Ti Ui AVELERS' G jyy^IM' :AMERliiiit dfocttcU ItttoBtrotta Sibcarg 3ti;aca, New f nrh BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 Cornell University Library F 1409.F48 1920 Commercial travelers' guide to Latin Ame 3 1924 021 074 731 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021074731 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE ROY S. MACELWEE, Director MISCELLANEOUS SERIES— No. 89 COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA By ERNST B. FILSINGER WITH MAPS IN SEPARATE PORTFOLIO PRICE, WITH MAFS, $1.25 Sold by the Superratendent of Documents, Govenunent Printmg OiEce Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 CONTENTS. Page. Letter of submittal 7 Introduction 9 Part I. — Geneeal Ini-oemation fob the Salesman. The salesman's equipment 11 Miscellaneous requirements 11 Documents for salesmen 16 Salesmen's samples 19 Cables and mails 21 Funds for travel expenses 24 Wardrobe 25 Health precautions 27 Transportation 2& Steamship companies and office addresses 29' Steamship fares and itineraries ; 31 Bluefields Fruit & Steamship Co 31 Booth Steamship Co 31 Clyde Santo Domingo Line 31 Compafila Sudamericana Line 31 Compania Trasatlintica Ue Barcelona 32' Cuyamel Fruit Co. Steamship Service 32 Gulf Mail Steamship Go 32 Independent Steamship Line S3 Lamport & Holt Line 33 Lloyd Braslleiro 33 Mallory Steamship Co 33 Munson Steamship Line 34 New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. (Ward Line)_ 34 New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co 34: Norton Line 34 Pacific Mail Steamship Co 35 Pacific Steam Navigation Co 36 Panama Railroad Steamship Line 37 Peninsula & Occidental Steamship Co 37 Peruvian Steamship Co 37 Quebec Steamship Co ^ 38 Red D Line 38 3 4 CONTENTS. Transportation — Continued. Steamship fares and itineraries — Continued. Page. ■Royal Dutch West India Ma^__^ 39 Royal Mail Steam Packet Co—___ 39 Southern Pacific Co— -==r=.-_-=^-_^ 39 Toyo Klsen Kaisha '-^^-- 40 Trinidad Line inillim ZZII-II.-I 40 TTnited Fruit Co. Steamship Service-'-l- 40 United States and Pacij&c Line ^ 43 General information 43 What to do on arrival 'l_l L 50 Advance work for travelers-^ _-;i!_ iJ 50 Movements on arrival :_ :_j_-:lil;l;__ 51 Hotels, boarding houses, andfees rj__l 54 Interior transportation r___ ' 56 Part II. — Detailed Infokmation fob Canvassing Latin Amebica. Subdivision of the territory 59 Mexico ..: 1 64 Central America ; __■ 103 Guatemala : 103 British Honduras '. 116 Honduras l_ 120 Salvador 1 - 134 Nicaragua 145 Costa Rica 1.56 Panama 165 West Indies 1T2 Cuba 172 Jamaica 1ST Haiti 194 Dominican Republic u 201 ' Porto Rico 210 Bermuda Islands 225 Bahama Lslands^ 227 Virgin Islands of the United States 230 Leeward Islands ; 233 Guadeloupe 242 ilartinique L_ 245 Barbados ^ 248 Windward Islands 251 Trinidad ■__ 256 Curacao 261 CONTENTS. 5 Fage. North coast of South America 264 Colombia 264 Venezuela 298 British Guiana 315 Dutch Guiana 320 French Guiana 323 West coast of South America 326 Ecuador 326 Peru 340 BoUvia 359 Chile 374 East coast of South America ^ 404 Argentina 404 Uruguay u- _■ : : 437 Paraguay 450 Brazil 459 Appendixes. 1. Trade statistics 503 Central American countries 503 West Indies ^ 519 North-coast countries of South America 547 West-coast countries of South America 554 • ' East-coast countries of South America 565 2. United States consular officers in Latin America 575 3. BibUography 580 Works on Latin America by countries 580 Works on Latin America in general 589 Books on languages used in Latin America 591 Books relating to export in general 592 MAPS OF LATIN AMERICA. Maps of Latin America accompanying this guide have been placed in a separate portfolio for the convenience of the traveler. .They consist of a general map of the whole area and a reproduction of the 29-section map prepared by the Colonel House Inquiry for use at the Peace Conference. The latter map is reproduced on a scale of 1 : 4,000,000. It shows boundaries, cities, towns of commercial im- portance, railroads, wagon roads, trails, rivers, lakes, etc. References made in the text are to the Colonel House Inquiry map, each section of which has been given a number and a key supplied for convenience in selecting any particular section. LETTER OF SlfBMITTAL. Department of Commeece, bueeau or foeeigsr and domestic commeeoe, Washington, July 1, 1920. Sie: Submitted herewith is a Commercial Travelers' Guide to Latin America, by Ernst B. Filsinger. The character of this pub- lication is indicated by its title. Mr. Filsinger is ^ell known as a writer and authority on Latin American trade, being the author of " Exporting to Latin Ajnerica," a volume of more than 500 pages, and otlier publications. His experience as an export manager and knowledge gained by extensive travel in the Latin American coun- tries qualifies him particularly to write a guide for commercial trav- elers who may canvass these countries for the sale of United States products. This volume contains, besides considerable general advice for the salesman, a great amount of information in full detail for canvass- ing every country and island lying south of the United States. It gives transportation routes, baggage restrictions and regulations, ad- vice as to clearing samples at 'ports of entry, fees and licenses for commercial travelers, indicates practical itineraries, cost and tiine of travel, character and volume of business, and contains much useful comment that can be given only by one who has intimate knowledge of local conditions in these countries. Latin Ameirica purchased about one billion dollars' worth of United States goods last year, or more than $10 v^orth per capita. The Bureau feels confident that this publication will be of distinct service to business men in fostering and extending our trade in this prosperous territory. EespectfuUy, Rot S. MacElweb, Director. To Hon. J. W. Alexander, Secretary of Commerce. 7 PREFACE. The need for a guide for commercial travelers to Latin America has long been felt. In this volume an effort has been made to supply practical, concrete facts and informatiop which will be useful to business men in planning trips to the territory south of the United States. It should be borne in mind that this is not a handbook. Many phases of commerce and industry which would obviously require treatment in a handbook can only be touched upon in a guide. It is deemed pecessary to make this explanation for the benefit of those who might otherwise expect a more extended treatment of certain subjects merely referred to in this publication. The bulk of the information herein supplied has been obtained at iirst hand. Not only is it based on the actual experience of numerous travelers, but the latest and most reliable Government and other authorities have been consulted, 3^here is, included only such information as will be of definite value to those who seek trade relations with the regions that are treated. No efCorts have been spaxed to verify all the statistics and figures of every sort that are quoted. It should be remembered, however, that conditions are changing rapidly ; hence, allowance must neces- sarily be made for discrepancies which may be discpvered in the actual use of the guide. Furthermore, it is to be expected that the coming of peace wiU materially influence the conditions ,of travel, sailings, time tables, etc. As the Bureau contemplates issuing irom time to time revised edi- tions of this guide it will welcome suggestions for the improve- ment of the book, for additions or changes whicji may add to its usefulness, and for corrections which will insure its accuracy. EBNSX B. FiLSINGEB. 8 COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA, INTRODUCTION. Purpose. — Tliis guide has been written to supply the need for a guide book for commercial travelers iu tlie West Indies, Mexico, and Central and South America. While compiled primarily for business men, its convenience for. casual travelers has not been overlooked. Time in Each Country.^An attempt has been made to supply the traveler with suiflcient data to estimate the time necessary to reach the important places in the region described; the approximate time required to go from point to point has also been specified. Obvi- ously, the conditions governing the sale of different kinds of mer- chandise vary so greatly that no time can be fixed for, a stay iji any one city, or country. Nevertheless, by a study of the time-tables, descriptions of the cities, suggested routes, and other data supplied, it should not be difficult for the traveler to determine, with some degree of accuracy, the time that should be devoted; to each place. Probable Expenses. — In giving information regarding rates, routes, expenses, etc., it has been the endeavor to show how to obtain the best results in the shortest possible time and at minimum expense. The executive, sales manager, or commercial traveler, by referring to the routes, distances, and means of travel scattered throughout the book, can estimate quite accurately the expense Involved in a trip whose object may be the making of sales, the placing of agencies, or the inspection of agencies already established. General Scheme of the Guide. — For the convenience of the reader, and for easy consultation, the book has been divided Into two sec- tions. The first part deals with general matters, such as salesmen's equipment, transportation, suggestions for procedure upon arrival at destination, etc. Tlie experienced traveler may find superfluous many of the suggestions contained In this section, but those who have not heretofore traveled In Latin America will find In con- venient form some suggestions regarding many items which, despite their importance, are often overlooked. This section will be found of particular value to the beginner, and attention is directed to various details, such as documents needed, cables, wardrobe, health precautions, etc. Of great importance also are the details of trans- portation, Including tickets, baggage, clearing of samples, overland routes, etc. Advance Reading. — The reader's attention is directed to a classi- fied bibliography at the end of the volume. In that list will be found the most Important books, pamphlets, reports, etc., of general use In obtaining a knowledge of Latin-American conditions and in preparing salesmen for the competition which they must be ready to meet. Special attention is drawn to the reports by agents of the United States Government. These cover a variety of trades or 9 10 INTEODTTCTION. lines of business, and careful advance study thereof will not only help the salesman to better prepare his samples but give him a more complete idea of the conditions he will face in his particular line of work. " ' These reports are published by the Bureau of Foreign and Do- mestic Commerce. A complete list thereof, with prices, may be had by application to the office of the Bureau in Washington, or to its branch and cooperative offices. They are sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, and by the district offices of the Bureau. Statistics of imports from the United States into the territory covered within this volume may be obtained in the same manner. Commerce Reports, a publication issued daily by the Bureau of For- eign and Domestic Commerce, likewise contains valuable informa- tion, compiled by American consuls, coinmercial attaches, trad.e commissioners, etc. Commerce Reports may be found in almost any public library. The subscription price is $2.50 per year. Of par- ticular interest to students of foreign trade are the annual reports of American consuls in foreign countries, which are published as supplements to Commerce Reports, The various statistical publica- tions of the Bureau also supply valuable assistance. See list in Appendix. Books About Countries. — The traveler who has familiarized himself in advance with the commercial, social, and geographical conditions of the country he proposes to visit will enjoy a decided advantage. It is especially desirable to have some familiarity vsith the character of the people, their customs, political and economic conditions, etc. These vary greatly in the different Republics. Pari I.— GENERAL INFORMATION FOR THE SALESMAN. THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS. What may be termed the salesman's " tools " should be carefully prepared and checked before leaving. An omission of some im- portant item may result in needless expense after the traveler has reached his destination. The most essential items in the average equipment are enumerated in the following pages. Remarks re- garding these have been made where it was deemed advisable. The list should be checked before departure. Catalogues. — Several copies should be carried. If possible, they should be packed in different units of the baggage to guard against inconvenience in the event of loss of a part of the baggage. If cata- logues have been published in other languages than English, they should also be included. Arrangement should be made to keep the traveler fully informed of withdrawals, of items listed, additions to samples carried, etc., , Price Lists.-— Several copies of the price list should be carried and In different pieces of the baggage. This is very important, especially when a traveler visits the remote places in4he interior, as baggage is easily lost. The loss of a grip from a mule's back is not infre- quent. The units in which prices are quoted should be accompanied by their equivalents in the metric system: The quantities of pack- ings to the case, bale, barrel, etc.,. should be clearly expressed to avoid misunderstanding and to save cabling for explanations. Firm Prices Important.; — An immensely valuable factor in develop- ing foreign trade is stability of prices. If possible, the commercial traveler should be given the privilege of quoting prices that hold firm for at least 30 or 40 days from date of quotation, or a sufficient time in which orders can be received at the home office and acknowl- edged by cable. If this system is followed, cable expenses can be materially reduced. This plan also helps to obviate one of the most serious complaints against American business houses, that is, the frequency of price changes before the Latin American buyer has an opportunity of covering. Obviously, the traveler's work is often for naught if confirmation is refused (because of price changes) after the salesman's departure. Prices in Foreign Currencies. — Generally speaking, prices quoted in American gold are satisfactory. However, if the prospective buyer desires the quotation in the money of his own country, it usually can be given without much difficulty. Stationery. — ^Business cards bearing the names of the firm and the traveler are indispensable. They should preferably be en- graved. Latin Americans are keen observers and are influenced in their estimates of the manufacturer by his attention to such details. 11 12 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. While a large supply of writing paper need not be taken, the trav- eler should carry a sufficient quantity to make him independent of hotel paper in the. event that certain business matters require cor- respondence on his firm's stationery. Private Stationery. — ^The traveler who wisely prepares to make the most of the social opportunities afforded him should carry a certain amount of personal stationery. This should preferably be of good quality and bear his name or monogram. Personal visiting cards are likewise indispensable. Foreigners are quite punctilious in this regard, and the- American traveler should not be at a disad- vantage. Order Blanks, — ^A properly prepared order blank for export orders is highly essential. In the initial stages of foreign trade develop- ment, it may be inadvisable to supply the traveler vrith a printed form, but he Should be compelled to note certain details on every order.. The chief items concerning which almost every exporter requires inforniatlon may be printed on a separate sheet to accom- pany the order blank. The most important are the following: Commercial references. Shipping directions: (a) Name of agent or. forwarder (American port) ; (6) name of customs agent or consignee's representative at the port or entry. Customs declaration : Exact description of each item ; how it is to be declared on consular invoice. Packing directions: Detailed instructions as to packing, whether in cases, bales, barrels. Lining material to use : Waterproof paper, oilcloth, burlap, or tin. "Weights required : Whether feross, legal, or liet ; whether to be specified in pounds or kilos. Marks and liumberlng : Whether on goods as' weU as on cases. Labels : Whether or not to use. ' Papers : How many copies of invoice required. Documents cover- ing goods ; how handled ; to whofli papers are to be delivered. Terpis : T Full details ; concerning this item with definite under- standing as to the payment of collection charges; whether Interest is to be collected for the time that remittance is in transit from Latin America to the United States. Special Pamphlets. — Salesmen will find it desirable to carry with them the pamphlets issued by the Bureau of Foreign and Domes- tic Commerce covering tariffs atid consular regulations in Latin America. Those travelers who do not speak Spanish or Portuguese will find, them particularly useful,' Tarift information must be readily available in order to make sales. Suggestions for Gifts, — It may prove valuable for the traveler to carry a limited quantity of small gifts, such as calendars, pencils, or other novelties, which can be used for advertising purposes. These can be replenished from time to time by arranging for addi- tional lots to come by mail at various addresses. Caution must be exercised in carrying these a:rticles, as they are subject to duty in Spme countries.. Postage must also be fully paid when packages containing this material are sent to the traveler en route, or else'he may not receive the package. ' New Year's Greetings.— Salesihen will find it highly desirable to remember tlieir customers and the friends 'whom they have made in THE SAIjESMAN's EQUIPMENT. 13 Latin America at New Tear's with cards or calendars. This is an old-established custom, and a remembrance In the form of a card or calendar is much appreciated. If cards are sent they should prefer- ably be engraved. In Latin America cards are hot sent at Christ- mas, but at New Year's. Definitions of Export Quotations. — The following deflhitions were adopted at a conference held December 16, 1919, by the National Foreign Trade Council ; Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America ; National Association of Manufacturers ; American Man- ufacturers' Export Association ; Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York ; New York Produce Exchange ; and the New York lAei'-' chants' Association. They are so important that they are given in full. 1. When the price quoted applies only at inland shipping point ancl, the seller merely undertakes to load the .goods on or in caf^ or lighters furnished by the railroad company serving the industry, or most conveniently located to the industry, without other (Jesignatlon as to routing, the proper term is '; " F. O. B. (named point)." Under this quotation : (a) Seller must (1) place goods on or in cars or lighters, (2) se- cure railroad bill of lading, (3) be responsible for loss, and/or dam- age until goods have been placed in or on cars or lighters at for- warding point, and clean bill of lading has been furnished by the railroad company. ,. (b) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) pay all transportation charges, including taxes, if any, (3) handle all suhseguent, movement of the goods. 2. When the seller quotes a price including transportation charges to the port of exportation without assuming responsibility for the goods after obtaining a clean l3ill of lading at point of origin, the proper term is : "F*. O.. B. (name^ point) freight .prepaid to (named point on the seaboard) i" Under this quotation : (a) Seller must (1) place goods on or in cars or lighters, (2) secure railroad bill of lading, (3) pay freight to named port, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have been placed in or on ears or lighters at forwarding point, and clean bill of lading has been furnished by the railroad company. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, (3) unload goods from, ears, (4) transiport goods to vessels, (5) pay all demurrage and/or storage charges, (6) arrange for storage in warehouse or ou wharf where necessary. 3. Where the seller wishes to uote a i)rice, from which the buyer may deduct the cost of transportation to a given point on the sea- board, without the seller assuming responsibility for the goods after obtaining a clean bill of lading at point of 'origin, the proper term is : " F. O. B. (named point) freight allowed to (named point on the seaboard)." Under this quotation : (a) Seller must (1) place goods on or in cars or lighters, (2) ' secure railroad bill of lading, (3) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have been placed in or on cars o"r lighters at for- warding point, and clean bill of lading has been furnished by the railroad company. 14 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBIOA. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) pay all transportation charges (buyer is then entitled to deduct from the amount of the invoice the freight paid from primary point to named port), (3) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, (4) unload goods from cars, (5) trans- port goods to vessel, (6) pay all demurrage and/or storage charges, (7) arrange for storage in warehouse or on wharf where necessary. •4. The seller may desire to quote a price covering the transporta- tion of the goods to seaboard, assuming responsibility for loss and/or damage up to that point. In this case, the pfoper term is : "F. O. B. cars (naming point on seaboard)." Under this quotation: (a) Seller must (1) place goods on or in cars, (2) secure railroad biU of lading, (3) pay all freight charges from forwarding point to port on seaboard, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have arrived in or on cars at the named port (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) unload goods from cars, (3) handle all sub- sequent movement of the goods, (4) transport goods to vessel, (5) pay all demurrage and/or storage charges, (6) arrange for storage in warehouse or on wharf where necessary. 5. It may be that the goods, on which a price is quoted covering the transportation of the goods to the seaboard, constitute less than a carload lot. In this case, the proper term is: "F. O. B. cars (named port) L. C. L." Under this quotation: (a) Seller must (1) deliver goods to the initial carrier, (2) se- cure railroad blU of lading, (3) pay all freight charges from for- warding point to port on seaboard, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have arrived on cars at tie named port. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in-, curred thereafter, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, (3) accept goods from the carrier, (4) transport goods to vessel, (5) pay all storage charges, (6) arrange for storage in warehouse or on wharf where necessary. 6. Seller may quote a price which will include the expense of transportation of the goods by rail to the seaboard, including light- erage. In this case the proper term is : " F. O. B. cars (named port) lighterage free." Under this quotation : (a) Seller must (1) place goods on or in cars, (2) secure railroad bill of lading, (3) pay all transportation charges to, including light- erage at, the port named, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have arrived on cars at the named port. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage In- curred thereafter, (2) handle all subseuent movement of the goods, (3) take out the insurance necessary to the safety of the goods after arrival on the cars, (4) pay the cost of hoisting goods into vessel where weight of goods is too great for ship's tackle, (5) pay all demurrage and other charges, except lighterage charges. 7. The seller may desire to quote a price covering delivery of the goods alongside overseas vessel and within reach of its loading tackle. In this case the proper term is: " F. A. S. vessel (named port)." Under this quotation: («) Seller must (1) transport goods to seaboard, (2) store goods in warehouse or on wharf if necessary, unless buyer's obligation in- cludes provision of shipping facilities, (3) place goods alongside THE salesman's EQUIPMENT. 15 vessel either in a lighter or on the wharf, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have been delivered alongside +he ship or on wharf. (ft) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage there- after, and for Insurance, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, (3) pay cost of hoisting goods into vessel where weight of goods is too great- for ship's taclde. 8. The seller may desire to Quote a price covering all expenses up to and including delivery of the goods upon the overseas vessel at a named port In this case the proper term is : " F. O. B. vessel (named port)." Under this quotation : (a) Seller must (1) meet all charges incurred in placing goods actually on board the vessel, (2) be responsible for all loss and/or damage until goods have been placed on board the. vessel. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage there- after, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goofls. 9. The seller may be ready to go further than the delivery of his goods upon the overseas vessel and be willing to pay transportation to a foreign point of delivery. In this case the proper term is : " C. & F. (named foreign port)." Under this quotation : (o) Seller must (1) make freight contract and pay transportation charges suflScient to carry goods to agreed destination, (2) deliver to buyer or his agent proper bills of lading to the agreed destina- tion, (3) be responsible for loss and/or damage untir goods have been delivered alongside the ship and clean ocean bill of lading ob- tained (seller is not responsible for delivery of goods at destination) . (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage there--' after and must take out all necessary Insurance, (2) handle aU sub- sequent movement of the goods, (3) take delivery and pay costs of discharge, lighterage, and landing at foreign port of destination in accordance with bill of lading clauses, (4) pay foreign customs duties and wharfage charges, if any. 10. The seller may desire to quote a price covering the cost of the goods, the marine insurance on the goods, and all transporta- tion charges to the foreign point of delivery. In this case, the proper term Is : " G. I. F. (named foreign port)." Under this quota- ■ tion : (a) Seller must (1) make freight contract and pay freight charges sufficient to carry goods to agreed destination, (2) take out and pay for necessary marine insurance, (3) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have been delivered alongside the ship, and clean ocean bUl of lading and insurance policy have been deliv- ered to the buyer or his agent (seller is not responsible for the de- livery of goods at destination, nor for payment by the underwriters of insurance claims), (4) provide war-risk insurance where neces- sary for buyer's account. (&) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage there- after, and must make all claims to which he may be entitled under insurance directly on the underwriters, (2) take delivery and pay costs of discharge, lighterage, and landing at foreign ports of des- tination in accordance with bill of lading clauses, (3) pay foreign customs duties and wharfage charges, if any. Explanations of abbreviations are : F. O. B., free on board ; F. A. S., free alongside ship ; C. & F., cost and freight ; C. I. F., cost, in- surance, and freight ; L. C. L., less than carload lot. 16 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Packing.— Salesmen should arrange . M^tli , their firms to pacS: properl;^. The following' sttggiestibns will be found useful to pote on order sheets sent to the home office : , , • Bales : FSrbaling'use a feood quality of burlap. .. Straps of painted iron or steel; at leafet li'inches wide, should be securely fastened not more than 8 inches apart. The straps are readily sold to black- smiths. Galvanized straps are worthless. Narrow straps are likely to'cnt into the goods? '"■ ' Box ghipntents ; Keniember that tHe duty very often is coUected on the gross weight. In sUch cases^ warn the shippers against; h^avy boxes or cases; otherwise there inay be a loss. If cases have to be used" when slilpping to countries exacting duties on packing as well as contents, they should be of the- lightest, toughest wood, and not of the common kind usdd In .the United States. ' Size of' packages : If hale6 are required, unless otherwise in- structed by. the dealer, the packages should weigh not to exceed 125 pound's. Remember that a. mule toad is 250 pounds, and it shoulri be evenly divided. Packages, however, should not be too small, as the expense then is too great. DOCUMENTS FOR SALESMEN. Commercial travelers require certain documents which in ordinary, times are desirable, and during the war absolutely essential. For convenience, the documents chiefly needed are listed below, with- explanations where necessary. Photographs. — It Is desirable to carry photographs, which in case of necessity, may help to identify the traveler. Although not of primary Importance, these may sometimes be found very helpful. letters of Aut-hority.^The representative who is entrusted with certain authority will find it desirable to be supplied with the necessary documents which. will enable him to prove it; Under certain conditions a full power of attorney is not essential. Power of Attorney. — This document is often required to properly: complete certain transactions. However, it Is ineffective in most countries unless properly visaed by certain officials, not only of the city and State wherein the manufacturer is located, but by the Secretary of State of the United States and the representative of the country in which the power of attorney is to be' used. For example, a power of attorney issued by a manufacturer in New York would require: (a) The signature of the exporter; (6) the signa- ture of a notary public; (c) the recognition of the notary's signa- ture by a court of record ; (d) the official recognition of the court of record by the secretary of the State of New York; (e) the vis6 of the Secretary of State of the United States certifying to the signa- ture of the Secretary of the State of New York; (f) the signature of the Ambassador or Minister of the Latin American Republic. Packing Memoranduni of the traveler's baggage, when the sam- ples carried are of a commercial value, is very desirable for the pur- pose of expediting clearance of the baggage. By handing this docu- ment to the customs officials, or brokers, when these are uecessarj-, much time can be saved. The presentation of this memorandum inspires the customs officials with such confidence that their prompt cooperation Is more easily obtained. THE salesman's EQUIPMENT. 17 Consular Invoices. — In certain countries, notably Brazil, consular invoices covering samples of value carried by the traveler are indis- pensable. These should be obtained before the departure of the representative. If they are not carried, serious difficulty may be incurred. Requirements for entering and clearing samples are given under each country heading. Passport. — This is absolutely requisite. Steamship companies will not sell tickets iinless the prospective traveler can exhibit this document. Passports may be obtained upon application to the Department of State, Washington (New York office, Customhouse). If the traveler can satisfactorily answer the questions asked, the passport is issued, for which the fee is $2. When leaving for certain countries, it is essential to have the passport visaed by a consul of the country next to be visited. This official usually can be found in the capital or the principal port of the country from which the journey to the next port begins. Thus, for example, in visiting Venezuela from New York Oity, the visS of the consul general of Venezuela in New York City is obtained before leaving. Applica- tion for passports should be made three weeks in advance of de- parture. Full details are given in the succeeding paragraphs. All passengers must produce passports and other documentary evidence of their nationality with photographs of identity, before tickets- can be issued to them. Citizens of the United States are not permitted to depart from the United States as passengers on ocean-going vessels to a foreign port, unless each is in possession of a valid passport Issued by the Secre- tary of State ; similarly aliens are not pei'mitted to depart from the United States as passengers on ocean-going vessels to a foreign port unless each is in possession of a valid passport or official document in the nature of a passport issued by a diplomatic or consular officer of the country of which the alien is a citizen or subject, satis- factorily establishing his or her identity and nationality. Passports and consular documents in the hands of passengers from the port of New York will be inspected and their validity determined by inspectors of customs at the steamer's gangway before embarkation. A person entitled to receive a passport, if within the United States, must submit a written application in duplicate in the form of an affidavit to the Secretary of State, accompanied by three unmounted photographs of the applicant. The application should be made by the person to whom the passport is to be issued, and signed by him. The affidavit must be made before a clerk of a Federal court or of a State court authorized to naturalize aliens, within the jurisdiction of which the applicant or his witness resides, unless there is in such place an agent of the Department of State, in which case the ap- plication should be made before such agent. The applicant must state from which point he intends to leave the United States, dalte of intended departure, and by what ship he intends to sail. Each application must be in the hands of the De- partment of State or its agent at least five days before the appli- cant's departure from the United States. A person who applies for a passport in order to go abroad on commercial business must support his application with a letter from 144297°— 20 2 18 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. the head of the firm in the interest of which he intends to make the journey. ■ '• All persons coming to the United States must carry passports or other satisfactory documents showing their identity and nationality. Aliens leaving a foreign country for the United States must have their passports or other official documents visaed at the American consulate at the port of embarkation, and each alien will be required to execute at the consulate a form of " declaration of alien about to depart for the United States." Sailing Permits and Income Tax. — ^All aliens and United States citizens must present themselves at the customhouse at port of em- barkation, with their passports, and show satisfactory proof that income tax has been paid. Sailing permits will then be issued stating that passengers have complied with all requirements of the revenue act. Passport Requirements of Other Countries. — ^Travelers are re- quested to note the following special requirements in certain coun- tries : Argentina. — Passports are essentiaL Birth certificates should also be carried, particularly if the traveler intends to remain in Argentina, even If only for a short period. It is also desirable to obtain from an American consul a certificate of nationality, which will serve to identify the traveler. If residence is anticipated, such a certificate will also secure exemption from military service. Brazil. — Passengers must provide themselves with passports visged at a Brazilian consulate. If residence in BrsLzil is antici- pated, registration should be filed with the nearest American consul. BiHtish Government. — Travelers who embark on ships that touch English ports must have their passports visged by the British con- sul at the port of departure. This vlsg must be obtained before the ticket is sold by the steamship agent. The traveler is also expected to give a full account of his movements and explain to the proper officials the object of his visit. CoJomSio.— Travelers should provide themselves with passports visged by the Colombian Minister or by a consul of Colombia in the United States. Ouatemala.—lt an American intends to become a resident, he must present at the Guatemalan Foreign Office a passport visged by the diplomatic or consular official of the United States in Guatemala. ff(M«».— Passengers must provide themselves with passports issued by the Haitian consul at New York (31 Broadway) before tickets can be issued. An unmounted picture of each passenger is required by the consul. Me;»ico.---United. States citizens must present to steamship com- pany valid passports issued by State Department, Washington, D. C, visged by a United States collector of customs (and upon arrival at Mexican port register permanent address with the American consul) Aliens must present to steamship company valid OTstom^ ^ ^ Mexican consul and United States collector of W^fnTderl^e^vT"* """'* ^^ ''^^^''^^ ^""^ ^^ ^'""^^^"^ "* Salvador.— A passport Should be carried. A local passport from the Government of Salvador Is often also obtained P*^^**" ^'°™ THE salesman's EQUIPMENT. 19 Venezuela. — No tickets are issued before passengers present bag- gage list in triplicate, certificate of vaccination, and passport, all signed or visaed by Venezuelan consul at port of embarkation. letters of Introduction. — These are highly useful and of far greater value in Latin America than in the United States. Below are some suggestions: A letter of introduction, written on the stationery of the manu- facturer, " To vphom it may concern," and with the seal of the prin- cipal, is particularly useful. The letters will be far more valuable if written in Spanish or Portuguese, if the addressees use either of these tongues. Letters from the manufacturer to American consuls and commer- cial attaches, also commercial organizations such as chambers of commerce, etc., are also valuable. Of still greater importance are specific letters of Introduction to prominent business men or officials in Latin America from friends in this country. Letters of introduction are often the means of establishing relations which otherwise it would be difficult to create. When possible, letters from the consular or dlplomatie representa- tives of the Latin American Republics in the United States to their correspondents at home will be found highly effective. Letters of introduction by trade bodies, merchants' associations, and similar organizations, either to specific individuals in Latin America or of a general nature, likewise are useful. Letters introducing the traveling representative to banks and bankers are particularly valuable. They will enable the traveler to obtain information regarding the credit of prospective customers, business conditions in general, and, when sufficiently strong, obtain entree to the most desirable business circles. Letters of introduction to the publishers of newspapers, maga- zines, and trade papers have a special value. The publicity which the traveler can obtain when such letters are rightly used will help materially toward the success of his trip. Seals affixed to a letter have an unusual value in Latin America; they are impressive, and when they can be obtained should be used. Before departui-e the salesman should obtain letters of introduc- tion to the branch offices of the mercantile agency to which his firm subscribes. When contemplating business in a city where these firms have agents or offices, it is advisable to confer vrith such agencies as to the credit to be extended to the diiferent buyers. Arrangements can be made before departure from the United States for the purchase of specific reports on foreign mechants. Letters of introduction in Latin America (as almost anywhere else) have a higher value if the recipient is requested to put the bearer in touch with some particular person or to perform some specific service. Thus, a request to a banker to introduce the traveler to the principal importers of hardware will be far more effective than a mere letter of introduction, after presenting which the traveler is compelled to ask for the service he desires. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. Samples With or Without Value.-^Samples carried are usually of two classes, " without value " or " with value." The regulations of 20 GUIDE TO JiATIN AMERICA. customhouses in Latin America and the West Indies differ greatly. In certain countries tlie officials are far more strict than in others. The regulations of the different countries regarding samples, should be studied before samples are packed. Memorandum of Samples. — ^Whether samples carried are with or without value, they should be carefully listed. A memorandum which is easily understood by customs officials will aid materially in clearing baggage. Where samples have a value, that is, when they can be sold as merchandise, it is necessary to be supplied with a consular invoice when making application for admission to a foreign country. For full details concerning the admission of sam- ples, consult the pages relating to the different countries. Packing Samples. — As many transportation companies, particu- larly in South America, make a charge for baggage carried, mini- mum weight and space are desirable. Samples should therefore be packed with the utmost care. The rough handling to which they are subjected makes this absolutely necessary. Samples likely to be affected by moisture or water should be carefully protected. A wise precaution is the use of oilcloth on the inside of the trunk. This is particularly Important in the Tropics during the rainy sea- son, and in the mountains where baggage is carried by mules. Some travelers have waterproof oiled- canvas covers, into which trunks or traveling bags are fitted. Packing for Mountain Transportation. — In preparing samples for traveling in the interior over mountainous country, precautions should be taken in the matter of size of trunks. The maximum weight that a mule can carry is 130 kilos (kilo=2.2 pounds). The load should preferably be divided. Thus, if trimks with samples weigh about 140 to 150 pounds, there should be two of them, each weighing 70 or 75 pounds. They should be easily adjustable to a mule's back. If this contingency Is not foreseen, new trunks may have to be bought before the inland journey can be made, and such a purchase may be both difficult and expensive. Any ordinary size trunk may be used when the traveler visits only the seaports and points accessible by railroad. Insuring Samples. — Steamship companies assume no responsibility for samples, except for damage while in their possession. The loss of samples by fire, war, damage by sea water (as a result of a storm, falling overboard, etc. ) , should be provided for by marine insurance. The most liberal policy obtainable, providing for this and all other possible losses (theft, fire, pilferage, damage, etc!), is desirable. Such a policy can be obtained from insurance companies specializ- ing in marine insurance. Some steamship lines undertake to insure the baggage of their passengers according to published schedules of rates. All baggage carried should be insured against all risks on land and sea. Cheeking Samples. — In most of the southern countries the check- ing system has not reached the iierfeet stage that is so weU known In the United States. The traveler will find it advisable constantly to keep. an eye on his baggage. A wise precaution, when traveling by train, is to make sure before departure that the samples are on board. A " follow up " of the baggage in checking it to and from hotels is also desirable. To count on "close connections," or to depend upon narrow margins of time, is not advisable under any circumstances. THE salesman's EQUIPMENT. 21 Payment of Duties. — In certain countries, as in Cuba, for instance, the duty on samples must be paid in cash. Bond can not be given. However, if samples are removed within a certain period, the cash' is refunded, less a certain percentage. To provide for such emei-- gencies, the traveler should be supplied with sufficient money. In most of the Republics bond can be given for the samples, and this is canceled when the traveler leaves. - Aid of Customs Brokers. — The most expeditious means of clearing samples is by the employment of customhouse brokers. In. certain places they are not needed. The names of reliable firms who can look after such details are given for all importa:nt places. The bonds for salesmen's samples are usually signed by resident mer- chants. A letter of introduction or credentials which will enable tlie traveler to' obtain such accommodations are very essential. The new salesman's first visit, after arrival in a port, should be to the American consul, who can advise him regarding customhouse brok> ers and many other items. CABLES AND MAILS. Cable Codes. — ^Almost all- business houses have code words to identify their products and to simplify telegraphic business. In developing foreign trade it is desirable to supply a code word for every item. These words should be used in the catalogues as well as on the samples. Selecting Code. — It is highly important to decide on the code best adapted to the requirements of the business. The traveler should be supplied with a copy thereof. No matter what code is selected, certain phrases, which apply to general business transactions, and are not covered in the body of the book, may be added. In most codes space has been left for that purpose. Cable Addresses. — If no cable address has been previously used, it is important to select an address and file it with the cable com- panies. Mention of this name should be made on all stationery and printed matter issued thereafter. By following this rule, many words may be avoided, as a charge is made for the address in all cablegrams. Begistering Name. — The traveling salesman should be instructed to call at the cable office of every city visited immediately upon arrival. He should register his name, and, -When possible, his tele- graphic code address. He should give the name of the hotel at which he is stopping in order that messages froni his principals may be delivered wathout delay. Reversing Charges. — American manufacturers can arrange for the payment by them at their offices in the United States for the cable messages sent by their representatives. This is done by notifying the cable companies before the salesman departs of their desire to efEect such an arrangement. The cable companies then supply the traveler with a letter, the presentation of which at the cable offices abroad is the autliority for the acceptance of messages under this condition. Travelers' Mail. — One of the most fruitful causes of difficulties is the failure of the traveler to receive mail promptly. Too much 22 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Stress can not be laid upon the importance of properly posting let- ters. It is better to anticipate a traveler's arrival in a place than to calculate too closely. This can be done by consulting the table on page 23. The average or approximate time required for letters to be delivered is there specified. The traveler's route list should show the approximate time of arrival and departure at the various points in his itinerary. The place at which mail is to be received should be specified. Delivery Address. — ^The sending of mail in care of hotels, espe- cially in small towns, is not generally advisable, owing to the care- lessness with which it is handled. The selection of a bank, custom- house broker, or mercantile firm is preferable. Owing to the uncer- tainties of transportation and the possible danger of loss, extra copies should be made of all communications to be sent to a later address by a steamer following the one on wtich the original is carried. This will avoid much unnecessary correspondence, loss of time, and assure more satisfactory relations. The registration of important letters or documents is recommended. Ten days to two weeks' time (occasionally a longer period, determined by the fre- quency of sailings) should be allowed before the duplicates of let- ters are mailed, to avoid their being placed on the same steamer as the originals. When intended for passengers on steamers, letters and telegrams may be addressed in care of agencies of steamship companies at various ports of call. In addition to address and port of call, In the lower left-hand corner of the envelope should be written " Pas- senger on board S. S. ." The address of the sender should be clearly indicated on all such letters in order to insure their return in case of nondelivery. Wireless Telegrams. — Practically all steamers are now equipped with wireless, which makes it possible for passengers to communi- cate with their friends on shore and advise them of impending arrival some days before the steamer docks. Radiotelegrams are accepted at any telegraph office for transmission to steamers at sea. The address of a radiotelegram to be delivered to a steamer through a coast station should be : " John Jones, steamer Vestris, wireless." The charges for radiotelegrams sent through any coast station abroad can be ascertained at any telegraph office. The raite on board for communication with the coast can be obtained from operators on board steamers. forwarding of letters. — Passengers on leaving a steamer should put their names and addresses in the book which is usually pro- vided on board for this purpose. This wiU enable steamship com- panies to forward any mail which may be received for passengers after leaving the steamer. Advising Safe Arrival Abroad.— Steamship companies receive cable advice of the safe arrival of steamers at various ports. This in- formation they are generally glad to pass on to the friends of pas- sengers. Special post cards are usually provided for this purpose, on which the names and addresses of friends may be written and the cards posted to steamship company's office or handed to the company's office representative on board before sailing. Parcels by Mail.— It is often necessary to send samples, printed matter, etc., to traveling representatives while they are en route THE salesman's EQUIPMENT. 23 from one point to another. The following precautions regarding the sending of such parcels 'will be found helpful : Make sure that sufUdent time is allowed for delivery. Consult the table below. Verify the sailing of vessels by communicating with the Post Office Department or by reference to the official announcements in newspapers, shipping journals, etc. Notify the salesman by letter of the sending of the parcel and give full details of what it contains. Give price and other par- ticulars. Make sure that the parcel is sent in care of some one who will not misplace it or forget to make delivery. If duty is to be paid, notify the person in whose care the parcel Is sent and arrange for his reimbursement. See that the package is mailable and that it can be delivered under the rules of t^e country to which it is sent. Consult postal regulations before forwarding. Pack carefully to protect against damage by water, moisture, breakage, or loss. If of value, see that, the parcel is properly insured. Use the sample post in preference to the parcel post, if the sample post is available. See Postal Guide. Mail Time-Xable. — The time shown in the following table is that usually required for letters to be transmitted from New Tork to the places specified in Latin America, Mexico, and the West Indies : 1. . Days. Antigua, West Indies, direct 7 Antofagasta, Chila, direct 16-20 Arica, Chile, via Panama 14-20 Bahia, Brazil, direct ; 15 Barbados, West Indies, direct 8 Barranquilla, Colombia, direct 9 Belize, British Honduras, via New Orleans 1 Buenos Aires, direct 25 Caldera, Chile, via Panama 29 Callao, Peru, via Panama 11-16 Cape Haitien, Haiti, direct 7 Cartagena, Colombia, direct 11 Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, via Trinidad 11 Colon, Panama, direct T Curasao, West Indies, : direct 8 Demerara, British Guiana, direct- 11 Dominica, West Indies, direct 8 Grenada, West Indies, direct 9- Greytown, Nicaragua, via New Or- leans ' Guadeloupe, West Indies, direct. 8 Guatemala City, via New Orleans- 7 GuayaqudL Ecuador, via Panama- 12 Habaua, Cuba, direct 4 Iquique, Chile, via Panama 15-26 Jacmel, Haiti, direct 12 Kingston, Jamaica, direct 5 La Guaira, Venezuela, direct 7 Livingston, Guatemala, via New Orleans-- — * : ^7 llaceio, Brazil, direct 17 Maracaibo, Venezuela, direct 10 Maranhao, Brazil, direct 18 Days. Martinique, West Indies, direct 9 Mayaguez, Porto Eico, direct 7 Mslzatlan, Mezico, via San Frail- cisco 10 MoUendo, Peru, via Panama 13-20 Montevideo, Uruguay, direct 25 Nassau, Bahamas, direct — :_ 4 Panama City, Panama, via Colon- 7 Para, Brazil, direct 14 Paita, Peru, via Panama 14 Pernambuco, Brazil, direct 13 Port au Prince, ECalti, direct; 7 Port Limon, Costa Eica, via New Orleans -. 7 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, direct- 10 Puerto Plata, Dominican Bepub- Ile, direct : 7 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, direct 19 St. KittS, West Indies, direct 6 St. Lucia, West Indies, direct 8 St. Thomas, West Indies, direct 6 St. Vincent, West Indies, direct 8 Samana, Dominican Eepublic, di- rect 8 Santo Domingo City, Dominican Ee- public, direct 7 San Juan, Porto Eico, direct 5 Santa Marta, Colombia, direct 15 Santiago, Chile, via Panama 32 Santos, Brazil, direct 21 Tampico, Mexico, by rail 6 Valparaiso, Chile, via Panama. 20-30 Vera Cruz, Mexico, by rail 6 Vera Cruz, Mezico, by steamer 8 24 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. FUNDS FOR TRAVEL EXPENSES. Adequate Punds Heeded. — Before departure adequate provision for expenses should be made. It reflects seriously on the principals of the traveler if the latter is embarrassed by lack of money. Peri- odical remittances may be made,' but it Is important to have a thorough understanding on this point before departure. The ques- tion of remittances to travelers is one likely to cause much friction and misunderstanding. An initial letter of credit for a definite sum may be given, and renewals thereof may be arranged by cable. It is best to supply the traveler with a letter of credit sufficiently large to carry him to his destination and return. By this means he can also save money on exchange. He can draw against the letter ac- cording to conditions — ^more freely when exchange is favorable. , letter of Credit. — ^This document enables the traveler to make drafts from time to time as funds are required. It is one of the most satisfactory and least expensive methods of obtaining money. Letters of credit are procurable from banks, express companies, steamship lines, tourist agencies, etc. If it is desired to place a limit upon the credit, so .that; too large a sum may not be In the hands of the salesman, arrangements can be made with the bank from which the letter of credit Is bought to provide, by cable, renewals of the credit from time to time as the requirements may demand. The trav^er, before his departure, merely leaves his signature with the bank. When so instructed, the bank cables to its representatives in the Latin-American city, advising of the opening of the credit for the additional sum. New York Exehange. — ^This is a desirable method of supplying the salesman with funds. It is done by furnishing him with a num- ber of drafts on New York banks. American Bankers' Association Checks. — These afford a convenient means of carrying funds. These checks can be bought of almost all banks. Express Money Orders.— These are issued by the various express companies and are cashed without difficulty. In most instances the express companies have branch offices in the principal cities and are well known to local banks throughout Latin America. Travelers' Checks.— Travelers' checks, payable in most parts of the world, are issued by several of the steamship companies, express companies, banks, etc., and can also be negotiated readily. Gold. — Some experienced travelers like to carry a certain amount of American gold eagles. These are accepted anywhere. Often they are found very useful in the interior, off the beaten track, where documents, such as drafts and bills of exchange, are regarded with more or less suspicion. The vessels of certain steamship companies also carry a limited amount of money of the countries reached by their ships. Concerning Exchange.— The traveler who carries drafts, letters of credit, money orders, or bankers' checks will find that at certain times he is able to make the exchange for the local currency at more favorable rates than at others. This is governed by the demand in the Republic for bills of exchange on the United States At times there are more remittances to be made to New York than at other periods, and this, naturally, aftects the rate at which the exchange THE salesman's EQUIPM^ENT. SS is made. If the exports have been heavy and the amount due from the United States Is considerable, the fact will be reflected iu the rate of exchange. Very heavy sljipments of cofEee, rubber, copper, or other products frequently affect the exchange rate. Some Suggestions. — There are often fluctuations in the values of the money of the Latin American countries, due to the instability of th.e currency systems, which are also influenced by exports and imports, as well as by certain local conditions. The traveler should always inform himself thoroughly regarding the values of money and watch the fluctuations in order to obtain the best results. Like- wise, he will find it advantageous to make inquiries of banks or money brokers in order to obtain the best rate. B^ should endeavor to be rid of the money of one country before departing; otherwise he may find it necessary to make a considerable sacrifice to obtain the conversion of the funds he carries to the currency of the country at which he next arrives. WARDROBE. Importance. — ^The selection of proper clothing is of greater Impor- tance than that usually accorded it. This is due to two facts : Thje great variations in climatic conditions, and, second, the Latin Ameri- cans base their estimates of the importance of the representative and his principals in large measure on his personal appearance. As social life plays an important part in South American business, the proper dress for functions other than business must receive con- sideration. For greater convenience, the subject of dress has been divided into several paragraphs to accentuate the difCerence between the various climates, altitudes, seasons, travel routes, etc. Altitude especially must be considered. . Clothing for the Tropics. — ^Light-weight clothing such as is gen- erally used in the warmest summer period in the United States should be carried in sufficient quantity to provide changes, as laun- dering may sometimes be delayed. Despite the heat, blue serges are often worn, and black clothes are always correct. Light-weight suits of Shantung silk, mohair, Palm Beach cloth, etc., are much used. For extended visits, white suits (obtainable where most needed) are indispensable. Fabrics which require unusual care are not so desirable. A traveling cap is essential. A durable auto- mobile coat or duster is useful. With white clothes, white shoes, of course, must be worn. As a rule, white suits can be bought more reasonably in the countries where they are worn than in the United States and may be purchased on arrival there. Patent-leather shoes for dress, high and low shoes of dull calf or dark tan leather, such as are worn in the United States, should also be carried; as they can be bought more reasonably here than abroad. Dress Wear. — Evening clothes are absolutely indispensable. A " tuxedo " should be included. A frock coat for afternoon functions is also highly desirable. A silk hat is a necessary Item for the man who wishes to be correctly dressed at functions of a formal nature. Dress for Uplands and Temperate Climate. — Clothing which is suit- able during the fall period of the temperate regions of the United States will serve adequately. Woolen or semiwoolen underwear and socks are desirable and should be Included in the baggage. A 26 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEKICA. medium-weight overcoat is essential for use ou the ocean, as well as for wearing at night in the upland regions, where the temperature falls very rapidly. In the interior of BoUvia, Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia the houses are often cold, hence the need for heavy under- wear. A good raincoat wiU be found useful, as rain is almost cer- tain to be encountered. A raincoat that is not too heavy in weight, but effective in excluding moisture, is desirable. In the colder regions a heavy overcoat is necessary, particulp,rly at, night. A well- made sweater or sweater vest or jacket will be found an excellent addition to the wardrobe. It is also desirable to carry some light flannels and fine woolen socks. Soft shirts are desirable, particu- larly those with soft collars. One should always aim to be per- fectly comfortable. Travel on Horse or Mule Back and Over Mountains.— Heavy woolen underwear, outing shirts, suits of corduroy (or similar material to mthstand rough usage), very heavy waterproof (poncho) or black rubber coat and cap to withstand the torrential tropical rains, leg- gings, highlaced boots, and one's own saddle should be carried. Woolen socks are also desirable. Steamer Trips on Rivers In the Tropics. — A folding mosquito can- opy is absolutely necessary. One that can be compressed into the smallest space is best. Other requisites are gloves which will pro- tect the hands against mosquitoes while on deck ; high shoes to pro- tect the ankles against the same pests; a gauze mosquito canopy for the face and neck; several changes of bed linen (primitive con- ditions on certain steamers make this highly desirable) ; and air pillow. One's own blanket or steamer rug will be found useful. Some travelers recommend an air mattress, especially for long trips, because of insanitary conditions which are often found. Waterproof Bag. — It is highly desirable to carry a strong water- proof bag, in which, while riding overland, one's outfit can be placed. Outfit for Mountain Trips. — It is, of course, necessary for the traveler to carry his own outfit, especially saddle, blankets, etc. The saddle is particularly important, and only the best Should be used. Care should be exercised in adjusting the straps, which are often subjected to severe strains. The traveler who provides him- self with a good outfit and is able to meet unusual conditions will sufiler far less inconvenience than the one who is less foresighted. In addition, he will enjoy to a far greater degree the magnificence of the scenery. The suggestions made for river trips also apply in large measure to mountain travel, particularly as concerns the outfit and supplies. Other Items. — One or two umbrellas of good quality to withstand heavy rain and hard usage should be included in the baggage. Rub- ber-soled shoes to wear on deck will be found more comfortable than the ordinary kind. A bath robe should be carried for obvious rea- sons. Some travelers like to include an automatic electric lamp for use at night where other light is not available, or where, because of insects, a flashlight is more effective. A steamer rug of good quality may take the place of a blanket while in the highlands. Flannel shirts for hard journeys may be used to advantage. A vacuum bottle or two will frequently prove a great comfort, espe- cially in remote places and while traveling overland. Wardrobe for Women. — The hints for dress given above, although intended for the male traveler, may also be applied to the attire of THE salesman's EQUIPMENT. 27 yeomen. The latter are advised to supply themselves adequately "With shirt waists, including some of silk, and light as well as dark shades. A cape should be taken, while sweaters of silk and wool, or vests of these materials, also will be desirable. Petticoats of a dark material, iiimonos, rugs, and shawls should be included. In addi- tion, there should be a dark and a light parasol of good quality, so that they will not be easily damaged. For formal occasions the toilets suitable for like affairs at home are needed. In the tropical regions white is worn very extensively. Purchasing in United States Eecommended.— It is recommended that the traveler's wardrobe be complete before he leaves the United States. A sufficient quantity of collars, underwear, socks, etc., especially should be purchased. All these articles may be had in the Latin American Republics, but the cost is necessarily higher and often excessive. Laundering. — One reason for taking a good supply of linen is the wear and tear on such articles by laundering. In many places, particularly those that are remote, the most primitive methods are used, with rather disastrous effects on the clothing. Books on Equipment for Travelers. — ^E'or travelers who wish more iietailed descriptions and suggestions for equipment, etc., the fol- lowing books are suggested: Outfit and Equipment for the Traveler, Explorer, and Sportsman, by Eustace Reynolds Ball, F. R. G. S., and others. 144 pages. Reynolds Ball's Guide, London, 1912. Scientific American Handbook of Travel, edited by A. A. Hopkins. 503 pages. G. Munn & Co., New York, 1910. The Art of Travel, by Francis Galton, F. R. S. 366 pages. J. Murray, London, 1876. Harvard Book of Travel. Harvard University Press, 1918. HEALTH PRECAUTIONS. Important Caution. — The advice, constantly reiterated by experi- enced travelers, against the use of alcoholic beverages is founded on fact. Particularly is this advice applicable when, traveling in high altitudes. No hard and fast rules regarding food need be laid down. The wise traveler will be temperate in all his habits. Generally speaking, the drinking of unboiled water is unwise, except in the larger places where the purity of the supply is unquestioned. The insanitary conditions in many of the small places make it necessary to observe the utmost caution. Where satisfactory evidence of the purity of the water can not be obtained, the traveler should confine himself to well-known brands of mineral waters. The indiscrimi- nate use of locally bottled waters may lead to illness, as there is no assurance that such water is without germs. The lack of sanitary appliances and sewers is frequently the cause of contamination. Uncooked vegetables, salads, etc., may well be regarded with suspi- cion where modern sanitation has not been introduced. Medical Equipment. — ^Although all the large steaniship companies furnish medical attendance, the v,'ise traveler will not depend on that service exclusively. It is important to include in the baggage a kit containing certain simple remedies and some flrst-aid appli- ances. These are available already packed. Some simple cathar- 28 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. tics, quinine pills, etc., should alsO' be carried. Certain compounds to ward oS mosquitoes are desirable. The most commonly used Is oil of citronella. Items for medicine chest: Bicarbonate of soda (for indigestion), pepsin teiblets, menthol, bismuth, witchhazel, cholera mixture, Vase- line, Epsom salts, Listerine, New-skin, Antiphloglstine, boracie acid, court plaster, Jamaica ginger. Personal Comforts. — ^Adequate supplies of the following articles should be carried. They may be purchased far more reasonably in the United States than abroad : Toilet soap, tooth powder or paste, soothing lotions (for sunburn), shaving soap, cold cream, talcum powder, sea- water soap (to be used when bathing in sea water), automobile goggles (for use In sandy country where the wind Is high), spectacles of colored glass (to' be used where the Ught is very blinding). l!i:osqTiitoes.^-While .vessels are at dock In tropical ports it is advisable to keep cabin doors and windows closed. Some heat is preferable to the mosquito pest, as sickness often follows bites. Vaccination. — ^To some countries, for instance, Venezuela, it is Impossible to gam a;dmission unless satisfactory evidence of success- ful vaccination is shown. For tliis reason it is important that the prospective traveler be vaccinated before departure. Under any conditions it is a wise precaution, and the traveler will feel a greater security against possible infection from smallpox, particu- larly in the rural communities. As regards being immunized against other diseases, this is a matter which should be decided by the indi- vidual in consultation with his physician. Avoiding Colds.— The traveler will find that in many of the tropical places there is a marked difference in temperature between the interior of the old massive buildings^ such as churches, cathe- drals, etc., and the outer air. In the higher altitudes, particularly, colds may be contracted by entering these buildings, and as the dan- ger from pulmonary diseases is greater because of the rarity of the atmosphere, a light overcoat should be carried. Care should be taken against sudden changes In temperature. High Altitudes.— When making sudden ascents from the lower to the higher altitudes, travelers sometimes suffer from " sorocha," or mountain sickness. Those who have weak hearts are cautioned against a too rapid change. Travelers, who wish to avoid this sick- ness usuaUy divide the trip from the lowlands of Chile or Peru to the uplands of Peru or Bolivia into two stages, stopping olt en route at Arequipa, or some other point that may be decided upon. ttuarantine Regulations. — As a rule, there is nothing to fear on this score. Port sanitation has improved greatly, and only in exceptional instances do Latin-American port^ declare quarantines against each other. When travelers are detained in quarantine the expense is usually for their own account. In calculating the period of exposure, the time spent on shipboard after the departure from the port quarantined against is taken into consideration TRANSPORTATION. The Expense. — Whether it is practicable to visit certain points is determined altaost Invariably by the expense involved and the time required. This, guide is written for the purpose of simplifying the decision. On the following pages it has been the aim to give specific information regarding expense of traveling. The rates given are of two Isinds : First, to specific ports in Latin America from specific ports in the United States ; second, combination trips which may be utilized by the business man for purposes of inspec- tion. Obviously, all rates can not be given. It is believed, how- ever, that those which have been specified will be found helpful. Steamship Fares.— The rates of fare given for the various lines are subject to change. The aim has been to provide rates which cover the cost of passage to all ports which are likely to be visited by American travelers. Further data can be obtained by applica- tion to the steamship offices. The rates given on following pages are chiefly for one-way trips, first-class accommodations, from the United States to the ports named. In addition, certain round trips and combination trips have been specified for business men who wish to make merely tours. Local steamship service and the service of foreign steamship lines which operate between different countries are treated under the respective territorial divisions or countries. Many such lines do not reach the United States, but can be used for local traveling. STEAMSHIP COMPANIES AND OFFICE ADDRESSES. Bluefields Fruit & Steamship Co., Whitney Central Building, New Orleans, La. Booth Steamship Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City. Clyde Santo Domingo Line, 11 Broadway, New York City. Companfa Peruana. See Peruvian Line. Compania Sud-Americana de Vapores, 24 State Street, New York City. Compania Trasatlantica de Barcelona, Pier 8, East River, New York City. Cuyamel Fruit Co., Whitney Central Building, New Orelans, La. Gulf Mail Steamship Co., 1 Drumm Street, San Francisco, Calif. Independent Steamship Line, Queen and Crescent Building, New Orleans, La. Lamport & Holt Line, 42 Broadway, New York City ; 814 Gravier Street, New Orleans, La. Lloyd Brasileiro, 44 Whitehall Street, New York City. Mallory Steamship Co., foot of Houston Street, New York City. Munson Steamship Line, 82 Beaver Street, New York City. Nelson Line, 26 Broadway, New York City. New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. (Ward Line), foot of Wall Street, New York City; 192 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. ; 533 Marquette Building, Chicago, 111. ; 701 Chestnut Street, Phila- delphia, Pa. : 1208 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. ■ 29 30 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. New Toi-k & Porto Rico Steamship Co., 11 Broadway, New York City ; 192 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. ; 701 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Norton Line, Produce Exchange Building, New York City. Pacific Mail Steamship Co., 507 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. ; 31 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. ; 345 Broadway, New York City. Pacific Steam Navigation Co., 26 Broadway, New York City; 230 South La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Panama Railroad Steamship Line, 24 State Street, New York Calif. ; 31 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. ; 345 Broadway, San Francisco, Calif. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co., 26 Broadway, New York City ; Key West, Fla. ; Port Tampa, Fla. Peruvian Line (Compania Peruana), 29 Broadway, New York City; 510 Battery Street, San Francisco, Calif. Quebec Steamship Co., 34 Whitehall Street, New York City ; 206 Old South Building, Boston, Mass. Red D Line, 82 Wall Street, New York City. Royal Dutch' West India Mail, 10 Bridge Street, New York City. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., 26 Broadway, New York City; 230 South La Salle Street, Chicago, lU. Santo Domingo (Clyde) Line, 11 Broadway, New York City. South American Steamship Co. (Compafila Sudamericana de Vapo- res), 24 State Street, New York City. Southern Pacific Co., 366 Broadway, New York City; 227 Charles Street, New Orleans, La. ; 55 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. ; 12 Milk Street, Boston, Mass. ; 1600 Chestnut Street, Phila- delphia, Pa. ; Flood Building, San Francisco, Calif. Spanish Line (Compania Trasatlantica de Barcelona), Pier 8, Bast River, New York City. Toyo Kisen Kaisha, 625 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. Trinidad Line (Trinidad Shipping & Trading Co.), 29 Broadway, New York City. United Fruit Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City ; 131 State Street, Boston, Mass. ; 630 Common Street, New Orleans, La. ; 1801 Con- tinental & Commercial Bank Building, Chicago, 111. United States and Pacific Line, 104 Pearl Street, New York City; 209 Canal Bank Building, New Orleans, La. ; 180 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. ; 332 Pine Street, San Francisco, Calif. Ward Line. See New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. TOURIST AGENCIES. Thos. Cook & Son, 245 Broadway, New York City ; 336 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. ; 225 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 15 Bast Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. ; 689 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. ; 515 South Spring Street, Los Angeles, Calif. Raymond & Whitcomb Co., 225 Fifth Avenue, New York City ; 300 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.; 1005 Chestnut Street, Phila- delphia, Pa. ; 2033 East Ninth Street, Cleveland, Ohio ; 632 South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, 111.; 307 Crocker Building, San Francisco, Calif. ; 509 South Spring Street, Los Angeles, Calif. Frank Tourist Co., 489 Fifth Avenue, New York City. American Express Co., 65 Broadway, New York City. Foster & Reynolds, 220 West Forty-second Street, New York City. TRANSPORTATION. 