from the many privateers that were captured by the British al- most daily. CHAPTER XLV General Washington and Rear Admiral Digby — Commissaries Sproat and Skinner WASHINGTON'S best vindication against the charge of undue neglect of American prison- ers is found in the correspondence on the subject. We will therefore give his letter to Rear Admiral Digby, after his interview with the committee of three sent from the Jersey to complain of their treatment by the British, and to endeavor to negotiate an exchange. general WASHINGTON TO REAR ADMIRAL DIGBY Head-Quarters, June 5 1782 Sir: By a parole, granted to two gentlemen, Messrs. Aborn and Bowen, I perceive that your Excellency granted them permission to come to me with a rep- resentation of the sufferings of the American prison- ers at New York. As I have no agency on Naval matters, this application to me is made on mistaken grounds. But curiosity leading me to enquire into the nature and cause of their sufferings, I am informed that the prime complaint is that of their being crowded, especially at this season, in great numbers on board of foul and infected prison ships, where disease and death are almost inevitable. This cir- cumstance I am persuaded needs only to be mentioned to your Excellency to obtain that redress which is in your power only to afford, and which humanity so strongly prompts. If the fortune of war, Sir, has thrown a number of these miserable people into your hands, I am cer- American Prisoners of the Revoi,ution 425 tain your Excellency's feelings for fellowmen must induce you to proportion the ships (if they must be confined on board ships), to their accommodation and comfort, and not, by crowding them together in a few, bring on disorders which consign them, by half a dozen a day, to the grave. The soldiers of his British Majesty, prisoners with us, were they (which might be the case), to be equally crowded together in close and confined prisons, at this season, would be exposed to equal loss and misery. I have the honor to be, Sir Yr Excellency's most obt Hble srvt George Washington rear-admiral digby's answer N. Y. June 8 1782 Sir: My feelings prompted me to grant Messrs. Aborn and Bowen permission to wait on your Excel- lency to represent their miserable situation, and if your Excellency's feelings on this occasion are like mine, you will not hesitate one moment in relieving both the British and Americans suffering under con- finement. I have the Honor to be your Excellency's Very obdt Srvt R. Digby FROM COMMISSARY SKINNER TO COMMISSARY SPROAT Camp Highlands, June 24th 1782 Sir: As I perceive by a New York paper of the 12 inst, the last letters which passed between us on the 426 American Prisoners of the Revolution subject of naval prisoners have been committed to print, I must request the same to be done with this which is intended to contain some animadversions on those pubhcations. The principles and policy which appear to actuate your superiors in their conduct towards the American seamen who unfortunately fall into their power, are too apparent to admit of a doubt or misapprehension. I am sorry to observe, Sir, that notwithstanding the affectation of candour and fairness on your part, from the universal tenor of behaviour on your side of the lines, it is obvious that the designs of the Brit- ish is, by misrepresenting the state of facts with re- gard to exchanges, to excite jealousy in the minds of our unfortunate seamen, that they are neglected by their countrymen, and by attempting to make them believe that all the miseries they are now suffering in consequence of a pestilential sickness arise from want of inclination in General Washington to ex- change them when he has it in his power to do it ; in hopes of being able by this insinuation and by the un- relenting severity you make use of in confining them in the contaminated holds of prison-ships, to compel them, in order to avoid the dreadful alternative of almost inevitable death, to enter the service of the King of Great Britain. To show that these observations are just and well grounded, I think it necessary to inform you of some facts which have happened within my immediate no- tice, and to put you in mind of others which you can- not deny. I was myself present at the time when Captain Aborn and Dr. Bowen * * * waited on his Excellency General Washington, and know perfectly well the answer his Excellency gave to that American Prisoners of the Revolution 427 application: he informed them in the first place that he was not directly or indirectly invested with any power of inference respecting the exchange of naval prisoners; that this business was formerly un- der the direction of the Board of Admiralty, that upon the annihilation of that Board Congress had committed it to the Financier (who has in charge all our naval prisoners) and he to the Secretary at war. That (the General) was notwithstanding disposed to do everything in his power for their assistance and relief : that as exchanging reamen for soldiers was contrary to the original agreement for the exchange of prisoners, — which specified that officers should be exchanged for officers, soldiers for soldiers, citizens for citizens, and seamen for seamen ; as it was con- trary to the custom and practice of other nations, and as it would be, in his opinion, contrary to the soundest policy, by giving the enemy a great and per- manent strength for which we could receive no com- pensation, or at best but a partial and temporary one, he did not think it would be admissible : but as it ap- peared to him, from a variety of well authenticated information, the present misery and mortality which prevailed among the naval prisoners were almost en- tirely, if not altogether produced by the mode of their confinement, being closely crowded together in infected prison-ships, where the very air is pregnant with disease, and the ships themselves (never having been cleaned in the course of many years), a mere mass of putrefaction, he would therefor, from mo- tives of humanity, write to Rear-Admiral Digby, in whose power it was to remedy this great evil, by con- fining them on shore, or having a sufficient number of prison-ships provided for that purpose, for, he ob- 428 American Prisoners of the Revolution served, it was as preposterously cruel to confine 800 men, at this sultry season, on board the Jersey prison- ship, as it would be to shut up the whole army of Lord Cornwallis to perish in the New Goal of Philadelphia, but if more commodious and healthy accommodations were not afforded we had the means of retaliation in our hands, which he should not hesitate, in that case, to make use of, by confining the land prisoners with as much severity as our seamen were held. — The Gen- tlemen of the Committee appeared to be sensible of the force of these reasons, however repugnant they might be to the feelings and wishes of the men who had destruction and death staring them in the face. His Excellency was further pleased to suffer me to go to New York to examine into the grounds of the suffering of the prisoners, and to devise, if pos- sible, some way or another, for their liberation or re- lief. With this permission I went into your lines : and in consequence of the authority I had been pre- viously invested with, from the Secretary at War, I made the proposition contained in my letter of the ninth instant. Although I could not claim this as a matter of right I flattered myself it would have been granted from the principles of humanity, as well as other motives. There had been a balance of 495 land prisoners due to us ever since the month of February last, when a settlement was made; besides which, to the best of my belief, 400 have been sent in, (this is the true state of the fact, though it differs widely from the account of 250 men, which is falsely stated in the note annexed to my letter in the New York paper:) notwithstanding this balance, I was then about sending into your lines a number of land pris- oners, as an equivalent for ours, who were then con- American Prisoners of the Revolution 429 fined in the Sugar House, without which (though the debt was acknowledged, I could not make interest to have them liberated), this business has since been actually negotiated, and we glory in having our con- duct, such as will bear the strictest scrutiny, and be found consonant to the dictates of reason, liberality, and justice. But, Sir, since you would not agree to the proposals I made, since I was refused being per- mitted to visit the prison-ships : ( for which I conclude no other reason can be produced than your being ashamed or afraid of having those graves of our sea- men seen by one who dared to represent the horrors of them to his countrymen,) Since the commissioners from your side, at their late meeting, would not enter into an adjustment of the accounts for supplying your naval and land prisoners, on which there are large sums due us; and since your superiors will neither make provision for the support of your prisoners in our hands, nor accommodation for the mere existence of ours, who are now languishing in your prison-ships, it becomes my duty, Sir, to state these pointed facts to you, that the imputations may recoil where they are deserved, and to report to those, under whose au- thority I have the honor to act, that such measures as they deem proper may be adopted. And now. Sir, I will conclude this long letter with observing that not having a sufficient number of Brit- ish seamen in our possession we are not able to re- lease ours by exchange: — this is our misfortune, but it is not a crime, and ought not to operate as a mor- tal punishment against the unfortunate— we ask no favour, we claim nothing but common justice and hu- manity, while we assert to the whole world, as a no- torious fact, that the unprecedented inhumanity in 430 American Prisoners of the Revolution the mode of confining our naval prisoners, to the amount of 800 in one old hulk, which has been made use of as a prison-ship for more than three years, without ever having been once purified, has been the real and sole cause of the deaths of hundreds of brave Americans, who would not have perished in that un- timely and barbarous manner, had they, (when pris- oners,) been suffered to breathe a purer air, and to enjoy more liberal and convenient accommodations agreeably to the practice of civilized nations when at war, (and) the example which has always been set you by the Americans. You may say, and I shall admit, that if they were placed on islands, and more liberty given them, that some might desert ; but is not this the case with your prisoners in our hands ? And could we not avoid this also, if we were to adopt the same rigid and inhuman mode of confinement you do? I beg, Sir, you will be pleased to consider this as addressed to you officially, as the principal executive officer in the department of naval prisoners, and not personally, and that you will attribute any uncommon warmth of style that I may have been led into to my feeling and animation on a subject with which I find myself so much interested, both from the principles of humanity and the duties of office. I am, Sir, yr most obdt Srvt Abraham Skinner Letters full of recriminations continued to pass be- tween the commissaries on both sides. In Sproat's reply to the letter we have just quoted, he enclosed a copy of the paper which he had induced the thirteen sea captains and other officers to sign, obtained as we have seen, in such a dastardly manner. American Prisoners of the Revolution 431 In the meantime the naval prisoners continued to die in great numbers on board the prison and hospital- ships. We have already described the cleansing of the Jersey, on which occasion the prisoners were sent on board of other vessels and exposed to cold and damp in addition to their other sufferings. And while negotiations for peace were pending some relaxation in severity appears to have taken place. CHAPTER XLYI Some of the Prisoners on Board the Jersey E HAVE seen that the crew of the Chance was w exchanged in the fall of 1782. A few of the men who composed this crew were ill at the time that the exchange was affected, and had been sent to Blackwell's Island. Among these unfortunate suf- ferers was the sailing-master of the Chance, whose name was Sylvester Rhodes. This gentleman was born at Warwick, R. I., Nov- ember 21, 1745. He married Mary Aborn, youngest sister of Captain Daniel Aborn, and entered the serv- ice of his country, in the early part of the war, some- times on land, and sometimes as a seaman. He was with Commodore Whipple on his first cruise, and as prize-master carried into Boston the first prize cap- tured by that officer. He also served in a Rhode Is- land regiment. When the crew of the Jersey was exchanged and he was not among the number, his brother-in-law. Captain Aborn, endeavored to obtain his release, but, as he had been an officer in the army as well as on the privateer, the British refused to release him as a seaman. His father, however, through the influence of some prominent Tories with whom he was con- nected, finally secured his parole, and Captain Aborn went to New York to bring him home. But it was too late. He had become greatly enfeebled by dis- ease, and died on board the cartel, while on her pas- sage through the Sound, on the 3rd of November, 1782, leaving a widow and five children. Mary Aborn Rhodes lived to be 98, dying in 1852, one of the last survivors of the stirring times of the Revolution. American Prisoners of the Revolution 433 william drowne One of the most adventurous of American seamen was William Drowne, who was taken prisoner more than once. He was born in Providence, R. I., in April 1755. After many adventures he sailed on the 18th of May, 1780, in the General Washington, owned by Mr. John Brown of Providence. In a Journal kept by Mr. Drowne on board of this ship, he writes : "The cruise is for two months and a half, though should New York fetch us up again, the time may he protracted, but it is not in the bargain to pay that potent city a visit this bout. It may easily be imagined what a sensible mortification it must be to dispense with the delicious sweets of a Prison-ship. But though the Washington is deemed a prime sailor, and is well armed, I will not be too sanguine in the pros- pect of escape, as 'the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong.' But, as I said before, it is not in the articles to go there this time, especially as it is said the prisoners are very much crowded there already, and it would be a piece of unfeeling inhu- manity to be adding to their unavoidable inconven- ience