31 STEAMSHIP FARES AND ITINERARIES. BLUEFIELDS FRUIT & STEAMSHIP CO. Fares. — New Orleans to Bluefields, $60; New Orleans to Cape Gracias, $60 ; Cape Gracias to Bluefields, $15. Itinerary. — Leave New Orleans, first day ; arrive Cape Gracias, sixth day ; arrive Bluefields, seventh day. Baggage, — Allowance, 250 pounds; in addition to allowance, not more than 250 pounds excess baggage may be carried. BOOTH STEAMSHIP CO. Fares from New York. — Barbados, $90; Para, $160; Manaos, $200 ; Ceara, $175 ; Pernambuco, $250 ; Bahia, $275'; Rio de Janeiro, $300; Santos, $310. Baggage. — Passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet of baggage free; excess to Barbados, 35 cents per cubic foot ; to Brazil. 50 cents per cubic foot. CLYDE SANTO DOMINGO LINE. Fares from New York. — To Turks Island, $40 ; Monte Cristi, $50 ; Puerto Plata, $55; Sanchez, $65; Samana, $65; Macoris, $75; La Romana, $75; Santo Domingo City, $80; Azua, $85. The rate for the entire cruise, which includes every expense of the voyage to and returning from the island and while aboard at the ports, is $150. Itinerary. — ^Leave New York, first day ; arrive Turks Island, fifth day ; Monte Cristi, sixth day ; Puerto Plata, seventh day ; Sanchez, ninth day ; Macoris, tenth day ; Santo Domingo City, eleventh day. Baggage. — Each passenger may take free of charge 25 cubic feet of baggage ; in addition, 15 cubic feet more may be taken, for which 25 cents per cubic foot is charged. Articles needed during the voy- age should be placed in a valise or steamer trunk not more than 13 Inches high. Passengers have access to their hold baggage at 11 a. m. daily. COMPANIA SUDAMERICANA DE VAPORES. Fares from Balhoa, Panama. — To Guayaquil, Ecuador, $80 ; Paita, Peru, $100; Bten, $105; Pacasmayo, $105; Salaverry, $115, Callao, $135; Pisco, 145; MoUendo, $160; Ilo, $160; Arica, Chile, 165 Pisagua, $170 ; Caleta Buena, $175 ; Iquique, $175 ; Tocopilla. $190 Gatico, $190; Antofagasta, $200; Taltal, $205; Ohanaral, $205 Caldera, $210; Huasco, $210; Coquimbo, $210: Valparaiso 215 Taleahuano, $230; Lota, $230; between Balboa and Cristobal and vice versa, $5. Itinerary. — Steamer Imperial: Leave Cristobal, first day ; arrive Balboa, first day; Paita, Peru, fifth day; Eten, sixth day; Pacas- mayo, sixth day ; Salaverry, seventh day ; Callao, eighth day ; leave Callao, ninth day ; arrive MoUendo, eleventh day ; Arica, Chile, twelfth day ; Iquique, thirteenth day ; AntofagaSita, fourteenth day ; Coquimbo, fifteenth day ; Valparaiso, sixteenth day ; leave Valpa- raiso, eighteenth day ; arrive Penco, nineteenth day ; Tome, twen- tieth day ; Taleahuano, twentieth day ; Lota, twenty-first day. Steamer Mavpo: Leave Paita, first day; arrive Bten, second day; Pacasmayo, second day; Chlmbote, third day; Samanco, third day; 32 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Casma, third day? Supe, fourth day; JIuacho, fourth day; Callao, fifth day ; leave dallao, sixth day ; arrive Cerro Azul, seventh day ; Tambo de Mora, eighth day ; Pisco, eighth day ; Lomas, ninth day ; Chala, ninth day ; Mollendo, tenth day ; Ho, tenth day ; Arlca, elev- enth day ; Pisagua, eleventh day; Iqulque, twelfth day; Tocopllla, thirteenth day; Gatlco, thirteenth day; Antofagasta, fourteenth day; Taltal, fifteenth day; Chanaral, fifteenth day; Caldera, six- teenth day; Huasco, sixteenth day; Coquimbo, seventeenth day; Valparaiso, eighteenth day;, leave Valparaiso, twenty-second day; arrive Lota, tvremty-thlrd day. COMPANIA TRASATLANTICA DE BARCELONA. Bares.— New York to Habana, $70; New York to Vera Cruz, $90. Itinerary. — New Tork-Cuba-Mexico monthly service: Leave Genoa on the 21st, Barcelona 25th-26th, Malaga 28th, Cadiz 30th, direct to New York, Habana, Vera Cruz, and Puerto Mexico. Re- turn from Vera Cruz on the 27th and from Habana on the 30th of each month direct for New York, Cadiz, Barcelona, and Genoa. Venezuela-Colombia monthly service: Leave Barcelona on the 10th, Valencia 11th, Malaga 13th, Cadiz 15th of each month direct for Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Porto Rico, Puerto Plata, Habana, Port Limon, and Colon. Steamer leaves Colon 12th of each month for Puerto Colombia, Curacao, Puerto Cabello, La Gualra, etc. Passengers and freight for Vera Cruz and Tamplco transshipped at Habana. Buenos Aires monthly service: Leave Genoa on the 1st, Barce- lona 4th, Malaga 5th, Cadiz 7th of each month direct for Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Montevideo, and Buenos Aires. Return trip begins at Buenos Aires on the 2d, Montevideo Sd of each month direct to the Canaries, Cadiz, etc. Brazil-La Plata monthly service: Leave Bilboa on the 16th, Santander 16th, Gijon 17th, Coruna 18th,. Vlego 19th, Lisbon 20th, Cadiz 23d of each month direct for Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Monte- video, and Buenos Aires. Returning, leave Buenos Aires on the 16th for Montevideo, Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Cruz de TenerlfEe, etc. Sagga^e. — Bach first-cabin passenger is allowed 200 pounds or 20 cubic feet of baggage. No merchandise will be accepted as baggage. CUYAMEL FRUIT CO. STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Fares. — ^New Orleans to Puerto Cortes, $40; New Orleans to Omoa, $40. Itinerary. — Leave New Orleans, first day ; arrive Puerto Cortes, fourth day ; arrive Omoa, fourth day. Baggage. — ^Allowance, 150 pounds. GULF MAIL STEAMSHIP CO. Fares from San Francisco. — To Bnsenada, $16 ; San Jose del Cabo $45; La Paz, $50; Guaymas, $55; Topolobampo, $55- Mazatlan' $50; San Bias, $60; Manzanlllo, $68; Aeapulco, $75; Salina Cruz $80. Round-trip tickets are computed by deducting 10 per cent from TKANSPOETATION. 33 double fare; good for six months. Stojj-over privileges will be granted on application to purser. Baggage.— Full-ticket baggage carried without extra charge is limited to wearing apparel And articles for personal use of pas- senger on voyage not exceeding 150 pounds in weight and $100 in value. All exceeding such weight or value witl be charged for. INDEPENDENT STEABfSHIP LINE. Fares, — New Orleans tQ Oeiba, Honduras,. $40. Itinerary. — Leave New Orleans, first dayi aTtive Ceiba, fourth day. Baggag;e.^AUowance, 150 pounds. I^AMPORT & HOLT LINE. Fares from New York. — To Barbados and Trinidad, $110; Pernam- buco, $300; Bahia, $305; Bio de Jan^ro, $325; Santos, $335; Monte- video, $370'; Buenos Aires, $385. Single and return tickets are interchangeable between Brazilian and BlVer Plate ports' for- travel by steamei-» of the Eoyal Mail Steam Packet Co., Pacific Steam Navigation Co.,, or Nelson Line, on payment of tire difference in single fares, if any. Itinerary, — ^Leave New York, first day ; arrive Barbados, sixth day; Bahia, foarteenth day r Bid de Janeiro, seventeenth day; Santos, nineteenth day ; Montevideo, twenty-fourth day ; Buenos Aires, twenty-thira day. ' "' Baggage. — ^Each first-class passenger is allowed 20 cubic feet of baggage vrithout charge. Any excess to be paid for at the rate of 75 cents per cubic foot, but no merchandise or specie is to be taken as baggage. Heavy baiggage must reach the , loading dock at least two days prior to the date of departure. All baggage should bear the company's labels, which may be obtained on application. Pack- ages for the stateroom should not exceed 3 feet in length, 21 inches In width, and 15 Inches in depth, LLOYD BRASILEIRO. Fares from New York. — ^To Barbados, $110 ; Para, $225 ; Fortaleza, $300.; Pernambuco, $335 ; Bahia, $3-50 ; Bio de Janeiro, $360. Itinerary. — ^Leave New York, first day; arrive Barbados, ninth day; Para, fourteenth day; Ceara, sixteenth day; Pernambuco, eighteenth dayj Bahia, twenty-first day; Bio de Janeiro, twenty- fifth day; Santos, twenty-sixth day; Baggage. — Bach passenger is permitted to carry 20 cubic feet of baggage free ; any excess to be charged for at the rate of about 50 cents per cubic foot. MAcLLOBT STEAMSHIP CO. Fares.— New York to Key "tVest,, $36; New York to GalYeston, $52.50; Key West to Galveston, $32". Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day ; arrive at Key West fifth day, Galveston seventh day. Baggage. — ^Free baggage allowance, 150 pounds. Excess rate, per 100 pounds : To Key West, $6 ; to Galveston, $9. 144297°— 20 3 34 GUIDE TO luVTIN AMERICA. MUNSON STEAMSHIP LINE. Fares.— New York to AntlUa, Cuba, $65-$175. Itinerary. — ^Leave New York, Saturday; arrive Antilla, Wednes- day. Baggage. — Passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet of baggage. Addi- tional' baggage, 20 cents per cubic foot. Passengers should arrange for delivery of their- baggage to Pier 9, East Kiver, in ample time before sailing, and claim same before boarding steamer. NEW YORK & CUBA MAIL STEAMSHIP CO. (WARD LINE). Fares. — The following rates of fare are for flrst-class accommoda- tions, two persons In a room : New York to: Habana, $70; Nassau, $71; Progreso, $85; Vera Cruz, $90; Tampico, $95; Nassau to : New York,. $71; Habana, $33. Habana to: New York, $87; Nassau, $33; Progreso, $60; Vera Cruz, $65; Tampico, $65. ,. , Progreso to: Habana, $60; Vera Cruz, $50; Tampico, $55; New York, $85., , , Vera Cruz to: Tampico, $30; Progreso, $50; Habana, $65; New York, $90. - Tampico: tp : Vera Cruz, $30 ; Progreso, $55 ; Habana, $65 ; New York, $95. ; . Itinerary. — ^Habana express service : Leave New Yoifk, first day ; arrive Habana, fifth. day. Weekly sailings (Saturdays). NewYork- Mejxico service: Leave New York, first day; arrive TSTassau, fourth day ; Habana, fifth day ; Progreso, seventh day ; Vera Cruz, ninth day; Tampico, twelfth day. Fortnightly sailings (Thursdays). Baggage.— Personal- baggage consists of wearing, apparel, toilet articles, and similar effects in actual use and necessary and appro- priate for tjie wear, use, comfort, and convenience of the passenger on the journey and jiot intended for other persons or for sale. Two hundred (200) pounds or 20 cubic feet of personal baggage v^rill be allowed free for each passenger holding a full-fare first-cabin ticket. NEW YORK & PORTO RICO STEAMSHIP CO. Fares from Isiew York. — To San Juan, $65 and up, according to size and location Of stateroom. Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day ; arrive San Juan, fifth day ; leave San Juan, seventh day ; arrive Ponce, seventh day ; arrive -Mayaguez, eighth day. :. Baggage.— Bach first-cabin adult passenger is allowed 25 cubic feet of baggage ; Sebond-c'abin passengers are allowed 15 cubic feet. Rate for excess baggage, 50 cent per cubic foot. Baggage may be sent to the company's pier two or three days in advance of sailing. It will not be put aboard steamer unless claimed and checked, and passengers are urged, to attend to this shortly after their arrival at the pier on the morning of Sailing. ' ' NORTON LINE. Fares from New York. — To Jlontevideo, one passenger in state- room, $350-$450 ; two passengers in stateroom, $225-$300 each. To TKANSPOETATION. 35- Buenos Airps, one , passenger in stateroom, $375-$500; two pass^- gers in stateroom, $25(>-$325 each. Itinerary'.— Leave New York, first day; arrive Montevideo, twenty-third day ; arrive Buenos Aires, twenty-fifth day. Baggage. — F!orty cubic feet of personal baggage is carried free for each adult passenger. All baggage must be plainly marked with the name of the passenger, name of steamer, number of state- room, and destination. Tags and labels will be supplied by the company on application. PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP CO. Pares from San Francisco. — To Mazatlan, Mexico, $77 ; San Bias,. $90; Manzanillo, $98; Acapulco, $104; Salina Cruz, $104; Qcos, Guatemala, $132; Champerico, $139.50; San Jose, $139.50; Acajutla, Salvador, $139.50 ; La Libertad, $142.50 ; La Unipn, $146.50 ; Ama- pala, Honduras. $146.50; Corinto, Nicaragua,- $153.50; San Juan del Sur,, $153.50; Puntarenas, Costa Rico, $167; Balboa, Ca:nal Zone, $167. Fare through the Panama Canal, either direction, $6. S'ares Between Balboa and Ports North. — ^Puntarenas, $34.70 ; San Juan del Sur, $48.30 ; Corinto, $63.10 ; Amapala, $69.30 ; La Union, $76.70; La Libertad, $84.20; Acajutla, $90.30;, San .Tose,, $104; Champerico, $111.80; Ocos, $118.80; Saliiia Cruz, $1321.40; Acapulco, $153.50; Manzanillo, $159.60; San Bias, $159.60; Mazatlan, $167; San Francisco, $167. ' Pares . Between. Mexican land Central American Ports. — From Mamtlan. — ^To San Bias, $14; Manzanillo, $21; Acapulco, $41.80; Sahna Cruz, $62.60 ; Ocos, $83.50 ; Champerico, $90.40 ; San Jose de Guatemala, $97.50; Acajutla, $104.40; La Libertad, $111.30; La Union, $125.40; Amapala, $132.30; Corinto, $139.80; San Juan del Sur, $139.80; Puntarenas, $146.20. From San Bias. — ^To Manzanillo, $14; Acapulco, $27.80; Salina Cruz, $55.70; Ocos, $88.50; Champerico, $83.50; San Jose de Guate- mala, $90.40; Acajutla, $97.50; La Libertad, $104.40; La Union, .?118.30; Amapala, $125.20; Corinto, $132.30; San Juan del Sur, $139.30; Puntarenas, $146.20. From Manzanillo.— To Acapulco, $20.90; Salina Cruz, $41.80; Ocos, 69.60; Champerico, $76.60; San Juan de Guatemala, $88.50; Acajutla, $83.50 ; La Libertad, $97.40 ; La Union, $111.30 ; Amapala,' $111.30;' Corinto, $118.30; San Juan del Sur, $132.30; Puntarenas, .S146.20. From Acapulco. — To Salina Cruz, $27.80; Ocos, $55.70; Cham- perico, $62.60 ; San Juan de Guatemala, $69.60 ; Acajulta, $69.60 ; La Libertad, $88.50; La Union, $90.40^ Amapala, $97.40; Corinto, $104.40; San Juan del Sur, $lll.39; Puntarenas, $132.30. From Salina Cruz. — To Ocos, $27.80; Champerico, $41.80; San Juan de Guatemala, $41,80 ; Acajutla, $41.80 ; La Libertad, $55.70 ; La Union, $62.60; Amapala, ,$69.50; Corinto, $76.60,; San Juan del Sur, $88.50; Puntarenas, $104.40. . ' From Ocos. — ^To Champerico, $14 ; San Juan de Guatemala, $20.90 ; Acajutla, $27.80 ; La Libertad, $34.80 ; La Unipn, $48.70 ; Amapala, $55.70 ; Corinto, $69.60 ; San Juan del Sur, $83.50 ; Puntarenas, $90!40. , , , From Champerico.. — To San Juan de Guatemala, $14; Acajutla, $20.90; La Libertad, $27.80; La Union, $41.80; Amapala, $48.70; Corinto, $55.70 ; San Juan del Sur, $69.60 ; Puntarenas, $88.50. 36 GUIDE TO TAttN AMEEICA. From San Juan de ChMterhala. — To Acajtttla, $14; La tibertad, $20.90 J La Union, $27.80; Amapala, $34.80; Corltrto, $48.70; San Juan del Sur, |55.70; Puntarenas, $69.60. From Acajutla.—Ta La Libertad', $14; La Union, $20.90; Ama- pala, $27.80 ; Corlnto, $34.80; San Juan del Sur, $4i.80 ; Puatarenas, $62.60. From La Ltbertad. — To La Union, $14 ; Amapala, $20.90 ; Corinto, $27.80 ; San Juan del Sur, $34.80 ; Puntkrenas,. $55.70. Frmii La XJnAon. — To Amapala, $6.90 ; Cortttto, $20.90 ; San Juan del Sur, $34.80 ; Puntarenas, $42. From Amapala. — ^To Corlnto, $14; San Juan del Sur, $27.80; Puntarenas, $^.80; "■■ ■ ' Itinerary. — Leave San Francisco, first day; arrive Mazatlaiii, sev- enth day; San Bias, eighth' day; Iffanzanillo, ninth day; Champerlco, thirteenth day; San Jose; fourteenth day; Acajutla, ftfteeiitft day; La Libertad, seventeenth day ; La Union, eighteenth day ; Amapala, niheteenth day ; Corinto, twentieth day ; San Juan del Sur, tweHty- first day ; Puntarenas, twenty-second day ; Balboa, twenty-fourth d'?iy ; Cristobal, twienty-fifth day. ' Baggage. — Between ports and Balboa, 200 pounds allowed to each full cabin fare ; excess baggage, 3 cents per Jjound. PACIFIC STEAM I^AVIGATION CO. Tares from New Tork; — ^Frrst-class mipimum rates per person are : To Kingston, Jamaica, $85 ; Cristobal, $120 ; Callao, $260t MoUendo, $285; Arica, $290; Iqtiiq^ie, $300; Antofagasta; ^25; Coqulmbo, $325 ; Valparaiso, $340 ; Talcahuano, $355 ; Coronel, $355. Tares Between Balboa and Worth Pacific Porta. — -Puntarenas, $34.70; Corinto, $63.10; Amapala, $69.30; La UniOT, $76.70; La Libertad, $84,20; Acajutla, $90.30; San Jose de Guatemala, $104; Champerico, $111.30; Salina Cruz, $132.40. For passage through the Panama Canal add $6. , IPares Between Balboa and Ports SoTrth.^=Buenaventtira, Colombia. $35.; Tumaco, $45; Esmeraldas, Ecuador, $50; Bahia and Manta, $60; Caydf Blachalilla, and Manglar Alto, ^65; Ballenita, $70 Guayaquil, $80; Paita, Peru, $100; Eten and Pacasmayo, $105 Salaverry, $115 ; Callao, $135 ; Pisco, $145 ; MoUendo and Ilo, $160 Arica, Chile, $165; PlSagua and Junin, $170; Caleta Buena and Iquique, $175; Tocopilla and Gatico, $190; Antofagasta, $200; Tal- tal and Chanaral, $205; Caldera, Huasco, and Coquimbo, $210; Val- paraiso, $215 • Taicahuano and Coronel, $230. Fares from San Fran- cisco to above-named ports may be found by adding the fare- from San Francisco to Balboa ($167) to the fare from Balboa to these ports. , Connecting Ijnes. — Panama Railroad Steamship Line, between New York and Cristobal, $75 ; United Fruit Cor, between New York and Cristobal, $120; United Fruit Co., between New Orleans and Cristobal, direct, $92; United Fruit Co., between New Orleans and Cristobal, via Habana, $106; Pacific Mall SteamsWi> Co., between San Francisco and Balboa, $i67. Itinerary.— Leave Colon, first day ; arrive Guayaquil, fifth day ; leave Guayaquil, sixth day; arrive Paita, seventh day; Eten, eighth day; Pacasmayo, eighth day; Salaverry, ninth day; Callao, TRANSPORTATION. 37 tenth day ; leave Callao, twelfth day ; arrive Pisco, thirteenth day ; Moll'endo, fifteenth day; Arlca, sixteenth day; Iquique, seventeenth day ; Antofagasta, eighteenth day ; Coq,uimbo, twentieth day ; Val- paraiso, twenty-first day. Baggage. — The free allowance to passengers paying through first- class rate is 200 pounds. Excess hetween New York and Cristobal, 3 cents per pound; between New York and Balboa, 5 cents per pound ; between New York and west-coast ports, 6 cents per pound. PANAMA RAILROAD STEAMSHIP LINE. Fares.— Between New York and Ci'istobal, '$75 ; between New York and Port au Prince, Haiti, $75 ; between Cristobal and Port au Prince,, $45. This line has service as far as Colon only, but sells tickets to west-coast ports, connecting with steamers of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co., Peruvian Steamship Co., and Compania Sud-Ameri- cana de Vapores. Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day ; arrive Port au Prince, fifth day ;, ^arrive Colon, seventh day. Baggage. — Allowance for each adult: New York to Cristobal, 250 pounds ; through canal to west-coast ports, 200 pounds. Excess bag- gage: New York to Cristobal, 2 cents per pound ; Cristobal through canal to west-coast ports, 3 cents per pound. PENINSULAR & OCCIDENTAL STEAMSHIP CO. Tares. — Between Habana and Key West, $15 ; between Habana and Port Tampa, $30; between Key West and Port Tampa, $15; Includes nleals and berth while at sea. Itinerary. — Key West-Habana line: Leave Key West, Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays at 8.30 a. m. ; arrive Habana at 5.30 p. in. ; leave Habanai Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednes- days, Fridays, and Saturdays at 9.30 a. m. ; arrive Key West at 5.30 p. m. Port Tampa-Key West-Habana line : Leave Port Tampa, Sundays and Thursdays at 3 p. m. ; arrive Key West, Mondays and Fridays at 7 a. m. ; leave Key Wesit at 8.30 a. m. ; arrive Habana at 5.30 p. m. Leave Habana, Tuesdays and Saturdays at 9.30 a. m. ; arrive Key West at 5.30 p. m. ; leave Key West at 7 p. m. ; arrive Port Tampa, Wednesdays and Sundays at 11 a. m. Baggage. — Personal baggage (wearing apparel) of not over 150 pounds will be checked free for each passenger holding a whole ticket, and 75 pounds for each passenger , holding a half ticket. Under present ruling of the Cuban customs authorities, all baggage must be itemized on the purser's baggage entry; therefore. you are required to give the purser a full Ust of your baggage of every description to insure its delivery at the customhouse at the time of your landing. The Southern Express Co. will have a representa- tive on each ship to Habana, who will exchange your baggage checks and make delivery to any address in Habana. PERUVIAN STEAMSHIP CO. Fares ^rom Cristobal. — To Guayaquil, $85; Palta, $105; Eten, $110; Pacasmayo, $110; Salaverry, $120; Callao, $140; MoUendo, 38 GUIDE t6 LATIN AMERICA. $165; Ilo, $165; La Paz, Bolivia (via Mollendo), $185.' Fare from Balboa, Panama, $5 less than above. Itinerary. — Leave Cristobal, first da:y; BaJboa, second day; (Jjiay^quil, fifth day ; Paita, sixtli day ;. Eten, seventh day ; Pacas- mayo, seventh day ; Sala.verry, eighth day; arrive Gallao, ninth day; arrive Mollendo, . thirteenth day. Steamers connect at Mol- lendo with international triain for La Paz, Bolivia. BaggSge.— The free allowance to passengers paying through rate is 200 pounds ; escess,-3 cents per pound. QUEBEC STEAMSHIP CO. Fares. — The following are the rates oi: fare per berth from New York to Demerara, British Guiana, and intermediate islands, or vice versa : Steamer Guiana, tp Barbados, $95 ; to Demerara, $100 ; steamer ^jPorimo or Korona, io Barbados, $85; to Demerara $95. New York to Bermuda, round trip, $75 ; time about 40 hours. Itinerary.^Leave New. York, first day ; arrive St. Thomas,' sixth day; St. Crdii, seventh day; St. Kitts, eighth day; Antigua, eighth day; Guadeloupe, ninth day ; Dominica, tenth day; Martinique, eleventh day; St. Lucia, twelfth day; St Vincent, twelfth day; Barbados, thirteenth day; Demerara, sixteenth day. Steamers Spend about one day in each port. Keturning north, steamers call at most of the above islands but remain less time in port. Steamship Connections.— From St. Thomas : To San Juan, Porto Rico, Santo jDomingo, Haiti, and Jamaica. From Martinique: To 5rrinidad, Paramaribo, Cayenne, La Guaira, Porto Cabello, Puerto ColoBJbla, Cartagena, Colon, and Havre. From Barbados; To Trinidad, La Guaira, Puerto Colombia, Cartagena, Colon, Limon, Jamaica, Cherbourg, and Southampton. Baggage. — First-class , passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet of baggage. Excess at the rate of 18 cents per cubic foot, plus 5 per cent, primage and 25 per cent surcharge. RED B LINE. Tares. — Steamers Caracas and Philadelphia: New York to San Juan, $45-$60j' New York to Curacao, $70-$85; New York to La Guaira, $70-$85; New York to Puerto Cabello, $75-^90; La Guaira to New York (via Puerto Cabello), $80-$95; Puerto Cabello to New York, $70-^85; San Juan to Curacao, $25; San Juan to La Guaira, $25 ; San Juan to Puerto Cabello, $30 ; Puerto Cabello to San Juan, $25 ; La Guaira to San JuaU (via Puerto Cabello ) , $35 ; Curacao to La Guaira, $11; Curacao to Puerto Cabello (via La Guaira), $15; La Guaira: to Curacao ("via Puerto Cabello), $15; La Guaira to Puerto Cabello, $7 ; Puerto Cabello to Curacao, $8. Steamers Zulia and Maracaibo: New York to Mavasuez, $55 ; New York to LafGualra, $80; New York to Curacao, $S0; New York to Maracaibo, $95 ; Mayaguez to La Guaira or Curacao, $25; Mayaguez to Maracaibo, $40; La XJuara to Curacao, $11; La Guaira to Mara- caibo, $26 ; Curacao to Maracaibo, $15. Round-trip tickets good for 12 months are issued at a reduction 0^,10 per cjent,. '.Typical Itinerary. — Steamer Philadelphia: Leave New York, Jan- ii'ary 9; arrive San Juan, J'auuary 14; leave San Juan, January 14; TKA>rSPOETATION. 39 arrive Curacao, January 16 ; leave CuracEto, January 17 ; arrive La Guaira, January IS ; leave La Guaira, January 19 ; arrive Puerto Cabello, January 20; leave Puerto Cabello, January 22; arrive Curacao, January 23;. leave Curacao, January-23'; arrive San Jiian, Janaury 25 ; leave San Juan, January 26 ; arrive Nevir York, Janu- ary 31. Steamer Zulia: Leave Nev^ York, January 16; tall at Mayaguez, January 22 ; arrive La Guaira, January 24 ; leave La Gualfa, Janu- ary 25 ; arrive Curacao, January 26 ; leave Curacao, January 31 ; call at Mayaguez, February 2 ; arrive New York, February 8. Baggage. — ^Fi^st-class passengers are allowed 40 cubic feet of per- soiial baggage. For excess of that amount the charge is 25 cents per cubic foot. . - , ROYAL DUTCH WEST INDIA SIAIL. Fares from New York. — Aguin^ Haiti, $105; Aux Cayes, Haiti, $105 ; Cape Haltien, Haiti, $90 ; Curacao, $90 ; GonaiveS, Haiti, $90 ; j^.cjtnel. Haiti, $105; Jeremle, Haiti, $90; Miragoane, Haiti, $90; Paramaribo. Dutch Guiana, $125 ; Petit Goave,- Haiti, $90; Port au Prince, Haiti, $90 ; Port de Pais:,- Haiti, $90 ; St. Marc, Haiti, $90. No round-trip tickets issued. This line does not maintain direct servide between New York and Venezuelan ports, but passengfers may transship at Curacao for such ports. ^^ Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day; arrive Cape Haitien, seventh day; Port de Paix, eighth day ; G<)naives, ninth day; St. Mare, tenth day; Port au Prince, eleventh day; Petit Goave, twelfth day; Jeremie, thirteenth day; Aux Gayes, fottrteerith'day ; Jacmel, fifteenth day ; Curacao, sixteenth day ;' leave Curacao, eighteenth day; arrive Paramaribo, twenty-fourth day. Ocea$ion- ally steamers do not stop at all these ports. Baggage. — ^Allowance, 30 cubic feet.' For excess, 60 cents per cubic foot is charged from and to New York and 24 cents per cubic foot intercolonial. - EOTAL MAIL STEAM PACKET CO. Before the war the' Royal Mall Steam Pac'ket Co., had regular sailings from New Yorlv to Bermuda and from New York to Cuba, Jamaica, Panama Canal, Colombia, Trinidad, Barbados-, and Eng- land. This service has not been resumed. : The company malrttatns a fortnightly service from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to all the British ■West Indies except Jamaica and the Bahamas. i SOUTHERN PACIFIC CO. Fares.^New York to New Orleafns, $54 ; New Orleans to Habana, $41. - - . Itineraries. — I>eave New York, Saturdays and 'Wednesdays ; arrive New Orleans, Wednesdays and Sundays. Leave New Orleans, Sat- urdays; arrive Habana, Mondays. Baggage. — Baggage on the New York-Habana line will be checked thi'ough to destination of ticket. Bach full ticket entitles passfenger to 150 pounds free. Excess baggage will be charged for at rates shown in tariff on file at offices of the eompany. A single piece 40 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. weighing over 250 pounds can not be fihecked as baggage. For a piece of baggage any dimension of which, exceeds 4'5 Inches there will be a charge for each inch in excess equal to the charge for 5 pounds of excess weight. Upon fpei;sonai application tp any office of the New TorJs Transfer Co. in New York City or Brooklyn, or upon telephone request, bag- gage will be called for at any hotel or residence in Greater New York and checked from such hotel or residence to destination of ticket. ' Only regulation steamer trunks not exceeding 13 inches high will be allowed in staterooms ,ftr suites, AH other trunks will be stored in baggage r«om. " ' ' , On the New Orleans-Habana lin^ the free allowance of baggage is 150 pounds in weight and $10Q in Y^lue. All excess baggage will be charged for at the rate of $4.20 per 100 pounds. TOTO KISEN KAISHA (OBIEN3AL BTEAMSHIF CO.). lares from San Francisco. — Salina Cruz, Mexico, $75 ; Balboa, Panama, $125 ; Callao, Peru, $185 ; Iquique, Chile, $210 ; Valparaiso, ChUe, $235. Itinerary. — ^Leave San Francisco, first day ; arrive Los Angeles, third day; leave Los Angeles, fifth day; arrive Salina Cruz, ^six- teenth day ; leave Salina Cruz,, sixteenth day ; arrive Balboa, twenty- second day ; leave Balboa, twenty-third day ; arrive Callao, twenty- ninth day ; leave Callao, thirty-fourth day ; arrive MoUendo, thirty- eighth day; leave Mollendo, thirty-eighth day; arrive Arica, thirty- ninth day; lea-ve Arica, thirty-ninth day ;' arrive Iquique, fort;ieth day; leave Iquique, fortieth day; arrive Valparaiso, forty-fourth day. TRIMDAD LINE. , Fares from New York. — Grenada, $80; Trinidad, $80; Demerara, British Guiana, $100. Itinerary. — ^Leave N«w York, first day ; arrive Grenada, eighth day ; remain in port about 6 hours ; arrive Trinidad about 10 hours after leaving Grenada ; remain at Trinidad about three days; arrive Demerara about 3ft hours after leaving Trinidad. Saggage. — First-class passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet of space free. Excess baggage 20 cents per cubic foot. UNITED FRUIT CO. STEAMSHIP SERVICE. New TorjK, Cuba, Canal Zone, Costa Uica Service. — Fares from New York. — Habana, $70; Cristobal, $120; Port Limon, Costa Rica, $120; Port Limon, via Cristobal, $141; Port Limon and return (via Cristobal), cruise limited to three months from date of sale, $255. Fares from Habana. — New York, $70; Cristobal, $63; Port Limon, direct, $63 ; Port Limon, via Cristobal, ,$85. Fares from Cristobal. — ^New York, direct, $120; New York, via Port Limon, $141; Port Limon, $21; Habana, direct, $63; Habana via Port Limon, $85. Fares from Pont lAmon. — Cristobal, $21 ; Habana, direct, $63 ; New York, direct, $106 ; New York, via Cristpbal, $125. TKANSPOKTATION. 4 1 New York, Jamaica, Canal Zone, Colombia Service. — Fares from N6w Torfc.— Kingston, Jamaica, $85; Cristobal, $120; Cartagena, Colombia, $141; Puerto Colo^ibia, ColQnfMa, $141; Santa Marta, Colombia, $141; Saiita Marta and return, cruise limited to three months from date of sale, $255. Fares from Kingstm.—i^evr York, $85 ; Cristobal, $43 ; Cartagena, $63 ; Puerto Colombia, $78 ; Santa Marta, $85 ; Santiago, Cuba, $17. Fares from Cristohal. — New York, $120 ; Kingston, Jamaica, $43 ; Cartagena, $21; Puerto Colombia, $43; Sarita Marta, $50; Santiago, Cuba, $60. Fares from Cartagena. — New. York, $141; Puerto Colombia, $17; Santa Marta, $28; Cristobal^ via Santa Marta,' $50; Kingston, Jamaica, via Santa Marta, $85; Santiago, Cuba, via Santa Marta, $102. ' Fares from Puerto ColomUa. — New York, $141 ; Santa Marta, $17 ; Kingston, Jamaica, via Santa Marta, $85; Cristobal via Santa Marta, $50; Santiago, Cuba, via Santa Marta, $102. Fares from Saiita Marta.— ^ew Yo'rk, $141; Cristobal, $50; Kings- ton, Jamaica, $85; Santiago, Cuba, $102. Fares from Santiago. — ^New York, $102. Kew Tork, Cuha, Jamaica, Guatemala, Honduras Service. — Fares from New Yorlc. — Santiago, Cuba, $71 ; Port Antonio, Jamaica. $85 i Kingston^Jamaica, $85 ; Puerto Barrios, Guatetaala, $141 ; Puerto Cortes, Honduras, $141 ; Tfela, Honduras, $141 ; Belize, 'British Hon- duras, $141. Puerto Barrios and return, cruise limited to three months from date of sale,' $255. Fares from Santia,go.-^'Nev7 York, $71; Port Antonio, $17; King- ston, $17; Puerto BarHos, $71; Puerto Cortes, $71; Tela, $71; Belize, $71. JPares from Port 4wto«jo.— New York, $85 ; Kingston (transporta- tion and luncheon only, $7; Santiago, $17; Puerto Barrios, $63; Puerto Cortes, $63; Tela, $63 ; Belize, $63. Fares from Kingston. — New York, $85 ; Santiago. $17 ; Puerto; Barrios, $63 ; Puerto Cortes, $63 ; Tela, $63 ; Belize, $63. Fa/res from Puerto Barrios. — New York, $141 ; Port Antonio, $G.S ; Santiago, $71 ; Puerto Cortes (does not include berth In stateroom), $9; Tela, $17; Belize, via Tela, $29; Belize, direct, $17. Fares from Puerto Cortes. — Tela (does not ' include berth in stateroom),. $9; Belize, $21; Puerto Barrios, $35. Fares froki TeZa.— Belize, $21 ; Puerto Barrios, $35. ' Fares from Beliee. — ^Puerto Barrios, $15. New Orleans, Canal Zone, Panama, Cuba Service.^— Fares from, New OrZeoMS.-— Cristobal, direct, $92 ; Bocas del Toro, Panama, $106 ; Port Iiimon, $113 ; Bocas del Toro and return, cruise limited to three months from date of sale, $191. Pares from Cristoial. — New Orleans, via Panama, $106; Bocas del Toro, $21 ; Port Limon, via Bocas del Toro. $35 ; Habana, $85. Fares 'from Bocas del Toro. — New Orleans, $99 ; Port Limon, $21 ; Habana, $69. Pare from Habana. — ^New Orleans, $43. Pares from Port Limon. — New Orleans, $99; Habana, $63. New Orleans, Cuba, Panama, Canal Zone Service. — Fares from New Orleans. — ^Habana, $43 ; Bocas del Toro, $99 ; Bocas del Toro and return, cruise limited to three months from date of sale, $191 ; Cristobal, $113. 42 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Fares from. Salana. — Bocas del Toro, $63 ; Cristobal,' tja Bocas d/ei Toro, $85 ; New Orleans, direct, $43, ; ', Fares . from Bocas del Toro. — Cristobal, $21'; New . Orleans, via Cristobal, $99. Fare fropi, Qr^stoial. — ^New Orleans, direct, $92. . Hew Orleans, Cuba, Panama Service. — Fares from Ne-w Orleans^— Habana, $43; Bocas del. Toro, via Hahana, $99; Bocas del Toro and return, cruise limited to three months from date of sale. $191. Fares from, Ila'bama.—'^ew Orleans, direct, $43; Bocas del Toro, $63. , . _ , , Fares from Bocas del toro.— New Orleans, $99; Habana, $63. Kew Orleans, Cuba, Hondtiras Service, — Fares from N-ew Or- leans — Habana, $43 ; Puerto Barrios, direct, $63 ; Puerto Barrios, via Habana, $99; Belize, direct, $70; Puerto Cortes, direct, $71; Tela, direct, ' $71. , , ' Fares from, Haliana. — Puerto Barrios, $63 ; New Orleans, 43. Fares from Puerto Barrios. — ^Nfew Orleans direct, $63 ; New Or- leans, via Habana, $99. Itineraries. — New York, CWba, Canal Zone, Costa Rica Sen-ice. — Leave New York, first day ; arrive Habana, fourth or fifth ' day ; leave Habana, sixth day; arrive Cristobal, ninth or tenth day; leave Cristobal, tenth day; arrive Bocas del Torq, tenth day"; leave Bocas del Toro, tenth day; arrive Port Limon, tenth day. Jfew. York, Jamaica, Canal Zone,, Colqrithid Service. — Leave New York, iflrst day; arrive Kingston, sistjh day; leave Kingston, sixth day; arrive Cristobal, eighth day; leave Ci'lstobal, ninth day; arrive Cartagena, tenth day ; leave Cartagena, eleventh day; arrive Puerto Colombia, twelfth day; leave Puerto Colombia, twelfth day ; arrive Santa Marta, thirteenth day. Neio YorJc,~Cuba, Jamaica, Guatemala, Honduras Serwce.-^— Leave New York, first day; arrive Santiago, sixth day; leave Santiago, sixth day; arrive Port Antonio, seventh day ; leave Pbrt Antonio, seventh day ; arrive Kingston, seventh day ; leave Kingstoja, seventh day; arrive Puerto Barrios, tenth day; leave Puerto Barrios, .elev- enth day; arrive Puerto Cortes, twelfth day; leave Puerto Cortes, twelfth day ; arrive Tela, twelfth day ; leave Tela, ' twelfth day ; ^.rrive Belize, thirteenth day ; leave Belize, thirteenth day. New Orleans, Cuha, Panama, Canal Zone Service. — Leave New Orleans, first day; arrive Habana, third day;. leave Habana, fourth day ; arrive Cristobal, eighth day ; leave Cristobal, ninth day ; arrive Bocas del Toro, tenth day. . New Orleans, . Canal Zone, • Costa Rica Service. — ^Leave New Orleans, first day; arrive Cristobal, sixth day; leave Cristobal, eighth day ; arrive Port Limon, ninth day ; leave Port Limon, tenth day ; arrive Bocas del Toro, eleventh day. NejD Orleans, Guatemala, Honduras Service. — Leave New Orleans, first day ; arrive Belize, fourth day ; leave Belize, fifth, day ; arrive Puerto Barrios, sixth day; leave Puerto Barrios, sixth day; arrive Tela, seventh day; leave Tela, ei.ghth day; arrive Puerto Cortes, eighth day. . ;,"■ • '. . . , . , . ' Baggage .^-Bagga.ije allowance, first class, 200 .pounds ; excess 5 cents per pound. Baggage must reach the pier at least 5^ hours before sailing, but will not be accepted earlier than one day prior to sailing. Passengers must reach the pier at least 3 bours before TEANSPOKTATION. 43 sailing, as baggage will not be felaced on board" until claimed and checked. All bagpage must be plainly marked with passenger*s name, steamer, and room number. Baggage to be placed in state- room must be not more than 1* iiiches high, 3 feet 10 inches long, to permit plaping under berth. Passengers have access to baggage placed in hold at certain times, and should ^pply. to piirser for permission. Merchandise, specie, wines, or Stores will not be ac- cepted as baggage. UNITED STATES AND PACIFIC LINE. Fares from New York,— Cristobal, $120; Balboa, $125; Callao. $260; Arica, $290; Iquiqiue, $300; Antofagasta, $325'; Coquimbo, $335 ; Valparaiso. $340. Fares from Cristobal.-^Callao, $140;; Arica, $170 ; Iquique, $180 ; Antofagasta, $205 ; Valparaiso, $220. Itinerary. — Leave New Xork, first day; arrive Cristobal, sixtli day; leave Balboa, seventh day; arrive Callao,. twelfth day; Arica, fifteenth day; Iquique, sixteenth day; Antofagasta, seventeenth day; Valparaiso, nineteenth day. Buenos Aires, by way of Val- paraiso and the Transandine Railway, may be reached in 21 days from New York. Connections are made at Cristobal with the var- ious lines to and from the West Indies and at Balboa with. San .Francisco and other west-coast steamers. Baggage. — Two hundred pounds carried free for each a,dult pas- senger. Excess baggage will be charged as follows: ]S:ew York to Cristobal, 3 cents per pound; New York to Balboa, 5 cents per pound; New York to west-coast ports, 6 cents per pound. 'Baggage may be sent to the pier (Pier 33, Atlantic Terminal, Brooklyn) a day or two before sailing. It will be kept on the dock pending claim of passenger. Baggage to be placed ia stateroom should.be hot more thanil4 inches high, 24 inches wide, and 36' inches long. Merchan- dise, specie, bullion, valuables, wines, or stores will not be accepted as baggage. GENERAL INFORMATION. TICKETS. Buying Tickets. — After the route has been selected and pass- ports obtained, the ticket may be purchased at the local .ticket office of the steamship company. Where the steamship lines are not direcOy represented, such purchase may generally be made through the local passenger agent of a railroad company or at branch offices of tourist agencies. Ticket Agencies, — For the convenience of the traveler there Is given on page 29 a list of the steamship companies which, offer pas- senger service between the United States and the countries, covered in this guide.i The names of some of the leading tourist .agencies and express companies which sell tickets are, also included. Tickets for Entire Trip.— -The traveler who has a definite trip in view should endeavor to arrange for a ticket covering the entire trip By purchasing this In advance, the carrying of large sums of money or drafts is avt>idesd, and the traveler is also ablei to saye the cost of exchange in going from country to country. The exces- 44 GUIDE TQ LATIN AMERICA. sive rates for short steamship trips which might be necessary can thus be guarded against. ' ' ' ' '" Return Tickets. — The time limit on return tickets varies with the different steamship companies. Some companies allow twelve months, while others have a six-month limit. Unused Return Tickets. — If the return portion of a ticket be not used and notice is given within the period of availability, most steamship companies will make a refund equal to the difference be- tween the amount paid for ticket and single fare, less 10 per cent. Reservations. — Reservations may generally be made upon pay- ment of half the ■passa'^ money. Steamship companies usually require that full passage rnoney be paid and tickets taken a fort- night before date of sailing. Stop-Over Privileges. — The conditions regarding this matter vary with the different lines. Passengers desiring to stay over at cer- tain ports Should make inquiry regarding this point ■w*en purchas- ing tickets, Special Rates, — If a group of salesmen or a commission of busi- ness men anticipate making a trip together, it is sometimes possible to bttain a special rate for the party. This likewise applies to a party made up of several families. Applications for such rates should be "made to the indivitlual steamship companies or tourist agencies. No R,esp6n^Mliiy for Delays. — Practically all steamship com- panies disclaim any responsibility for loss of connections due to delays in ports, fumigation, or the refusal of the authorities to allow passengers to be received, disembarked, or transshipped. Steamship companies will not be responsible for the exactness of dates shoiflpi in the itineraries, and they generally reserve the right to ,omit or add to any iports scheduled and cancel or postpone the sailings indicated thereon. Postponement. — In Case of postponement . of sailing of a steamer or the suppression of a port of call, those passengers who bought tickets prior to the publication of the postponement or suppression will be returned the value of the passage paid, but beyond this steamship companies will accept no responsibility. Undesiralile Passengers. — ^Persons suffering from any serious ill- ness, any infectious or contagious disease, or those who are men- tally or physically incapacitated will not be accepted for passage by any steamship company. Tax on Railway and Coastwise Steamship Tickets. — ^A war tax of 8 per cent, payable in cash, will apply on one-way and round-trip tickets to points in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, where fare is over 35 cents, and on commutation tickets between points 30 miles or more apart. The 8 per cent tax also applies to additional tickets or fares for exclusive occupancy of drawing room or com- partments. Parlor, Sleeping car, and stateroom tickets: The tax will be 10 per cent of the amount paid for such accommodations. Excess baggage: Articles other than baggage forwarded In bag- gage cars, for which charge is ma ing camps, etc. It is quite common for a Mexican merchant, in what would correspond to a " crossroads " store in the United States, to make direct purchases in this country. As a consequence, it has been found necessary to list and describe a much greater number of small towns and communities than in other sections of the book. In reading this section of the guide it should be borne in mind that present conditions are abnormal. Nominally there is railroad service to many places, but in reality it is interrupted or frequently delayed. Despite the conditions which have recently prevailed, the 59 60 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. purchases of Mexico, as a whole, have increased very materially, and the commercial possibilities of this Republic are so great that they deserve the utmost consideration from American houses. A factor that must not be lost sight of in studying this as wellag the' Other sections of the book is the material increase in prices, in hotel rates, railroad fares, etc. The European war has greatly affected the schedules of steamship lines, both trans- Atlantic and local. Consequently, it is of the utmost importance that all sailings, time-tables, etc., be verified on the ground. It is believed, hovi'ever, that the information which is here given in detail will enable the traveler to plan his route with a considerable degree of certainty and Intelligence. This is certainly true in the matter of the approximate time required, provided that allowance is made for the abnormal conditions which at present prevail. Mexico has always been one of the best customers of the JTnited States and is destined for some time to be one Of the three largest users of American products and manufactures In the Western Hemisphere. For this reason alone Mexico is particularly deserv- ing of the attention of American business men. CENTRAL AMERICA. Square miles. Population. British Honduras 8, 598 42, 323 Costa Rica 23, 000 442, 000 Honduras 46, 250 650, 000 Guatemala 46, 774 2, 100,000 Nicaragua : 49, 200 690, 000 Panama.^ 32,300 425,000 Salvador 8, 130 1, 254, 000 Central America includes all the, territory lying soutii of Mexico and extending to the Colombian boundary line on the north coast of South America. It embraces British Honduras and the Republics of Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, and Sal- vador. These countries present many amazing contrasts. In per capita purchasing power, in development, and in other features they differ very materially. To many it will be news that the western and eastern regions of Honduras and Nicaragua are for all practical purposes quite inaccessible to each other. The economic conditions of these regions are also very different. The Investment of much American capital in the banana business on the eastern coasts of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama has resulted in an amazing development pf this section of Central Amer- ica, with a consequent large benefit to the United States. The ■vary- ing conditions in distinct sections of these divisions make for similar differences in trade. The commercial importance of the different towns may be judged to a considerable extent by consulting the section devoted to these countries. As Central America frequently serves (in many lines) as the sole territory of travelers, it has been treated as a unit. Special attention is drawn to the necessity for considering the conditions which prevail and to the need of a careful study of steamship and railroad routes, in order, to obtain the great- est economy in canvassing this region. STJBDIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. 61 WEST INDIES. Square miles. Population. Cuba 44, 215' 2, 627, 536 Porto Rico 3, 606 1, 118, 000 Haiti 1^-'^_: 10, 804 2, 500, 000 Dominican Republic , 18, 045 708, 000 Virgin Islands of the United States 138 27,000 British West Indies : Jamaica 4, 207 900, 000 Bermudas 21, 000 Bahamas 4,404 56,000 Barbados : 166 200,000 Trinidad 1, 860 365, 000 Tobago : 115 20,762 Grenada 120 71,500 St. Lucia 238 54,600 St. Vincent 140 50,000 Antigua 108 35,000 Dominica 291 37, 000 Montserrat 33 . 15, 000 St. Kitts 65 30. 000 Nevis Island 50 13,000 Virgin Islands (British) 58 5,600 French West Indies : Martinique 380 193,087 Guadeloupe 619 212, 430 Curagao (including Bonaire and Aruba) 403 57,381 The best Latin-American customer of the United States is an island in the West Indies — Cuba. In this same region lie other islands which have a great economic significance for this country. These are particularly Porto Eico, a Territory of the United States, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, the latter two destined to have an enormous increase in imports and exports such as characterized the development of Cuba and Porto Eico. In the same general region lie many other islands which already have a larg^ trade and whose importance is rapidly growing. This is particularly true of Guadeloupe and Martinique, of the Vir- gin Islands of the United States, of Jamaica and Trinidad. Many business houses subdivide the West Indies into separate territories, finding it desirable to maintain more than one repre- sentative in that region. For the purposes of this book it has been deemed well to group them all under one general heading. NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Square miles. Population. Colombia 435, 278 S, 072, 101 Venezuela 394,000 2,789,154 British Guiana 90,277 300,000 Dutch Guiana 46,000 91,000 French Guiana 32,000 50,000 The north-coast countries include the Kepubllcs of Colombia and Venezuela, and British, Dutch, and French Guiana. It is not gen- erally recognized what a vast region this, is. Colombia alone has an area of 435,278 square miles, with a population of 5,072,li01. American trade with this region has. grown very materially since 1914, and if a proper effort is made the business which has been developed can be" further increased 62 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. , The Eepublics of Colombia and Venezuela are by many firms con- sidered as a unit and one traveler is assigned to botli countries. Not infrequently, however, these countries are assigned to two or more salesmen. Trade conditions vary materially, and the contrasts in cllinate, production, purchasing power, etc., are remarkable. Bogota, the capital of Colombia, although only about 1,000 miles from the coast, is rather difficult of access, while some of the otber commercial points of Colombia are almost never visited by foreign salesmen. This is a condition that will doubtless change, but it is incumbent upon American houses, if they seek to increase their business with Colombia, that they familiarize themselves with the varying conditions throughout the Republic. It has unquestionably some of the richest undeveloped regions in South America, and, vidth the development of transportation facilities, it is destined to have a magnificent future. Venezuela is far more easily canvassed than Colombia, the river system of this Republic giving greater facilities for travel than is the case in most portions of its. sister Republic. The latent wealth of this country is likewise enormous and only intelligent, continuous effort on the part of American salesmen will be required to insure a still larger . volume of business for the United States than has recently been obtained. The Guianas are treated individually. A study of these countries will prove that they, too, can be made to contribute a great deal to the commerce of the, United States, They are' largely undeveloped, and with the Investment of capital their future should be very bright. WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Square miles. Population. Ecuador ^- 116, 000-120, 000 2, 000, 000 Peru : 460,000-722,461 4,500,000 Bolivia 4T3, 560-704, 105 2, 889, 970 Caiile— .- ^^— 293,419 3,870,023 The west-coast countries include the Republics of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. Some idea of the territory which they embrace may be gathered from the fact that the coast line of Chile is over 2,600 miles in length. Since the outbreak of the European war the development of the trade with these countries has been little short of marvelous. The nitrates of Chile, the copper of Chile and Peru, the tin, tungsten, and other minerals of Bolivia, and the agricultural products of Ecuador have had an enormous demand, with conse- quent heavy purchases by_ their_ merchants from the United States. Until recently the number of American . salesmen who canvassed these countries was comparatively small. Lately, however, the number has increased considerably, and this has been especially the case within the last two and a half years. The trade of these coun- tries, like the other regions of South America, will undoubtedly be keenly competed for after the war, and it behooves American firms to plan their efforts in these countries with the utmost intelligence. A study of the individual Republics will show that they can be canvassed with comparative ease, Bolivia and Chile are accessible SUBDIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. 63 from the east coast. The Amazon region of Peru, and also that of Bolivia, is destined to have a marvelous commercial development ou account of its gresit wealth. EAST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Square miles. Population. Brazil 3, 292, 000 25, 000, 000 Argentina 1,153,119 8,000,000 Uruguay , 72,153 1,450,000 Paraguay 97, 722 1, 000, 000 The fact that the Republic of Brazil alone is larger than the United States, exclusive of Alaska, is often overlooked. Although this great region ha,s been treated separately, it is included in the group of east-coast countries for the reason that it lends itself best for treatment in connection witli Uruguay and Paraguay. In all of these Republics, but particularly in Argentina and Brazil,' American business has grown very materially in recent years. The extent to which it ■will be retained is dependent solely upon the efforts that will be made by American business men. Unquestionably the sending of traveling salesmen is the most effective iheans.. The great difference in climate, configuration, altitude, etc., make for a marvelous variety of products, many of which are in great demand in _the United States. They contribute very materially to the wealth of these regions, and if the reader would know the funda,mental conditions governing the sale of American goods in the different cities It Is Important that he familiarize himself with these facts, j^rgentlna and Brazil should be treated as distinct territories ana not together. 'They are grouped in the present sec- tion under the title East Coast., of South America for ready refer- ence. MEXICO. Maps Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Location. — ^Mexico is the fourth largest American Republic as re- gards territory. It is bounded on the north by the United States, on the east by thie Gulf of Mexico aiiid Caribbean Sea, on the south by British Honduras and Guatemala, and on the west by the Pa- cific Ocean. Area and Fopulation. — The area, including the islands, is 767,198 square miles ; population, about 15,500,000, or 20 per square mile. The coast line on the Gulf of Blexico and Caribbean Sea, is 1,728 mUes, on the Pacific Ocean 4,S74 miles. The inhabitants are chiefly mestizos, a mixture of Indian blood with that of Spaniards and their descendants. There are also a considerable number of Europeans and other nationalities. Among the foreigners the Span- iards predominate. A very large percentage of the population is of pure Indian blood, many races being represented. Topography. — The chief physical features are two great mountain chains which traverse the entire Republic, forming' between them a number of great valleys and plateaus. The immense elevation on which the capital of the Republic is situated, called the Plateau of Anahuac, is the largest and most important. There is fringe of lowlands, known as the Tierra Caliente, on both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific. The mountain range in the west is the Sierra Madre Occidental, and in the east Sierra Bladre Oriental. The more important peaks are Popocatepetl, 17,520, feet; Orizaba, 18,250; Ixtacchuatl, 16,960; Nevada de Toluca, 14,950; Malinche, 13,460; Colima, 14,970. Climate. — The climate is modified by the great elevations and is largely determined by vertical zones. Mexico is partly in the Tropical and partly in the Temperate Zone. Tierra Caliente. — ^The district along the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, extending inland and upward to an altitude of 3,000 feet, has the heat of the Tropical Zone. The nights are tempered by sea breezes which also make the heat bearable during the day. This region is refreshed by summer rains which fall rather regu- larly, beginning generally in June, increasing in July, and ending in November. The average annual temperature in this region is be- tween 80° and 88° F. It rarely falls below 60°, but sometimes rises to 100° ; 105° to 110° has been known in Acapulco, Guaymas, and Vera Cruz. Tierra Templada. — The region from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level has a climate like the Temperate Zone. The average annual temperature is between 73° and 77° F. The temperature rarely varies more than 6 or 8 degrees during the year. The dry season is from October to May. 64 MEXICO. 65 Tierra Fria. — ^The cold region has a height of 7.000 feet and up- ward above sea level. This region has an average annual tempera- ture between 59° and 62° F. Most of the central plateau is located in this zone. Seasons. — ^Although it is almost impossible on account of the great extent of the country to definitely fix the seasons, they may be des- ignated In a general way as follows : Rainy season, middle of May to middle of October, when rainfalls are exceedingly heavy and of almost daily occurrence ; the dry season lasts the balance of the year. Very little rain falls during this period. The traveler should note particularly the period of rains, as traveling during this season, espe- cially in the mountains and in the remote districts, is often impos- sible. Even on railroads, when well managed and under normal conditions, delays are quite frequent. Kivers. — ^Few rivers of Mexico are of any importance for naviga- tion. Among the principal rivers are the Rio Grande, 1,500 miles (2,414 km.) ; Mescala, or Balsas, 426 miles (685 km.) ; Lerma, or Santiago, 540 miles (869 km.) ; Conchos, Panuco, Grijalva, Usuma- cinta, and Papaloapam. lakes. — The largest lake of Mexico is Lake Chapala, on the bound- ary line between the States of Jalisco and Michoacan. It is about 70 miles (112 km.) long .and 20 miles (32 km.) wide. Other Im- portant lakes are Catemaco, in the State of Vera Cruz ; Cairel and Oarpintero, in Tamaulipas ; Bncantada, in Tabasco ; Bacalar, in Yucatan ; Alcuzague, in Colima ; Cuitzeo, Tacascuaro, and Patzcuaro, in Michoacan ; Yurlria in Guanajuato ; Meztitlan in Hidalgo ; and Chapala in Jalisco. Their value as means of communication is negligible. Agrictiltural Products.^-The soil of Mexico is suitable for many crops. Within a radius of 300 miles may be found the crops of the tropical, semitropical, and temperate zones. The most important products are maize, cotton, henequen, wheat, cofEee, beans, guayule, chick-peas, chicle, and sugar. Cattle raising is a source of great wealth. Hides, skins, wool, etc., add greatly to the annual wealth of the Mexican people. The export of hides is particularly important. Mineral Wealth. — ^The principal industry of Mexico is mining. Mines are operated in almost all of the States and Territories. Silver and gold are the most important minerals, but zinc, coal, lead, antimony, iron, quicksilver, etc., are also mined on a consider- Industries. — ^Although Mexico is not a manufacturing country, there has been considerable development of manufacturing. Nu- merous and important mills are devoted to the production of tex- tiles, sugar, leather, cigars, cigarettes, etc. Flour milling is very important, as is also brewing. There are a number of smelters, steel works, etc., several of which have large capital. There are a great number of small factories devoted to the local requirements. language. — Spanish. English is spoken by many Mexicans, but Spanish is indispensable in transacting business. Currency. — The currency of Mexico Is based on the gold standard. The peso (100 centavos) is the unit of value, equal to $0,498 United States currency. The coins are as follows : Gold, 20, 10, 5, 144297'"— 20 5 66 GUIDE TO LATIK AMERICA. 2i, and 2 pesos ; silver, 1 peso, 50, 20, and 10 centavos ; bronze, 20, 10, 5, 2, and 1 centavos. Weights and ffieaBuies. — Metric ^stem. Postage. — First-class letter rate from the United States is 2 cents' an ounce or iraotioBal part thereof. COB'CEB.NING' THE BANES. — At the time this book was approved for printing (June, 1920), there were practically n« banks or bank-' ing institutions doiag business in M«xico, except those in Mexico City and Tamplco. Business of this nature in the respective cities vs^as being transacted mainly by Individuals and business houses who are correspondents of banks in Mexico City. It is suggested that the traveler, when securing his letter of credit, obtain from the New York bank a list of its correspomdents in Mexico City. On his ar- rival in. Mexico he could obtain from the Mexican bask a list of the latter's correspondents in the towns he intends to visit. These cor- respondents are, as a rule, business house and are in a position to furnish the salesman accurate information as to prospective clients in their territory and also attend to the haBdliiig and collection of drafts, etc. Banks in Mexico City. — The following are among the important banking institutions in Mexico CHty that are in a position to finance import and export trade : Mexico City Banking Oorporration (American), Avenida F. II Ma- dero 14. Mercantile Banking Co. (American), Avenida F. I Madero 12. Banqiue Francaise du Mexique (French), Avenida Uruguay 53. Bank of Montreal (Canadian), Avenida 5 de Mayo 2. Canadian Bank of Commerce (Canadian) , Avenida F. I Madero 50. Cla. Bancaria de Paris & Mexico, Capuchlnas 51. Lacaud e Hljo. Bank Correspondents in Interior Cities. — Following is a list of business houses in the interior that do a banking business as corre- spondents of banks in Mexico City and the United States : Aguascalientes : Jose & Luis 3. Laris, Apartado 34. Chihuahua : Metals & Mines Security Co., Ai>artado 152. Guadalajara : Salvador Ugarte, P. O. box 156. Mazatlan : Manuel Gomez Rubio, Apartado 41. Merlda: Arthur Pierce, Apartado 114. Monterey : A. Zambrano e Hijos, Apartado 6. Oaxaca: George M. Houston, Guerrero 1. Puebla : Victoriano Alvarez, S. en C, Apartado 171. Saltillo: A. Zambrano e Hijos. San Luis Potosi : Deutz Hnos., 3a Centenario 11. Tamplco: Tampico Banking. Co., S. A., and Petroleum Bank & Trust Co., S. A. Torreon : Celso Garza Gonzalez, Ramon Arispe 321. Vera Cruz : Viya Hnos., Morellos 11. Kepresentatives of New Tork Banks. — ^The following New York banks have representatives in Mexico City : National City Bank : J. H. Durell, Avenida F. I. Madero 12. Equitable Trust Co. : W. B. Glenn, Capuchlnas 48. Irving Natfoual Bank : J. W. Howe, Capuchlnas 48. Meroamtil'e Agencies. — E. G. Dunn & Co., Calle Capuchlnas 48; Bradstreet's, San Juan de Letran 5. MEXICO. 67 TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. RAILROADS. Railroads enter Mexico via Laredo, Eagle Pass, and El Paso, Tex., Nogales, Ariz., and otlier bordM: towns. STEAMERS FROM NEW YORK. New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Co. (Ward line). — Office, Pier 14, East River. Sailings from piers at foot of Wall and Pine Streets. Departures every Thursday for Progreso, Vera Cruz, and Tampico; for Campeche, Frontera, Laguna, and Tuxpam, occasion- ally. Interior points in Mexico are reached by rail from Tampico or Vera Cruz. First-class passenger fares : New York to Tampico, $95; New York to Vera Cruz, $90; New York to Progreso, $85; Habana to Progreso, $60; Habana to Vera Cruz or Tampico, $65; Progreso to Vera Cruz, $50; Progreso to Tampico, $55; Vera Cruz to Tampico, $36. Average time of trip; Leave New York, Thurs- day ; arrive Nassau, Sunday ; Habaua, Monday ; Progreso, Wednes- day ; Vera Cruz, Friday ; Tampico, Monday. Mallory Steamship Co. — Office, 290 Broadway. Sailings from Pier 45, North River (West Eleventh Street). D^artures about every Tuesday and Friday for Key West, Fla., and Galveston, Tex. Thence by rail via Laredo to points In Mexico ; also by steamer from Galveston to Laguna and Frontera. First-class passenger fare : New York to Galveston, $52.50. Average time of trip : New York to Galveston, via Key West, seven days. Panama Kailroad Steamship Line. — Office, 24 State Street. Depar- tures from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street) every Thursday for Colon, Panama. Thence by Pacific Mail steamer to Acapulco, Manzanillo, San Bias, Salina Cruz, and Mazatlan. First-class passenger fare : New York to Salina Cruz, $201.40. tlnited Pruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling Slip). Departures for Cristobal, Panama, every Wednesday and Saturday. Thence by Pacific Mail steamer to ports on west coa.st of Mexico. First-class passenger fare : New York to Salina Cruz, $232.40. Companla Trasatlemtica. — J. Zaragosa, agent. Pier 8, East River, Spanish steamers. Departures from Pier 8, Bast River (old slip). Sailings monthly for Vera Cruz and Puerto Mexico. First-class pas- senger fare : New York to Vera Cruz, $90. STEAMSHIP LINES FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamsh^ Co. — Office, 608 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. Sailings every two weeks for Mazatlan, San Bias, ilanzanillo, Acapulco, and Salina Cruz. First-class passenger fares : San Francisco to Mazatlan, $77; San Francisco to San Bias, $90; San Francisco to Manzanillo, $98; San Francisco to Acapulco, $104; San Francisco to Salina Cruz, $104. Average time of trip: Leave San Francisco, first day; arrive Mazatlan, sixth day; San Bias, seventh day; Manzanillo, eighth day. (See also p. 35.), 68 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Gulf Mail steamship Co. — Sailings about twice a month for En- senada, San Jose del Cabo, La Paz, Guaymas, Topolobainpo, Mazat- lan, San Bias, ManzanlUo, Acapulco, and Salina Cruz. First-class passenger fares from San Francisco : To Ensenada, $16 ; San Jose del Cabo, $45; La Paz, $50; Guaymas, $55; Topolobampo, $55; Mazatlan, $50; San Bias, $60; Manzanillo, $68; Acapulco, $75; Salina Cruz, $80. Toyo Kisen Kaisha (Japanese). — Monthly sailings from San Fran- cisco to Salina Cruz. Fare, $75. OTHER UNES VISITING MEXICAN PORTS. The following are some of the foreign lines whose steamers make calls at Mexican ports. Travelers are often enabled to take advan- tage of the unexpected arrival or departure of these lines. Inquiry should be made at Gulf ports. Canadian Mexican Pacific Line. — From Victoria, British Columbia. Monthly service to Salina Cruz, calling at Mazatlan, Manzanillo, and Acapulco. Compagnie Genfirale Transatlantiqne (French). — ^Monthly service from France to Habana, Vera Cruz, Tampico, and Puerto Mexico. Harrison line (English). Leyland Line (English). Elder, Dempster & Co. (English). Quarantine Eegulations. — The usual quarantine regulations are observed. If there is any question of suspicious illness, passengers may be detained. Distances. — New York to Vera Cruz, 1,973 nautical miles; New Orleans to Vera Cruz, 788 ; New Orleans to Tampico, 705 ; Pensacola to Tampico, 749; San Francisco to Mazatlan, 1,354; San Francisco to Acapulco, 1,836. From El Paso, Tex., to Mexico City, 1,221 miles (1,971 kilometers) ; Kansas City, Mo., to Mexico City, 1,659 miles (2,675 kilometers). LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Companla Mexicana de Navegacidu. — Four round trips per month, calling at all Mexican Gulf ports (Tampico, Vera Cruz, Puerto Mex- ico, etc.). Compaiiia Naviera del Paeiflco. — Frequent sailings, calling at Mexican ports along the west coast (Guaymas, Mazatlan, etc.). Inquiry to be made at offices of the line in Pacific ports. Compa^ia de Navegaci6n en los Rios Grijalva, XTsumaointa y Palizada (los Vapores Correos Mexicanos). — From San Juan Bau- lista on the Grijalva, XJsumacinta, and Palizada Rivers to Frontera. Jonuta, Amatitan, Monte Ohristo, Balancan, Tenosique, and other points. Railway Guide. — Upon arrival the traveler should buy a copy of the monthly publication called " Gula Oficial," published by the Mexican Official Guide Co., 2a de Lopez 24, Mexico City. This guide contains complete data regarding railway and steamship servife. It may also be ordered by mail. MEXICO. 69 PRINCIPAL RAILROADS OF MEXICO. National Railways of Mexico (Ferrocarriles Naclonales ,,., Kllo- de Mexico) : Miles. meters. Mexican Central Railway (main line and branches) 3,516 5,659 National Railroad of Mexico 1, 218 1, 960 Druapan Division 318 512 Michoacan & Pacific Railway 57 92 Hidalgo & Northeastern Railway- '. 152 244 Mexican International Railroad - 917 1,476 Tehuantepec National Railway (including branches) 220 354 Vera: Crnz & Isthmus Railroad 264 425 Pan American Railway 297 478 Interoceanic Railway 736 1, 184 Mexican Southern Railway 282 454 Mexican Railway 340 547 Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railway 276 444 Mexican Northern Railway 81 130 Mexican North Western Railroad (controlling the Chi- huahua & Pacific R. R., the Sierra Madre & Pacific R. R., and Rio Grande Sierra Madre R. R.) 366 589 Parral & Durango Railroad 65 105 Potosi & Rio Verde Railway 40 64 Southern Pacific Railroad of Mexico 1, 195 1, 923 Vera Cruz Railways i ; 45 72 United Railways of Yucatan- -±— — 503 810 CANVASSING MEXICO. Customs Formalities. — The baggage of passengers entering Mexico by way of Laredo, El Paso, etc., must be transferred to the Mexican side by automobile or truck, as no trains. now cross the border Into Mexico. Inspection of baggage takes place on the Mexican side. Passengers should be present when this inspection takes place and claim their trunks after the inspection has been completed. When arriving by sea the baggage is inspected in the custom- house at the port of arrival. The examination is usually conducted in a prompt and lenient manner. Hotel runners may try to convince passengers that they can have the baggage successfully passed through the customhouse, but this matter should be attended to by the traveler in person. Bailway Baggage Begulatlons. — The usual baggage allowance on a first-class ticket is 50 kilos (110 pounds). For excess baggage rates see railway guide. Salesmen's Samples. — Samples of any character which are not prohibited by customs laws may be imported duty free, provided they possess no commercial value. For samples which have a commercial value, a bond may be given at the customhouse for a sum equivalent to the duty on the sam- ples. The period for which bond is given is several months. Sales- men should carry with them letters of authority from their firms to customhouse agents at the border, who will thereupon look after tho necessary bond. (Se? p. 16.) If samples which have a value are carried into Mexico and later reexported, it is important that there should be no change in weight or quantity. If there is a difference noted when samples are reexported, they may be confiscated. If the customhouse at port of reexportation is furnished with a memorandum of samples that have been sold and the payment of 70 GTJIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. duty thereon is yetoiiteered, the matter can easily be arranged, and bond will then be canceled for that portion of the samples sold. Beexpoztation of Samples Through Other Ports. — Samples may be brought in through one and reexported from another port. The traveler should obtain a document at the port of entry which he can present to thfr eastomhouse at the port of reexportation, which will enable him to effect the clearance without difficulty. Time Required for Clearance. — Siamples which have no commer- cial value and are carried by the salesman as baggage can easily be cleared vrtthout any delay. Baggage will be inspected by customs officials and passed very qnickly.. Samples which have a commercial value and require the- giving of a bond can be cleared in practically the time that is required for the clerical work necessary to prepare the proper papers. This can usually be expedited by the aid ox a customs broker. Duties on Advertising Matter. — ^Mexican authorities permit travel- ers to carry with them and admit free of duty a limited amount of advertising matter, such as calendars, catalogues, etc. The quan- tity so admitted is usually governed by the customs officials. Best Visiting Time. — ^The time for a travelear to visit Mocico de^ pends entirely upon the conditions which govern the line of trade of the traveler. In Mexico, unlike the countries in South America, prompt deliveries are exacted, and merchants, as a rule, will not btjy so far in advance as in other Latin-Americaa countries. Baggage Ra.tes. — No speciail concessions are granted by the rail- roads of Mexico to commercial travelers, Commereial Travelers' Taxes. — ^No national tax Is levied on com- mercial travelers. Certain municipalities or States may do so. Routes to roUow. — In dealing with a country as important as Mexico, it is manifestly out of the question to mention arbitrarily the places to visit. Hardly two travelers will agree as to the best routes to follow. All that can be done for an uninitiated traveler is to give certain specimen trips, which will afford some idea of the routes- that may be followed. These are subject to many variations. Trip J. — ^Por arrival by way of Laredo (visiting most important cities only) : Monterey, Victoria, Tampico, San Luis Potosi, Torreon, Zacateeas, Aguascalientes, Leon, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Pachuca, Mexico City. Tr^ip g. — ^Arrival by way of El Paso, Tex. : Chihuahua, Torreon, Durango, return to Torreon, Monterey, Tampico, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Pachuca, Mexico City. Trip S. — From Mexico City to Puebla, Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Puerto Mexico, Prontera. Trip ^.—Mexico City to Morelia, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Tepic, Mazatlan, Culiacan, Guaymas, Hermosillo, Nogales, Naco. Trip 5. — Reverse the foregoing, beginning at Naco, Ariz., or con- tinue from trip 6. Trip 6. — Mexico City to Queretaro, Guanajuato, Agttascalientes, Zacatecas, Torreon, Chihuahua, El Paso; Naco, Ariz.; Cananea. Nogales, and thMice continue as trip 4 reversed.* Special note. — Travelers should plan their trips in accordance with the requirements of their particular lines. The Railroad Guide (published monthly) is indispensable. MEXICO. 71 Buyers in llesico, — In planDimg to canvass the Repmblie careful attention should be given to selecting the classes of merchants or buyers to approach. Travelers who deal with the largest firms of wholesale importers can not advantageously canv^iss the retail trade also without incuiriag; the risk of losing the patronage of the large importers. In some places houses which do a large retail business also carry on a wholesale business. The traveler must exercise the utmost care to inform himself fully regarding these conditions, else he is likely to jeopardize his ultimate prospects. The wholesalers in Mexico who are located in the strategic centers, such as Mexico City, Monterey, Chihuahua, etc., bear the same re- latioB to the smaller merchants in the adjoining district as do the wholesale houses of the Tlnited States to their adjacent fields. There must be taken into consideration, in addition to the condi- tions described in the faregaing paragraph, a numerous group of buyers such as railways, power plants, industrial or manufacturing establishments, mines, breweries, etc. It would be impossible in a work of this character to particularize the methods to be followed in every instance. Agencies. — It is impossible to lay down hard and fast rules for the establishment of agencies or for the canvassing of Mexico. The country is so large that when numerous towns have to be visited periodically it is inadvisable to elxpect the wo(rk to be don« by one traveling man. Houses which content themselves vrith opening an office in Mexico City or allowing the Kepublic to be canvassed from that point frequently find that the results are far from satisfactory. The foMowing is suggested as a basis for the division of the country. It is, however, purely arbitrary and not applicable to all lines of merchandise or manufacture: Northeast Mexico, headquarters at Monterey ; north central Mexico, headquarters at Chihuahua ; north- western Mexico (including Pacific coast), headquarters at Hermo- sillo; central Mexico, headquarters at Mexico Ctty; southeastern Mexico, headquarters at Vera Cruz. In the case of agencies that require a more intensive method of distribution, many additional towns would have to be named. The reader is directed to the succeeding pages in which the different towns are described so that they may easily be studied. In this connection it should be pointed out that Merida, in Yucatan, is often considered by itself, because of the importance of its location in relation to the surrounding country. Many firms find it quite easy to divide the Mexican field into two or three distinct territories which are canvassed regularly. Points of Interest. — Obviously it is impossible in a guide of this nature to give detailed descriptions of the places and ©bjects of interest. Mexico offers extraordinary opportunities to the traveler ; from the scenic, historic, and commercial standi)0ints it is unusu- ally favored. Those who wish to obtain the maximum enjoyment and profit from a visit to Mexico are urged to buy a copy of ain ex- cellent guide book called " Terry's Mexico," published in the United States by Houghton, MifBin & Co., Boston, Mass. It is on sale in Mexico City at the Sonora News Co., Calle de Gante 4. In this volume are detailed descriptions of practically everything of interest that is likely to appeal to the traveler. 72 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Hotels. — ^The hotel rates in Mexico show wide fluctuations. The character of the accommodations differ as greatly as do those in the various cities of the United States. Normally, in Mexico City and other large places, the accommodations offered by the larger houses are of the first grade. In the smaller towns they are less desirable, while in the more remote places they are distinctly poor. Hotel Bates. — ^With the exception of some of the hotels in the larger cities, especially Mexico City, practically all hotels are con- ducted on the American plan. Generally speaking, the traveler will find this preferable, for in most instances the dining rooms in connection with the best hotels ofEer the maximum quality of food and service. Owing to the war, pohtical troubles, etc., rates in Mexico, as elsewhere, have suffered a distinct advance and prices are now higher than formerly. Generally speaking, however, hotel rates are not as high as in the United States, despite the advances. Hotels in the larger cities conducted on the American plan charge the equivalent in American money of $3 to $7 per day. Hotels of the second grade are somewhat cheaper. In the less important cities the rates in American gold are about $2.50 to $5 per day. In some of the mining communities and places difficult of access, with consequent scarcity of supplies, the rates are higher. On many railroads are restaurants, at which stops are made of suffi- cient length for the traveler to. obtain meals. Hints for Travelers. — Salesmen who visit Mexico should bear in mind that the larger importing houses who do a wholesale business object seriously if salesmen who canvass for their trade attempt also to sell to retailers. This principle applies generally throughout Latin America, and the failure to observe it often results in the loss of business. In this Republic the size of a community is not an index to the commercial possibilities. This is particularly true of the towns in the northern States, many of which, being near the United States, are accustomed to make direct importations. In this respect condi- tions differ very materially from those in Argentina or Brazil. Those who are compelled to travel overland or in places difficult of access should make a careful study of the seasons in order that they may not find their journey impeded by impassable roads due to heavy rainstorms. Holidays in Mexico. — Following are listed the chief holidays of this Republic. The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays officially recognized (Jan. 1, Feb. 5, May 5, Sept. 16, Dec. 25), except in the interior (in the smaller towns), where the merchants take advantage of these days for the transaction of business with the natives who visit the towns in large numbers. January 1, New Tear's Day ; February 5, anniversary of the Con- stitution; May 5, anniversary del Triumfo en 1862; September 16, anniversary of independence ; December 25, Christmas Day. There are also many holidays observed in certain States and cities. MEXICO. POPULATION. 73 states. Population in 1912. Popula- tion per sq.milo. 124,497 40.6 53,264 .8 86, 685' 4.7 456,371 16.1 423,387 4.6 376,747 5.7 80,500 34.2 763,170 1556.8 509,585 12.8 1,085,681 95.1 620,416 20.1 655,187 74.7 1,220,160 37.9 1,000,903 107.0 1,003,491 43.3 183,705 60.4 175,731 lo.l 373,207 15.4 1,059,789 29.3 1,118,439 247^195 90.2 68.8. 9,328 .4 638,832 24.7 329,317 9.6 275, 107 3.4 193,675 18.6 256,278 7.7 186,642 115.4 1,165,934 38.7 347,781 9.6 480,690 19.2 1.5,501,684 20.0 Popula- tion. Aguascalientes Baja California Campeche Chiapas CUhuahua Coahuila Colima Distrito Federal ■Mexico Durango Guanajuato Guerrero Hidalgo Jalisco Uexico Uichoacan Morelos Nayarit NuevoLeon Oaxaoa Puebla Queretaro Quintana Roo San Luis Potosi Sinaloa Sonora Tabasco Tamaulipas Tlaxcala Vera Cruz Yucatan Zacatecas Total Aguascalientes.. - La Paz Campeche Tuxtla Gutierrez. Chihuahua Saltillo Coltma Mexico City Durango Gnanajuato Chilpancingo Pachuca Gtiadalajara Toluca..-. Morelia. -. Cuernavaoa... — Tepic - Monterey. Oaxaoa Puebla Queretaro San Luis Potosi- .. Culiacan.. Hermosilloll San Juan Bautista. Victoria Tlaxcala Merida Zacatecas. 56,500 -, 6,000 20,000 22,000 40,000 35,000 27,000 500,000 ■10,000 45,000 9,000 46,000 140,000 38,000 41,000 15,000 18,000 85,000 40,000 110,000 33.000 90,000 22,000 20, 000 14,000 18,000 3.000 25,000 63,000 33,000 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL CENTERS. ACAPTJLGO, State of Guerrero ; population, 7,000 ; good port on Pa- cillc coast; vessels anchor ofEshore; 118 miles (189 km.) from Chil- pancingo; 320 nautical miles from Manzanillo. Climate hot. Prin- cipal products : Fruits, vegetables, tobacco, cotton, cereals. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, William McCann Hudson. How Beached. — From San Francisco, by steamer of Pacific Mail and Gulf Mail Steamship Lines ; from Chilpancingo, by carretera. Note. — ^A place of growing importance, easily reached by steamers plying along the west coast, also from Chilpancingo by National Railways. In normal times a considerable business is done. A number of important firms are located here and make direct im- portations. AGUASCALIENTES, capital of State of Aguascalientes ; population, 56,500; 415 miles (668 km.) from Tampico; 140 miles. (226 km.) from Guadalajara; 364 miles (586 km.) from Mexico City; altitude, 74 GUIDE TO lATIN AMERICA. 6,280 feet. Climate, mild, Prodncts: Corn, wheat, fruits. Indus- tries : Cotton. naUSt tobacco factories, pottery works, flour mills, etc. American consul and vice consul. How Beached. — ^Prom Tampico, by rail, 19-hour journey by brancli line of Mexican Central; from Mexico City, by Mexican Central Railway, average time four hours. Trolley-car service fi-om railway station to near-by towns. Res- taurant at railway station. Bankers. — lose & Luis J. Laris,Apartado 34 (correspondents of banks in Mexico City). Hotels. — ^Benini, Washington, Paris, Moore, Frances, Francia. Kote.— This place is an important agricultural center ; also noted for its thermal springs and delicious fruits. The shops of the National Railways are located here. Normally a large, business is transacted. Source of supply for the surrounding district. A num- ber of business houses carry on a wholesale as well as a retail trade. "Worthy of the attention of most salesmen. CAMPECHE, capital of State of Campeche; pt^ulaticm,. 20,000; port on Bay of Campeche, western coast of peninsula of Yucatan ; open roadstead ; vessels anchor 5 to 10 miles ofEshore ; 820 miles (1,320 !km.) from Mexico City; 576 miles (930 km.) from Vera Cruz; 107 miles (173 km,) from Merida. Principal products: Logwood, salt, hemp, sisal, hides, coffee, sugar, cattle, chicly fruit, etc. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Domingo Diego. How Beached. — From Merida, United. Railways of Yucatan, aver- age time five hours ; from Vera Cruz, by Steamer (Cla. Mexico de Navegaci6n) ; from New York, by Ward Line. Hotels. — ^Betancourt, Monforte, Campechano, Numero, Pasaje, Universal. Uote. — ^An important port in southeastern Mexico; does a large export trade in logwood, salt, sisal, hides, and chicle. Worthy of the attention of salesmen who canvass that part of the Republic. There are a n^HBb«: of important houses that import direct. CANANEA, State of Sonora; population, 20,000; on Southern Pa- cific Railway of Mexico ; 87 miles (140 km.) from Nogales ; 39 miles (61 km.) from Naco, Ariz. Altitude 4,950 feet. Products : CoK>er, zine, and other minerala American consular agent. How Beached.— From Nogales, by rail, average time 6 hours; from Naco, by rail, 2J hours. Hotels. — Sonora, Mesa, Alexandria, Fashion. Important Hines Near By.— Cananea ; Cobre Grande ; Vela Grande J Oversight; Capote; Eliza; Henrieta. Nearly all reached by trs is carried on, and the principal merchants make direct importations. CUERNAVACA, capital of State of Morelos ; population 15,000 ; 75 miles (120 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 4,600 feet. Climate, hot. Principal products : Sugar, coffee, rice, cereals. How Reached. — From Mexico City, by National Railways of Mex- ico, 4 hours. Hotels. — Morelos, Barron, Cuernavaca, San Pedro, Moctezuma, Belle Vista. Kote. — A town of secondary importance, depending in the main on the wholesale houses of Mexico City. Cuernavaca is famous for its beautiful surroundings and wonderful vistas. It is a great favorite with tourists. The business is of a retail nature. CUIIACAN, capital of State of Sinaloa ; population 22,000; on Sinaloa River; 853 miles (1,875 km.) from Mexico City; 40 miles (62 km.) from Altata (port) ; 341 miles (550 km.) from Quay mas. Altitude 131 feet. Climate hot. Principal products : Sugar, cotton, cacao, etc. Industries : Principally agriculture. How Reached. — ^From Altata, by Western Railway of Mexico; from Guaymas, by Southern Paciiic Railway of Mexico. Oarretera to Guaymas, Hermosillo, Nogales, and Mazatlan. Hotels. — Resales, Palacio, Central, Lonja. Kote. — Culiacan is In the midst of a rich agricultural district. Its port is Altata. Easily reached ordinarily via Southern Pacific Railway of Mexico from Guaymas. Salesmen who make the west- ern coast of Mexico will find it advantageous to canvass this place as there are a number of important houses here which carry on both a wholesale and retail trade. There is also some outfitting done for the rich mining district upstate. Altata Is a small town 37 miles (56 km.) distant, reached by the Ferrocarril Occidental. DTTRANGO, capital of State of Durango; population, 40,000; on Mexican International Railway; 96 miles (157 km.) southwest of Torreon ; 104 miles ( 168 km. ) northwest of Zacatecas ; 540 miles (870 km.) from Ciudad Porflrio Diaz; 862 miles (1,389 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 6,207 feet. Climate, temperate. Principal products: -Agricultural, copper, cattle. Industries: Stock raising and mining, cotton mills, foundry, tannery, milling, etc. American consul and vice consul. 78 GUIDE TO LATIW AMERICA. How Keached, — From Torreon, by laternational Railway ; from Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, by International Bailway, 23 hours. Branch railway line (Ramal de Guanecevi) to Guatimape, 37 miles (59 km.) ; Santiago Papasquiaro, 64 miles (103 km.) ; Tepehuanes, 83 miles (135 km.). Hotels. — ^Richelieu, Fausto, Paris, Torreon, Gran Hotel Interna- cional. Note. — In the center of a rich agricultural and mining district. Ordinarily a very important trade is done, there being several important wholesale houses. There is considerable direct import- ing. Durango is easily accessible from Torreon. 7B0NTEBA, State of Tabasco ; population, 4,. How Beached. — From Mexico City, by railroad, two-hour trip. Trolley from railway station to center of town, about a mile distant Hotels. — Central, Palacio, Grenfell. ITote. — Pachuca is the center of a very rich mining district, some very important silver min^ being located in the immediate vicinity. Although eaeily accessible from Mexico City, many of the dealers are accustomed to make direct importations and some carry on both a wholesale and retail trade. Worthy of the attention of the ma- jority of travelers. Real die Iloate, 6 miles (10 km.) distant, is one of the most exten- sive mining properties in Mexico. PARRAL, State of Chihuahua; population, 15,000; 174 miles (280 km.) from Chihuahua; 911 miles (1,463 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 5,701 feet. Climate, temperate. Products: Cereals, gold and silver. Industries: Mining and agriculture. American consular agent. How Reached, — From Chihuahua, by National Railways of Mex- ico ; from Durango, by Parral & Durango Railway. Hotels. — Gran Hotel Central, Paris, Gran Hotel Frances. Note. — Center of a rich mining distri<;t, both gold and silver being mined. Easily canvassed from Chihuahua and should be visited by most salesmen. There is considerable outfitting business and a large retail trade, the dealers making direct importations. The Parral mining district includes the following municipalities: Parral, Minas Nuevas, and Santa Barbva. PARRAS, State of Coahuila; population, 6,500; 77 miles (126 km.) from Torreon; 99 miles (160 km.) from SaltlUo; 12 miles (20 MEXICO. 87 km.) from Palla; 15 miles (25 km.) from Madero. Products: Ce- reals, cotton, sugar, fruits. Industries : Flour mills, etc. How Reached. — From Torreon, by International Railway of Mex- ico ; from Madero, by Central Railway ; from Palla, by International Railway ; from Saltillo, by Coahuila & Pacifieo RaUwaj". Botel. — Hidalgo. Note. — ^A fair volume of trade is transacted. CMefly dependent upon Monterey and Torreon. Visited by salesmen who canvass the smaller places. PROGRESO, port in State of Yucatan ; landing, vessels anchor off- shore; population, 5,500; 26 miles (42 km.) from Merida; 140 nau- tical miles from Campeche. Altitude, sea level. Climate hot. Products : Sisal, chicle, hides. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Arthur Peirce. Customhouse brokers. Agenda Comercial, A. Bscalante e Hijos, and Avelino Montes, S. en C. How Beached. — From New York, by Ward lane steamers ;, from Merida, by United Yucatan Railway, 1 hour ; from Campeche, by steamer. Hotels. — ^Acosta, Garcia, Morales-. Note. — Principal port of entry for the State of Yucatan. Although the chief commercial houses are at Merida, 26 miles (42 km.) distant, there are a number of Arms here who do a very fair volumi' of business. It is easily canvassed in connection with Merida, and its possibilities can be investigated by salesmen who visit that city. Visitors will find it advantageous to proceed immediately to Merida and stop at a hotel there. PTTEBLA, capital of State of Puebla; population, 110,000; 130 miles (210 km.) from Mexico City; 228 miles (366 km.) from Oaxaca. Altitude 7,200 feet. CUmate cold. Products: Beans, maize, sugar, fruits. Industries: Textile mills, glass and other factories, tile works. American consular^ agents How Reached. — From Mexico City, by Interoceanic Railway, 5 hours ; from Oaxaca, by Mexican Southern Railway, 12 hours. Railroads. — Industrial of Puebia ; Interoceanic ; Mexican ; Mex- ican Southern. Trolley car service throughout city. Bankers. — Victoriano Alvarez, S. en C. (correspondent). Hotels.— Pasaje, American, Barcelona, Francia. Bspanol, Juarez, IngUs, Jardin, Magloire, Dilegencia. Note. — ^The chief city of the State and the capital. It is the third city In population in the Republic. Considerable manufacturing is carried on. There are numerous important wholesale houses, which can purchase large quantities of goods, and there are also retail dealers who make direct importations. Should be visited by all salsemen. aiTERETARO, capital of State of Queretaro ; population, 38,000 ; on River Queretaro; 167 miles (269 km.) from Mexico City; 100 miles (162 km.) from Irapuato. Altitude 5,947 feet. Climate tempetate. Products: Cereals, cofCee, sugar, tobacco, opals. Industries: Tex- tile mills, flour mills, tanning, etc. How Reached. — From Mexico City and Irapuato, by Mexican Cen- tral Railway. Trolley service to suburbs. 88 GUIDE TO K.^.TIN AMERICA. Hotels. — ^American, Internacloual, Gran, Hitlalgo. Chamber of commerce. Kote. — ^A growing commercial center. There is some manufacture of cotton goods as well as other industries. Business is chiefly retail, but a number of the houses Import direct. Hercules is only a short distance from Queretaro. It is noted for its textile mills, among the largest in the Republic. SALINA CRUZ, port in State of Oaxaca; population, 6,000; land- ing, steamer to wharf; 188 miles (303 km.) from Puerto Mexico; 13 miles (21 km.) from Tehuantepec. American consul and vice consul.. Customhouse brokers, Tehuan- tepec National Railway. How Reached. — ^From Puerto Mexico, by Tehuantepec Railway; from San Francisco, by Pacific Mail steamers; from Tehiaantepec, by Tehuantepec Railway. Steamship Service. — Pacific Mail Steamship Co. to San Francisco and Central American ports; Toyo Kisen Kaisha to San Francisco and South American ports ; Oia. Naviera del Pacifico to Mexican ports north of Salina Cruz. Hotels. — Salina Cruz, Terminal. Note. — ^A very important port of entry On the Gulf of Tehuante- pec. Pacific terminus of the Tehuantepec National Railway ; there is a considerable volume of traffic. Ordinarily considerable business is transacted. Some of the firms do a wholesale trade with the surrounding country ; there is also some direct importing. Can be easily canvassed in connection with Coatzacoalcos and the south- eastern coast of Mexico. SALTIIIO, capital of State of Coahuila; population, 35,000; 234 miles (376 km.) from Laredo, Tex.; 74 miles (120 km.) southeast of Monterey; 568 miles (915 km.) from Mexico City; 78 miles (131 km.) from Concepcion; 210 miles (336 km.) from Torreon. Alti- tude, 5,337 feet. Climate, temperate. Products; Maize, wheat, po- tatoes, textiles, coal. Industries : Textile mills, corn and flour mills, tanneries, mining, etc. American consul and vice consul. How Beached. — From Torreon, by Coahuila & Pacific Railway, 10 hours ; from Tampico and Mexico City, by National Railways ; from Concepcion, by Coahuila & Zacatecas Railway. Bankers.-^A. Zambrano e Hijos (correspondents). Hotels. — Coahuila, Plaza, Central, Progreso, Universal, Saltillo, Tomasichi. Note. — Saltillo has a number; of textile mills and other industries. In the vicinity are the mines of the famous Mazapil Copper Co. The chief houses carry on a brisk trade and make direct importa- tions. This place is easily reached from Monterey. SAN BLAS, Territory of Nayarit ; at mouth of Rio Grande ; popula- tion, 3,000; 38 miles (62 km.) from Tepic; 135 nautical miles from Mazatlan. Products : Rubber, hides, sulphur, tobacco, coffee, sugar, bananas, oil, nuts. How Reached.— From San Francisco and Mazatlan, by Pacific Mall and Gulf Mail steamers. Customhouse Broker. — Manuel Lanzagorta. Hotel.— La Bola de Oro. MEXICO. 89 Note. — A port in the Territory of Tepic. Although the population is small, there are several importing firms who carry on a trade with the surrounding country ; they also act as exporters. This place is somewhat inaccessible, but frequently canvassed by those who make the territory along the west coast. SAN JOSE DEL CABO,' State of Baja California, at the extreme southern end of peninsula; population, 3,300; 143 miles (231 km.) from La Paz. Industry : Mining. How Beached. — ^From La Paz, by steamer. Note. — This place is important chiefly as a mining and salt diS" trict. The business is of a general retail character. SAN JTTAN BAUTISTA, capital of State of Tabasco; on Eiver Mazcalapa; population, 14,000; 72 miles (116 km.) from Frontera. Climate, hot. Products : Coffee, cacao, tobacco, sugar, vanilla, ce- reals, dyewoods, rubber. How Beached.— From Frontera, by river steamer, Los Vapores Correos Mexicanos. Lloyd's agent, Romano & Co. Steamship Service. — Los Vapores Correos Mesicanos to Frontera, Amatitan, and other points on the Grijalva, Usumacinta, and Pali- zada Rivers. Hotels. — Hidalgo, Juarez, La Galatea, Zaragoza. Trolley-car service to near-by towns. Note. — ^This is a very important commercial center, as a large ex- port and import trade is carried on. Many of the houses do a very brisk business and. make direct importations. Worthy of the attention of commercial travelers. Usually canvassed from Vera Cruz. SAN lUIS POTOSI, capital of State of San Luis Potosi ; population, 90,000; 282 miles (454 Jsm.) from Tampico; 327 miles (526 km.) from Mexico City; 189 miles (224 km.) from Aguascalientes ; 38 miles (60 km.) from Aguacatal. Altitude, 6,121 feet. Climate, tem- perate. Industrie: Tanning, flour mills, mining, smelting, woolen mill, nail and soap factories, breweries, etc. ; silver, gold, and lead mines near by. American consul and vice consul. How Beached. — From Mexico City and Tampico, by National Rail- ways; from Aguascalientes, by branch line of Mexican Central; from Aguacatal, by Potosi & Bio Verde Railway. Bailroads. — National Railways of Mexico; Potosi & Rio Verde; Mexican Central. Trolley-car service throughout city and to suburbs^ Hotels. — Internacional, Progreso, Sanz, Comercio, Jardin. Bankers. — Deutz Hnos. (correspondents). Uote. — A very important commercial center. There are a number of manufacturing concerns located here, while mining is one of the chief Industries of the vicinity. Both wholesale and retail houses are located at this point, many of which import direct. Canvassed from Mexico City or Monterey. Worthy of the attention of most salesmen. SANTIAGO PAPASaXIIABO, State of Durango ; population, 5,000; 64 miles (103 km.) northwest of Durango. Climate temperate. Products : Gold, silver, cereals, potatoes. Industry : Mining. ' '• • 90 GUIDE TO I-ATIX AMERICA. How Beacbed. — ^From Durango, by Guanaeevi branch of Kational Bailways of Mexico. Hotels. — Del Jardln, Juarez. Note. — A nuning town not Yery far from Durango and dependent chiefly upon that city for its supplies. Some of the dealers, how- ever, make direct importations. SIEERA UOJADA, State of Coahuila ; population, 8.300 ; 384 mUes (620 km.) from SaltiUo; 136 miles (220 km.) from Monclova. Alti- tude, 4,749 feet. Products: Gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, coal. Industly: Mining. How Seached. — Prom Escalon, by Mexican Northern Kailway. At Escalon connection can be made with the Mexican Central Rail- way. Note. — ^A mining town in the State of Coahuila. A very fair vol- ume of trade is carried on, due to the mining industry. Many dealers import direct. Canvassed by a side trip from Escalon station on Mexican Central Railway. TAMPICO, State of Tamaullpas ; population, 20,000 ; port on Gulf of Mexico, 6 miles (10 km.) from mouth of River Panuco; landing, steamer to wharf ; 85 nautical miles from Tuxpam ; 602 miles (970 km.) from Mexico City; 548 miles (881 km.) from Torreon; 147 miles (236 km.) from Ciudad Victoria; 282 miles (4.54 km.) from San Luis Potosi. Climate, hot and damp. Products : Silver, lead, hemp,, coffee, hides, sulphur, sugar, crude oil, asphalt, cotton. American consul and vice consul Lloyd's agents, Viya Hermanos. Sues. Customhouse brokers, Jose Ignacio Isuai and Iort it ranks second only to Vera Cruz. TEEUANIEPEC, State of Oaxaca ; on Tehuantepec River; popula- tion, 16,000; 13 miles (21 km.) from Saltna Cruz (port) ; 177 miles MEXICO. 91 (285 km.) from Coatzacoalcos. Altitude, 33 feet. Proaucts: Brazil wood, indigo, coffee, hides. How Reached. — ^From Salina Cruz and Coatzacoalcos (Puerto Mexico), by Tehuantepec Railway. Lloyd's agent, AMUiam AViseman. Hotels. — ^Europa, Del Globo. Note. — ^The proximity of this point to Salina Cruz and its location in the midst of a rich agricultural district gives its business some importance. Generally speaking, it is worthy of the attention of travelers who make small towns. TEPIC, capital of State of Nayarit ; population, 18,000 ; 427 miles (690 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 2,775 feet. CUmate, tem- perate. Products: Coffee, sugar, tobacco, rice, rubber. How Reached. — From Mazatlan and Guadalajara, by Southern Pa- cific Eailway. Diligence service to near-by points. Hotels. — ^La. Bola de Oro, La Fortuna. Note. — ^Tepic is in the midst of a rich agricultural region. A fair business is done and some of the merchants are in a position to make direct importations. TOLirCA, capital of State of Slexico ; population, 38,000 ; 45 miles (73 km.) southwest of Mexico City. Altitude, 8,761 feet. Climate, cold in mnter, summer delightful. Products: Cereals and fruits. Industries : Stock raising, breweries, corn and flour mills, cotton mills, tanneries, electric light and power plants. How Beached. — From Mexico City, by National Railways. Toluca & Tenango Railway and San Juan de las Huertas Rtiilway run frequent trains to San Francisco, 2J miles (4 km.) ; Metepec, 4^ miles (7 km.) ; Mexicalcingo, Calimaya, San Augustin, Tenango, and Alta. Hotels. — Sociedad, San Carlos, Leon de Oro, Del Deposito, Ferro- carriL Note. — ^An important industrial and agricultural center, easily ac- cessible from Mexico City. Some very important firms and indus- tries are located here which are heavy importers. The general busi- ness is of a retail nature. This place should have the attention of salesmen. TONALA, State of Chiapas; Pacific seaport, on Pan American Railway; population, 4,7So; 111 miles (180 km.) from Tuxla Gutier- rez: 13 miles (21 km.) from Puerto Arista. Climate temperate. Products : Cedar woods, oil. coffee, cattle, skins, silver. How Beached. — From Puerto Arista, by branch line of Pan Ameri- can Railway. Note. — A small city in the State of Chiapas, but doing a fair trade. Located on the Pan American Railway. Travelers who visit small communities will find it advantageous to " make " this place. TOBREON, State of Coahuila ; population, 40,000 ; 97 miles (157 km.) from Durango; 548 miles (881 km.) from Tampico; 704 miles (1,136 km.) from Mexico City; 210 miles (336 km.) from Saltillo. Altitude 3,739 feet. Climate hot. Principal products : Cereals, cot- ton, etc. Industries: Smelters, soap factories, rubber works, ma- chine shops, flour mills, packing houses. American consiil and vice consul. 92 GT7IDE TO LATIN AitEEICA. How Beached. — ^From Durango. by International Railway; flfom Tampico, by Central Railway ; from Cludad I/erdo, by electric cars. Hotels. — Toledo, Washington, Francia, Salvador, Modelo, Paris, Internacional, Universal, Torreon. Banker. — Celso Garza Gonzalez (correspondent). Note. — One of the most important commercial centers in northern llexlco. Railway junction iwint. There are a number of manufac- turing establishments of considerable importance. The surrounding country is extremely ricb in agriculture, while mining and smelting are also carried on. Many of the houses act as distributers for the surrounding country and have a very large trade. The wholesale and a number of the retail firms make their chief purchases in the U nited S tates. "Well worthy of a visit by all salesmen. TUXPAM, State of Vera Cruz ; on River Tuxpam, 5 miles (8 km.) west of Gulf of Mexico; 2 miles (3J km.) from Cobos. nearest rail- road station; 8 miles (12 km.) from Jalapa; 207 miles (335 km.) from Mexico City; 220 miles (368 km.) from Vera Cruz; 322 miles (518 km.) from Monterey; 120 miles (192 km.) from Guadalajara. •Utitude, 3,800 feet CUmate, hot Principal products: Crude pe- troleum, chicle, gum, rubber, honey, cedar logs, dyewoods, sar- sapariUa, vanilla, skins, and hides. Industry: Stock raising. American consular agent Lloyd's agent. Angel Perez. How Beached. — ^From Vera Cruz and Frontera, by steamer. Hotels. — Bazar, Colon, Cantabrico. Note. — ^A very fair volume of business is transacted, considering the size of this place, although the merchants are chiefly dependent upon the wholesalers of Vera Cruz. TUXTLA GTTTIEBBEZ, capital of State of Chiapas; population, 22.000; 87 miles (140 km.) from Jalisco; 40 miles (64 km.) from San Cristobal; 845 miles (1,360 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude 1,575 feet. Climate hot. Products: Sisal, cofEee, lumber. Indus- tries: Cotton mills, tanning, cigar and cigarette factories. How Beached.— From Jalisco, by stagecoach, over Government road, fare $20. Hotels. — Mexico, Central, Progreso, Serpentina. Note. — ^A rather important business center. Many of the bouses here do both a wholesale and retail trade, supplying the surround- ing district, and are accustomed to make importations chiefly from the United States. TTBFAPAIf, State of Michoacan; population. 16.000; 85 miles (138 km.) from MoreUa; 316 miles (509 km.) from Mexico Clry. Alti- tude, 4,476 feet. Products: Wheat, coffee, bananas, figs, oranges, shaddocks, sugar-cane, rice, cattle. How Beached. — From Slorelia and Mexico City, by National Rail- ways. Hotels. — San Carlos, Internacional. Note. — ^Four to five hours' ride by horseback to the north across the mountains lies Los Reyes, which is on the Zamora branch of the National Railways. From there traveler can go to Guadalajara and the Eake Chapala region. Uruapan is the center of a considerable volume of business. Mer- chants are largely dependent upon the importers of Morelia, Mexico City. etc. There are, however, some retailers who make direct importations. MEXICO. 93 VERA CRUZ, State of Vera Cruz ; port on Gulf of Mexico ; vessels lie alongside customhouse; population, 40,000; 81 miles (131 km.) from Jalapa; 264 miles (425 km.) from Mexico Cit.v, via Mexican Central; 293 miles (471 km.) from Mexico City, via Interoceanic Kailway; 1,973 nautical miles from New York City; 125 nautical miles from Coatzacoalcos. Products: Vanilla, dyewoods, gold, and silver. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agents, Vlega Her- manos. Successors. How Reached. — From Mexico City, by Mexican Central and In- teroceanic Railways; from New York, by Ward Line steamers. Steamship Service. — ^W'ard Line; Cia. Mexicana de Navegacion to Frontera, Laguna, Campeche, etc. ; also many other lines. Railroads. — Mexican Railway and Interoceanic Railway, daily service to Mexico City ; Vera Cruz & Isthmus Railway, daily service to Isthmus of Tehuan tepee; Ferrocarriles de Vera Cruz (Ltd.), daily train to Alvarado and steamers to points on Papaloapam River. Bankers. — Viya Hnos. (correspondents). Hotels. — ^DUigencia, Universal, Mexico, Colon, Jardin Astoria, Buena Vista, Oriente. Note. — Vera Cruz is the chief port of Mexico. The city has a large trade with the interior, and is the business center for the sur- rounding country; its sphere of influence Is practically the entire southern part of the Republic and the eastern coast in general. There are numerous important wholesale houses here and a great many retail firms who, like the wholesalers, make direct importa- tions. It is worthy of the attention of all salesmen. Vera Cruz Is often selected as a subagency for this part of Mexico. Although passengers may be told by hotel runners that they can have baggage passed through customhouse satisfactorily, passen- gers should attend to this matter personally. Trunks and bags should be locked before handing same to runners. VICTORIA, capital of State of Tamaulipas: population, 18,000; 812 miles (1,310 km.) from Mexico; 117 miles (187 km.) from Monterey. Altitude 975 feet. Climate , hot. Products : Cereals, fruits, coffee, tobacco, rice, sugar, copper, zinc, lead. How Reached. — ^From Monterey and Tampico by National Bail- ways. Hotels. — Espanol, Hidalgo, Comercio. Note. — ^A growing commercial center. Many of the houses import direct. May be visited to advantage by most salesmen. ZACATECAS, capital of State of Zacatecas; population, 33.000; 439 miles (707 km.) from Mexico City; 112 miles (180 km.) from Guadalajara, .fltitude 8,010 feet. Climate cold; constant cold winds ; outer wraps advisable at all seasons ; travelers should en- deavor to obtain lodging which gets the benefit of the sun the greater part of the day. Products: Silver, cereals, fruits. Indus- trv : Mining. How Reached. — ^From Mexico City by Mexican Central Railway. Trolley car service to various parts of city. American consuL 94 GUIDE TO liATIlf AMBKICA. •Xtotels. — ^Frances, Paris, Colon, Cosmopolita. Note. — Tbis city is In the center of a rich silver district. Some of the houses make direct importations. Generally ^>eaking, it is worthy of the attention cf most salesmen. ZAMOBA, State of Michoacan; population, 15,000; on Duero River; 77 miles (126 km.) from Irapuato. reached by National Railways (on line from Irapuato to Guadalajara via Lake Cha- pala), average time 3i hours; 25 miles (41 km.) from Ynrecnaro, reached by branch line to Los Reyes, average time IJ hours. Hotels. — Mexico, Porfirio Diaz. Hote. — ^This is a small town in the northern part of the State, in a rich agricultural district. Some of the houses make direct im- portations. EasUy reached; canvassed by those who visit the ^nailer places. TOWNS OF LESS IMPORTANCE. XoTE. — In many of the towns listed below are retailers and gen- eral merchants who do direct importing. The traveler must deter- mine by local inquiry which are best to visit Acamharo, State of Guanajuato ; population, 13,600 ; near River I.erma; on National Railways; 108 miles (174 km.) from Guana- juato by rail; 55 mUes (8S kiii.) from Gonzalez Junction by rail, 2-hour trip. Products: Beans, wheat, com, fruits. This is a small town in the southern part of the State, easily reached from the capitaL Chiefly dependent upon the merchants of Mexico City, but a few of the houses make direct importations. Canvassed by those who work the smaller towns. Acaponeta, State of !N'ayarit; population, 5,000; near San Di^o River ; on Southern Pacific Railway ; 68 miles (110 km.) from Tepic (port). Products: Fruits, beans, cofEee, flsh. Aoatlan, State of Puebla ; population, 6,000 ; 87 miles (141 km.) from Puebla, reached by carretera ; 22 miles (36 km.) from Murdo Martinez (nearest railroad station). Products: Maize, beans, sugar, silver, copper, iron. Industry : Mining. Carreteras to Abias- teca, Matamoras, and Huajapan. Ahome, State of Sinaloa; iwpulation, 1,000; on Mexico & Orient Railway; 9 miles (15 km.) from Fuerte. Allende, State of Coahulla ; population, 1,000; on Mexican Inter- national Railway; 31 mUesjtSO km.) from Ciudad Porflrio EUaz. Attar, State of Sonora ; population, 2.000; 161 miles (2.59 km.^ from Hermosillo; 50 miles (80 km.) from Santa Ana (nearest rail- way station). Products: Com, wheat, beans, fruit, goid, saver, copper, etc. Communication by sea via Gulf of California. Alvarado, State of Vera Cruz; population, 7.000; 43 miles (70 km.) from Vera Cruz, via Ferrocarril de Vera Cruz Limitada. This is the terniinn= of the railway and starting xwint for deep-sea and river steamers. Ameca. State of Jalisco ; population, 8,000 : 56 miles (90 km.) from Guadalajara reiached by branch liiie of National Railways. Pfod- uets: Maize, wheat, sugar, copper. Amecameca, State of Mexico: altitude, 7,600 leet; populndon, 14.000; at the base of the Popocatepetl and the Iztaccihuatl ; 35 MEXICO. 95 miles (58 km.) from Mexico City, three-hour trip. Interoceanic Railway and the San Rafael & Atlixco Railway. Angangues, State of Michoacan ; population, 5,000 ; on the Mexican Railway ; 3 miles (5 km.) north of Tarecuato. Apaseo, State of G-uanajuato; population, 4,500; on Central Rail- way; 78 miles (126 km.) from Guanajuato; 174 miles (279 km.) from Mexico City, average time of trip 7i hours. Products: Corn, wheat, fruits, cattle. Industry : Quarrying. Asientos, State of Aguascalientes ; population, 2.500 ; 40 miles (65 km.) from AguascaliMites, reached by National Railways via San Gil (31 miles from Aguascailieates). Products: Corn, beans, chile, silver, copper. Atlixco, State of Puebla; altitude 3,925 feet; population, 9,000; 2S miles (45 km.) from Puebla; 14 miles (39 km.) from Matamoras. Products: Potatoes, maize, beans, wheat, alfalfa, woods, coffee, sugar, tobacco. Reached from Puebla by railway, average time of trip 2 hours, fare |1.38. On Interoceanic Railway and San Rafael & Atlixco Railway. Atzacapozalco, Federal District ; population, T.OOO ; 5 miles (8 km.) north of Mexico City. Products: Alfalfa, maize, barley, wheat, fruits, cattle, etc. On National Railways of Mexico. Autlan, State of Jalisco; population, 8,000; 136 miles (220 km.) from Guadalajara. Products: Corn, wheat, potatoes, rice, cotton, fruits, tobacco, coffee, sugar cane, gold, silver, copper. This town is located in the center of a riehi agricultural district. Merchants chiefly dependent upon Mexico Cirj' and Aguascalientes. Batopilas, State of Chihuahua ; population, 3,500 ; 250 miles (400 km.) from Chihuahua; 92 miles (150 km.) from Creel (nearest railway station). Cadere^y ta. State of Nuevo Leon ; population, 4,500 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 23 miles (37 km.) from Monterey. Product: Silver. Casas Grandes, State of Chihuahua; population, 2,200; on Rio Granda Sierra Madre & Pacifieo Railway ; 148 miles (240 km.) from Chihuahua. Products: Cereals, potatoes, fruits, cattie. Catorce, mining town in State of San Luis Potosi ; altitude, 9,043 fpet; population, 7,000; ou National Railway of Mexico; 9 miles (15 km.) from railway station, reached by horse. Cedi-al, State of San Luis Potosi; population, 6,000; on National liailway of Mexica Industries : Guayule rubber factory. Chalchicomula, State of Puebla; population, 7,(XX); on Chalchi- comula Railway; 55 miles (90 km.) from Puebla by carretera. Products : Fruits, beans, potatoes, cereals, woods. Chapala, State of Jalisco; population, 2,200; 370 miles (595 km.) from Mexico City; 37 miles (61 km.) from Guadalajara (25 miles by rail, 12 miles by carretera). Hotels: Arzopala, Tictor Hugo, De la Palma. Chilapa, State of Guerrero; populatiMi, 7,000; 28 miles (47 km.) from Chilpaneingo by carretera; 231 miles (376 km.) from ilesico City. Products : Corn, beans, stigar, fruits. CMlpancingo, State i if Guerrero ; altitude. 4,250 feet ; population, 9,000: 78 miles (124 km.) from Iguala, reached by horseback; 207 miles (334 km.) from Mexico C^ty, partly by carretera and partly 96 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. rail. Products : Com, beans, tobacco, sugar, cotton, cattle, minerals. Hotels : Melendez, Sur. Bank : Banco Nacional de Mexico. Capital of the State. A fair volume of business is carried on. Can be vis- ited in connection with Acapulco. Chialpas, State of Chihuahua; population, 2,000; 270 mUes (435 km.) from Chihuahua. Products: Corn, wheat, sugar, maguey, cattle. Ciudad Guerrero, State of Chihuahua ; population, 2,600. Prod- ucts: Cereals, beans, cattle, gold, silver, lead. Cindad Guzman, State of Jalisco; population, 18,000; 99 miles ( 160 km. ) from Guadalajara, average time of trip five and one-half hours; 260 miles (423 km.) from Irapuato. Products: Sugar, to- bacco, fruits, gold, silver, copper, iron, wines. Coatepec, State of Vera Cruz ; population, 9,000 ; on Jalapa & Teo- celo Railway; 7 miles (12 km.) from Jalapa. Products: Sugar, fruits, vegetables, bananas, coffee. Caminos de herradura to Xico, Coscautlan, and Vera Cruz. Comitan, State of Chiapas ; population, 10,000 ; 343 miles (554 km. ) from Jalisco by road. Products : Wheat, maguey, fruits, cattle. Cuautla, State of Morelos ; population, 6,000 ; on Interoceanie Rail- v.ay; 27 miles (45 km.) from Cuernavaca. Products: Sugar, cof- fee, rice, cereals, fruits. Sulphur springs. Hotels : San Diego, Hal- cyon, Morelos, Providencia. Cuatro Cienagas, State of Coahuila ; 42 miles (68 km.) from Mon- elova, reached by branch line of National Railway. This is a small town in the midst of a rich agricultural region. Some of the dealers make importations from the United States. Canvassed by those who make the smaller places. Cuencame, State of Durango ; population, 3,000 ; 103 miles (167 km.) from Durango; 6 miles (10 km.) from Pasaje (nearest railway station). Products: Beans, sugar, corn, cereals, cattle, lead, silver. Cusihuarichic, State of Chihuahua ; population, 2,0(X) ; on National Railway of Mexico; 74 miles (120 km.) from Chihuahua; 12 miles (20 km.) from San Antonio de los Arenales. Products: Com, wheat, cattle, silver, lead. Dolores Hidalgo, State of Guanajuato ; ^(^ulation, 7.(XX) ; on Mexi- can National Railway; 126 miles (204 km.) from Guanajuato. Products: Wheat, corn, alfalfa. Sulphur springs. Ebauo, State of San Luis Potosi ; 381 miles (613 km.) from Aguascalientes ; 40 miles (64 km.) from Tampico, reached by branch line of National Railways. Extensive oil works are located in this vicinity. El Carmen (liaguna del Terminos), State of Campeche; popula- tion, 6,000 ; on western coast of the island ; very good port ; 99 miles (160 km.) from Campeche. Products: Tobacco, cereals, medicinal plants, vegetables, etc. Lloyd's agent, George A. Ludewig. Con- siderable export of tropical products, including dyewoods. timber, etc. Easily reached by coastal steamers from Vera Cruz. El Fuerte, State of Sinaloa; 65 miles (103 km.) from Topolo- bampo ; reached by Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railway, average time of trip 4i hours. This is a mining town in northern Sinaloa. Some of the merchants make direct importations. May be can- vassed in connection with Guaymas and Culiacan. MEXICO. 97 El Oro, State of Mexico ; population, 20,000 ; ou Kiver Lerrna ; on Railway of iEil Oro Mining Co., Yondese to Tutelnango ; 6 miles (10 km.) from Toluca ; 11 miles (17 km.) from Mexico City. Products : Corn, wheat, beans, gold, silver. Empalme, State of Sonora; 6 miles (10 km.) from Guaymas, reached by ralL The genCTal offices and shops of the West Coast Railroad are located at this point. Sncarnaoion, State of Jalisco; population, 5,000; altitude, 6,073 feet; on Mexican Central Railway; 30 miles (48 km.) from Agnas- calientes. Enseuada, port In Lower California; population, 3,000; vessels iindior 1 mile offshore; 885 nautical miles from La Paz. Reached by steamers of Companla Naviera del Paciflco. American consul and vice consul. SresaiUo, State of Zacatecas ; population, 7,000 ; altitude, 7,000 feet; on Central Railway; 36 miles (58 km.) from Zacatecas, reached by Zacatecas-Rio Grande line; 474 miles (764 km.) from Mexico City. Products: Corn, wheat, beans, fruit, timber, gold, iron, lead, tin, silver, mercury. Gonzales Jtmction, State of Guanajuato ; population, 6,000 ; on National Railway, branch line to Aeambaro', 55 miles (88 km.), 2-hour trip; 12 miles (20 km.) from Celayo. Guadalupe, State of Zacatecas ; population, 9,000 ; on Mexican Central Railway ; 7 mUes (12 km.) from Cordoba ; 6 miles (10 km.) from Zacatecas. Guadalupe Calvo, State of Chihuahua ; population, 1,500. Mining town ; gold and silver. Guadalupe Hidalgo, State of Mexico ; population, 6,000 ; 3 miles (5 km.) from Mexico City, reached by trolley. Products: Wheat, corn, etc. Guanacevi, State of Durango; population, 7,000; 135 miles (217 km.) northwest of Durango; 60 miles (97 km.) from Tepehuanes (stage road). Mining center. Huamantla, State of Tlaxcala; population, 7,000; 102 miles (165 km.) from Mexico city, reached by Mexican Railway, five-hour trip; 161 miles (260 km.) from Vera Cruz, reached by Mexican Railway, nine and one-half hours. Products : Wheat, etc. Huatusco, State of Vera Cruz; iwpulation, 8,000; 38 miles (62 km.) from Jalapa; 13 miles (22 km.) from Cordoba (nearest sta- tion). Products: Sugar, cereals, aguardiente. Ignala, State of Guerrero; population, 12,000; 78 miles (124 km.) from Chilpancingo by carretera; 147 miles (238 km.) from Mexico City. Products: Corn, rice, fruits, tobacco. Railway to Balsas, connectiiig with National Railway of Mexico. This town may be visited in connection with Chilpancingo. Imuris, State of Sonora; 43 miles (68 km.) from Nogales, reached by Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway, average time of trip two hours. Agricultural and mining district; also mineral springs. Northeast of Imuris is the famous Oocospera mining region. Inde, State of Hidalgo; population, 2,000; 196 miles (316 km.) from Durango; 57 miles (©2 km.) from Rosario, reached by carre- tera. Products : Prmits, sugar, cereals, gold, silver, copper, lead, and cattle. 144297°— 20 7 98 GUIDE TO lATIN AMERICA. Juchitan, State of Oaxaca ; population, 12,000 ; on Pan Ama^can Hallway ; 187 miles (301 km.) from Oaxaca. ■ Products: Salt, coffee, cacao, cereals, sugar, vanilla. La Barca, State of Jalisco ; population, 9,000 ; on Lerma River ; 66 miles (106 km.) from Guadalajara, via Mexican Central Kailway; 96 miles (154 km.) from Irapuato, via Mexican Central Railway, four and one-half hour trip. Products : Fruits, sugar, corn, cof- fee, tobacco. lagos de Uoreno, State of Jalisco ; population, 16,000 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 294 miles (475 km.) from Mexico City; 143 miles, (231 km.) from Guadalajara. Products: Wheat, com, fruits, etc. lampazos, State of Nuevo Leon ; population, 2,000 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 72 miles (115 km.) from Laredo, Tex.; 105 miles (170 km.) from Monterey. Stock raising and minisg district Lerdo, State of Durango ; population, 8,000 ; on River Nazos ; 155 miles (250 km.) from Durango; half hour's ride on trolley from Torreon, 3 miles (5 km.). Products: Cereals, fruits, cotton, beans, gold, silver, copper. linares. State of Nuevo Leon ; population, 7,000 ; on National Rail- way of Mexico. Products: Agricultural. There are a number of firms here that make direct importations. Easily canvassed in con- nection with Monterey and Victoria. Uagdalena, State of Sonora; population, 5,000; 52 miles (86 km.) from Zitacuaro, reached by Michoacan & Pacific Railway ; 124 miles (200 km.) from HermosUlo, reached by Southern Pacific Railway; 54 miles (89 km.) from Nogales, reached by Southern Pacific Rail- way. Products: Corn, wheat, beans, copper, silver. Mapimi, State of Durango ; population, 7,000 ; on Mapiml Railway ; 121 miles (194 km.) from Jiminez. Products: .(Jold, silver, lead. This is an important mining town ; headquarters of the Penoles Mining Co. Ilaravatio, State of Michoacan; 139 miles (224 km.) from Mexico City, reached by National Railway; 55 miles (90 km.) from Zita- cuaro, branch line of National Railway, average time of trip 5 hours. Mascota, State of Jalisco; population, 6,000; 130 miles (210 km.) from Guadalajara. Products: Gold, silver, copper. Matamoras, State of Puebla ; population, 6,000 ; on River Necapa. Reached from Monterey by Interoceanic Railway; carretera to Atlixco. Products: Sugar, rice, coffee, bananas, lead, silver, copper, gold. Matehuala, State of San Luis Potosi ; population, 14,200 ; 29 miles (47 km.) from Vanegas, reached by National Railway branch line, average time of trip 2 hours; 6 miles (10 km.) from Azul, reached by Matehuala Railway, average time 1 hour. Industries': Mining and smelting. This town is in the northern part of the State. It can be visited In connection with San Luis Potosi, It is chiefly dependent upon that city, although a few houses make direct im- portations. Mazapil, State of Zacatecas; population, 5,500; 207 miles (336 km.) from Zacatecas, reached via carretera. Products- CJom bar- ley, fruits, maguey, etc. MEXICO. 99 Uiahuaj^lan, State of Oaxaca ; population, 6,000 ; 65 miles (105 km.^ from Oaxaca by carretera. Products : Tobacco, coffee, sugar, beans. Uinaca, State of Chihuatiua ; on Mexico Northern and Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railways; 120 miles (194 km.) from Chihua- hua, average time six hours ; travelers from Chihuahua change at La Junta to Minaca branch line; 75 miles (120 km.) from Sanchez, average time three and three-fourths hours. Uinatitlaa, State of Vera Cruz ; population, 2.500 ; on Minatitlan Railway, Carmen to Minatitlin; 7 miles (11 km.) from Carmen, average time of trip 40 minutes (Carmen is 12 miles from Puerto Mexico); 355 miles (575 km.) from Jalapa. Products: Timber, coffee, corn, sugar. Uixcoac, Federal District; population, 7,000; on Natipnal Rail- way of Mexico, near River Mixeoac; 7 miles (11 km.) from Mexico City, one-half hour by trolley. Ocotlan, State of Jalisco; 112 miles (180 km.) from Irapuato, reached by Mexican Central Railway, average time five hours ; 50 miles (80 km.) from Guadalajara, reached by Mexican Central Railway, average time two and one-fourth hours. Passengers leave train at Ocotlan to go to Lake Chapala. Ometepec, State of Guerrero; population, 40,600; 166 miles (268 km.) from Chilpancingo ; 170 miles (275 kin.) from Tlancualpican (nearest railway station). Products: Wheat, tobacco, sugar, tim- ber, cattle. Otumba, State of Mexico; population, 10,000; 80 miles (129 km.) from Toluca; 34 miles (55 km.) from Mexico City. Products: Ce- reals, maguey, pulque. Railways: Interoceanic and Mexican. Papantla, State of Vera Cruz; 45 miles (72 km.) from Jalapa, reached by horseback. The famous PjT-amld of Papantla is here located. * Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan; altitude, 7,180 feet; population, 8,000; on National Railway of Mexico, near Patzcuaro Lake; 44 miles (71 km.) from Morelia. Products: Maize, beans, cattle. Fenjamo, State of Guanajuato ; population, 9,000 ; 103 miles (173 km.) from Guanajuato; 31 miles (50 km.) from Irapuato, IJ-hour trip. Railways: Mexican Central, Guadalajara to Manzanillo branch. Products: Corn, wheat, cattle. This town may be can- vassed in connection with Irapuato. Some of the houses import direct, but the chief dependence is upon the large wholesale houses of Mexico City. Fumandiro, State of Michoacan ; population, 8,000 ; 57 miles (93 km.) from Morelia; 31 mUes (50 km.) from Penjamo (nearest sta- tion). Carretera to Augamacutiro. Products: Wheat, beans, cat- tle, etc. Qnijano, State of Sonora; 29 miles (48 km.) from Nogales, reached by Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway. The Colombia Consolidated Mines, developed by American interests, are 12 miles (20 km.) distant; reached by horseback. Real de Monte, State of Hidalgo; population, 10,000; on River Lerma ; 6 miles (10 km.) from Pachuca. Mining district, one of the greatest In Mexico; American capital largely invested. Kosario, State of Sinaloa ; population, 9,000 ; on Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway; 97 miles (157 km.) from Jiminez. Reached 100 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. from Jiminez via Parissft, average time 6 hours, fare $4.65. This is a mining town of some imiwrtance. Sablnas, State of CJoahBila; population, 3,500; 72 mUes (115 km.) from Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, reached 'by National Railway ; 12 miles (19 Inn.) from Rosito, reached by branch line, average time IJ hours. Sahuaiipa, State of Sonora ; poptdation, 3,000 ; 191 miles (308 km;) from Hermosillo. Products: C!om, wheat, beans, timber, gold, silver, copper, antimony. Salamanca, State of Guanajuato ; population, 14,000 ; altitude, 5,646 feet ; on Mexican Central Railway ; on Lerma River ; 56 miles (90 km.) from Guanajuato; 206 miles (333 km.) from Mexico City, S-hour journey. Products: Wheat, maize, fruits. Industries: Manufacture of woolen goods, ^oves, pottery. Salvatierra, State of Guanajuato; population, 10,000; altitude, 5,774 feet; on Mexican Central Railway; 196 miles (315 km.) from Mexico City; 74 miles (120 km.) from Guanajuato; 18 mil^ (29 km.) from Acambaro, 1-hour journey. Products : Cereals, sweet potatoes, sugar, woods. San Andres Tuxtla, State of Vera Cruz;, population. 9,000; on Vera Cruz & Isthmus Railway ; 190 miles (3OT km.) from Jalapa ; 42 miles (67 km.) from Vera Cruz; 62 miles (100 km.) from Alvarado. Products: Tobacco, cacao, cotton, beans, coffee. Banks and bankers : Banco Nadonal de Mexico ; Nicolas Villa. San Cristobal las Casas, State of Chiapas; population 13,500; 64 miles (105 km.) from Tuxtla Gutierrez; reached from Jalisco. Products: Com, wheat, barleyj fruits. Saa Juan de Guadalnpe, State of Durango ; peculation, 4,000; 268 miles (432 km.) from Durango; 14 miles (22 km.) from nearest railway station. Products: Cotton, beans, wheat, com, fruits, cat- tle, minerals. San Juan del Eio, State of Queretaro ; xwpulation, 8,000 ; altitude, 6,245 feet; on Mexican Central Railway, Acambaro-to-Gonzales Junction route; 34 miles (55 km.) from Queretaro; 118 miles (191 km.) from Mexico City. Carretera to Tequisqniapan and Amealco. Products: Maize, beans, textiles. This town depends chiefly on Queretaro and Mexico City for its purchases. ISanks: Banco Na- cional de Mexico, Ignacio Comache, agent; Banco de Londres y Mexico, J. F. de Ceballos, agent ; Banco de Queretaro, Alberto TJgalde, agent. San Luis de La Paz, State of Guanajuato; population, 10,000; on National Railway of Mexico; 88 miles (144 km.) from Guana- juato. Products: Wheat, maize, and other grains. San Iligael de Allende, State of Guanajuato ; population, 11,000 : on Mexican National Railway; 254 miles (409 km.) from Mexico City; 32 miles (52 km.) from Guanajuato. Products : Wheat, beans. Santa Rosalia, Lower California; population, 9,000; altitude, 4,086 feet; on Mexican Central Railway; 100 miles (161 km.) from Chihuahua. Products: Alfalfa. American consul located here. Santiago, State of Tepic; population, 4,500; on Tololotlan River: 35 miles (56 km.) from Tepic, on road from Guadalajara to Mazat- lan. Products : Cotton, tobacco, fruits, cor^s, Sayula, State of Jalisco; population, 8.00C»: on National Railway of Mexico; 84 miles (136 km.) from Guadalaiiirn, Carretera to MEXICO. 101 Tapalpa, Zapotlan, Atojac, and Tepic. Products : Cei-eals, sugar, coffee, fruits. Silao, State of Guanajuato; population, 15,000; altitude, 5,828 feet ; on River Silao ; on Mexican Centi-al Railway, branch, line to Guanajuato; 14 miles (2-i km.) from Guanajuato, one liour; 237 mUes (SS2 km.) from Mexico City. Carretera to I^eon, San Luis Potosi, and Irapuato. Products: Cereals, fruits. Somtoerete, mining town in State of Zacatecas ; population, 12,000 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 109 miles (176 km.) from Zaca- tecas; 62 mUes (100 km.) from Gutierrez, Carretera to Gutierrez and to Catalina (Durango). Products: Gold, silver, copper, lead, maize, wheat, fruits. Iacam1)aro, State of Michoacan ; population, 5,000 ; 62 mUes (100 km.) from Morelia; 34 miles (56 Inn.) from Patzcuaro (nearest rail- road station). Products: Sugar, maize, wheat, rice, coffee, cattle. Tacuyalia, Federal district; population, 18,350; 4 miles (7 km.) from Mexico, reached by Mexican Central and del Valle Railways ; also by tramway. Tapachula, State of Chiapas ; population, 8,000 ; near Soconusco (port) y railway to San Benito (port) ; 110 miles (180 km.) from Guatemala City, Guatemala; reached by horseback to Guatemala Railway, 24 miles (40 km.), thence by rail to Guatemala City, 86 miles (140 km.) ; 30O miles (480 km.) from Tuxtla Gutierrez. This town is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, the chief product being coffee. Somewhat diflSicult of access, but some of the firms make direct importations. Tenaneingo, State of Mexico; population, 10,000; 30 miles (48 km.) from Toluca; 12 miles (20 km.) from Atla (nearest railway station). Products: Corn, wheat, beans, cattle. Tehuacan, State of Puebla; population, 8,000; 78 miles (128 km.) from Puebla, reached by Mexican. Southern Railway, average time of trip Si hours; 31 miles (51 km.) from Esperanza, reached by branch line, average time 2} hours. Products : Fruits, wheat. Teocaltiche, State of Jalisco; population, 9,000; 124 miles (200 km.) from feruadalajara ; 31 miles (50 km.) from Bncarnacion, near- est railroad station. Products: Corn, beans, tobacco, potatoes, wheat, woods, cattle, tin. TequisciuiapaD., State of Queretaro ; population, 4,000 ; on National Railway of Mexico. Texcoco, State of Mexico ; population, 6,000 ; on Interoceanic Rail- way; 24 miles (39 km.) from Mexico City. Teziutlan, State of Puebla ; population, 12,000 ; on Industrial Rail- way of Puebla and Interoceanic Railway ; 100 miles (162 km.) from Puebla. Products: (Sold, silver, copper, fruits, beans, cereals. Tlacolula, State of Oaxaca ; population, 6.000 ; on Mexican South- ern Railway ; 18 miles (29 km. ) from Oaxaca. Products : Sugar, wheat, corn, beans, pulque, cattle. Tlacotalpan, State of Vera Cruz; population, 6,000; situated at junction of San Juan and Papaloapam Rivers; on Vera Cruz Rail- way. Mail boats from Alvarado to Tuxpec. Product : Cattle. TIalpam, Federal District; population, 5,000; 10 miles (16 km.) from Mexico City. Carretera to Mexico City, Cuemavaca, and San Angel. 102 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Tlaxoala, State of Tlaxcala ; population, 3,000; 105 miles (170 Ian.) from Mexico City, reached by railroad. Topolobampo, State of Sinaloa; on Topolobampo Bay; 65 miles (103 km.) from El Fuerte, readied by, Kansas City, Mexico & Ori- ent Railway, average time of trip 4} hours; 500 miles (800 km.) east of San Francisco ; 461 miles (741 km.) from Presidio del Norte. Steamship service to Guaymas, Mazatlan, and other ports. Torres, State of Sonora; 64 miles (104 km.) from Guaymas, reached by Southern Pacific of Mexico Kailway. Junction point of the Torres and Priestas Railway. Near-by are the famous Tarasca and other mines, which were first worked by the Jesuit Fathers. Tula, State of Tamaulipas ; population, 7,000 ; 103 miles (167 km.) from Ciudad Victoria; 95 miles (154 km.) from Cerritos (nearest railway station). Products: Cereals, potatoes, sugar. Tulacingo, State of Hidalgo; population, 9,500; 38 miles (62 km.) from Pachuca; 86 miles (139 km.) from Mexico City, reached by National Railway of Mexico (on the Mexico City-Pachuca route). Industries : Qotton mills. Products : Wheat, barley, cattle, etc. ■ffres. State of Sonora; population, 3,000; on Sonora River; 47 miles (76 km.) from Hermosillo, reached by carretera. Products: Cereals, sugar, timber, lead, iron, gold, silver. Valladolid, State of Yucatan ; population, 5,000 ; on United Rail- way of Yucatan (eastern division) ; 112 miles (iSl km.) from Merida, average time of trip 5i hours. Valle de Santiago, State of Guanajuato ; population, 13,000 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 59 miles (96 km.) from Guanajuato. Products: 'Wheat, com, cereals. Viesea, State of Coahulla; population, 5,000; on "Homos" and National Railway of Mexico; 59 miles (96 km.) from Guanajuato. Products : Cattle, cotton, com, wheat, beans, sugar. XocMmilco, Federal district; population, 11,000; 12 miles (20 km. ) from Mexico City. Agricultural district ; also quarries. Zaeapoaxtlo, State of Puebla; population, 12,000; 106 iuiles (170 km.) from Puebla. Products; Fruits, coffee, vanilla, sugar, rice, medicinal plants, woods. Zacatlan, State of Puebla; population, 11,000; 18 miles (30 km.) from Ahuazotepec, nearest railroad station; 78 miles (126 km.) from Puebla. ' Products : Wheat, beans, maize, woods, fruits. Zapotlan, State of Jalisco; 102 miles (164 km.) from Guadala- jara, reached by railroad. This is the starting point for ascending the volcano of Colima and El Nevado. Zitaouaro, State of Michoacan; population, 6,000; 83 miles (134 km.) from Morelia; 55 miles (90 km.) from Maravatio, reached by National Railway, average time five hours. Products : Rice sugar fruits. Zumpango, State of Mexico ; population, 6,000^; on Desague Valle de Mexico Railway; 76 miles (123 km.) from Toluca. Prodncts- Corn, wheat, beans. CENTRAL AMERICA. GUATEMALA. Maps Nos. 4 and 7. Location. — Guatemala is the most northerly of the Central Ameri- can Republics, lying directly south of Mexico. It is bounded on the north and northwest by Mexico ; on the east by British Honduras and the Gulf of Honduras ; on the southeast by Honduras and Sal- vador ; and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. Area and Population. — The area is 46,774 sc[uare miles; popula- tion about 2,100,000, or about 44 inhabitants per square mile. The coast line on the Caribbean side is 70 miles (112 km.) ; on the Pacific side, 200 miles (322 km.). Piysical Features. — ^A chiiin of mountains traverses the country from north to south. This sends put spurs in every direction, form- ing numerous high plateaus, which are very healthful and fertile. There are also a number of very, picturesque and delightful valleys, through which flow some important rivers. Among the rivers are the Motagua, 250 miles (400 km.) long, navigable to within 100 miles (161 km.) of the capital, and the Polochic, 180 miles (290 km.) in length, navigable in part. The most important lakes are Peten and Izabal. Climate.^There are many varieties of climate in Guatemala. On the coast, sea level, it is tropical, with, heavy rainfalls; in the vicinity of Zacapa there is a torrid region ; in the interior, at Guatemala City and vicinity (altitude 5,000 feet), the climate is generally like spripg in th^ Temperate Zone; at Quezaltenango (alti- tude 7,000 feet) it is cold. The average rainfall in Guatemala City for a period of 8 or 10 years was 31 Inches. Seasons. — In the interior the rainy season lasts from May to October ; on the coast, occasionally to December. The dry season is from November to April. The coldest months are December and January ; hottest months, April and May. Inhabitants. — The number of ipure white inhabitants Is not very large and the Europeans are not numerous. There is a large per- centage of mestizos and there are many Indians. Agricultural Products. — Coffee is the principal product, and con- stitutes normally more than flve-sixths of the nation's experts. Next in importance are bananas, raised chiefly on the Gulf of Honduras. Sugar is increasing in importance, while the cereals, such as corn, wheat, rice, beans, etc., are also grown. limber ^Wealth. — ^There is considerable wealth in the forests. In the Department of Peten mahogany, cedar, cabinet woods, rubber, chicle, vanilla, etc., are found. Transportation facilities are re- quired for proper development. Industries. — The.se are of a minor character and consist chiefly of small plants for the manufacture of articles for local use. There are several small tanneries, breweries, and factories for the manur 103 104 GXTIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. facture of cigarettes, cigars, soap, candles, and soda water. There are also one or two cotton miUs. language. — Spanish. In the eastern part of the country, where the greatest amount of American capital, is invested, the influx of American and of Jamaican laborers has done much to make the English language better understood and more generally used. This influence extends as far inland as Zacapa. In the capital tourist travel and an increasingly large American colony are contributing to a similar tendency. Einglish is now taught in some of the public schools. Currency. — ^The currency is paper, based upon a silver peso (of which none are in circulation), having a value of approximately $0,363 United States currency. One hundred centavos make a peso. There are 8 reales, each of 12J pesos nominal value, to the peso. The half reales, reales, pesos, and half pesos have virtually disap- peared from use. The currency is subject to wide fluctuation and is mucli depreciated. Banks. — ^There are six banks of issue located in Guatemala City, which emit paper money under Government supervision. Welglits and Measures. — The metric is the ofiicial system. Some old Spanish weights and measures are used in the more remote parts of the country. Postage. — Guatemala belongs to the Postal Union. Letter rate is 5 cents per ounce for the first ounce or fraction thereof and 3 cents for each additional ounce. There is also a parcel-post exchange with the United States. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Southern Pacific Co. (Morgan line).— Oflice 366 Broadway. Steamers from Piers 48-49, North River (West Eleventh Street), to New Orleans. Departures on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Trans- shipment from New Orleans to Puerto Barrios and Livingston. Panama Bailroad Steamship line. — Office 24 State Street Sail- ings from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street). De- partures weekly for Ck)lon (Cristobal) and Panama C!ity (Balboa), Panama ; transshipment at Panama by steamer to San Jose, Ocos, and Champerlco. XTnited Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling Slip), and Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Departures twice a week for Colon (Cristobal) ; transshipment at C!olon by steamer to San Jose, Ocos, and Champerlco. Departures about once a month direct for Puerto Barrios and Livingston. Fare, New York to Puerto Barrios, includ- ing meals and minimum stateroom accommodations, $141. UNE FROU NEW ORLEANS. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — J. J. Kelleher, general agent, 626-630 Common Street, New Orleans. Departures for Puerto Bar- rios every Thursday and for Livingston fortnightly. Sailings sub- ject to change without notice. Departures from New Orleans, via Belize, every Thursday; arrive at Puerto Barrios every Tuesday GUATEMALA. 106 leave for Puerto Cortez every Tuesday ; leave Puerto Ciortez for Xew Orleans, via Belize, every Thursday ; ai-rive at New Orleans every Monday. Fare, New Orleans to Puerto Barrios, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations: Direct, $63; via Habana, $99. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. — Office 508 California Street, San Fran- cisco. Departures for Ocos, CUamperico, and San Jose semi- monthly. Fares from San Francisco, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations : To Ocos, $132 ; Champerico, $139.50 ; San Jose, $139.50. (See also p. 35.) AVERAGE TIME OF TRIP. New York to Puertd Barrios (including stops ea route) , 9 days ; New Orleans to Puerto Barrios (including stops en route), 5 days; San Francisco to Ocoa (stops en route), 12 days; San Francisco to Champerico, 13 days; San Francisco to San Jose, 14 days. Difference in Time. — Guatemala time is earlier than New York. Deduct from New York time one hour and six minutes. Example: At 4.20 p. m. in New York it is 3.14 p. m. in Guatemala City. Mail time for Guatemala from New York (via New Orleans) approximately seven days. Telegraph, Telephone, and Wireless. — ^The Government owns the telegraph, and telephone lines of the country. A double charge is made for messages in any language other than Spanish or In code. The service can be hastened by paying an extra charge and classing the message as "urgent" The Government Is erecting a wireless station in Guatemala City. Cable. — Cable communication is by way of Salvador. The rate from New York City to San Jose is 50 cents per word. For places other than San Jose the rate is 55 cents per word. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples without commercial value and which are plainly unsalable are admitted free. Samples which have a value, and which can be identified upon reexportation, may be cleared without payment of duty, provided a bond for the amount of duty leviable be given ; time of bond, two months. Although the law provides for reexportation from port of entry, much leniency is shown. Upon proper presentation of documents obtained at port of entry, samples may be reexported through other customhouses. If part of the samples are sold, duty will be collected on that part not reexported. Articles Prohibited.— Travelers should avoid carrying firearms and anununition or electrical apparatus, as these are liable to seizure. Interpreting " Samples Without Value." — Articles whose importa- tion through various ports may result in evasions of duty, such as rights and lefts in shoes, etc., are subject to duty. Time Keqnired for Clearance.^ — When samples carried by the traveler are plainly unsalable, no time is lost In clearing them. If there is any doubt there may be delay. Passing Customhouse. — If the traveler finds he can not pass sam- ples through the customhouse at Puerto Barrios quickly enough to catch a train, he may arrange to ship them to the capital, Guate- 106 GUIDE TO liATTN" AMERICA. mala City, and clear them there. It Is best, however, to look after the matter at the port. It is not uncommon for a traveler to land at Puerto Barrios at 6 a. m., and if his samples have no value to pass the customs and take the 6.30 a. m. train for the capitaL In case of difficulties, application may be made to the agent of the Interocenanic Railway Co. or the American consular agent. San Jose is the port at which most travelers via the Pacific go to Guatemala. The traveler needs no broker and can easily pass sam- ples and baggage himself. If in difficulties, he can apply to the American consular agent, the Agencia Maritlma, or the dompan^ del MueUe de San Jose. At Champerico the same system may be followed. In ease of difflculties, assistance may be asked of the Compania Agendas de Champerico Llmitada. At Ocos follow the same method. Assistance may be had of the Agencia de Perrocarril de Ocos. Duties on Advertising Matter. — ^If advertising matter, such as pamphlets, catalogues, etc., Is carried, no duty is charged. Pencils and other articles ordinarily subject to duty, if th^ bear the im- print of the manufacturer, pay only 50 per cent of the rates pre- scribed by the tariff. Excess Baggage.— Charges for ba^age are as follows: On the lines of the International Railroad, 20 cents per 1,000 pounds per mile ; the freight rate is 10 cents, or bait as mucii. ^The charge for 1,000 pounds of baggage from Puerto Barrios to Guatemala City, 196 mites, is $39.20 gold; if sent by freight, $19.60 gold. If the traveler has time, it may pay to ship ba^age by freight. Commercial Travelers' Tax. — ^No commercial travelers' tax of any sort is charged. Best Visiting Time. — ^For business, the best time of arrival de- pends largely on the conditions prevailing in the different lines of trade. The most agreeable period is from October 20 to January 1. This is inuuediately after the rainy season. Customhouses. — There are three kinds of customhouses in Guate- mala, (o) maritime, (&) inland, and (c) customhouses of transit Merchandise may be cleared through the customliouses in Guate- mala City, Puerto Barrios, Retalhuleu, Ocos, and Livingston. Cus- tomhouses of transit are at San Jose and Champerico. Goods are sent Stbm the customhouses of transit to the customhouses of clear- ance. In the latter, esaminatibn is made, duties paid, and goods de- fivered. Beads in General. — In Guatemala, as in many other Latin Ameri- can countries, the roads frequently are Uttle better than traUs. While they are known as " carreteras " and are often traveled by oxcarts, usually they are suitable only for travel on hoi-seback. If baggage is carried, it must be done by pack mules, and for that reason it is advisable for the traveler to avoid them when possible. Railways. — ^There is only one important railway svstem In Guate- mala, which Is operated by the International Railways of Central America. It represents a consolidation of the Guatemala Central Railway, the Guatemala Railway, the Occidental Railway, and the Ocos Railway. These have a total mileage as folloAvs- Verapaz Railway, from Panzos to Pancajche, eastern coast, 28 miles (45 km.) ; Ocos Railway, from Ocos to Acnjutla, 23 miles (37 km > • GUATEMALA. 107 Guatemala Northern Railway, fi-om Puerto Barrios to Guatemala City, 194 miles (312 km.) ; Guatemala Central, from San Jose to Guatemala City and from Guatemala City to Champerico, 189 miles (304 km.). CANVASSING GUATEMALA. Cliaracter of the Trade,— In the capital, Guatemala City, are located the principal wholesale houses. These supply the smaEer distributors in the capital and the less important buyers thronghout the country. The principal industrial plants are located in Guate- mala City. Importl]i.g Betailers. — ^In Guatemala City are certain retailers who are in a position to import dii'ect. They should be called upon when tlie representative carries a Une of merchandise for which the wholesalers can not be depended upon for adequate distril^ution. Busiaess Centers. — The chief business center of the Republic is the capital. This may be reached by travelers from the Atlantic port. Port Barrios, or from the Pacific port, San Jose. The chief wholesale and distributing houses are located in Guatemala City, and most of the smaller towns are dependent on firms in that city. New Orleans firms canvass the dealers in Livingston, Puerto Bar- rios, and Zacapa. Some merchants in the other important cities of Guatemala are accustomed to import direct and many salesmen canvass the smaller places. If the traveler has time, he may find it advantageous to visit particularly Quezaltenango (35,000 inhabi- tants) and Cohan C30,000 inhabitants). The latter is an important distributing point for northern Guatemala, but difficult of access. Other towns are described later. Suggestions for a Trip through Guatemala. — ^Arrival, via New York or New Orleans, at Puerto Barrios by steamers of the United Fruit Co. From Puerto Barrioa. — ^By launch to Livingston ; thence by river mail steamer, via Dulce River, Lake Izabal, and Palochic River, to Panzos; by Alta Verapaz Railway to Pancajche; by carretera to Coban. From Coban. — Southward by camino de herradura to Salama ; northward by camino de herradura to Floras. Prom Puerto Barrios. — By International Railway to Zacapa ; southward by camino de herradura*to Chiquimula. (If traveler wishes he can continue via carretera to Metapan and Santa Ana, Salvador.) From Zacapa. — ^By International Railway to Guatemala City ; by vehicle to Antigua. From Guatemala City. — ^By International Railway to Amatitlan; thence by International Railway to Escuintla; thence by Interna- tional Railway to Santa Maria station (traveler changes here for Mazatenango) ; by International Railway to Retalhuleu ; by Interna- tional Railway to Champerico. From Retalhuleu. — By International Railway to Coatepeque; by camino de herradura to San Marcos. From Retalhuleu by Interna- tional Railway to San Felipe; by cart road to Quezaltenango; by camino de herradura to Totonicapan ; by camino de herradura to Huehuetenango ; by cart road to San Marcos ; by camino de herra- dura to Coatepeque ; by International Railway to Ocos. If the 108 GUIDE TO LATIIT AilZillC traveler enters via Ocos, he may visit Ketalbuleu first, by rail, and. plan subsequent trips from that point. Traveling Overland.— Do not make trips overland during the rainy season without first ascertaining the condition of the roads; otherwise the experience may prove disastrous. Be certain to in- form yourself locally as to best route to follow. Pacing Goods. — Inquire of your customers how they would like to have their goods packed and under what declaration of the ens- toms tariff law they desire them listed. This is highly important Hotel Rates. — ^Except In the smaller towns, the cost of the best hotels In Guatemala averages from $2 to $3.50 gold per day. Those of the second class in the larger towns average from $1.50 to $2.50. In the smaller places the rates run from $1.30 to $3. The rates quoted are for American plan, which is practically universal In this country. Guatemala currency is much depreciated and the Ameri- can traveler benefits accordingly. Holidays , in Guatemala. — ^Following are listed the chief holidays of this Republic. The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church a,re scrupulously observed. Gener- ally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays ofladally recog- nized, except in the smaller towns, particularly in the interior, where the merchants take advantage of these days for the transac- tion of business with the natives, who visit the towns in large numbers : January 1, New Year's Day ; June 30, Reform Day ; September 15, Independence Day ; October 12, Discovery of America ; three days following last Sunday In October, Fiesta de Minerva ; December 25, Christmas Day. POPULATION OF DEPARTMENTS AND CAPITAL CITIES. ^Latest estimates.] Departments. Population.: Capit&I. Population. AltaVerapsE.-- Amatitian Bsja Verapaz. . . Chimaltenango . Chiqulmula Escuintla. Guatemala Huehaetenango leabal _._ Jalapa Jutiapa Peten Quezaltenaugo. Quiche Ketalhulea Sacatepequez. - . San Marcos Santa Hosa Solola Suchitepequez. . Totonicapan Zacapa 1S4, 100 S3,0U0 ?0«0 93,2ao 109,000 46,100 212,500 185,800 10,700 62,600 90,600 10,000 180,200 156,100 38,300 64,200 UT, 100 70,580 Hi 000 58,600 142,600 54,600 Cobsn Ajnatlttab Salams. Chimattenango Chiqolmnla Escaintia Guatemala Euehuetenanga. Izabal Jalapa. Jatiapa Flores Quezaltenango - - - Santa Gnu del Quiche . Retalhuleu Antigua. San Marcos. Cuajinlquilapa SolcOa. Totonicapan . Zacapa 30,770 9,000 7,300 6,000 14,000 13,0)0 120,000 i:,«io 5,600 12,000 11,000 6,,qao 3SO09 12,000 ;,0Q0 1U,000 7,000 4,000 7,600 8,000 28,310 15,000 GUATEMALA. 