by our presence. Nor could we, in such a case, by any means expect that Madam Fortune would deign to smile so propitiously as she did before, in the promotion of an exchange so much sooner than our most sanguine expectations flattered us with, as 'tis said to be with no small difficulty that a parole can be obtained, much more an exchange." This cruise resulted in the capture by the Wash- ington of several vessels, among them the Robust, Lord Sandwich, Barrington, and the Spitfire, a Brit- ish privateer. In May, 1781, Mr. Drowne sailed on board the Bel- —28 434 American Prisoners of the RevoIvUtion isarius, commanded by Captain James Munro, which vessel was captured on the 26th of July and brought into the port of New York. Drowne and the other officers were sent to the Jersey, where close confine- ment and all the horrors of the place soon impaired his vigorous constitution. Although he was, through the influence of his friends, allowed to visit Newport on parole in November, 1781, he was returned to the prison ship, and was not released until some time in 1783. His brother, who was a physician, nursed him faithfully, but he died on the 9th of August, 1786. Letters written on board the Jersey have a melancholy interest to the student of history, and this one, written by William Drowne to a Mrs. Johnston, of New York, is taken from the appendix to the "Recollections of Captain Dring." Jersey Prison Ship Sep. 25 1781 Madam : Your letter to Captain Joshua Sawyer of the 23d Inst, came on board this moment, which I being requested to answer, take the freedom to do, and with sensible regret, as it announces the dissolution of the good man. It was an event very unexpected. Tis true he had been for some days very ill, but a turn in his favor cancel'd all further apprehension of his being dangerous, and but yesterday he was able with- out assistance to go upon deck; said he felt much bet- ter, and without any further Complaints, at the usual time turned into his Hammock, and as was supposed went to sleep. Judge of our Surprise and Astonish- ment this morning at being informed of his being found a lifeless Corpse. Could anything nourishing or comfortable have been procured for him during his illness, 'tis possible American Prisoners of the Revolution 435 He might now have been a well man. But Heaven thought proper to take him to itself, and we must not repine. A Coffin would have been procured in case it could be done seasonably, but his situation render'd a speedy Interment unavoidable. Agreeably to which 10 or 12 Gentlemen of his acquaintance presented a petition to the Commanding Officer on board, requesting the favor that they might be permitted, under the Inspec- tion of a file of Soldiers, to pay the last sad duties to a Gentleman of merit; which he humanely granted, and in the Afternoon his remains were taken on shore, and committed to their native dust in as decent a manner as our situation would admit. Myself, in room of a better, officiated in the sacred office of a Chaplain and read prayers over the Corpse previous to its final close in its gloomy mansion. I have given you these particulars. Madam, as I was sensible it must give you great satisfaction to hear he had some friends on board. Your benevolent and good inten- tions to him shall, (if Heaven permits my return) be safely delivered to his afflicted wife, to give her the sensible Consolation that her late much esteemed and affectionate Husband was not destitute of a Friend, who had wish'd to do him all the good offices in his power, had not the hand of fate prevented. If you wish to know anything relative to myself — if you will give Yourself the trouble to call on Mrs. James Selhrig, she will inform You, or Jos. Aplin, Esqre. You will please to excuse the Liberty I have taken being an entire stranger. I have no Views in it but those of giving, as I said before, satisfaction to one who took a friendly part towards a Gentleman de- 436 American Prisoners of the Revolution cease'd, whom I very much esteemed. Your good- ness will not look with a critical eye over the numer- ous Imperfections of this Epistle. I am, Madam, with every sentiment of respect yr most Obdt Servt Wm. Drowne The next letter we will give was written by Dr. Solomon Drowne to his sister Sally. This gentleman was making every effort to obtain his brother's re- lease from captivity. Providence, Oct. 17 1781 Dear Sally: We have not forgot you ; — but if we think strongly on other objects the memory of you returns, more grateful than the airs which fan the Summer, or all the golden products of ye Autumn. The Cartel is still detained, for what reason is not fully known. Perhaps they meditate an attack upon some unguarded, unsuspecting quarter, and already in idea glut their eyes, with the smoke of burning Towns and Villages, and are soothed by the sounds of deep distress. Forbid it Guardian of America ! — - and rather let the reason be their fear that we should know the state of their shattered Navy and declining affairs — However, Bill is yet a Prisoner, and still must feel, if not for himself, yet what a mind like his will ever feel for others. In a letter I received from him about three weeks since he mentioned that having a letter to Mr. George Deblois, he sent it, ac- companied with one he wrote requesting his influence towards effecting his return the next Flag, — that Mr. Deblois being indisposed, his cousin Captain William Deblois, taken by Monro last year, came on board to American Prisoners of the Revolution 437 see him, with a present from Mr. Deblois of some Tea, Sugar, Wine, Rum, etc, and the offer of any- other Civihties that lay in the power of either : — This was beneficence and true Urbanity, — that he was not destitute of Cash, that best friend in Adversity, except some other best friends, — that as long as he had health, he should, he had like to have said, be happy. In a word he bears up with his wonted fortitude and good spirits, as we say, nor discovers the least re- pining at his fate. But you and I who sleep on beds of down and inhale the untainted, cherishing air, sur- rounded by most endeared connexions, know that his cannot be the most delectable of situations : therefor with impatience we look for his happy return to the Circle of his Friends. Yr aff Bro. Solomon Drowne DR. S. DROWNE TO MRS. MARCY DROWNE Newport Nov. 14 1781 Respected Mother, I found Billy much better than I expected, the account we received of his situation having been con- siderably exaggerated: However we ought to be thankful we were not deceived by a too favorable account, and so left him to the care of strangers, when he might most need the soothing aid of close relatives. He is very weak yet, and as a second re- lapse might endanger his reduced, tottering system, think it advisable not to set off for home with him till the wind is favorable. He is impatient, for the moment of its shifting, as he is anxious to see you all. The boat is just going, Adieu, yr aff son Solomon Drowne 438 American Prisoners of the Revoi^ution We have already quoted from the Recollections o£ Jeremiah Johnson who lived on the banks of Walla- bout Bay during the Revolution. He further says: "The prisoners confined in the Jersey had secretly obtained a crow-bar which was kept concealed in the berth of some confidential officer among the pris- oners. The bar was used to break off the port grat- ings. This was done, in windy nights, when good swimmers were ready to leave the ship for the land. In this way a number escaped. "Captain Doughty, a friend of the writer, had charge of the bar when he was a prisoner on board of the Jersey, and effected his escape by its means. When he left the ship he gave the bar to a confidant to be used for the relief of others. Very few who left the ship were retaken. They knew where to find friends to conceal them, and to help them beyond pursuit. "A singularly daring and successful escape was ef- fected from the Jersey about 4 o'clock one afternoon in the beginning of Dec. 1780. The best boat of the ship had returned from New York between 3 & 4 o'clock, and was left fast at the gangway, with the oars on board. The afternoon was stormy, the wind blew from the north-east, and the tide ran flood. A watchword was given, and a number of prisoners placed themselves carelessly between the ship's waist and the sentinel. At this juncture four Eastern Cap- tains got on board the boat, which was cast off by their friends. The boat passed close under the bows of the ship, and was a considerable distance from her before the sentinel in the fo'castle gave the alarm, and fired at her. The second boat was manned for a chase; she pursued in vain; one man from her bow American Prisoners of the Revoi,ution 439 fired several shots at the boat, and a few guns were fired at her from the Bushwick shore ; but all to no effect, — and the boat passed Hell-gate in the evenmg, and arrived safe in Connecticut next morning. "A spring of the writer was a favorite watering- place for the British shipping. The water-boat of the Jersey watered from this spring daily when it could be done ; four prisoners were generally brought on shore to fill the casks, attended by a guard. The pris- oners were frequently permitted to come to the (Johnstons') house to get milk and food; and often brought letters privately from the prisoners. From these the sufferings on board were revealed. "Supplies of vegetables were frequently collected by Mr. Remsen (the benevolent owner of the mill,) for the prisoners; and small sums of money were sent on board by the writer's father to his friends by means of these watering parties." AN ESCAPE FROM THE JERSEY "I was one of 850 souls confined in the Jersey in the summer of 1781, and witnessed several daring attempts to escape. They generally ended tragically. They were always undertaken in the night, after wrenching or filing the bar off the port-holes. Hav- ing been on board several weeks, and goaded to death in various ways, four of us concluded to run the haz- ard. We set to work and got the bars off, and waited impatiently for a dark night. We lay in front of Mr. Remsen's door, inside of the pier head and not more that 20 yards distant. There were several guard sloops, one on our bow, and the other off our quar- ter a short distance from us. The dark night came, the first two were lowered quietly into the water ; and 440 American Prisoners of the Revolution the third made some rumbUng. I was the fourth that descended, but had not struck off from the vessel be- fore the guards were alarmed, and fired upon us. The alarm became general, and I was immediately hauled on board (by the other prisoners). "They manned their boats, and with their lights and implements of death were quick in pursuit of the un- fortunates, cursing and swearing, and bellowing and firing. It was awful to witness this deed of blood. It lasted about an hour, — all on board trembling for our shipmates. These desperadoes returned to their diflferent vessels rejoicing that they had killed three damned rebels. "About three years after this I saw a gentleman in John St., near Nassau, who accosted me thus : 'Man- ley, how do you do?' I could not recollect him. Ts it possible you don't know me? Recollect the Old Jersey ?' And he opened his vest and bared his breast. I immediately said to him — 'You are James McClain.' 'I am,' said he. We both stepped into Mariner's pub- lic house, at the corner, and he related his marvellous escape to me. " 'They pursued me : — I frequently dived to avoid them, and when I came up they fired on me. I caught my breath, and immediately dived again, and held my breath till I crawled along the mud. They no doubt thought they killed me. I however, with much exertion, though weak and wounded, made out to reach the shore, and got into a barn, not far from the ship, a little north of Mr. Remsen's house. The farmer, the next morning, came into his barn, — saw me lying on the floor, and ran out in a fright. I begged him to come to me, and he did, I gave an ac- count of myself, where I was from, how I was pur- American Prisoners of the Revolution 441 sued, with several others. He saw my wounds, took pity on me; sent for his wife, and bound up my wounds, and kept me in the barn until night-fall,— took me into his house, nursed me secretly, and then furnished me with clothing, etc., and when I was re- stored, he took me with him, into his market-boat to this city, and went with me to the west part of the city, provided me with a passage over to Bergen, and I landed somewhere in Communipaw. Some friends helped me across Newark Bay, and then I worked my way, until I reached Baltimore, to the great joy of all my friends."* Just what proportion of captives died on board of the Jersey it is now impossible to determine. No doubt there were many escapes of which it is impos- sible to obtain the particulars. The winter of 1779-80 was excessively cold, and the Wallabout Bay was frozen over. One night a number of prisoners took advantage of this to make their escape by low- ering themselves from a port hole on to the ice. It is recorded that the cold was so excessive that one man was frozen to death, that the British pursued the party and brought a few of them back, but that a number succeeded in making their escape to New Jersey. Who these men were we have been unable to dis- cover. Tradition also states that while Wallabout Bay was thus frozen over the Long Island market women skated across it, with suppHes of vegetables in large hampers attached to their backs, and that some of them came near enough to throw some of their supplies to the half-famished prisoners on board the Jersey. It would appear that these poor sufferers had warm *"Recollections of Captain Manley." 442 American Prisoners of the Revolution friends in the farmers who lived on the shores of the Wallabout. Of these Mr. A. Remsen, who owned a mill at the mouth of a creek which empties into the Bay, was one of the most benevolent, and it was his daughter who is said to have kept a list of the num- ber of bodies that were interred in the sand in the neighborhood of the mill and house. In 1780 Mr Remsen hid an escaped prisoner, Major H. Wyckoff, for several days in one of his upper rooms, while at the same time the young lieutenant of the guard of the Jersey was quartered in the house. Remsen also lent Captain Wyckoff as much money as he needed, and finally, one dark night, safely conveyed him in a sleigh to Cow Neck. From thence he crossed to Poughkeepsie. Although little mention is made by those prisoners who have left accounts of their experiences while on board the Jersey, of any aid received by them from the American government the following passage from a Connecticut paper would seem to indicate that such aid was tendered them at least for a time. It is possible that Congress sent some provisions to the prison-ships for her imprisoned soldiers, or ma- rines, but made no provision for the crews of priva- teers. "New London. September 1st. 1779. D. Stanton testifies that he was taken June 5th, and put in the Jersey prison ship. An allowance from Congress was sent on board. About three or four weeks past we were removed on board the Good Hope, where we found many sick. There is now a hospital ship provided, to which they are removed and good at- tention paid." American Prisoners of the Revolution 443 The next extract that we will quote probably re- fers to the escape of prisoners on the ice referred to above. "New London. Conn. Feb. 16th. 1780. Fifteen prisoners arrived here who three weeks ago escaped from the prison-ship in the East River. A number of others escaped about the same time from the same ship, some of whom being frost-bitten and unable to endure the cold, were taken up and carried back, one frozen to death before he reached the shore." "Rhnngton's Gazette, Dec. 19th 1780. George Bat- terman, who had been a prisoner on board the prison ship at New York, deposes that he had had eight ounces of condemned bread per day; and eight ounces of meat. He was afterwards put on board the Jersey, where were, as was supposed, 1,100 pris- oners; recruiting officers came on board and finding that the American officers persuaded the men not to enlist, removed them, as he was told, to the Provost. The prisoners were tempted to enlist to free them- selves from confinement, hopeless of exchange. * * * The prisoners had a pint of water per day : — the sick were not sent to the hospitals until they were so weak and ill that they often expired before they got out of the Jersey. The commanding officer said his orders were that if the ship took fire we should all be turned below, and left to perish in the flames. By accident the ship took fire in the stew- ard's room, when the Hessian guards were ordered to drive the prisoners below, and fire among them if they resisted or got in the water." Talbot in his Memoirs stated that: "When the weather became cool and dry in the fall and the nights frosty the number of deaths on board the Jersey was 444 American Prisoners of the Revoi,ution reduced to an average of ten per day! which was small compared with the mortaHty for three months before. The human bones and skulls yet bleaching on the shore of Long Island, and exposed by the fall- ing down of the high bank, on which the prisoners were buried, is a shocking sight." (Talbot, page 106.) In May, 1808, one William Burke of New York testified that "He was a prisoner in the Jersey 14 months, has known many American prisoners put to death by the bayonet. It was the custom for but one prisoner at a time to go on deck. One night while many prisoners were assembled at the grate, at the hatchway to obtain fresh air, and waiting their turn to go on deck, a sentinel thrust his bayonet down among them, and 25 next morning were found to be dead. This was the case several mornings, when sometimes six, and sometimes eight or ten were found dead by wounds thus received." A Connecticut paper, some time in May, 1781, stated that : "Eleven hundred French and American prisoners died in New York last winter." A paper published in Philadelphia, on the 20th of February, 1782, says : "Many of our unfortunate prisoners on board the prison ships in the East River have perished during the late extreme weather, for want of fuel and other necessaries." "New London. May 3rd. 1782. One thousand of our seamen remain in prison ships in New York, a great part in close confinement for six months past, and in a most deplorable condition. Five hundred have died during the past five or six months, three hundred are sick; many seeing no prospect of release American Prisoners of the Revolution 445 are entering the British service to ehide the conta- gion with which the prison ships are fraught." Joel Barlow in his Cc5lumbiad says that Mr. Elias Boudinot told him that in the Jersey 1,100 prisoners died in eighteen months, almost the whole of them from the barbarous treatment of being stifled in a crowded hold with infected air ; and poisoned with unwholesome food, and Mr Barlow adds that the cru- elties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the first years of the war were un- exampled among civilized nations. CONCLUSION SUCH of the prisoners as escaped after months of suffering with health sufficient for future usefulness in the field often re-enlisted, burning for revenge. Mr. Scharf, in his "History of Western Maryland, speaks of Colonel William Kunkel, who had served in Prussia, and emigrated to America about the year 1732. He first settled in Lancaster, Pa., but aft- erwards moved to Western Maryland. He had six sons in the Revolution. One of these sons entered the American army at the age of eighteen. Taken prisoner he was sent on board the Jersey, where his sufferings were terrible. On his return home after his exchange he vowed to his father that he would re- turn to the army and fight until the last redcoat was driven out of the country. He did return, and from that time, says Mr Scharf, his family never heard from him again. Mr. Crimmins in his "Irish-American Historical Miscellany," says : "An especially affecting incident is told regarding one prisoner who died on the Jer- sey. Two young men, brothers, belonging to a rifle corps were made prisoners, and sent on board the ship. The elder took the fever, and in a few days became delirious. One night as his end was fast ap- proaching, he became calm and sensible, and lament- ing his hard fate, and the absence of his mother, begged for a little water. His brother with tears, en- treated the guard to give him some, but in vain. The sick youth was soon in his last struggles, when his brother offered the guard a guinea for an inch of can- American Prisoners of the Revolution 447 die, only that he might see him die. Even this was denied." The young rifleman died in the dark. "Now," said his brother, drying his tears, "if it please God that I ever regain my liberty, I'll be a most bitter enemy!" He was exchanged, rejoined the army, and when the war ended he is said to have had eight large and one hundred and twenty-seven small notches on his rifle stock. The inference is that he made a notch every time he killed or wounded a British soldier, a large notch for an officer, and a small one for a pri- vate. Mr. Lecky, the English historian, thus speaks of American prisoners: "The American prisoners who had been confined in New York after the battle of Long Island were so emaciated and broken down by scandalous neglect or ill usage that Washington re- fused to receive them in exchange for an equal num- ber of healthy British and Hessian troops. * * * It is but justice to the Americans to add that their conduct during the war appears to have been almost uniformly humane. No charges of neglect of pris- oners, like those which were brought, apparently with too good reason, against the English, were sub- stantiated against them. The conduct of Washing- ton was marked by a careful and steady humanity, and Franklin, also, appears to have done much to mit- igate the war." Our task is now concluded. We have concerned ourselves with the prisoners themselves, not much with the history of the negotiations carried on to ef- fect exchange, but have left this part of the subject 448 American Prisoners of the Revolution to some abler hand. Only a very small part of the story has been told in this volume, and there is much room for future investigations. It is highly probable that if a systematic search is made many unpublished accounts may be discovered, and a great deal of light shed upon the horrors of the British prisons. If we have awakened interest in the sad fate of so many of our brave countrymen, and aroused some readers to a feeling of compassion for their misfortunes, and ad- miration for their heroism, our task has not been in vain. APPENDIX A List of 8000 Men Who Were Prisoners on Board THE Old Jersey PRINTED BY PERMISSION OF THE SOCIETY OF OLD BROOKLYNITES THIS list of names was copied from the papers of the British War Department. There is nothing to indicate what became of any of these prisoners, whether they died, escaped, or were exchanged. The list seems to have been carelessly kept, and is full of obvious mistakes in spelling the names. Yet it shall be given just as it is, ex- cept that the names are arranged differently, for easier reference. This list of prisoners is the only one that could be found in the British War Department. What became of the lists of prisoners on the many other prison ships, and prisons, used by the English in America, we do not know. Garret Aarons John Aarons (2) Alexander Abbett John Abbett James Abben John Abbott Daniel Abbott Abel Abel George Abel Jacob Aberry Jabez Abett Philip Abing Thomas Aldington Christopher Abolis William Aboms Daniel Abrams Don Meegl (Mi- guel) Abusure Gansio Acito Abel Adams Amos Adams Benjam'iin Adams David Adams Isaac Adams John Adams (4) Lawrence Adams Moses Adams —29 Nathaniel Adams Pisco Adams Richard Adams Stephen Adams Thomas Adams Warren Adams Amos Addams Thomas_ Addett Benjaman Addison David Addon John Adlott Robert Admistad Noah Administer Wm. Adamson (2) John Adobon James Adovie Sebastian de Ae- dora Jean Aenbie Michael Aessinis Frances AffiUe Joseph Antonio Aguirra Thomas Aguy- noble John Aires Robert Aitken Thomas Aiz Manuel Ajote Jacob Akins Joseph Aker (2) Richard Akerson Charles Albert Piere Albert Robert Albion Joachin Alconan Joseph de Alcorta Juan Ignacid Al- corta Pedro Aldaronda Humphrey Alden Fred Aldkin George Aldridge Jacob Alehipike Jean Aleslure Archibald Alexan- der John Alexander (2) Lehle Alexander William Alexander Thomas Alger Christopher Aliet Joseph Aliev George Alignott 450 American Prisoners of the Revolution Joseph Allah Gideon Allan Hugh Allan Francis Allegree Baeknel Allen Bancke Allen Benjamin Allen Bucknell Allen Ebeneser Allen George Allen Gideon Allen Isaac Allen John Allen (5) Josiah Allen Murgo Allen Richard Allen (2) Samuel Allen (7) Squire Allen Thomas Allen (3) William Allen (4) Jean Allin Caleb Allis Bradby Allison Bradey Allison James Allison Frances Alment Arrohan Almon Aceth Almond William Alpin Jacob Alsfrugh Jacob Alsough Jacob Alstright James Alsworth Thomas Alvarey Miguel Alveras Don Ambrose Al- verd Joseph Alvey James Alwhite George Alwood James Alwood Charles Amey Anthony Amingo Manuel Amizarma Nathaniel Anabel Austin Anaga Jean Ancette Charles Anderson Joseph Anderson Robert Anderson William Anderson (3) George Andre Benjamin Andrews Charles Andrews Dollar Andrews Ebeneser Andrews Francis Andrews Frederick Andrews Jerediah Andrews John Andrews (4) Jonathan Andrews Pascal Andrews Philany Andrews Thomas Andrews William Andrews Guillion Andrie Pashal Andrie Dominique Angola Andre D. C. Anna- polen Joseph Anrandes John Anson William Anster David Anthony Davis Anthony Samuel Anthony Pierre Antien Jacques Antiqua Jean Anton Francis Antonf John Antonio Daniel Appell Daniel Apple Thomas Appleby Samuel Appleton Joseph Aquirse Arbay Abraham Archer James Archer John Archer Stephen Archer Thomas Arcos Richard Ariel Asencid Arismane Ezekiel Arme Jean Armised James Armitage Elijah Armsby Christian Armstrong William Armstrong Samuel Arnibald Amos Arnold Ash Arnold Samuel Charles Samuel Thomas Andres Manuel Don Pe Arnold Arnolds Arnolds Arnold Arral de Artol dro Aseva- suo Hosea Asevalado James Ash Henry Ash John Ashbey John Ashburn Peter Ashburn John Ashby Warren Ashby John Ashley Andrew Askill Francis Aspuro John Athan George Atkins John Atkins Silas Atkins John Atkinson Robert Atkinson William Atkinson James Atlin Duke Attera Jean Pierre Atton John Atwood Henrv Auchinlaup Joseph Audit Anthony Aiguillia Igarz Baboo Au- gusion Peter Augusta Thomas Augustine Laurie Aujit George Austin Job Avery Benjamin Avmey Francis Ayres Don Pedro Azoala B Franklin Babcock William Babcock James Babel Jeremiah Babell Jean Babier Abel Baboard Vascilla Babtreause Appendix 451 Francis Bachelier Jonathan Bachelor Antonio Backa- long Francis Backay Benjamin Bacon Esau Bacon Judah Bacon Stephen Badante Laurence Badeno William Badick Jonathan Baddock John Baggar Barnett Bagges Adam Bagley Joseph Bahamony John Bailey (2) William Bailey Moses Baird Joseph Baisolus William Baison William Batho Christopher Baker Ebenezer Baker John Baker (2) Joseph Baker Judah Baker Lemuel Baker Nathaniel Baker Pamberton Baker Pemberton Baker Pembleton Baker Thomas Baker (3) David Baldwin James Baldwin John Baldwin Nathaniel Baldwin Ralph Baldwin Thomas Ball Benjamin Ballard John Ballast Joseph Balumatigua Ralf Bamford Jacob Bam.per Peter Banaby James Bandel Augustine Bandine Pierre Bandine John Banister (3) Matthew Bank James Banker John Banks Matthew Banks Jean Rio Bapbsta Jean Baptista Gale Baptist Jean Baptist John Barber Gilbert Barber John Barden William Barenoft Walter Bargeman Joseph Bargeron Charles Bargo Mabas Bark Benjamin Barker Edward Barker Jacom Barker John Barker Peter Barker Thomas Barker Benjamin Barkly Joseph Barkump John Barley James Barman Ethiem Barnell Charles Barnes Henry Barnes Wooding Barnes John Barnett Henry Barney Mons Barney Samuel Barney William Barnhouse James Barracks Pierre Barratt Abner Barre Dennis Barrett Enoch Barrett Francis Barrett Samuel Barrett William Barrett Robert Barrol Bernard Barron Enoch Barrott Francis Barsidge William Bartlet Joseph Bartley Charles Barthale- merd Charles Barthole- Joseph Bartholo- mew Bartholomew Benjamin Bartho- loyd Petrus Bartlemie Michael Bartol Thomas Barton John Basker William Bason Donnor Bass Juvery Bastin Michael Bastin Louis Baston Asa Batcheler Benjamin Bate Benjamin Bates Henry Bates James Bates William Batt John Battersley John Battesker Adah Batterman Adam Batterman George Batterman (2) Joseph Batterman Baumos Thomas Bausto Benjamin Bavedon George Baxter Malachi Baxter Richard Bayan Joseph Bayde Thomas Bayess John Bayley Joseph Baynes Jean Baxula John Bazee Daniel Beal Samuel Beal Joseph Beane James Beankey James Bearbank Jesse Bearbank Morgan Beard Moses Beard Daniel Beatty Benjamin Beasel Joseph Beaufort Perri Beaumont 452 American Prisoners of the Revolution Andrew Beck Thomas Beck William Beckett Jonathan Beckwith Francis Bedell Frederick Bedford Joseph Bedford Thomas Bedford Benjamin Beebe Elias Beebe Joshua Beebe Benjamin Beeford James Beekman Walter Beekwith Lewis Begand Joseph Begley Joseph