109 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL CENTERS. CHAMPERICO, Department of Retalhuleu ; Pacific port ; open road- stead; passengers carried to and from steamers by ligliters; popu- lation, 1,500; on the International Railway; 156 miles (250 km.) from Guatemala City; 31 miles (50 km.) from Eemlliuleu. Prin- cipal products: Corn, beans, salt, and various woods; also coffee, rubber, and hides. Chief exports : Coffee and hides. How Jteached. — ^From Guatemala City by International Railway. Kote. — ^This port is of less importance than San Jo:e. It is of value, however, on account of i!\3 connection with Iletalhulen. From this point Quezaltenango is also reached. CHIUUIUTn.A, Department of Chiquimula; population, 14,000; 117 miles (ISO km.) from Guatemala City. Altitude, 550 feet. Principal products : Sugar cane, tobacco, cereals, fruits, and tropi- cal produce. Industries: Chiefly the raising of cattle, sugar -re- fining, etc ; there is an Maportant tobacco factory here. How Beached. — ^From Zacapa (nearest railway station from the Atlantic) by carretera; from Guatemala City by rail to Zacapa, thence by carretera. Sote, — A fair volume of business is done by the houses estab- lished here. Travelers who canvass small towns and do business with retailers will find it advisable to visit this place. C'OBAN, Department of Alta Verapaz ; population, 30,770 ; 105 miles (162 km.) north of Guatemala City. Altitude, 4,010 feet. Climate, semitropical. Principal products : Coffee, rubber, sarsapa- riUa, cacao, cotton, beans, rice, wheat, woods, vanilla, rum. Manu- factures : Soap, cigars, coarse cotton fabrics. Principal Hotels. — ^Verapaz, Victoria. Hote.— This city is the capital of the Department and is In a very rich cofEee-producing region. Coban has an outlet by cart road to Pancajche, where there is a railway, known as the Alta Verapaz line to Panzos, on Lake Izapal. From this point there is a barge line and towboats through Lake Izabal and down the Dulce River to Livingston. There is a carretera northward to Flores and one southward to Salama. Near by are the famous ruins of Coban. ESCtriNnA, capital of the Department of Escuintla ; population, 13,0(X); on International Railway; 47 miles (75 km.) southwest of Guatemala City; 27 miles (43 km.) from San Jose (Pacific port). Altitude, 1,250 feet. Climate, semitropical. Principal products : Sugar, coffee, cacao, com, fruits, woods, rubber, cattle. There is some minor manufacturing — soap, cigars, etc. How Seaohed. — From Guatemala Gity and from San Jose by Inter- national Railway. Principal Hotels. — Gran Hotel, Hotel Metropol, Hotel Progreso, Hotel FerrocarriL Hote. — Trains stop for luncheon, obtainable at station. Travelers who visit small towns usually stop here. Those who sell only to large firms continue to Guatemala City. There are some Important and popular sprinjrs near by.; chief season, February to ApriL GUATEMALA CITY, capital of the Republic, in the Department of Guatemala; population, 120,000; on the International Railway; 75 miles (120 km.) from San Jose (Pacific port) ; 196 miles (314 110 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. km.) from Puerto Barrios (AUantic port) i^ 153 mUes (250 km.) from Caiamperico (Pacific port). Altitude, 5,000 feet. Climate, temperate ; temperature averages 72° P. and rarely falls below 65° or rises above 85° ; average aimual rainfall, 5T inches. Products : Coffee is the most important; other products are grains, cattle^ hides, etc. American minister, consul general, and vice consuL Lloyd's agent, Percy Dalgliesh. How Beached. — From San Jose by International Kailvray; from Puerto Barrios by International Kailway. Automobile Serrice. — To Antigua, ^25 miles (40 km.) distant; to Quezaltenango, 100 miles (160 knk) distant. Steamship Sailings. — Traveler should inform himself regarding sailings by vlsitiag the offices of steamship agents some days in ad- vance of departure. Banks. — ^Banco Americano de Guatemala; Banco Agricola Hipo- tecari; Banco Colombiano; Banco de Guatemala; Banco Interna- donal; Banco de Ocddente. Hotels. — Imx>erial, Gran, Contra jntal. Hotel de Paris, American, Exposition. Kote. — ^This is the chief city of Guatemala. Travelers will find the principal wholesale houses here, likewise many important re- tailers, who are ui a position to inq>ort direct. Should be thoiou^ly canvassed by aU travelers. Direct train service is maintained betweai Guatemala City and AynQa, the junction point of the Guatemalan Bailways and the MffYipan line. K U KU U SESSAS60, capital of the D^>artment of same name; population, 12,000; J24: miles (200 km.) from Guatemala City; 63 mUes (lOt km.) from San Felipe. Altitude, 7,050 feet. Climate, semitropicaL Principal products : Coffee, cacao, sugar cane, wheat, corn, beans, grax)es, timber, lead, silver, antimony, copper, iron, salt, and topaz. frincipal Hotels. — ^Blmilio Galvez, Ferrin Gordillo. Vote. — To reach this place it is necessary to go by rail to Ketal- huleu ; thence by cart road or trail to Huehuetenango, via Quezalte- nango or Totonicapan. This place is in the heart of a very fertile upland region. Agriculture is the chief industry. 117111681011, Department of Izabal; Atlantic port; population, 2,500; on Gulf of Amatique, at mouth of River Dulce; 10 miles (16 km.) from Puerto Barrios ; 60 miles (96 km.) from Izabal ; 120 miles (192 km.) from Panzos; 954 nautical miles from !N'ew Orleans. Principal products : Bananas, cacao, rubber, sugar cane, sarsaparilla, vanilla, corn, beans, coconuts, and pineapples. Industries : Agricul- ture and cattle raising. American vice consul. Customhouse brokers not necessary; samples treated same as personal baggage. Lloyd's agent, "William Owen. How Beached. — ^From Puerto Barrios by local steamer every sec- ond day, fare 75 cents, one trunk free, extra baggage nominal ; from Izabal by river steamer ; from Panzos by motor boat via Dulce River and Lake Izabal ; from New Orleans by United Fruit Co. steamers. Principal Hotels. — ^Modelo, Rio Dulce. GUAl-EMALA. Ill landing. — Vessels auchor about 2 miles offshore; lighters carry passengers to shora Note.— Ldvingston is the entrepSt for the Departments of Peten and Alta Verapaz. Produce and supplies are brought down the Rivers Cahaban and Polochic to Lake Izabal ; thence to Livingston. Travelers may start here for Coban. FoUowing is the route : Mall steamer to Panzos, railroad to Pancajche; Pancajche to Coban by carretera. MAZATEHASGO, capital of Department of Suchitepequez ; popula- tion, 8,000; on International Railway; 85 miles (136 km.) from San Jose; 114 miles (184 km.) from Guatemala City; 42 miles (87 km.) from Champerico. Principal products: Timber, cofCee, rice, com, anise, cotton, rubber, beans, pineapples, oranges, lemons, cacao, sugar cane, and vanilla. How Keached. — From RetaUiuleu by International Railway ; from Gnatemala City by International Railway via Santa Maria station. Fiincipal Hotels. — Frann'scb Marquez, D. Nicastro, Paris. Kote. — Mazatenango can also be visited from Champerico via RetaUiuleu. There are a number of important houses located here, and as it is on the International Railway it is often visited. It is in a very fertile agricultural region. OCOS, Department of San Marcos; Pacific port; population, 500; on the Ocos Railroad, which runs from Ocos to Acajutla ; 62 mUes (100 km.) from San Iklarcos. Principal products: Com, beans, and salt. landing. — Open roadstead; vessels anchor about three-fourths of a mile ofehore; lighters are used. How Keached. — ^From Champerico by coastwise steamers; from Guatemala by International Railway via Mazatenango and Retal- huleu. Principal Hotel. — Bella Vista. Note: — This place is not Important as a port, but there are a few houses here which do a good business. It is chiefly important be- cause of its connection with Mazatenango. From this point the Ocos Railway runs parallel to the Suchiate River as far as Acajutla, where it turns east and ends at Vado Ancho. Length, 23 miles (37 km.). PUERTO BARBIOS, Department of Izabal; Atlantic port; popu- lation, 2,000; on International Railway; 196 miles (314 km.) from Guatemala City; 964 nautical miles from New Orleans; 10 mUes (16 km.) firom Livingston. Principal products: Bananas, grain, and sugar. landing. — ^Prom ship to pier. American vice consul. Lloyd's agent, L. L. Pollan. Custom- house brokers not necessary ; samples are treated the same as per- sonal baggage. How Reached. — ^From Guatemala City by International Railway; from New Orleans by United Flruit Co. steamers; from Livingston by motor boat every second day, fare 75 cents, one trunk free, extra baggage nominaL Hotels. — Italia, Del Norte, Reneau, Oceanice. Note. — ^This is the chief port of Guatemala, through which most of the tonnage passes. The United Fruit Co, ntaintains a large office here and has numerous plantations in the neighborhood. The 112 GUIDE TO 'LATIN AMERICA. traveler can take a steamer here for E.ivingston and then go on to Coban. aUEZALTENAWfiO, capital of Department of Quezaltenango ; pop- ulation, 35,000; on River SiguUa, at foot of volcano Sta. Maria; 160 miles (256 km.) northwest from Guatemala City. Altitude, 7,351 feet. Principal products: Wheat, coffee, cacao, sugar cane, etc. Principal Hotels. — Hotel Paris, Hotel Union, Centro Americano, Imperial, Figueroa, Modelo. How Beached. — By rail to Betalhuleu and San Felipe ; thence by automobile highway to Quezaltenango. Banks.-^Banco Americano de Guatemala, E. Ascoli & Co., agents ; Banco de Occidente ; Banco de Guatemala (agency) ; Banco Interna- cional de Guatemala (agency). EETAIHULEXr, Department of RetalhuleU ; population, 7,000 ; on International Railway; 31 miles (50 km.) from Champerico; 14 miles (22 km.) from Mazatenango; 225 miles (374 km.) from Guatemala City. Principal products: Sugar, coffee, cacao, corn, rice, cotton, cattle, salt, timber. How Eeached.-^Frora Champerico by International Railway; from Mazatenango by International Railway. Banks.^-Banco Americano de Guatemala (agency) ; Banco de Oocidente, agency) ; Banco de Guatemala (agency) ; Banco Interna- eional de Guatemala (agency). Lloyd's agent, S. Martinez. Principal ^Botels. — Gran Hotel, Nuevo Hotel, Salon Club. Note. — ^This is a fairly important point. A number of bouses are able to make direct importations. A large business is done in supplying iplantations. SAW JOSE, Department of Escuintla ; Pacific port ; population, 1,500; on International Railway; 75 miles (120 km.) from Guate- mala City; 27 miles (43 km.) from Escuintla; 114 miles (184 km.) from Msizatenango. Principal products: Salt, bananas, sugar, cot- ton, corn. Industry : Fisheries. Landing. — Open roadstead; ships anchor half mile offshore; lighter to iron pier. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, D. M. Savage. How Beached. — From Guatemala City by International Railway; has connection with Champerico via Mazatenango ; also with Puerto Barrios via Guatemala City. Principal Hotels. — Hotel Marina, Solorzano, Contreras. Note. — Accommodations here are poor ; traveler should hasten to depart. TOTONICAPAU', capital of Department of same name ; population, 28,310; 15 miles (23 km.) east from Quezaltenango; 35 miles (56 km.) from San Felipe (nearest railroad station). Altitude, 7,894 feet. Climate, semitropical. Principal products : Dyewoods, wheat, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, raw sugar, cattle, and fruits. How Reached. — From Guatemala City by railroad to San Felipe, via Retalhuleu, thence cart road to Quezaltenango; thence camlno de herradura to Totonicapan. Principal Hotel.— Hotel Central. Uote. — Totonicapan is an important commercial center, There are mineral springs near by. GtTATEMAliA. 113 ZACAPA, Department of Zacapa ; on International Eallway ; popu- lation, 15,000; 100 miles (160 km.) northeast from Guatemala Qity; 95 miles (152 km.) from Puerto Barrios. Principal products,: Oof- fee, hardwoods, dyewoods, medicinal plants, gold, silver, marble, and granite. Industries : Manufacture of cigars and cigarettes. How Reached.— jFrom Puerto Barrios and frpm Guatemala City by International Railway. Principal Hotel. — Ferrocarrll. , Wote. — Trains stop at tills place for lunchpon, obtainable at sta- tion. Some travelers start bere for the overland trip into Salva- dor (Santa Ana) and Honduras (Santa Rosa). This place owes its importance to the tact that it is the shipping. point for the Santa Barbara district of Honduras and likewise the Ohiquimula district of Guatemala, whicji lies southward. TOWNS OF LESS IMPORTANCE. INoTE. — In many of the towns listed below are retailers and gen- eral merchants who do direct impoiting. The traveler must deter- mine by local inquiry which are best to visit. Aguacatan, Department of Huehutstenango ; population, 5,000 ; 17 miles (28 km.) from Huehuetenango ; on carretera to Cobian. Prod- ucts: Cereals, fruits, corn, beans, sugar. ' ' Amatitlan, capital of Department of Amatitlan ; population, 9,000 ; 20 miles (33 ktn.) from Guatemala City;' on international Railway. Products : Fruits, cotton, sugar, linseed, bananas, tobacco, cochineal. Antigna, capital of Department of Sacatepequez ; population, 10.000 ; 23 miles (3T km.) from Guatemala City. Altitude, 5,314 feet. Reached by automobile from Guatemala City. Products : Beans, coffee, sugar, cereals. Famous for its ruins. Hotels : Man- ciion, Americana, Rojas. ' ' i . Chimaltenango, Department of Chimaltenango ;" population, 6,000 ; 31 miles (49 km. ) from , Guatemala City ; 28 miles ( 47 km. ) f I'Om Pilin, (nearest station)';' Altitude^,' 5,365 feet. Pi'oducts: Cereals, coffee, 'cacao, fruits, com. Cuajiniqtiilapa, capital 6f Department of Santa Rosa ; population, 4,000. Products: Coffee, corn, peas, sugar cane, mahogany, ebony, rice, etc. Reached from Guatemala City by carretera. Hotels: Progreso, Oriental. Cnyotenango, Department of Suchitepequez ; population, 6,000 ;' on Ferrocarril Occidental; 6 miles (10 km.) to Mazatenahgo. Carre- tera to Mazatenango, Retalhuleu, and San Felipe. Products : Cacao, coffee, beans, sugar, rice, tohacco, cotton. El Progreso, nearest railway station to Jalapa ; population, 2,500; 52 miles (85 km.) from Guatemala .^City. Altitude, 2,821 feet. Products : Sugar cane, bananas, corn, beans, etc. On International Railvirays. ',■... .■,..' .[.'. iPlores, capital of Department of Peteii^; populati6n, 6,000; 279 miles (449 km.) froin Guatemala City.' Products: Rice, coffee, cacao, tobacco, corn, be:an^, sugar, woods. An important jiistribut- ing center. ' , Guza'dapdn, Department of Santa R6sa; population, 8,000; '35 miles (56 km.) from Cuajiniquilapa ; 44 miles (72 km.) from Bs- 144297°— 20 8 ff^4 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. cuiutla (nearest station). Products: Cereals, collee, ricBj cotton, heneqliieh,' woods. '''■'' ■' ' Ipala, Department of Jalapa ; population, 2,000; 25 miles (40 km. > ■ from Chiquimula ; nearest railroad station, Zacapa. Prod- ucts : Corn, beans, coffee, rice, fruits. Izabal, capital of Department of Izabal; population, 5,600; 209 miles (336 km. ) from Guatemala City ; steamer communication with Livingston and Panzos. Products: Gold, coffee, sarsaparllla, rice, vanilla, sugar. Almost all the country's production of anil and cochineal is exported from here. ' Jacalteuango, Department of Huehuetenango ; population, 5,000; 62 miles (100 km.) from Huehuetenango; 190 miles (306 km.) from Ghamperico. Nearest station, San Felipe. Products: Corn, beans, pineapples, coffee, sugar, yucca, vanilla, oranges, and lemons. Jalapa, capital of Department of Jalapa ; population, 12,000 ; 65 miles (105 km.) from Guatemala City. Nearest railroad station, Progreso. Products : Cereals, tobacco, sugar, corn, cotton, coffee, cat- tle. This is a fairly important place. Joyahaj, Department of Quiche ; population, 5,200 ; .30 miles (48 km.) from Santa Cruz del Quiche; 51 miles (84 km.) from Guate- mala City (nearest station). Products: Coffee, rice, tobacco, beans, potatoes, yucca, talcum, and plumbago. Jutiapa, capital of Department of Jutiapa ; population, 11,000 ; 75 miles (120 km.) from Guatemala City. Products: Coffee, sugar, rice, cereals. Uixco, Department of Guatemala; population, 8,000; 4 miles (6 km.) from Guatemala City; on carretera from Guatemala City to Antigua. Products: Corn, beans, etc. Momostenango, Department of Zacapa ; population, 17,000 ; 21 miles (35 km.) from Totonieapan. Products: Rice, corn, wheat, "panela," cattle. Palencia, Department of Guatemala; population, 8,000; 15 miles (22 km.) from Guatemala OJty; reached by carretera. Products: Rice, oats, potatoes, coffee, sugar. , Falin, Departmenti oi Amatitlan; popula,tlon, 6,000; 8 miles ,(13 ' km.) from Amatitlan; 31 miles' (50 km.) from Guatemala City; on International Railway. Products : Pineapples, coffee, beans, corn. Fancajche, on Alta Verapaz Railway, Railway runs from this point to Panzos. . ' Panzos, Department of Alta Verapaz ; population, 3,000 ; 37 miles (60 km.) from Coban; on Alta Verapaz Railwa,y. Products: Corn, bananas, coffee, yucca, beans, etc. , From this point the Alta Verapaz Railway runs to Pancajche. Near here is situated the "Tinajas" rubber plantation, covering 155,000 acres, owned by the Guatemala Ceo.tral Railway. It is one of the richest estates of its kind in Cen- tral America. Patulul, Department of Solola; population, 2,000; 68 miles (110 tm.) from Solola; on International Railway from San Jose to Guate- mala. , Products: Cotton, coffee, bananas, corn, sugar cane, etc. Trains stop here for lunch. There Is a good restaurant at the sta- tion. Patzum, £)epartraent of Chimaltenango;' population, 7,000; 20 miles (33 pa.) from Chimaltenango ; 51 miles (81 km.) from Guatemala GUATEMALA. 115 City (nearest station). Reached by carretera from Guatemala City. Products : Coffee, sugar, cereals, cotton, corn, medicinal plants. Quezalteteque, Department of Cliiquimula; population, 6,600; 25 miles (40 km.) from Cliiquimula ; 49 miles (79 km.) from Acayutla; 15 miles (26 km.) from San Salvador. Nearest railway station, Zacapa. Products : Sugar, cofEee, corn, beans. Sacapnlas; iwpulatlon, 6,600; 41 miles (66 km.) from Santa Cruz del Quiche. Products: Sugar, maize, beans. Salama, capital of Department of Baja Verapaz ; population, 7,200 ; 60 miles (97 km.) from Guatemala City. Products: Cotton, hene- Quen, coffee, cacao, sugar, vanilla, rice, corn, yucca, sweet potatoes, woods. Sanarate; population, 5,150; 37 miles (60 km.) from Guatemala City ; on International Railway. Products : Cereals, tobacco, coffee, sugar. Industries: '"Weaving and cattle raising. San Cristobal, Department Alta Verapaz ; population, 6,000 ; 19 miles (30 km.) from Coban. Products: Coffee, sugar, cacao, maguey, rice, tobacco, woods, bananas. San TeUpe, on International Railway. Automobile highway to Quezaltenango. San Xuls Jilotepeque, Department of ..Talapa ;' population, 10,800 ; 31 miles (50 km.) from Jalapa. Nearest railroad station, Progreso. Products : Corn, beans, tobacco, rice, potatoes. San Uarcos, capital of Department of San Marcos; population, 7,000; 135 miles (217 km.) from Guatemala City. Altitude, 7,15p feet. Reached from Quezaltenango. Products : Coffee, wheat, corn, rice, potatoes. Santa Cniz del ftuiche, Department of Qijiche ; population, 12,000 ; 74 miles (120 km.) from Guatemala City. Altitude, 5.500 feet. Reach from Totonlcapan. Products : Corn, beans, wheat, sugar, potatoes. Hotels: Alteuse, Colon, Garzona. Santa Kosa, Department of Santa Rosa; population 6,300; alti- tude, 3,214 feet; 34 miles (52 km.) from Guatemala City; 11 miles (18 km.) from Cuajiquilapa ; 28 miles (47 km.) from San Sal- vador; 50 miles (76 km.) from Acajutla. Nearest railroad station, Guatemala City. Solola, Department of Solola; population, 7,600; altitude, 6,974 feet; on Lake Atltlan; 73 miles (116 km.) from Guatemala City; 37 miles (60 km.) from Nahualate (nearest station). Products; Cereals and cattle. BRITISH HONDURAS. Maip No. 4. Location.— British' Honduras is bounded on' thfi north and north- TOiSt.by Mesxlco, oii thei West aiid south by Guatemala, and on the east bj^ the Caribbean Sea. Area and Fo^ulation. — Area, 8,598 square miles, Coast line, about 160 miles. JPopuIation, 42,323, or about '5 inhabitants per square ipile. British HondurEis is a little larger than Wales. Physical Peatufes.^The country may be roughly divided as fol- lows: First, the lowlands; second, the pine ridges; third,, the broken ridges known as the cahpon ridges, from the , eahobn palm ; then hills, l.OOO'feet high, followed in turn by -low inountains, knowji as the Cockscomb Mountains, averaging 4,000 feet In height. Chief Products. — Bananas, cliicle, coconuts, sugar cane, pineapples, tobacco, rubber, limes, and other tropical fruits. Chief Industries.;— Cutting of mahogany, logwood, dyewood, rose- wood, cedar, etc. Manufacturing is negligible. Climate. — In the main, subtropical. Highest temperature, 9g de- grees ; lowest, 50 degrees. The prevailing winds are easterly. ■ : Seasons.-^ — Pry from the middle of February to the middle of Maj ; wet the balance of the year. Rain falls 8.1most ppntinuouslj; during October, Novelnber, and December. The average annual raliifall is 81i inches, but in some places it rune as high as 150 inches. . Inhabitants.— The inhabitaiits are of mixed Indians, Negro, Carib, •and Spanish stock. Tiiei iiuiliber of persons of pure white blood is comparatively small. ' ]' ^ ' language. — English is "the official language. Soine Spanish is spoken 'in the interior and along the border of Mexico and Gfuate- mala. ' . Currency. — Gold staiidard based upon that of the United States. American tobiiey circulates interchangeably with that of the colony. The coins ^re : A large mixed-metal 1-cent piece, a silver and silver-bronze 5-cent piece, a silver dime, a silver quarter of a dollar, and a silver '50-ceht piece. No gold or silver dollars are in circula- tion, tTnited States dollars serving in their place. There is a paper currency of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 dollars, which is taken at par. Weights and Measures.— English, officially. Spanish weights are recognized and occasionally used. Postage. — Letters from the United States, the United Kingdom, and British possessions, 2 cents per ounce. Unpaid and insuffi- ciently paid letters are charged double the deficiency on delivery. Parcel post from the United States, the United Kingdom, and British possessions. Cable Rate. — Cable rate for messages to Belize from all points in the United States is 35 cents per word. Wireless Telegraph. — There is a wireless telegraph station at Belize. The rate is 10 cents per word, plus the charges of other sys- tems, or 35 cents a word from New York or Washington, lie BRITISH HONDURAS. 117 TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. UNES FROM NEW TOEK. Southern Pacific , Co. (Morgan Line) .—rOffice, 366 Broadway. Steamers from Piera, 48-49 North Bivei- (West Eleventh Street). Dejpajftures every Wednesday and Saturday ftjir New Orleans ; thence by connecting steamer to Belize and Stann Cretjk, British Honduras. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — :pffice, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River, and Pier 1, Nprtli River (Battery Place). Departures fortnightly for Beliza Fare, including meals and minimum stateroom aqcommodations, $141. (See also p. 40.) LINES FROM NEW ORLEANS. TTnited Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — J. J. Kelleher, general agent, 626-630 Common street, New Orleans, La. Departures every Thurs- day for Belize, British Honduras; Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, and Puerto' Portez and Tela, Honduras. Fortnightly for, Stann Creek and Punta Gorda, British Honduras, and Livingston, Guatemala. Fare to Belize, including meals and minimum stateroom accommoda- tions, $70. (See also p, 40.) Average Time of Trip. — ^New Tork to Belize (1,660 nautical miles), 14 days ; New Orleans to Belize (860 mileS) , 9 days'; Mobile, Ala., to Belize (855 miles), 9 dai^s^ Belize to Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (120 miles), 1 day;. Belize to Puerto Cortes, Honduras (105 iniles), IJ ',d£iy?.- Quarantine Kegulatibus. — There are no quarantine regulations for passengers from the United' States. In case or suspicious illness passengers may be detained. Expenses while being detained are for _ the account of the traveler. All passengers arriving from Central" American ports are required to report for examination at, the public hospital every morning for five days after arrival. Passengers in transit from. Central American ports are not. allowed to land, except by permission of the quarantine officer. Vessels :from Cuba, Pan- ama, and the Cahal Zone are fumigated on a:r rival. licenses.— CiSmmercial travelers are required to jiay a license fee of' $50 for the calendar year. This is payable, without xeduction, regardless of the month In Which license is taken ouj;, with the exception of December. Licenses taken out in any town protect the traveler In the entire colony. In Belize, as in other places 't^rhere the license system prevails, it is not nnusuaJ for the traveler to sell under the license of a local merchant or agent. Salesmen's Samples. — Sample trunks and their contents are admit- ted free of duty. There are no customhouse brokers, the entry of goods being simple ,and readily effected, particularly if they are f i-ee of duty. Samples having a value may' be bonded iat the custom- house. If the traveler prefers to make a deposit to cover the duty, same is returned on, leaving. Best 'Visiting Time. — The most pleasant time for the traveler to visit British Honduras is from December to April. 5rhe dry season lasts from the middle of February "to'the end of March. During, the wet season the rainfall is often very heavy, particularly so diiring 118 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEKICA. tile months of September, October, and November. ■ The possibility of hurricanes is greatest during the months of June, July, and August. "••■iO. i ^ :■ ■> .. '! ' Time for Purchasing. — ^As in all south.ejrn countries, the merchants of Belize are accustomed to stock up for trade during the Christmas and Easter holidays.' It is necessary for thei salesman to Tisit Belize sufficiently far in adTance to obtain orders and Insure delivery . before the periods mentioned. ' -r Canvassing British Honduras.^ — Most travelers visit only Beliieii the capital and practically the only cjty of importance. Traveling representatives of the jobbing houses in New Orleans, Mobile, and certain other plSices strategiclally located often canva^ also the points of lesser importance, including Corozal, to the north, and Stann Creek and Punta GPorda, to the sbiith. Travel to these places is usually made by schooners or motor .boats >yhich wojck. up ajid down the coast. ' Full inforniatioh regarding rates, time, etc., of this, service is obtainable in Belize. . Traveling in British Honduras.^-After canvassing Belize, should it be found desirable to visit other communities, the following plan is suggested: ,, . North. — The two towns justifying k visit are Corozal, British. Honduras, and Payo Obispo, Mexico, across the river. These towns are located in the "bush" and depend for their pro^perit^ upojx.Uie outfitting of men engaged in gathering diicle, cutting mdlidgany, cedar, etc. Corozal is a distributing point for Mexico. The popu- lation of the Corozal district is about 7,000- • South of Corozal lies the district of Orange Walk, the capital of whith beare the same name; population about 6,000. These towns, ipay be reached by mcitor boat,, which leaves customarily once a week. I' West. — ^Near the border of Guatemala, about 175( 'miles west, is •El Cayo. This is not ordinarily visited, nor is th^ average traveler justified in "making" it. ' , South. — Stann Creek (population, 3„500),is the, most Import^t business center. Its prosperity depends upon the banana industry. The United Fruit Co. owns a large plantation here and there is a railroad about 30 miles into the interior. Still farther south is Punta Gorda, population about 4,500. These towns are supplied by the merchants of Belize, ^.boat leaves once a week for Stann Creek and Punta Gorda. Stann Creek is also visited by boats of the United Fruit Co. Agencies. — If the line of business requires a local agent, Belize is the place in which he should be appointed. Local agents usually canvass the places described above. , Internal Communication.^ — The Belize River forms tlie cliief highway from the coast to the western and southwestern parts of British Honduras. It is navigable for light-draft t motor, and cargo boats for a distance of more than IW miles. The rates for both passengers and f relight are high, but most of the traffic to and from the Interior is carried over this route. There is only oiie railway in the colony, from Stann Creek to the interior, about 25 miles. It has a gauge of 3 feet aijd was built by the Government at a coM of .$826,250. The British Honduras Syndicate has a tram lioe runnltig 8f miles from the Stann Cteek I'ier inland beyond Melind'a. and an- other, about 3 mile's 16ng, connecting the Sennis and the Mbtikfey BRITISH HONDTJKAS. 119 Rivers. The trams are used chiefly for the transportatioa of bananas. Holidays in British Honduras. — -A large Jjportion of the population is Eoman Catholic, but the Catholic holidays are not officially ob- sei-ved here as in the Latin-American Republics. The chief holidays are New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Whit Monday, King's birthday (June 3), Christmas Day, and Boxing Day CDec. 26). BELIZE, capital of th€! coloi^ ; on both banks of the River Belize at its mouth ; population, about 13,500 ; 860 nautical miles from New Orleans ; 120 miles (192 km.) from Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Cli- mate, tropical ; temperature averages about 80 degrees ; most pleas- ant months, December to March. Ajueficaii consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Belize Estate & Produce Col (Ltd.). Banks. — ^Royal Bank, of Canada (National Park Bank of New York). How Heached. — From New Orleans and New York by United Fruit Co. steamship service; from Puerto Barrios by United Fruit Co. steamship service. Ship anchorage, one-half, to three-fourths mile offshore; power launches to shore. Loeal Steamship Service. — ^The Star for the northern route and the E. M. L. for the southern, route. Boats leave Belize on Monday, returning Thursday. Rates as follows : Belize to Corozal, 90 miles (144 km.), fare $3, baggage per 100 pounds $0.75; Belize to Stann Creek, 32 miles (51 km.), fare .$1, baggage $0.25; Belize to Punta Gorda, 110 miles (176 km.), fare $3.50, baggage, $0.50; Corozal to Payo Obispo, Mexico, 10 miles (16 km.), passage as per arrangement with boatmen. The above rates do not include- meals. Principal Hotels. — International, Union ; $2 to $3 per day. Note. — ^This place should be included in the itinerary of all sales- men who visit this part of Central America. An important business, both wholesale and retail, is carried on here. HONDURAS. Map No. 7. location. — Honduras is bounded on the north and east by the Caribbean Sea, on the south by Nicaragua, and on the west by Guatemala, iSalivador, and the Pacific Ocean. Area and Population. — ^Area about 46,250 Square miles; popula- tion, estimated at about 650,000, or about 14 inhabitants per square mile. ■: Physical Features. — ^Honduras is mountainous throughout. As a result, it possesses a considerable diversity of climate, soil, and products. There are large and fertile plateaus and valleys. Among the latter Is the Plain of Comayagua, 40 miles (64 km.) in length. On the Atlantic coast there is a great stretch of land suitable for and devoted to the. cultivation of bananas. None of the mountains are very high. > Rivers and lakes, — The most important rivers of Honduras are the Honduras, Chameleon, Ulua, Leon, Aguani' Tlnto, Patuca, Wanks or Segovia, Choluteca, Nacaome, and Goascoran. A regular line of vessels (Monte Vista Steamboat Co.) plies on the Ulua River from its mouth (near Puerto Cortez) to Progreso, a distance of about 125 miles (200 km.). The Aguan, Patuco, and Segovia Rivers are navi- gable for short distances by vessels of light draft. The principal lake is Yojoa, about 25 miles long and about 6 miles wide. It is navigable and is connected wth the Ulua River by one of its tribu- taries, the Rio Blanco. Climate. — ^Along the Atlantic or Caribbean coast the climate is generally torrid but somewhat modified by trade winds and rain- falls. Hurricanes are not common. The Pacific coast also has a torrid climate. In the interior, in the High altitudes, the climate is temperate, very pleasant,, and healthful. In Tegucigalpa and vicinity the temperature averages 74 degrees. Seasons. — ^The wet and dry seasons are not very plainly marked. On the Pacific coast the dry season begins in November and ends in May ; the rainy season begins in May and ends in November. On the Atlantic coast the rainy season lasts from October or November to March or April. Principal Products. — ^The chief source of wealth In Honduras is the banana. Coconuts are also important, while cattle raising is a very considerable industry and rapidly developing. Other sources of wealth are tobacco, sugar, maize, coffee, hides, mahogany, and dyewoods. Industries. — Manufacture of straw hats, cigars, soap, shoes, ice, soda water, and aguardiente, sugar refining, etc. Minerals. — Honduras is very highly mineralized, but much of the country is unexplolted. The Rosario mines are the chief gold pro- ducers, having been operated for many years. Among tlie other minerals are silver, zinc, copper, iron, lignite, and coal. InhaHtants. — The people of Honduras are chiefly Indians or half- castes, with a considerable mixture of Spanish blood. On the north- 120 HONBTTEAS. 121 era coast and in the banana region there is a large Negro popula- tion, chiefly from the West Indies. language. — The language in general is Spanish. On the north coast English is coming into general usage because of the important American companies located there. Currency. — The silver peso of 100 centavos, 25 grams in weight, 0.9 fine, and containing 347.265 grains of pure silver, is the unit of value. Fractional coins of 5, 10, 20, 25, and 50 centavos have been minted. The silver of Salvador and Nicaragua circulates at face value. Gold coins are legal tender, but only a tew have been minted ; they are retained as souvenirs and do not circulate. The value of the peso fluctuates vpith the price of silver. Banks. — There are several banks already established in Hon- duras. These are issuing paper money secured by a silver reserve. Weights and Measures. — The metric system is official and gener- ally used. There are old weights and measures in use, but com- merce is carried on in the metric system or its equivalents. Postage.-— Honduras belongs to the Postal Union. The rate is 5 cents for the first ounce or fraction thereof and 3 cents for each additional ounce. There is also a parcel post, which is being more widely utilized. Cable Rates. — ^The rate from New York City to Honduras is 55 cents per word. Wireless Telegraph.— A wireless station is operated by the United Fruit C!o. on the north coast. Andther station is operated by Vacarro Bros., steamship agents, in Celba. Telephone and Telegraph. — ^The Government owns and operates the telephone and telegraph systems. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW TOBK. Southern Pacific Co. (Morgan line). — OflSce, 366 Broadway. Sail- ings from Piers 48-49, North River (West Eleventh Street). De- partures on Wednesdays and Saturdays for New Orleans, thence by connecting steamers to Puerto Cortes, Triijillo, Ceiba, Boatan, and Tela. TTnited Fruit Co. Steam^ip Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling slip), and Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Departures about fortnightly for Puerto Cortes and Tela. Departures weekly for Colon (Cristobsil), Pan- ama, thence by connecting steamer to Amapala, west coast. Fare, New York to Puerto Cortes or Tela, $141. (See also p. 40.) LINES FROM NEW ORLEANS. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service,— J, J. Kelleher, general agent, 626-630 Common Street, New Orleans,' ia. Departures every Thurs- day for Puerto Cortes and Tela, Honduras; also for Belize, British Honduras, and Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Fare to Puerto Cortes or Tela, $71. (See also p. 40.) Independent Steamship line.-^Vacarro Bros. & (jO,,, agents, Queen & Crescent Building, New Orleans, La. Sailings from Pauline Street 122 GtnDE TO liATIN AMERICA. Wharf.. Departures weekly for Ceiba, Honduras. Average time, three days. Cuyamel Bruit Co. Steamship Servioe.-^J. D. Armstrong, traffic manager, Whitney Central Building, New Orleans, La. Departures semlweeily for Puerto Cortes and Omoa, Honduras. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Cc^Office, 508 California Street, ,,8aa Franciscp, Calif. Departures semimonthly for Amapala, Honduras. Fare, San Francisco to Amapala, $146.50; Balboa to Amapala, $69.30. (See also p. 35.) Average Time of Trip. — New York to Puerto .Cortes (1,730 nautical miles), about 11 days; New Orleans to Puerto Cortes (930 miles), 6 days; New Orleans to Ceiba, 3 days; New Orleans to. Omoa, 4 days ; San Francisco to Amapala, 18 days. SAMSMEN^S SAHFLES. — Sampiles having no commercial value, when imported in quantities 'weiglv.ns not moz'e than 25 libras (25.25 pounds), are exempt from duty. Those exceeding, 25 libras in weight are dutiable at 0.01 peso per half kilo. Samples " without , commercial value" are interpreted to mean small. pieces of fabrics or articles so mutilated as to be entirely unsalable. For samples which, haw a commercial value the tariff law of Honduras provides .for a deposit of th^ amount of duty upon entry. Upon application for permission to reexport such samples the de- port, is .refupfled after deducting a charge of 0.05 peso per half kilo. It must be shown that the contents of the package are iden- tical with those entered. ' Entering Samples.-^The conjmercial traveler or his agent, usually a customs broker. Is recjiiired to enter the samples in* the manner usually followed in the case qf other merCljandise. A careful ex- amination of the packages is made by the Customs officials, and the salesman receives a copy of the eiitry (poliza), w;hich must accoig- pany the application for reexportation. If there is any discj;epancy found upon presehtayon of the samples for reexportation, the entice amount of duty is declared forfeited. The commercial traveler may, however, dispose of air or any part of his samples after obtaining permission from the administrator of customs and upon paympnt of duty on th'e articles sold. Period of Reexportation. — Samples must be reexported within 90 days from time of entry., No refund is made in case the samples arfe! presented for reexportation thereafter. Samples may be en- tered at one port and cleared through another. , - ^ Time Required.^The time necessary to clear samples is that re- quired for the clerical work Involved in the preparation of the papers. A few hours usually suffice, particularly if the traveler is insistent. , .. ;Cost of Clearance. — A ptamped paper is required for all entries aiijd reembarkations ; the cost of these is $S each. For permission to remove samples from town to tpwn the cost is 20 cents gold foi; each movement. The cost of customhouse bfolc^r's service — from $2 to $10 gold— Js in proportipn to the amount. of work necessary. Duties on Advertising, Matter. — ^Articles which have a commercial value are dutiable, eVen if intended for advertising. The duty HONDTIRAS. 123 assessed is on the basis of gross weight. If advertising matter is paqfced with samples the weight is prorated ; hence matter intended for distribution : should be packed separately. Best Visiting Xime. — From November to February is the most d^tightful period to visit Honduras. The heaviest rains and high ■vVinds prevail from October to March. The traveler must be largely governed fey, the conditions in his! line of business. As a rule, deal- ers prefer to receive their goods in time for the ILaster and Christ- mas trade. . . Commercial Traveler's Tax. — There is no Government tax for com- mercial trayelers. Certain municipalities nominally collect fees; but in practice the coileetion is frequently overlooked or compromised. The licenses issued by municipaUties hold good for only one visit, limited to 90 days. Jf the traveler leaves for another place an^- re- turns he incurs the possibility of again being taxed. Tegucigalpa, the capital, and Saa Pedro Snla charge 50 pesos for each '•visit, irre- spective of length of stay or [character of goods handled. For Puerto Cortes the lee^ls 25 pesos for each visit. These fees are sub-, ject to change and are purely personal; consequently, the traveler may represent several houses without the payment Of an additional sum. INTERIO'R COMMTJNIGAWOM.T-An automobile road has been con- structed from tlie end of the National Eallroad to Lake Tojoa, a dis- tance of about 30 miles (48 km). This road has been built by an American company, which also intends to operate a steamer and; lighters on the lake to connect with a roadway which the Govetn- ment proposes to copstruct from the capital by way of Comayagua' and Slguatepeque. A few miles of this i-oad have already beeii built. When this project is completed it will be possible to travel by railwa.y, steamer, and automobile from Puerto Cortes to Teguci- galpa in a day and a. half. ^This trip now takes five to six days by mule back over almost impassable mountain trails. While Puerto Cortes is the Atlantic entrep8t to the capital, freight is never billed . across the mountain trail, and travelers rarely select this route, preferring the roundabout way of crossing Guatemala or going via Panama and approching Tegucigalpa from the Pacific port of Amapala ■' Wagon. Koads. — Therp are very few good wagon roads. A few arpnnd the town of San Pedro Sula may be traveled for short dis- tances. Most of the roads are suitable only for oxcarts. Pack Trains. — The principal means of transport are pack trains. The two most ipaportant routes are from San Pedro Sula to Santa Kosa and from Villa Nueva,: on the National Railroad, . about 20 miles (32 km.) above San Pedro, to Santa Barbara. CQUsidering that it takes 8 to 10 days' hard! travel to reach Santa Barbara, the freight rate by papk train is remarkably- low, being If cehts per pound. This Iots^ rate is accounted for by the fact that the mules are fed on the open range; otherwise the $3.50 received for a 200- pound load would be expended for maintenance of the animal. BAIIKOABS. — In 4916 the totalJ length of all railroad lines in operation was approximately 321 miles; (517 km.). , Practica,lly all the jnileage in operation is located on the Caribbean side. It was built primarily for the banana and timber trades, and the public traffic was of secondary ifnportance. The most important of the 124 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. lines are as follows: Nattonal Railway, from Puerto Cortes to PotreriUo% 60 miles (96 km:) ; Trujillo Railway; Trujillo to Jutl- calpa,' 25 miles (41 km.) ; TrujiUo Railway, beyond Juticalpa, 16 J miles (26 km.) ; Vacaxro^ Bros;, private line through Ceiba banana region, 93 miles (150 km.) ; Guyamel Fruit Co., private line in Ouya- mel district, 27 miles <44 km.) ; United Fruit Co., private line in Tela region, 7 J miles (12 km.) ; Tropical Timber Co., private line, 7 miles (Hi km). Railway Time-Table. — A passenger train on the National Railway of Honduras leaves . Puerto Cortes on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 8.30 a. m., arriving at San Pedro at 12.25 p'. m., La Pimienta at 3 p. m., and Potrerillos at 3.50 p. m. T¥ain returns on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, leaving Potrerillos at 6.50 a, m., arriving at La Pimienta at 7 a. m., San Pedro at 8.50 a. m., and Puerto Cortes at 1.40 p. m. CAKVASSIKG HONDTTRAS. — ^There is practically no connection be^ tween the Atlantic coast and Tegucigalpa^ the capital. The latter is almost invariably approached from the Pacific coast. This must be borne in jnind by the commercial traveler. Entrance from Atlantic. — Travelers generally come from the north — ^from Guatemala or direct from New Orleans or New York. Good service is furnished toy the United Fruit Co., whose ships visit Puerto Cortes and Tela. iOommunication with the other points is had by chartering schooners or motor boats. This service varies and, information must be obtained on the ground. It is customary for travelers who represent different lines to' charter a schooner or motor boat and divide the expense. The chief port is Puerto Cortes. At Tela the United Fruit Co. has a commissary. The National Railroad runs from Puerto: Cortes to Pimienta and San Pedro Sula. From this point pack trains operate to Santa Rosa, Santa Barba,ra, etc. As already stated, it is impracticable for a traveler to visit Tegucigalpa from this coast. Entrance from Pacific. — Travelers generally arrive at Amapala, an island 24 miles; ofC the mainland. Here they take a motor boat to Saij Lorenzo. From San Lorenzo travel may be continued by automobUe or horseback, depending on condition of the roads. The most important distributing point is Tegucigalpa, where are located the chief commercial houses. From this point the traveler may go overland on horseback to other cities in the interior. San Juancito is important because of the great mining operations carried on there by an American^ company for more than 30 years.' Most travelers depend upon the wholesale houses of Tegucigalpa for the distribution of merchandise; in the interior. Suggested Routes. — It is impossible to suggest definite Itineraries for canvassing the north coast. Much depends on the seasons and local steamship connections. It is often necessary tft " double back," that is, work to and from some of the larger places, as Puerto Cortes and Celba. The movements of a traveler are governed largely by tbe port in which he arrives. X!rom Puerto Cortes. — Side trip by launch or schooner to Omoa. Frpm Puerto Cortes, by National Railway, to San Pedro. From Puerto Cortes, by steamer, to Tela; by steamer to Ceiba. In this vicinity are small towns, such as TriumfO, Color&do, Cuero, Sa^a^o, and El Porvenir, reached by schooners or motor boats. HONDtTEAS. 125 From a point near Tela the- Vacarro Bros, railroad runs to Colorado and to Ceiba. " From Ceiba. — By schooner to Trujlllo. From Ceiba, by schoonei to TJtilla Island ; by schooner to Bay Islands. » ■• ' ■ From Trujlllo. — ;By schooner to Iriona, The traveler is advised to ascertain what service is' available in Puerto Cortes, Ceiba, or Trujlllo to the interior. From Amapala. — By motor boat to Pedregal ; by pack-mule tralit to Choluteca ; by pack-mule train to Tuscaran (side trip by pack-mule train to Daiili) ; by pack-mule train to Tegucigalpa. Special Note. — In visiting the territory on the north coast it iS' well not to coimt on reaching certain points on given dates.' Ad- vantage must be taken of the transporation as it is offered. Good connections are often a matter of chance. The motor-boat service between Puerto Cortes, Roatan, Oeiba, etc., is uncertain and un- comfortable. HINTS FOR TRAVELERS. — In Honduras, in the interior particu- larly, the traveler will find that conditions are rather primijjive. EJxcept in Tegucigalpa, the hotels are poor. Whenever possible the ti^Aveler should endeavor to obtain letters of introduction from friends to correspondents in the smaller places, so that he may board with the latter and thus have the best accommodations avail- able. ^ Hotel Rates. — ^The rates of the better hotels in the more important places run from $1.50_ to $3 gold per day. ' In the smaller places the rates are somewhat lower. In the interior and in the smaller coinmunlties the rates i run from $1.25 to $2j50 > per day. The accommodations are necessarily inferior. These rates are for hotels conducted on American plan. : , Delays in Travel.-^The transportation service on the Atlantic coast, especially between the smaller tovras, is so infrequent and uncertain that it is the height of folly to expect to reach certain points on or about given dates. It is much better to set out on a journey and take advantage of the transportation as it is offered. Ulua River, — ^An American company operates a line of steamboats on the Ulua Elver from Its mouth to Progreso (and under favoraiie condition evMi higher). Classes of Buyers. — In Honduras, besides the importing whole- salers who act as distributers, there are many exclusive retail firms who also make direct importations. The number of houses which have direct relations with the United States is not very large, but it is increasing. Travelers who transact business with wholesale houses will find them located principally in Puerto Cortes, Ceiba, and Tegudgalpa. The United Fruit Co. maintains a number of commissariesi while several of the mining companies conduct gen- eral stores. • . ; > Agencies. — If a local agency is required on the north coast it ,ean be established to best advantage In Ceiba or Puerto Cortes. E'er the interior Tegucigalpa is the logical point; Holidays in Honduras. — ^There is no State religion, but most of the people are Catholic, hence many of the feast-days of the church are observed. General^ speaking, business is suspended on the holi- days, except in the' smaller town^ particularly in the interior, vfKere the merchants take advantage of these days to transact business 126 GUIDE TO lATIN 4MEEICA. With the natives, who yigit the towns, iu l^rge numbers. HolWays other than those set aside by the church are : January L. New Year's Day; July 14, Fall of the Bastile;, September 15, Independence Day; and October 12, Discovery of America. DEPARTMENTS AND CAPITAL CITIES. Departments. Tegucigalpa l^o}uteoa..j Copaa (Jracias Oiancho Santa B,art>ara. . BIParaiso.. Cortes Intifcuca Comayagua Oootepeque VaUe.. Atlactida. ...,.- Colon Yoro Islas de la Bahia Capital. Tegucigalpa... Cholnteca..,.. SantaBpsa... Graeias.' Juticalpa Santa Barbara Yuscarau..... San Pedro.... La Esperanza". Comayagua... Ocot^equeL.. Nacaome Ceiba , Trujillo Yoro Koatan Populatton. 35,000 18,000 10 000 6,600 17,800 6,000 6,000 8,000 2,150 10,000 7, SOD i,soa 7,000 4,000 4,800 2,000 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL CENTERS. AMAPAIA, Department of Valle (district of Amapala) ; popula- tion, about 3,000; on Tigre Island, in Bay of Fonseca. Only port of Honduras on Pacific coast with good anchorage; steamers lie oflE- shore; small boats take passengers to shore.i About 114. miles (190 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Principal products : Cattle, i cacao, hides, sugar cane, rubber, rice, etc. Industries: Gold, silver, and salt mining. American consular agent. Customhouse brak^ J. M. De Hart. Lloyd's' sub&gent, Juan Planas. > How Eeacii-ed. — From Tegucigalpa, via Oarretera del Sur, to San Lorenzo, a,cross the bay ; from Corinto by coastwise steamers. Principal Hotels. — ^Palacios, Morazan ; 4 pesos per day for room and board; launch to San lorenzo. — ^Leaves Amapala every Tuesday and Friday night. Fare per person, 3 pesos; 2 pesos for each trunk. Launch at any other time must be hired specially and costs about 30 pesos. Time of trip, about three hours. Kote. — To reach the mainland, schooner or motor boat must be takfen to San Lorenzo where automobile transportation is generally available. When the roads become impassable on account of heavy rainS, mules or horses are employed. Pack trains are generally bperated over the Honduran roads. Most of the merchandise for the interior enters through this port and is carried in barges to San Lorenzo and thence overland. Ama- pala is the most important Honduran port on the Pacific. ITacaome, a town of about SySOO inhabitants, is located 8 miles (IS km.) from Amapala, on FonSeca Bay. It is reached by boat from Ainapala. HONDURAS. 127 CEIBA, Department of Atlantida; population, about 7,000; about 225 miles (360 km.) from Tegucigalpa; 33 miles (54 km.) from Tela. Landing : Open roadstead ; passengers taken ashore in small boats. Principal products : Rubber, hides, oranges, bananas ; climate, tropical ; hot and moist ; average annual rainfall, about 120 inches ; temperature ranges from 78° to 88° P. American consul. Customhouse manager, M. Mendoza. How Keached. — From Puerto Cortes by steamers; from Tela by local steamer. Banks. — Banco Atlantida ; Banco de Comercio ; Banco de Hon- duras. Principal Hotels. — Americano, Paris, Cosmopolita, Delmonico, In-< ternacional, Roma. . Note. — Ceiba is one of the most important ports on the north coast of Honduras. It ia the terminus of a railway which runs through a rich banana country. A large volume of business is done by firms who carry on both a wholesale and retail trade. In addi- tion, there are a number of retailers who import direct. There is a chamber of commerce, called Camara de Comercio de La Ceiba. CHGITTTECA, Department of Choluteca ; population, about 10.000 ; about 80 miles (136 km.) from Tegucigalpa ; 37 miles (53 km.) from Amapala. Principal products : Vanilla, coffee, dyewoods, sugar cane, sarsaparilla, and cattle. How Beached. — From Amapala by boat to Pedregal, thence by cart road 7J miles to Choluteca ; from T^ucigalpa by cart road. Kote. — ^This district is devoted chiefly to raising cattle. There are also some mines and salt deposits. A fair volume of business is done. COMAYAGUA, Department of Comayagua; population, about 10,000 ; 35 miles northwest from Tegucigalpa ; on right bank of River Ulua. Climate, tropical, but healthful. Principal products: Sugar cane, coft"ee, tobacco, hardwoods, cocoa, com, wheat, rice, beans, cotton, fruit, and cattle. Principal industries: Silver, gold, and copper mines ; petroleum and mica. How Keached. — ^From Tegucigalpa and La Paz by cart road ; from Trujillo by camino de herradura. Nearest railroad station. La Pimienta, 124 miles (200 km.) distant. Principal Hotels.-— Colon and De Comayagua. Note. — In this community there are a number of important con- cerns doing a very fair business. Accessible only by mule back. JUTICALPA, Department of Olancho; population, about 18,000; altitude, 1,500 feet; located on bank of Guyape River, a tributary of the Patueo; 99 miles (160 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Principal products: Cattle, tobacco, cofEee, beans, sugar, etc. Industries: Agriculture and mining. ; How Keached. — ^From Trujillo and Tegucigalpa by cart road. Uote. — In population this is the second city of the Republic. It is situated in a rich agricultural section. The surrounding country is highly mineralized. LA PAZ, Department- of La Paz ; population, about 4,500 ; altitude, 2,000 feet; 63 miles (101 km.) from Tegucigalpa; 98 miles (161 km.) from Amapala. Chief products : Cheese, coffee, cattle. Industries ; Gold, silver, and iron mining; mica and marble. 128 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Seached. — From Comayagua and from Tegucigalpa; -by pack train. Note. — ^Tlils place is on the plains df Comayagua. The nearest port is Amapala. PUEETO COSTES, Department of Cortes ; population, about 4,000 ; 38 miles (60 km.) from San Pedro Sula; 207 miles (334 km.) from Tegucigalpa;' 8 miles (12 km;) across bay from seaport Omoa. Landing, steamer to whaxf. Climate, torrid; rainfall averages 90 inches annually ; heaviest rain during April, May, June, September, October, November, and December ; average temperature, summer 85° F., winter 75° P. Industries : Export of woods, vanilla, hides, ' cattle, bananas, etc. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, William H. Bennaton. • How Keached. — ^From San Pedro Sula by National Hallway ; from New Orleans by United Fruit Co. steamers. Hotels. — Italia, Lefevre, The Palms. Note. — ^At this place the principal business Is done by importing retailers. Important banana plantations are located in the neigh- borhood. A good deal of outfitting is done for those who "pack" into the interior. Puerto Cortes is near the mouth of the Ulua River, which affords water communication, via the Blanco River, to the Lake of Yojoa. A road extends from Tojoa to Plniienta, 25 miles (40 km.), covered by automobile passenger service. Eventually this road will be extended to Tegucigalpa via Comayagua. A large banana plantation, belonging to the Cuyamel Fruit Co., is located at Cuyamel, about 23 miles (38 km.) west of Puerto Cortes. The company operates a commissary. EOATAN (COXIN'S HOIE), Depnrtmeut of Islas de La Bahia; population, about 2,000. Vessels He oiTshore; lighters are used. Principal products: Cotton, cofCee, plantains, coconuts, bananas, oranges, woods, zinc. '' American consular agent. Customhouse broker,. Ch. G-. Smith. ' , . How Beached. — ^From Trnjillo by schooner or motor boat (see below). ' " Principal Hotel. — Harbor A'lew. Schooner and Motor-Boat Service.— -In visiting the Bay Islands, Eoatan, etc.; a number of commercial travelers usually combine ind charter a schooner or motor bo&t. Where there are tio hotels they stay on board, or arrange for accommodations with private parties or their customers. The cost -of charter depends on the kind of boat, and ranges from $5 to ^15 per day. Note. — A fair volume of business is done at this place. Roatan is the port of entry for the Bay Islands: Bonnaca, a to^^n of about 500 people,' is easily visited from Roatan. trtilla is another town visited by salesmen who canvass closely. SAN rOEENZO, Department of Vnlle; pdpTilation about 1,500;. 24 miles (86 km.) from Amapala (on Tigre Island) ; 90 miles ■(144 km. ) from Te,S:uclgali)a. Principal products : Corn, bananas, etc' How Eeaohed, — From Amapala by launch, Tuesday and Friday nights, far6 3 pesos per person • from Tegucigalpa over the National Automobile Highway (best in Central America), cost 20 to 25 pesos, baggsfgte ftk r.ite of 2 pesos per I'OO pounds ; touring cars make regu- lar trips. HONDTJRAS. 129 Customhouse broker, Miguel Medina. Hotel. — Wynn's Hotel; bed and breakfast, 3 pesos. Note. — ^At this point the trip to the capital, Tegueigalpa, begins. Ordinarily there is automobile service, but conditions may make it necessary to proceed on horse or mule back. The trip is made by automobile in about eight or nine horn's. Automobiles leave for Tegucigalpa on Wednesday and Saturday mornings. An automobile at any other time must be engaged special and costs about 175 pesos. SAN PEDRO STTXA, Department of Cortes ; population about 8,000 ; in the fertile and extensive Sula Valley; on the National Railv?ay of Honduras; 38 miles (63 km.) from Puerto Cortes; 216 miles (346 km. ) from Tegucigalpa. Products : Chiefly bananas. Industries : Cattle raising and banana growing. American consular agent. How Reached. — From Puerto Cortes by National Eailway of Honduras. Principal Hotels. — International, Washington. Banks. — Banco Atlantida (agency) ; Banco de Honduras (agency) ; American Foreign Banking Corporation. Pack Trains.— Pack trains run between San Pedro and Pimlenta and interior points. The cost for transporting 200 pounds from Pimienta to Santa Barbara or Santa Rosa de Gopan is about $4 gold ; 5 to 7 days' trip. ' Note. — ^This is a very important distributing point for the interior of northern and western Honduras. A large business is carried on. Invariably included in trips of salesmen who visit northern Hon- duras. Gracias, a town of about 5,000 inhabitants in the western part of Honduras, is about 120 miles (192 km.) distant ; reached by mule back. SANTA ROSA DE COPAN, Department of Copan; population, 10,000; altitude, 3,400 feet; 125 miles (200 km.) southwest from San Pedro; 249 miles (394 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Climate, cool. Principal products : Tobacco, sugar, coffee, etc. Industries : Cattle raising ; gold, silver, and copper mining. How Reached. — From San Pedro Sula (distributing point for Puerto Cortes) ; rather difficult of access. ' Pack Trains. — It costs about $4 gold to transport 200 pounds of merchandise from Pimienta to Santa Rtisa ; time of journey, 5 to 7 days. Note. — ^Thls is the third largest city of Honduras and the largest in the northern part of the Republic. It is in the center of a rich district, but it is hard to reach because of the lack of transportation facilities. , TEGUCIGAIPA, ciipital of the Republic, in the Department of Tegucigalpa; population about 35,000; on River Gholuteca; 114 miles (184 km.) from Amapala; 2()7 miles (334 km.) from Puerto Cortes. Altitude, 3,500 feet. Climate, subtropical ; temperature averages 74°. Industries: Mining of gold, silver, mica, marble, and Umestohe ; also agriculture. American ipinister, consul, and vice consul. How Reached.^From Amapala (via San Lorenzo) by Carretera del Sur; not easily accessible from the Atlantic coast. Roads Under Construction. — Northwesterly through Comayagua to Potrerillos and Pimienta; northeasterly to Juticalpa. 144297°— 20 130 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Banks. — ^Banco Atlantlda (branch of Banco Atlantida, Ceiba) ; Banco de Comercio ; Banco de Honduras. Hotels.— Jockey Club, $1.35-$1.75 per day; Agurcia, $3.50-$4.5O per day ; New York, $i2.20-$2.65 per day ; Progreso ; La Copa de Oro. Kote. — ^A good road connects Tegucigalpa with the Pacific coast. All freight and heavy mail come from thai side. The chief whole- sale business of the interior is done from Tegucigalpa. Many houses transact both a wholesale and retail business; some retailers also import direct; This city has a chamber of commerce. Towns Accessible. — San Juancito is an important mining camp 20 miles (32 km^ northeast of Tegucigalpa, reached by mule trail. The New Tork-Honduras Rosario Mining Co. has a large plant and maintains a commissary here. The principal stores of Tegucigalpa operate branches in this place. CeiSros; a community of about 6,500, lies about 60 miles (96 km.) north of Tegucigalpa ; reached by mule back. Danli, a town of 2,500 people, is about 75 miles (120 km.) east of Tegucigalpa. Several houses of Tegucigalpa have branch stores here. TELA, Department of Yoro; population, 2,500; on the Tela Rail- way; 125 miles (200 km.) from Yoro; 186 miles (300 km.) from Puerto Cortes; 33 miles <54 km.) from Ceiba. Principal products: Bananas, coconuts, and tropical produce. Industry: Banana culti- vation. : . ; American consular agent. How Reached. — From New Orleans, by steamers of United Fruit Co.,; from Ceiba by local steamer. Principal Hotels. — San Carlos, Seguni. Note. — This is a port of entry on the north coast of Honduras and the terminus of about 80 miles of railroad running into rich banana country. It is now ranked with Ceiba, Puerto Cortes, and TmjillO. It is a gooS port with modem dock. The United Fruit Co. has a commissary here. , TSTTJIILO, Department of Colon; population, about 4,000; about 330 miles (560: km.);, from Tegucigalpa. Port of entry; vessels lie offshore ; lighters take passengers to shore. Principal products ; Fruits, cattle, rubber, hides, mahogany, and dyewoods, Lloyd's agent, A. E, Melhado.' How Reached. — Prom Ceiba by steamer; from Cape Gracias, Nicaragua, by schooner. Principal Hotel. — Codin. Note. — ^Many pack trains for the interior start from here. The Trujillo Railroad operates about 25 miles of railroad from this point ; eventually it will reach Juticalpa and Tegucigalpa. Trionia, a growing town, is about 50 or 60 miles distant YUSCABAN, capital of the Department of El Paraiso ; population, 5,000; 43 miles (68 km.) from Tegucigalpa; 90 miles (134 km.) from Amapala, Altitude, 3,500 feet; climate, semitropical. Principal products: Cereals, fruits, coffee, and other tropical produce. In- dustries : Chiefly mining ; silver is most Important. How, Beached. — From San Lorenzo and from Tegucigalpa by trail. HONDURAS. 131: TOWNS OF MINOR COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. Below is a list of the less important places in Honduras. Some of these, however, are of interest to travelers who canvass their terri- tory closely. It is suggested that inquiry regarding the business available in these places be made at the largest towns nearest them. Aramedna, port in the Department of Valle ; population, 4,000 ; on left bank of.Apasapo River ;, 31 miles (50 km.) from Goaseoran; li miles (2 km.) from Salvador frontier.. On. carretera from Teguci- galpa to San Lorenzo. Products : Gold, silver, corn, rice, sugar, and, beans. .,,;, . Belen, port (in the Department; of Graclas; population, 1,500; 10 miles (16 km.) from Gracias ; 127 miles (256 km.) from, Tegucigalpa. Products : Corn, rice, beans, sugar. Exports cattle to Salvador and Guatemala. , Bonacca Island, a small island off Atlantic coast. Reached from Trujillo. Cedros, Department of Tegucigalpa; population, 6,500; 61 miles (99 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Products :+ Cacao, sugar, corn, wheat, woods, gold, silver, copper. . . ColoradOj Department of Atlantida ; small fruit port between Tela and Ceiba. east of Tela. , Corpus, Depaitment oi Choluteca; population, ,5,800; 82 miles (128 km.) from Tegucigalpa; 15 miles (24 km.) from Choluteca. Products: Cotton, vapilja, cofCee, cacao, rice, woods,, gold, sllvet, copper, iron; and caljtle,. , Cuero, Department of Atlantida ; small settlement on coast between Tela and La Ceiba. . Cuyamel, Department of Cortes ; fruit port on Atlantic coast east of Omoa. Owes its importance to banana industry. Steamer service With New Orleans, La. (Cuyamel Fruit Co.). Sanli, DeparttQent of El Paraiso ; population, 2,500 ; 40 miles (66 km.) from Yuscaran. Produ,cts: Tobacco, coffee, bahanas, wheat, sugar,, woods, ^bld, copper, silver. . Erandi'que, Department of Graclas ; population. 5,300 ; 26 miles (42 km.) from Gracias;, 180 miles (290 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Products : Wheat, banana^, and other fruits. Goaseoran, Department Yalle,; population, 7,500 ; on Goaseoran River; 25 miles (^ knj.) from Nacaome, 91 miles (142 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Products,; Corn, rice, stigar, coconuts, bananas, cattle. Gracias, capital of Department of Gracias; population, 6,600; 203 miles (328 km.) .fronpi Tegucigalpa, Products: Tobacco, sugar, coffee, rice, beans, whpat,' gold, silver, lead, zinc. Gnarita, Department of Gracias; population, 5,000; on Salvador frontier, 69 miles (111 km.) from Gracias. llama. Department of Santa Barbara ; population, 2,200 ; 12 miles (20 km.) from Santa Barbara; 50 miles (80 km.) from San Pedro (nearest station) ; 140 miles (228 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Carre- tera to Santa Barbara and San Pedro. Products: Cacao, bananas, sugar, coconuts. La Brea, port on Pacific; population, 1,000. Reached by motor boat or schooner from San Lorenzo, 132 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. la Espei^anza, csiirital. of Department) of Jhtibuca ; .population, 11,542; altitude, 6,000 feet; 140 miles (228 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Agricultural and stock-raising district.' ' ' langne, port in Department of Valle; population, 3,800; 15 miles (24 km.) from Nacaome; 8 miles (12 km.) from Aceituno; 97 miles (155 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Carretera to Soascoran, Nacaome, and Aceituno. Products : Henequen, sugar,- com, gold, and silver. Trades with Amapala through Aceituno. ■ ' i . Marale, Department of Tegucigalpa ; iJopnlation, 1,700; 27 miles (44 km.) from Cedros; 11 miles (17 km.) ftom San Pedro (nearest station) ; 74 miles (120 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Products: Sugar, corn, beans, cacao, coifee, copper, platinum, silver, cattle. . Uarcala, port in Department of La Paz; pepMlation, 4,000. Prod- iicts : Oranges, coffee, wheat, cattle. Trades with Salvador. Nacaome, Department del Valle; population, 9,000; on Eiver Guasirope; 40 miles (66 km.) from GholUteca; 12 miles (19 km.) from Pacific Ocean. Products : Cattle, sugar, cotton, woods. Ocotopeqtnie, capital of Department of Ocotopeque; population, 7,500; 90 miles (128 km.) from Santa Rosa; on the River Lempa. Products : Sugar, coffee, indigo. Considerable business is done with the surrounding country, particularly with San Salvador. , Omoa, Department of Cortes; population, 1,900; 8 miles (12 km.) across bay from Puerto Cortes; 48 miles (78 km.) from San Pedro; Atlantic seaport, reached from New Orleans by <3uyamel Fruit Co. steamers. Products: Bananas, pineapj>les, and coconuts: „JPespire, Department of Choluteca; population, 3,000; on right bank of Pespire River; 44 miles (71 km.) from Choluteca. Carre- teras to Tegucigalpa, Tuscaran, San Jacinto, and San Lorenzo (automobile and aniinal , transportation). Woducts: Corn, rice, beans, sugar, bananas, and other fruits. . ' ^imieuta (La), Department of CorfeS; terminus of the Honduras National Railway. Pack trains start fi;om here for the interior. Sahaua Grande, Department of Tegucigalpa; population, 4,000; ■iOimiles (60 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Products: Corn, beans, sugar, rice, silver, . , " ' ' . ' ' San Antonio de Flores, Department of Choluteca'; population, 1,500 ; 62 miles (100 kin.) fronj Tegucigalpa ; 7 miles (11 km.) from Cholu- teca; On Carretera dfil Slid to Tegucigalpa. San Jose, port in Department of Choluteca ; population, 1,540 ; 10 miles (16 km.) from Pe?pife. Products: Coffee, rice, beans, sugar, liides. Santa Barbara, capital of Department of Santa Barbara; popula- tion, 6,000; on Zacapa River ; 65 miles (105 km.) from Duque, near- est station; 186 miles (300 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Carretera to Tegucigalpa, Puerto Cortes, San Pedro, aiid' Oomayagua. Products : Corn, sugar, coffee, cacao, bananas, rice. ^' Santa Cruz de Tojoa, Department pf Cortes ; population, 2,100; 75 miles (122 km.) from Santa Barbara; 6 miles (10 km.) from Pimi- enta (neatest station) . Products : Agricultural ; gold and silver Siguatepeqwe, Department of Comayagua; population, 3,000; on bank of Gtiaratbro River; 25 miles (40 tm.) from Comayagua; 98 miles (156 km.) from Tegucigalpa:. Products: Wheat, beans, corn, potatoes, sugar, cacao,, cattle, gold, silver. HONDURAS. 133 Trionia, Department of Colon ; population, 4,000 ; port on the Atlantic, east of Trujillo. Growing In importance because of banana industry. Triumfo, Department of Cholilteca; population, 1,500; 5 miles (8 km. ) from Corpus. Products : Corn, sugar, and bananas. Trinidad, Department of Cortes; population, 2,000; 28 miles (48 km. ) from Santa Bosa. Products : Rice, coffee, bananas, cattle, timber. ■ ' ' Yoro, capital of Department of Yoro ; population, 4,800 ; 137 miles (222 km.) from Tegucigalpa. Products t' 'Woods, tobacco, cacao, cattle. SALVADOR. • - '. Map No. 7. Location. — Smallest, but most densely populated, Central American Republic. It Is bo\mded on Jhe northwest- by {Guatemala ; on the north and east by Honduras; on the southeast by the Gulf of Fon- seca ; and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. Area and Population. — Area, 8,130 square miles. Population, about 1,254,000 to 1,300,000, or 159 inhabitants per square mile. Pacific coast line, 160 miles (260 km.). Physical Features. — The chief phyMcal features of Salvador are the two mountain chains which cross almost the entire country, at- taining a considerable altitude and sending out numerous spurs. In- closed by these spurs are many valleys of great fertility. The most important of the valleys is that of the River Lempa. Many of the mountains of Salvador present a picturesque appearance, fre- quently being cultivated to their summits. Chief Products. — Coffee, sugar, balsam, indigo, rubber, rice, cacao, cotton, beans, and tobacco are the chief products of the soil. Hining Resources. — Gold, silver, copper, lead, etc. Minerals exist in the Departments of Santa Ana, Chalatenango, Cabanas, and Morazan, where the famous Butters Divisadero mines are located, and La Union. Manufactures. — These fiourish only on a small scale, chiefly for home trade. Climate and Seasons. — The climate is tropical in the lowlands, but in the higher altitudes is temperate and very agreeable. In the main the country is healthful, especially in the beautiful Lempa Valley. The wet or winter season lasts from May to October. July and August are characterized by light vrinds and rainstorms; Sep- tember and October by continuous rains. The dry or summer season is from November to April. Inhabitants. — The greater part of the population is " mestizo " — of mixed Spanish and Indian blood. The number of pure whites is comparatively small. There is also a considerable number of Indians. language. — Spanish. Currency. — Salvador coinage is on a silver basis. The standard is the peso, of 100 centavos, and the coins are: Silver peso, which fluctuates in value ; 1-centavo and 3-centavo pieces of nickel ; and the 5-centavo and 10-centavo, real (12 J centavos), 20-centavo, 2-real (25 centavos), and 50-centavo pieces of silver. Coins from Guate- mala, Honduras, and Chile— in fact nearly all silver coins — circulate at face value. Bills are issued in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 pesos. They are taken at par. Banks. — There are three banks of issue at San Salvador. Weights and Measures. — Metric system. In the more remote dis- tricts old Spanish weights and measures are sometimes used. Com- merce is carried on in metric units. 134 SALVADOB. 135 Postage. — Salvador is a member of the Postal Unipn, and also has a paftel post. Letters from the tliiited States are at the rate of 5 cents for the first ounce or fractional part thereof and 3 cents for each additional ounce. Telegraph and Telephone. — The Government owns and operates these systems. Cable.^The cable rate from Nevsr York City to La Libertad is 50 cents per word, and to all other places in Salvador 55 cents per word. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FBOM NEW YOKE. Panama RaHroad Steamship Line. — Office, 26", State Street. Sail- ings from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street). De- partures weekly for Colon (Cristobal) and Panama City (Balboa), Kepublie of Panama. Transshipment at Balboa by steamer to JAca- jutla, La Union, and La Libertad, Salvador. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, %!, Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling Slip), and Pier 1, North Blver (Battery ,piace>. Departures weekly, for Colon (Cristobal). Transshlpinent at Cristobal, for Acajutla, La Union, and La Libertad. LINE FROM NEW ORLEANS. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — J. J. Kelleher, general agent, 626-630 Common Street, New Orleans. Departures every Wednes- day for Colon (Cristobal), Panama. Transshipment at Cristobal for Acajutla, La Union, and La Libertad. , ■ LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. — Office, 508 California Street, San Pranci^col Departures semimonthly for Acajutla, La Union, and La Libertad. (See also p. 35.) ' Pares (Snhject to Change). — These fares include meals and mini- mam stateroom a(?commodations : "New York to Acajutla, $216.80; New York to La Union, -$202.70 ; New York to La Libertad, $210.20; Cristobal to Acajutla, $96.30 ; Cristobal to La Union, $82.70; Cris- tobal to La Libertad, $90.20; San Francisco to Acajutla, $139.50; San Francisco to La Union, $146.'50 ; San Francisco to La Libertad, $142.50; Acajutla to La Libertad, $14; Acajutla to La -Union, $20.90; La Libfertad to La Union, $14; Oorinto, Nicaragua, to La Union, $20.90; to La Libertad, $27.80; to Acajutla, $34.80; Amapala, Honduras, to La Union, $6.90; to La Libertad, $20.90; to Acajutla, $27.80; San Jose de Guatemala to Acajutla $14; to La Union, $27.80; to La Libertad, $20.90. Average Time of Trip. — New York to Colon, 6 days ; New Orleans to (Jolon, 5 days ; Cblon to La Union, 7 days ; Colon to La Libertad, 8 days; Colon to Acajutla, 9 days. San Francisco to Acajutla; 14 days; to La Libertad, 15 days; to La Union,' 16 days. 136 GUIDE TO;, LATIN .AMERICA. Best Visiting lime.