Belcher John Belding Pierre Belgard Aaron Bell ' Charles Bell Robert Bell Uriah Bell Alexander Bellard Joseph Belter Julian Belugh Jean Bengier Joseph Benloyde John Benn George Bennett John Bennett Joseph Bennett Peter Bennett Pierre Bennett Anthony Benson Stizer Benson David Benton John Benton Peter Bentler Nathaniel Bentley (2) Peter Bentley William Bentley Joshua M. Berason Joseph Berean Julian Berger Lewis Bernall Francis Bernardus Francis Bercoute Jean Juquacid Berra Abner Berry Alexander Berry Benjamin Berry Daniel Berry Dennis Berry Edward Berry John Berry Peter Berry (3) Philip Berry Simon Berry William Berry (3) Philip Berrycruise William Berryman Jean Bertine Martin Bertrand John Bertram Andrew Besin Jean Beshire John Beszick James Bett Samuel Bevan Jean Bevin Benjamin Beverley Robert Bibbistone John Bice Andrew Bick John Bickety Charles Bierd David Bierd Joshua Bievey Benjamin Bigelow Oliver Bigelow Thomas Biggs Jean Bilarie Charles Bill (2) Garden Bill John Bill (2) Pierre Bill John Billard James Biller Samuel Billing Benjamin Billings Bradford Billings Ezekiel Billings Robert Billings David Billows Frarey Binnen Cirretto Biola Pierre Biran Alexander Birch Nathaniel Birch Joseph Bird Weldon Bird Thomas Birket Samuel Birming- ham Ezekiel Bishop Israel Bishop John Bishop (2) John Bissell Jack Bissick Osee Bissole Pierre Bitgayse Peter Bitton Daniel Black James Black (3) John Black Joseph Black Robert N. Black Samuel Black (2) Timothy Black William Black John Blackburn Alexander Black- hunt William Blackpond V. C. Blaine John Blair Charles Blake Increase Blake James Blake Samuel Blake Valentine Blake David Blanch Robert Blanch Joseph Blancher William Blanchet John Blanney Gideon Blambo Jesse Blacque Joseph Blateley Lubal Blaynald Asa Blayner Edward Blevin Benjamin Blimbey William Blimbey Joseph Blinde William Bliss Samuel Blissfield Juan Blodgett Seth Blodgett John Blond Lewis Blone Appendix 453 Louis Blong Peter Bloome (2) Samuel Bloomfield Jomes Blossom James Blowen John Bloxand William Bluard George Blumbarg George Blunt (4) William Blythe Matthew Boar John Bobier John Bobgier Joseph Bobham Jonathan Bocross Lewis Bodin Peter Bodwayne John Boelourne Christopher Boen Purdon Boen Roper Bogat James Boggart Ralph Bogle Nicholas Boiad Pierre Boilon William Boine Jacques BoUier William Bolt William Bolts Bartholomew Bon- avist Henry Bone Anthony Bonea Jeremiah Boneafoy James Boney Thomas Bong Barnabus Bonus James Bools William Books John Booth Joseph Borda Charles Borden John Borman James Borrall Joseoh Bortuslies Daniel Borus (2) Joseph Bosey Pierre Bosiere Jacques Bosse Ebenezer Boswell Gustavus Boswell Lewis Bothal Charles Bottis James Bottom Waller Bottom Augustin Boudery Augustus Boudery Anthony Bouea Theophilus Bould- ing Pierre Bounet Lewis Bourge John Boursbo Lawrence Bourslie Jean Boutilla Lewis Bouton Edward Boven Elijah Bowden Arden Bowen Elijah Bowen Ezekiel Bowen Paldon Bowen Thomas Bowen (3) William Bowen Willis Bowen Tames Bowers Thomas Bowers Fulbur Bowes James Bowles Daniel Bowman Benjamin Bowman Elijah Bowman (2) John Bowman Michael Bowner John Bowrie P. I. Bowree Jean Bowseas John Boyau Thomas Boyd John Boyde David Boyeau Francis Boyer Joseph Boyne Thomas Bradbridge Samuel Bradbury William Braden James Brader Samuel Bradfield William Bradford Abijah Bradley Alijah Bradley Daniel Bradley James Bradley Abraham Bradley John Brady James Bradyon Ebenezer Bragg (2) William Bragley Nathaniel Braily Zacheus Brainard Joseph Brainer Zachary Brainer William Bramber James Branart Aholibah Branch William Brand Ralf Brandford Charles Branel William Bransdale David Branson Peter Braswan Peter Brays (2) Burdon Brayton Peter Brayton John Bredford James Brehard Elijah Bremward Pierre Brene George Brent Pierre Bretton John Brewer Samuel Brewer Joseph Brewett James Brewster (2) Seabury Brewster John Brice Thomas Bridges Glond Briges Cabot Briggs Alexander Bright Henry Brim Peter Brinkley Ephraim Brion Louis Brire Thomas Brisk Simon Bristo Jalaher C. Briton Peter Britton Thomas Britton Ephraim Broad (2) Ossia Broadley Joseph Broaker Joshua Brocton 454 American Prisoners of the Revolution Philip Broderick William Broderick (3) Joseph Broge William Brooker Charles Brooks (2) Henry Brooks Paul Brooks Samuel Brooks (3) Thomas Brooks Benjamin Brown Christopher Brown David Brown (2) Francis Brown Gustavus Brown (2) Hugh Brown (2) Jacob Brown James Brown (3) Jonathan Brown John Brown (13) Joseph Brown (3) Michael Brown Nathaniel Brown Patrick Brown Peter Brown Samuel Brown (3) William Brown (5) W. Brown William Boogs Brown Willis Brown Essick Brownhill Wanton Brownhill Charles Brownwell Gardner Brownwell Pierre Brows James Bruding Lewis Brun Daniel Bruton Edward Bryan John Bryan Matthew Bryan Nathaniel Bryan William Bryan Benjamin Bryand Ephraim Bryand James Bryant William Bryant Nicholas Bryard Francis Bryean Richard Bryen Berr Bryon Thomas Bryon Simon Buas Thomas Buchan Francis Buchanan Elias Buck Elisha Buck John Buck Joseph Bucklein Philip Buckler Cornelius Buckley Daniel Buckley (2) Francis Buckley Jacob Buckley John Buckley (3) Daniel Bucklin (3) Samuel Buckwith David Buckworth Benjamin Bud Nicholas Budd Jonathan Budding- ton Oliver Buddington Waller Buddington William Budgid John Budica Joshua Buffins Lawrence Buffoot John Bugger Silas Bugg John Buldings Jonathan Bulgedo Benjamin Bullock Thomas Bullock Benjamin Bumbley Lewis Bunce Norman Bunce Thomas Bunch Antonio Bund Obadiah Bunke Jonathan Bunker Timothy Bunker William Bunker Richard Bunson (3) Murdock Buntine Frederick Bunwell Thomas Burch Michael Burd Jeremiah Burden Joseph Burden William Burden Jason Burdis Daniel Burdit Bleck Burdock Robert Burdock Vincent Burdock Henry Burgess Theophilus Burgess Barnard Burgh Prosper Burgo Jean Burham James Burke Thomas Burke William Burl^e Michael Burkman William Burn Frederick Burnett James Burney James Burnham Daniel Burnhill Archibald Burns Edward Burns (2) Henry Burns John Burns Thomas Burns Stephen Burr Pierre Burra Francis Burrage John Burrell Lewis Burrell Isaac Burrester Jonathan Burries Nathaniel Burris John Burroughs Edward Burrow James Burton John Burton Jessee Byanslow Bartholomew Byi John Bylight C Abel Cable Louis Cadat Louis Pierre Ca- date Michael Cadate John Caddington Nathan Caddock Jean Cade John Cahoon Jonathan Cahoone Appendix 455 Thomas Caile David Cain (2) Thomas Cain Samuel Caird Joseph Caivins Pierre Cajole Thomas Calbourne James Calder Caplin Calfiere Nathaniel Calhoun Charles Call Barnaby Callagham Daniel Callaghan William Callehan James Callingham Andrew Caiman Francis Calon Parpi Calve Nicholas Calwell Joseph Cambridge Edward Cameron Simon Came Oseas Camp Alexander Camp- bell Frederick Camp- bell James Campbell Jesse Campbell John Campbell (2) Joseph Campbell Philip Campbell (2) Robert Campbell Thomas Campbell (3) James Canady Joseph Canana Satarus Candie Jacob Canes Richard Caney Jacob Canmer William Cannady William Canner Charles Cannon Francis Cannon John Cannon Joseph Cannon Samuel Cannon Jean Canute Francis Cape Timothy Cape Daniel Capnell William Caran- same Robert Carbury Juan Fernin Car- dends Joseph Carea Isaac Carelton Joseph Carender Ezekiel Carew Daniel Carey John Carey (4) Joshua Carey Richard Carey William Cargall Joseph Cariviot Edward Carland Antonio Carles William Carles Jean Carlton Thomas Carlton John Carlisle Justan Carlsrun Benjamin Carman Benjamin Carmel! William Carmenell Edward Carmody Anthony Carney Hugh Carney David Cams Jean Carolin Pierre Carowan John Carpenter Miles Carpenter Richards Carpenter Edward Carr Isaac Carr John Carr (2) Philip Carr William Carr Robert Carrall Carret Thomas Carrington Jean Carrllo James Carroll John Carroll Michael Carroll Perance Carroll William Carrollton John Carrow Peter Carroway Avil Carson Batterson Carson Israel Carson James Carson Robert Carson (3) Samuel Carson William Carson Levi Carter Thomas Carter William Carter (2> John Carvell Joseph Casan Joseph Casanova John Case Thomas Case Thomas Casewell Edward Casey John Casey William Casey Stephen Cash Jacob Cashier Jean Cashwell Gosper Cassian Samuel Casson John Casp Anthony Casper Michael Cassey John Castel Joseph Castile Thomas Castle (2) John Caswell (3) Baptist Cavalier Francis Cavalier George Cavalier Tames Cavalier Thomas Cavalier Joseph Augustus Cavell Gasnito Cavensa Thomas Caveral Pierre Cawan John Cawrier John Cawrse Edward Cayman Anthony Cayner Oliver Cayaran John Cerbantin Chabbott Perrie Chalier Samuel Chalkeley Hurbin Challigne 456 American Prisoners of the Revolution John Challoner Samuel Cheesebrook Daniel Clarke William Challoner Britton Cheeseman Jacob Clarke Pierre Chalore James Cheevers James Clarke Benjamin Cham- Christopher Che- Joshua Clarke berlain Bird Chamberlain Charles Chamber- land Nancy Chambers Dore Champion Lines Champion naur Lewis Clarke Benjamin Chencey Nicholas Clarke Louis Chenet John Cherry William Cherry John Chese _ ^ Hiram Chester Thomas Champion Benjamin Chevalier Samuel Clarkson Clerk Champlin John Chevalier Samuel Claypole Jean Gea Chevalier Edward Clayton Julian Chevalier William Clayton Edward Cheveland David Cleaveland Noel Clarke Stephen Clarke Theodore Clarke Timothy Clarke William Clarke (2) Isaac Champlin James Chapin Joseph Chapley Joseph Chaplin Josiah Chaplin Lodowick Chaplin Daniel Chapman James Chapman Lasar Chien Silas Childs Cadet Chiller Thomas Chilling Abel Chimney Jeremiah Chapman David Chinks John Chapman (2) Leshers Chipley Lion Chapman William Christan Samuel Chapman William Christan Charles Chappel Henry Christian Frederick Chappell John Christian (2) Peleg Clerk John Chappell James Christie Thomas Clerk (3) Benjamin ChittingtonTully Clerk Bartholomew Chivers William Clerk Benjamin ChopmanThomas Clever Matthew Chubb Jean Clineseau David Chueehook David Clinton Benjamin Church (2) Philip Clire Michel Clemence Clement Clements Alexander Clerk Gambaton Clerk Isaac Clerk Jacob Clerk Jonathan Clerk John Clerk (3) Lardner Clerk Nathaniel Clerk John Charbein Ichabod Chard William Charfill James Charles John Charles Jean Charoner Aaron Chase Israel Church Augustus Chase (2)Thoma_s Church Earl Chase (2) George Chase (2) Lonie Chase Samuel Chase Jean Chatfield Jovis Chaurine John Cheavelin Christopher Chen aur Louis Chenet Andrew Cheese brook John Churchill Pierre Clabe Edward Clamron Benjamin Clannan Edward Clanwell Supply Clap (2) Supply Twing ClapRichard Cobb Edward daring Thomas Cobb John Cloud John Coarsin Christian Cobb Christopher Cobb Francis Cobb John Cobb Jonathan Cobb Nathaniel Cobb Charles Clark Church Clark James Clark (2) John Clark David Cheesebrook Jubal Clark James CheesebrookWilliam Clark (2) James Cochran Pierre Cheesebrook Emanuel Clarke John Cochran (2) Christopher Cobbs Raymond Cobbs Timothy Cobley Moses Cobnan Eliphas Coburn Appendix 457 Richard Cochran John Cocker John Cocklin Equatius Code Lewis Codean Christopher Cod- man James Codner Abel Coffin Edward Coffin Elias Coffin Elisha Coffin (2) Obadiah Coffin (2) Richard Coffin Simon Coffin (2) Zechariah Coffin William Cogeshall John Coggeshall Robert Coghill John Cohlen David Coisten Guilliam Cokill James Colbert Abial Cole Benjamin Cole (2) John Cole (2) Joshua Cole Rilhard Cole Thomas Cole (2) Waller Cole David Coleman James Coleman Nicholas Coleman Stephen Coleman James Colford Miles Colhoon Lewis Colinett Alexander Colley Basquito Colley Septor en Collie Candal Collier John Collings Joseph Collingwood Doan Collins James Collins (2) John Collins (3) Joseph Collins Powell Collins William Collins Daniel Collohan Thomas Collough Joseph Colloy Elisha Colman John Colney Frederick Colson James Colting Julian Columb Julian Colver David Colvich Nathaniel Colwell Nathaniel Combick Joseph Combs Matthew Combs Joseph Comby Gilbert Comick Patrick Condon Stafford Condon Philip Cong Strantly Congdon Muller Congle John Connell John Connelly George Conner James Conner John Conner (2) Robert Conner Patrick Connelly Samuel Connelly John Connor William Connor George Conrad Frederick Contaney William Convass John Conway Thomas Conway Robert Conwell Amos Cook Anthony Cook Benjamin Cook Eashak Cook Esbric Cook Ezekiel Cook (2) Frederick Cook George Cook James Cook (3) John Cook (4) Joseph Cook Richard Cook Samuel Cooke Stephen Cooke Abraham Cooper Ezekiel Cooper Matthew Cooper (2) Mot Cooper Nathaniel Cooper (3) Richard Cooper Warren Cooper William Cooper Aaron Cooping Joseph Copeland Andrew Cord Joseph Cornean Peter Cornelius John Cornell Matthew Cornell James Corner Benjamin Corning Robert Cornwell William Cornwell Bernard Corrigan John Corrigan John CorroU Battson Corson Pomeus Corson Lewis Cortland Robert Corwell Joseph de Costa Antonio Costo Noel Cotis Anghel Cotter David Cotteral David Cottrill James Couch John Couch Thomas Coudon John Coughin Pierre Coulanson Nathaniel Connan Francis Connie Perrie Coupra Jean de Course Leonard Courtney Louis Couset Joseph Cousins Frances Cousnant Jean Couster John Coutt Vizenteausean Co- vazensa John Coventry John Coverley Peter Covet Zechariah Coward 458 American Prisoners of the Revolution James Cowbran James Cowen John Cowins Edward Cownovan Enoch Cox Jacob Cox John Cox Joseph Cox (2) Portsmouth Cox William Cox Thurmal Coxen Asesen Craft Joseph Craft Matthias Craft (2) James Craig Thomas Craig Henry Crandall Oliver Crane Philip Crane Samuel Crane William Cranston Abel Crape (2) Thomas Craton (2) Joshua Cratterbrook Alias Crawford Benjamin Crawford John Crawford (4) Richard Crawford Samuel Crawford William Crawford Basil Crawley Cornelius Crawley Isaac Craylon (2) James Crayton Amos Creasey Richard Creech Thomas Creepman William Cresean William Cresley Henry Cressouson Michael Crider John Crim Others Cringea William Crispin (2) George Cristin Benjamin Crocker James Crocker John Crocker Joshua Crocker (2) John Croix Oliver Cromell Oliver Cromwell (4) Richmond Crom- well Robert Cromwell Hugh Crookt John Croppen Bunsby Crorker Peter Crosbury Daniel Crosby (3) William Crosley Joseph Cross Thomas Crough Christian Crowdy Matthew Crow Bissell Crowell Seth Crowell William Crowell George Crown Michael Crowyar William Crozier Janeise Cubalod Benjamin Cuffey Philip Cuish Thomas Culbarth Daniel Culbert William Cullen (2) David Cullett Willis Culpper Levi Culver Samuel Culvin Josea Comnano Cornelius Cumstock Isaac Cuningham James Cunican Barnabas Cunning- ham Cornelius Cunning- ham John Cunningham Jacob Currel Anthony Curry Augustine Curry Robert Curry Daniel Curtis Frederick Curtis Joseph Curtis Henry Curtis Joseph Gushing Robert Gushing Eimnan Gushing D Guilliam Dabuican Jean Dabuican John Daccarmell Isaac Dade (2) Jean Dadica Silas Daggott John Dagure Benjamin Dail James Daily (2) Patrick Daily Robert Daily Samuel Daily (2) William Daily James Dalcahide Jeremiah Dalley Reuben Damon Thomas Danby Christopher Daniel John Daniel (3) Samuel Daniss Benjamin Dannison William Dannison William Dannivan Benjamin Darby William Darby W. Darcey Thomas Darley Henry Darling (2)' Richard Darling William Darling Charles Darrough Robert Dart Samuel Daun Basteen Davan James Daveick Lot Davenport Christopher Davids John Davidson Samuel Davidson Pierre Davie Benjamin Davies Christopher Davies Edward Davies Eliga Davies Elijah Davies Felton Davies John Davies (9) Henry Davies Lewis Davies Appendix 459 Richard Davies (2) Samuel Davies (3) Thomas Davies (3) William Davies (3) Benjamin Davies (2) Charles Davis Christopher Davis Curtis Davis Henry Davis Isaac Davis James Davis John Davis (2) Lewis Davis Samuel Davis Thomas Davis William Davis Thomas Dawn Henry Dawne Samuel Dawson John Day Joseph Day Michael Day Thomas Day (2) William Day Joseph Days William Dayton Demond Deaboney Jonathan Deakons Isaac Deal John Deal Elias Deale (2) Daniel Dealing Benjamin Deamond Benjamin Dean Levi Dean Lewis Dean Orlando Dean Philip Dean Archibald Deane George Deane Joseph Deane Thomas Deane Michael Debong James Debland Peter Deboy Benorey Deck Joseph de Costa Jean de Course Francis Dedd Defourgue Jean Degle Pierre Degoniere Pierre Guiseppe Degue William Degue Louis Degune Pratus Dehango Jacob Dehart Jasper Deinay Domingo Delace Zabulon Delano Gare Delare Gaspin Delary Anthony Delas Amos Delavan Pierre Delavas Joseph Delcosta Francis Delgada Henry Delone Anthony Delore James Demay David Demeny Israel Deming Josiah Demmay Element Demen Jean Demolot Richard Dempsey Avery Denauf Daniel Denica Beebe Denison Deverick Dennis James Dennis John Dennis (3) Jonas Dennis Joseph Dennis (2) Moses Dennis Paine Dennis Lemuel Dennison John Denoc David Denroron John Denronons Lewis Depue Manuel Deralia John Derboise Daniel Deroro Daniel Derry William Derry Louis Deshea John Desiter Jacob Dessino Jeane Devaratte Isaac Devay Gabriel Devay James Devereux Robert Devereux James Deverick John Devericks Honor Devey Joseph Deville Frances Devise Daniel Devoe Thomas Devoy Aaron Dexter Benjamin Dexter Simon Dexter Elerouant Diabery Jonah Diah David Diber Archibald Dick Benjamin Dickenson Benjamin Dickinson Edward Dickinson Ichabod Dickinson John Dickinson Edward Dickerson Joseph Diers Thomas Diggenson Rone Digon Joseph Dillons John Dillow Benjamin Dimon Charles Dimon James Dimon Robert Dingee Elisha Dingo John Dingo Pierre Disaablan Mitchael Dissel! John Diver Victoire Divie Christian Dixon Christopher Dixon Daniel Dixon James Dixon (2) John Dixon Nicholas Dixon Robert Dixon (3) William Dixon Etamin Dluice John Doan Joseph Dobbs John Dobiee 460 American Prisoners of thE: Revolution Henry Docherty Hugh Docherty William Dodd (2) James Dodge George Doget Matthew Doggett Samuel Doggett (2) Timothy Doggie John Doherty (2) Thomas Doherty Josiah Dohn Samuel Dohn Robert Doin Frances Doisu John Dolbear Elisha Dolbuy John Dole Elisha Doleby Nathaniel DoUo- way Pierre Dominica Jean Domrean Barton Donald Anthony Donalds Daniel Donaldson Me Donalin Solomon Donan John Dongan Peter C Dongue Anthony Dongues Benjamin Donham Devereux Denies George Donkin Francis Dora John McDora Dora Nathaniel Dorcey Patrick Dorgan (3) Timothy Dorgan Joseph Dority Paul Paulding Dor- son Joseph Doscemer Jay Doudney Francis Douglas Robert Douglass William Douglass Iseno Douting. Thomas Douval James Dowdey William Dowden Hezekiah Dowen (2) John Dower Henry Dowling Francis Downen roux Henry Dowling John Downey John Downing Peter Downing John Dowray James Doxbury Peter Doyle Murray Drabb Thomas Drake Jean Draullard James Drawberry Samuel Drawere James Drayton William Dredge Abadiah Drew John Drew (2) Thomas Drewry John Driver Simeon Drown William Drown Jean Dubison James Dublands Thomas Dubois Henry Dubtoe Michael Duchaee Archibald Ducker Jean Duckie Martin Ducloy Abner Dudley Doulram Duffey Ezekiel Duffey Thomas Duffield Michael Dufifin Thomas Duffy Jacques Duforte Franes Dugree Chemuel Duke John Duke William Duke Isaac Dukerson Michael Duless Terrence Dumra- ven James Dunbar George Duncan John Duncan James Duncan William Duncan Thomas Dung John Dunhire John Dunison James Dunkin Pierre Dunkwater Thomas Dunlope Jobn Dunlope Thomas Dunlope Archibald Dunlopp Allan Dunlot John Dunmerhay Arthur Dunn Joseph Dunn Peter Dunn Sylvester Dunnam John Dunning Peter Dunning Thomas Dunnon Edene Dunreas Allen Dunslope William Dunton Stephen Dunwell Ehenne Dupee Thomas Duphane Francis Duplessis France Dupue Charles Duran Henry Duran Lewis Duran Glase Durand Jacques Durant Sylvester Durham Israel Durphey Jonathan J. Dur- vana Robert Duscasson Anthony Duskin Andrew Duss William Dussell Raoul Dutchell James Duverick Timothy Dwier William Dwine John Dwyer Timothy Dwyer (2) William Dwyman Alexander Dyer Fitch Dyer Hat Dyer Hubert Dyer Jonathan Dyer Appendix 461 Nathan Dyer Patrick Dyer Robert Dyer Roger Dyer Samuel Dyer David Each Simon Eachforsh David Eadoe Benjamin Earle Isaac Earle Lewis Earle Pardon Earle (2) Michael Eason Amos Easterbrook Charles Easterbrook John Eaves Joseph Ebben John Ebbinstone Avico Ecbeveste Joseph Echangneid Francis Echauegud Amorois Echave Lorendo Echerauid Francis Echesevria Ignatius Echesevria Manuel de Echeve- rale Fermin Echeuarria Joseph Nicola Echoa Thoman Ecley Edbron Thomas Eddison William Ede Butler Edelin Jessie Edgar John Edgar Thomas Edgar William Edgar (2) James Edgarton Philip Edgarton Doum Edmondo Henry Edmund John Edmund Alexander Edwards Charles Edwards Daniel Edwards Edward Edwards Henry Edwards James Edwards John Edwards Michael Edwards RoUo Edwards Thomas Edwards William James Eggleston Samuel Eggleston James Egrant James Ekkleston Jonathan Elbridge Nathan Elder Luther Elderkin Daniel Elderton Aldub Eldred Walford Eskridge Antony Esward Anthony Eticore Joseph Eton , Francis Eugalind Edwards Joseph Eugalind Nicholas Euston Alias Evans Pierre Evans Francis Eveane Lewis Eveane Lewis Even Peni Evena Pierre Evena Even Evens William Evens Daniel Eldridge (2)jeremiah Everett Ezra Eldridge Ebenezer Everall Tames Eldridge Thomas Eldridge William Eldridge William Eleves Richar'd Elgin John EH Benjamin Elias Benjamin Elith James Elkins Nicholas EHery Cornelius Elliott Daniel Elliott John Elliott Joseph Elliott Nathaniel Elliott Jonathan Ellis John Ellison (2) Theodore Ellsworth Stephen Elns Nathaniel Elridge Isaac Elwell John Elwell Samuel Elwell (3) Robert Everley George Everson John Everson Benjamin Eves David Evins John Evins Peter Ewen Thomas Ewell William Ewell Peter Ewen Thomas Ewen James Ewing Thomas Ewing Juan Vicente passa Christian Eyes Ex- Jean Paul Fabalue John Faber Ashan Fairfield Benjamin Fairfield John Fairfield (2) James Emanuel (2) William Faithful George Emery Jean Emilgon John Engrum John Eoon Samuel Epworth John Erexson Ignaus Ergua Martin Eronte James Esk Henry Falam Ephraim Falkender George Falker Robert Fall Thomas Fallen Henry Falls Francis Fanch Jean Fanum John Farland 462 American Prisoners of the Revolution William Farmer John Faroe Michael Farrean William Farrow Thomas Fary Henry Fatem Jacob Faulke Robert Fauntroy Joseph Feebe Martin Feller James Fellows Nathaniel Fellows John Felpig Peter Felpig Benjamin Felt David Felter Thomas Fennall Cable Fennell John Fenton Cable Fenwell Joseph Ferarld Domigo Ferbon David Fere Matthew Fergoe Pierre Fermang Noah Fernal Francis Fernanda Thomas Fernandis Matthew Fernay Ephraim Fernon Fountain Fernray Ehemre Ferote Joseph Ferre Lewis Ferret Joseph Ferria Kennedy F e r r i 1 Conway Ferris Paul Ferris William Fester Elisha Fettian Manuel Fevmandez Frederick Fiarde John Ficket Charles Field John Fielding W. Fielding William Fielding John Fife Edwin Fifer Nathaniel Figg Benjamin Files Jean Francis Fil- lear Patrick Filler Ward Filton John Fimsey Bartholomew Fina- gan David Finch John Fincher George Finer Dennis Finesy Francis Finley James Finley Dennis Finn John Finn Jeremiah Finner Jonathan Finney (3) Seth Finney Thomas Finney Robert Firmie Joseph Firth Asel Pish Daniel Fish Ezekiel Fish John Fish Nathaniel Fish (2) John Fisham Abraham Fisher Archibald Fisher Isaac Fisher Jonathan Fisher Nathan Fisher Robert Fisher (3) Simon Fisher William Fisher (3) William Fisk John Fist Solomon Fist Ebenezer Fitch Jedeiah Fitch Josiah Fitch Peter Fitch Theopilus Fitch Timothy Fitch Henry Fitchett William Fithin Cristopher Fitts Patrick Faroh Fitz Edward Fitzgerald Patrick Fitzgerald Thomas Fleet John Fletcher John Fling William Fling John Flinn Berry Floyd Michael Fluort Thomas Fogg Francis Follard Jonathan Follett Stephen Follows John Folsom John Folston Joseph Fomster Louis Fongue Daniel Foot Samuel Foot Zakiel Foot John Footman Peter Forbes Bartholomew Ford Daniel Ford George Ford (2) John Ford Philip Ford William Ford , Benjamin Fordham Daniel Fore Hugh Foresyth Vancom Forque Matthew Forgough George Forket Samuel Forquer Nathaniel Forrest Francis Forster Timothy Forsythe John Fort Anthony Fortash Emanuel Fortaud John Fortune Thomas Fosdick Andrew Foster Asa Foster Boston Foster Conrad Foster Edward Foster Ephraim Foster Henry Foster (2) George Foster Jacob Foster Appendix 463 Jebediah Foster Josiah Foster (2) John Foster (6) Nathaniel Foster Nicholas Foster William Foster Ephraim Fostman John Fouber Francis Foubert William Foulyer Edward Fousler Pruden Fouvnary Gideon Fowler James Fowler (3) John Fowler (2) Joseph Fowler Michael Fowler John Butler Foy AVilliam Foy Jared Foyer Ebenezer Fox William Fox (3) Jacob Frailey (2) Fortain Frances John Frances Joseph Frances Scobud Frances John Francis Thomas Francis (2) William Francis Manuel Francisco Jean Franco Jean Francois Anthony Frankie Pernell Franklin Christopiher Franks Michael Franks John Frasier Thomas Frasier Nathaniel Frask John F. Fravers John Fravi William Frey Andrew Frazer Thomas Frazier Pierre Freasi Iman Frebel William Freebal Charles Freeman David Freeman Henry Freeman Humphrey Freeman John Freeman Thomas Freeman (3) Zebediah Freeman James French Jonathan French Michael French Josias Frett John Fretto Juban Freway Anthony Frick Post Friend Shadrach Friend James Frieris Ebenezer Frisby Isaac Frisby Josiah Frith John Frost Joseph Frost (2) Peter Frume James Fry (2) Robert Fry Abijah Fryske Joseph Fubre Joseph Fuganey Joshua Fulger Reuben Fulger Stephen Fulger Benjamin Fuller James Fuller Joseph Fuller Thaddeus Fuller Thomas Fuller (2) George Fullum James Fulton Thomas Fulton Abner Furguson Samuel Furguson John Furse John Fury Iman Futter Eudrid Gabria Francis Gabriel Franes Gabriel Hernan Gage Isaac Gage Matthew Gage Stephen Gage Jonas Gale Joseph Galina Andrew Gallager John Gallard John Gallaspie Richard Galley William Gallway Anthony Gallys James Gamband James Gamble Joseph Gamble Peter Gambo Pierre Ganart William Gandee William Gandel Francis Gandway John Gandy Hosea Garards Antony Gardil Silas Gardiner William Gardiner Alexander Gardner (3) Dominic Gardner James Gardner (3) Joseph Gardner (5) Larry Gardner Robert Gardner Samuel Gardner Silas Gardner Thomas Gardner Uriah Gardner William Gardner Dominico Gardon John Garey Manolet Garico James Garish Paul Garish John Garland (2) Barney Garlena Joseph Garley Garner Silas Garner John Garnet Sylvester Garnett Isaac Garret Michael Garret John Garretson Antonio Garrett Jacques Garrett 464 American Prisoners of the Revolution Richard Garrett William Garrett Louis C. Garrier Jacob Garrison (2) Joseph Garrison (3) Joseph Garrit Thomas Garriway Jean Garrow Roman Garsea William Garty Job Gascin Daniel Gasett Jacob Gasker Simon Gason (2) Manot Gasse John Gassers Francis Gater Charles Gates Peter Gaypey John Gault Paul Gaur Thomas Gaurmon Thomas Gawner Solomon Gay William Gay Charles Gayford John Gaylor Robert Geddes George George (2) George Georgean Hooper Gerard Riviere de Ggoslin George Gill John Gibbens Edward Gibbertson John Gibbons Charles Gibbs (3) John Gibbs (3) Andrew Gibson Benjamin Gibson George Gibson James Gibson William Gibson Stephen Giddron Archibald Gifford George Gilbert Timothy Gilbert George Gilchrist Robert Gilchrist John Giles Samuel Giles (2) Thomas Giles William Giles John Gill Philip Gill William Gill John Gilladen Jean B. Gillen Richard Gilleny William Gillespie John Gillis John Gillison David Gillispie David Gillot Toby Gilmay John Gilmont Nathaniel Gilson Thomas Gimray Peter Ginnis Jean Ginnow Baptist Giraud Joseph Girca William Gisburn Francis Gissia Jean Glaied Charles Glates Jean Glease Jean Gleasie Gabriel Glenn Tbomas Glerner William Glesson James Gloacque William Glorman Edward Gloss Michael Glosses Daniel Glcud Jonathan Glover William Glover Thomas Goat Ebenezer Goddard Nicholas Goddard Thomas Goddard Joseph Godfrey Nathaniel Godfrey Samuel Godfrey Simon Godfrey Thomas Godfrey William Godfrey (4) Francis Godfry Pierre Godt Vincent Goertin Patrick Goff John Going Ebenezer Gold John Golston William Golston Robert Gomer Pierre Goodal! George Goodby Simon Gcodfrey Eli Goodfry Lemuel Gooding George Goodley Francis Goodman- Eli Goodnow Elizer Goodrich Jesse Goodrich Solomon Goodrich James Goodwick Charles Goodwin Daniel Goodwin George Goodwin Gideon Goodwin Ozeas Goodwin Abel Goose James Gootman Abel Goove Goquie Jonathan Goram (3) John Gord Andrew Gordan Andrew Gordon James Gordon (2) Peter Gordon Stephen Gordon Jesse Gore Jonathan Goreham James Gorham Jonathan Gorham Shubert Gorham Joseph Gormia Christian Goson William Goss Jean Gotea George Gothe Charles Gotson Francis Goudin Lewis Gouire Augustus Goute Francis Goutiere Joseph Goveir Sylverter Govell George Gowell (2) Appendix 465 Henry Gowyall Jean Goyear Matthew Grace William Grafton Alexander Graham Robert Graham Samuel Graham David Graines Robert Grame L. A. Granada William Granby Adam Grandell Alexander Grant Thomas Grant William Grant Thomas Grassing William Gratton Ebenezer Graub Dingley Gray Franes Gray Joseph Gray (2) James Gray Samuel Gray Simeon Gray Simon Gray William Gray Isaac Greeman Allen Green Elijah Green (3) Elisha Green Henry Green John Green (9) Joseph Green (2) Robert Green Rufus Green William Green (3) Green Greenbury Enoch Greencafe James Greene (3) John Greene (4) Samuel Greene John Greenes Richard Greenfield Abner Greenleaf John Greenoth William Greenville Barton Greenville Malum Greenwell Robert Greenwold Jacob Greenwood David Gregory —30 Stephen Gregory Ebenezer Grenach William Grennis Ebenezer Grenyard Samuel Grey Charles Grier Isaac Grier Mather Grier William Grierson Moses Griffen Alexander Griffin Daniel Griffin Elias Griffin James Griffin (2) Jasper Griffin Joseph Griffin Moses Griffin (2) Peter Griffin Rosetta Griffin James Griffith William