— 7TI1IS depends largely upon conditions pre- vailing in the different lines of trade. The most pleasant peripd is the dry seaspn, extending from November to April. CofEee, the chief crop of Salvador, comes into bearing at this time,, and consequently there is greater buying powe)f. j ._- ,„i /, r :, , Salesmen's Samples.^AU samples, whether or not ot£, commercial value, may be imported free of duty under bond. The bond is,«an- celed, upon reexportation of samples. The cus.toms authorities pre- scribe a time limit, but no difficulties arise in this particular. Reexportation.-— Samples may l)e reexported, through the custom- house of any port, regardless of their port of entry, upon presentation of the proper document which will enable the customs authorities to identify them. This document, which is an fexact memorandum of the samples carried,, should be obtained at the port of entry. If samples, of value are sold, duty is collected at the port of der parture." Dutjr on Samples.-^According to the customs tariff law in efEfeCt January 1, 1&16, a duty of 3 cents per kilo ($1.36 per lOjO pounds) was iBvied on saBjples of no commercial value. Other samples are dutiable at the rates provided In the tariff laws for regular com- mercial quantities. Time Required for Clearance. — ^This depends upon the number of trunks carried and whether or not samples possess a cominercial value. At the utmost samples may be cleared in one day. Duty on Advertising Matter. — ^Advertising matter carried by travelers, including chromos and almanacs, bears a duty of 3 cents per kilo ($1.36 per 100 pdunds). Excess Baggage Bates. — ^There is no difCerentiation between sam- ples and other baggage carried by salesmen ; all must pay the same rate — ^90 cents per 100 pounds. _ Commercial Travelers' Tax. — ^There is no Federal Ucense. Differ- ent municipalities levy taxes, which vary materially. These are sometimes avoidable, as outlined on page 117. The tax in the capi- tal, Sau Salvador, i^ 50 pesos. The ta,x is lessinijthe small,ei| com- munities. There are no forrual requisites for doing business. FBIITCIFAL KAIIE.OADS.— Salvador Railway Co., line from Aca- jutla to San Salvador, 65 miles (105 km.) ; Ferrocarril de Salvador, from Santa Tecla jto Saja Salvador, 9 miles (IS km.) ; International Railways of Oential America, from La Union to San Vicente, 100 miles (160 km.>. Birers. — The most imppirtant rivers of Salvador are the Lempa, the Paz, and the San Miguel, the first named flowing through, the entire territory of the. Republic, but navigable only for small craft. Beads. — ^The ro^ds in, Salvador are, generally speaking, of a better character than those in most of the other Latin American countries. Their construction maJtes them passable even in the rainy season. Between La Libertad and San Salvador (25 miles;) tiiere is an excel- lent highway suitable for automobiles. The trip can be made in about an hour and a quarter. Automobile traffic is rapidly increas- ing. ■ , . ' , Chief, Highway. — The main road of Salvador begins at Alraa- chapan and. runs eastward toward Ls Unlpn. Various spurs from' this road run nortliwrd ,aii(l southward, affording (^asy connection SALVADOR. 137 With places not reached by railroad. The traveler who visits tlie smaller commuuities will find the, journey in Salvador far less ardu- ous than in almost any other Latin American country. During the summer or dry season the journeys on horsebacli from town to town are very delightful^ and much of the scenery is beautiful. CANVASSING THE KEPUBLIC.-^The chief places of interest for the commercial traveler are the following : San Salvador, the capi- tal ; Santa Ana, the second city in population and importance ; Son- sonate ; and San Miguel. Other places not generally visited by sales- men are Ahuachapan, San Vicente, Chinameca, and Sensuntepeque. Houtes.; — ^Most travelers enter by the port of Acajutla, as theentry from the Atlantic coast is through Guatemala by overland trail. The train travels from Acajutla to San Salvador, a distance of 65 miles (105 km.), in 5 hours and 45 minuteSj including a 2-hour stop- over at the commercial city of Sonsonate. After canvassing San Salvador the traveler can make a trip to Santa Ana by rail, the distance being not more than 50 miles (80 km.>. The traveler who comes by way of La Union and is not too encumbered with baggage can easily reach San Miguel (population, 33,400), 38 miles (62 km.) distant. At Chinameca is a great sugar mill. At Divlsadero, in the Department of Morazan, mining opera- tions are carried on by the Butters Divlsadero Co. In addition, other mining enterprises are in this vicinity. Roads run from Gotera to the mining district. ' -< - -, , la Union to Amapala, Hond-aias. — A launch usually can be engaged at a day's noticefor the trip to' Amapala, Honduras. The cost is about $8. This is a shorter trip than by steamer, as the launch can go through channels which would be too shallow for a steamer. The distance, about 20 miles, can be made in three hours. The early morning is the best time for tlie trip, as the water becomes rough later in the day. Salvador money is usually exchangeable at par in Honduras. Classes of Buyers. — ^A considerable number of wholesale houses or importers, located principally in San Salvador and Santa Ana, act as distributers to the smaller towns. Many retailers making direct importations are to be found throughout the couJltry, but particu- larly in the cities of San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Miguel, Son- sonate, and San Vicente. Packing of Goods. — Be sure to obtain fuU instructions in regard to packing. Remember that freight is discharged into lighters and goods must be packed with this in mind. Consult your customers as to the character of packing. Weight makes a very grfeat differ- ence, and losses may be incurred if goods are not packed in accord- ance with customers' wishes. ; , ' . Hotel Rates.^In San Salvador, San Vicente, and Sonsonate the best hotels charge from $2.50 to $4 per day, American plan. Those of the second class are Somewhat cheaper. In the cities of lesser impoptance the rates vary from $1.25 to $2.50 !per day, and the accommodations are correspondingly poorer. In San Salvador it Is possible to obtain accommodations on the European plan. Points of Interest. — The volcano of Izalco is located not very far from the capital. It is almost continuously active. With clocklike 138 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. regularity the mountain sends' forth a dense column of smoke and flames. These eruptions occur at intervals of about five minutes. At night fhe. mountain is visible from the sea, therefore it' is caUed the Central American lighthouse. Lake Ilopango, ■with remarkable volcanic formation, Is reached by motor from San Salvador, a distance of about 10 miles (16 km.). A beautiful lake about 9 miles (14 km.) long and 3 miles (5 km.) wide. Lake Guija, a very picturesque body of water 15 miles (25 km.) long and 5 mites (8 km.) wide, lies on the Guatemala border. Lake Coatepeque is an attractive health and pleasure resort with automobile service ftom Santa Ana. Ilobasco : The scenery of Ilobasco; is among the most beautiful in Central America, i It is well worth a visit. Market place of: San Salvador ; very picturesque. SUGGESTED ITIHERARIES. — If arriving overland from Zacapai, Guatemala: From Zaeapa, Guatemala, by cart road: to Ohlquimula, Guatemala, and thence to Metapan ; by motor to Santa Ana and thence to Ahuacbapaa and Sonsonate; from Sonsonate by rail to San Salvador. t . If arriving by the Pacific : From Aca jutla, via Salvador Railway, to Sonsonate, and thence to San Salvador ; to Santa Tecla by elec- tric railway. i- Motor trip from San Salvador: To Chalatenango and Ilobasco; to Sensunt^peque, to Cojutepeque, via Laguna de Ilopango, and thence to San Vicente. By railroad or motor from San Vicente to Zacatecaluca ; by railroad to Usujaian, and thence to San Miguel. Side trip by motor from San Miguel northward to Chinameca ; also by motor to Gptera and by carjt road. to the mining district. Prom San Miguel by railway to La Union. • Note. — Except in the rainy season,, the roads o€ Salvador are good enough to permit comfortable travel. Distanpjes from San Salvadpr.^The following distancies of princi- pal cities from San Salvador are given jn miles, with equivalent kilometers in parentheses: Acajutla, 65 (105)i; Ahuachapani 72 (116) ; Cojutepeque, 17 (28) ; La Libertaa, 25 (40) ; La Unicpi 134 (215) ; Santa Ana, 48 (78) ; San Miguel, 107 (172)-; San Vicente, 40 (64) ; Sonsonate, 53 (85) ; Zacatecoluca, 63 (101),; - Holidays la. Sa],v^d,or.^7'3?h^; State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the. feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays officiall}' recognized, ,, with the exceptipn that in the smaller towns, particu- larly in the interior, these days, are taken advantage of by the mer- chants for the transaction of business with the natives who visit the communities in large numbers. Other holidays observed are: Janu- ary 1, New Year's Day ; March 1, civic holiday ; March 15, national holiday commemorating Gen. Morazan ; August 29, national holiday commemorating Gen. Geraj'.do Barrios ; September 15, Independence Day ; October 12^ Columbus Day. SALVADOR. 139 POPULATION OF DEPARTMENTS AND CAPITAL CITIES. Departmeat. Population. Capital. Population. 147,265 ■ 96,091 88,491 79,387 142,691 80,722 81,254 48,482 72,950 88,605 103,160 106,700 70,329 61,461 65,000 23,500 La Libertad - — . _. Nueva San Salvador 16,000 24,000 Samtft Ana. . . - - . Santa Ana 58 820 Chalatenango ^ ,-.. Ctialatenange. 9,400 12,500 17,000 25,900 San Vicente; 26,600 15, 400 San MiGTuel . ' SaaMiguel.... 38, 520 9,200 6,000 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL CENTERS. ACAJTTTLA, Department of Sonsonate ; population, 1,500 ; on Sal- vador Railroad. Port with open roadstead ; landing very difficult ; lighters are used to reach iron pier. Distant 12 miles (20 km.) from Stmsonate; 65 miles (105 km.) from San Salvador; 62 miles (100 km.) east of San Jose. How Reached. — From United States by Pacific Mail steamers from San Francisco; from San Salvador and Spnsonate by Salvador .Rail- road. Information obtainable from Agenda Nacional Limitada. Steamship company agents : CompaflJa del Muelle ; La Agenda Na- cional Ltda. Lloyd's subagent, P. O. Arrazola. Principal Hotels. — Occidental, Las Americas. Note. — Landing is from S|teamer to boat by swing ; thence to pier, where passengers are again carried up by swing. Accommodations are very poor here. Travelers should endeavor to make quick con- nections and leave promptly for the interior. AHTrACHAPAK, Department of Ahuachapan ; population, 24,000 ; altitude, 2,620 feet. Distant 72 miles (116 km.) from San Salvador; -22 miles (36 km.) from Sonsonate. Climate, tropical but healtjhful. Principal products : Coffee, cereals, tobacco, sugar, rice, etc. Indus- tries: Cattle raising; some mining. How Reached. — From Sonsonate by motor car via Progreso ; from Santa Ana by motor. Principal Hotel.— The American. Banks. — Banco Agricola Comercial (agency), Banco Occidental (ageney)v Banco Salvadoreno (agency), Banco Nacional del Sal- vador (agency). , , Note. — This is an important distributing point for the southwest- ern part of Salvador. It is visited only by salesmen who canvass closely. From this point a road leads to Guatemala. COJTJTEPEarE, Department of Cuscatlan; population, 12,500. Distant 17 miles (28 km.) from San Salvador; near Volcano Cojute- peque and ■I.^ke Ilopango. CUmate, temperate. Principal prod- ucts : Riee, coffee, Indigo, sugar cane, etc. Manufactures : Chiefly 140 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. cigars, ioi" wliicli this place is very famous ; one of 'the best candy- factories in Salvador is also located here. How Reached. — From San Salvador by motor. Boads lead from Cojutepeque to Ilobasco and Sensuntepeque. Numerous small vil- lages are in the vicinity. Principal Hotels. — ^America, Del Parque. Annual Fair. — ^Thls town is well known for its annual- fair, held on August 29, which is largely attended. ITote. — ^This place is very accessible from San Salvador. It is usually visited by salesmen who are accustomed to " work " the small towns. It has considerable transient trade. LA LIBEBTAD, Department of La Llbertad; population, 3,00Q. Distant 25 miles (40 km.)' from San Salvador. Principal products': Grain, coffee, cattle, sugar, rice, Indigo. Lloyd's subagent, F. Fer- nandez. . How Beached. — From San Salvador by rough mountain roadi two days' journey; from Acajutla by steamer; from San Vicente by motor via Zacatecoluca. Note. — Steamers discharge by lighter. Landing at iron pier through the surf by swing. This is the second port ot the Republic, but the business done here Is not important. Other places' rsa'ched from here are Santa Tecla and Quezaltepeque. lA UNION, Department of La Union ; population, 6,000 ; on Inter- national Railway of Central America ; 137 miles (220 km.) from San Salvador and 37 miles (60 km.) from San Miguel. Products: Corn, coffee, rice, and beans. ' How Beached. — Frorn San Miguel by International Railway, which runs to San Vicente ; from Amapala, Honduras, by steamer or motor boat across Bay of Fonseca. Lloyd's subagent, O. Wickmann. Shipping agents, A. V. de Courtade, O. Wickman & Guerra. Principal Hotels. — Central, Ferrocarril. Banks. — Agencies of following : Banco Agrlcola Comercial, Banco Occidental, Banco Salvadoreno, Banco Nacional del Salvador. Note. — This is the only protected port of any consequence in the country. The Pan American Railroad has a concrete wharf for its terminus, whicfti is the best in Central America. Debarkation is from steamer to launch, launch to rowboat, to shore; or, from row- boat to dugout, and thence on a man's back to land through surf. La Union is the port of shipment for the products of San Miguel and other places of eastern Salvador. SANTA ANA, Department of Santa Ana ; population, 58,820 ; on the Salvador Railway ; altitude, 2,100 feet. Distant (via Sltio del Nifio) 48 miles (78 km.) from San Salvador and 66 miles (107 km.) from Acajutla.: Climate, tropical; temperature from August to October, about 68° F. Products include cigars, textiles, cofEee, sugar, cattle. How Beached. — From San Salvador and Sonsonate by the Salvador Railway, via Sitio del Niflo. , Steamship company agent. Pacific Mail, G. A. Gilpin. Lloyd^s sub- agent, E. Belismelis. . '■ Principal Hotels. — La Florida, Oriental, Columbia. Boads leading from Santa Anai — A good carretera north to Meta- pan; south to Sonsonate and Acajutla. Connection overland With Chiquimula in Guatemala. SALVADOR. 141 Banks.— Banco Agricola Comercial (agency) ; Banco Occidental (agency) ; Banco Salvadoreno (agency) ; Banco Nacional del Sal^ vador (agency). Note. — This is the second city of Salvador in size and is a very important business point. There are a number of substantial busi- ness houses here and a large volume of business is transacted. Santa Ana should be included in the itinerary of all salesmen. Some vj^holesale houses, as well as retail firms, import direct. SAN MIGUEL, Department of San Miguel; population, 38,520; on International Railway of Central America, at foot of volcano of San Miguel (7,120 feet). Distant 107 miles (172 km.) from San Salvador; 37 miles (60 km.) from La Union; 63 miles (102 km.) from San Vicente. Products: Chiefly agricultural, cofEee, cereals, and cattle. Manufactures: Shoes, harness, etc How Beached. — From San Salvador, by carretera to Zacatecoluca, thence by International Railway; from La Union, by International Kailway. Steamship agents, Arguello & Son. Lloyd's subagent, John 'ill connect at San Carlos with the San Juan River steamer. The steamer stops at intermediate ports. There is also steamer service between Managua and several small places on the east and north shores of Lake Managua. Local Steamship Service on Caribbean Coast. — Prinzapolca can be reached from Blueflelds by gasoline schooners which make trips once and sometimes twice a we^. Fare, $7; time of trip, one night. Each passenger is allowed to carry two trunks free of charge if not too heavy. Rates for excess baggage must be arranged vrith captain of schooner. The service to Greytown depends on the weather. The bar being rough, boats have to await wind and weather. Pearl 150 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Lagoon can be reached by river, weekly service, but tliis is not very easy if salesman has many trunks. It can also be reached by way of the sea in sea-going launches on short notice. In addition to the steamers from New Orleans, there is also a semimonthly service between Cape Gracias and Bluefields by coast- wise schooners. (The Creighton's Transportation Co.) Distances Between Important Plaees.^Bluefields to Managua, 187 miles (300 km.) ; Bluefields to Cape Gracias, 185 miles (297 km.) ; Chinandega to Managua, 74 miles (118 km.) ; Corinto to Managua, 87 miles (139 km.) ; Corinto to Granada, 118 miles (188 km.) ; Granada to Managua, 36 miles (58 km.) ; Jinotega to Managua, 136 miles (220 km.) ; Leon to Managua, 52 miles (84 km.) ; Leon to Corinto, 35 miles (57 km.) ; Masaya to Corinto, 106 miles (170 km.) ; Matagalpa to Managua, 103 miles (165 km.) ; Prinzapolca to Blue- fields, 90 miles (144 km.). HINTS TO TBAVELEBS. — The packing of goods for Nicaragua is very important. On account of the duty, it is essential that the packing be light and strong. For the interior, where the goods are transported by animals, this is particularly essential. Do not neg- lect to ask your customers just how the goods should be packed. Overland Travel, — ^Before starting on a journey overland, be careful to ascertain in advance whether the roads are passable. During the rainy season they are often quagmires and can not be traveled. Hotel Rates. — In Managua, Leon, and Bluefields the better. hotels •cost from $3 to $5 per day on the American plan, and on the European plan somewhat less. In the smaller towns there is not much choice, and the cost is from $1.50 to $3 per day, American plan. Gold Kining. — ^Nicaragua is a country of great promise as regards mining. The principal mines in the west are the ' Santa Francisca. San Lucas, Amaya, San Cristobal, Quilali, and San Juan Tetel- paneca. Near. Matagalpa is the Xeoneas mine. On the Atlantic coast the gold mines axe principally of the placer variety. Prinza- .polca is the chief center. Near Segovia are gold-bearing reefs, . Holidays in Nicaragua. — The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally business is suspended on the holidays officially recognized, with the exception that in the smaller towns, particularly in the interior, the merchants take advantage of these days for the tran- saction of business with the natives, who visit the communities in large numbers. Other holidays are : January 1, New Year's Day ; July 4, anniversary of independence of the United States ; September 15i independence of Central America ; October 12, Columbus or Dis- covery Day. IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL CENTERS. BLTTEFIEIDS, Department of Bluefields; principal port of entry on Atlantic! coast, near mouth of Bluefields River, in Bluefields Lagoon; population, 4,000; 187 miles (300 km.) from Managua; 185 miles (297 km.) from Cape Gracias; 90 miles (148 km.) from Prinzapolca. Products: Bananas, rubber, cacao, coconuts, ebony, cedar, etc. NICAEAGTJA. 151 American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers, Felipe Le Frank, A. Popi, and F. M. Beer. Lloyd's agent, T. W. Waters. How Reached. — ^From New Orleans by steamers of JBlueflelds Fruit & Steamship Co. ; from Cape Gracias by Crelghton's Trans- portation Co., two schooners, which stop at intermediate points; cost, $15 each way ; three trunks allowed, without excess ; from Port Limon, Costa Rica there is biweekly service. Banks. — National Bank of Nicaragua, affiliated with Mercantile Bank of the Americas. Principal Hotels. — Atlantico, El Tropical, Peterson. Note. — From Bluefleld's small vessels carry on a coasting trade with other points on the east coast of Nicaragua. Bach week a steamer runs up the Blueflelds Klver to Rama, a trading port, a distance of 65 miles (102 km.). From this point transportation is also undertaken to the interior by canoes and small schooners. The actual port is El Blufif, 6 miles from the city. Blueflelds Is a very good business port, and there are some im- portant houses here. It is best reached direct from New Orleans. About 75 per cent of the import and export trade of the Atlantic coast is handled through this port, the chief item being bananas. Blueflelds is reached from Port Limon, Costa Rica, in 12 to 14 hours. CAPE GEACIAS, Department of Blueflelds; population 500; 185 miles (297 km.) north of Blueflelds, How Beached. — From New Orleans by steamers of the Blueflelds Fruit & Steamship Co. ; from Blueflelds the Nicaragua Commercial & Logging Co. runs a regular line of gasoline schooners to Rio Grande, Prinzapolca, Wawa sawmill, and Cape Gracias, biweekly service between Port Limon, Costa Rica, and Cape Gracias. landing. — Vessels lie about three-fourths of a mile offshore ; small boats are used. Wote.-^This is a port of entry situated at the mouth of the Wanks River, reached by small vessels from Blueflelds. It is par- ticularly important as a port of entry for the mining districts in northeastern Nicaragua, for which mining supplies and other mer- chandise are imported. Here are several important hopses which do both a wholesale and retail trade. CHINANDEGA, Depaitment of Chinandega ; population, 30,000 ; on the Paciflc Railway; 13 miles (21 km.) frotn Corinto ; 74 miles <118 km.) from Managua. Principal products: Sugar cane, corn, coffee, bananas, cotton, beans, ■ wheat, fruit, etc. Manufactures: Coarse cloth, sugar - refining. The largest sugar mill in Central America is located here. It Is called the " San Antonio." There are also some ice factories and cotton gins. How Beached. — From Corinto, or from Managua, by the Paciflc Railway. Principal Hotel. — La Union. Note. — This is the center of a rich agricultural district, and a considerable volume of business is done. Many travelers will find it advantageous to canvass this city. CORINTO, Department of Chinandega ; population, 3,500 ; 13 miles (21 km.) from Chinandega; 87 miles (139 km.) from Managua. Exports coffee, hides, etc. 152 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. American consul. Lloyd's subagent, C. L. Hinckel. Steamship agents, E. Palazio & Co. and C. L. Hinckel. Customs brofcers, G. L. Hinckel, E. Palazio & Co., Bodolfo d'Arbelles, May & Griffiths. How Keached. — From all principal towns by the Pacific Railway. Train leaves Granada daily at 8 a. m., arriving at Corinto at 5 p. m. ; fare, 2 cents per kilometer. Train for Granada leaves at 7 a. m. Principal Hotels. — Hotel de Corinto, American, Boston. Ifote. — ^About 65 per cent of the foreign commerce of the coimtry passes through this port. There Is a wharf at which steamers dis- charge and load. The Pacific Railway runs into the interior. The retail stores are not generally importers, but a few of the customs brokers do importing of staples. GEANASA, Department of Granada, on shore of Lake Nicaragua ; population, 30,000; altitude, about 100 feet; 36 miles (58 km.) ttom Managua ; 118 miles (188 km.) from Corinto. Products : Sugar, cof- fee, cacao, fruit, alcohol, hides, cotton, indigo, etc. Steamship agent, A. Bernard. How Beached. — From Corinto by Pacific Railway ; train leaves Corinto dally ait 7 a. m., arriving at Granada at 4 p. m. ; from San Juan del Norte (Grey town) by steamers. Principal Hotels.^ADblon, De los Leones, Ascarate, La Alambra. Steamer Service. — Weekly service between Granada and San Jorge (lake port for RIvas), San Carlos, San Miguel! to, and San Ubaldo, on Lake Nicaragua. i Bank.-pNational Bank of Nicaragua, affiliated with the Mercantile Bank of the Americas; Note. — This Is the third largest city of the Republic and a dis- tributing point for the Department of Chontales, a cattle and mining district on the other side of the lake. A large business is carried on here, and there are a number of banks. Some of the firms do a large wholesale business in addition to carrying on a retail trade. There are also a number of retailers who are in a position to make direct importations. Numerous small tovras on the lake are sup- plied from Granada. GRETTOWN (SAN" JUAN DEL NORTE), Department of San Juan del Norte ; occupies seaward side on San Juan River delta ; popula- tion, 2,600; 120 miles (193 km.) from San Carlos, on Lake Nica- ragua. Landing. — ^Vessels lie about a mile ofEshore ; lighters are used. Principal Hotel. — ^Hotel Central. Note. — Steamship service is maintained with Granada via the San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua. Greytown is a port of fair Importance. There are a few houses that do -a large business. A trip here is rather expensive. JINOTEGA, Department of Jlnotega ; population, 18,900 ; 136 miles (220 km.) from Managua; 14 miles (22 km.) from Matagalpa. Alti- tude, 4,000 feet; climate, semltroplcal. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, sugar, manilla, rubber, tobacco, and tropical produce. Har- vesting of the cofEee crop usually begins in December, and it is almost entirely shipped by the following June. How Reached. — Prom Matalgalpa by trail. Note. — This Is a small town without rail or water connection. It acts as a distributing center for merchandise to the region north- east. Canvassed almost exclusively by the wholesale houses of Nicaragua. NICARAGUA. 153 lEON, Department of Leon; population, 62,600; on the Pacific Railway; 35 miles (57 km.) from Corinto; 52 miles (84 km.) from Managua. Products: Agricultural. Manufactures: Cotton and woolen fabrics, cigars, boots and shoes, etc. ; there are some im- portant tanneries. How Keached. — From Corinto by rail to Granada via Managua ; from Matagalpa by oxcart road, passable during dry season, De- cember to April. Principal Hotels. — ^Metropolitano, De Roma, Lupone. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Nicaragua, affiliated with the Mer- cantile Bank of the Americas. Note. — Leon is one of the most important cities of the Republic, and is located in a rich agricultural section. It is the principal dis- tributing point for the Departments of Nueva Segovia, Esteli, Jino- teg^^, and Matagalpa. Several important houses are located here. It should be visited by all salesmen. MANAGUA, Department of Managua ; population, 45,000 ; on southern shore of Lake Managua ; 87 miles (139 km.) from Corinto ; 187 miles (300 km.) from Bluefields; 52 miles (84 km.) from Leon. Principal products : Coffee, cattle, cacao, sugar, etc. American minister and consul. How Beached. — ^From Corinto, Leon, or Granada by Pacific Rail- way. Hotels. — ^Lupone, Italia, America, Estrella, Gran. Banks. — ^National Bank of Nicaragua ; Anglo Central American ; Comercial Bank of Spanish America. Note.— This is the capital of the Republic and is a very im- portant distributing place for points on or near the east shore of Lake Managua. Here are located a number of important wholesale firms, as well as retailers, who are in a position to import direct. This city requires the attention of every commercial traveler. There is regular steamer service between Managua and points on the east and north shores of Lake Managua. HASAYA, Department pf Masaya; population, 18,023 ; 106 miles (170 km.) from Corinto ; 13 miles from Granada. Products : Chiefly tobacco ; also corn, rice, sugar, coffee, vegetables. How Beached. — ^By the Pacific Railway from Managua, Leon, Chinahdega, Corinto, Granada, San Marcos, Jinotega, and Diriamba. Telephone connection with Managua and Granada. Principal Hotel. — Josefitna Ascarate. Note. — From this point there is a short railway line of 27 miles to the cofCee district known as " The Pueblos." A rich district sur- rounds Masaya, devoted principally to agriculture. A number of concerns here import direct, and do both a wholesale and a retail business. Masaya deserves a visit from most commercial travelers. There is a large Indian population. HATAGAIPA, Department of Matagalpa; population, 15,749; 103 miles (165 km.) from Managua; 120 miles (192 km.) from Leon. Produces sugar cane, cofCee, corn, wheat, cacao, rice, cattle, tobacco, cedar, and dyewood. American consular agent. How Beached. — From Leon by horse and mule back and oxcart; road passable during dry season (December to April) ; three and one-half days from Leon and three days from La Paz. Principal Hotels. — Casino, Setentrional. 154 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — This is the center of an important coffee, cattle, and min- ing district. Some cacao is grown and rubber is collected. Coffee is the principal crop. Matagalpa has no water or rail connection. Travelers visit this place on mule or horse back. The ruins of San Ramon are 18 kilorneters distant. FEAKL lAGrOON, Department of Zelaya ; population, 800 ; 22 miles (35 km.) north of Blueflelds; 30 miles (48 km.) from Zelaya. Prin- cipal product: Bananas. How Keached. — From Blueflelds by gasoline launches via sea and also via river. Note. — There are several important firms here who do an outfit- ting business and carry on a retail trade. Steamers from New Orleans make this a port of call. Chiefly noted for shipping of mahogany. The Pearl Lagoon Railway is under construction and approxi- mately 15 miles (24 km.) are in operation. fBINZAPOLCA, Department of Prinzapolca; population, 600; 90 miles (143 km.) north of Blueflelds; 108 miles (165 km.) from Zelaya. How Reached. — ^The Nicaragtia Commercial & Logging Co. runs a regular line of gasoline schooners between Blueflelds, Rio Grande, Prinzapolca, Wawa sawmill, and Cape Gracias. Note. — ^This place lies at the mouth of the Prinzapolca River and is the entrep6t for the mining district in the northeastern part of the Republic- Several important houses here do considerable busi- ness as outfitters for those who cut timber and work the mines. The Pis Pis mining district is reached from Prinzapolca by canoes and mule back. EIVAS, Departnient of Rivas; population, 10,000; 52 miles (83 km.) from Managua; 21 miles (34 km.) from San Juan del Sur. How Seached. — From Managua by cart road ; from San Juan del Sur by cart road. Principal Hotels. — ^Hurtado, Moreno. Note. — This Is the center of an important agricultural region, cacao being the chief product. Cattle are also raised, while hides, wood,, and rubber are exported. Rivas is connected with San Juan del Sur, the shipping point, by cart road. Rivas is also connected by train and steamer with San Jorge, 4 miles distant on Lake Nicaragua. Because of the filling up of the harbor of San Juan del Sur and the infrequency of vessels, it may be necessary to travel overland by mule to Puntarenas, Costa Rica. TOWNS OF LESS IMPORTANCE. Below is a list of the less important places in Nicaragua. Some of these, however, are of interest to travelers who work their ter- ritory very closely. It is suggested that Inquiry regarding the business available in these places be made at the largest towns nearest them. Acoyopa, Department of Jerez ; population of district, 6,000 ; (city 800) ; 27 miles (44 km.) from Juiaralpa. Bridle path to Port San Ubaldo. Products : Corn, beans, silver, and gold. NICARAGTTA. 155 Boaco, Department of Jerez; population, 4,000; 34 miles (55km.) from Juigalpa; 105 miles (170 km.) from Sabana Grande (nearest station). Products: Cereals, cattle, gold, and silver. Biriamba, Department of Carazo ; population, 4,500 ; on Ferro- carril del Sur to Jinotepe and San Marcos; 132 miles (214 km.) from Corinto, reached by rail. Located in center of rich coffee and agricultural district. Estell, capital of Department of Esteli ; population, 8,000 ; 93 miles (150 km.) from Managua; carretera to Leon. Products: Anil and corn. Mines of gold, silver, and copper unesploited. A rich and growing center. Great Corn Island, Department of Bluefields; population, 1,000; an island off the coast; 40 miles (64 km.) northeast of Bluefields. Products : Coconuts, bananas, etc. Jinotepe, Department of Carazo; population, 9,500; 29 miles (48 km.) from Managua; 130 miles (210 km.) from Corinto; on Ferro- carril del Sur from Diriamba to San Marcos. Products : CofCee, sugar, rice, beans, and maize. Hotel, Carazo. Juigalpa, Department of Jerez; population, 7,000; 24 miles (40 km.) from station of San Ubaldo; 124 miles (200 km.) from Managua ; on carretera to Granada. Hotel, Tabloda. Products : Corn, balsam, cofEee, cacao, and sugar ; gold and silver mines ; cattle. los Pueblos, Department of Carazo ; population, 15,000. This consists of five towns — Concepcion, Diriamba, Jinotepe, Masatepe, and San Marcos. Chief products : Coffee, corn, and sugar. Metapa, Department of Matagalpa ; population, 12,000. Reached by carretera from Managua (nearest station). Products: Cereals, sugar, coffee, dyewoods. Gold, silver, and lead mines unexploited. Bio Grande, Department of Bluefields; population, 500; 60 miles (97 km.) from Bluefields. Reached from latter point. San Marcos, Department of Carazo ; population, 3,500 ; 3 miles (5 km. ) from Jinotepe ; Ferrocarril del Sur, Jinotepe to San Marcos. Products : Coffee, rubber, sugar cane. Wawa River, Department of Bluefields ; population, 5,000 ; 120 miles (192 km.) north of Bluefields. Products: Corn, yucca, tim- ber, bananas, etc. Gold mines. COSTA RICA. Maps Nos. 7 and 8. Location. — Bounded on the north by Nicaragua ; on the northeast by the Caribbean Sea ; on the south and southeast by Panama ; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Area and Population. — Area estimated at 18,691 square miles. Population about 442,000, or about 23.4 per square mile. Coast line on the Atlantic or Caribbean side is about 181 miles, (291 km.) ; on the Pacific side (greatly broken) about 360 miles (580 km.) in length. Physical Peatures. — ^The country is traversed by a chain of moun- tains (Cordilleras), running from northwest to southeast.. There are numerous valleys which are extremely fertile ; there are several high peaks, including the volcanoes of Poas, Irazu (11,5(X) feet), and Turrialba (11,350 feet). Climate. — ^In the main the climate is very healthful. On the coast and up to the foothills to a height of 3,000 feet the heat is torrid, the temperature averaging 72;° to 82° F. In the mountain regions, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, the mean temperature ranges from 57° to 68° F. The extreme heights, 7,500 feet and above, are cool, and frosts are frequent. Seasons. — There are two seasons — the winter or rainy season and the summer or dry season. The dry season extends from December to April and the wet season from May to November or December, or during the prevalence of the southwest monsoon. There is a fort- night of dry weather during the month of June. The coldest months are December, January, and February. In Cartago and San Jose the climate is very delightful. While it is warm near the coast, it is not unhealthful, and the rainfall is frequent throughout the year. Products and Industries. — The wealth of Costa Rica is chiefly dependent upon agriculture. Its most important product is coffee. Of secondary importance is the banana industry, which has beea chiefly developed by American interests in the Atlantic coast region. Sugar cane, cacao, rubber, corn, beans, and a few other products are grown. There is also considerable business in rosewood, cedar, and mahogany. Manufactures. — ^Manufacturing has not reached a high stage of development. Numerous small plants supply local requirements. Shoe factories, some electric power plants, and flour mills are operated. Mining. — In several very rich districts gold mining is carried on; these are the Abangares, Barranca, and Aguacate. Inhabitants. — Most of the inhabitants, except in the case of the Limon district, are of European descent. The pure Spanish type is marked, many of the people or their antecedants having come from Galicia. The Limon district has quite a number of blacks, mostly of the West Indian origin. 156 OOSTA EICA. 157 language. — Spanish. English is spoken by many of the educated classes. Currency. — Gold is the legal standard. The monetary unit is the silver colon, whose value ($0,465 at normal exchange, United States), fluctuates with the price of silver and the rate of exchange. Coins in circulation are : Gold coins of 2, 5, 10, and 20 colones ; silver coins of 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos, and 1 colon (colon=100 centa- vos). Paper money is emitted by two banks of issue, under Gov- ernment supervision, the bills being protected by a reserve and other collateral. The paper is accepted on a parity with the silver coins, and the bills are of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 colones. Weights and Measures. — ^The metric is the official system, and is in general use for commercial purposes. Postage. — Costa Rica belongs to the Postal Union. Rate from the United States, 5 cents for the first ounce or fraction thereof and 3 cents for each additional ounce, with fines for short payment of postage. Parcel post is widely used. Cable. — Rate from New York to Costa Rica, 55 cents per word. Wireless Telegraph Messages. — Messages may be sent from Limon to Bocas del Toro, Panama ; to Bluefields, Nicaragua ; and to Colon, Panama. Telephone. — There is an efficient telephone system. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Southern Pacific Co. (Morgan Line). — Office, 366 Broadway. Sails from Piers 48-^9, North River (Eleventh Street). Departures about twice a week to New Orleans ; thence by steamer to Port lilmon, Costa Rica. Time, 10 days; distance, 2,020 nautical miles. Panama Railroad Steamship Co. — Office, 24 State Street. Sails from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street). De- partures weekly for Cristobal, Panama ; thence by Pacific Mail steamer (semimonthly service to Puntarenas, Costa Rica). United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling Slip), and Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Departures weekly for Port Limon, Costa Rica. Time, 10 days, including stops. Fare, direct, $120; via Cristobal, $141 (meals and minimum stateroom accommodations included). LINE FROM NEW ORLEANS. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — J. J. Kelleher, general freight agent, 626-630 Common Street, New Orleans, La. Sailings every Wednesday for Cristobal and Bocas del Toro, Panama, and Port Limon, Costa Rica. Distance, 1,380 nautical miles; time, 6 days, including stops; fare $113, including meals and minimum .stateroom accommodations. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. — Office, 508 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. Departures semimonthly for Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Time, 21 days ; approximate fare, $167, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations. (See also p. 35.) 158 GUIDE TO, LATIN AMERICA. OTHER LINES VISITING COSTA EICAN POETS. Compagnie Generale Transatlantiaue.— Two j-ound trips per month. One service from St. Nazaire, France, to' Guadeloupe, Mar- tinique, West Indies; La Gualra and Puerto Oabello, Venezuela; Savanilla and Gattagena, Colombia; and Colon, Panama, and re- turn. Alternate service: From Havre (Bordeaux), France, to Santande'r, Spain;, Guadeloupe, Martinique; Trinidad ; Carupano and La. Guaira, Venezuela ; Savanilla, Colombia ; Port Limon, Costa Kica; and return. Compafiia Trasatlantica Barcelona.^One steamer per month; Genoa, Italy; Barcelona, Spain; San Juan, Porto Rico; Habana, Cuba ; Port ' Limon, Costa Rica ; Savanilla, Colombia ; Curacao ; Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela ; thence back to San Juan, Tenerife, and Spain. For information regarding sailings, inquire in Port Limon and San Jose. Elder & Fyffes. — Weekly sailings from England via Jamaica. la Veloce. — Italian Line ; Colon and other ports. Leyland Line. — English Line; Colon and other ports. For sail- ings, rates, etc., inquire at Port Limon and San Jose. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Empresa de Transportes Haritimos del Golfo de Nieoya. — Touches points in the Gulf of Nlcoya. Inquire at San Jose, Puntarenas, and Nlcoya. Quarantine. — No quarantine for passengers from United States, In case of suspicious illness passengers may be detained. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES.-^Samples of no commercial value are dutiable at 5 centavos per kilo gross weight (|1.05 per 100 pounds). Samples of value intended to be reexported are subject to the pay- ment of duty. This will be returned if the following conditions are complied with : The traveling salesman or his agent shall enter the samples in exactly the same manner as would be followed in the case of any other merchandise, and shall make a deposit to cover the full amount of duty. The customs official designated to make the customs inspection shall make a very careful examination of the packages. The collector of customs shall give the salesman or his agent a certified copy of the entry (p61iza), which must accompany the application for a permit to reexport the samples (pedimento de reembarque). Reexportation of Samples. — Samples may be reexported through the customhouses of San.. JosBj Limon, or Puntarenas, and in the case of applications made at tlie central customhouse at San Jose (aduana central), the packages will be sealed, marked, and shipped with bill of lading to the collector of customs at port of departure. If on comparing the samples with the entry at the customhouses it is found that there is a discrepancy or that any of the samples are missing, the interested party shall forfeit the entire amount of duty paid. Sale of Samples.^ — The commercial traveler, however, can dispose of all or part of his samples with permission of the collector of customs concerned and upon the previous payment of the corre- sponding duty. COSTA BIOA. 159 lime limit.— A period of 90 days is allowed to traveling salesmen to avail themselves of the privilege of the reexportation, and if at the end of this period the samples have not been reexported the duties paid will not be refunded. When the commercial traveler applies for the permit to reexport his samples, the amount deposited by him on entry will be refunded, less a charge of 5 centavos per kilo gross weight ($1.05 per 100 pounds), provided the contents of the packages are the same as shown at the. time of making entry. Jewelry Samples. — The provisions in the foregoing do not apply to samples of jewelry and articles manufactured of gold and silver. Such samples require the payment; of the full duty upon entry. No refund of duties is obtainable when they are reexported. However, samples of gilded or plated jewelry — that is, imitation jewelry — are not subject to this provision, and on these a refund of duties can be obtained. Repacking Samples. — It is desirable, wherever possible, to repack trunks exactly as at the time of entry. This facilitates the clear- ance through customhouse at time of reexportation. The suggestion applies with equal force to all other countries. Time Bequired for Clearing Samples. — This, as a rule, consumes only a few hours. It is dependent largely upon the ability of the salesman to give a satisfactory memorandum of the contents of his trunks. DUTY ON ADVERTISING MATTER.— The rates of duty on adver- tising matter are as follows, the first figures in each instance being in colones per gross kilo, and those in parentheses representing dol- lars per pound : Printed or lithographed advertisements unframed, and common calendars, 0.05 ($0.01) ; framed advertisements on paper or cardboard, 1 ($0.21) ; advertisements without commercial value, on glass, 0.05 ($0.01) ; advertisements on iron plate, 0.04 ($0,008). There is a surtax of 5 per cent of the duty on imports intended for the Province of Limon and of 2 per cent on those destined for other parts of the country. EXCESS BAGGAGE RATES. — There is no differentiation between samples and other baggage. Freight rates from Port Limon to San Jose, 2 colones ($0.93) per 100 pounds. The rate for excess bag- gage (44 pounds allowed free with each ticket) is 4 colones ($1.86) per 100 pounds. COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' TAX. — No Federal tax or license is required. In order to do business within the limits of the munici- palities, separate licenses must be obtained. These are as follows : San Jose, 50 colones ($23.26) for six months; Port Limon, 2 colones (93 cents) per day, or 8 colones ($3.72) per week. Other towns requiring travelers' licenses are the following, the rates given being those charged for each visit: Puntarenas, $6; San Ramon, $2 ; Purlscal, $2 ; Grecia, $2 ; Turrialba, $3. CANVASSING THE REPUBLIC. — There are three places which practically all commercial travelers visit. These are Port Limon, on the Atlantic coast; San Jose, the capital, in the interior; and Puntarenas, a Pacific port. The most important business point is San Jose, but it is also possible to obtain good orders in Port Limon, Here the United Fruit Co. maintains a commissary and buying offi<^. In Puntarenas are also a number of good-sized com- 160 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. mercial houses. Salesmen in certain lines find it necessary to visit the smaller places. Method of Working. — The majority of travelers enter by way of Port Llmon, which they may "make" from Colon via Bocas del Toro, or direct from New Orleans, or direct from New York. Port Limon. — This city must be canvassed, particularly the olHces of the United Fruit Co. The traveler leaves Port Limon for San Jose, 107 miles (172 km.> west, on the Northern Railway, the journey requiring about nine hours. San Jose. — ^This is the capital of the Republic, and lies in a rich agricultural region. Here the majority of wholesale houses are located, as well as many retailers who are able to make direct importations. Ordinarily, San Jose is a very good place In which to transact business. Puntarenas. — ^A train runs daily from San Jose to Puntarenas. This is an Important distributing center. A number of good houses are located here. Importing Retailers. — In Costa Rica are dealers who are accus- tomed to import direct from the United States. They do not depend upon the wholesale houses of Port Limon or San Jose, and, there- fore, their business must be solicited by representatives of American houses. Best Visiting lime. — This is governed almost invariably by the conditions prevailing in the difCerent lines of trade. The most de- lightful period is the dry season, extending from November to April. The period of greatest prosperity is April, when coffee comes into bearing. Merchants in general prefer to have their goods arrive somewhat in advance of the two principal holidays, Christ- mas and Easter. Suggested Boute. — Arrival via Port Limon, Atlantic coast: From Port Limon, by Northern Railway to Cartago ; thence to San Jose ; to Heredia ; to Alajuela ; thence by Pacilic Railway to Puntarenas. From Puntarenas by launch on Gulf of Nieoya and caminos de herradura to Liberia. Note. — Salesmen should not fail to obtain from their customers full instructions for the packing of goods. Nothing should be left to the imagination. RAILROADS. — Costa Rica has in operation, Including branches and sidings, about 430 miles (693 km.) of railway. Of this the Government owns 83 miles (134 km.) ; 140 miles (225 km.) belong to the Northern Railway, and 207 miles (334 km.) to the Costa Rica Railway. The Costa Rica Railway is leased by the Northern Railway. The principal lines are: Northern Railway Co., Port Ijimpn to San Jose, 103 miles (166 km.) ; and San Jose to Alejuela. 14 miles (23 km.) ; Pacific Railway, Puntarenas to San Jose, 69 miles (111 km.). WATER TRANSPORTATION.— The San Juan River is the most important river of the Republic. It flows along the northern boundary, and connects with Lake Nicaragua, in the Republic of Nicaragua, which is navigable by large vessels. Several small steamers ply regularly between the inland ports and the coast. There is steamship service between Puntarenas and *ther local ports on the Gulf of Nieoya. These points can also be reached COSTA BICA. 161 overland from the southwestern portion of Nicaragua via carretera over which the two countries maintain postal service. Points of Interest.— Road from Port Llmon to San Jose: The scenery is very beautiful, being compared to Switzerland. The road to the Pacific coast is less beautiful, but nevertheless attractive. San Jose : This city Is one of the most charming of Latin America. The theater here is noted throughout the world for its beauty. Numerous points of scenic charm are easily accessible from the capital. Among these are the volcanoes of Poas and Irazu, Poas being in constant eruption. HOTEL KATES.— In San Jose the best hotels charge from $3.50 to $5 per day on the American plan, and somewhat less for the European plan. American plan is almost universally used and is the best Those of the second class charge from $2 to $3 per day, American plan. In the smaller communities the rates for first- class accommodations are somewhat less, running from $2 to $3 per day, American. POPULATION OF PROVINCES AND CAPITAL CITIES. (Latest estimates.) Provinces. Population. Capital. Population. San Tose. . . Alajuela... Caitago Herema Guanacaste Limon Puntarenas 134,283 106,763 65,840 47,100 41,381 22,342 23,632 SanJose... Alajuela Gartago Hereoia Liberia Limon Puntarenas 37,000 6,600 5,000 8,240 2,600 7,845 5,000 Bistances to San Jose. — Alajuela, 13 miles (21 km.) ; Cartago, 12 miles (19 km.) ; Heredia, 5i miles (9 km.) ; Limon, 107 miles (172 km.) ; Puntarenas, 62 miles (100 km.). Holidays. — ^The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays officially recognized, with the exception of the smaller towns. The following are legal holidays: January 1, New Year's Day; April 11, Battle of Rivas; May 1, Surrender of Gen. Walker; Jiily 14, Fall of the Bastile; September 15, anniversary of Central American independence ; Octo- ber 12, Discovery of America; December 25, Christmas Day; De- cember 29, 30, 31, bank holidays. CITIES OF CHIEF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. AIAJtTElA, Province of Alajuela; populatioin, 6,600. On the Northern Railway (Central Division), at base of Poas Volcano; 13 miles (21 km.) west of San Jose. Climate, semitropical. Principal products: Coffee, sugar, rubber, and tropical produce. Ipdustries- Cattle raising, timber, etc. 144297°^20-- — 11 162 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Reached, — From San Jose by the Northern Railway; from Puntarenas by the Pacific Railway. Hotels.— Ramon Aguilar, El Perea. Kote. — 'this, enterprising, beautiful little city is easily reached from San Jose. It is the center of the sugar trade, and is visited by salesmen who canvass closely. Places Visited from Alajuela. — Grecia (2,500) is only 7 miles (11 km.) from Alajuela and easily reached; San Ramon (3,400)-; San Pedro (1,300) ; Naranjo (2,800) ; Atenas (1,500) ; Palmares (1,400) ; San Mateo (1,300) ; Orotina (1,800). The gold mines of Aguaeate are a little north of Atenas. CARTAGO, Province of Cartago; altitude, 4,930 feet; population, 5,000. On Northern Railway of Costa Rica, at southern base of Volcano Irazu (11,200 feet) ; 12 miles (19 km.) east of San Jose; 92 miles (147 km.) west of Limon. Climate, subtropical (cool) ; temperature averages 68° F. Principal products: Coffee, cattle, fibers, vegetableSj. fruits. How Reached. — From San Jose and from Port Limon via Northern Railway. Hotels. — Canal, Fratices, Lafayette. Note. — ^This is a point of some importance, the centw of one of the richest agricultural districts of Costa Rica. It has a number of suburbs, which makes its population about 17,000. A fair volume of business is done. There are hot springs at Bella Vista, 3 miles distant. HEREDIA, Province of Heredia; population, 8,240. On the Pa- cific Railway, 6 miles (9 km.) west of San Jose. Climate, very de- lightful; average temperature; 72° F. Principal products: Coffee, sugar, beans, and fruits. Industries : Cattle raising. How Reached. — ^From San Jose by the Northern Railway; from Puntarenas by Pacific Railway. A good automobile road also con- nects Heredia with San Jose. Principal Hotels. — Central, Italiano. Other Towns Near By. — San Joaquin (2,900) ; San Antonio de Belen (1,900) ; Barba (1,400) ; Santa Barbara (1,200) ; Santo Do- mingo (2,900). Note. — ^This enterprising little city is located so near to San Jose that it is largely dependent upon it for supplies. Salesmen who canvass the small places will find it convenient to visit. LIMON, Atlantic port. Province of Limon; population, 7,845. On the Northern Railway, 107 miles (172 km.) east of San Jose; 1,380 nautical miles from New Orleans. Landing, direct from ship to pier. Very active shipping point. Products: Bananas, coffee, coconuts, cocoa, rubber, pineapples, sugar, cattle. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers: Felipe J. Alvarado & Co., R. E. Smith & Co. Information obtainable from United Fruit Co. or consul. How Reached. — From New York and New Orleans by United Fruit Co. steamship service; from San Jose by Northern Railway; Hotels. — ^The Lodge, Siglo XX, Grand, Park, Londres. Banks.— Banco Comerclal ; Banco de Costa Rica ; Banco Mercantll ; Lindo Bros. ; F. J. Alvarado & Co. ; Royal Bank of Canada. Steamship Service. — Steamers leave Colon, Panama, usually in the afternoon, arriving at Limon early the next morning. Regular COSTA RICA. 163 semimonthly service by Government vessels to Bocas del Tore, GaXca ""^ "" ^**'^° ^'"■*' °^ Cahuita, Puerto Viejo, and "''^^•TS''^'® **^ ^^^^^ PO""* °* Costa Rica ; very important be- cause of the banana industry. The United Fruit Co. maintains a large commissary here. Adjacent Towns.— Siquirres (2,700) ; grovi'ing rapidly ; owes its wealth to the banana industry. Is 38 miles (61 km.) from Port Limon. Reached by the Northern Railway. Also Las Juntas (1,800) and Acosta (2,500). PUWTARENAS, Province of Puntarenas; Pacific port on Gulf of Nicoya; population, 5,000. Steamers lie offshore; small boats carry passengers to iron pier. On Pacific Railway, 62 miles (100 km.) west of San Jose; about 249 miles (400 km.) from Panama City. Temperature averages 80° F. Products : Sugar, cattle, coco- nuts, mother-of-pearl, timber, dyewoods. American consular agent. How Reached. — From San Jose via Pacific Railroad. Trains daily ; journey requires sis hours. Steamship Agents.— Felipe J. Alvarado & Co. Bank. — F. J. Alvarado & Co. Hotels.— Hotel Europa, $2 to $3 per day ; Londres, $2 per day. Note. — This is the only Pacific port of Costa Rica and therefore quite important. All who arrive by way of the Pacific must pass through it. A very fair volume of business is done, there being some excellent houses located here. The southwestern part of Costa Rica is canvassed from this point. Adjacent Town. — Esparta. population about 2,000, can easily be reached from Puntarenas. SAN JOSE. — Province of San Jose ; capital of the Republic ; popu- lation, 37,000; altitude, 3,850 feet; average temperature, 70° F. Located on Ferrocarril del Pacifico and Northern Railway; 107 miles (172 km.) west of Limon, and 62 miles (100 km.) east of Puntarenas. American minister, consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, W. 1j. Lyon. Products, agricultural ; coffee is chief source of wealth. How Reached. — From Puntarenas via Ferrocarril del Pacifico; from Limon via Northern Railway ; from Heredia by automobile road. Hotels. — Washington, Frances, Europa, Imperial, San Jose. Banks. — ^Anglo-Costarricense ; International de Costa Rica; Mer- cantil de Costa Rica ; Banco de Costa Rica ; Royal Bank of Canada. These banks have agencies in the chief cities. Note. ^While in San Jose travelers can obtain information re- garding vessels calling at either Puntarenas, on the Pacific, or Port Limon, on the Atlantic, by application to the steamship agents. San Jose is the most important city in Costa Rica. There are numerous wholesale houses which canvass the Republic thoroughly ; also a number of important retail firms who are in a position to import directly. The traveler should give San Jose particular attention. Adjacent Towns. — ^Villa de Desamparados (2,150) ; Villa de San- tiago (2,800); San Marcos (2,000); Aserrl (2,150). 164 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. TOWNS OF LESS IMPORTANCE. Below is a list of the less important places in Costa Rica. Some of these, however, are of interest to travelers who canvass their territory closely. It Is suggested that inquiry regarding the busi- ness available in these places be made at the largest towns near them. •' Abangares, Province of Guaijacaste; population, 800. Here are the famous Abangares gold mines. Esparta, Province of Puntarenas ; population, 2,000 ; 13 miles <22 km.) from Puntarenas, on Pacific Railway. Products: Sugar, corn, rice, beans, tobacco, gold, silver, copper. liheria, capital of the Province of Guanacaste; population, 2,600; climate, temperate. Reached from Puntarenas via steamer to El Behedero; thence by carretera. Products: Cacao, sugar, beans, rice, cattle, rubber, cotton, coconuts. Wicoya, Province of Guanacaste ; population, 1,900. Situated on Morote River. Reached from Puntarenas via Golfo de Nicoya, local steamship service. Products: Indigo, cacao, cattle, manganese. Paraiso, Province of Cartago; population, 3,500; 4 miles (6ikm.) from Cartago, on Northern Railway. Products: Coffee, corn, beans, woods, tobacco, potatoes, fibers. Santo Domingo, Province of Cartago; population, 2,900; in cen- tral Costa Rica. Reached by Northern Railroad from Port Limon and San Jose. Products : Coffee, corn, beans. This is an im- portant coffee center. San Kamon, Department of Alajuela; population, 3,500; reached from Alajuela by a very good road. Products : Tropical products, gold, silver, and lead. This is an important commercial center. Turrialha, ■ Province of Cartago; population, 1,800; on Northern iSailway; reached from Port Limon. Products: Coffee, tropical produce. Cattle raising is an important industry in this district. • PANAMA. Map No. 8. location. — ^Most northerly of the South American Republics. Generally considered a country of Central America. Bonnded on the north by the Caribbean Sea ; on the east by Colombia ; on the south by the Pacific Ocean; and on the west by Costa Rica. It contains the Panama Canal Zone, the property of the United States. Area and Population. — ^Area, 32,380 square miles. Population, about 425,000 — about 13 Inhabitants per square mile. Coast line, Atlantic side, 477 mHes (768 km.) ; Pacific side, 767 miles (1,234 km.). Greatest length of Panama is 420 miles (676 km.) ; greatest width, 118 miles (190 km.) Physical Features. — The chief characteristics are two mountain ranges, which traverse the Republic. Th^ inclose a number of valleys and plains, which, being very fertile, afEord escellent pas- turage for cattle. All the products of the Tropical Zone can be raised ia this country. The slopes of the mountains are covered with extensive forests. Along the Atlantic coast are numerous banana plantations. Climate. — Trc^ical, with very heavy rainfall, which is heavier on the east coast than on the west. In the interior, where the alti- tudes are Mgher, the climate is far more agreeable, the average temperature being about 66° F. The mean temperature on the At- lantic and Pacific coasts is about 80° F. The variation is very slight from season to season. Seasons.— The summer or dry season extends from January to April, the winter or rainy season during the greater part of the year. Heaviest rains occur during October and November. Aver- age annual rainfall on the Atlantic coast is about 140 Inches ; on the Pacific coast, 60 inches ; and in the interior, 93 inches. The hottest months are January, February, and March; they are, however, tempered somewhat by ocean breezes. During the dry season the winds are from the northeast. Products. — ^Bananas, rubber, coconuts, cacao, ivory nuts, cocobola wood, hides and skins, mother-of-pearl, tortoise shell, hardwoods (iucludiag mahogany), dyewoods, cattle. Minerals. — There is said to be considerable gold, copper, coal, and salt deposits, but up to the present" they have not been exploited. Industries. — ^These are of a very minor character and significauce. Inhabitants.— The people are chiefly of a mixed race, including elements of Spanish, Indian, and Negro blood. There are a&o many Negroes of British nationality, who have come from the West In- dies. The number of pure whites is comparatively small, language. — Spanish and English, the latter beiB'g understood commercially by.the maiority of business men in Panama City and Colon. Currency. — The monetary unit is the gold balboa, whose par value is $1 United States currency, but no balboas are actually coined 165 166 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. and In circulation. The following silver coins are current: Peso, or half-balboa ($0.50) ; 50-centavo, 20-centavo, 10-centavo, 5-centavo, and 2J-centavo pieces. No bills are in' circulation. The total coinage of the country is about $2,000,000 in silver, and the parity is maintained by a deposit of $300,000 in gold with the United States Government, upon which Panama receives 6 per cent in- terest. The silver half-balboa, or peso, represents exactly the same value as 50 cents in American money. In all other countries the peso consists of 100 cents, whether they are called " centavos," " cen- timos," or " centesimos." For this reason the misnamed Panama " peso " Is divided into 100 imaginary cents, 2 of which must make up the value of 1 cent in gold. All legal prices are quoted in terms of the American gold dollar; these include railway tickets, hotel rates, postage stamps, etc. All commercial prices are quoted in the terms of the fictitious local dollar or peso. The legal charge for a carriage is 10 cents. The price stated by the " cochero " (driver) is always 20 cents. Sometimes he may add the word " plata " (silver) for the understanding of the stranger. Weights and Measures. — The metric is the official system. Postage. — ^Panama belongs to the Postal Union, and the domestic rates apply on mail matter from the United States. Parcels are subject to the eighth-zone rate. United States parcel post. Cable. — The cable rate from New York City to Panama is 40 cents per word. There is cable service to North and South American ports. Wireless. — ^The United Fruit Co. has a wireless station at Colon. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Southern Pacific Co. (Morgan Line). — Office, 366 Broadway. Sail- ings from Piers 48-49, North River (West Eleventh Street). De- partures on Wednesdays and Saturdays for New Orleans ; thence by steamer to Colon (Cristobal) and Bocas del Toro. Distance, 2,040 nautical miles; time, 8 days. TTnited Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling Slip), and Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Departures weekly for Colon (Cristobal). Connects for all points on the Panama Railroad. Fortnightly sail- ings for Bocas del Toro. Time and distance as above ; approximate fare, $125, including meals and minimum stateroom accommoda- tions. Panama Bailroad Steamship line. — Office, 24 State Street. Sail- ings from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street). Departures weekly for Colon (Cristobal) and Panama City. Reaches all points on the Panama Railroad. Fare from New York to Cristobal, $75. Time, 7 days. United States & Pacific line. — Office, 104 Pearl Street. Depar- tures monthly for Colon (Cristobal) and Panama City (Balboa). Fare from New York to Cristobal, $120. Time, 6 days. PANAMA. 167 LINE FROM NEW ORLEANS. Most travelers prefer to make the trip to New Orleans by rail and embark there. Tlnited Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — J, J. Kelleher, general freight agent, 626-630 Common Street, New Orleans, La. Sailings every Wednesday for Colon (Cristobal) and Bocas del Toro, Panama, and Port Limon, Costa Rica ; every Saturday for Habana, Colon (Cristobal), and Bocas del Toro. Connects for all points on the Panama Railroad. Distance, 1,350 nautical miles ; approximate fare, $106, including meals and minimum stateroom accommoda- tions ; time to Colon, 6 days ; to Bocas del Toro, 10 days, including stops. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. — Office, 508 California Street. Depar- tures semimonthly for Panama City (Balboa). Distance to Balboa, 3,245 nautical miles; time, 24 days; fare, $167, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations. See page 35 for rates of fare between Balboa and Central American ports. OTHER STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Compagnie Transatlantlque. — Sailings the 9th and 25th of each month from Europe; and 24th and 8th to Europe. One service from St. Nazaire, France, to Guadeloupe, Martinique, West Indies; La Guaira and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; Savanilla and Carta- gena, Colombia ; and Colon, Panama ; and return. Miscellaneous Lines. — ^The Compania Trasatlantica (Spanish), La Veloce (Italian), Leyland Line, and others have in the past had salUngs to Colon. Inquiry should be made in Colon and Panama for dates of departure, rates, itineraries, etc. TYPICAL ITINERARIES OF miTED FRUIT CO. STEAMERS.— Leave Colon Sunday, arrive at Bocas del Toro Monday. Other steamers leave Colon Wednesday, arrive at Port Limon, Costa Rica, Thursday, and at Bocas del Toro Saturday ; leave Bocas del Toro Saturday night, arrive at Colon Sunday morning. HaudUug of Baggage. — After the quarantine inspection comes the customs examination by Government officials. This usually takes place on the dock. All that is necessary is to notify the customs officials that the baggage is ready for examination, and the inspec- tion wiU be made at once. The next step is to have the baggage transferred to hotel or railroad station. The Isthmian Express Co. will transfer baggage to any point in Colon, Cristobal, Panama, or Ancon. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples that possess no commercial value are admitted free of duty. Others are admitted under bond or upon deposit of the amount of duty to which they would be sub- ject. Bond is canceled or deposit refunded upon presentation of proof of reexportation. The traveler should not dispose of samples subject to duty without furnishing an exact record to the customs authorities at the port of entry, else he may incur a fine. Reexportation. — Samples must be reexported through the original port of entry unless notification is given to the collector of customs. 168 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEEICA. The traveler may enter at Bocas del Toro and reexport his samples from Panama. ' Time Required for Clearance.— When samples accompany the traveler and are plainly unsalable, very little time is required — usualljr five or six hours. If samples are subject to duty, more time may be needed to clear them. Procedure at Ports. — The procedure is very simple, but the aid of customs brokers may be desirable, particularly in case of difficulties and when bond is necessary. Duty on Advertising Matter. — ^Advertising matter carried by com- mercial travela-s may be entered free of duty. It Is necessary, however, to indicate in the clearance documents that it is of nomi- nal value. Excess Baggage. — ^The charge for excess baggage on the Panama Railroad between Colon and Panama is at the rate of 1 cent per pound. There is a special allowance to commercial travelers. Best Visiting Time. — The most pleasant time to visit Panama is between December and March. Even though this Is the wet season, the traveler can avoid the heavy rains. The temperature is the most agreeable at this time. Commercial Travelers' Tax. — It is necessary for travelers to obtain a municipal license in the district in which they desire to do busi- ness. Following are the fees: Panama, 30 days, $10; Colon, 6 months, $12.50 ; Bocas del Toro, 6 months, $10. CANTASSIN6 PANAMA. — The only important commercial centers in Panama are Bocas del Toro, Colon, and Panama City. David is a point which is growing in importance. Many commercial travelers confine their efforts to Colon and Panama. The chief wholesale houses are located in the latter city and serve the smaller local merchants as well as those at points adjacent. A great deal of importing is also done by the better class of retail stores in Colon as well as Panama. This is due to the fact that most travelers on their way to and from South America, east and west coast, stop at the Isth- mus. If the traveler comes from the east he may as well stop at Colon, although not Infrequently salesmen go through to Panama and return to Colon to solicit business. The cost of transportation is not heavy and some travelers prefer to stay at Panama. Bocas del Toro is usually made in connection with Colon, the traveler ^ther visiting it on his way to Port Llmon, Costa Rica, or on ■ his journey to Colon from Costa Rica. Bocas del Toro is a thriving city and the headquarters of the United Fruit Co., where a large commissary is maintained. There are also a number of other important business establishments, including wholesalers who serve the dealers in the surrounding country. Bocas del Toro is can- vassed regularly by the houses of New Orleans, St. Louis, Chicago, e^c. Some of tha retailers import direct. If the traveler wishes to reach David, the following is the route taken : National Naviga- tion Co. from Panama to Pedregal ; thence overland. -Suggested Routes. — From Colon, by United Fruit Co. steamer or gasoline launch to Bocas del Toro. (From Bocas del Toro one can also go by United Fruit Co. steamer to Port Limon, Costa Rica.) From Colon, by steamer or railroad to Panama City; by National Navigation Co. steamer to Puerto Mutis ; by carretera or camino de PANAMA. 169 herradura to Santiago. From Panama City by National Navigation Go. steamer to Pedregal ; by carretera to David. Koads. — In the interior the roads are often impassable during the rainy season. Before undertaking a journey the traveler should ascertain the conditions that may confront him. Places of Interest. — In addition to the canal, which is, of course, of great interest, the following may be ^ecified : Government and municipal buildings, Panama City : Very impos- ing structures. Cathedral at Panama City: On the Plaza Inde- pendencia; completed in 1760; one of the historical landmarks in the city. Ruins of tower of old Panama : About 6 miles southeast of Panama City. Bulns of Porto Bello : Here may be seen the ruins of the fortifications which were destroyed by Morgan, the buccaneer, in 1668. Hotel Bates. — ^The best hotels in Colon and Panama charge from $4 to $7 per flay, American plan, and somewhat less for European plan. Those of the second category range from $2 to $3 per day, American plan. In the smaller places the accommodations are re- stricted to alMmt one class somewhat Inferior, averaging in cost from $2 to $3 per day on the American plan. lelegrapli £ates. — For the interior, first 10 words, 10 cents ; every additional 10 words, 5 cents; no charge for address and sig- natura From Panama to Colon, 5 cents per word is charged, in- cluding address and signature. PRINCIPAL KAIIROADS.— Panama Eailroad, from Colon to Panama, 48 miles (77 km.) ; branch line from Panama to Balboa, 3 miles (5 km.). A private line radiates from Almirante, carrying both freight and passengers, 151 miles (243 km.). Distances. — ^Bocas del Toro to Colon, 161 miles (259 km.) ; Diavid to Panama City, 310 miles (500 km.) ; Panama City to Colon, 45 miles (72 km.) ; Santiago to Panama City, 155 miles (250 km.). Holidays. — The State religion being Roman Catholic, the chief feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays which are officially recognized. In the smaller towns, however, the inerchants fre- quently take advantage of these occasions to sell their wares. In addition to the church festivals, the following are legal holidays : January 1, New Year's Day ; July 4, American Independence Day ; July 24, birthday of Gen. Bolivar; October 12, Columbus Day; No- vember 3, anniversary of separation from Colombia ; November 27, Thanksgiving Day ; December 25, Christmas Day. CITIES OF CHIEF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. BOCAS DEI TOED, Province of Boeas del Toro; altitude, sea level ; population, 4,500. I^ocated on an island of same name in one of the raitrances to Chiriqui Lagoon; 60 nautijcal miles from Limon Costa Rica, and 140 nautical miles from Colon. Principal products : Bananas* cacao, coffee, coconuts, hides, rubber, tobacco. How Beached. — From 'Colon, or Limon, Costa Rica, by United Fruit Co. steamers and gasoline launches. Baggage allowance, 200 pounds- excess, 14 cents per pound. Information obtainable from 170 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. resident American consular agent. Steamship company agents, United Fruit Co. Principal Hotels. — Washington, Central. Note. — ^This city depends almost exclusively on the banana in- dustry, controlled by the United Fruit Co., which maintains a com- missary here. In addition, there are a number of general mer- chandise stores, some of which do both a wholesale and retail business. COLON, Province of Colon ; population, 25,000i Landing : Vessels lie alongside docks. Located on Panama Railroad, 190 nautical miles from Port Limon, Costa Rica, and 45 miles (72 km.) from Panama City. Principal products: Bananas, pineapples, and other tropical fruits. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Oswald Montagu Grlmsey. How Beached. — From Port Limon, Costa Rica, by United Fruit Co. steamers ; from Panama City by Panama Railroad or steamers. Banks. — International Banking Corporation ; Panama Banking Co. (branch of Panama Banking Co., Panama) ; Canal Zone Bank; National Bank of the Republic of Panama; American Foreign Banking Corporation. Hotels. — ^Washington (United States Government hotel), Aspin- \va.ll, Grand Hotel Imperial, Cosmopolitan, Park. Note. — ^There are some wholesale houses here, but the principal business is retail, most of the merchants importing direct. Cristobal (Canal Zone) is practically a part of Colon. DAVID, Province of Chiriqui; population, 13,500. Distant 310 miles (500 km.) from Panama City. Principal products: Sugar cane, corn, cacao, rubber, cattle. American vice consul. Hotel. — Santiago Lombard!, $1.50 per day. How Keached. — A regular weekly steamship service is main- tained between Panama and David. The trip takes from three to six days, depending on the number of stops on the way. There is also a fast service, the scheduled time being about 30 hours. This line extendsi to Pnntarenas, Costa Rica. Note. — ^This is the capital and the principal city of the Province of Ohirigui, one of the largest and richest of the Republic. It is located on the David River, about 5 miles from Pedregal, its port.' A railroad is in course of construction. PANAMA CITY, capital of the Republic ; population, 65,000. Situ- ated in Province of Panama, on Panama Railroad, 45 miles from Colon, 249 miles (400 km.) from Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Land- ing, Balboa, alongside docks. Products : Pineapples, bananas, and other tropical produce. American minister, consul, and vice consul in residence. Steamship company agents : United Fruit Co., Royal Mall Steam Packet Co., Pacific Mail Steamship Co., Panama Bail- road Steamship Co. Lloyd's agent : E. S. Humber. Hotels. — Tivoli (at Ancon, 1 mile from Panama, operated by United States Government), International, Metropole, Central, Con- tinental, American, France, Buropa. How Reached. — From Colon via Panama Railroad; from Punta- renas, Costa. Rica, via coastwise steamers. Banks. — Banco Naclonal ; Commercial National Bank of Wash- ington ; Continental Bank & Trust Co, ; International Banking Cor- PANAMA. 171 poration ; Panama Banking Co. ; Bank of the Canal Zone ; American Foreign Banking Corporation. Balboa. — In the Canal Zone, 3 miles west of Panama City; ex- cellent wharves. Large transit trade. Note. — ^A large wholesale as well as retail business is carried on here. Most of the retailers are able to import direct. The whole- sale houses supply the merehanta of the interior. SANTIACfO, Province of Veragua; population, 5,000; 155 miles (250 km.) from Panama City. Products: Tropical produce. How Reached. — ^By craft of the National Navigation Co. from Panama, via Puerto Mutls and Aguadulce r thence by cart road for 27 miles (44 km.). Note. — ^Although difflcult of access, Santiago is visited by those who " make " the smaller towns. The section tributary to it is considered one of the richest of Panama. TOWNS OP LESS IMPORTANCE. Below is a list of the less important places in Panama. Some of these, however, are of interest to travelers who canvass their terri- tory closely. It is suggested that inquiry regarding the business available in these places be made at the largest towns near them. Aguadulce, Province of Code ; population, 8,200 ; seaport, situated 28 miles (45 km.) from Penonome and 113 miles (182 km.) from Panama. Reached by steamers of the National Navigation Co. Products: Sugar and cattle. CMtre, capital of the Province de los Santos; population, 9,750. Products : Sugar, caoutchouc, rice, corn, aguardiente. Reached by steamers of the National Navigation Co. ; also sailing vessels to Colombia. Penonome, capital of the Province of Code. Population, 15,200. Distant, 106 miles (170 km.) from Panama and 15 miles (25 km.) from Puerto Gage. Products: CofiEee, caoutchouc, cotton, woods, cattle. Industries : Manufacture of straw hats. Reached by steam- ers of National Navigation Co., via Aguadulce; thence by carretera. Sona. — Province of Veragua; population, 10,000; 186 miles (300 km.) from Panama, 22 miles (85 km.) from Santiago. Carretera to Puerto Barranco Colorado. Products; Wheat, rice, beans, cacao, coffee, caoutchouc, medicinal plants. WEST INDIES. CUBA. Maps Nos. 4 and 5. Location. — Cuba is the largest and most important of all the West Indian islands. Its length is about 780 miles (1,255 km.) ; average width, 50 to 60 miles (80 to 96 km.) ; greatest width, 100 milesi (161 km.) ; narrowest width, 35 miles (56 km.). At the point nearest- the United States, Cuba is about 90^ nautical miles from Key West, Fla. The island Is 50 nautical miles west of Haiti and 85 miles from Jamaica. Area and Population. — Area, about 44,215 square miles; popula- tion, 2,627,536, or about 59 inhabitants per square mile. Pltysieal leatares.— Ouba is traversed by several irregular moun- tain ehaims that run in various directions, forming between them a number of fertile and healthful valleys and plateaus. Pico Turquin©, in the Sierra Maestra Range, 8,320 feet above sea level, is the highest point on the island. , Eivers. — ^While Cuba has numerous rivers, most of them are too short, or too swift for navigation. The largest river, the Cauto, is navigable for about 50 miles (80 km.), and the Sagua la Grande is navigable for about 20 miles (32 km.). Climate. — The climate is tropical and insular ; it varies materially, the tropical heat of the coast being modified by the altitude of the interior mountainous sections and plateaus, as well as by healthful sea breezes. Seasons. — The hotter, or rainy, season begins in the middle of May and continues until the end of October, but even during this period the mornings are bright and clear. The average annual rainfaU is 52 inches; the heaviest rains occur in June and the llgMest in March. In the northeastern, section of the island the average rainfall is about 100 inches; in Hahana the average is about 50 inches. In the coast cities the summer temperature is often very high, although as a rule it does not exceed 90° F. In the mountain regions the temperature sometimes falls to 50° or less. Agricultural Products. — The chief dependence of Cuba is upon sugar and tobacco. The statistics will show to what extent sugar is accountable for the wealth of this island. Other agricultural products are pineapples, coconuts, limes, and many other kinds of tropical fruits. Pastoral Wealth. — There is a considerable and growing interest in the cattle industry, and hides and skins are exported in increasing quantities. Hineral Wealth. — The most important mining operations are for the production of iron. Other mineral deposits are gold, copper, asphalt, mercury, zinc, antimony, coal, asbestos, petroleum, and manganese. 172 CUBA. 173 Industries. — ^While Cuba is not a manufacturing country, tlie num- ber of small factories is rapicHy increasing. There are several important plants devoted to the manufacture of cigars, cigarettes, underwear, shoes, clothing, furniture, etc. There are also foundries, machine shops, automobile plants, soap and perfume factories, etc. Other works are devoted to stone and marble. Inhabitants. — The native whites are the most important element of the population. Foreign-bom whites are chiefly Spanish. There is also a large admixture of Negro blood. Language. — ^Spanish. Currency. — The unit of value is the gold peso, of the same weight and fineness as the American dollar. The coins are in denomina- tions of $5, $10, and $20 gold ; 10, 20, 40 cents, and $1 silver ; and 1, 2, and 5 cents nickeL Weights and Measures. — The metric system prevails in this coun- try. Postage. — ^Letter rate to and from the United States is 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Telegraphs and Telephones. — The island is well supplied with telegraph and telephone systems, owned and operated by the Gov- ernment. The rates for telegraph messages are 2 to 5 cents per word, depending on the distance. Cahle.^The International Cable Co. operates a cable between Habana and Punta Rassa, Fla. The Postal or Commercial Cable Co. has a direct line to New York. The Western Union also has connection with the mainland. A French oompaaiy has a cable from Santiago to Haiti, Santo Domingo, and other important points in the West Indies. The rate per word to Habana from points in the United States east of the Mississippi River is 15 cents, and fi-om points west of the river 20 cents. Address and signature are counted. To other points in Cuba the rates are 20 and 25 cents. There are lower rates. for "deferred" messages (to be marked L. C. L.). Wireless. — ^The United Fruit Co. has a wireless station at Cape San Antonio, communicating -with Port Limon (Costa Rica), New Orleans, and Panama. The Cuban Government has a powerful ap- paratus at Morro Castle. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. New Tork & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. (Ward line). — Offices, foot of Wall Street, East River. Bepartures from Piers 13-14, East River (WaU and Pine Streets), and Piers 16-18, Brooklyn, for Habana every Thursday and Saturday ; for Santiago de €uba, Oien- fuegos, Guantanamo, and Manzanillo about every 10 days. Fare to Habana, $90 ; time of trip, about three days. MunsoB Steamship line.— Office, 82 Beaver Street, New Tork. Departures from Pier 9, East River (old slip), for Matanzas, An- tilla and Nuevitas every other Saturday ; for Cardenas, Sagna La Grande and Oaibarien, every other Wednesday; for Puerto Padre and Gibara every fourth Wednesday ; for Banes, via Antilln, every fourth Saturday. Fare to Antflla, $65 to $175 ; time of trip, about four days. 174 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Departures for Habana every Saturday, from Pier 16, East River (Burling slip). Departures for Santiago de Cuba weekly, alter- nately Thursday and Saturday, from Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Fare to Habana, $70. Time of trip to Habana, about three days ; to Santiago, about five days. (See also p. 4B.) LINES FROM NEW ORLEANS. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — J. J. Kelleher, general freight agent, 626-630 Common Street, New Orleans. Departures every Saturday for Habana, Cuba, and Cristobal and Bocas del Toro, Panama. Fare to Habana, $43 ; time of trip, about two days. Southern Pacific Co. — Charles S. Fay, general freight agent. New Orleans. Departures weekly for Habana ; connection made there with the Empresa Navlera de Cuba for other points in Cuba. Fare to Habana, $41 ; time of trip, about two days. LINE FROM FLORIDA. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship. Co. — Sailings for Habana dally, except Sundays, from Key West, and from Port Tampa oh Sundays and Thursdays. Fare from Key West, $15 ; from Port Tampa, $30. Time of trip from Key West, about nine hours. OTHER LINES VISITING CUBAN PORTS. • Compania Trasatlantioa.— Leaves Genoa on the 21st, Barcelona 25th-26th, Malaga 28th, Cadiz 30th, direct to New York, Habana, Vera Cruz, and Puerto Mexico; returning from Vera Cruz on the 27th and from Habana on the 30th of each month direct for New York, Cadiz, Barcelona, and Genoa. Fare from New York to Habana, $70. Gompaguie Qenerale Transatlantique. — Monthly service. Distances. — ^New York to Habana, 1,166 nautical miles; New Orleans to Habana, 601; Cristobal to Habana, 986; New York to Santiago, 1,346; New Orleans to Santiago, 1,102; New York to Matanzas, 1,136 ; New York to Manzanillo, 1,490 ; New Orleans to Matanzas, 629 ; New Orleans to Manzanillo, 1,040 ; Kingston (Jamaica) to Habana, 724; New York to Cienfuegos, 1,646; New Orleans to Cienfuegos, 845. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Isle of Pines Steamship Co. — Sailings from Batabano to Isle of Pines on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, on arrival of trains leaving new central station at Habana at 6.10 p. m. on these days. Sailings from Isle of Pines to Batabano on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays at 4 p. m. First-class fare, exclusive of meals and berth, $6. Empresa Naviera de Cuba. — Regular service from Habana to Nue- vitas, Puerto Padre, Gibara, Banes, Mayarl, Vita Sama, Sagua de Tanamo, , Baracoa, Guantanamo (Caimanera), Santiago de Cuba, Cienfuegos, Casilda (Trinidad), Tunas, Jucaro, Santa Cruz, Man- CUBA. 175 zanillo, Easenada de Mora, Santiago, and San Pedro ; also to Porto Rico and the Dominican Kepublic. Cuban Steamship line of luiz Odriozola, S. en C. — Regular service from Habana to Cienfuegos, Casllda (Trinidad), Tunas, Jucaro, Santa Cruz, Manzanillo, Bnsenada de Mora, and Santiago. The yacht Luoinda maintains regular service between Kingston, Jamaica, and Santiago de Cuba. Time of trip, about 16 hours. BACrQAGE. — Baggage consisting of wearing apparel, toilet neces- sities, etc., is not subject to duty. AU baggage will be inspected on the dock. Baggage Transfer. — The Cuban and Pan American Express Co. handles all baggage arriving on steamers of the Ward Line from New York and the Southern Pacific Line from New Orleans. The pursers on the steamers of the lines mentioned act as agents for the express company and will check baggage from wharf to railway station, hotel, etc. Passengers may leave baggage at the office of the express company, 70 Lamparilla Street, for two weeks without charge. A representative of the express company is stationed at the Machina Wharf during the day. There is also an agency of the transfer company at Mr. Foster's office, Prado and Central Park. Passengers arriving from Florida by the Peninsular & Occidental Line will have their baggage checked on arrival at wharf. There are other express companies whose representatives are at the wharf to meet steamers and with whom arrangements may be made for transfer of baggage. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — ^Travelers must present to the custom- house at the port of entry an invoice for samples and merchandise carried, certified by a Cuban consular officer in the port from which departure was made. This Invoice must list and clearly identify all articles at their market price at the place of exportation. It is important that all possible explanation as to prices be made, as many difficulties arise in Cuban customhouses on account of dis- crepancies in the matter of valuing Imports. Payment of Duty. — ^AU samples of dutiable merchandise must p5y fuU duty. The law provides, however, that when any lot of samples is valued at not more than $500, and when the samples are to be reexported, 75 per cent of the duty paid will be refunded, after proper identification of the samples, and provided that the reexportation occjirs within 90 days from date of entry. In case any of the samples have been sold, the refund of 75 per cent will apply to the remainder. In order to entitle the traveling salesman to a. refund of duty, samples must be imported as part of the bag- gage. They must not be shipped separately as freight, or by express or mail. Special Provision. — The following provisions are made by the customs tariff of Cuba for the free admission of certain samples; " Samples of felt, wall paper, and fabrics, under the following con- ditions: That they do not exceed 40 centimeters (15f inches) in length, measured in the warp or length of the piece, even when such samples take up the entire width of the piece. The width shall, for fabrics, be determined by the list, and for felts and wall papers by the narrow border which has not passed through 176 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. the press. Saiuples not having these indications shall be admitted free of duty only when they do not exceed 40 centimeters in any dimension. la order to avoid abuse, the samples declared for free entry must have cuts 20 centimeters (8 Inches) apart in their width, so as to render them unfit for any other purpose. When samples of fabrics are presented without cuts 20 centimeters apart, this requirement may be fulfilled at the time How Beached. — ^Prom New York by- Ward Line and United Fruit Co. Line; from Matanzas by United Railways, 2-hour trip, fare $3.20; from Santiago by Cuba Railroad and United Railways via Santa Clara, 24-hour trip, fare $24.11. United States Legation. — Santa CataUna and Dominguez (Cerro) ; United States consulate, Room 505, National Bank of Cuba Building. Banks and Bankers. — ^National City Bank of New York ; American Foreign Banking Corporation ; Banco Mercantil Americano de Cuba ; Banco Nacional de Cuba, Galiano' 84; Bolsa Privada, Amagura 3; Argnelles Hijos, de R., Mercaderes 36; Carlos Arnoldson & Co., Amagura 6; H. Astorqui & Co., Obrapia 5; J. Balcells y Cia., Amagura 34; J. A. Bances & Co., Obispo 21; Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba, Aguiar 81 ; Banco de la Habana, Cuba 76-78 ; Banco Territorial de Cuba, Aguiar 81 ; Bank of Nova Scotia, O'Reilly 32-A ; J. F. Bemdes & Co., Cuba 64; Dussag & Co., Ofleios 18; Marquette y Rocaberti, Aguiar 134; Mendez y Lenza, Segundo, Aguair 102; National Bank of Cuba, Government depository, Produce Exchange ; Romagosa & Co., Teniente Rey 16 ; Sampera & Co., Aguiar 106-108 ; Suero y Cia., Oficios 16 ; Royal Bank of Canada, Obrapia 33 ; Trust Co. of Cuba. Obispo 53 ; Zaldo & Co., Cuba 76 ; Compania de Con- strucciones Reparacines y Obras de Saneamiento de Cuba, O'Rielly 5; CompaHIa Nacional de Finanzas, Cuba esq: Obispo; Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Maryland, Cuba 58 ; Hispano Colonial de Barcelona, S. Ignacio 72 ; Banco de Fomento Agrario, Galiano 66 ; N. Gelats & Co. ; Alvarez, Valdez & Co., ; Pedro Gomez Mena. Customhouse Brokers. — Oscar Alsina, Inquisidor 21 ; Leop. Autron, Lonja 505; Cuesto y Hno., Callejon Enna 4; B. Dardet & Co., Bara- 182 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. tlUo 7; Molina Bros., Lonja 541; Eada & Corominas, Oflcios 16; Nicolas Vizcaino, San Pedro 16-18. R. Gr. Dun & Co., Banco Nacional 307 ; Bradstreet Co., Lonja 206. Lloyd's agent, Aquilino Ordonez. Automobile Tares. — Automobile by the hour for business pur- poses, 2 passengers, 75 cents ; 3 passengers, 90 cents ; 4 passengers. 95 cents. Automobile by the hour, Jor driving, 2 persons, $1^5; 3 persons; $1.50; 4 persons, $1.75. There are also rates according to zones. From 11 p. m. to 6 a. m. fares are double. Trolley Service. — ^There is trolley-car service to various parts of the city. Fare, 5 cents. .. Hotels. — Inglaterra, Prado at Central Park; Plaza, corner Zu- lueta and Neptuno ; Telegraf o, corner Prado and Neptuno ; Florida, Obispo 28 ; Union, Cuba 55 ; America, Industria 160 ; Maison Royal, 55 Seventeenth Street (Vedado) ; Saratoga, Prado 121; Belvedere, Neptuno and Consulado ; Pasaje, Prado 95 ; Manhattan, S. Lazaro 243; Trianon, Consulado 111; Luz, Opicios 35; Isle of Cuba, 45 Monte Street; Alcazar. Note. — Habana is the most important city in Cuba. It is- usually selected as the place for the establishment ot a general agency for the whole island. There is a beautiful capacious harbor and the hotel accommodations are the very best. The business carried on is exceedingly large. Salesmen can make this place their base of op- erations for the entire island. Practically every kind of importing is carried on, and the chief wholesale houses of Cuba are located at this point. HOLGUIN, Province of Oriente; population, 11,000; 88, miles (141 km.) northwest of Santiago; 468 miles (754 km.) from Habana. Products: Tobacco, sugar, etc. Minerals: Manganese, gold, etc. How Keached. — ^From Santiago or Habana by Cuba Railroad. Banks. — Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba; National Bank of Cuba. , Some leading Hotels. — Holgjiin, Isla de Cuba. Uote. — Holguin is on the road from Gibara. It is sometimes visited by those who canvass the smaller towns. . ISLE OP PINES, Partido Judicial de; population, 4,550; 60 miles <97 km.) from Batabano. OUmate, excellent; average temperature, 75° F. ; nights cool and pleasant; rainy season, May 15 to October J.5. Principal products: Grapefruits, limes, oranges, pineapples, to- bacco, pine,, mahogany, cedar, sulphur, pitch, turpentine. Indus- tries : Cigar factories,, sawmills. How Reached.— From Batabano, by Isle of Pines Steamship Co. Sailings fi;om Batabano on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays on arrival of trains leaving ne^y central station, Habana, at 6.10 p. m. on these days ; from Isle of Pines on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sun- days at 4, p. m. Fare, one way, exclusive of meals and berth, $6. Carreteras to Columbia, McKinley, and Santa Fe. Hotels.^Burnslde, Anderson, Casas, Union. Banks.— Isle of Pines Bf|nt, Nueva, Gerona; Natipnal Bank of Cuba, I^ueva Gerpna. Nueva Gerona.- This is. the capital and chief business place. Other settlements a^e; Media, Villa, McKinley, Santa Fe, Santa Bar- bara, and. Los Initios. Note.^-Thls is an island of some .importance Iving south of Pinar del Rio and Habana Provinces. Easily accessible. A brisk retail CUBA. 183 trade is carried on. Visited by salesmen. who canvass small places. An American consul is stationel at Nueva Gerona. MANZANILIO, Province of Oriente; population, 18,000; on west coast; 487 miles (783 km.) from Habana ; 25 miles (40 km.) from Bayamo; 157 miles (253 km.) from Oriente. Climate, hot and un- healthful. Principal products: Sugar and tobacco. How Beached. — ^From Santiago by Cuba Eallroad (fare $4.46), or steamers of the Empersa Naviera de Cuba ; from Bayamo by Cuba Railroad. Banks. — National City Bank of New York; Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba ; Royal Bank of Canada ; F. T. Carbojosa y Cia. ; Na- tional Bank of Cuba ; Banco Territorial de Cuba ; J. Chertudi y Cia. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Beattie & Co. Cus- tomhouse brokers, CJpdwall, Maceo & Co. Hotels. — ^Eden, Inglaterra, Comereio, La Ferrolana. Note. — One of the important cities of southeastern Cuba. A large business is carried on, the exports consisting principally of sugar, hides, etc. An important distributing point for the sur- rounding country. Well worthy of a visit by the majority of sales- men. UATAItZAS, capital of Province of Matanzas ;. altitude, 100 feet ; population, 37,000 ; port on Matanzas Bay ; landing, steamer to wharf; 54 miles (87. km.) from Habana; 472 miles (755 km.) from Santiago. Principal products : Sugar, molasses, cofCee, honey, wax, fruit. .Industries: Sisal fiber and cordage. Americaa vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Leoncio A. del Campo. How Beached. — From Habana by,, United Railways, 2-hour trip, fare $3.20. . Banks and. Bankers. — ^Branch of Banco Nacional ; National City Bank of New York ; branch of Bank of Spain ; .branch of Roy^l Bank of Canada ; Sobrino de Bea & Co., S. en C. ; A. Luque, S. en C. ; Arechavaleta Ampzaga & Co., S. en C. Hotels. — ^Louvre, Sevilla, Paris,' Golf o de Mexico. Note. — The capital of the Province. Easily reached from Habana. Considerable business is done with. Habana, and many of the retail- ers carry on a large trade and import direct. The chief source Of wealth is sugar, there being many " centralis " and refineries in this Province. Tobacco and other tropical products are also exported. NTIEVITAS, port in Department of Oriente; population,- 11,000 ; 242 miles (387 km.) from Santiago; 64 miles (87 km.) from Puerto Principe; 50 miles (80 km.) north of Camaguey. Principal prod- ucts: Sugar, cedar, mahogany, and citrus fruits. American consul and \lce consul. How Beached. — From Camaguey by Puerto Principe & Nuevitas Railway ; from Habana by steamers of Empresa Naviera de Cuba. Banks. — ^Banco Bspafiol de la Isla de Cuba; Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — This place Is growing in importance and a large trade is carried on. It is worthy of the attention of most salesmen. PINAE DEL BIO, capital «f Province of Pinar del Rio ; population, 20,000; 107 miles (173 km.) from Habana. Principal products: Tobacco (famous Vuelta Abajo district). Industries are unihi- portant. How, Beached. — ^From Habana by Western Railway, 4-hour ti-ip ; fare, ^5.16. ' ■ 184 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ; Banks.T-Branch of Banco Nacional de Cuba; branch of Banco iSspanol "de la Isla de Cuba ; brancli of Royal Bank of Canada ; sigencjf of National City Bank of New York; agency of Bank of Nova ; Scotia. Hotels. — Kicardo, Marina, SevlUa, Globo. Note. — ^A town of considerable importance in the western part df Cuba;, easily accessible from Habana. A large business is done with ^he surrounding country. The chief- wealth is tropical agri- cultural products, especially tobacco. Canvassed by salesmen who visit the smaller places. SAGTTA lA GKANDE, Province of Santa Clara ; population, 17,724 ; on Sagua la' Grande River, navigable for 20 iniles (32 km.); 16 miles (25 km.) from Isabella (port) ; 30 miles {48 km.) north of Santa Clara. Principal product : Sugar. Industries : Alcohol dis- tilleries, railroad shops of Cuban Central Railway Co. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, J. F. Jova. How Reached. — From Habana via United and Cuban Central Railways, time 6 J hours, fare $8.53. Banks and Bankers.-^-National City Bank of New York; JBancp EspaHol de la Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of, Cuba ; Royal Bank of Canada; G. Izaguirre y Cia. (S. en C.) ; Carlos Alfert y Cia. (S. en C). Hotels. — Plaza, Telegrafo, EI Paradero, Oscuno. , Hote.— 'One of the chief ports Of Cuba. In this vicinity are numer- ous important sugar plantations, also sugar "centrals" and refin- eries. There is frequent communication with Santa Clara, Gien- fuegos, Caibarien, Cardenas, etc. Worthy of the attention of sales- men who canvass towns where a large retail trade is done. ' SANTA CIARA, capital of Province of Santa Clara; population, 18,000; 179 miles (289 km.) from Habana; 41 miles (65 km.) from Cienfuegos. ■ Climate, healthful. Principal products: Sugar and cattle. Mines: Copper, gold, graphite, asphalt, etc. How Beached. — From Habana by United Railways, 7 to 7J hour trip, fare $8.53; from Cienfuegos by Cuban Central Railway. Banks and Bankers. — ^National City Bank of New York; Banco BspaEol de la Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of Cuba ; Royal Bank of Canada ; A. Garcia & Co. Hotels. — Santa Clara, Plaza, Telegrafo, Union, Yoro. Note.^Santa Clara is situated in an important Sugar and tobacco district. It is vrorthy of a visit by all salesmen who visit the flourishing towns. Considerable direct importing business is done. SANTIAGO DE CUBA, capital of Province of Oriente; on south coast; landing, steamer to wharf; population, 50,000; 535 miles (861 km.) from Habana; 40 miles (64 km.) from Guantanamo. Principal products: Iron, copper, manganese, sugar, rum, tobacco, cocoa, woods, honey, wax. Industries: Mining, agriculture, brew- ing, manufacture of bricks, ice, cigars, matches, candles, and soap ; foundries, planing mills, and machine shops. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Brooks & Co. Customhouse brokers, Bravo & Co. and Desiderio Parreno. How Beached. — From Haibana by United Railways and Cuba Railway via Santa Clara (24-hour trip, fare $24.11), or by steamers of Empresa Naviera de Cuba ; from Batabano by steamers. Banks. — Banco Bspanol; Banco Nacional de Cuba; Roya.1 Bank of Canada ; National City Bank of New York. OTJBA. 185 Hotels. — Gasa Grande, Venus, Imperial, American, Alba, Cosmo- politan, Palace, Luz, Suiza. Public Carriage Rates. — Within city limits: One person, 20 cents ; two persons, 30 cents ; three persons, 40 cents ; four persons, 50 cents. Hour's drive or more : Working days, $1 ; holidays, first hour $1.50, each succeeding hour $1. After 11 p. m. above rates are doubled. Note. — ^Next to Habana, this is the most important commercial city of Cuba and the princlpSl seaport in the eastern part. It is the center of a rich mining district, in which iron predominates, though copper is also mined. The exports are very large, includ- ing copper and iron ore, hides, cedar and mahogany logs. A large business is done. Santiago is often selected as a base for a local agency, particularly, if it does not seem advisable to depend upon Habana exclusively. Should be visited by all salesmen. At Dai- quiri and Firmeza, near by, are great iron mines. TKDTIDAI), Province of Santa Clara ; population, 12,000 ; 45 miles (73 km.) from Santa Clara. Products: Sugar, coffee, tobacco, co- coa, wax, honey. How Beached. — From Santa Clara by Cuba Railway. Some Leading Hotels. — TuUeries, Central, Union. Banks. — National Bank of Cuba ; Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — ^Trinidad is in the south central part of Cuba. The sur- rounding district is very rich. Usually found worthy of the at- tention of salesmen who canvass the smaller places. SOME TOWNS OF LESS IMPORTANCE. Below is a list of the less important places in Cuba. Some of these, however, are of interest to travelers who canvass their terri- tory closely. It is suggested that inquiry regarding the business available in these places be made in the largest towns near them. Artemisa, Pinar del Rio ; population, 5,000. Reached from Ha- bana by Western Railway. Products: Pineapples. National City Bank of New Yorfc Batabano, Department of Habana ; population, 7,000. Connected with Habana customs district ; branch of Habana customhouse. Reached from Habana by United Railways. Banks : Banco Espa- nol de la Isla de Cuba; M. G. Valdes & Co. The business of the Isle of Pines passes through here. In the vicinity are many sponge fisheries. Canvassed by those who work the smaller places. Bejncal, Province of Habana; population, 6,500; 15 miles (26 km.) from Habana; reached by United Railways. Products: Tobacco, tropical fruits, etc. Bolondron, Province of Matanzas; population, about 5,000; 35 miles (53 km.) from Matanzas; reached by United Railways. Products: Sugar, cattle, etc. Ciego de Avlla, Province of Camaguey ; population, 10,000 ; 280 miles (450 km.) from Habana; 260 miles (420 km.) from Santiago. Junction on Cuba Railway and Jucaro & San Fernando Railroad. Products: Sugar and cattle. Industry: Sawmills. Banks: Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of Cuba ; Royal Bank of Canada ; National City Bank of New York. Railway restaurant at this point. Hotels: Delicias, Sevilla. 186 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEEICA. Colon, Province of Matanzas; population, 8,500;, 83 miles (135 Ion.) from Habana; 40 miles (64 lim.) from Cardenas. Banks: Banco de la Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of Cuba ; National City Bank of New York. This Is a great sugar center ; chiefly dependent upon Habana. Reached from Habana by United Railways. Hotels : La Union, Lanare, Continental. Consolacion del Sur, Pinar del Rio; population, 11,000; 12 miles (20 km.) from Pinar del Rio. Products: Tobacco, etc. Reached from Habana and Pinar del Rio by Western Railway. Bank: National Bank of Cuba. Hotel: Moderno. In this vicinity tobacco is the principal product. Cruees, Province of Santa Clara ; population, 5,(X)0 ; on the road from Cienfuegos to Sagiia la Grande, in the midst of a sugar dis- trict. Banks : Banco Espanol d© Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of Cuba ; National City Bank of New York. Hotels : Reina Victoria, Ruiz. GuanabacaO) Province of Habana ; population, 14,000. Chief prod- ucts: Sugar, cofEee, etc. Reached from Habana by United Rail- ways. Bank : National Bank of Cuba. A fair business is done here. Guanajay, Province of Pinar del Rio ; populatioDj 7,000 ; 35 miles (57 km.) from Habana, reached by United Railways. Products: Tobacco, sugar, fruits. Hotel : Cuba. Bank : National Bank of Cuba. Guinea, Province of Habana; population, 10,360; 32 miles (50 km.) from Habana, reached by Western Railway. Bank: National Bank of Cuba. Canvassed from Habana by those who make the smaller towns. This is a railroad junction point. In the vicinity are many sugar mills. llarianao, Province of Habana; population, 10,000; 10 miles (16 km.) from Habana, reached by United Railways. This is a subur- ban residential district, not of commercial, importance. Puerto Padre, Province of Oriente-; population, 3,500; on the north coast ; reached from Habana by steamers of Empresa Naviera de Cuba. Chief products : Coffee, sugar, fruits, honey, tobacco ; also mines of copper, iron, and manganese. Hotel: Garcia. Bank: Royal Bank of Canada. This is a progressive town in which con- siderable business is done.. Bemedios, Province of Santa Clara ; population, 10,000 ; 5 miles (8 km.) south of Caibarien; 32 miles (51 km.) from Santa Clara. Products: Tobacco, sugar. Industries: Packing center; railroad town. Reached from Habana via United Railways and Cuban Cen- tral Railroad. Banks : National Bank of Cuba ; National City Bank of New Yorki Hotels : Comercio^ Mascotte. San Antonio de Los Banos, Province of Habana; population, 13,500; 20 miles (34 km.) from Habana, reached by rail. Products: The famous Tumbadar4 tobacco and tropical fruits. Hotels : Cuba, La Dominica. This Is a health resort. Sanoti Spirltus, 'Pi?o'?lnce of Santa Clara ; population, 18,000 ; 240 miles (386 km.) from Habana, reached by United Railways and Cuba Railway via Santa Clsra ; 50 miles (80 km.) from Santa Clata. reached by Cuba Railway. Hotels: Perla, Central, Correo, Plaza, Tibidabo, Isli de Cuba. Banks: Banco Bspanol de la Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of Cuba ; Royal Bank of Canada ; National City Bank of New York. JAMAICA. Map No. 5, Location. — Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea, lying about 90 miles south of Cuba and 100 miles from Haiti. It is a British possession. Turks and Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands. Maront Cays, and Pedro Cays are dependencies of Jamaica. Area and Population. — The area is about 4,207 square miles ; popujation, about 900,000, or approximately 214 inhabitants per square mile. The greatest length of Jamaica is 144 mijes, the great- est width 50 miles. Population of Principal Towns, — ^Kingston, 57,379 ; Spanish Town, 7,500; Montego Bay, 6,600; Port Antonio, 8,000; Savanna la Mar, 3,500 ; St. Anns Bay, 2,500 ; Falmouth, 2,500. Topography. — Nearly all of Jamaica is mountainous. Some of the peaks attain a height of 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The island Is well watered by small streams. There are abundant fertile valleys, some of which are very picturesque. The most important chain of mountains Is the Blue Mountains. Climate. — ^At sea level the temperature ranges from 70° to 87° F. : at 1,000 feet, 68° to 82° ; at 3,000 feet, 63° to 74° ; at 7,000 feet, 49° to 64°. Near the coast it Is humid and warm. The higher regions are dry, mild^ and equable. There are two rainy seasons, May and October, but there is more or less rain during all of the year. Commercial Interests. — This island is essenj;ially agricultural. The most important crop Is bananas. The raising of coffee and coconuts Is also Important. The sugar industry is developing very rapidly and; is increasing in importance as a money crop. In the timber industry considerable advance has been made, especially in getting out logwood. Cattle raising, and the consequent export of hides and skins, has also been increasing. Principal Products. — Sugar cane, coffee, bananas, oranges, grape- fruit, limes, coconuts, hardwoods, honey, wax, pimento, Jamaica ginger, annatto, and cassava. Minerals.— Copper, gold, iron, lead, cobalt, manganese, and others. Indxistries. — Agriculture, match factories, ice plants, breweries, bottling works, cigar and cigarette factories, distilleries, planing mills, manufacture of jippi-jappa hats, and banana food products. language. — English. Currency. — Same as in England, but United States money is accepted. Weights and Jffieasures. — Same as in England. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 5 cents for the first ounce and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fractional part thereof. .' Wireless and Cable. — Messages between ship and, shore cost $2.15 for not more than 10^ words. Cable messages to points east of the Mississippi River, 36 cents per word ; west of the river, 41 cents per word. 187 188 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place, Sailings from Pier 16, Bast River (Burling slip), and Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Departures for Kingston every Wednesday and Saturday, and for Port AntOnio; every Saturday and alternate Thursday; for Morant, Alto Bay/ Montego Bay, Savanna la Mar, every Saturday. Connection ' can be ' made at Kingston and Port Antonio with the Jamaica Goveirnment Railroad for interior j)bints. Fares: New York to Kingston and Port Antonio, $85; Crtstobal (Panama) to Kingston, $43; Santiago (Cuba) to Kingston and Port Antonio, $17. Time of trip from New York, six to seven days. Pacific Steam Navigation Co. — Office, 26 Broadway, New York. Sailings from Pier 42, North River (foot of Christopher St.). De- parture monthly for Kingston, Jamaica. Fare, $85. Time, 6 days. OTHER LINES VISITING JAMAICA. Plant Steamship Co. — Line from Jacksonville, Fla. leyland and Harrison Lines. — From England to Kingston, Port Antonio, and Montego Bay, then going on to Me^cican ports. Halifax & West India Steamship Co. — -Fortnightly sailings from Halifax to Jamaica, calling at Bermuda and Turks Island. Elders & Pyffes line. — Tvpo steamers a month from England to Kingston, then continuing to Port Limon, Costa Rica, and returning iii about five or six days, aftei* having gone either to Santa Marta, Colombia, or Colon, Panama. Cuba Railroad Cb. — Steamer Prince Rupert leaves Kingston and Port Antonio for Santiago, Cuba, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, and returns on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays: Time of trip: From Port Antonio, 7 to 8 hours; from Kingston, about 17 hours. Fares (including meals and berth) : Port An- tonio to Santiago, $12 ; Kingston to Santiago, $15. Local Steamship Service.— A Government . launch and other small vessels ply between Kingston and Port Royal. Fare, about 25 cents. The yacht Lucinda maintains regular service between Santiago d6 Cuba and Kingston, Jamaica. Time of trip, about 16 hours. There are several other steamers which 'make regular trips around the Island. Inquire at steamship agencies in Kingston. JAMAICA GOVERNMENT RAILWAY. The railroad extends from Montego Bay to Spanish Town. At the latter point the line branches ofC in two directions — one to Kingston and the other to Port Antonio. Between Spanish Town and Port Antonio a line branches off to Ewarton. Fares from and to Kingston.^Spanish Town, $0.50 ; Port Antonio, $3; Montpelier, $4.15; Montego Bay, $4.50; between Port Antonio and Spanish Town, $2.70. DISTANCES.— New York to Kingston, 1,457 nautical miles; New York to Port Antonio, 1,415 miles ; Cristobal, Panama, to Kingston, 550 miles. Distances within Jamaica: Annotto Bay to Kingston, 50 miles (81 km.) ; Port Antonio to King.ston, 75 miles (120 km.) ; JAMAICA. 189 St. Ann's Bay to Kingston, 70 miles (113 km.) ; Spanlsli Town to Kingston, 12 miles (19 km.) ; Falmouth to Port Antonio, 106 miles (171 km.) ; Falmouth to Montego Bay, 22 miles (35 km.). Mail Coaches. — There is a regular mail-coach service between Montego Bay and Lucea, distance 25 miles (40 km.), time about 4 hours, fare $2; between Savanna la Mar and Montpelier, 22 miles (34 km.), time about 4^ hours, fare $1.50. In addition to the above, there is mail-coach service to all principal places not reached by railroad. Baggage limited to 20 pounds per passenger. Automobiles. — In addition to the mail coaches, numerous auto- mobiles are available for reaching points not on the railroad. CANVASSING JAMAICA. Commercial Center. — There is only one city of real importance, the capital, Kingston. Here are located the chief Government offices. The most important firms (particularly the wholesale houses) are located in Kingston. These supply the small firms throughout the island. Importing Retailers. — It must be remembered that because of the accessibility of Jamaica, many retailers even in the smaller places import direct, especially from New York. There is also consider- able business with Great Britain. Koutes for Travelers. — Almost all travelers begin at Kingston, finding it more satisfactory to feel the pulse of the trade there and then canvass the rest of the island. There is good service between Kingston and the places of less importance. Port Antonio, on the north side of the island, is reached by rail. The chief towns, method of reaching them, and the approximate time required are given in the following pages. Agencies. — Agencies for Jamaica are almost always placed with firms in Kingston, who are expected to canvass the rest of the Island. In the case of manufacturers who sell exclusively to whole- salers, the business is comparatively simple, because such houses are located exclusively in Kingston. Many wholesalers conduct a retail business in connection, and this makes differentiation between the two classes of trade less marked than elsewhere. Commercial Travelers' license. — Under a law efEective June 1, 1919, commercial travelers representing foreign business houses are required to register and pay an annual tax of flO ($48.66). Failure to do so involves heavy penalties, including imprisonment. Taxes on Goods Sold. — If the commercial traveler sells his sam- ples, or if stock is brought to the island to be sold, the traveler is required to take out a merchant's license, the cost of which is about $61 per year. Giving Bond. — Samples of value may be brought into Jamaica without the payment of duty, but an invoice must be deposited with the customs, the goods carefully checked, and a sufficient deposit left to cover duties thereon. When the traveler leaves the island the goods are again checked and the deposit returned. Suggestions tp Salesmen. — American exporters should bear in mind that English — not Spanish— is the language of Jamaica; that the average transit period is 5 to 6 days ; that American currency may be used in price quotations ; that the regular foreign postage 190 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. I'ates pi'evail imd parcel-post facilities are available; and that the climate of Jamaica is subtropical. . , Credit information may be obtained from the Bank of Nova Scotia and the Oolonial Bank, both of which have branches throughout the island. Credit terms are 30 to 90 days with 2 per cent to 3 per cent off for cash, the average being 60 days or 2i per cent off for cash. ' The general trade of Jamaica demands cheap merchandise^ quantity rather than quality. The ordinary black Jamaican plans his purchases in pennies — not shillings. Holidays in Jamaica. — The following are the chief holidays ob- served in Jamaica : January 1, New Year's Day ; Ash Wednesday ; Good Friday; Easter Monday; May 24, Empire -Day ; June 3, birth- day of the King ; August 1, abolition day of slavery in the British colonies ; November 9, King Edward's Day; December 25, Chrisi- mas ; December 26, Boxing Day. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. PALMOtTTH; population, 2,500; 106 miles (171 km.) from Port Antonio, 22 miles (35 km.) from Montego Bay. Principal products: Sugar, coffee, ginger, bananas, dyewoods, rum. Lloyd's agent, Walter Ooke, Kerr. How Beached. — From St. Anns Bay by steamer ; from Montego Bay by steamer, 3-hour journey. Principal Hotel. — Falmouth. Sank. — Colonial Bank (J. E. Kerr & Co., agents). Note. — This is a port of entry fpr the north. A fair retail trade is carried on. Visited by those who canvass the smaller places. KINGSTON, the capital of the island; population, 57,379; 50 miles (81 km.) from Annotto Bay; 75 miles (120 km.,) from Port An- tonio; 1,457 nautical miles from New York.. La,nding: From steamer to wharf. Temperature averages 78° F. Principar prod- ucts : Bananas, cofEee, pimento, ginger, logwood. Industries : Match and ice factories; breweries, cigar and cigarette factories. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, R. ^. Gamble & Son. How Beached. — From New York, by United Fruit Co. steamers ; from Port Antonio, by rail, time 4 to 5 hours, fare $3 ; from An- notto Bay, by rail. , ,. - Conveyances. — Gab (locally called "bus") within city Umtts, 12 cents per person, 75 cents per hour ; outside of city, $1.10 per hour. Electric cars give good service at regular intervals to various parts of city and suburbs. Hotels. — Myrtle Bank, Jamaica, Montague House, South Camp Road, Manor House, St. Andrew's Hotel. Banks.^Eank of Novia, Scotia ; Colonial Bank; Royal Bank of Canada ,; National City Ba.nk of New York. Note.-^Kingston is a port of call for many steamship lines trading with the West Indies, South America, and Europe. Many travelers stop off here for a visit between steamers. A considerable volume, of trade, both wholesale and retail, Is done in foodstufCs, hard,-^ ware, estate stores, etc. In the vicinity are many sugar, coffe^. JAMAICA. 191 coconut, and banana plantations. This place la generally worthy of a visit from all salesmen. MONTEGO BAY, Parish of St. James, on northwest end of island; population, 6,600; 22 miles (35 km.) from Falmouth; 10 miles (16 km.) from Montpelier; 113 miles (183 km.) from Kings- ton. Principal products: Sugar, cofCee, bananas, dyewoods, rum. Industries: Ice factory, aerated-water works, native wines and cordials. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Walter Coke Kerr. How Beached. — From Savanna la Mar, by steamer, a 20-hour jour- ney ; from Kingston, by rail, fare $4.50 ; from Falmouth, by steamer, 4-hour journey, or by road, 6J-hour trip ; from St. Anus Bay, by motor car (every Friday), fare $6.50; from Port Antonio, by motor cars, about 8 hours. Principal Hotels. — Spring Hill, Montego Bay, Caribee, Stafford- shire. Sanks. — Bank of Nova Scotia ; Colonial Bank. Note. — ^This is the most important city of the parish and a very fair trade is carried on. Visited by those who canvass the smaller places. POET ANTONIO, Parish of Portland; population, 8,000; 75 miles (120 km.) from Kingston; 590 natutical miles from Cristobal, Pan- ama. Landing: Vessels anchor offshore. Products: Bananas and other fi-uits. Industries : Ice factory, bottling works, tannery, cigar factory. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, D. S. Gideon. How Keaohed. — From Kingston, by rail, time 4 to 5 hours, fare $3 ; from Montego Bay, by rail ; from Cristobal, by United Fruit Co. steamers. Banks. — Bank of Nova Scotia ; Colonial Bank. Principal Hotels. — Titchfield, Waverly. Note. — The most important town of the parish. There is an ex- cellent harbor with accommodations for all vessels. A very large retail trade is carried on. The United Fruit Co. has a commissary at this point and has done much to develop the surrounding dis- trict. During the winter many tourists from the United States use this place as a port of call. ST. ANNS BAY, Parish of St. Ann; population, 2,500; 70 miles (113 km.) from Kingston. Lauding: Vessels anchor offshore. Principal pi-oducts: Fruits, pimento, coffee, dyewoods, coconuts. Industries: Manufacture of essential oils. Lloyd's agent, A. B. D. Rerrie. How Keaohed.' — From Falmouth, by steamer, 20-hour journey ; from Annotto Bay, by steamer. Principal Hotels. — Seville, Osborne, Moneague, Richmond, Holly- mount. Bank. — Bank of Nova Scotia. Note. — A small town, but the most important one in the parish. A good retail business is carried on in general merchandise and estate stores. , SAVANNA lA MAR, Westmoreland, on Cabaritta River; popula- tion, S,500; 21 miles (33 km.) from Montpelier. Landing: Steamers lie alongside wliarf. Principal products ; Sugar, coffee, dyewoods. 192 GUIDE TO, LATIN AMERICA. rum, ginger. Industries ; Aerated water bottling works. Lloyd's agent, B. H. Segre. How Beached. — rFrom Kingston by coastal steamers which leave Kingston Monday evening and arrive at Savanna la Mar Tuesday at 3 p. m. ; or by train via Montego Bay line, 7 hours. Banks.— Bank of Nova Scotia; Colonial Bank (Leyden & Co., agents). Note. — ^A fairly important commercial town with a good retail business in ordinary lines, estate stores, etc. One of the more important towns of Jamaica. SPANISH TOWN, Parish of St. Catherine, on the Rio Cobre ; popu- lation, 7,500; 12 miles (19 km.) from Kingston. Industries: Dye- wood extract factory. How Reached. — From Kingston, by rail, 35 minutes, fare 50 cents ; from Port Antonio, by rail; from Annotto Bay, by rail, time 3 hours. Banks. — Bank of Nova Scotia; Colonial Bank. Principal Hotels. — Rio Cobre, Marble. Note. — This was formerly the capital of Jamaica. A fair volume of business is carried on in dry goods, estate stores, etc. Visited by those who canvass the smaller towns. TOWNS OF LESS COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. Below is a list of the less important places in Jamaica. Some of these, however, are of interest to travelers who canvass their terri- tory closely. It Is suggested that inquiry regarding the business available in these places be made in the largest towns near them. Annotto Bay, on right bank of Wag Water River ; 29 miles (47 km.) from Port Antonio, 50 miles (81 km.) from Kingston. Princi- pal products: Bananas, coconuts, cocoa, cofEee, kola, dyewoods. Railway communication with Kingston, Port Antonio, and Montego Bay. Black Eiver, Parish of St. Elizabeth ; population, 1,300 ; situated at the mouth of the Black River. Chief exports are coffee, ginger, citrus fruits, sugar, etc. Bank : Bank of Nova Scotia. Brownstown, largest town of the Parish of St. Ann ; populatlou, 1,100. Retail trade in general merchandise and estate stores. Ewarton, altitude, 760 feet; 17 miles (27 km.) from Spanish Town, 29 miles (47 km.) from Kingston. Terminus of branch line from Port Antonio and Kingston. Hotels; HoUymount and Mone- ague. Highgate, Parish of St. Mary; 8 miles (13 km.) from Port Maria. Products: Bananas, cocoa, coffee, dyewoods, oranges, coconuts. Reached by rail from Kingston and Port Antonio. lucea, chief town of Hanover Parish; population, 1,600. Prod- ucts: Sugar, bananas, coconuts, rum, pimento, ginger, yams, arrow- root, etc. , Montpeiier, situated in an agricultural district; 10 miles (16 km.) from Montego Bay; reached by rail. Railway connects also with Kingston and Port Antonio. Old Harbour, inland town about 2 miles (3 km.) from Old Harbour Bay. Reached by rail from Kingston. JAMAICA. 193 Ora Cabessa, Parish of St. Mary. Shipping port for fruit trade. Products-: Bananas and citrus fruits. Port Maria, chief town of Parish of Port Maria ; population, 2,900. Products : Logwood, coffee, coconuts, oranges, bananas, pimento. Reached by coasting vessels from Port Antonio. Banks: Bank of Nova Scotia ; Colonial Bank. The Wentworth plantation, largest coconut plantation in the world, is located in this parish. Cayman Islands. — These islands form a part of the colony of Jamaica. Population, 5,570 (about half of population white). Grand Cayman lies 178 miles (286 km.) from Jamaica; popula- tion, over 1,000. Products : Dyewoods, phosphate deposits, cattle, poultry. Towns: Georgetown (capital). West Bay, Prospect, East End, and Bodden Town. Lloyd's agent, W. M. Cochran. Little Cayman is 58 miles (93 km.) northeast of Grand Cayman. Products: Coconuts. Lloyd's agent, William Hunter. Cayman Brae is 58 miles (83 km.) northeast of Grand Cayman. Products: Coconuts. The business of the islands is handled through Jamaica, and is comparatively small. Reached by schooner and small sailing ves- sels. 144297°— 20 13 HAITI. Maps Nos. 5 and 6. Location. — ^The Republic of Haiti and tlie Dominican Republic occupy an island southeast of Cuba, lying between Cuba and Porto Rico. Cape St. Nicolas, Haiti, is about 130 miles distant from Point de Maisi, Cuba, via the Windward Passage. Area and Population. — The area of Haiti is estimated at 10,204 square miles. The population is estimated at 2,500,000, or about 245 inhabitants per square mile. This makes it one of the most populous of the American Republics. Inhabitants.-^The inhabitants are Negroes, fully 90 per cent being black. There are also a considerable number of mulattoes, descendants of former French settlers, and about 5,000 foreigners, of whom about 10 per cent are' white. Topography. — Haiti is a land of forested mountains and fertile valleys, shaped like an immense U, the arms including the Gulf of Gonaives. It has the highest mountain in the West Indies, Loma Tina, over 10,000 feet. The average altitude of the Sierra del Cibao is 7,000 feet. Rivers and Lakes. — ^Although Haiti has numerous rivers, the only navigable one Is the Artibonite. It is the largest stream on the island and is navigable for about 100 miles. Other important rivers are the Grand Anse and the Trois Rivieres. The largest lake is Etang Sammantre, 16 miles long and 4 miles broad. It is navi- gable. Climate. — Owing to the diversity of its topographical formation, there is a wide range of climate. This is influenced by the constant sea breezes. Because of the mountainous character of the country, the climate in many places is pleasant and healthful. Seasons. — The seasons vary according to the section of the island and the altitude. In the mountains there is always a considerable amount of moisture, which forms mists and dew. The rainy sea- son, generally speaking, lasts from the middle of April to the middle of October. During that time the temperature averages 94° F. The dry season, generally speaking, lasts from the middle of October to the middle of April ; average temperature, 84°. The rainfall varies considerably. It is heaviest during the months of May and June, and ranges from 24 inches in some places to 144 inches in others. Port au Prince is one of the hottest points on the island. The average summer temperature there is 80° to 95° ; winter temperature, 70° to 80°. Agricultural Wealth. — Haiti is essentially an agricultural coun- try. The most important crop is coffee. Next in importance are coconuts, while the raising of cacao, tropical fruits, cotton, tobacco, yucca, etc., is increasing. Forest Wealth.— The timber resoures of Haiti are as yet not fully developed, but the outlook is promising. The chief timber exported is logwood, next lignum-vitse. 194 . HAITI. 195 Cattle Industry. — The cattle-raising industry is developing, as there is a . very considerable acreage suitable for grazing. Goat- skins and hides iu general are exported. Mineral Wealth. — -jaaiti has remarkable wealth in mineral re- sources, but they are yet undeveloped. Manufacturing. — There are no industries of importance. There are a few sugar mills and the number is growing. A number of small factories supply local requirements for cigars, cigarettes, leather, etc. Language. — French is the commercial language. Most of the people speak a dialect known as Creole French. Currency. — The money of Haiti is based upon the gold gourde, which has a value of $0.25. Paper, however, is the actual currency, which fluctuates in value. No gold coins have been minted. Owing to the fact that all export duties and the surtax of 25 per cent on imports, with an additional 15 per cent, are payable In United States gold, American coins are current in the Republic. Paper currency (irredeemable) consists of 5, 2, and 1 gourde bills. Weights and Measures. — The metric system prevails ; pounds, tons, and gallons are also used. Postage.- — Letters from the United States require 5 cents for the first ounce and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fractional part thereof. Telegraph. — The principal towns are connected by a Government telegraph system. Cable. — ^There are cable connections with Cuba, the Dominican Republic, the United States, and South America. Cable rate be- tween Cape Haitlen, Mole St. Nicolas, Port au Prince, and points in the United States east of the Mississippi, 80 cents per word ; west of the river, 85 cents per word. To all Other points in Haiti the rate is $1.30 and $1.35, respectively. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Royal Dutch West India Mail Line. — Funch, Edye & Co., agents, 10 Bridge Street, New Tork. Sailings from Pier 3, Bush Terminal, Forty-seventh Street, Brooklyn. Departures for Haiti about every two weeks. Fares from New York: To Cape Haitien, Port de Paix, Gonaives, St. Marc, Port au Prince, Petit Goave, Miragoane, and Jeremie, $90; to Aux Oayes and Jacmel, $105. Time to Cape Haitien, about 6 days ; to Port au Prince, about 10 days. Panama Kailroad Steamship Line. — Office, 24 State Street, New York. Sailings from Pier 67, West Twenty-seventh Street. De- partures semimonthly for Port au Prince, Haiti, and Colon, Panama. Fares: New York to Port au Prince, $75; Cristobal to Port au Prince, $45. Time from New York to Port au Prince, about five days. OTHER LINES VISITING HAITIAN PORTS. Compagnie Gfenerale Transatlantique. — ^Monthly service from Porto Rico and Martinique; semimonthly service from Dominican Re- public and Virgin Islands. Haitian Navigation Co. — Steamers Oriselle and Amazone furnish coastwise service between Haitian ports. 196 GUIDE TO liATIN AMERICA. RAILROADS IN HAITI. Central Railroad of Haiti (also known as Cui de Sac Railroad). — From Port au Prince to tlie Dominican frontier, 35 miles (56 km.) ; from Port au Prince to Leoganes, 20 miles (32 km.). National Railroad. — ^This road, when completed, will traverse al- most the entire country from north to south. The following sec- tions are now in operation: Cape Haltien to Grande Riviere, 14 miles (23 km.) ; Gonaives to Ennery, 20 miles (32 km.) ;. Port au Prince to St. Marc, 64 miles (103 km.) ; Grande Riviere to Bahon, 10 miles (16 km.). CANVASSING HAITI. Salesmen's Samples. — Samples possessing no commercial value are admitted free of duty. Giving Bond. — If samples have a commercial value, and it is de- sired to reexport them later, bond may be given. The details can be arranged through a customhouse broker. Exportation of Samples Through Another fort. — Samples may be entered through one port and reexported from another. The trav- eler should obtain from the port of entry a document which will certify that bond has been given. If this is carefully preserved and presaated at the port of reexportation there is no difficulty, provided no samples have been sold and that the contents of the trunks agree witb the memorandum of importation. Snties on Advertising Hatter. — The laws of Haiti place no re- strictions on advertising matter. Travelers' Taxes.- — There are ho taxes of any kind assessed by either the National Government or municipalities. No license is re- quired for commercial travelers. Documents Required. — The Department of the Interior of Haiti requires a traveler who leaves a port of entry to obtain a permit before visiting other points in Haiti. This is issued free upon application. A passport is also required in the event a traveler wishes to leave for another country ; application should be made to the American consul. Important Centers. — ^The two important cities of Haiti are Cape Haitlen and Port au Prince. Commercial travelers usually visit Port au Prince first and then, if conditions warrant, arrange to visit Cape Haitien. Travel is difficult and quite expensiva A number of houses located in the smaller places, such as Port cle Paix, Gonaives, and Jeremie, import direct. Therefore it is to the traveler's interest to include them in his itinerary, provided his efforts are not confined to wholesalers. Agencies. — ^Because of the difficulties of communication, agencies are often established in both Port au Prince and Cape Haitlen. It should be borne In mind, however, that the trade of Haiti is lim- ited, and in order to obtain a volume of business sufficient to make it of interest to a commercial representative, an agency for the en- tire country is often insisted upon. Care should be taken, if a representative is appointed in Port au Prince, to ascertain whether he visits the other city. This is very important, else dissatisfaction may result. HAITI. 197 Best Visiting Time. — The most agreeable time to visit Haiti is from October to February. It sliould be borne in mind that mer- chants prefer to have a good stock for the two chief seasons, Christmas ajid Easter. ObtBiining Delivery of Goods. — Do not forget that Haiti is one of the countries in which the direct consignee of merchandise is en- titled to delivery without the need of export documents. Explain this to your house. In the case of " documents to order," parties proving interest therein have been known to obtain delivery by depositing in trust the value of the goods. Exchange. — For the purpose of saving your house the cost of exchange, drafts should read as follows : " Payable to Bank, selling rate for Haiti, check on New York." This makes it possible for the bank to collect from the drawees at the selling rate, plus stamps, the remitting charges and collection fee being borne by the remitters. Credit Conditions.^It is well to exercise extreme caution in grant- ing credit. Careful investigation should be made, and when thor- oughly reliable reports are not available, cash should be insisted upon. Hotel Rates. — There is a vast difference in the hotel accommoda- tions in Haiti. In Port au Prince the best hotels are very comfort- able, the rates averaging from $3.50 to $5 per day on the American plan. In the smaller towns the I'ates are somewhat lower and the service is inferior. Koads. — Haiti is lacking in means of transportation. Most of the towns are connected by roads which are hardly better than trails, but thePe is promise of improvement in this respect. A number of important highways are contemplated and will materially help the situation. Holidays in Haiti. — The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are observed. Other days observed are New Tear's Day, Agriculture Day (May 1), and Christmas Day. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. ATJX CAYES, capital of Department of the South ; on southeastern coast of Peninsula Tiburon ; population, 25,000. Landing : Steamers lie alongside wharf. Distant 1,487 nautical miles from New York, 92 miles (148 km.) southwest of Port au Prince. Products: Coffee, sugar, dyewoods, cotton. Industries: Distilleries. Lloyd's agents, Roberts, Dutton & Co. Customhouse brokers, Roberts, Dutton & Go. and F. Calisti. How Beached. — From New York, by Royal Dutch West India Mail steamers; from Jacmel, by steamer. Banks. — Banque Natlonale de la Republique d'HaitI ; John Jacob- sen; Roberts, Dutton & Co. Hotel. — International. Kote. — This is the chief town of the district. Considerable direct importing is done and most of the buyers have relations with Ameri- can export houses. Travelers who canvass Haiti should visit this place. 198 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CAPE HAITIEN, capital of Department oJ; the North ; population, 19,000. Landing: Steamers anchor about one-half mile from town. Distant 34 nautical miles from Monte Chrlsti, Dominican Republic ; 40 nautical miles from Port de Paix, Haiti; 85 miles (137 km.) northeast of Port au Prince. Climate, pleasant; temperature aver- ages 86° F. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, honey. American consul and vice consul, Lloyd's agent, Jules Deve. Customhouse broker, F. M. Altlerl. How Reached. — From Monte Christ! and Port de Palx, by steamer. Steamship Service. — Royal Dutch West India Mail from New York about every two weeks ; Raporel Line, occasionally ; Compagnle G€n6rale Transatlantique, monthly. Railroad. — ^The National Railroad runs from here to Grande Keviere, 14 miles (23 km.), and from Grande Reviere to Bahon, 10 miles (16 km.). Highway.- — ^A national highway extends from Cape Haltilen to Port au Prince, 180 miles (273 km.). ■ . Banks. — American Foreign Banking Corporation ; Banque Na- tlonale de la Republlque d'Haltl. ■ Note. — ^This is the chief city of the northern part of the Republic; growing in Importance and worthy of the attention of, all salesmen who visit Haiti. There is considerable direct Importing. GONAIVES, capital of Department of Artibonite; population, 14,000. Landing : Vessels anchor about one-fourth mile from shore. Principal products : Sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, mahogany. Ameri- can consular agent. Lloyd's agent, James Muir McGuffie. Custom- house brokers, Lancelet & Co. How Reached.— From Cape Haitien and Port au Prince, by carre- tera or steamer. Steamer leaves Cape Haitien Wednesday, ar- rives Port au Prince Friday ; leaves Port au Prince Wednesday, ar- rives Gonaives Thursday. ■ <. , Railroad. — ^National Railroad to Ennery, 20 miles (32 km.). , Banks. — ^Banque Natlonale de la Republlque d'Haltl; Simmonds Bros. Hotels. — ^Boarding houses only ; uncomfortable. Note. — ^This town is in the w.esteiai part of -Haiti; growing in im- portance ; considerable volume of exporting. There is some direct impprtlng, and most of the houses here have agencies in New York City. JACMEL, on southeastern coast of Tiburou Peninsula, on eastern side of Bio Grande ; population, 12,000. Vessels anchor about one- half mile froni shore,. Distant 30 miles (48 km.) from Port au Prince ; 1,4S9 nautical miles from New York. Products : Coffee, log- wood, cotton, cottonseed, WaX, and honey. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Jerome Poggi. Customhouse broker, Rene de la Jaible. How Reached, — From New York, by Royal Dutcli West India Mail steamers ; from Port au Prince, by steamer. Sank. — Banque Natlonale de la Republlque d'Halti. Note.^An important and gi-owing city. A considerable volume of exports is shipped from this place, and' there is also a good deal of direct importing, Many fft the houses have agents in New York Cltyi HAITI. 199 JEKEMIE, open port, on northern tip of Tibnron Peninsula ; ves- sels anchor short distance from shore ; 100 nautical miles from Port au Prince. Population, 15,000. Principal products: Coffee, sugar cane, cocoa, logwood, hides, mahogany. American consular agent. Customhouse brokers, Roberts, Button & Co. Lloyd's agent, G. Gaveau. How Beached. — From New York, by Royal Dutch West India Mail steamers ; from Port au Prince, by steamers. Banks. — ^Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti; Roberts, Button & Co. Note. — A city of growing commercial importance with considerable export trade. There is some direct importing. Should be visited by most salesmen who canvass Haiti. MIKAGOANE, on southern shore of Gulf of Port au Prince ; popu- lation, 7,500; 70 miles (114 km.) from Port au- Prince. Climate, pleasant and healthful. Products: Lignum-vitse, logwood, cofEee, cotton, honey, and wax. Customhouse broker, E. Guilliod. Steamship Service. — Royal Dutch West India Mail, monthly ; Compagnie Gr6n6rale Transatlantique, monthly. Note. — ^A place of growing importance; good volume of exporting is carried on in logwood, cofEee, goatskins, etc. ; some direct import- ing. PORT Air FKINCE, capital. of the Republic; in the Department oi: the West ; on Port au Prince Bay ; good harbor, pier ; population, 90,000; 1,053 nautical miles from Trinidad, 1,372 miles from New York, 195 miles from Cape Haitien, 186 miles from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Climate, pleasant and healthful. American minister, consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, G. A. Payne. Customhouse brokers, Roberts, Button & Co. and Georges Leon. How Reached. — From New York, by Royal Dutch West India Mall steamers and Panama Railroad Steamship Line. Steamship Service. — Royal Dutch West India Mail, about semi- monthly; Compagnie G6n6rale Transatlantique, monthly; Panama Railroad Steamship Line, semimonthly. Railroads. — National Railway to St. Marc, 64 miles (103 km.) ; Central Railway to the Bominican frontier, 35 miles (56 km.), and to Leoganes, 20 miles (32 km.). National Highway. — A national highway extends from here to Cape Haitien, distance 180 miles (273 km.). Banks and Bankers. — American Foreign Banking Corporation ; Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti; flanque de France; Roberts, Button & Co. ; Richardson & Co. Hotels. — ^American, Bellevue, France, and Montagne. Note. — This is the chief commercial city of Haiti and the logical place in which to establish an agency. Other points in Haiti may be easily canvassed from here. There are local coasting service and railways to a number of towns. Salesmen who visit Haiti should pay most attention to Port au Prince and use it as their head- quarters. There are a number of houses here who import direct. PORT DE PAIX, capital of the Bepartment of the Northwest; population, 10,000 ; 35 nautical miles from Cape Haitien, 140 nauti- cal miles from Port au Prince. Climate, pleasant and healthful. How Reached. — From New York, by Royal Dutch West India Mail steamers ; from Cape Haitien, by steamer. 200 GXJIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — ^May be most easily canvassed from Port au Prince. A fair volume of busimess is -carried on. There are numerous dealers, most of whom have New York connections. Worthy of attention by most travelers. ST. HARC, situated at the head of St. Marc Bay ; vessels lie along- side wharf; population, 8,000. Distant 64 miles (103 km.) from Port au Prince. Products: Logwood, coffee, cotton. Industries: Cottonseed-oil mill. American consular agent. Customhouse brok- ers, Lucas & Co. How Reached. — From New York, by Royal Dutch West India Mail Line; from Port au Prince, by National Railroad. Banks. — ^American Foreign Banking Corporation; Banque Na- tionale de la Republique d'Halti. Note. — On the west coast, south of Gonaives. A very fair volume of business is done here; there is also some direct Importing. Rather important place for general business. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Map No. 6. Location. — The Dominican Eepubllc occupies the eastern and larger part of the Island of Haiti. Area and Population. — ^The area Is about 18,045 square miles, twice the size of the Republic of Haiti, and more than five times the area of Porto Rico. The population is estimated at 708,000, or about 40 inhabitants per square mile. Inhabitants. — The people are a mixed race, chiefly of European, African, and Indian blood. In the city of Santo Domingo there are a great many Turks and Syrians, who dominate the dry-goods trade. Merchants of these nationalities are also found in other parts of the Island. Topography. — The country is traversed by four nearly parallel mountain ranges. There are numerous fertile valleys,, and the dif- ferences in altitude produce various climates. Some of the peaks are quite high. Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Yaqui del Norte, about 250 miles (400 km.) long, navigable at certain seasons for flat-bottom boats for about 40 miles (64 km.) ; the Yaqui del Sur, about 130 miles (208 km.) long, navigable at certain times for light-draft boats for about 15 miles (24 km.) ; the Tuna, navigable for about 40 miles (64 km.) ; the Ozama, navigable for about 16 miles (25 km.). Climate. — While the climate is tropical, it is pleasant and salu- brious. Although it is very warm during the middle of the day, the temperature even in summer seldom reaches 90° F. The nights at all seasons are cool and pleasant. The climate is tempered by trade winds, which blow almost continuously during the day, and at night the land breeze is very refreshing. The average annual temperature of the coast towns is about 79° F. It is cooler inland, the temperature varying with the altitudes. Seasons. — In the southern part of the island there is a marked distinction between the dry and rainy seasons. The dry season is during the months of September to March, while the rainy sea- son extends from April to August. From early December until June there is very Uttle rain. la the northern half of the Island it rains more or less all the year, although the heaviest rainfall occurs from November to April. Agricultural Products. — The chief crop is sugar. New mills are constantly being built and the production is increasing. Second in importance is cacao, which is rapidly developing into a large indus- try. Another important crop is tobacco. Other products are ba- nanas, beeswax, coconuts, honey, vegetable fibers, etc. Cattle Industry. — The raising of cattle is making steady progress. The export of hides, goatskins, etc., is also increasing. Mineral Wealth. — ^The Republic is very rich in minerals, but up to the present they have not been exploited, There has been some shipment of copper. 201 202 GUIDE TO liATIN AMERICA. Sorest Wealth. — The forests are exceedingly important, and the outlook for the exploitation of these is promising. The chief woods are lignum-vitse and mahogany. Industries. — The Dominican Republic is not an industrial country, but the number of small plants for providing local requirements is increasing. These include cigar and cigarette factories, candle fac- tories, planing mills, etc. ' Language. — Spanish. Currency. — ^Tie standard is the gold dollar, equivalent to the dol- lar of the United States. The Dominican peso is one-fifth of the gold dollar. This peso and its subdivisions are relatively stable at this rate of exchange. United States money circulates freely at its face value. Weights and Measures. — The metric system prevails here. Postage. — The first-class letter rate to and from the United States Is 2 cents for each ounce or fractional part thereof. Telegraph.^There is telegraph service between Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, and Santiago, and from Santiago to Monte .Ghristi ; also along the rallvray from Sanchez to La Vega. Cable. — ^There is cable communication between Puerto Plata and New York and between Santo Domingo and P'orto Rico and Curacao. The rate for points in the United States east of the Mississippi River is $1 per word, and for points west of the Mississippi $1.05 per word. Wireless.' — ^Wireless stations are In operation at Santo Domingo and La Romana, having a communicating radius to Porto Rico. The Dominican Government controls the Servlclo Radiogr^fico del Estado. It has a wireless station at Santo Domingo that works with one at San Pedro de Macoris ; this station relays messages to the station at La Romana, owned by the Central Romana. From tills point messages are relayed to Guanica, Porto Rico ; from there to Ponce; thience to San Juan, from which point messages are sent to the United States. The rate Is 80 cents per vrord for points east of the Mississippi and 85 cents for points west of the Mississippi. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW YORK. Clyde Steamship Co. (Santo Domingo Line). — Ofiice, 11 Broadway, New York. Sailings from Pier 34, Atlantic Basin, Brooklyn. De- partures, semimonthly for Turks Island, Puerto Plata, Samana, Sanchez, Monte Crlstl, San Pedro de Macoris, and Santo Domingo City. Monthly for La Romana and Azua. Fares from New Yoi'k : To Monte Cristi, $50; Puerto Plata, $55; Samana and Sanchez, $65; San Pedro de Macoris and La Romana, $75 ; Santo Domingo, $80 ; Azua, $85. Itinerary ; Leave New York, first day ; arrive Turks Island, fifth day; Monte Oristi, sixth day; Puerto Plata, seventh day; Sanchez, ninth day; San Pedro de Macoris, tenth day; Santo Domingo, eleventh day. OTHER LINES VISITING DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Bull-Insular line.