Griffith James Grig John Griggs Thomas Grilley Peter Grinn Philip Griskin Edward Grissell Elijah Griswold Jotun Griswold John Grogan Joseph Grogan Josiah Grose Peter Grosper Benjamin Gross Michael Gross Simon P. Gross Tonos Gross Peleg Grotfield John Grothon Andrew Grottis Joseph Grouan Michael Grout Stephen Grove Thomas Grover (2) John Gruba Samuel Grudge Peter Gruin George Grymes John Guae Cyrus Guan Elisha Guarde John Guason John Guay Bense Guenar Nathaniel Gugg Pierre Guilber John Guilley Peter Guin William Guinep Joseph Guiness Joseph Guinet William Gulirant Joseph Gullion Souran Gult Jean Gumeuse Antonio Gundas Julian Gunder William Gunnup Jean Gunteer Pierre Gurad Anthony Gurdell Franes Gusboro George Guster Jean Joseph Guth- and Francis Guvare William Gwinnup H Samuel Hacker John Hackett Benjamin Haddock Caraway Hagan Anthony de la Hage James Haggarty John Haglus Ebenezer Hail David Halbort William Haldron Matthew Hales Aaron Hall Ebenezer Hall Isaac Hall James Hall John Hall (3) Joseph Hall London Hall Lyman Hall Millen Hall Moses Hall Nathan Hall 466 American Prisoners of the Revoi^utign Samuel Hall Spence Hall Thomas Hall (3) William Hall Willis Hall Thomas Hallahan James Hallaughan Benjamin Hallett (2) James Hallett (2) Ephraim Halley John Halley Joseph Halley (2) Samuel Halley Richard Halley Charles Hallwell Henry Halman William Halsey Moses Halton Jesse Halts Byron Halway Benjamin Halwell James Ham Levi Ham Reuben Hambell William Hamber Empsen Hamilton Henry Hamilton John Hamilton (2) William Hamilton (2) Flint Hammer Charles Hammond Elijah Hammond Homer Hammond, James Hammond Joseph Hammond Thomas Hamsby James Hanagan Stephen iHanagan Henry Hance Abraham Hancock Samuel Hancock Elias Hand Elijah Hand Gideon Hand Joseph Hand (2) Thomas Hand William Hand Levi Handy Thomas Handy (3) John Hanegan Josiah Hanes Patrick Hanes Samuel Hanes John Haney Gideon Hanfield Peter Hankley Every Hanks John Hannings Hugh Hanson James Hanwagon Jonathan Hanwood John Hanwright Neil Harbert John Harbine Daniel Harbley Augustus Harbor- ough Peter Harcourt Jean Hard Lewis Harden Richard Harden William Harden Turner Hardin Frances Harding Nathaniel Harding (2) George Hardy James Hardy Joseph Hardy (2) Thomas Harens John Harfun Joel Hargeshonor Jacob Harpous Abraham Hargus Thomas Harkasy John Harket Solomon Harkey Thomas Harkins Charles Harlin Selden Harley Solomon Harley Byron Harlow John Harman Richard Harman John Harmon Joseph Harner 'William Harragall John Harragall Lewis Harrett Bartholomew Har- rington Daniel Harrington Charles Harris Edward Harris Francis Harris George Harris Hugh Harris James Harris (2) John Harris (2) Joseph Harris Nathaniel Harris (2) Robert Harris William Harris Charles Harrison Elijah Harrison Gilbert Harrison John Harrison William Harron Charles Harroon Cornelius Hart Jacob de Hart John Hart Samuel Hartley Jacob Hartman James Hartshorne Thomas Hartus John Harwood John Harvey Peter Haselton Michael Hashley Philip Hashton John Hasker Jacob Hassa John Hassett John Hassey Benjamin Hatam Charles Hatbor Edward Hatch Jason Hatch Nailor Hatch Prince Hatch Reuben Hatch William Hatch Edward Hatchway Burton Hathaway Jacob Hathaway Russell Hathaway Woolsey Hatha- way Appendix 467 Andrew Hatt Shadrach Hatway Michael Haupe Jacob Hauser William Hawke Jacob Hawker John Hawker John Hawkin Christopher Haw- kins Jabez Hawkins John Hawkins (2) Thomas Hawkins Jacob Hawstick John Hawston George Haybud Benjamin Hayden Nicholas Hayman David Hayne Joseph Haynes Peter Haynes (2) Thomas Haynes William Haynes David Hays Patrick Hays Thomas Hays William Hays William Haysford Benjamin Hazard John Hazard Samuel Heageork Gilbert Heart Samuel Heart Joseph Hearth Charles Heath Joseph Heath Seren Heath Seson Heath Jack Hebell Heraclus Hedges George Heft Edmund Helbow Matthias Hellman Lacy Helman Thomas Helman Odera Hemana Daniel Hemdy Jared Hemingway Alexander Hender- son Ephraim Hender- son Joseph Henderson Michael Hender- son Robert Henderson William Hender- son Archibald Hendray Robert Hengry Leeman Henley Butler Henry James Henry John Henry (3) Joseph Henry Michael Henry (2) William Henry (2) John Hensby Patrick Hensey (2) Enos Henumway Dennis Henyard Samson Herart Thomas Herbert Philip Herewux Ephraim Herrick John Herrick (2) William Herrick Michael Herring William Herring Robert Herrow Robert Herson Robert Hertson Augustin Hertros Stephen Heskils John Hetherington John Hewengs Lewis Hewit William Heysham Diah Hibbett John Hibell Michael Hick Daniel Hickey Baptist Hicks Benjamin Hicks John Hicks Isaac Higgano George Higgins Ichabod Higgins Samuel Higgins Stoutly Higgins William Higgins (3) Henry Highlander John Highlenede John Hill (2) James Hill Joshua Hill (2) Thomas Hill (2) Edward Hilley James Hilliard Joseph Hilliard Nicholas Hillory Hale Hilton Nathaniel Hilton Benjamin Himsley Peter Hinch James Hines William Hinley Aaron Hinman William Hinman Nathaniel Hinnran Jonathan Hint John Hirich Christian Hiris Samuel Hiron John Hisburn Nathaniel Hise Samuel Hiskman John Hislop Philip Hiss Loren Hitch Robert Hitch Joseph Hitchband Edward Hitchcock Robert Hitcher John Hitching Arthur Hives Willis Hoag Edwin Hoane Henry Hobbs William Hobbs Jacob Hobby Nathaniel Hobby Joseph Hockless Hugh Hodge Hercules Hodges (2) Benjamin Hodgkin- son Samuel Hodgson Conrad Hoffman Cornelius Hoffman Roger Hogan Stephen Hogan Stephen Hoggan Alexander Hogsart 46S American Prisoners of the Revolution Jacob Hogwprthy Ephraim Hoist Humphrey Hoites Lemuel Hokey William Hold William Holden Thomas Holdridge John Holland Michael Holland William Holland (2) Nicholas Hollen William Holliday Michael Holloway Myburn Holloway Grandless Holly Henry Holman Isaac Holmes James Holmes Joseph Holmes Nathaniel Holmes Thomas Holmes (3) George Holmstead Charles Hole Samuel Holt James Home Jacob Homer William Homer William Honeyman Simon Hong Warren Honlap Daniel Hood (2) Nicholas Hoogland (2) George Hook John Hook (3) George Hooker Ezekiel Hooper John Hooper (3) Michael Hooper (3) Sweet Hooper Caleb Hopkins Christopher Hopkins John Hopkins Michael Hopkins Stephen Hopkins William Hopkins Edward Hopper John Hopper Richard Hopping Levi Hoppins Joseph Horn (2) Jacob Home John Home Ralph Home Samuel Home Augusta Horns Michael Horoe Charles Horsine Ephraim Hort Jean Hosea John Hosey Jean Hoskins James Hottahon Ebenezer Hough Enos House Seren House Noah Hovard Joseph Hovey John Howe Absalom Howard Ebenezer Howard John Howard Richard Howard Thomas Howard William Howard (3) James Howburn Edward Howe John Howe Thomas Howe Ebenezer Howell Jesse Howell Jonathan Howell John Howell Luke Howell Michael Howell Thomas Howell Waller Howell William Howell Daniel Rowland Joseph Howman Benjamin Hoyde Dolphin Hubbard Jacob Hubbard James Hubbard Joel Hubbard Moses Hubbard William Hubbard Abel Hubbell William Huddle John Hudman Fawrons Hudson John Hudson Phineas Hudson John Huet Conrad Huffman Stephen Huggand John Huggins Abraham Hughes Felix Hughes Greenberry Hughes Greenord Hughes Jesse Hughes John Hughes Peter Hughes Thomas Hughes Pierre Hujuon Richard Humphrey Clement Humphries W. W. Humphries Ephraim Hunn Cephas Hunt John Hunt (2) Robert Hunt Alexander Hunter Ezekiel Hunter George Hunter Robert Hunter Turtle Hunter Rechariah Hunter Elisha Huntington Joseph Harand Benjamin Hurd Joseph Hurd Simon Hurd Asa Hurlbut George Husband John Husband Negro Huson Charles Huss Isaac Huss Jesse Hussey James Huston Zechariah Hutchins Esau Hutchinson John Hutchison Abraham Smith Hyde Vincent Hyer Joseph Ignacis Ivede Sousis llli- umbe Benjamin Indecot Isaac Indegon Appendix 469 John Ingersall Henry Ingersoll (2) John Ingraham Joseph Ingraham Joshua Ingraham Philip Ignissita Joseph Irasetto David Ireland James Ireland Joseph Ireland Michael Irvin George Irwin Michael Irwin Isaac Isaacs George Ismay Gospar Israel James Ivans John Ivington Francis D Izoguirre Michael Jacen Black Jack John Jack (2) John Jacks (2) Frederick Jacks (2) George Jacks (2) Henry Jacks John Jacks John Jackson James Jackson Josiah Jackson Nathaniel Jackson Peter Jackson Robert Jackson Jean Jacobs Bella Jacobs Joseph Jacobs Wilson Jacobs Andrew Jacobus Guitman Jacques Guitner Jacques Lewis Jacques Peter Jadan John Jaikes Benjamin James John James (2) Ryan James William James Daniel Jamison Josiah Janes Jean Jardin Francis Jarnan Edward Jarvis Petuna Jarvis Negro Jask John Jassey Francis Jatiel Clement Jean Joseph Jean William Jean Benjamin Jeanesary Roswell Jeffers Samuel Jeffers James Jeffrey John Jeffries Joseph Jeffries Philip Jeffries George Jemrey Pierre Jengoux David Jenkin Enoch Jenkins George Jenkins Solomon Jenkins George Jenney John Jenney Langdon Jenney Langhorn Jenney Nathaniel Jennings Thomas Jennings William Jennings John Jenny Langhorn Jenny Frances Jerun Abel Jesbank Oliver Jethsam Germain Jeune Silas Jiles Nathan Jinks Moses Jinney Verd Joamra Manuel Joaquire Robert Job • Joe Thomas Joel Elias Johnson (2) Francis Johnson George Johnson James Johnson (3) John Johnson (3) Joseph Johnson Major Johnson Samuel Johnson Stephen Johnson William Johnson Ebenezer Johnston Edward Johnston George Johnston John Johnston (2) Joseph Johnston Major Johnston Michael Johnston Miller Johnston Paul Johnston Peter Johnston Robert Johnston (3) Samuel Johnston Simon Johnston Stephen Johnston William Johnston (8) William B. John- ston James Johnstone John Joie Thomas Joil Adam Jolt Joan Benjamin Jonas Abraham Jones Alexander Jones Benjamin Jones (3) Beal Jones Clayton Jones Darl Jones Edward Jones (2) James Jones Jib Jones John Jones (7) Thomas Jones (2) Richard Jones (2) Samuel Jones (3) William Jones (10) Jean Jordan John Jordan Philip Jordan Nicholas Jordon (2) Anthony Joseph Antonio Joseph Emanuel Joseph 470 American Prisoners of the Revolution Thomas Joseph William Joslitt Antonio Jouest Thomas Joulet Jean Jourdana Mousa Jousegh Jean Jowe Thomas Jowe Curtis Joy Josiah Joy Peter Joy (2) Samuel Joy Samuel Joyce Conrad Joycelin Randon Jucba Manuel Joseph Ju- cerria Peter Julian Henry Junas Henry Junus (2) Jacques Jurdant George Juster Samuel Justice Simeon Justive George Justus Philip Justus K Mark Kadoody John Kain Lewis Kale Barney Kane Edward Kane John Kane Patrick Kane Thomas Kane Sprague Kean Thomas Kean Nathaniel Keard William Keary Tuson Keath Daniel Keaton Samuel Kelbey Samuel Kelby John Keller Abner Kelley John Kelley (5) Michael Kelley (2) Oliver Kelley Patrick Kelley Samuel Kelley William Kelley Roy Kellrey Abner Kelly (2) Hugh Kelly James Kelly John Kelly Roger Kelly Seth Kelly Timothy Kelly Nehemiah Kelivan Olgas Kilter William Kemplin Simon Kenim Charles Kenneday James Kenneday Jonathan Kenneday Nathaniel Kenne- day Robert Kenneday (2) Thomas Kenneday William Kenneday (3) David Kennedy James Kennedy John Kenney (2) William Kensey Elisha Kenyon Joson Ker John Kerril William Kersey (2) Edward Ketcham Samuel Ketcham William Keyborn Anthony Keys John Keys Michael Keys Jean Kiblano James Kickson George Kidd John Kidd James Kidney Manuel Kidtona Thomas Kilbourne John Kilby Lewis Kildare John Kilfundy Samuel Killen William Killen- house Samuel Killer Charles Killis Gustavus Killman Daniel Kilray John Kilts Nathaniel Kimber- ell Charles King Gilbert King Jonathan King John King (4) Joseph King (4) Michael King Richard King William King Nathaniel Kings- bury William Kingsley Samuel Kinney Josiah Kinsland Benjamin Kinsman Charles Kirby John Kirk William Kirk Jacob Kisler Edward Kitchen John Kitler Ebenezer Knapp James Knapp Benjamin Knight (3) Job Knight Reuben Knight Thomas Knight (2) James Knowles (2) Nathaniel Knowles James Knowls Edward Knowlton William Knowlton Jeremiah Knox (2) John Knox Ezekiel Kuthoopen Louis Kyer L Basil Laban Pierre Labon Francois Labone Deman Labordas Fortne Laborde Frederick Laborde Anton Laca Appendix 471 Michael La Casa- wyne John Lack Christopher Lacon Oliver Lacope Guilliam La Coque Anthony Lafart Dennis Laflferty Pierre La Fille Anthony Lagarvet Jeff Laggolf Samuel Laighton Thomas Laigue Peter Lain Christopher Laird (3) John Laird (2) Simon Lake Thomas Lake Nathan Lakeman Thomas Laley Samson Lalley John Lalour David Lamb William Lamb Pierre Lambert Richard Lambert (2) Cayelland Lambra Thomas Lambuda Evena Lame Thomas Lame Jean Lameari Michael Lameova Alexander Lamere (2) Roque Lamie Henry Land Stephen Landart George Landon Peter Landon William Lane John Langdon Jonathan Langer Darius Langford William Langford John Langler Obadiah Langley Thomas Langley James Langlord Joseph Langola Andrew Langolle Thomas Langstaff Franes Langum Francois Lan Hu- bere Samuel Lanman Nicholas Lanmand William Lanvath David Lapham Bundirk Laplaine Joseph La Plan James Lapthorn Pierre Laquise Francis Larada Matthew La Raison Charles Larbys Thomas Larkin James Larkins Gillian Laroache Bundirk Larplairne Pierre Larquan Benjamin Larrick Lewis Larsolan Gu'llemot Lascope Julian Lascope Joseph Laselieve John Lasherty William Lasken Jachery Lasoca David Lassan Michael Lassly Pierre Lastio David Latham Edward Latham James Latham Thomas Latham Elisha Lathrop John Lathrop Hezekiah Lathrop Solomon Lathrop James Latover Lorenzo Lattain Peter Lattimer Thomas Lattimer William Lattimer William Lattimore Frederick Lasker William Lathmore Samuel Laura John Laureny Homer Laury Michael Lased Daniel Lavet Pierre Lavigne Michael Lavona Ezekiel Law (3) John Law Richard Law Thomas Law Michael Lawbridge Thomas Lawrauce Antonio Lawrence Isaac Lawrence James Lawrence John Lawrence (2) Joseph Lawrence Michael Lawrence Robert Lawrence Samuel Lawrence (3) Thomas Lawrence William Lawrence (2) John Lawrie Andrew Lawson Joseph Lawson Joseph Lawton Edward Lay Lenolen Layfield William Layne John Layons Colsie Layton Jessie Layton Anthony Layzar Ezekiel Leach Thomas Leach (3) William Leach William Leachs John Leafeat Cornelius Leary John Leasear John Leatherby Louis Leblanc Philip Le Caq William Le Cose Baptist Le Cour Benjamin Lecraft Joseph Lecree Aaron Lee Adam Lee David Lee 472 American Prisoners of the Revolution Henry Lee James Lee John Lee Josiah Lee Peter Lee Richard Lee (3) Stephen Lee Thomas Lee (3) James Leech John Leech (2) George Leechman Jack Leeme Joseph Leera Jean Lefant Le Fargue Michael Lefen Samuel Le Fever Nathaniel Le Fe- vere Alexander Le Fon- gue Jean Le Ford Hezekiah Legrange Thomas Legrange Joseph Legro Samuel Legro George Lehman Gerge Lehman George Leish Jacob Lelande Jeremiah Leman John Lemee Rothe Lemee Abraham Lemon Peter Lemonas Pierre Lemons John Lemont Powell Lemosk John Lemot James Lenard Joseph Lenard John Lenham TuU Lenock Joseph Lenoze John Leonard Simon Leonard Louis Le Pach Joshua Le Poore Pierre Le Port Francis Lepord Pierre Lepord Pierre Lerandier Jean Le Rean Joseph P e c ca n t i Lescimia John Lessington John Lessell Christian Lester Henry Lester Lion Lesteren Ezekiel Letts (2) James Leuard Anthony Levanden Thomas Leverett John Leversey Joseph Levett Nathaniel Levi Bineva Levzie Jean Baptiste Le- yuac Nicholas L'Herox Pierre Liar John Lidman George Lichmond Charles Liekerada Charles Liekeradan Louis Light John Lightwell Homer Ligond Joseph Lilihorn Jonathan L i 1 1 a- bridge Joseph Lillehorn Thomas L i 1 1 i a- bridge Armistead Lillie John Lining John Limberick Christopher L i m- bourne (2) Lewis Lincoln Samuel Lindsay James Lindsey Matthew Lindsley William Lindsley Lamb Lines Charles Linn Lewis Linot Richard Linthorn Nicholas Linva Samuel Linzey William Linzev Jesse Lipp Henry Lisby Francis Little George Little John Little (3) Philip Little Thomas Little Thomas Littlejphn William Littleton Thomas Livet Licomi Lizarn James Lloyd Simor, Lloyd William Lloyd Lones Lochare John Logan Patrick Logard Eve Logoff Samuel Lombard John London Richard London Adam Lone Christian Long Enoch Long Jeremiah Long William Long Martin Longue Emanuel Loper Joseph Lopez Daniel Loran John Lorand Nathaniel Lord William Loreman Francis Loring John Lort Thomas Lorton Jean Lossett William Lott Dav)d Louis John Love (2) Stephen Love Thomas Love John Loveberry William Loverin James Lovett Thomas Lovett (2) James Low William Low John Lowe Abner Lowell (3) Israel Lowell Appendix 473 Jonathan Lowell John Lowering Jacob Lowerre Robert Lowerre (2) Robert Lowerry John Lowery Philip Lowett John Lowring Pierre Lozalle Jacques Lubard James Lucas Lucian Lucas Jean Lucie William Lucker William L u c k e y (3) W. Ludds Samuel Luder David Ludwith Peter Lumbard Francois Lumbrick Joseph Lunt (3) Skipper Lunt Philip Lute Nehemiah Luther Reuben Luther Benjamin Luyster Augustin Luzard Alexander Lyelar Charles Lyie Witsby Linbick Jean Lynton Peter Lyon Samuel Lyon Archibald Lyons Daniel Lyons Ephraim Lyons Ezekiel Lyons Jonathan Lyons Samuel Lyons M Jean Franco Mabu- gera John Macay Nicholas McCant John Mace Anthony Macguire Pierre Marker William Macgneol Romulus Mackroy John Madding (2) Peter Madding Peter Maggot John Maginon Stringe Mahlan Peter Mahrin Jean Maikser William Main Joseph Mainwright Simon Majo Pierre Malaque John Maleon Lewis Malcom Maurice Malcom John Male William Malen Francis Malar Matthew Malkellan Enoch Mall Daniel Malleby Thomas Malleby Frederick Malle- neux John Mallet Daniel Mallory John Malone Paul Malory Thomas Makend Nathaniel Mamford Mamney Peter Manaford Josiah Manars John Manchester Silas Manchester Thaddeus Manches- ter Edward Mand Edward Manda Jonathan Mandevi- neur Sylvester Manein Pierre Maneit Etien Manett George Manett George Mangoose John Manhee William Manilla Anthony Mankan Jacob Manlore William Manlove John Manly James Mann John Manor Isaac Mans Benjamin Mans- field Hemas Mansfield William Mansfield Joseph Mantsea Jonathan Maples Jean Mapson Auree Marand Marbinnea Mary Marblyn Etom Marcais James Marcey Jean Margabta Jean Marguie Timothy Mariarty John Mariner (2) Hercules Mariner (2) Elias Markham Thomas Marie James Marley Jean Marlgan Francis Marmilla David Marney James Marriott Zachary Marrall William Marran James Marriott Alexander Marse James Marsh Benjamin Marshall James Marshall John Marshall Joseph Marshall Samuel Marshall Thomas Marshall Timothy Marson Thomas Marston Adam Martellus Antonio Marti Ananias Martin Damon Martin Daniel Martin Daniel F. Martin Emanuel Martin Embey Martin Francis Martin George Martin 474 American Prisoners of the Revoi,ution Gilow Martin Jacob Martin James Martin Jesse Martin John Martin (4) Joseph Martin (3) Lewis Martin Martin Martin Michael Martin Peter Martin Philip Martin Samuel Martin (2) Simon Martin Thomas Martin (2) William Martin (3) Jose Martine (2) Thomas Martine Pierre Martinett Philip Marting Martin Martins Oliver Marton John Marton Baptist Marvellon Anthony Marwin Andrew Masar Thomas Mash Matthew Maskillon Thomas Masley Jean Maso Augustus Mason Francis Mason Gerard B. Mason Halbert Mason James Mason Louis Mason Charles Massaa James Massey James Maston Pierre Mathamice James Mathes Jeffrey Mathews John Mathews Joseph Mathews (2) Josiah Mathews Richard Mathews (3) Robert Mathews Thomas Mathews William Mathews (2) Thomas Mathew- son Robert Mathias Joseph Matre James Matson William Matterga George Matthews Joseph Matthews Josiah Matthews Richard Matthias Thomas Maun James Maurice John Mawdole Patrick Maxfield Daniel Maxwell David Maxwell George Maxwell James Maxwell (6) John Maxwell (3) William Maxwell (5) George May John Maye (3) John Maygehan Pierre Maywer (3) Parick McAllister Charles McArthur John McArthur Peter McCalpan Nathaniel McCamp- sey William McCanery Edward McCann Daniel McCape (2) Andrew McCarty Cornelius McCarty William McCarty John M. McCash Francis McClain James McClanagan Daniel McClary Henry McCleaf Patrick McClemens John McClesh Patrick McCloskey Murphy McCloud Peter McCloud James McClure William McClure Johnston McCollis- ter James McComb Paul McCome James McConnell Hugh McCormac James McCormick William McCowan Donald McCoy George McCoy Peter McCoy Samuel McCoy John McCrady Gilbert McCray John McCray Roderick McCrea Patrick McCulla Francis McCullam William McCullock Daniel McCullough William McCullough Patrick McCullum Caleb McCully Archibald McCunn James McDaniel (3) John McDaniel John McDavid William McDer- mott Alexander McDon- ald Donald McDonald John McDonald Petre McDonald William McDonald (2) Patrick M c D o n- ough (2) William McDougall Ebenezer McEntire John McEvan John McFaggins James McFall Bradford McFarlan Daniel McFarland William McFarland (2) Bradford McFar- ling Bushford M c F a r- ling John McFamon Appendix 475 William McGandy John McGee (2) Andrew McGelpin (3) James McGeer John McGey (3) Arthur McGill James McGill Henry McGinness James McGinniss John McGoggin Robert McGonne- gray James McGowan John McGoy Barnaby Mc Henry Duncan Mclntire Patrick McKay Matthew McKel- lum Barnaby McKenry John McKensie Thomas McKeon Patrick McKey James McKinney (2) John McKinsey George McKinsle William McKinsley Benjamin McLach- lan Edward McLain Lewis McLain Philip McLaughlin Daniel McLayne James McMichael Philip McMonough Francis McName John McNauch Archibald McNeal John McNeal James McNeil William McNeil John McNish Molcolm McPher- man William McQueen Charles McQuillian Samuel McWaters Samuel Mecury John Medaff John Mede Joshua Medisabel Joseph Meack John Meak Usell Meechen Abraham Meek Joseph Meek Timothy Meek John Mego Springale Meins William Melch Joseph Mellins Harvey Mellville William Melone Adam Meltward George Mfelvin Lewis Meneal John Menelick Jean Baptist Menlich William Mellwood John Mercaten James Mercer Robert Mercer (2) Jean Merchant (2) John Merchant Peter Merchant William Merchant John Merchaud Sylvester Mercy Bistin Mereff Jean Meritwell Francis Merlin John Merlin Augustus Merrick John Merrick Joseph Merrick Samuel Merrick Nimrod Merrill John Merritt John Merry John Mersean Clifton Merser John Mersey Abner Mersick William Messdone Thomas Messell George Messing- burg George Messmong Thomas Metsard Job Meyrick Roger Mickey- Thomas Migill James Migley Jean Milcher John Miles (3) Segur Miles Thomas Miles Timothy Miles George Mildred James Millbown Robert Millburn John Millen Christopher Miller David Miller Ebenezer Miller Elijah Miller (2) George Miller Jacob Miller John Miller (3) John James Miller Jonathan Miller Michael Miller Peter Miller Samuel Miller (2) William Miller (3) Maurice Millet Thomas Millet Francis Mills John Mills (3) William Mills Dirk Miners John Mink Renard Mink Lawrence M i n n i harm Arnold Minow Kiele Mires Koel Mires Anthony Mitchell Benjamin Mitchell James Mitchell Jean Mitchell John Mitchell (2) Joseph Mitchell David P. Mite Elijah Mix Joseph Mix Paul Mix James Moet William Moffat David Moffet 476 American Prisoners of the Revoi^ution Emanuel Moguera Peter Moizan Joseph Molisan Alexander MoUa Mark Mollian Ethkin Mollinas Bartholomew Moi- ling Daniel Mollond James MoUoy John Molny Oilman Molose Enoch Molton George Molton Isaac Money Perry Mongender William Monrass James Monro Abraham Monroe John Monroe Thomas Monroe David Montague Thomas Moore (6) Wardman Moore William Moore (6) Charles Moosey John Mooton Acri Morana John Morant Adam Morare John Baptist Mo- raw W. Morce Gilmot Morea Toby Morean Joseph Morehand Abel Morehouse (3) Grosseo Moreo Jonathan Morey Lewis Morey Louis Morey Abel Morgan Henry Morgan Norman Montague John Morgan (3) William Montague Joseph Morgan Lewis Montaire Francis M o n t e s- dague George Montgom- ery (3) Matthew Morgan John Moride Edward Moritz William Morein James Morley James Montgomeryjohn Morrell (3) John Montgomery (3) James Moody Silas Moody Hugh Mooney Abraham (3) Adam Moore Frederick Moore Henry Moore Israel Moore James Moore John Moore (2) Joseph Moore Nathaniel Moore Patrick Moore Ralph Moore Pichard Moore Samiiel Moore Stephen Moore Osborne Morrell Robert Morrell (3) Francis Morrice Andrew Morris (2) Daniel Morris David Morris Moore Easins Morris Edward Morris Foster Morris Gouvernetir Morris John Morris (3) Matthew Morris Philip Morris Robert Morris W. Morris William Morris Hugh Morrisin James Morrison Murdock Morrison Norman Morrison Samuel Morrison Richard Morse Sheren Morselan- der William Morse- lander Benjamin Morti- mer Robert Mortimer (3) Abner Morton (2) George Morton James Morton Philip Morton (2) Robert Morton Samuel Morton Philip Mortong Simon Morzin Negro Moses Daniel Mosiah Sharon Moslander William Moslander John Moss (2) Alexander Motley William Motley Elkinar Mothe Enoch Motion Benjamin Motte Francis Moucan Jean Moucan George Moulton John Moulton Richard Mount John Muanbet Hezekiah Muck Jacob Muckleroy Philip Muckleroy (3) Jacob Mullen Eleme MuUent Jean Muller Leonard Muller Robert Muller Abraham Mullet Jonathan Mullin Leonard Mullin Jonathan Mullin Robert Mullin William Mullin Edward M u 1 1 o y (3) Francis Mulloy APPENDIX 477 Richard Mumford Timothy Mumford Michael Mungen John Mungon John Munro Henry Munrow Royal Munrow Thomas M u n t h- bowk Hosea Munul James Murdock (3) John Murdock Peter Murlow Daniel Murphy (2) John Murphy Nicholas Murphy Patrick Murphy Thomas Murphy (2) Bryan Murray Charles Murray Daniel Murray (2) John Murray (4) Silas Murray Thomas Murray William Murray Antonio Murria (2) David Murrow John Murrow Samuel Murrow Adam Murtilus Richard Murus Antonio Musqui Ebenezer Mutter Jean Myatt Adam Myers (2) George Myles Henry Myres N Ebenezer Nabb Dippen Nack Archibald Nailer Thomas Nandiva Hosea Nandus Richard Nash Jean Natalt Benjamin Nathan Joseph Nathan John Nathey (2) Nathaniel Naval Simon Navane Francis Navas Pierre Navey David Neal (3) George Neal William Nealson Ebenezer Neating Gideon Necar Joseph Negbel Michael Negg John Negis James Neglee Frank Negroe James Negroe James Negus Thomas Negus Abraham Neilson Alexander Neilson James Neilson Joseph Neilson Alexander Nelson Andrew Nelson John Nelson (2) Joseph Nelson Thomas Nelson (2) William Nelson Thomas Nesbitt Bartholomew Nes- tora Francis Neville Jean Neville Michael Neville Ebenezer Newall Sucreason Newall William Neward Elisha Newbury Andrew Newcomb John Newcomb Andrew Newell Amos Newell Joseph Newell Nathaniel Newell Robert Newel! Nicholas Newg-al Joseph Newhall Joseph Newille Francis Newman Moses Newman Nathaniel Newman Samuel Newman Thomas Newman (i) Adam Newton (2) John Newton William Newton Adam Newtown William Newtown John Niester James Nigley Richard Nich Thomas Nicher Martin Nichets Richard Nicholas Allen Nichols George Nichols James Nichols John Nichols Richard Nichols Alexander Nichol- son George Nicholson Samuel Nicholson Thomas Nicholson George Nicks Gideon Nigh William Nightin- gale James Nigley Frank Niles Robert Nixon Jean Noblat Arnox Noble James Noble John Mary Noblet John Nocker William Noel William Nore John Norfleet Proper Norgand John Norie James Norman John Norman Joseph Norman Peter Norman Joseph Normay Henry Norris Anfield North Daniel Northron Harris Northrup William Northru{> Elijah Norton Jacob Norton John Norton (3> Nicholas Norton Peter Norton 478 American Prisoners of the Revoi^ution William Norton Jacques Norva (3) William Nourse Nathaniel Nowell Joseph Noyes William Nurse Pierre Nutern David Nutter (3) Joseph Nutter John Nuttin (2) Ebenezer Nutting Robert Nyles O Charles Oakford Solomon Oakley John Oakman Israel Oat Joseph Oates John Obey (3) Cornelius O'Brien "Edward O'Brien John O'Brien AVilliam O'Bryan Daniel Obourne Samuel Oderon Samuel Odiron Pierre Ogee John Ogillon PJchard Ogner Patrick O'Hara Robert O'Hara Patrick O'Harra Daniel Olbro George Oldham John Oldsmith Raymond O'Larra Devoe Olaya Zebulon Olaya Don R. Antonio Olive Anthony Oliver James Oliver (5) Zebulon Oliver Ebenezer Onsware Allan Ord John Ord John Orgall Sebastian Orman Edward Ormunde William Orr John Orrock Emanuel Orseat Patrick Orsley John Osborn Joseph Osbourne John Oseglass Stephen Osena John Osgood Gabriel Oshire Jean Oshire Louis Oshire John Osman Henry Oswald Gregorian Othes Andre Otine (2) Samuel Otis Benjamin Otter John Oubler Charles Ousanon Samuel Ousey William Ousey Jay Outon John Outton Jonathan Ovans Samuel Ovell Vincent Overatt Samuel Overgorm Lewis Owal John Owen Anthony Owens Archibald Owens Barnick Owens James Owens John Owens Samuel Owens Jean Packet Abel Paddock Joseph Paddock Silas Paddock Daniel Paddock Journey Padouan B. Pain Jacob Painter Henry Painter John Palicut Daniel Palmer Elisha Palmer Gay Palmer George Palmer James Palmer John Palmer Jonas Palmer Joshua Palmer Lemuel Palmer Matthew Palmer Moses Palmer Philip Palmer William Palmer (4) Peter Palot Moses Palot 'N'icholas Pamphil- lion Emea Panier Anthony Ranks Joseph Parde Christopher Pard- indes Jacob Pardley John Parish George Park John Parkard Thomas Parkard George L. Parke Joseph Parkens Amos Parker Ebenezer Parker Edward Parker George Parker (3) John Parker (4) Luther Parker (2) Peter Parker Samuel Parker (2) Thaddeus Parker Timothy Parker George Parks Richard Parks Thomas Parkson Joseph Parlot Thomas Parnell Jean Parol Sebastian Parong Dominick Parpot Gabriel Parrie Francis Parshall James Parsons (3) Jeremiah Parsons John Parsons Joseph Parsons Samuel Parsons Stephen Parsons Appendix 479 William Parsons (2) James Partridge Roman Pascan Edmund Paschal Leroy Pasehall Richard Pass William Pass Israel Patch Joseph Patrick David Patridge Edward Patterson Hance Patterson John Patterson (2) Peter Patterson W. Patterson William Patterson William Paul Pierre Payatt James Payne Josiah Payne Oliver Payne Thomas Payne (2) William Payne (2) William Pas^ton John Peacock Benjamin Peade Benjamin Peal Samuel Pealer William Peals John Pear Amos Pearce Benjamin Pearce John Pearce Jonathan Pearce Edward Pearsol John Pearson George Peasood Elisha Pease Estrant Pease Guliel Pechin Andrew Peck (2) Benjamin Peck James Peck Joseph Peck (2) Simon Peck William Peck Benjamin Pecke Gardner Peckham John Peckworth Zachary Peddle- foot Solomon Pedgore Edward Pedlock Alexander Pees John Pees Silas Pegget Jean Pegit John Pelit Pierre Pelit Samuel Pell Sebastian Pelle Jacques Peloneuse Pelrice Gothard Pelrice John Pelvert Amos Pemberton (2) Thomas Pemberton William Pemberton John Pendleton Sylvester Pendle- ton (2) ■ Penfield Peter Penoy James Penwell John Baptist Peo- mond Alfred Peose Michael Pepper Thomas Perall James Peril Charles Perinell Peter Perieu Charles Perkinell Charles Perkmell Jabez Perkins Jonathan Perkins Joseoh Perkins William Perkins Antonio Permanouf feter Perons Peter Perora Pierre Perout John Perry Joseph Perry Raymond Perry Pirtiard Perry William Perry (7) Manuel Person Tabez Pervis Tean Peshire Tohn Peterkin (2) Francis Peters John Peters (2) Aaron Peterson iHance Peterson Joseph Peterson (2) James Petre William Pett Daniel Pettis Ephraim Pettis Nathan Pettis Isaac Pettit Joseph Antonio Pe- zes Thomas Philbrook John Philip (2) Joseph Philip Lewis Philip Pierre Philip John Philips Lewin Philips Nathan Philips Thomas Philips Edward Phillips John Phillips (2) Samuel Phillips James Phimmer Joseph Phipise Nathaniel Phippin Thomas Phippin Jean Richer Juan Picko Pierre Fickolet Richard Pierce (2) Stephen Pierce Jeremiah Pierel Jean Pierre Jesse Pierre Jucah Pierre Joseph Pierson Amos Pike John Pike George Pill Toseph Pillion Truston Pilsbury John Pimelton Simeon Pimelton Tames Pine (2) Charles Pinkel Jonathan Pinkman Robert Pinkman Augustus Pion Henry Pipon 480 American Prisoners of the Revolution Jean Pisung Elias Pitchcock Sele Pitkins Jonn Pitman Jonathan Pitman (2) Thomas Pitt John Pittman W. Pitts Nathaniel Placho- res Elton Planet Etena Planett John Platte William Plemate Francis Plenty- John Ploughman Thomas Plunkett James Plumer John Plumstead Thomas Plunkett Matthew Poble Henry Pogan Daniel Poges Salvador Pogsin Michael Poinchet Oilman Poirant William Poke John Ppland John Pollard Peter Pollard Jonathas Pollin Elham Poloske Samuel Poise William Poise Charles Pond Pennell Pond Peter Pond Culman Poni Fancis Ponsard Hosea Pontar Joseph Pontesty Robert Pool David Poole Hosea Poole John Poole Richard Poole Robert Poole Morris Poor Thomas Poor Henry Poore Morris Poore William Poore Alexander Pope John Pope Etienne Porlacu Nathaniel Porson Anthony Port Charles Porter (3) David Porter (3) Edward Porter Frederick Porter Howard Porter John Porter (2) Thomas Porter William Porter Frank Portois Seren Poseter Jeremiah Post Jean Postian Edward Posture Thomas Posture Thomas Poteer Abijah Potter Charles Potter Ephraim Potter Rufus Potter Mark Pouchett Jean Poullain Mark B. Poullain William Powder John Powell Thomas Powell William Powder Patrick Power Richard Powers Stephen Powers Nicholas P r a n d e (2) Benjamin Prate James Prate Ebenezer Pratt Ezra Pratt (2) Andre Preno Nathaniel Prentiss Robert Prentiss Stanton Prentiss Andrew Presson Isaac Presson Benjamin Pretty- man John Pribble (2) Edward Price (3> Joseph Price Nathaniel Price Reason Price (3> Richard Price Samuel Price William Price John Prichard Jonathan Pride William Priel Henry Primm Edward Primus Charles Prince Negro Prince Nicholas Priston James Prcby James Proctor Joseph Proctor Samuel Proctor Claud Provost Paul Provost John Proud (2) Joseph Proud Joseph Prought Lewis de Pue James Pullet Pierre Punce Peter Purlett William Purnell Edward Pursell Abraham Putnam Creece Putnam Q James Quality (3) Joseph Quality Josiah Quality Samuel Quamer Thomas Quand Louis Quelgrise Duncan Quigg (2) James Quinch Samuel Quinn Charles Quiot Samuel Quomer R Thomas Race Antonio Rackalong Patrick RaiTerty Daniel Raiden Appendix 481 Michael Raingul Richard Rainham Thomas Rainiot George Rambert Peter Ramlies Joseph Ramsdale Abner Ramsden Jean C. Ran Benjamin Randall Charles Randall Edward Randall Jesse Randall Joseph Randall Nathaniel Randall Thomas Randall William Randall (2) Dolly Randel Paul Randell Joseph Randell (2) Joses Randell George Randell Paul Randell George Randels Nathaniel Randol Jean Baptiste Rano Benjamin Ranshaw James Rant Norman Rathbun Roger Rathbun Peter Rathburn Samuel Rathburn Rogers Rathburne Peter Rattan Arthur Rawson Francis Rawson James Rawson Alexander Ray John Ray Nathaniel Ray Nathaniel Raye George Raymond James Raymond William Raymond William Raymons Jean Raynor Benjamin Read Oliver Reade Jeremiah Reardon Lewis Recour —31 John Red James Redfield Edward Redick Benjamin Redman Andre Read Barnard Reed Christian Reed Curtis Reed Eliphaz Reed George Reed Jeremiah Reed Job Reed John Reed (2) Jonathan Reed Joseph Reed Levi Reed Thomas Reed (2) William Reed (2) John Reef Nicholas Reen Thomas Reeves Jacques Refitter Julian Regan Hugh Reid Jacob Reiton Jean Remong Jean Nosta Renan Louis Renand John Renean Pierre Renear Thomas Renee Thomas Rennick Frederick Reno Jean Renovil Michael Renow Jean Reo Barton Repent Jean Requal Jesse Rester Louis Rewof Thomas Reynelds Elisha Reynolds Nathaniel Reynolds Richard Reynolds (2) Thomas Reynolds Thomas Reyzick Sylvester Rhodes Thomas de Ribas George Ribble Benjamin Rice Edward Rice James Rice John Rice (2) Nathaniel Rice Noah Rice William Rice Elisha Rich Freeman Rich John Rich Matthew Rich Nathan Rich Benjamin Richard Diah Richards Gilbert Richards James Richards John Richards Oliver Richards Pierre Richards William Richards David Richardson John Richardson Pierre Richardson William Richard- son Cussing Richman Ebenezer Richman Benjamin Richmond Seth Richmond Clement Ricker John Rickett Nathaniel Rickman Lewis Ridden Isaac Riddler Lewis Rider John Riders John Ridge John Ridgway Isaac Ridler Amos Ridley Thomas Ridley David Rieve Israel Rieves Jacob Right James Rigmorse Joseph Rigo Henry Riker R. Riker James Riley Philip Riley Philip Rilly Pierre Ringurd 482 American Prisoners of the Revolution John Rion Daniel Riordan Paul Ripley Ramble Ripley Thomas Ripley Ebenezer Ritch John River Joseph River Paul Rivers Thomas Rivers John Rivington Joseph Roach Lawrence Roach William Roas Thomas Robb James Robehaird Arthur Robert John Robert Julian Robert Aaron Roberts (3) Edward Roberts Epaphras Roberts James Roberts (3) Joseph Roberts Moses Roberts (3) William Roberts (4) Charles Robertson (3) Elisha Robertson Esau Robertson George Robertson James Robertson (3) Jeremiah Robert- son John Robertson (6) Joseph Robertson Samuel Robertson Thomas Robertson Daniel Robins Enoch Robins James Robins William Robins Anthony Robinson Ebenezer Robinson Enoch Robinson James Robinson (2) Jehu Robinson John Robinson (3) Joseph Robinson Mark Robinson Nathaniel Robin- son Thomas Robinson William Robinson John Rockway Daniel Rockwell Jabez Rockwell Elisha Rockwood Anthony Roderick Jean Raptist Ro- dent James Rodgers Michael Rodieu Francis Rodrigo Franco Rogeas Robert Roger Dudson Rogers Ebenezer Rogers Emanuel Rogers George Rogers (3) John Rogers (5) Nicholas Rogers Paul Rogers Thomas Rogers William Rogers John Rogert Joseph Roget Jean Rogue John Francis Rogue John Roke John Rollin Paul Rollins Toby Rollins Francis Roman Petre Romary Diego Romeria Benjamin Romulus Lewis Ronder Jack Rone Paul Ropeley Bartram Ropper Gideon Rose (3) John Rose (3) Philip Rose Prosper Rose Jean Rosea Augustus Roseau Guilliam Roseau Jean Baptist Rosua William Rose Andrew Ross Archibald Ross Daniel Ross (3) David Ross James Ross Malone Ross Thomas Ross William Ross (3) Bostion Roteslar John Roth Samuel Rothburn Benjamin Rothers Jean Baptist Rouge Jean James Rouge Charles Roulong Hampton Round John Round Nathan Round Samuel Round Andrew Rouse Claud Rouse Daniel Roush Hampton Rowe John Rowe William Rowe George Rowen George Rowing Patrick Rowland John Rowley Sliter Rowley John Frederick Rowlin William Rowsery James Rowson Augustus Royen John Royster Richard Royster Blost Rozea Lawrence Rozis Peter Ruban Ebenezer Rube Thomas Rubin Eden Ruddock Ezekiel Rude John Ruffeway Lewis Ruffie Henry Rumsower Joseph Runyan Nathaniel Ruper Appendix 483 John Rupper Daniel Ruse Daniel Rush Edward Russell Jacob Russell Pierre Russell Samuel Russell Valentine Russell William Russell John Rust William Rust (2) John Ruth (3) Pompey Rutley Pierre Ryer Jacob Ryan Frank Ryan Michael Ryan Peter Ryan Thomas Ryan Renee Ryon Francisco Sablong John Sachel Jonathan Sachell George Sadden George Saddler John Sadens Abraham Sage Edward Sailly John Saint Elena Saldat Gilbert Salinstall Luther Salisbury Michael Sallibie John Salmon John Salter Thomas Salter Edward Same Pierre Samleigh Jacob Sammian Stephen Sampson (3) Charles Sand Henry Sanders Manuel Sandovah Ewing Sands Stephen Sands Daniel Sanford Anthony Santis Thomas Sarbett Louis Sarde Peter Sarfe Juan Sassett David Sasson Jonathan Satchell William Saterly Johns Sathele Joseph Satton Edward Sauce Augustus Saunders Daniel Saunders John Saunders Allen Savage Bellas Savage Nathaniel Savage (2) Joseph Savot Benjamin Sawyer Daniel Sawyer Ephraim Sawyer (3) James Sawyer Jeremiah Sawyer John Sawyer Peter Sawyer Thomas Sawyer William Sawyer Cuffy Sayers Joseph Sayers Henry Scees Peter Schafer Melchior Scheldor- ope Peter Schwoob Julian Scope Christopher Scott George Scott James Scott John Scott (4) Robert Scott Thomas Scott William Scott Daniel Scovell David Scudder Nutchell Scull Lamb Seabury Samuel Seabury Adam Seager George Seager Thomas Sealey (2) Robert Scares George Seaton Antonio Sebasta Benjamin Secraft Thomas Seeley Jean Baotist Sego Elias Seldon Edward Sellers Anthony Selwind William Semell John Senior Adam Sentelume Abraham Sentilier Leonard Sepolo Emanuel Seerus Anthony Serais James Seramo John Serant Francis Seratte Francis Sergeant Thomas Sergeant Joel Series Sebastian Serrea William Service Jonathan Setchell Otis Sevethith Francis Seyeant Solomon Shad Matthew Shappo Elisha Share John Sharke Philip Sharp Peter Sharpe Philip Sharper John Sharpley Joseph Sharpley Joseph Shatille Joseph Shatillier Archibald Shaver Jacob Shaver Abner Shaw Daniel Shaw James Shaw Jeremiah Shaw Joseph Shaw Samuel Shaw Thomas Shaw (3) William Shaw Patrick Shea Tean Shean Brittle Sheans Gideon Shearman 484 American Prisoners of the Revolution Henry Shearman Stephen Shearman Philip Shebzain John Sheffield William Sheilds Nicholas Sheilow Jeremiah Shell Benjamin Shelton James Shepherd John Shepherd (4) Robert Shepherd Thomas Sherburn William Sherburne Gilbert Sherer James Sheridan John Sheridan John Sherman Samuel Sherman (3) Andrew Sherns Andrew Sherre George Shetline John Shewin Jacob Shibley George Shiffen Louis de Shille Jack Shilling Jacob Shindle Frederick Shiner (2) John Shirkley Joseph Shoakley Edward Shoema- ker James Shoemaker Samuel Shokley John Short (2) Joseph Short Thomas Short Enoch Shout Christopher Shov- ing Jacob Shroak James Shuckley Thomas Shuman Francis Shun Enoch Shulte John Shute Richard Sickes Francis Silver James Simes Chapman Simmons David Simmons Hilldoves Simmons John Simmons Joshua Simms James Simon William Simon Francis Simonds Boswell Simons Champion Simons Elijah Simons Francis Simons Joseph Simons Nathaniel Simons Nero Simons Samuel Simons William Simpkins Benjamin Simpson Charles Simpson Thomas Simpson John Sindee John Singer John Sitchell John Skay John Skelton Samuel Skinner (3) Richard Skinner Peter Skull (2) David Slac Benjamin Slade Thomas Slager John Slane Jean Louis Slarick Measer Slater Matthew Slaughter John Slee Thomas Slewman Samuel Slide Joseph Slight Josiah Slikes Christopher Sloa- kum Edward Sloan Timothy Sloan Andrew Sloeman Thomas Slough Ebenezer Slow Isaac Slowell William Slown Henry Sluddard Samuel Slyde Richard Slykes William Smack Joseph Small Robert Smallpiece John Smallwood (2) Peter Smart John Smight William Smiley Abraham Smith Alexander Smith Allan Smith Andrew Smith (2) Anthony Smith Archibald Smith Basil Smith Benjamin Smith (2) Burrell Smith Buskin Smith Charles Smith Clement Smith Clemont Smith Daniel Smith (3) David Smith Easoph Smith Edward Smith Eleazar Smith Enoch Smith Epaphras Smith Ezekiel Smith George Smith Gideon Smith Haymond Smith Henry Smith Hugh Smith Jack Smith James Smith (7) Jasper Smith John Smith (12) Jonathan Smith (5) Joshua Smith Joseph Smith (3) Laban Smith Martin Smith Richard Smith (3) Rockwell Smith Roger Smith (2) Samuel Smith (6) Appendix 485 Stephen Smith Sullivan Smith Thomas Smith (8) Walter Smith William Smith (4) Zebediah Smith Thomas Smithson Peter Smothers Samuel Snare John Snellin John Sneyders Peter Snider William Snider Ebenezer Snow Seth Snow Sylvanus Snow Abraham Soft Raymond Sogue Assia Sole Nathan Solley Ebenezer Solomon Thomas Solomon James Sooper Christian Soudower Moses Soul Nathaniel Southam William Southard Henry Space Enoch Spalding Joshua Spaner Charles Sparefoot James Sparrows John Speake Martin Speakl James Spear Eliohaz Speck Elr-bie Spellman William Spellman James Soencer Joseph Spencer Nicholas Spencer Thomas Spencer Solomon Spenser Henry Spice John Spicer (2) Lancaster Spice- wood John Spier (2) Richard Spigeman John Spinks Caleb Spooner David Spooner Shubab Spooner William Spooner Jonathan Sprague Simon Sprague Philip Spratt Charles Spring Richard Springer John Spriggs Joshua Spriggs Thomas Spriggs William Springer Alexander Sproat Thomas Sproat Gideon Spry Long Sprywood Nathaniel Spur Joshua Squibb David Squire John St. Clair Francisco St. Do- mingo John St. Thomas John Staagers Thomas Stacy Thomas Stacey Christian Stafford Conrad Stagger Edward Stagger Samuel Stalk- weather John Standard Lemuel Standard Butler Stanford Richard Stanford Robert Stanford John Stanhope William Stannard Daniel Stanton Nathaniel Stanton (2) William Stanton Joseph Stanley Peter Stanley Starkweather Stan- ley W. Stanley William Stanley Abijah Stapler Timothy Star Samuel Starke Benjamin Starks Woodbury Stark- weather John Stearns William Steamy Daniel Stedham Thomas Steele James Steelman John Steer Stephen Sleevman John Stephen Benjamin Stephens John Stephens (2) Henry Stephens William Stephens (3) David Stephenson John Stephenson John Sterns William Sterry David Stevens James Stevens Joseph Stevens Levert Stevens William Stevens Robert Stevenson Charles Steward Joseph Steward Lewis Steward Samuel Steward Daniel Stewart Edward Stewart (2) Elijah Stewart Hugh Stewart Jabez Stewart (2) John Stewart Samuel Stewart Stephen Stewart Thomas Stgwart William Stewart John Stiger John Stikes Daniel Stiles Israel Stiles John Stiles Joshua Stiles Josiah Stiles Ashley Stillman Theodore Stillman Enoch Stillwell 486 American Prisoners of the Revoi. \ ^ ^ ^