— Steamer Marina between San Juan, Mayaguez, and Ponce, Porto Rico ; and La Romana, San Pedro de Macoris, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 203 Santo Domingo, Sanchez, Puerto Plata, and Azua. About two or three round trips per month. . Monthly service contemplated to two ports in Haiti. Fare, Puerto Plata to Porto Rico, $22. Campania Trasatlantica. — ^Monthly service from Spain to Porto Rico ; Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic ; Habana, Cuba ; Port Limon, Costa Rica ; Colon, Panama ; Puerto Colombia, Colombia ; Curacao ; Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela. C'ompagnie General Transatlantiqiie. — Steamer from Martinique and Guadeloupe every 21 days; calls at Dominican, Haitian, and Porto Rican ports and at St. Thomas. Another steamer (from France) touches at Puerto Plata, and, returning, touches at Sanchez, and thence continues to Porto Rico and St. Thomas. Herrera line of Habana (Empresa Bfaviera). — Steamer' from Habana and Santiago de Cuba about every 21 days, calling at Santo Domingo, San Pedro de Macorls, La Romana, and Porto Rlcan ports ; returning in about 10 dayS. Fares : Habana to Santo Do- mingo, $52; Habana to San Pedro de Macoris, $54; Santiago de Cuba to Santo Domingo, $40 ; Santiago to San Pedro de Macoris, $41; Santo Domingo to San Pedro de Macoris,, $6; San Pedro de Macoris to San Juan, $25 ; Mayaguez to San Pedro de Macoris, $25 ; Mayaguez to Santo Domingo, $26; Ponce to San Pedro de Macoris, $22; Ponce to Santo Domingo, $23. Dominican Steamer " SEousqiietalre." — Weekly sailings between Santo Domingo and San Juan, Porto Rico. Dominican Steamer " Santo Domingo." — Weekly sailings for San Juan, Porto Rico, connecting with steamers of the New Tork (& Porto Rico Steamship Co., which leave New York oh Saturday and arrive at San Juan on Thursday ; arrive at Santo Domingo on Friday. French Steamers "Abd-el-Kader " and " Santiago de Cuha." — Sail- ings about every three weeks for Porto Rico. -,. From January to June, during the sugar-grinding season, daily service is maintained between La Romana and Guanica, Porto Rico. Coastwise Service. — Coastwise service is maintained by several small vessels and the steamers of the Herrera Line. Steamers of the Compania Anowima de Navagaci6n leave on Mon- days from Santo Domingo for San Pedro d^ IV^acoris and La Romana, returning on Wednesdays ; leave Thursdjays for Azua. RAILROADS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Dominican Central Railway. — From Puerto Plata to Santiago, with an extension to Moca; total length, 60 miles (96 km,.). Train leaves Puerto Plata daily except Sundays and holdiays at 8 a.m. ; arrives at Santiago at 1.30 p. m. ; leaves Santiago at 2 p. m. ; arrives at Mcjca at 3.55 p. m. Returning, train leaves Mpca at 6.45 a. m. ; arrives at Santiago at 8.20 a.m.; leaves Santiago at 8.45 a. m. ; ari-ives at Puerto Plata at 2.10 p. m. Fares : Between Puerto Plata and San- tiago, $3.85; between Santiago and Moca, $1.10. Free baggage al- lowance, 55 pounds (25 kilos) ; excess, 35 cents per 220 pounds (100 kilos), plus 25 per cent ad valorem. Samana & Santiago Railway. — From Sanchez to La Vega, with a branch to Salcedo and another branch from Salcedo tq Moca, con- 204 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. necting with the Dominican Central ; total length, 80 miles (130 km.). Train leaves Sanches daily except Sunday at 6.20 a. m. ; arrives at Macoris at 9.48 a. m. ; La Vega at 10.37 a. m. ; Salcedo at 11 a. m. ; Moca at 11.35 a. m. Ketnraing, train leaves Moca at 12.15 p. m. ; arrives at Sanchez at 5.80 p. m. Fares from Sanchez : To Macoris, $3.50; La Vega, $3.50; Salcedo, $4.80. CANVASSING THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Traveler's License. — ^Annual license for doing business costs $10. There are no other taxes or restrictions. Samples. — Under the laws of the Dominican Republic, commercial travelers can bring in, free of duty, unsalable samples or those havipg no commercial value. Samples not exceeding $2,000 in value, imported by bona fide commercial travelers, may be admitted free of duty under bond, provided that they do not remain in the Republic for more than four months, although this period is some- times extended. The privileges of temporary importation still hold good, even if some of the samples have been disposed of. Clearance of Samples. — Samples can usually be cleared without difficulty or delay. Advertising Matter. — Under the Dominican tariff law, there is free admission of chromes, cards, almanacs, and similar advertis- ing matter without commercial value, if intended for free dis- tribution. Best Visiting Time. — This depends largely upon the particular line of goods it is sought to sell. PuTchases are usually made in accord- ance with the requirements and conditions of the trade. As in most Latin-American countries, it is usually desirable to have good stocks on hand for the Christmas and Easter holidays. The coolest time of the year is November to March, which happens to come be- tween two important crops of the island — cacao and tobacco. Chief Distributing Centers. — Santo Domingo has two important cities — ^the capital, Santo Domingo, in the southern portion of the Island, and Santiago in the north. The most important place of business is Santo Domingo, to which most travelers go first. Here they will find the principal wholesale houses Which supply the small cities; Santiago Is another important distributing center, which should have the attention of the visiting salesman. It may be stated that in the smaller places, such as Samana, Puerto Plata, San Pedro de Macoris, and Monte Cristi, are dealers who import direct, and those who canvass the island will find merchants in each of these places who are worthy of a visit. Routes to Follow. — As a general rule, salesmen begin In Santo Domingo and then visit in order San Pedro de Macoris, Moca, San- chez, Samana, and then Puerto Plata. From Puerto Plata they can easily reach Santiago by rail. They can also go from Puerto Plata to Monte Cristi. Some travelers who can arrange proper connec- tions go from Cape Haitien, In Haiti, to Monte Cristi, thence to Puerto Plata and Santiago, and continue to Sanchez and the south- ern part of the island, including Santo Domingo. It is necessary for travelers to inform themselves regarding sailing of vessels and the possible connections to be made. Roads. — During the dry season most of the roads, which are hardly more than bridle paths or trails, are passable. In the wet DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 205 season, however, it is practically impossible to use them, and for that reason they should be avoided. Precautions. — ^During the hot season, July to October, the traveler should be careful to avoid contracting one of the fevers of the coun- try. The danger from infection is greatest during that period. Traveling Overland. — When traveling overland, provision should be made for the necessary supplies. The inns to be found en route are, as a rule, of the poorest character. Hotel Bates. — The rates of the hotels in the Dominican Republic v£iry considrably. In Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, and Santi- ago the usual custom is to engage rooms on the American plan. The rates in the best hotels range from $3 to $5 gold. Those of the second class are somewhat less. In the smaller towns, generally speaking, the hotel accommodations are poor. The charges run from $1.50 to $3.50 per day. Bill of Lading Not Necessary to Obtain Goods. — Under the Domini- can law it is not necessary for the importer to present the bill of lading at the customhouse in order to obtain the goods. The essen- tial thing is a copy of the consular invoice. The law also pro- vides that if the importer's copy of the consular invoice has been lost or delay«i» he may, on proof that he has ordered the goods and Is the real consignee, have a copy made from the one received at the customhouse, and on this copy he may clear the shipment There is no real protection for the shipper and he should ascertain in advance that he is dealing witli a reliable firm. POPULATION OF PROVINCES AND CAPITAL CITIES. 'PraviacQ. Population.! Capital.' 1 Popiflation. Santo Domingo 127,976 68,135 59, 783 123,972 64,108 106,000 28,000 17,891 12,675 90,569 flf^ntrO T>rimiTtRn 40,000 3,000 3,000 15,000 SantiB^o de los Oaballeros }ijx%.-,. 5,000 9,000 14,000 La Vega San FedM Macoris Barahona 5,000 5,000 7,000 3,820 Pupcta Plafa • San Felipe de Puerto Plata 41,459 Holidays in Santo Domingo. — ^The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are observed. Other holidays are : January 1, New Year's Day ; February 27, founding of the Republic ; July 7, Memorial Day ; August 16, war for inde- pendence; September 24, Las Mercedes; October 12, discovery of Ajaeriea ; and December 25, Christmas Day. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. AZVA, capital of the Province of Azua, 3 miles (5 km.) from the south coast; population, 3,000; 55 miles (88 km.) from Santo Do- mingo City, Principal products: Sugar, coffee, cacao, apples, po- 206 GUIDE TO IjATIN AMERICA. tatoes. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Eugenio Choisne. Customhouse broker, Feltes Hnos. How Reached. — From Santo Domingo, by steamer Marima or Clyde Line. Plantation railway connects city with wharf. Note. — ^This is the most important town in the southwestern part of the Eepublic. Quite a number of the merchants do a direct im- porting business. Worthy of a visit. LA KOMANA, Province of Espaillat ; population, 4,000; 23 miles (37 km.) east of San Pedro de Macoris, 12 miles (19 km.) from La Vega, 13 miles (20 km.) from Santiago, 74 miles (120 km.) from Santo Domingo. Climate, tropical, but pleasant. American consular agent. Principal products: Cotton, cofEee, cacao, wax, hides, tobacco, sugar cane. How Beached. — Prom San Juan and Ponce, Porto Kico, and from Santo Domingo^and San Pedro de Macoris, by steamer Marina. Hotel. — ^Europa. Note. — ^This is the outlet for the Province of Seybo. There is considerable business in agriculture, particularly sugar. There is some direct importing. This place may be visited by those who canvass the small towns. LA VEGA, capital of the Province of La Vega ; population, 9,000 ; 12 miles (19 km.) from La Romana, 62 miles (100 km.) from San- chez, 95 miles (152 km.) from Santo Domingo. Products: Cattle, tobacco, cofEee, cocoa. How Beached. — Prom Sanchez, by Samana & Santiago Railway ; from Monte Orlsti, via Moca and Santiago, about 100 miles (162 km.), regular auto service. Hotels. — Glconda, Monalisa, Italia, La Delicias. Note. — Being the capital of the Province, this town is naturally an important distributing point. Worthy of a visit from travelers, and can be easily reached from Santiago and Sanchez. There are some merchants who import direct. MOCA, capital of the Province of Espaillat ; midway between Ma- coris and Santiago; population, 5,000; 59 miles (96 km.) from Puerto Plata, 17 miles (28 km.) from Santiago, 12 miles (19 km.) from La Vega. Climate, tropical, but pleasant. Center of cofCee- raising region. How Beached. — From Puerto Plata, by Dominican Central Rail- way, 7i hours; from Santiago, by Dominican Central Railway, 2 hours. Bank. — ^Lara & Co. Hotels. — Frances, Union, Mocano. Note. — ^A distributing point of growing importance ; easily reached from Puerto Plata. There are several houses here that import di- rect. Monte Cristi. See San Fernando de Monte Crlsti. PUEBTO PLATA, Province of Puerto Plata; population, 7,000; principal seaport on northern coast; vessels lie about one-fourth mile offshore; 150 miles (240 km.) from Samana, 42 miles (68 km.) from Santiago, 60 miles (96 km.) from Moca, 1,255 nautical miles from New York, 710 nautical miles from Habana. Principal prod- ucts: Tobacco, bananas, hides, coffee, cocoa, mahogany. -American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, John Poloney. Customhouse brokers: Jose Arzeno e Hijos; J. M. BatUe & Co.; DIvanna, Grisolia & Co. ; Loinaz & Co. ; Julio Simon & Co. DOMINICAN EEPUBLIO. 207 How Beached. — From Santiago, by Dominican Central Railway, 5 to 6 hours. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Santo Domingo ; Royal Bank of Can- ada; International Banking Corporation (Sues, to S. Michelena). Principal Hotels. — ^Europa, Central, Espana, Puerto Rico, Ambos Mundos, Rainieri. Note. — Being the capital of the Province and the port of entry for Santiago and Moca, it is the second city in Importance of the Dominican Republic. It is also the terminus and headquarters of the Dominican Central Railway. There are a number of firms who carry on a large business and there is also considerable importing. This place, as well as Santo Domingo City and Santiago, is par- ticularly worthy of the attention of travelers. It is a very enter- prising, well-built, clean, modern city. SANCHEZ, Province of Samana ; on Bay of Samana ; vessels lie about five cable lengths from shore; population, 3,000; 24 miles (40 km.) from Samana, 62 miles (100 km.) from La Vega. Principal product, cacao. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, M. de Moya Hijo & Co. Customhouse brokers, Senior & Co. and M. de Moya Hijo & Co. How Reached. — From Puerto Plata, by railway, via Salcedo and Moca ; from San Pedro de Macoris, by steamer ; from La Vega, by Samana & Santiago Railway, 4 hours. Banks. — ^Banco Nacional de Santo Domingo ; Royal Bank of Can- ada; International Banking Corporation. Principal Hotel.— Hagen. Note. — The second most important port in the famous Seybo dis- trict. It is the port of entry for La Vega, Salcedo, San Francisco de Macoris, and other towns on the Samana & Santiago Railway. The terminus and ofBces of the railway company are located here. There are several importing houses which should be canvassed by salesmen who visit the Dominican Republic. SAN FERNANDO DE MONXE CRISTI, capital of the Province o^ Monte Cristi; population, 3,800, Landing: Vessels lie about a mile ofEshore. Distant 196 miles (318 km.) northwest of Santo Domingo City, 34 nautical miles from Gape Haitien, Haiti. Climate, tropical, but pleasant. Principal products : Cottonseed, logwood, wax, honey, woods. Lloyd's agents and customhouse brokers, Petit & Co. How Reached. — From Santo Domingo City, by steamer; from La Vega, by regular automobile service; from Santiago, by automobile, 4 to 5 hours. Principal Hotels. — ^American, Europa, Noroeste. Note. — An important seaport and capital of the Province. Much cotton is grown in the vicinity. There is considerable exporting of hides and skins, coffee, etc. There is a very fair volume of imports, and the place is deserving of the attention of most salesmen. Easily reached from Santiago, Santo Domingo City, and La Vega. SAN FRANCISCO DE MACORIS, Province of Pacificada; popula- tion, 5,000; 58 miles (95 km.) from Moca, 85 miles (138 km.) from Santo Domingo City. Products: Coffee, cacao, leather, wax, coal, brandy. How Reached. — From Sanchez and La Vega, by Samana & Santi- ago Railway. Hotels. — Hispano, Inglaterra, San Francisco, Macorizano. 208 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Kote. — ^This town is in the midst of a very rich agricultural dis- trict, the chief product of which is cacao. A number of houses do a direct importing business. Generally speaking, It is of interest to those who canvass the Dominican Republic. SAN PEDRO DE MACOBIS, capital of the Province of same name ; population, 14,000. Landing: From steamer to lighter and thence to shore. Distant 45 miles (72 km.) from Santo - Domingo. Cli- mate, tropical, but pleasant ; temperature averages 82° in daytime, 55° at night. Principal products: Sugar, molasses, wax, timber. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Juan Moll. How Reached. — From Santo Domingo, by steamer or carretera. There is a wagon road under construction from this point to Santo Domingo. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Santo Domingo; Royal Bunk of Canada; International Banking Corporation. Principal Hotels. — ^Las dos Americas, Hlspano Americano, Ingla- terra, Porto Rico. Note. — This is the country's principal sugar port. A considerable volume of importing is done and there are several very good firms, besides sugar " ingenios," etc., worthy of the attention of travelers who visit the island. SANTA BARBARA DE SAKANA, Province of Samana ; population, 5,000; on Samana Bay; vessels anchor in bay; 80 miles (128 km.) from Santo Domingo, 150 miles (240 km.) from Puerto Plata. Climate, tropical, but pleasant ; summer temperature averages 82°, winter temperature, 55° F. Customhouse brokers : F. Laxnple and G. Beretta & Co. How Reached. — ^From Santo Domingo, by road or steamer; from Puerto Plata, by steamer. Principal Hotels. — ^Becky, Diluvio, Kaiser. Note. — A considerable volume of exporting is carried on here, par- ticularly in cacao, coconuts, and copra. There is considerable agri- cultural activity and a very fair volume of business is transacted. There are some excellent houses that import direct. Worthy of a visit from most salesmen. SANTIAGO, capital of the Province of Santiago; on a high blufE of Yaque River; population, 15,000; 42 miles (68 km.) from Puerto Plata, 20 miles (32 km.) from La Vega, 114 miles (184 km.) from Santo Domingo. Principal products: Tobacco, coffee, cacao, wax, hides. Industries: Cigar and cigarette making. How Reached. — From Puerto Plata, by Dominican Central Rail- way, about 6 hours ; from Monte Cristi, by automobile, 4 to 5 hours. Banks. — International Banking Corporation (Sues, to S. Michel- ena) ; Banco Nacional de Santo Domingo ; Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — Garibaldi, Frances, Italian, Santiago. Note. — This is the largest town in the northern part of the Repub- lic and its chief commercial center. In the vicinity tobacco cultiva- tion is carried on extensively. Many firms find it advantageous to divide the territory into two parts and establish one agency in Santo Domingo and the other in Santiago. SANTO DOMINGO, capital of the Republic; population, 40,000; at the mouth of Ozama River; landing, steamer to wharf; 83 miles (134 km.) from Azua, 95 miles (152 km.) from La Vega, 231 nautt- DOMINICAN KEPUBLIO. 209 cal miles from San Juan, Porto Eico. Climate, tropical, but pleas- ant ; maximum temperature, 92°, minimum, 66° F. Showers are frequent; nights decidedly cool. Most pleasant months, December to February. Principal products : Coffee, cotton, cocoa, was, hides, skins. Industries: Sugar-cane cultivation. American Minister and consul. Lloyd's agent, H. H. Gosling. Customhouse brokers, Sues, to S. Michelena. How Reached. — From San Pedro de M^coris, by steamer or carre- tera ; from New York, by Clyde Line ; from San Jiian and Mayaguez, Porto Rico, by steamer Marina. A wagon road to San Pedro de Macoris is in course of construction. Hotels. — Francis, Changay, America, Ambos Mundos, Gran Via, Asturia, Central,, Cibao, Marina. Banfes.— Sociedad Anonima Bancaria ; International Banking Cor- poration (Sues, to S. Michelena) ; Royal Bank, of Canada; Banco Nacional. Note. — This is the chief city of the Republic and Its capital. A large volume of importing and exporting is carried on. It should be canvassed by all salesmen who visit the Republic. The chief commercial houses are located in this city, 144297°— 20 14 PORTO RICO. Map No. 6. Location. — ^Porto Rico is the most easterly of the four Greater Antilles, which inclnde Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. It is about TO nautical miles east of Haiti and 40 west of St. Thomas (Vifgia Islands). It is a United States Territory. Area and Population. — Porto Rico is about 100 miles (160 km.) long and approximately 40 miles (62 km.) wide. Its area is about 3,606 square miles ; population, about 1,118,000. There are approxi- mately 310 inhabitants per square mile. Some small islands lie off the coast. The inhabitants are chiefly descendants of the Spaniards. There is a considerable Negro element. Topognaphy. — The island is traversed by a mountain raage ti'om east to west, the highest point of which (El Yuque) is about 3,700 feet above sea level. Kivers. — There are over 1,200 streams, about 50 of which may be classified as rivers. The principal ones are Rio Leiza, Rio de la Plata, Rio Manati, and Rio Arecibo. Climate. — The temperature of Porto Rico, on an average, is lower than that of any other island in the Tropics. The annual average temperature is 76° F. ; average during the winter months, 73° ; and during the summer, 79°. In the towns on the coastal plain the tem- perature runs from 75° in January to 81° in August. Tlie tempera- ture ranges between 67 and 76 in the higher altitudes. The nights are always pleasant and cool.. There is constant high humidity. Seasons. — ^There are no defined wet and dry seasons. February is the driest month. The rainfall increases from February to May. From May to November the difference in rainfall is small. The maximum rainfall along the east coast occurs in September, along the south coast in October, and along the north coast in November, while in the interior it occurs during one of the summer months and sometimes as early as May. Cool weather usually begins in No- vember and lasts until early in March, and this is the best time to visit Porto Rico. The annual precipitation is about 60 inches. Principal Products. — ^The chief products are tobacco, sugar, coffee, rice, corn, oranges, pineapples, bananas, cotton, cattle, coconuts, cacao, beans and peas, potatoes, ginger, divi-divl, patchouli, san- sevieria, sisal, malva blanca, annatto, tumeric, hides and skins. Mineral Deposits. — Gold, silver, copper, iron, lignite, salt, pe- troleum, marble, and limestone are found in small quantities. Industries. — Coaling stations, shipyards, cigar and cigarette fac- tories, ice plants, bottling works, breweries, machine shops, manu- facture of hats, laces, embroidery, drawn work, etc. Commercial Growth. — Porto Rico has had a remarkable develop- ment since 1896. The sugar industry has grown greatly, the exports of raw sugar for 1917 having reached a total of 448,689 tons, with a value of approximately $54,000,000. The output of tobacco has likewise increased, the crops now being around 15,000,000 pounds. 210 PORTO KICO. 211 In 1917 the exports of raw tobacco reached almost $4,000,000. The finished product in the shape of cigars and cigarettes also has a large monetary value, being a little less than $8,000,000 in 1917. Coffee, the raising of tropical fruit, including pineapples, grapefruit, oranges, etc., has had an amazing development. Shipments of these products total about $3,000,000 annually. Language. — Spanish in general. English is taught in the public schools. Currency. — Same as in the United States. Weights and Measures. — The metric system is official; English weights and measures are also used. Eostage.1 — ^The first-class letter rate to and from the United States is 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable. — ^There Is direct cable communication with the Dominican Eepublic, Ouracao, "Venezuela, and other South American countries via lines of the West India & Panama Telegraph Co. The French Telegraph-Cable Co. operates via Cape Haitien from San Juan to New York. The rate to New York City and points east of the Mississippi is 50 cents per word, while for points west of the Missis- sippi the rate is 55 cents per word. Telegraphs and Telephones. — ^There is good telegraph and tele- phone service. Wireless. — There is a wireless station at San Juan, owned by the United States Government, which can transmit messages within a radius of 300 miles in daytime and 1,000 miles at night. Messages can be relayed to points in Porto Rico or by cable to other countries. Inbound messages are charged at the rate of 6 cents per word, with a 10-word minimum ; to this must be added the insular telegraph tariff of 20 cents for 10 words and 2 cents for each additional word. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. New York & Porto Rieo Steamship Co. — V. K. Hull, agent, 11 Broadway. Sailings from Pier 35, Brooklyn. Departures for San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez every Saturday ; for Arecibo, Aguadillo, and Arroyo about every two weeks. For HumacaOj Fajardo, Jobos, Vieques (Puerto Mulas), and Guanica about once a month. Fare from New York to San Juan, $65 and up,- according to location of stateroom. Time of trip : Leave New York, first day ; arrive San Juan, fifth day ; leave San Juan, seventh day ; arrive Ponce, seventh day; arrive Mayaguez, eighth day. Ked D line. — Bliss, Dallet & Co., general agents, 82 Wall Street. Sailings from Pier 11, Brooklyn, foot of Montague Street, for San Juan and Mayaguez on alternate Wednesdays. Fares : New York to San Juan, $45-$60 ; New York to Mayaguez, $55 ; San Juan to Cura- cao and La Gualra, $25; San Juan to Puerto Cabello, $30; Puerto Cabello to San Juan, $25 ; Mayaguez to La Guaira and Curacao, $25 ; Mayaguez to Maracaibo, $40. Round-trip tickets are issued at a reduction of 10 per cent from regular rates, and are good for 12 months. Time of trip : Leave New York, first day ; arrive San Juan, fifth day ; leave New York, first day ; arrive Mayaguez, seventh day. 212 GTTIDI! TO LATIN AMERICA. OTHER LINES VISITING PORTO KICO. Bull-Insular Line (Steamer " Marina ") .—Service between San Juan, Mayaguez, and Ponce, Porto Rico ; La Romona, San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Domingo, Sanchez, Porto Plata, and Azna, Dominican Republic. About two round trips, per month. Fare: Porto Plata (Dominican Republic) to Porto Rico, $22. Compania Trasatlantica. — Monthly service from Spain to Porto Rico ; Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic ; Habaua, Cuba ; Port Limon, Oosta Rica ; Colon, Panama ; Puerto Colombia, Colombia ; Curacao ; Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique. — Semimonthly service from France, calling at Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, Ponce, Mayaguez, Santo Domingo, Jacmel, Port au Prince ; thence returning to Martiniciue via Petit Goave, Jeremie, Santiago de Cuba, Jacmel, St. Thomas, and Guadeloupe. Fare: St. Thomas to San Juan, $20; time, seven to eight hours. Empresa Haviera de Cuba.— Monthly service between principal ports of Porto Rico, . Dominican Republic, and Cuba. Fares: Ha- bana to San Juan, $55 ; Santiago de Cuba to San Juan, $50 ; Santo Domingo to San Juan, $25. Fares from San Juan : . San Pedro de Macoris, $26 ; Santo Domingo, $27 ; Santiago de Cuba, $50 ; Habana, $60. Fares from Mayaguez : San Pedro de Macoris, $25 ; Santo Domingo, $26; Santiago de Cuba, $49; Habana, $58. Fares from Ponce : San Pedro de Macoris, $22 ; Santo Domingo, $23 ; Santiago de Cuba, $56. Steamers " Oriole " and " Carmen." — Weekly sailings between St. Thomas and Fajardo ; automobile service between Fajardo and San Juan. Fares: St. Thomas to Fajardo, $10; St. Thomas to San Juan, $15 one way, $25 round trip. Time from St. Thomas to Fajardo, one night. Steamer " Santo Domingo.'' — ^Weekly service between San Jiian and Mayaguez to San Pedro de Macoris and Santo Domingo. RAILROADS IN PORTO RICO. American Railroad Co. — San Juan to Ponce, 167 miles (270 km.). Two trains daily, leaving San Juan at 7.20 a. m. and 8.45 p. m. First-class fare, 3 cents per kilometer. Free baggage allowance, 100 pounds; excess, 20 per cent of each first-class ticket for each 100 pounds excess. San Juan to Carolina, 13 miles (22 km.) ; Trains leave San Juan at 5.30 p. m., Carolina at 7 a. m. Ponce to Guayama : Trains leave Ponce at 3.52 p. m. ; arrive Guayama at 6.14 p. m. ; leave Guayama at 7.30 a. m. ; arrive Ponce 9.48 a. m. Linea Ferrea delOeste. — Catano to Bayamon (ferryboat service between Catano and San .Tuan). Railroad service on half -hourly schedule; fare, 10 cents per trip. Ferryboat service every eight minutes ; fare, 3 cents per trip. ' Passengers may carry twO' or three handbags free of -charge. Porto Rico Railway, Light & Power Co. — ^Rio Pedras to Caguas, 18 miles (29 km.). Trains leave Caguas at 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. ; leave Rio Pedras at 9.30 a. m. and 6 p. m. ; time of trip, one hour. Fare, 3 cents per kilometer. POETO KIOO. 213 Electric-Car Service. — San Juan to Rio Pedras, 7 miles (11 km.) ; San Juan to Borinquen Park, via Park line, 5 miles (8 km.) ; via Condado line, 4 miles (6 km.). Fare, San Juan to Rio Pedras, 10 cents. Operated by the Porto Rico Railway, Light & Power Oo. AUTOMOBILE TEANSPOKTATION. Atlas Iiine. — Oflice, San Juan, Allen 28 ; Ponce, Comerclo 2. Tour- ing car, Ponce to San Juan, via Aibonito, leaves daily at 7.30 a. m., botii directions. Stops at Rio Pedras, Caguas, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Diaz. Fare, Ponce to San Juan, $6.50. Omnibus, Ponce to San Juan, via Aibonito, leaves daily at 12.30 p. m., both directions. Fare, $4.50. Touring car, Ponce to San Juan, via Guayama. Stops at Rio i^edras, Caguas, Cayey, Guayama, Salinas, and Santa Isabel. Fare, Ponce to San Juan, $6.50. Omnibus, Ponce to San Juan, via Guayama, leaves dally at 7.30 a. m., both directions. Fare, $4.50. Porto Rico Transportation Co. — Daily passenger service between San Juan and Ponce, touching en route Caguas, Cayey, Guayama, and intermediate points. Autos leave San Juan plaza at 8 a. m. and 3.30 p. m. ; leave Ponce at 7.30 a. m. and 3 p. m. This company also maintains auto service between San Juan and Humacao. CANVASSING PORTO RICO. Salesmen's Samples. — Samples of any character carried from the United States to Porto Rico are admitted without any difBculties. It is not necessary to give bond or to take any of the steps which are obligatory in other Latin-American countries. Advertising Matter. — There are no duties on advertising matter from the United States into Porto Rico. Salesmen who carry American-made goods and arrive from Cuba, Santo Domingo, Haiti, etc., are subject to no other regulations than those coming direct from the United States. Taxes. — ^No taxes of any nature are levied either by the Territorial government of Porto Rico or by the municipalities. Important Centers. — There are two, important towns in Porto Rico, San Juan and Ponce. In both of these are located the chief im- porting firms, including those who do a wholesale business and act as jobbers and distributors to the smaller merchants. General Character of the Trade. — It must be remembered that Porto Rico is a possession of the United States. The conditions are quite different from those prevailing In other Latin-American coun- tries. Many of the retailers in Porto Rico import direct and do not depend upon the local wholesalers. This applies even to retailers in smaller places, such as Arecibo, Mayaguez, etc. Porto Rico, In pro- portion to its population, uses perhaps a greater quantity of so- called cheap goods than almost any other tropical country. While better grades of merchandise are imported, the volume of business is done in the cheaper lines. This is particularly true of wearing apparel. Almost anything that is low in price will find a sale, pro- vided that the color and shape are such as to suit the local fancy. Retailers who import direct are scattered throughout the island. Eoads. — In the matter of roads, Porto Rico is more fortunate than the other West Indies. Road making has made a remarkable de- 214 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. A'elopment, and to-day there are over 1,100 miles of roads, besides 300 miles of railways. The most important railroad system Is that of the American Railroad Co., which operates a line from San Juau to Ponce, also from San Juan to Carolina. The other im- portant roads are outlined elsewhere. Many extensions to existing lines are contemplated, and a new line is also projected. Routes to Follow. — It is practically impossible and unnecessary to lay out a definite route for the traveler to follow. Most commer- cial men arrive by way of San Juan, which they thoroughly canvass, and then gq to Ponce, whi«h is easily reached. The smaller places of importance are also easily reached, and the traveler can deter- mine while on the ground the best manner In which to visit them. Special Note. — Trips to Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Virgin Islands can be planned in connection with visits to Porto Rico. Island of Vieques. — This island lies about 13 miles east of Porto Rico. It is about 21 miles long and 6 miles broad. Inhabitants number about 6,000. The chief industries are the growing of sugar cane, the raising of cattle, tropical fruits,, etc. This island is very fertile and there is a brisk trade in a small way. Hotel Bates. — ^The best hotel accommodations in Porto Rico are to be found in San Juan and Ponce. Here, for the leading estab- lishments, the rates are from $3 to $6 for the American plan. The hotels of the second grade charge somewhat lower rates. Accom- modations may also be had upon the European plan, as there are some good restaurants in both these places. For B»tels in the smaller towns the rates range from $2 to $4 per day on th€ American plan, depending upon the character of the place. As a rule, the accommodations are much inferior to those in the larger towns, but occasionally there is an exception. Holidays in Porto Rico. — ^The population being largely Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are observed. Other days observed are New Year's Day, Lincoln's birthday, Washing- ton's birthday. Emancipation Day (Mar. 13), Decoration Day, Inde- pendence Day (July 4), Occupation Day (July 25), Labor Day, Columbus Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas. ' ' CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. ASTTADIILA, Department of Aguadilla ; population of town, 6,500, municipality, 23,000 ; port on northwestern toast ; steamers anchor cable length from shore; 36 miles (58 km.) from Arecibo, 29 miles (47 km), from Mayaguez, and 87 miles (139 km.) from San Juan (by rail). Climate, excellent. Principal products: Sugar, oranges, coffee, tobacco, pineapples. Industries: Manufacture of straw hats. Lloyd's agent, Thos. Bbpthby, jr. How Reached.— From Arecibo, by railroad, time about 2i hours; fi-om Mayaguez, by railroad, time about IJ hours. Banks. — Julio O. Abril ; Sanders, Phillipi & Co., Sues. ; J. T. Silva & Co. Hotels. — Borinquen, Puerto Rico, Uniyerso. Kolie,— ^This is a flourishing and growing city; chief dependence upon tropical agriculture. It deserves the attention of almost all salesmen who visit Porto Rico, POBTO RICO. 215 AITASGO, Department of Mayaguez, in western part of island; population of municipality, 15,400; town, 3,000; 23 miles (37 km.) from Aguadilla, 6 miles (10 km.) from Mayaguez, and 3 miles (5 km.) from the sea. Principal products: Sugar, tobacco, coffee, co- conuts. How Reached.— From Aguadilla, by American Railroad, time 1 hour and 10 minutes ; from Mayaguez, by American Railroad, time about 15 minutes. ITote, — A small city of some eommercial importance. Those who canvass small places will find it advantageous to visit Anasco. ABECIBO, Department of Arecibo ; population of municipality, 45,500; town, 10,000. Situated at mouth of Arecibo River; vessels anchor about a mile from shore; 53 miles (86 km.) from San Juan by* rail; 36 miles (58 km.) from Aguadilla. Principal products: Sugar, cofEee, tobacco. Lloyd's agents : Successors to Roses & Oo. How Reached. — From San Juan, by American Railroad, time about 3 hours ; from Aguadilla, by American Railroad, time about, 2 J hours. Banks. — American Colonial Bank; Successors to de Roses & Co.; Sanders, Phillipi & Co., Sues. Hotels. — Lds Balearos. Inglaterra, Puerto Rico, Boston, Comercio. Note. — Arecibo Is a flourishing and growing city and deserves the attention of almost all salesmen. ARROYO, Department of Guyama ; population of municipality, 8,000 ; town, 3,500 ; seaport for Guayama district ; vessels anchor about one-fourth mile from shore. Distant 4 miles (6 km.) from Guayama. Lloyd's agent, J. R. Nieves. How Reachea/.f-TFrom Guayama and Fajardo, by carretera ; from Humaeao, via Ponce-Humacao road. Hotel. — Alhambra. Note. — There are some houses here which import direct BAYAMON, Department of San Juan ; popvilation of municipality, 27,750; town, 5,400; distant 12 miles (20 km.) from San Juan. Prlneiipal products :- Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Industry ; Cigar factories. How Reached. — From San Juan hy American Railroad, hourly train service, |-hour trip ; from Catana, by railroad, 'Linea Ferrea del Oeste. Hotel. — ^Buena Vista. Hote. — This place is visited by many salesmen who work the smaller places. A fair volume of retail trade is carried on. CAGTTAS, Department of Humaeao ; population of municipality, 29,150; town, 11,500; 20 miles (36 km.) from San Juan, 60 miles (98 km.) from Ponce. Principal products: Sugar cane, coifee, to- bacco, fruits. Industry : Agricultural. How Beached. — From San Juan by automobile, fare $1.75, or by trolley to Bio Piedras and thence by train. From Ponce by, automo- bile, fare $4.75. Autos leave daily at 7.30 a. m. and, 12.30 p. m. from San Juan and Ponce. Hotels. — America, Filo. Kotp,— This town is located in one of the greatest tobacco- growing sections of Porto Rico. It is the terminus of the railway line from Bio Piedras. . : A good business is carried on, due to the wealth of the surrounding country. 216 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. " CAROLINA, Department of San Juan ; population of municipality, 16,451, town, 3,600; 13 miles (23 km.) from San Juan. Principal products: Sugar cane, cofEee, coconuts, tobacco. Industries: Agri- culture. How Reached. — ^Prom San Juan, by branch of American Railroad, IJ-hour trip. Hote. — ^This is the terminus of the branch railway from San Juan. Although a small place, a good retail business is done. Usually visited by those who canvass the smaller places.' CAYEY, Department of Guayama ; altitude, 2,800 feet ; population of municipality, 19,000, town, 5,200; 37 miles (59 km.) from San Juan, 14 miles (23 km.) from Guayama. Products: CofEee, tobacco, sugar cane, and fruits. Rainfall averages about 68 inches annually. How Reached. — ^From San Juan, by autobus, 3-hour trip, fare, $2 ; from Ponce, by autobus, 4-hour trip, fare, $2.50. Autos leave San Juan and Ponce daily at 7.30 a. m. Hotels. — liSL Esperanza, Gloria, Inglaterra, Frances. FAJARSO, Department of Humacao, a seaport on extreme north- eastern coast ; population of municipality, 19,3(X), town, 6,6(X) ; situ- ated li miles (2 km.) from northern coast, 31 miles (50 km.) from Rio Piedras (by carretera), 21 miles (35 km.) from Humacao (by carretera). Average annual rainfall, 70 inches. How Reached. — Prom San Juan, by automobile service; from St. Thomas (Virgin Islands), by steamers Oriole and Carmen, weekly service. Bankers. — Bird Leon e Hijos. Hotels. — ^Pajardo, San Rafael. Wote. — This town is in the center of a sugar district of consider- able Importance. There Is considerable direct importing. Easily reached from San Juan. GITAYAIIA, Department of Guayama, on southeastern coast; alti- tude, 200 feet; population of municipality, 18,300, town, 9,100; on Ponce-Humaeao road, 37 miles (59 km.) east of Ponce; 14 miles (22 km.) from Cayey, 208 miles (337 km.) from San Juan. Princi- pal products: Sugar, coffee, coconuts, and fruits. How Reached. — ^Prom Humacao, by; carretera ; from Cayey, by carretera, automobile service, fare, $0.75 ; from Ponce, by carretera, automobile service, fare, $1.75 ; from San Juan, by carretera, auto- mobile service, fare, $2.75. Autos leave daily at 7.30 a. m. from San Juan and Ponce. Bank. — Oredito Ahorro Ponceno, Sues. Hotels. — ^Paris, Gloria, Inglaterra, Roma, Prances, Borinquen. Note. — ^A place of growing importance and great agricultural wealth. A fair volume of business is done. Should be visited by practically aU salesmen. HVUACAO, Department of Humacao; seaport on eastern coast; vessels anchor about 2 miles from shore ; population of municipality, 19,000, town, 6,400; 3 miles (5 km.) from eastern coast of island, 21 miles (35 km.) from Fajardo by carretera. Principal products; Sugar cane, coconuts, and fruits. How Reached. — Prom San Juan and Ponce, by carretera; from Caguas, by autobus, time, IJ hours. Prom Caguas there is autobus connection to San Juan, time, IJ hours, fare, $1.50, Bank. — Antonio Rolg. POBTO RICO. 217 Hotels. — America, Maxim, Oriente, Paris. ITote. — ^A place of growing importance in the eastern part of the island. Worthy of attention and should be canvassed. MAYAGUEZ, Department of Mayaguez, on extreme western coast if island ; vessels anchor^n bay ; population of municipality, 42,500 ; town, 17,500; 29 miles (47 km.) from Aguadilla, 11 miles (18 km.) from San German, 117 miles (189 km.) from San Juan. Tempera- ture rarely exceeds 80° F. in sunmaer ; rainfall about 80 inches an- nually. Principal products: Sugar, eofCee, pineapples, coconuts, fruits, hides, etc. Lloyd's agent, Thomas Boothby, jr. How Reached.^From Aguadilla, li hours by rail; from San German, 45 minutes by rail ; from San Juan, by American Railroad, 6i-hour trip; from Ponce, by American Railroad, 3-hour trip. Hotels. — ^Inglaterra, Paris, Palmer, Pinar, Nacional, Cosmopolita, America, Porto Bico. Banks. — ^National City Bank of New York (branch) ; American Colonial Bank ; Banco de Puerto Rico ; Royal Bank of Canada ; Sues, de Blanes ; Moral & Co. ; Tomas Quinonez. Note.^This is one pf the most important cities of Porto Rico. It has an excellent port with good anchorage. Important export and import business done. Should be visited by all salesmen. PONCE, Department of Ponce ; second important port ; vessels an- chor 6 cable lengths from shore ; population of municipality, 68,000 ; town, 37,000. Distant 22 miles (35 km.) from Yauco, 81 miles (130 km.) from San Juan via military road, 171 miles (274 km.) from San Juan via railroad, 37 miles (59 km.) from Guayama, 1,462 nautical miles from New York. Rainfall averages about 41 inches per year. Principal products : Sugar, molasses, cofCee, tobacco, or- anges, hides, cattle. Industries : Carriage, cigar, cigarette, hat, and lace factories, ice plant, rum distilleries, and soda-bottling works. Lloyd's agent, F. M. Foro. How Keached. — From Yauco, by railroad, time 1 hour. From Guayama, by railroad, time 2 hours. From San Juan, by steamer ; by railroad (fare $10.50), time about 9J hours; by automobile (fare $4.50), via Guayama or Aibonito. From New York, by New York & Porto Bico Line. Hotels. — Frances, Melia, Leon-Oro, Inglaterra, Hogar, America, Habana, Espanol, Antillano, Vesubio, Las Delicias. Banks. — National City Bank of New York (branch) ; Banco de Puerto Rico ; Credito y Ahorro Ponceno ; Royal Bank of Canada ; Carlof Armstrong e Hijos ; Ramon Cortado & Sues. ; Cosio & Primo ; Mayol Hermanos & Co., Sues. Note. — Second city in importance. Easily reached and well worthy of a visit. EIO FIESKAS, Department of San Juan ; population of munic- ipality, 16,968; town, 3,200; 7 miles (11 km.) from San Juan, 18 miles (29 km.) from Caguas. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, pineap- ples, and other fruits. How Beached. — From San Juan, by trolley car every seven min- utes; also by automobile (fare $0.25). From Caguas, by Porto Rico Railway, two trains daily; also by automobile (fare $1.25). From Ponce, by automobile service (fare $4.25). Autos leave San Juan and Ponce daily at 7,30 a. m. and 12.30 p. m. Hotel. — San Juan, 218 GUIDE TO liATlN AMERICA. note. — This place is the terminus of the Caguas-Rio Piedras Rail- way and of the trolley line from San J^uan. It is worthy of a visit by those whoi can^v^ass the smaller places. SALINAS, Department of Guayama, on the southern coast-; popu- lation of municipality, 12,340; town, 2,000; 12 miles (20 km.) from Guayama, 21 miles (35 km.) from Ponce. Priwjipal products: Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, and fruits. Industry: Agricultural. How Reached. — ^By automobile service, from Guayama (fare $0.75), from Ponce (fare $1), from San Juan (fare $3.50). Autos leave both San Juan and Ponce at 7.30 a. m. Hotel — Cosmopolita . Kote. — This town is located near the great Agulrre Sugar-cane section. Considerable retail trade is done. Visited by those who " work " the smaller places. SAN GERMAN, Department of Mayaguez ; population of munici- pality, 23,767, town, 5,400; 37 miles (61 km.) from Pence, 130 miles (209 km.) from San Juan. Principal products : Sugar cane, tobacco, coffee, and fruits. How Reached. — From San Juan, by American Railroad, 61-hoar trip ; from Ponce, by American Railroad, 2^-hour trip. Banks. — Banco de Economias y Prestamos ; Banco Popular de Ahorros y Prestamos. Hotels.-M3eBtral, Frances, La Lucha. Note. — ^Thls town is located in a rich sugar cane and coffee grow- ing district. There is considerable prosperity and a brisk retail trade is transacted. SAN JUAN, Department of San Juan, on northern coast ; popula- tion, 60,000. Landing, steamer to pier. Distant 1,399 nautical miles from New York, 36 miles (58 km.) from Manuti, 7 miles (11 km.) from Rio Piedras, 171 miles (274 km.) from Ponce by railroad, 81 miles (130 km.) from Ponce by carretera. Climate, healthful; rain- fall, 64 In'ches; temperature averages 79° F., highest (noon), 92°. Principal prodilcts : Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, pineapple, grape- fruit. Ihdustries: Shipyards, costling stations, cigar a.nd cigarette factories, bre-Wery, machine sho^js, ice plants, soda bottling works. Lloyd's agent, T. G. T. Waymouth. How Reached.^ — FrOm Manati, by" railroad,, time, 48 minutes, fere, $1 ; from Ponce, by railroad, fare $10.50, time about 9i hours ;- by auto, fare $4:'.S0. ' Banks. — National City Bank of New York (branch) ; Americano Colonial Bank of Porto Rico ; Banco Popular de Economias y Presta- mos; Banco Territorial y Agricola de .Porto Rico; Banco Comer^lal de Porto Rico ; Bank of Nova Scotia ; 'Royal Bank of Canada ; Behn Bros.; Sobrinos de Bzquiaga; Sobrlnos de Izqulerdo & Co.; Sues, de L. Villamil Marina; J. T. Sllva & Co. Hotels. — Eureka Miramar, Inglaterra, , Comercio, Nava, Romia, America, Bella Napoli, Puerto Rico, Colonia, tlaza, Cosmopolita, Borlnquen, Las Palmas, Mayflower, San Juan, Helvetia, Cataluna, France. -Note.— The moSt important city of Porto Rico, The logical place for an agency, as the chief commercial houses of the Island are established at this point. VIEeUES, ISLAND OF, short distance off eastern coast ; papula- tion, 6,000; 13 miles (21 km.) east of Humacao. Principal prod- POETO RICO. 219 nets: Sugar cane, coffee, tropical fruits. Industries: Cattle raising and agriculture. How Beached. — From Humacao and San Juan by local steamer. Hotels. — Union, San Luis. ITote. — There are a number of houses here that import direct. TAtrCO, Department of Ponce ; on southern coast of island ; on road from Ponce to San German ; population of municipality, 26,900, town, 7,500; 131 miles (212 km.) from San Juan, 21 miles (34 km.) from San German, 22 miles (35 km.) from Ponce, 7 miles (11 km.) from Guanica. Principal products : Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, fruit. How Beached. — From San German, by railroad, time, IJ hours ; from Guanica, by carreter;i ; from Ponce, by railroad, time, 1 hour. Bank. — Credito & Ahorro Popular de Yauco. Hotels. —Maria, Pla, Victoria. Note. — ^A place of growing importance and worthy of attention. Most salesmen who visit small places find it pays to canvass this place also. TOWNS OP LESS IMPORTANCE. Below is a list of the less important places in Porto Eico. Some of these, however, are of interest to travelers who canvass their territory closely. It is suggested that inquiry regarding the busi- ness available be made in the largest towns near them. Adjuntas, Department of Ponce ; population of municipality, 18,197; town, 1,600; 18 miles (29 kmO from .Ponce by carretera, 31 miles (50 km.) from Arecibo by carretera. Products: Sugar cane, cbffee, fruits. Hotels : Aparicio, Ibero Americano. Agnado, Department of Aguadilla, on northwestern coast; popu- lation of Hrtinicipality, 12,437; town, 1,200; 94 miles (157 km.) from San Juan. Products: Sugar cane, cofEee, coconuts. Hotels: Ino- cencio, Charneco. Reached from San Juan and Ponce by American Kailroad. Aguas Buenas, Department of Humacao; population of muni- cipality, 8,900; town, 1,300; 2 miles (3 km.), from western coast, 27 miles (44 km.) from San Juan, 9 miles (15 km.) from Cayey. Products : Coffee, tobacco. Carreteras to Caguas and to the great military road between San Juan and Ponce. Hotels: Juana Diaz, Jose Lopez. Aibonito, Department of Guayama ; highest point on the military road from San Juan to Ponce; population of municipality, 11,608; tovim, 2,250; 30 miles (47 km.) from Gua,yama by carretera. Products: Coffee, tobacco, and fruits. Hotel: Diego Beeerra, To- bacco-growlog center. Beached from Ponce by automobile service (fare $1.75) and from San Juan (fare $2.75). Attalio, Department of Arecibo, on north central coast; 6 miles (10 km.) from Arecibo, 53 miles (88 km..). from San Juan. Baroeloneta, Department of Arecibo; population of municipality, 12,500; town, 800; 4 miles (6 km.) from Manati, 40 miles (65 km.) from San Juan. Products: Cane, .coffee, pineapples, and other fruits. Industi-y : Cigar factories. Reached from San Juan, Ponce, and Manati by the American Railroad. Hotels ; Jose Guerrero, J. Martinez & Co. 220 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Barranquitas, in Department of Guayama, near center of the Island; 10 miles (16 km.) from Barros; population of municipality, - 11,273 ; town, 900. Principal products : Coftee, tobacco, fruits. Barros, Department of Ponce, near center of island ; population of municipality, 16,000; town,. 1,200; 31 miles (50 km.) from Ponce by carretera. Rainfall averages 77 inches annually. Products: Cof- fee, tobacco, sugar cane, fruits. Only means of communication are narrow trails. Cabo Rojo, Department of Mayaguez ; population of municipality, 20,996 ; town, 4,200 ; near western coast ; 10 miles <16 km. ) south of Mayaguez by carretera. Industry : Manufacture of straw hats. Products: Sugar cane, pineapples, coconuts. Banks: Banco de Economias y Prestamos. Hotel: Fenlx. Camuy, Department of Arecibo, on northern coast; population of municipality, 12,174; town, 1,250; 9 miles (15 km.) from Arecibo, reached by American Railroad; 62 miles (100 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Hotel: Turiano Rivera. Catano, Department of San Juan ; across the bay from San Juan, 28 miles (46 km.). Carretera to Aibonito; ferryboat every eight minutes to San Juan ; fare, 3 cents. Reached from Bayamon by railroad. Ceiba, Department of Humacao, in extreme northeastern part of island ; population of municipality, 4,739, town, 1,050 ; 35 miles (58 Ian.) from Rio Piedras, by carretera; 17 miles (27 km.) from Humacao, by carretera. Principal products : Sugar cane and fruits. Giales, Department of Arecibo, in north central part of island ; population of municipality, 19,747, town, 1,800; 19 miles (33 km.) from Arecibo, by carretera; 8 miles (13 km.) from Manati, by carretera. Products: CofEee, sugar cane, fruits. Cidra, Department of Guayama; population of municipality, 11,372, town, 1,700; near the Mllitai-y Road, 10 miles (16 km.) from Guayama, 10 miles (16 km.) from Caguas, by carretera. Products: Tobacco, fruits, coffee, sugar cane. Hotels : F. Gonzalez, Wenseslao Segarra. 0oamo, Department of Ponce, in south central part of island; population of municipality, 18,100, town, 4,000; 60 miles (98 km.) from San Juan, by autos, fare, $3.25; 80 miles (130 km.) from Ponce, by autos, fare, $1.25. Products : Coffee and fruits. Hotels : Isabel Pico. Near here are the famous Coamo Springs. Comerio, Department of San Juan; population of municipality, 12,000, town, 2,000; 17 miles (27 km.) from Bayamon, by carretera. Products: Tobacco, coffee, fruits. Connection with Las Cruces on Military Road; roads to Bayamon and Cataha, where there is a ferry to San Juan. Hotels : Cirito Cruz, Levacadio Riviera. Corozal, Department of San Juan; population of municipality, 13,930, town, 1,400; 15 miles (25 km.) southwest of Bayamon, reached by carretera. Products: Coffei.% cane, fruits. Culeljra, small island off the east coast of Porto Rico ; population, 1,411. Products: Fruits. Reached by small steamers. Dorado, Department of San Juan; population of municipality, 5,243, town, 1,100; 21 miles (33 km.) west of San Juan. Products: Sugar cane, pineapples, and other fruits. Reached from San Juan by American Railroad. POETO RICO. 221 Guanica, Department of Mayaguez, on southwestern coast ; popula- tion of municipality, 6,909, town, 1,900; 8 miles (13 km.) from Ponce, reached by carretera. One of the greatest sugar centers of the world. ,. ; Guayanilla, Department of Ponce, in southwestern part of island ; population of municipality, 11,113, town, 1,250; 14 miles (22 km.) from Ponce, reached by American Railroad. Products ; Coffee, sugar cane, and fruit.«. Gurabo, Department of Humacao, a few miles east of Caguas, reached by carretera ; 13 miles (22 km.)- from Humacao, reached by carretera ; population of municipality, 11,956, town, 2,400. Rich tobacco section. Hotels : Marcial Maldonado, Jose Ramon Quinonez, Antonio Vazquez. Hormiguefos, Department of Mayaguej, in southwestern part of island; population of municipality, 4,172, town, 1,000; 124 miles (198 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad; 6 miles (9 km.) from Mayaguez, reached by American Railroad. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Isabela, Department Of Aguadilla, on extreme northwestern coast ; population of municipality, 18,088; town, 1,400; 11 miles (18 km.) from Aguadilla, reached by American Railroad; 75 miles (122 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad; 90 miles (147 km.) from Ponce, reached ' by American Railroad. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Hotels : Parada, Estacion. JayTiya, Department of Ponce ; population of municipality, 11,033 ; town, 900; 12 miles (21 km.) from Ooamo, reached by carretera. Products : Coffee, fruits; sugar cane. Juana Diaz, Department of Ponce, on the military road, a few miles northwest of Ponce; population of municipality, 31,295 ; -town, 2,200. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, and fruits. Hotels : Borin- quen, Italia, Puerto Rico. Reached from San Juan by auto service; fare, $4 ; from Ponce by auto service ; fare, $0.50. Autos leave San Juan and Ponce at 7.30 a. m. and 12.30 p. m. Juacos, Department of Humacao, midway between Oaguas and Humacao; about 9 miles (14 km.) from each; 36 miles (60 km.) from Guayama ; population of municipality, 12,-549 ; town, 4,400. Products : Sugar cane, tobacco, fruits. Hotel ; Estela Bohonis. lajas, Department of Mayaguez ; population of municipality, 11,883; town, 800; 6 miles (10 km.) from San German, reached by American Railroad; 136 miles (219 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad. Products : Sugar cane, pineapples, to- bacco, etc. lares. Department of Aguadilla; 22 miles (37 km.) from Agua- dilla, reached by carretera ; population of municipality, 24,311 ; town, 3,900. Products: Coffee, fruits, sugar cane. Carretera to Arecibo and Mayaguez ; automobile service to Mayaguez. Bank : Banco Territorial Agricola. , Hotels : America, Central, Roma. Las Maria's, Department of Mayaguez ; population of municipality, 10,783; town, 400; 10 miles (16 km.) from Mayaguez, reached by carretera. las Pledras, Department of Humacao ; population of municipality, 9,717; town, 500; near eastern coast; 14, miles (22 km.) from Oaguas, reached by carretera; 4 miles (6 km.) from Humacao. 222 GUIDE TO liATIN AMERICA. Loixa., Department of San J\ian; population of mvmicipality, 14,293; town, 1,200; on the northeastern coast; 18 miles (31 km.) east of San Jvmn, reached by carretera; 11 miles (17 km.) from Rio Piedras, reached by carretera. Products: Sugar cane, coco- nuts, eta luquillo, Departmeat of Humacao, near northeastern coast, in the Fajardo district ; population of municipality, 6,659 ; town, 1,250 ; 25 miles (40 km.) from Rio Piedras, reached by carretera; 28 miles (45 km.) from Humacao, reached by carretera. lllanati, Department of Arecibo, near northern coast; population of municipality, 18,500; town, 4,600; 36 miles (58 km.) from San Juan, two-hour trip by American Railroad; 17 miles (27 km.) from Arecibo, one-hour trip by American Railroad; 3 miles (5 km.) from ocean. Products: Sugar cane, rice, tobacco, coffee, fruits. Market place for dales and Morovia. Hotels: Central, Comercio, Coney Island, Puerto Rico. Slaricao, Department of Mayaguez, on carretera from Mayaguez to Laz Marias ; population of municipality, 7,683, town, 900 ; 10 miles (16 km.^ east of Mayaguez. Hotel: P. Cordero. Uaunabo, Department of Humacao, in extreme southeastern cor- ner of island ; population of municipality, 7,627 ; town, 1,100 ; 55 miles (90 km.) from Ponce, reached by carretera; 14 miles (25 km. ) from Arroyo, reached by carretera. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, coconuts. Itoca, D^artment of Aguadilla ; population of municipality, 16,460, town, 1,650; 5 miles (8 km.) southeast of Ag;uadilla, reached by carretera. Products: Coffee, sugar cane, and fruits. Hotels: Josefa Cotto Vda. de Perez ; Aurora Gonzalez de Miranda. Horovis, Department of Arecibo; 15 miles (24 km.) from Manati,, reached by carretera; 31 miles (50 km.) from Arecibo, reached by carretera; population of municipality, 13,359, town, 1,200. Prod- ucts: Coffee, fruits, sugar cane. Nagnabo, Department of Humacao, in central part of eastern coast ; population of municipality, 15,418, town, 4,000 ; 14 miles (25 km.) from Humacao, reached by carretera; 18 miles (30 km.) from Fajardo, reached by carretera. Naranjito, Department of San Juan; population of municipality, 0,-527, town, 900; 15 miles (24 km.) from San Juan, reached by carretera. Products: Coffee, fruits. Patillas, Department of Guayama, near southeastern coast; 10 miles (16 km.) from Guayaiha, reached by carretera; 44 miles (72 km. ) from Ponce, reached by carretera. Population of municipality, 35,507, town, 2,40(K Products: Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Hotels: .lesus M. Marquez, Raf del Ortiz. . Penuelas, Department of Ponce; population of municipality, 12,870, town, 1,200; 10 aiiles (16 km.) west of Ponce, reached by carretera ; 7 miles (12 km. ) from Guayanilla, reached by carretera. Products: Coffee, fruits, sugar cane. Quebradillas, Department of Arecibo, on northwestern coast; 68 miles (111 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad; 98 miles (159 km.) from Ponce, reached by American Railroad; 18 miles (30 km.) from Aguadilla, reached by carretera or railroad. Population of municipality, 8,750; town, 1,300. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. POETO EICO. 223 Einoon, Department of Aguadilla, most westerly town of Porto Rieo; population of municipality, 7,808, town, 1,700; 37 miles (62 km.) from Arecibo, reached by American Railroad; 101 miles (164 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad. Products: Coconuts, sugar cane, coffee. Eio Grande, Department ©f San Juan, on northeastern coast; population of municipality, 12,394, town, 2,000; 9 miles (15 km.) from San Juan, by carretera. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, coco- nuts. Hotels: Adelina Quimonez, Saturino R^es. Sabaua Grande, Department of Mayaguez; population of munici- pality, 12,369, town, 2,800; 6 miles (10 km.) from Coamo, reached by carretera; 15 miles (24 km.) southeast of Mayaguez, reached by carretera; 10 miles (16 km.) from Yauco, reached by carretera. Products : Sugar cane, cofCee, tobacco. Hotels : Magdalena Acosta, Juana Rodriguez. c San Lorenzo, Department of Humacao, in the eastern section of the island, a few miles northwest of Humacao, reached by carretera ; population of municipality, 15,325 ; town, 2,500. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Hotel : Teresa Machln. San Sebastian, Department of Aguadilla, 13 miles (23 km.) south- east of Aguadilla, reached by carretera ; population of municipality, 20,290; town, 2,100. Products: Coffee, sugar cane, fruits. Hotel: Julia. Santa Isabel, Department of Ponce, near the southern central coast; population of municipality, 7,469; town, 1,400; 3 miles (5 km.) from Coamo, reached by carretera; 13 miles (23 km.) from Ponce, reached by auto "service, fare $0.75. Reached by automobile service from Guayama, fare $1. Santnrce, Department of San Juan, a residential suburb of San Juan; 3 miles (5 km.) from San Juan, reached by electric railway. Hotels : Nava, Eureka Miramar. Toa Alta, Department of San Juan; 15 miles (25 km.) from San Juan, reached by carretera; 9 miles (14 km.) from Corozal, reached by carretera ; population of municipality, 9,796 ; town, 1,100. Prod- ucts : Sugar cane and citrus fruits. Reached via Bayamon. Xoa Baja, Department of San Juan; 19 miles (32 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad; population of municipality, 6,713 ; town, 1,900. Great sugar-cane district. Trujillo Alto, Department of San Juan ; 3 miles (5 km.) southwest of San Juan, reached by electric railway; population of munic- ipality, 6,810; town, 800. Products: Sugar cane, pineapples, and other fruits. Utuado, Department of Arecibo, in central western part, south of Arecibo; 31 miles (50 km.) from Ponce, reached by carretera; 54 miles (90 km.) from San Juan, reached by carretera; population of municipality, 33,032 ; town, 3,500. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, to- bacco, fruits. Banks : Artau & Casellas ; J. Ginard & Co. ; Mestres Hnos. ; Sues, de Roses & Co. Hotels : La Bruja, Juan GUves, Hotel Univerco. Vega Alta, Department of San Juan, in Bayamon district; popu- lation of municipality, 8,730; town, 1,900; 21 miles (35 km.) from San Juan, reached by carretera; 15 miles (25 km.) from Bayamon, reached by carretera. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Hotel : Jose Escalera. 224 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Vega Baja, Department of San Juan, midway between San Juan and Arecibo; 29 miles (46 km.) from San Juan, reached by Ameri- can railroad; 25 miles (40 km.) from Catano, reached by carretera; population of municipality, 13,772 ; town, 3,400. Products : Sugar cane, pineapples, and other fruits. Hotel : Victoria. Yabucoa, Department, of Humacao, in extreme southeastern part of island;; 10 miles (16 km.) from Humacao, reached by carretera; population of municipality, 18,609 ; town, 3,000. Products : Sugar cane, coconuts, .fruits. Carretera to Humacao and GUayama. Hotels ; Jose Borrego, Francisco Lanarse, Isais Medina. BERMUDA ISLANDS. Location. — This group of islands is not properly a part of the West Indies. The islands number about 360 and lie ofE the coast of the United States, about 518 miles east of Cape Hatteras and 668 miles from New York. Only 18 or 20 of the islands are inhab- ited, while only 5 are of any importance. These are Bermuda (chief island), Somerset, Ireland, St. Georges, and St. David. Population.^— The population of the islands is about 21,000. Among the inhabitants there is a large percentage of Negroes. Climate. — ^The climate is most delightful, and during the winter Hamilton is a Mecca of tourists. The temperature averages be- tween 60° and 70° F. The rainfall is between 55 and 60 inches annually. There are always very pleasant breezes. Chief Products. — Bermuda is justly famous for the onions bearing its name. Besides onions, Bermuda also produces potatoes, toma- toes, arrowroot, lily bulbs, etc. Much of the prosperity of Bermuda is dependent upon the hotel Industry and the numerous tourists, who come here at all seasons, but especially during the winter. Language. — English. Currency. — ^English ; but American money is accepted. Weights and Measures. — Same as in England. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable Bates. — There are two cable companies — the Halifax & Bermuda Cable Co. and the Direct West India Gable Co. Rate to United States, about 35 cents per word. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW YORK. Quebec Steamship Co. — Office 32 Broadway, New York. Sailings from Pier 47, West Tenth Street, New York. Departures, semi- weekly for Hamilton, Bermuda. BHrst-class passenger fare, • New York to Bermuda, round trip, $75. Time of trip, about 40 hours. Distance, 668 nautical miles. OTHER LINES VISITING BERMUDA. Koyal Mail Steam Packet Co. — Canada-West Indies steamers. Fortnightly service from St. John and Halifax to Bermuda and other British West Indies. Fares from Bermuda : To St. Kitts, $62 50 ; Antigua, $62.50 ; Montserrat, $65 ; Dominica, $70 ; St. Lucia, $70; Barbados, $75; St. Vincent, $80; Grenada, $80; Trinidad, $85; Demerara, $95. Local Service. — Service between the principal islands is main- tained by the Island Steam Service, at low rates. There are also available numerous motor boats. 144297°— 20 15 225 226 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CANVASSING BERMUDA. Comniercial Traveler's license. — No license Is required for com- mercial travelers. Samples. — Samples! may be imported and cleared without difficulty. Samples without commercial value are admitted free ; other samples Ktay be covered by bond, whi(?h is; c^icele^ upoii> reexpertation. Samples may be reexported from either Hamilton or Stj (jeorges. There Js no time limit. ijHoMdarys in Bermuda. — ^The following are th^ holidajys of Ber- jnjida. Shis, being a British, possession, the holidays are those usu- ally observed! in Gfreat Britain : January 1, :^Jew Year's Day ; Good Fri'day; May 24, Empire Day; June S, King's birthday j; August 5, bank holiday ; December 25, cWstmas. ', ' CHIEF GOMMERCIAL CENTERS, HAMILTON, the capital and principal town of Bermuda ;. popula- tion, 6,500 ; located on the coast of the mainland. Landing : Steamer to wharf; harbor is entered through a long passage. Distant 668 nautical miles from New York. Industries : Negligible ; some manu- facturing of soda water and iee. , The island is largely dependent on thejtourists, and there are -many visitors, particularly during the winter. American consul and vice consul. How Keached. — From New York, by Quebec Steamship Co. ; time, 40 hours. M - Conveyances. — Carriages, $3 to $4 per day, or according to distance traversed. , Banks.— Bank of Bermuda; N. T. Butterfield & Son (Ltd.). Hotels. — Hamilton House,- Pension, Princess, American House, Belmont, Allenhurst, Kenwood, imperial. Point Pleasant, New Wind- sor, Frascati, Grasmere. Customhouse Brokers. — John S. & James Dell ; H. S. Conyers & Co. ; W. T. James & Co. ; Thompson, Roberts & Co. ; Bermuda Trans- portation Co. , . Note^ — This is largely a retail market, and the amount of busiaess transacted, while of a yery fair volume per capita, is not large in the aggregate. The merchaptts are practleally all retailers, while one or two do a little wholesaling with the islands of St. Georges, Somerset, etc. ST. GEORGES, a small town, about 12' miles (19 km.) from Hamil- ton. Coaling station. Considerable tourist traffic. American con- sular agent. Priacipal Hotels. — St. George, Globe. S6MEB,SET, 9 miles (15 km.) from Hauailton. A small town, chiefly a resort for tourists. Hotel; Somerset. BAHAMA ISLANDS. Map No. 5. location. — The Bahamas are a group of islands belonging to Great Britain, lying east of Florida and northeast of Cuba. There are over 3,000 islets, cays, etc., but only a few are inhabited. Priueipal Islands. — New Providence, population, 13,554 ; Abaco, 4,463; Harbour Island, 1,031; Grand Bahama, 1,824; San Salvador, 5,072; Long Island, 4,150; Eleuthera, 6,533; Andros Island, 7,545; Caicos Islaads, and Grand Turk Island. Area and Population. — The total area is approximately 4,404 square miles ; population of eritire group, about 56,000. Climate. — Generally fine, but hurricames and long droughts occur. Temperature, November to May, 60° to 75° F. ; balance of year 75° to 85° F. Bainf all, averages 49 Inches annually. During the winter months there is little rain. Products. — Sponges, sisal, hemp, cotton, fruits, hides and- skins, tomatoes, lumber. Language. — En^sh. Currency, Weights, and Measures. — English. Postage. — ^First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Telegraph and; Telepihoue. — ^Nassau has telegraphic communication with the outsitle world by means of wireless. There is a telephone system with 359 stations. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. (Ward Liae). — Offices foot of Wall Street, East River, New York, Departures from Piers 13 and 14, Wall and Pine Streets. Sailings weekly for Nassau, Baha- mas, during December, January, February, and March ;. fortnightly during the other mcwiths of the year. Fares : New York tei Nassau,, $71; Habana to Nassau, $33. Time of trip. New York to Nassau. 3 -days. Clyde line (Santo Dawingo Line).— Office, 11 Broadway, New York. Sailings from Pier M, Atlantic Basin, Brooklyn, Depar- tures, semimonthly for Turks Island and ports in Dominican Re- public. Fare, New York to Turks Island, $40 ; time of trip, 5 days, OTHER LINES VISITING THE BAHAMAS. Ward Line. — From Jacksonville and Miami, Fla., to Nassau. The Pickford & Black Line. — Monthly service from Halifax, Nova Seotla. Outer islands are reached by schooners from Nassau. The Admiral Dewey, an American steamer, maintains service between Wilson City, Abaco Island, and Nassau. 227 228 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CANVASSING THE BAHAMAS. Commercial Travelers' License. — Commercial travelers are not re- quired to take out any license. Samples. — Samples having no value are admitted free of duty. Samples having a commercial value must be covered by a deposit equal to the amount of duty thereon. This amount is refunded when samples are reexported. Trading in General. — The chief exports of the Bahamas are lum- ber, sisal, and sponges. At Wilson City, Abaeo, there is a great production of yellow pine. Fruits are also grown, including grape- fruit, pineapples, tomatoes, etc. The requirements of the smaller places, such as Governors Harbor, Island of Eleuthera, Grand Ba- hama, NicoUs Town, etc., are usually supplied from Nassau. Holidays in the Bahama Islands. — The following are the chief holidays of the Bahamas. It will be noticed that these are the holidays usually observed in Great Britain: January 1, New Year's Day ; Good Friday ; May 24, Empire Day ; Jime 3, King's birthday; June 23, Prince of Wales' birthday; August 4, bank holi- day; December 25, Christmas Day. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. NASSAU, capital and chief town of the Bahamas; altitude, 100 feet ; population, 12,554 ; on the island of New Providence. Land- ing : Steamei-s lie alongside pier. Climate : Equable and healthy ; temperature averages 77° F. Distant 145 nautical miles from Mi- ami, Fla; 960 nautical miles from New York; 116 nautical miles from Abaco. Industry : Canning of pineapples. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agents, R. H. Curry & Co. How Beached. — From Miami, triweekly steamer, one-night trip; from New York, Ward Line, three-day trip. Principal Hotels. — Colonial, Royal Victoria, Clifton. Bank.— Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — This place owes its chief importance to the fact that it is a great pleasure resort, with a delightful climate. The chief sources of wealth are fibers, sisal, liemp, sponges, pineapples, limes, etc. The business is chiefly retail and tlie volume is fair. ABACO ISLAND; population, 4,463; 116 nautical miles from Nas- sau. Settlements consist of New Plymouth, Hopetown, Cherokee Sound, Marsh Harbor, Green Turtle Cay, and Wilson City. Port of entry, Green Turtle Cay, on northeastern shore. Industries: Fishing, turtle catching, agriculture. How Reached. — Steamer Admiral Dewey makes weekly trips be- tween Nassau and Wilson City. Note. — A small island with a correspondingly small volume of trade. A number of retair merchants in dry goods, supplies, etc., are located here. ANBROS ISLAND; population, 7,545; 20 nautical miles from New Providence. Reached by schooners from Nassau. Products: Coco- nuts and sisal. OAICOS ISLANDS, southeast end of Bahamas; consist of North, South, East, West, and Grand Caicos ; population, about 3,000 BAHAMA ISLANDS. 229 (about 100 Whites). Products : Sponges, pink pearls, salt. Reached by schooners from Nassau. ELETITHERA ISLAND, east of Nassau. Products : Tomatoes and pineapples. Reached by schooners from Nassau. GRAND BAHAMA, off east coast of Florida; population, 1,824. Products: Timber, fish, turtles, grapefruit, sugar cane, molasses. Reached by schooners from Nassau. GRAND TURK ISLAND, 500 nautical miles from Kingston, Jamaica. Landing : Vessels anchor at coral reef one-half mile from shore. Climate, hot, but healthful. Chief product: Salt. How Reached. — From New York and from Santo Domingo by Clyde Line. SAN SALVADOR ISLAND; population, 5,072. Products: Sisal, cattle, horses, corn, sheep, pigs, poultry, eggs. Monthly mail schooner from Nassau. Small schooners ply between Nassau and San Salvador. INAGITA ISLAND, one of the largest of the Bahama Islands, about 560 square miles ; 60 nautical miles north of Haiti ; 50 nau- tical miles northeast of Cape Maisi, Cuba. Products : Salt, coco- nuts, lignum-vitas, satinwood. Lloyd's agent, Arthur L. Symonett. Chief settlement is Matthewtown. Reached from Nassau by schooners. VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES. Map No. 6. location. — The Virgin Islands comprise a group ^of over 59 islands In the Caribbean Sea, 40 miles east of Porto Rico. These were for- merly known as the Banish West Indies. :Oiily ibree islands in the group have any importance-^St. Thomas, St. Oroix, and St. John. Area and Population. — The area is 138 square miles ; population, about 27,000. Fully 93 per cent of tlie inhabitants are Negroes. The purchasing power is small. Topography. — ^The iiSands are of volcanic origin. St. Thomas (28 square miles) has a range of hills running east and west, which slope down ito -the sea. St. 'Oroix (84 square miles) likewise has a range of fhills, which are parallel ito the coast at the western 'end. The highest point is Blue Mouotain. St. John has 20 square miles. Clima'te. — The climate is good 'and .particularly en^oyalble during the winter months. Seasons. — There are no marked seasons, but August, September, and October are the hottest months, although the temperature sel- dom goes over 91°. In January, February, and March the tempera- ture is occasionally as low as 65°. St. Croix is slightly warmer than either St. Thomas or St. John. The average rainfall is about 31 inches annually. Products. — ^The products are chiefly agricultural. They include sugar, bay rum, bay leaves, tropical fruits, limes, cotton, lime juice, molasses, etc. Industries. — ^There is raising of small animals, such as goats, sheep, hogs, and donkeys. The export of hides and skins is Increas- ing. There are some sugar factories, bay-rum distilleries, machine shops, shipyards, and a floating dock. Language. — Principally English. Currency. — Same as in the United States. Weights and Measures. — Same as in the United States. Postage. — ^First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable, Telegraph, and Telephone. — St. Thomas is the headquarters of the West India & Panama Telegraph Co., which maintains serv- ice to all the West Indies and the west coast of South America, connecting at Jamaica with cables from Europe and the United States. The rate from New York to St. Thomas or St. Croix is 50 cents a word. Between St. Thomas and St. Croix the rate is 4 cents a word. St. Thomas and St. Croix have also good telephone servicp. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW YORK. ftuehec Mail Steamship Co. — Furness, Withy & Co., agents, 32 Broadway, New York. British steamers. Sailings from Pier 47, 230 VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 231 North River (West Tenth Street). Departures for St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados, and Demerara (British Guiana) every 10 days. Time of trip : New York to St. Thomas, 6 days ; to St. Crois:, 7 days. OTHER LINES VISITING ST. THOMAS. Bull-Insular line. — Steamer Marina. Monthly service 'between San Juan (Porto Rico) , St. Croix, and St. Thomas. Compagna* 'eenerale Transatlantique. — Steamer AM-elr-Kader. Monthly service to Porto Rico, Cuba, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and ports in the Lesser AntiUes. Tare from San ifuan to St. Thomas, $20 ; time, 7 to 8 hours. Steamers "Oriole" and " Carnien."-^WeeMy sailings between St. Thomas and Farjado (Porto Rico). Fare, Fajardo'-to St. ThoinEts, $10; San Juan to St. Thomas (automobile 'between Fajardo and San Juan), $15 one way, $25 round trip. At San Juan it is pos- sible to make connections with steamers for the United -States, -Ciiba, Dominican Republic, and South America. Xines Which Visited St. Thomas Prior to -the War.— 'The JBast Asiatic Co., with monthly service from Copenhagen, Rotterdam, and England to St. Thomas, Antigua, Dominica, ^. Lucia, Ba-rbados, Trinidad, Demerara, and Paramaribo; Royal Dutch West India Mail; La Veloce; Leyland Line; Herrera Line, from Cutoa and Porto Eico. Iiocal Steamer Service. — ^Local sailing sloqps ply 'between the islands; fare, one way, $3. Sloop Mispah leaves St. Thomas Mon- days and Fridays at noon for St. Croix ; average time of trip, about six hours. Mail boat leaves St. Thomas for St. John on Tuesdays and Fridays. Motor boats, sloops, and other small vessels make irregular trips between St. Thomas, St. John, and the neighboring islands of Porto Rico, Tortola, etc. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. ST. CB.t)IS, 40 nautical miles southeast of St. Thomas; area, about 84 square miles ; population, 15,500 ; comp^arativ^ly few whites. Climate : Healthful ; somewhat warmer than 'St. Th.omas ; hottest period, latter part of August to middle of 'September; cool- est period, January; average annual -paiDfall, about 31 'inches; rainy season, Augnist to JDeceHlber; iPtinCipal -products : ^Hgar, cat- tle, and tropical fruits. Industries: Agriculture, distilling of rum, soda-water works, ice plant. Reached from New York by Quebec Steamship Co; from Porto Rico by Bull-Insular Line; from St. Thomas by motor schooner, semiweekly service. Principal Towns.— Christiansted, or Bassin, on the north shore; population, 4,600; 30 miles (48 km.) from Frederiksted ; reached by automobile from Frederiksted, fare $6. Bank: National Bank of the Danish West Indies. Customhouse brokers, R. L. Merwin & Co. Those who visit St. Thomas may find it desirable to make the short journey to this place and Frederiksted. The business is nec- essarily of a retail character, 232 GUIDE TO LATIK AMERICA. Frederitsted, or Westend, at western end of island. Landing: Open roadstead ; ships anchor about one-fourth mile offshore. Pop- ulation, 3,000. There are about 100 miles of good roads. Automo- biles can.be hired; fare, 20 cents per mile. Bank: National Bank of the Danish West Indies. Customhouse brokers, R. L. Merwin & Co. Eighty per cent of the imports are handled ithrough this port. Travelers who canvass St. Thomas may find it desirable to visit Frederiksted. ,. ST. JOHIT, about 4 miles east of St. Thomas ; area, about 21 square miles; population, 950. Climate, similar to St. Thomas. Principal products : Bay leaves, bay rum, and limes. Industries : Agriculture, soda-water works, and ice factory. Reached from St. Thomas by mail boats, semiweekly service. Numerous motor boats, sloops, and sailing vessels make trips between St. Thomas and St. John ; also to the neighboring islands. Horseback is the only means of interior transportation; roads not suitable for carriages or auto- mobiles. Horses can be hired for S3 per day. Principal Town.— Carriage Fares, etc. — The traveler will find that carriage fares in Fort de France are high. As a matter of facti the traveler is sub- jected to heavy charges for almost any kind of service. The na- tives are usually disinclined to do more than they have contracted to do,, but opoe shown the proper manner in which to do a thing they will do it fairly well. I^pHX DE FRANCE, capita,!; :Qf Martinique ;; population, 30*000; 37 nauilcal miles from Castries (St. Lucia), 1,787 nautical miles fi-om New Yort. Landing: Vessels anchor offshore; small boats take passengers ashore. Amerlcap consul. How Beached. — Froni New York, by Quebec Steamship Line ; from St. Lucia, Trinidad, and Demerara, by intercolonial steamer service. Baa^. — Banque de la Martinique, 32 Rue la Martine. Hotels.— Europe, Grand, France, Pamille, Bains. local Steamer Service.— Every Tuesday a boat goes north to Car- bet, St. Pierre, Precheur, Grand Riviere, Macouba, Vasse Polnte, Lorrain, Marlgot, Santa Marie, Trinite, Robert; Fcancols, and Vau- clln; fare, 4 francs (about 80 cents). Every Wednesday a boat goes MAKTINIQtJE. 247 south to Anses d'Arlet, Diamant, St. Luce, Riviere Pilote, Santa Anne, and Marin ; fare, 4 francs. Boat for St. Pierre makes two trips daily ; fare, 3 francs. Motor-car Service. — Motor cars leave daily at 2.30 p. m. Fares, northbound : St. Joseph, 2 francs ; Gros-Morne, 4 francs ; Trinite, 8 francs; Ste. Marie. 8 francs i Marigot, 8 francs; Lorrain, 10 francs. Fares, southbound: Lamentin, 2 francs; Ducos, 2.50 francs; Petit Bourg, 3.50 francs ; St. Esprit, 4 francs ; Francois, 6 francs ; Riviere Pilote, 5 francs ; Vauclin, 6 francs ; Marin, 8 francs. Note to Travelers. — Practically all of the Import business is done throtigh Fort de France. Although some of the dealers in the interior import, the shipments are usually handled by agents In Fort de France. The most conventent way to cover the island is by automobile, as there is no difficulty in obtaining them. Automobiles may be hired by the day or by the number of klloineters covered, with additional charge for stopping. The average charge is about 100 francs a day, or 2 francs per kllonieter, return included. There are no established rates for alito hire, and it is best to make inquiries of a number of owners. It will be found difficult to make use of the local steamship lines in transacting business with outside points. Most of these places can be reached by autobus lines, which carry the mail, but the most satisfactory way Is to engage an automobile by the day. This place owes its importance to the fact that it is a coaling station as well as the headquarters of the Compagnie G6n6rale Transatlantique In the West Indies. It has one of the best harbors, with a large dry dock and other facilities. The chief sources of wealth are sugar, cacao, and rum ; there are also other important tropical products. Some very important sugar estates are here. Some wholesaling is done, but in general the trade Is retail. M^""" tinique is worthy of the attention of all who visit the West Indies, as some very good firms are located here. BARBADOS. Map. No. 9. Location. — ^The Island of Barbados is a British possession lying to the east of the Windward Islands, about 9.7 miles e,4st of St. Vincent. Area and Population. — ^The area is about 166 square miles ; popu- lation, about 200,000, or l,2iOO per square mile. The inhabitants are chiefly blacks. There are some Europeans, most of them English. Topogra,phy.^There is a deep jvalley which- divides the island into two parts, the northern part" being, the larger. Near thecenter of the northern half is Mount Hillaby, 1,104 feet, which, is the highest point. There are numerous valleys, some of which are picturesque and fertile. There are a nurnber of small streams,, npne of which are navigable. . Climate. — Healthful. The temperature averages about 63° F. during the winter months ; fljoni 75° to 96° in summer. The island Is swept by cool northeast trade winds. The rainfall varies from 50 to 70 Inches. The rainy season occurs from June to October. January to February are usually dry, while March and April are the driest months. The rainy season sometimes begins toward the end of May, an(} the cljrpate is rather oppressive until the middle of October, when the trade winds begin to freshen. The hurricane season is from June to October. Products and Industries. — The chief products of Barbados are sugar and sea-island cotton. The sugar works number about 320 and the rum distilleries about 4. Other products are bananas, molasses, tropical fruits, etc. There is also some' export of manjack and skins, also balata. Language. — English. Currency.— British, but American and Canadian money are ac- cepted, and there is consequently a mixed monetary system of dollars, shillings, and pence. The English penny is reckoned as 2 cents American, the shilling as 24 cents American, and the pound as $4.80. Canadian and American notes are converted at $4.92. Business statements are rendered in pounds, shillings, and pence, but dollars and cents are understood, and statements may be made in those terms If desired. Weights and Measures. — Same as in the United States and Eng- land. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States is 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable. — The cable rate from points in the United States east of the Mississippi River Is 36 cents per word, and from points west of the river 41 cents per word. Telegraph and Telephone. — ^There is no telegraph in the interior, but there is an adequate telephone system. 248 BARBADOS. 249 TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Quebec Steamship Co.— Furness, Withy & Co., agents, 32 Broad- way, New York. British steamers. Sailings from Pier 47, Nortli River (West Tenlli Street). Departures about every 10 days for St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbados, and Demerara (Brit- ish Guiana). Fare, New York to Barbados, $95. Time of trip, including stops, about 13 days. Royal Dutch West India Mail line. — Funch, Edye & Co., agents, 10 Bridge Street, New York. Dutch steamers. Departures from Pier 3, Bush Terminal, Forty-seventh Street, Brooklyn, for Barba- dos, via Haiti, about every two weeks. Passengers transship at Port au Prince, Haiti, for Barbados. Lamport & Holt line. — Office, 42 Broadway, New York. Sailings from Pier 8, Brooklyn. Departures monthly for Barbados. Fare, New York to Barbados, $110. Time of trip (direct), about six days. The Booth line.— Regular sailings for Barbados and pOrts on the east coast of South America. Fare, New York to Barbados, $90. Steamers leave Pier 6, Bush Terminal, foot of Forty-third Street, Brooklyn. Iloyd Brasileiro. — Sailings semimonthly for Barbados and ports in Brazil. Fare, New York to Barbados, $110. OTHER LINES VISITING BARBADOS. Eoyal Wail Steam Packet Co. — Fortnightly sailings from St. John, New Brunswick, and Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Leeward Islands and Windward Islands. Furnishes interisland service. The Leyland line. — From England. The Harrison Line. — From England. The Direct Line of Steamers (Sorutton, Sons & Co.). — Fortnigfitly sailings from London to Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad, and Deme- rara. Distances from Bridgetown, Barbados. — ^New York, 2,060 nautical miles ; Port of Spain, Trinidad, 203 ; Fort de France, Jlartinique, 130; Georgetown, British Guiana, 889; Maraealbo, Venezuela, 1,833; Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,070; Port Castries, St. Lucia, 110; St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 442 ; San Juan, Porto Rico, 517. CANVASSING BARBADOS. Business Conditions. — In Bridgetown are located the principal im- porters. Here also the functions of th,e retailer and wholesaler overlap. There are some very responsible firms who are able to make good purchases. In general, however, the orders are not large, and the buyers prefer to make frequent importations in pref^ erence to stocking up for a long period ; nor is the custom of buy- ing far in advance a prevalent one. Agencies.^— An agency can well be established in Bridgetown, which is the strategetical point for doing business. Some houses ex- pect the representative \ in Bridgetown to canvass the Windward 250 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBICA. Islands of St. Vincent, St. Lucia,, aoffl ©renada, although these more often fall to the lot of the representative at Port of Spain, Trini- dad, who may likewise be expected to take care of Barbados. Commercial Travelfir's License. — Commercial travelers are not sub- ject to any tax or license fee. Samples. — Samples without commercial value are admitted duty free. Samples having a commercial value are subject to the ordinalry rates of customs duties, but money is refunded oh exportation, pro- vided the identity of the samples is proven to the satisfaction of the customs officials. There is no fixed time limit for reexportation. Traveler's Baggage Allowance. — Commercial travelers are ac- corded no special privileges by the railway, which is a private com- pany. Railroad. — ^The Barbados Light Railway extends from Bridgetown to St. Andrews, a distance of 24 miles (40 km.). This road Sus- pended operation in June, 1916, owing to a lack of supplies. Holidays in Barbados. — The following are the principal holidays. As Barbados is an English colony, the holidays are those of Great Britain : January 1, New Year's Day ; Good Friday ; iEaster Monday ; Whit Monday ; May 24, Victoria Day ; June 3, birftday of the King ; August 5 and October 6, bank holidays; November 9, Edward the Peacemaker's Day ; December 25,- Christmas ; December 26, Boxing Day. August 11 or some other day of that month is usually set apart for general thanksgiving. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTER. BRIDGETOWN, capital of the island ; population, 30,000 ; climate, hot ; 2,060 nautical miles from New York, 203 miles from Port of Spain, Trinidad, 130 miles from Port de France, Martinique. Land- ing, by shore boat. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Harold B. Gar- diner Austin. How Reached. — From New York, by Lamport & Holt Line and Quebec Steamship Co. Banks. — Royal, Bank of Canada; Colonial Bank. Railroad. — ^Dally rail service to Bathsheba; time, li hours. Mule- car service to riear-by_ towns every half hour. Motor cars can be hired at rate of $5 per hour. Frincipal Hotels. — Marine Hotel (at Hastings, 2 miles distant), Balmoral (at Hastiugs, 2 miles distant). Ice House (Bridgetown), Seaview, St. Lawrence (at St. Lawrence, 4 miles distant). Beach- mount (at Bathsheba), Crane (at Crane), Atlantis (at Bathsheba). Note. — A considerable volume of trade is carried on here, as Bridgetown is a port of call for many steamers. There Is some wholesale business, but in the main the trade is of a retail character and consists of general merchandise, estate stores, etc. Salesmen who sell these goods will find it desirable to visit this place; also those who sell tools and Implements for the agricultural industry. WINDWARD ISLANDS. Map No. 9. GRENADA. location. — Southernmost of the Windward Islands, 90 nautical miles north of Trinidad and 65 nautical miles southwest of St. Vincent. Area and Population. — ^Area, 120 square miles ; population, 71,500 ; about 596 inhabitants per square mile. Dependencies of Grenada. — Carricou (20 miles north), Diamond Island, Islet Honda, Les Tantes, Little Martinique, Isle de Caille, Levere, Little Tobago, Green Island, Bird Island, Conference, Mar- quis, Bacolet, Adam, Caliving, Hog, and other smaller islands. They are of no consequence commercially except in the aggregate. Cable. — Cable connection with the United States is maintained by the West India & Panama Cable Co. The rate from points east of the Mississippi River is 36 cents per word, and from points west of the river 41 cents per word. Climate. — ^The rainy season extends from July to December ; heaviest rainfall during September and November. On the coast the average rainfall is 80 inches per annum, hut in the interior, where the mountains intercept the clouds, the precipitation is heavier. At sea level the mean maximum temperature is 90° F., but in the higher altitudes, due to the breezes, the temperature is lower and the nights are usually pleasant. Products. — Cacao, sugar, lime, coconuts, rum. language. — English and a patois. Currency. — In the main, that of England. Weights and Measures. — Same as in England and the United States. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. STEAMSHIP LINE FROM NEW YORK. Trinidad line. — Trinidad Shipping & Trading Co.,. 29 Broadway. Departures from Pier 24, Robinson Stores, Brooklyn, every two weeks for Grenada, Trinidad, and Demerara (British Guiana). Fares : New York to Grenada, $80 ; Trinidad to Grenada, $5. Time, New York to Grenada, about seven days; distance, 1,828 nautical miles. OTHER LINES VISITING GRENADA. Boyal Mail Steam Packet Co. (Canadian Line). — Sailings every two weeks from St. John and Halifax, Canada, ships calling at this port on return trip from British Guiana. Direct line of Steamers (Scrutton, Sons & Co.).— Fortnightly sail- ings from. England to Grenada, Barbados, Trinidad, and Demerara. 251 252 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CANVASSING GRENADA. Commercial Traveler's License. — Commercial travelers are not re- quired to take out.anyjieeuse. ' ' 1.: Samples.— Samples without commercial value are admitted free. Those having a commercial value are checked by customs officials and a deposit made to cover the duty. This deposit is returned after goods have been rechecked irf idustomhouse at time of reex- portation. If any of the samples have been disposed of duty must be paid for such portion. Samples may be reexported from any port in the colony, and there is no time limit for such reexportation. Holidays in Grenada. — The following are the chief holidays ob- served in Grenatla. It will be noticed that these are the holidays usually observed in Great Britain;; January 1, New.' Tear's Day; January i 2, day after New Year's ; Good Friddy ; Easter Monday ; Whit Monday; M^y: 24, Victoria Day; Corpus Ohristi; June 3, birthday of the King; first Monday in August, bank holiday; De- cember 25, Christmas ; December 26, Boxing Day. The day ap^ pointed as Thanksgiving Day, usually In August, is also a holiday. ■Foreign Trade. — The total value , of imports in 1916 was $1,671,335; exports, $2,599,845. Imports from the United Kingdom were valued at, $588,262; from the United States, $627,204. ST. GEORGE, capital and principal port of the island, on south- western coast; population j 6,000 (mostly black) ; 90 nautical miles from Trinidad, 65 nautical miles from St. Vincent, 100 nautical miles from Barbados* Landing : From steamer to wharf. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, ,A. Hubbard & Co. How Eeached. — From New York, by Trinidad Line. Daily mail coach service between ^ St George and Grenville, via St. David's Court ; fare, each way, $1.25. Principal Hotels.— jBwiglas, Grand iJtang, Home. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada; Colonial Bank. Note. — Although one of the smaller West Indies, Grenada Is .of tiupo,i;tancei Tropical .products, especially cacao, nutmegs, and maize, are the .chief sources of wealth. Usually visited by those salesmen who make the smaller Islands. There is not much whole- saling, but St. George will be found worthy of a visit.. GRENVILLE, population, 3,000. Landing: Vessels lie alongside jetty. Reached from St. George by mail coach, daily service, or by steamer. 60UYAVE, population, 1,200. Reached from St, George ;by steamer ;- time, IJ hours. ST. VINCENT. Location. — A British possession In the Windward Group, about 97 nautical miles west Of Barbados and' about 30 miles southwest of St. Lucia. Area and Population. — Area, 140 square miles; population, about 50,000; about 357 inhabitants per square mile. Dependencies of St. Vincenli. — Bequla, Mustlque, Cannouan, Car- riacou, and Union Island. ■ ' Climate.^Henlthful, except during rainy season, August to No- vember, when it is generally hot and damp. The average annual WINDWAKD ISLANDS. 253 rainfall Is about 100 laches/ The temperature averages between 60° and 88° F. The nights are always cool. The island is some- times visited by hurricanes. Topography.— The island is volcanic, with irregular wooded ridges running its entire lengtli. The Volcano Soufriere, 3,500 feet high, is at the northern end. There are numerous small streams, none of which Is navigable. Products. — Cacao, arrowroot, spices, sugar, rum, sea-island cotton, peas, beans, maize, etc. Language. — English. Currency. — Same as England. Five-dollar bills are issued by branches of the Royal Bank of Canada and the Colonial Bank of England. Weights and. measures. — Same as United States and Etogland. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable, Telegraph, and Telephone. — Cable service is maintained by the West India & Panama Cable Co., the rate for points east of the Mississippi River being 36 cents per word and for points west of the river 41 cents per word. The telegraph and telephone systems are under Government control. STEAMSHIP LINE FROM NEW YOKK. Quebec Steamship Co.-^Furness, Withy & Co., agents, 32 Broadway. British steamers. Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street). Departures for St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados, St. Vincent, and Demerara (British Guiana) about every 10 days. Fare to St. Vincent, $85-$95 ; time, 12 days. OTHER LINES VISITING ST. VINCENT. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. (Canadian Xine). — Sailings every 14 days from St. John and Halifax, touching at St. Vincent. Direct line of Steamers (Scrutton, Sons & Co.) — Monthly sailings from England for St. Vincent, and fortnightly sailings for Barbados, where a smaller vessel can be taken to St. Vincent. CANVASSING ST. VINCENT. Commercial Traveler's License. — Commercial travelers are not sub- ject to any license or taxes. Samples. — Samples are admitted free of duty. If any Pai"t of the samples are disponed of, the regular import duty is assessed on the portion sold. A deposit equal to the amount of duty must be de- posited, which is returned upon reexportation of samples. As an alternative, the traveler may have the samples checked on his ar- rival in the presence of ^ customs officer, and checked and -re- packed in the J)resence of a customs officer before he departs, duty to be paid if any of the samples have been disposed of. Samples not required for local trade may be left in the custody of the cus- toms during the traveler's stay in St. Vincent. Holidays in St. Vincent. — January 1 and 2, New I'ear's holidays ; Good Friday; Easter Monday; Whit Monday; May 24, Victoria 234 GUIDE TO BATIS AISCEEIOA. Day; Corpus Christl; Juue 3, birthday of tha King; first Monday in August, bank holiday; December 25 and 26, Christmas holidays.' The day appointed as Thanksgiving Day is also a holMay. , KINGSXOWN, the capital, located on southwest coast ; popula- tion, 5,000; about 1,876 nautical miles from New York; 89 nautical miles from Fort de France, Martinique. Landing? By shore boat; ships anchor about one-fourth mile offshore. American consular agent. Lloyd's agents, John H., Hazell's Sons & Co. How Reached. — From New York, by Quebec Steamship Line. Principal Hotels. — -Linley, Crichton. Banks.— Colonial Bank ; Royal Bank of Canada. . Note. — The chief wealth of St. Vincent is due t® cassava, cotton, cacao, sugar, etc. There is a fair volume of trade, and Kingstown is visited by those salesmen who canvass the smaller towns. Those who supply machines and implements for agricultural purposes will find it worthy of a visit. ST. LUCIA. Location. — A British possession most northerly of the Windward Group ; about 25 nautical miles south of Martinique and 30 nautical miles northeast of St. Vincent. Area and Population.— Area, about 238 squai-e miles ; population, 54,600 ; about 230 inhabitants per square mile. Climate. — Mild and pleasant. Temperature averages 80° to 90° F. Annual rainfall about 84 inches. The rainy season extends from June to November. The coolest month is February and the hottest July. Nights are usually cool at elevations over 500 feet. Topography. — The island is very mountainous. The main range of mountains runs north and south, the average height being 1,500 feet, and gradually slopes down to the sea on either side. The Canaries Mountain, 3,1^ feet, near the center of the island, is the highest point. Riwers^^St. Lucia has several rivers, the principal ones being the Cul de Sac and the Roseau on the leeward side, and the Dennery, Troumassee, and Canelles on the windward side. Language. — English. Currency. — In the main, as in England. Five-dollar bills are issued by branches of the Colonial Bank of England and the Royal Bank of Canada. Weights and Measures. — Same as in, England and the U-nited States. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Products. — Sugar, rum, lime juice, cacao, vanilla beans, nutmegs^ bay seeds, cloves, logwood. Gable, Telegraph, and Telephone.- — Cable service with the United States is maintained -by the West India & Panama Cable Co., the rate from points east of the Mississippi River being 36 cents per word, and from points west of the river 41 cents per word. Tlje telegraph and telephone systems are under Government control. WINDWARD ISLANDS. 255 STEAMSHIP LINE FROM NEW YORK. Quebec Steamship Co. — Furaess, Withy & Co., agents, 32 Broadway. British steamers. Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street). Departures for Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Barbados, and Demerara (British Guiana) about every 10 days; for St. Martin and St. Vincent at irregular intervals. Fare to St. Lucia, $85=f 95; time, 12 days. OTHER LINES VISITING ST. LUCIA. Compa^ie Genferale Iransatlantlque. — Intercolonial steamer leaves Fort de France, Martinique, on arrival of French steamers. Royal Mail Steam -Packet Co. (Canadian line).— Sailings from St. John and Halifax every 14 days to Leeward Islands and Windward Islands. Direct Line of Steamers (Scrutton, Sons & Co.). — In normal times this line had monthly steamers from England for St. Lucia, St. ICitts, St. Vincent, Montserrat, and Dominica. East Asiatic Co. — In normal times this line had monthly sailings from Copenhagen, Rotterdam, and England to St. Lucia and St., Thomas. CANVASSING ST. LUCIA. Commercial Travelers' License. — Commercial travelers are not sub- ject to any license or taxes. Samples. — Samples of no commercial value are admitted free. In the case of samples having a commercial value the usual practice is to check the samples on arrival and departure of traveler. If any samples have been disposed of,, duty is charged at the regular rates. Holidays in St. Lucia. — The chief holidays are the same as those of Grenada and St. Vincent. CASTRIES, chief town of the island; population, 17,250; 1,747 nautical miles from New York, 37 nautical miles from Fort de France, Martinique ; 110 nautical miles from Bridgetown, Barbados ; 57 nautical miles from Kingstown, St. Vincent. Landing : Steamers lie alongside dock and discharge passengers direct to wharf. Lloyd's agent, Minville & Chastant. How Reached. — ^From New York, by Quebec Steamship Line ; from Fort de France, Martinique, by intercolonial steamer ;: from Trini- dad, by steamer ; fortnightly service between Martinique, Demeraira, Cayenne, and Trinidad ; steamer touches at St. Lucia. Hotels and Boarding Houses. — La Felicite; Mrs. Rogers; Mrs. Dupigny. Banks. — Colonial Bank; Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — St. Lucia is one of the more important islands in the West Indies, owing to the fact that there is an excellent harbor with splendid docking facilities. The cultivation of sugar, limes, and other tropical products is carried on. The trade is of a very fair extent. In planning a trip to the West Indies this port should be included in the Itinerary. TRINIDAD. Map No. 9. location. — ^Most southerly of the British West Indies, about 16 miles from the coast of Venezuela, immediately north of the mouth of the Orinoco River. Area and Population. — ^Area, about 1,860 square miles ; population, 365,000, or about 200 per square mile. Topography. — The island is somewhat mountainous, having three ranges of hills running east and west. The highest points are Cerro de Aripo and El Tucuche, each about 3,000 feet high. There are numerous rivers, 'but none suitable for navigation. Inhabitants. — About one-third of the inhabitants are East In- dians and their descendants. The remaining two-thirds are mostly of mixed African and European blood, the oldest European element being French and Spanish. Climate. — Humid and hot. The temperature averages 79° F. The rainfall is about 62 Inches amiually. The rainy season usually lasts from May until December, with a break in September; dry season, the rest of the year. During January to March the tem- perature at night is sometimes as low as 65° P. Products. — Trinidad, in proportion to population, is one of the wealthiest of the West Indies. The chief agricultural export is cacao, next sugar. Other important crops are coconuts, copra, limes, vanilla beans, etc. There is great wealth in the island's tim- ber. Among the items exported are logwood, dlvi-divl, mangi-ove bark, etc. Asphalt and Petroleum. Industries. — ^These are exceedingly im- portant, and the chief source of wealth. Oil refineries are con- ducted at various places, and the products are of a very high quality. The potential wealth in petroleum is exceedingly great. Language. — In the main, English. The laboring classes use a mixture of English and a local dialect called " Creole," but the ma- jority speak and understand English. Currency. — The official currency is in English terms. There is a colonial $1 bill and $5 bills are issued by two banks in Trindad. The fractional currency is English. Weights and Measures, — Same as in the United States and Eng- land. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from tie United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable Rates. — ^From points east of the Mississippi River, 36 cents per word; from points west of the river, 41 cents per word. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Trinidad line. — ^Trinidad Shipping & Trading Co., 29 Broadway. Departures from Pier 24, Robinson Stores, Brooklyn, every two 256 TRINIDAD. 267 weeks for St. George (Grenada), Port of Spain (Trinidad), and Demerara (Britlsli Guiana). Fare, New York to Port of Spain, $80. Time of trip, about eight days. Royal Dutch West India Mail Line. — ^Punch, Edye & Co., agents, 10 Bridge Street. Dutch steamers. Departures from Pier 3, Bush Terminal, Forty-seventh Street, Brooklyn, for Port of Spain, Trini- dad, via Haitian ports, about every two weeks. Time, including stops, about 22 days. OTHER LINES VISITING TRINIDAD. Lamport & Holt line. — Steamers northbound from South America call at Port of Spain. Navigazione Generale Italiana. — ^Fortnightly service via Barbados, Trinidad, and Surinam. Gompagnle Gen6rale Transatlantique. — ^Intercolonial service (fort- nightly) between Port of Spain and St. Lucia, Fort de France, Demerara, Paramaribo, and Cayenne. Leyland and Harrison Lines. — ^Monthly sailings from England for Trinidad, Barbados, Demerara, Curacao, and Venezuelan ports. Direct line of Steamers (Scrutton, Sons & Co.). -^Fortnightly sail- ings from England for Trinidad, Barbados, Demerara, and Grenada. East Asiatic Co. — Monthly sailings from Copenhagen, Rotterdam, and England for Trinidad, Demerara, Paramaribo, and Windward Islands. Boyal Kail Steam Packet Co. (Canadian line). — Fortnightly sail- ings from St. John and Halifax for Trinidad, Barbados, St. Vin- cent, Grenada, etc. Compaiila Anonlma Venezolana de WavegaciSn. — Steamer Delta, between Port of Spain and Ciudad Bolivar (Venezuela), leaves Port of Spain on alternate Thursdays, arriving at Ciudad Bolivar the following Monday. Leaves Ciudad Bolivar on alternate Satur- days, arriving at Port of Spain following Monday. Pare, about $15. local Steamship Service. — Steamers connect with trains at San Fernando, proceeding to Cedros and Icacos, four times a week, call- ing at La Brea, Brighton, Guapo, Cap de VlUe, Irois, and Granville Bay. Other steamers leave weekly, touching at ports around the Island and connecting with Tobago Island. RAILROAD SERVICE. Trinidad Government Railway. — Extends from Port of Spain to San Fernando and Princes Town. From Cunupia, on the San Fer- nando line, there is a branch to Tabaqulte and Bio Claro. From San Fernando there is also an extension to Sipara, passing through the principal cugar-ralsing districts. Another branch serves the cacao-growing districts, running through Arima and Sangre Grande. Totallength of road is about 123 miles (198 km.). First-class fares: Port of Spain to San Fernando, $1.86; Port of Spain to Princes Town, $2.15. 144297°— 20 17 258 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CANVASSING TRINIDAD. Business Conditions. — ^A very fair business is done in Trinidad. The cMef town is Port of Spain, having a population of about 75,000. Here are located the chief importing houses, who supply the retail buyers as well as the country merchants. Many of the firms also do a considerable retail business. Most firms prefer to make smaller purchases at frequent intervals rather than incur obligations for large purchases. It may be found desirable, in case the representative speaks Spanish, to canvass that part of Vene- zuela which can not be easily reached from Caracas. This refers particularly to the eastern portion, including Oiudad Bolivar. Connection between Ciudad Bolivar and Port of Spain is frequent and not excessive in cost. Many merchants from Venezuela visit Port of Spain en route to or from their homes. This is a point for transshipment. A^ncies. — ^An agency for Trinidad should properly be established In Port of Spain. Prom this place the agent may also canvass Grenada, St. Vincent, and St. Luda, and even Barbados. The dis- tance from Port of Spain to St. Lucia is 303 miles. Agents are fre- quently expected to canvass the Orinoco negion of Venezuela also. Commercial Traveler's License. — Commercial trav^ers are not sub- ject to any special regulations, license, or taxes. Samples.— Only samples having a commercial vahie are subject to duty. A deposit to cover the duty can be made, which is refunded if samples are reexported within two months. This period may be extended upon application. Samples may be reexported through a port other than that through which they were admitted. Importance of Market. — In proportion to its size and population, Trinidad Is undoubtedly by far the richest and most prosperous of the British West Indian Islands, and is an Important market for imported goods, not only for local consumption, but for reexport or in transit to neighboring islands, the near-by Venezuelan coast towns, and also the vaUey of the Orinoco River, which is much easier to reach from Trinidad than from La Guaira, the chief port of Venezuela. There Is an Important trade between Trinidad and Ciudad Bolivajr, the chief town on the Orinoco River and the center of the llano cattle district of Venezuela, by we^ly steamer service. Holida.ys in Xrlnidad. — The holidays are those usually observed In Great Britain: January 1, New Tear's Day; Good Friday; Easter Monday; May 24, Empire Day; Corpus Christi; June 3, birthday of the King; December 23, Christmas Day. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. PORT OF SPAIir, capital of the colony, on western side of island, on Gulf of Parla; population, 65,044; 43 miles (69 km.) from Princes Town, 3S miles <56 km.) from San Fernando, 38 miles (61 km.) from La Brea (Pitch Lake). Landing: Small boats carry passengers from steamer to shore. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agents, Geo. F. Huggins & Co. How Beached. — ^From New York, by Trinidad Line and Royal Dutch West India Mail; from San Fernando, by rail, fare $1.86; TRINIDAD, 259 from Princes Town, by rail, fare $2.15; from Ciudad Bolivar, by weekly steamer, making points on Orinoco River. Conveyances. — Cabs, one person, 25 cents per mile; half fare for each additional person; or $1 per hour. Trolley-car service every 15 minutes. Principal Hotels. — Queen's Park, Standard, Icehouse, Paris, Mi- randa. Banks. — Colonial Bank; Gordon, Grant & Co. (Ltd.); Royal Bank of Canada ; Government Savings Bank ; National City Bank of New York. Note. — Port of Spain is a very important point in the West Indies and a port of call for many steamship Unes. It is also the entrep5t for the llano district of Venezuela, by way of the Orinoco River and Ciudad Bolivar. Much trade is carried on with that country and a great many products from that region are shipped from Port of Spain to Europe. A large volume of business is done, both whole- sale and retail. There are numerous sugar and cacao estates, while the raising of coconuts and the exporting of asphalt and oil contribute to the wealth of the community. This place should be visited by all salesmen. Those who sell machinery, tools, and other implements useful in the industries mentioned will also find this a strategic point. Claztons Bay. — At this point, about 17 miles (27 km.) from Port of Spain, the Trinidad Oil & Transport Co. has a large refinery. Other refineries are in operation at Brighton, Point Fortin, and Tabaquite. Trinidad is the chief source of supply for the General Asphalt Co., of Philadelphia, which operates the New Trinidad Lake Asphalt Co. (Ltd.). SAN FERNANDO, on the west coast; population, 9,500; 35 miles (56 km.) from Port of Spain, 15 miles (25 km.) from Pitch Lake, 20 miles (32 km.) from Tobago. Products: Sugar cane. Note. — San Fernando is easily reached from Port of Spain, Those who canvass small places sometimes find it worth while to visit this place. Most of the business is transacted VTith Port of Spain. Princes Town; 8 miles (13 km.) from San Fernando, reached by railroad; 43 miles (69 km.) from Port of Spain, reached by rail- road. TOBAGO. location. — ^An island lying about 20 nautical miles northeast of Trinidad and 75 miles from Grenada. Area, about 115 square miles ; population, 20,762, or about 180 inhabitants per square mile. Topc^raphy. — ^A main ridge of hills, about 18 miles long (29 km.), runs dovm the center of the northern half of the Island, the highest point, Pigeon Peak, being about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. The range is cut by deep valleys which are quite fertile. There are numerous small streams. The central part of the island is roll- ing, with small valleys and bills, while the south is almost level. The latter is the principal area of cultivation. Climate. — ^The climate is pleasant. The temperature averages about 80° F., but the heat is tempered by sea breezes, particularly during the dry season, which extends from December to June. The 260 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. heat is somewhat oppressive during the wet season, especially dur- ing the months of August and September. In the southern portion the annual rainfall is about 60 inches and in the central region from 85 to 95 inches. In some parts of the northern district it exceeds 100 inches. Products. — Sugar, cacao, coconuts, coffee, nutmegs, limes, tobacco. Weights and measures. — Same as in United States and England. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States 2 cents per ounce or fraction thereof. SCABBOKOTTGH, capital of Tobago ; population, 2,500 ; 70 nautical miles from Port of Spain, Trinidad. Landing : -Vessels anchor off- shore. Beached from Trinidad by coasting steamers; fare, round trip, $10. Coastal service around island; fare, $2.40. Boarding houses: The Fairfield, Peru Cottage. Port of Spain Is the business point with which most of the busi- ness is carried on. The chief source of wealth in this region Is tropical agricultural products. There are a number of cacao, sugar, and rubber estates, which obtain their supplies from Scarborough or Port of Spain. Sometimes visited by salesmen, but the mer- chants are chiefly dependent on Port of Spain. Plymouth, population, 1,200, is 5 miles (8 km.) from Scarborough. CURAgAO, Map No. 9. Location. — The Dutch West Indies consists of the following islands: Curasao, 210 square miles, population 34,168; Bonaire, 95 square miles, population 6,714; Aruba, 69 square miles, population 9,481 ; St. Martin, 17 square miles, population 3,369 ; St. Eustatius, 7 square miles, population 1,410; Saba, 5 square miles, population 2,239; total area, 403 square miles; total population, 57,381. The most important is Curacao, which, with Bonaire and Aruba, lie about 60 miles north of the coast of Venezuela. The other three are in the Leeward Group, about 500 miles from Curacao. Inhabitants. — The population, as given above, consists of a mixture of races, but there is a large percentage of Negroes. Topography. — Curacao is an elongated ridge of coral rock and volcanic formation. This is characteristic of the other islands. Climate. — The island of Curasao lies in the path of the trade winds, and the tropical climate is relieved by continual breezes, Curasao, Bonaire, and Aruba have a short uncertain rainy season. In Curasao the rains occur usually from October to January and from February to May. There is practically no rain during the rest of the year. Products. — ^These are chiefly agricultural. They include coffee, aloes, oranges, and other tropical fruits. The raising of cattle for the skins is increasing. The chief export is goatskins. Some skins of sheep, deer, etc., are also exported. In forest wealth there is a considerable production of hardwoods, mangrove bark, etc. Divi- divi is one of the chief exports. Industries. — The most Important export is straw hats. There is some petroleum refining, ostrich raising, etc. The most important industrial activity is the refining of oil at the plant of the Curacao Petroleum Co., Wilhelmstad. There is considerable trade with Venezuela, to which there is much transshipment. The wants of the people are small. Language. — Spanish is the language most commonly used, but Dutch and English are understood by most business men. The Ne- groes and lower classes speak a patois known as " papiamente." Currency. — ^The money is similar to that of the Netherlands. The guilder ($0.40) is the unit of value and is divided into 100 cents. The fractional coins are silver 25-cent and 10-cent pieces, a 5-cent piece, and copper 2i-cent, 1-cent, and half-cent pieces. Amer- ican money is accepted at a discount of 2 per cent. Weights and Measures.— ^Metric system. Postage. — The first-class letter rate between Curasao and the United States is 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable and Wireless. — ^The French Cable Co. has one of its prin- cipal stations on Curacao. For points east of the Mississippi River the rate is $1.38 per word and for points west $1.43 per word.' There is a Government-owned wireless station, which can not be used for commercial purposes other than to send to and receive messages from vessels at sea. 261 262 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FKOM NEW TOEK. Red D line. — Bliss, Ballett & Co., a'^ents, 82 Wall Street. Sail- ings fyom Pier 11, Brooklyn, foot of Montague Street. Departures weekly for San Juan, Porto Rico ; Curasao ; lii Guaira and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Service between Maracaibo, Venezuela, and Curasao about every five days. Fare, New York to Ctiragao, $70- $85. Itinerary : Leave New York, first day ; arrive San Juan, fifth day ; arrive Curasao, seventh day, Boyal Dutch West India Mail Co. — ^Funch, Bdye & Co.,, agents, 10 Bridge Street. Dutch steamers. Sailings from Pier 3, Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, foot of Forty-seventh Street. Departures for Haitian ports, Curagao, Venezuelan ports, Trinidad, British Guiana, and Dutch Guiana about every two weeks. Fare to Curasao, $90; time, including stops, about 16 days. OTHER LINES VISITING CURACAO. Compania Trasatlantica Baxcelona. — Monthly service. Leave Bar- celona 10th, Valencia 11th, Malaga 13th, Cadiz? 15th of each month direct for Las Paltaas, Santa Cruz de Tleneriffle, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, Habana, Port Limon, and Colon. Steamers leave Colon 12th of each month for Savanella, Colombia ; Curasao ; La Guaira and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. leyland and Harrison Iiines.— Weekly service from Liverpool. la Veloce. — Steamer leaves European ports monthly, arriving at Curasao about the 22d of the month from Venezuelan and about the 1st from Colombian ports. Service to Venezuela. — Red D Line steamers Caracas and Phila- delphia give fortnightly service to La Guaira ; time, about 12 hours. Steamers Maracaibo and Zidia have fortnightly service to La Guaira and Maracaibo ; time to Maracaibo, about 19 hours. Distances from Curasao. — ^New Tork^ 1,769 nautical miles ; Mara- caibo, Venezuela, 232 miles; Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 113 miles; La Guaira, Venezuela, 149 miles ; San Juan,. Parto Rico, 482 miles ; Ponce,. Porto Rico, 390 miles i Santo Domingo City, 395 miles; Kings- ton, Jiamaica, 580 miles ; Fort de France, Martinique, 496 miles ; St. Thomas, 452 miles ;, Port of Spain,, Trinidad, 500 miles. CANVASSING GURAgAO. Curasao is .generally visited by travelers on their way to Mara- caibo or Puerto Cabello in Venezuela. Sometimes it is included on tho return tripv The trade is limited and the wholesale houses are found in the chief port, Willemstad. Some business is done with Venezuela, and agents who are appointed for Curasao frequently .^re authorized to make sales to the merchants who arrive at Cura- cao from Maracaibo and Puerto Cabello. During the course of a year the business done witii Venezuplan merchants reaches a sub- stantial sum. Other agentsi are definitely authorized to canvass r>orthwestern Venezuela, includin.g the departments of Falcon and MaracBsibo, which are moro accessible to Curasao, by reason of the CUEAQAO. 263 frequent steamship connections, ttian to Caracas. The islands of Aruba and Bonaire are very small and are dependent upon Curasao. The average traveler will not find it worth while to vieit them. This also applies to the" other small Islands. Holidays in Curagao. — Following are the chief holidays officially recognized in Curasao : January 1, New Tear's Day ; Good Friday ; Easter Monday ; The Ascension ; Whit Monday ; August 31, Queen's birthday ; December 25 and 26, Christmas holidays. WILIEMSTAS, situated on south side of island ; vessels lie along- side quays; population, 11,000 (about 2,000 whites) ; 113 nautical miles from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela ; 1,769 nautical miles from New York. The city is divided by a deep channel, which is spanned by a bridge. The charge for crossing is 1 cent in Dutch currency. How Keached. — From New York, by Red D Line and Royal Dutch West India Mail Line; from Puerto Cabello, "Venezuela, by Red D Line. Banks and Bankers.— Curacao Trading Co. ; Curasao Bank ; S. B. L. Maduro & Sons; Curacao Mortgage Bank; Rivas, Fensohn & Co.; Spaarsen Beleenbank van Curasao; Colonial Postal Savings Bank. Lloyd's agents, J. & D. Jesurun. Principal Hotel. — Hotel del Comercio (in Otrabauda, Hotel Ameri- cano). Note. — ^TMs is the capital of the island and the seat of the gov- ernment of the colony. There are a number of houses here that do a fairly large business, both in a wholesale and retail way. There is considerable trade with Venezuela, and some American firms maintain offices here which canvass that portion of Venezuela most readily accessible from Curacao. BONAIRE AND ARUBA ISLANDS; population of Bonaire, 7,000; Aruba, 10,000. Distant 30 miles from Curacao. Products: Divi- divi, aloes, salt, goats, sheep, gold, wool, etc. Reached from Cura- sao by Dutch intercolonial steamer, weekly service. Note. — -These islands are very small. While there is considerable business with Willemstad, some of the firms make direct importa- tions. Travelers who canvass the small towns may find some busi- ness here. SABA ISLAND, about 500 nautical miles from Curacao; popula- tion. 2,500; area, about 8 square- miles. Chief product: Sulphur. Indurtries: Cattle raising find agriculture. Reached by small ves- sel.? from Willemstad, monthly fervicp. ST. EUSTATIUS ISLAND, about 500 nautical miles from Curasao; population, 1500; area, about 8 square mile-. Chief product: Cot- ton. American whaling vesscla are outfitted here. Eeaciiod from Willemstad by small vessel, laoathly service. ST. MARTIN ISLA.ND (SvUthem half), nbout 500 nautical miles from Curasao; area, 17 srjuare miles; population, ;^,400. Prodlcts: Sea-island cotton, salt, cuttle. Tl.e Ejrt!ic.'u half of this island be- longs to France. NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. COLOMBIA. Maps Nos. 8, 10, and 11. location. — Most northerly of the South American Republics, ad- jacent to Panama, which was formerly one of Its territories. It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea ; on the east by Vene- zuela and Brazil; on the south by Peru and Ecuador; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and Panama. Coast Line.^-^arlbbean side, 641 miles (1,036 km.) ; Pacific side, 468 miles (753 km.). Topography. — Colombia is a country of great extremes. In the main it is very mountainous. The chief features are the three great mountain ranges — ^the northern extremities of the Andes. These contain some famous passes, such as the Quindlo, and nu- • merous valleys of great fertility. Colombia is famous for its beau- tlfHl scenery. Rivers. — The chief river is the Magdalena, the commercial artery of the country. It is 1,020 miles (1,642 km.) in length, and navi- g^,ble for about 932 miles (1,500 km.). The Magdalena consists of two parts, the upper and the lower, divided by the rapids of Honda. The Lower Magdalena is navigable by large river steamers from Barranquilla to Honda ; the Upper Magdalena is navigable by steamers of shallow draft between Honda and Nelva. Through the Meta River the Magdalena is connected with the Orinoco. Of secondary importance are the Sinu and Atrato Rivers. The former empties into the Gulf of MorrosqulUo and the latter into the Gulf of Uraba. These rivers carry a considerable traffic. Next in importance commercially is the Oauca River, which empties into the Pacific Ocean and is navigable for some distance. Other important streams of Colombia, navigable to a greater or lesser extent, are the Patia, San Juan, Zulia, Guavlare, Sogomoso, Lebrlja, Nechi, San Jorge, Putumayo, the Caqueta, and the Orinoco. Climate. — Colombia has a variety of climates, the temperature ranging from 102° F. in the plains to very low temperatures re- corded in the regions of perpetual snow. Generally speaking, the country is very healthful. Care must be exercised by the traveler, both in the regions of extreme heat and In the mountain districts, which are subject to great extremes of temperature between noon and midnight. Seasons. — It Is impossible to state definitely the exact seasons ow- ing to the many modifications in various sections as caused by alti- tude, mountain ranges, and other influences. In a general way the seasons are as follows : First dry season, or summer, from mid-December to mid-April. This is the real dry season In many sections. The temperature Is mild and the sun strong. First rainy season, from mid-April to mid-June. During April and May the rains are frequent. In June 264 COLOMBIA. 265 they diminish to a drizzle, half rain and half mist, called the "paramos." Second dry season, July to October.- Coolest month in the year, July. Second rainy season, October to mid-December. This is the period of incessant rains, especially in October and No- vember, but the temperature is not quite as cold as in July. Dur- ing this season the mountain roads are often practically impassable. AREA AND POPTTIATION. BiTisions (capital cities). Area. Population in 1912. Density per ' square mile. DEPARTMENTS. Antioquia (Medellin) Atlantico (Barranqmlla) BoliTar (Cartagena) B oyaca (Tunja) Caldas (Manizales) Cauca (Popayan) Cimdinamarca (Bogota) Huila (Neiva) Magd^eua (Santa Marta) Narino (Paste) Santander Norte (Cuouta) Santander Sur (Bucaramanga).. Tolima (ibague) VaUe(CaB) , INTENDENC3ES. Choco (Quibdo) Meta (Villavicencio) - COMMISSABIES. Arauca ( Arauca) Caqueta (Florenoia) Goagira (Puerto Estrella) lurado (Pizarro) Putumayo (Mocao) Uraba ( Acandi) Vaupes (Calamar) Total area of intendencies and commissaries. Prison population Total. Square miles. 22, 752 ■ 1,008 22,320 16,460 7,380 20,403 8,046 8,100 19,080 9,360 6,255 17,865 10,080 3,897 270,372 739,414 114,887 420,730 586,499 341,198 211,756 713,968 158,191 149,547 292, 535 204,381 400,084 282,426 217, 159 68,127 4,922 25,534 63,013 8,207 31,380 6,476 5,545 ,793 435,278 5,072,101 32 114 19 35 48' 10 88 19 7 31 32 22 11.6 Note.— The present population may be conservatively estimated at 6,000,000. Chief Products. — Colombia has great agricultural resources, al- though but a small portion of the country is now cultivated. The differences in latitude make possible crops ranging from those of the Tropics to those of the Temperate Zone. The chief crop of Colombia is coffee. Other important tropical products are cacao, tobacco, bananas, rubber, sugar cane, vanilla, and ivory nuts. In the temperate regions vegetables, grains, castor beans, and veheat are raised. The timber industry Is important ; dyevFoods, medicinal plants, tolu, balsam, quebracho, cedar, and hardwoods are important contributions to the wealth of the country. Many cattle are raised on the llanos of eastern Colombia. 266 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Minerals. — Colombia is especially rich in minerals. Gold has been found in practically all parts of the country, some of the more important points being Canca, Antioquia, Narino, Tolima, and Boli- var. Copper, lead, cinnabar, mercury, manganese, and coal are also mined. The famous Muzo emerald mines produce almost all the emeralds of the world. These mines are near Boyaca. Salt min- ing is carried on near Zlpaquira and Nemocon. The principal silver mines are in the Cauea and Tolima region. Platinum is also of great iniiportance, being usually mined in connection with gold in the Atrato, San Juan, and other regions. One of the richest plati- num deposits in the world exists here. Iron is found in the Depart- ment of Ctmdinamarca. Asphalt has been discovered in the Upper Magdalena Kiver district. Petroleum and lime also exist, but their exploitation has not as yet assumed commercial importance. manufacturing Industries. — ^While' these are largely of a minor character, there are some important plants especially devoted to the manufacture of textiles, shoes, etc. There are also iron foundries, breweries, filour mills, cement factories, mineral-water works, cigar and cigarette factories. Other items of manufacture are Panama hats, glassware, drugs, and lace. There are 40 industrial plants in Bogota, 18 in Medellin, 12 in Cartagena. Sincerin has a large sugar central. The foUowing list, while not complete, gives some idea of the number of manufacturing plants in the country : Textiles and thread, 21 ; sugar, 1 ; oil refining, 1 ; electric light and power, 5 ; flour, 6 ;: matches, 5 ; chocolate, 8 ; cigars and cigarettes, 8 j cement and artificial stone, 3 ; beer and ice, 5 ; soap and candles, 18 ; shoes, 6 ; tanning extract, 1 ; glass, 3 ; iron foundries, 3 ; carbonated bever- ages, 7 ; distilled liquors, 1 ; perfumery, 1 ; all others, 18 ; total, 121. Inhahitanfs. — ^A large number of the people are mestizos (mixed white and Indian). There is also considerable Negro blood, this being especially marked on the Atlantic coast, due to immigration from the West Indies. The percentage of pure whites Is small, and most of these people live in the interior. language.— Spanish. , Currency. — The' monetary standard is gold, the unit being the peso, equivalent to about $0,973. The multiple of the gold peso is the pound ($5). There are silver coins of 10, 20,. and 50 centavos, and nickel coins of 1, 2, and 5 centavos. The ordinary medium of exchange Is the paper peso, which is greatly depreciated. Weights and Measures. — Metric system. Postage. — Colombia is a member of the Postal Union. First-class letter postage to and from the United States, 5 cents for the first ounce or fraction thereof and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fraction thereof. Cable Bates: — To United States and Canada, 68 to 77 cents per word, depending on destination. Wireless. — Colombia has several wireless stations, Including Santa Marta, Cartagena, and the station at the Island of San Andres. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Southern Pacific Co. (Morgan line). — Office, 366 Broadway. Sails from Piers 48-49, North River (West Eleventh Street), to New COLOMBIA, 267 Orleans. Departures on Wednesdays and Saturdays; thence by steamers of United Fruit Co. Panama Railroad Steamship Co. — Office, 24 State Street. Sails from Pier 67, North Elver (West Twenty-seventh Street). De- partures for Colon (Cristobal), Balboa, and Panama City about six times per month. At Colon travelers can take vessels of other Unes to Cartagena, Puerto Colombia, and Santa Marta, Colombia. At Balboa passengers can take connecting lines (Pacific Steam Naviga- tion Co. and Peruvian Steamship Co.) for Buenaventura and Tu- maco. United Sruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling slip), and Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Departures for Cartagena, Puerto Colom- bia (SavanUla), and Santa Marta every Wednesday; for Colon, to make connections with steamer for Buenaventura and Tumaco, every Wednesday and Saturday. UNES FROM NKW ORLEANS. See sailings for Panama on page 167. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. — Office, 508 California street. De- partures semimonthly for Balboa. Transshipment for ports on west coast of South America. FAKES. — United Fruit Co. steamei's : New York to Cartagena, $141; New York to Puerto Colombia, $141;; New York to Santa Marta, $141; Kingston, Jamaica, to Cartagena, $63; Kingston Jamaica, to Puerto Colombia, $78; Kingston, Jamaica, to Santa Marta, $85 ; Cartagena to Puerto Colombia,, $17 ; Cartagena to Santa Marta, $28 ; Cartagena to Cristobal, Cana'. Zone, via Santa Marta, $50 ; Cartagena to Kingston, Jamaica, via Santa Marta, $85 ; Puerto Colombia to Santa Marta, $17; Puerto Colombia to Cristo- bal, Canal Zone, via Santa Marta, $50; Cristobal, Canal Zone, to Cartagena, $21. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. steamers : San Francisco to Balboa, $167 ; Balboa to Euenaventurov $35 ; Balboa to Tumacoj, $45. Typical Itinerary of TTnii.ed Fruit Co. Steamers. — ^Arrive at Carta- gena, May 4 ; at Puerto Colombia, May 5-;. at Santa Marta, May 6-7 ; return to Cartagena, May 8; thence to Colon, Panama, and Nev/ York. AVEEAGE. TIME OF TEJPS.^-New York to Buenaventura. 10 days ; New York to Cartagena, 11 days; New York to Puerto Colombia, 9 days ; Cristobal to Cartagena. 1 day ; Cristobal to Puerto Colombia, 3 days ; Cristobal to Santa Marta, 4 days. OTHER LINES VISITING PORTS IN COLOMBIA. HaTrison and leyland Lines. — Service from, Liverpool every 10 days. Steamers leave Liverpool for Barbados, Trinidad ; La Guaira and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; Curasao; Cartagena, Colombia; thence to a United States Gulf port, and return to Europe, by r.'ay of Venezuela, 268 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Compagnie Transatlantique.— Sailings the 9th and 25th of each month from Europe ; and 24th and 8th to Europe. One service from St. Nazaire, France, to Guadeloupe, Martinique,; West Indies ; La Guaira and Puerto Oabello, Venezuela ; Puerto Colombia, and Carta- gena, Colombia ; and Colon, Panama ; and return. Alternate service from Havre (Bordeaux), France, to Santander, Spain, Guadeloupe, Martinque ; Trinidad ; Carupano and La Guaira, Venezuela ; Puerto Colombia, Colombia ; Port Limon, Costa Rica ; and return. Compania Transatlantica Barcelona. — One steamer per month:* Genoa, Italy; Barcelona, Spain; San Juan, Porto Rico; Habana, Cuba ; Port Limon, Costa Rica ; Puerto Colombia, Colombia ; Cura- cao ; Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela ; thence back to San Juan, TenerlflCe, and Spain. la Veloce. — Steamers bimonthly from Genoa, Italy. Caletero Line. — Service between Balboa, Panama, and Guayaquil, Ecuador, stopping at Buenaventura, Tumaco, Esmeraldas, Bahia, Manta, Cayo, Machalilla, Manglar Alto, Ballenita, Puerto Bolivar. GOVERNMElirT TAX. — Steamship tickets issued in Colombia for values from $50 to $100 are subject to a tax of $2 ; values over $100 pay a tax of $4. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Magdalena Siver. — In Colombia transportation is chiefly depend- ent upon rivers. Of greatest importance is the Magdalena. Below are some of the more important steamship lines which operate on that waterway. It should be noted that at certain times of the year delays and difficulties may be expected on account of the uncertain stages of the water. Not infrequently both mail and freight are considerably delayed. Slnu and Atrato Rivers. — At Cartagena the traveler may ascertain about the service on these rivers. The Atrato is .350 miles (563 km.) in length and Is navigable for about 234 miles, or as far as Quibdo, ah important place for the outfitting of placer-mining companies. The Sinu also leads to a rich placer-mining district. Monteria is the chief commercial point. Lorica is another district reached from Cartagena. Cauca River. — This important river in the western part of Colom- bia is navigable from a point a little above Call to and beyond Cartago. Fatia River. — Small vessels to Barbacoas. Zulla River. — Service operated in connection with railroad to Cucuta. Miscellaneous Service. — Details of other service on less important rivers can be had by application to the steamship agents in the larger cities, such as Cartagena,, Barranquilla, Medellin, and Bogota. LOCAL STEAMSHIP COMPANIES.— Snij)resa Nacimal de Los Rios Sinu V Atrato. — Fortnightly service to the Sinu and Atrato Rivers Also service from Cartagena to Monteria every other day by way of small gasoline craft on the Slnu River. Cia. de Navegacion del Rio Atrato. — Monthly service between Cartagena and Quibdo. Cia. de NavegaoUm del Rio Camca, — Service between Call and Cartago. COLOMBIA. 269 Colombia Railway & Navigation Co. — Service between Barran- quilla, Cartagena, and La Dorada ; and Beltran to Girardot. Empresas Aliadas. — Service between Barranquilla and La Dorada, and up the Canea River ; also between Beltran and Girardot. Compania Antioguena de Trasportes. — Barranquilla to La Dorada. Anglo-Colombia Navigation Co. — ^Buenaventura to San Pablo. Empresa Hanseatica. — Barranquilla to La Dorada. Empresa de Navegadon P. A. Scharberg. — Steamer service on Sinu and Atrato Rivers : Every 6 days between Cartagena and Monteria; every 12 days between Cartagena and Quibdo. Service on Sinu and Santiago Rivers by steamer Buffalo. RAILKOASS. — Colombia to-day has not more than 700 miles of operated railways. Of the 16 lines in existence the longest is only 149 miles. There is not a single trunk line in the Republic. The existing systems simply act as a means of communication between various centers of population, to some river or sea port, or around river bars or rapids. The principal lines, together vnth their ap- proximate mileage, are as follows: Cartagena Railway, Cartagena to Calamar, 65 miles (105 km.) ; Sabana Railway, Bogota to Facata- tiva, 25 (40 km.) ; Northern Railway, Bogota to Nemocon, 39 (62 km.) ; Southern Railway, Bogota to Charquito, 18 (29 km.) ; Gi- rardot Railway, Girardot to Facatativa, 82 (132 km.) ; Espinal Rail- way, Girardot to Espinal, 16 (25 km.) ; Dorada Railway, Dorada to Ambalema, 74 (119 km.) ; Antioquia Railway, Medellin to Puerto Ber- rio, 108 (174 km.) ; Pacific Railway, Buenaventura (through Cauca Valley) to Palmira, 145 (233 km.) ; Cucuta Railway, Cucuta to Puerto Villamizar, 44 (71 km.) ; Santa Marta Railway, Santa Marta to Fun- dacion, 60 (96 km.) ; Barranquilla Railway, Barranquilla to Puerto Colombia, 17 (27 km.) ; Great Northern Central Railway, Puerto Wilches toward Bucaramanga, 12 (20 km.) ; Amaga Railway, Me- dellin to Amaga, 23 (37 km.). SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Travelers must be able to present to the customs officials at the port of arrival a consular invoice, written in Spanish, covering samples and fully describing them. This must be certified by the Colombian consul at the port of embarkation. The customs authorities at Colombian ports require the entrant to have a manifest, made in quadruplicate, bearing stamps to the value of $2.80. This manifest must be filed at the customhouse with the consular invoice. When samples are cleared the customs officials return to the traveler one copy of the manifest. Samples of no commercial value may be imported free of duty, and no bond or se- curity need be given. Samples which have a commercial value may be imported for temporary display upon payment of the full duty, with a refund of 75 per cent of the duty upon their reexportation. Instead of actually paying the duties the matter may be arranged by giving bond. The preparation of papers for the bond should be made by experienced customs brokers. This will save time and inconvenience. Keexportation of Samples. — Samples may be reexported through any port. The refund of the duties paid, however, can only be ob- tained at the customhouse of the original port of entry upon pre- sentation of the manifest and due notification of the customhouse through which the samples were reexported. If the traveler enters by way of Barranquilla and departs by way of Buenaventura, he 270 GUIDE TO LAMN AMERICA. Should send a copy of the manifest of reexportation, which he receives from the customhouse, to some agent or friend at the port of importation for the collection of the refund. In order to be en- titled to a refund of duty, the samples must be reexported within one year from date of entry. Time Required for Clearance. — ^Thwe is no unusual delay in the clearance of traveler's baggage, particularly if he is alert. If samples have no value the matter is particularly easy. When sam- ples are dutiable the traveler may find it advantageous to arrange with some reliable house to give a bond covering the payment of the duties, as this operation might take several days. Special Kestrlction on Samples. — ^There are certain definite re- strictions placed on samples subject to free admission : Samples of doth, felt, and colored papers must not exceed 40 centimeters (about 16 inches) in length, measured in the direction of the warp, although they may have the full width of the piece. Larger sam- ples of such material must be mutilated by cuts 20 centimeters (about 8 inches) apart. Samples of oilcloth must not exceed 30 centimeters (about 12 Inches) in either dimension. Samples of rope, metal threads, or wooden moldings must not exceed 8 centi- meters (about 3 inches) in length. Samples of wine, liquors, and similar beverages must come in containers of a capacity not ex- ceeding half a liter (0.52 quart). Jewelry and plate of any metal must be mutilated. Duties on Advertising Katter. — ^Advertising matter is subject to the following rates of duty per kilo (2.2046 pounds) gross weight: Advertisements on paper or cardboard, with or without oleographs, and with or without cardboard frames, 2.04 cents ; calendars in pamphlet form or for walls, 1.02 cents; calendars in sheets, 2.04 cents; advertisements on tin plate, 17.34 cents; on enameled iron, 20.4 cents ; on copper, bronze, brass, or similar metals, 51 cents. Catalogues are admitted free of duty. Commercial Traveler's Tax. — While there is no Government tax, a municipal tax is assessed in certain cities. The following are some of the taxes: Cartagena and Medellin, $10 to $20 for the calendar year, payable into the municipal treasury. License is issued by the alcalde, or mayor, on presentation of the treasurer's receipt. Bo- gota: Some time ago a tax of $25 per month was fixed for each house represented by a commercial traveler. Matter was con- tested. Passports. — No traveler should visit Colombia without a passport from the United States Government. This should be taken to the consular representative of Colombia at the port of departure for vis6, authorizing the traveler's entry into Colombia. For a traveler who is not an American citizen, application should be made to the Colombian consul for a Colombian passport. A photograph of the traveler should invariably appear on the passport. Best Visiting Time. — ^The most agreeable time in general for a traveler in Colombia, particularly in the uplands, is from December to April or May. The rainy season begins the latter part of May or June and lasts until November. As in most South American countries, merchants like to be prepared with good stocks for the Christmas holidays and for Easter. In addition, celebrations such as the Mardl Gras festival and Independence Day (Nov. 11) COLOMBIA. 271 are good times for business. For traveling in the interior, July and August are the most Inclement and disagreeable months. This is the season of the " paramos." - These are the gray fogs caused by the damp air from the plains being carried over the sierras. The effect of the " paramos " is extremely chilling and penetrating, often causing severe illness. Including rheumatism and other com- plaints. The dry or summer season, beginning about November 20 and lasting until the middle of February, is the most pleasant time. The roads are then in the best condition, v^hile during the rainy season, aJready described, they are practically impassable. TKANSPOETATION DIFriCTTXXIES.— The number of railroads in Colombia is limited. With the exception of steamship service on the Magdalena and a few other rivers, dependence must be placed on horses and mules. For the transportation of trunks, samples, and baggage to many of the interior places pack mules are utilized. Tamhos. — Travelers who must go by horse or mule back will find it necessary to stop at "tambos." These are primitive so-called inns. The accommodations are, as a rule, very poor and the food scarca They are, however, the best accommodations that can be obtained. It is under such conditions that the traveling outfit de- scribed on page 26 is most needed. Biver Navigation. — There is a wide difference in the steamers which ply between the coast and La Dorada. When conditions are unfavorable, as in times of low water, the delays are many. Ordi- narily the time between BarranquiUa and La Dorada, 543 miles (874 km.), is from 7 to 9 days. Caution. — ^When traveling by river it is desirable to take all the precautions outlined on page 26. Unless this is done great discom- fort may result. Pack Trains. — This is a method of transportation known in practi- cally all Latin-American countries where no railroads exist The owners of pack trains usually cover a certain district which they know thoroughly, having definite, starting points and places at which they stop. The traveler will find it advantageous to consult with merchants in the places from which the trip is to be made to ascertain the name of the most reliable owner of mules. The sizes of pack trains vary. There are usually not less than 6 or 7 mules, and sometimes as many as 20 to ;24. Each pack train is usually di- rected by the owner, who Is assisted by one or two " arrieros," who are his helpers. Cost oi Pack Trains. — ^The cost is determined by the distance to be covered, the number of animals that are needed to transport the baggage or merchandise, and the size of the loads. Generally the price at first fixed is subject to reduction by shrewd bargaining. Travelers who have to use pack trains will find it advantageous to telegraph ahead before undertaking a journey along roads over which there is not much trading, else they may not succeed in finding pack trains at all points. Packing.— Pay strict attention to Instructions of merchants and transmit them carefully to the home office. Take pains to explain why it is necessary to make small, strong packages, as light as pos- sible consistent with mule-back transportation, vrtoich obtains in so many places. If customers are located in Cartagena or Barran- quiUa they may still wish the goods packed in bales, as they trans- act business with the interior. 272 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Terms. — Have the question of terms fully understood. If goods are sold with documents attached to drafts which must be paid or accepted before goods are released, the customer living In the inte- rior will suffer, since It often takes from tvco or three weeks for the . transmission of mail from the coast to the interior. In the mean- time the goods may have arrived at the port. No " to order " ship- ments are allowed in Colombia. Merchandise thus shipped is liable to seizure. Hotel Rates. — In the larger cities, such as Barranquilla, Carta- gena, Medellin, and Bogota, the best hotels (American plan) charge from $2.25 to $5 per day, American gold. The rates at second-class hotels are somewhat less. In the smaller towns accommodations can be had for $1.50 to $2.50 per day, American gold. They are necessarily inferior. In Bogota one can obtain rates on the Euro- pean plan also, as there are good restaurants. Generally speaking, the American plan is most acceptable to the majority of travelers. Sales Agencies. — In order to cover Colombia properly, the territory, which is of vast extent, should be subdivided. Agencies granted to firms in Bogota for the entire KepubUc are not generally successful. An agent may be appointed either in Cartagena or Barranquilla to work the territory from Rio Haeha to Cartagena, and up the Sinu and Atrato Rivers. Other agencies may be established at Medellin, Bogota, Manizales, CaU, and Cucuta for the country surrounding these towns. The Venezuelan Andes, sometimes worked from Maracaibo, Venezuela, may be included in the Cucuta territory. General Remarks. — The difficulties of transportation make it im- possible for the average traveler to canvass the Republic as thor- oughly as he may wish. The majority of commercial travelers content themselves with visiting Cartagena, Barranquilla, and Santa Marta, on the Atlantic coast. They then continue the trip to Medellin, and go on to Bogota, the capital. The facilities for reach- ing the west coast are very limited, hence the majority of travelers return to the Atlantic coast. Some prefer to visit Barranquilla on their way into the interior, and depart from Colombia by way, of Cartagena ; others do the reverse. However, many go from Bogota to southern Colombia. The important cities of Bucaramanga and Cucuta could be canvassed by the traveler lor Venezuela. Pacific Coast. — On the Pacific coast travelers who are on their way to Ecuador and Chile sometimes find it desirable to stop ofE at Buenaventura and take the train for Call; they then return to the coast and proceed southward. The other cities are usually left to the local wholesalers to canvass. PUBLIC HIGHWAYS.— The roads and trails of Colombia are divided into three groups — national, departmental, and municipal. The national highways are those uniting the capital with the fron- tier and strategical points. The principal highways are as follows : Central Northern Bigliway. — From Bogota to Cucuta, via Tunja, Tequia, Malaga, Chinacota, and Pamplona; 170 miles (273 km.) in service. Highway from Cucuta to the Magdalena. — Partly under construc- tion and partly under survey. The Southwestern Road. — ^This will unite Bogota with the extreme southern part of the country, passing through Ibague, Calarca, COLOMBIA. 273 Tulua, Popayan, and Pasto; some sections in service and some under construction. Road from Pasto to Puerto Asis. — ^Passes through San Francisco and Mocoa; two-thirds constructed. The Northeastern Road. — From Bogota to Gamarra, above the Magdalena Klver, passing through Ohiqulnquira, EI Socorro, and Bucaramanga. Some parts are cart roads, which it Is planned to improve. The Sarare Road. — Between Pamplona and Tame, destined to unite the northern part of the Department of Santander with the plains of Casanare. Partly constructed and partly under survey. The Eastern Road. — ^This will unite Bogota with Calamar on the Unilla River, passing by Villavicencio and San Martin. Road in sei^ice to Villavicencio, and in survey from there on. The Quibdo Road. — Along the Atrato in the Intendency of Choco to the city of Bolivar in the Department of Antioquia. The Guadalupe Road. — In the Department of Hulla to a point on the Orteguasa River, via Florencia; all in service. The Tarumal Road. — From Tarumal, Department of Antioquia, to Monteria, Department of Bolivar (projected). Carretera de Camba-o. — From Bogota to port of Cambao on Mag- dalena River. ROUTES USUALLY FOLLOWED, TRIP TO BOGOTA, NO. 1. — ^Barranquilla (via Puerto Colombia) to Cartagena (some travelers prefer entering by Cartagena, then visit- ing Barranquilla and Santa Marta) ; Calamar; Mompos; Banco; Puerto Wilches ; side trip if desired to Bucaramanga ; Puerto Berrio ; by Antioquia Railway to Medellin ; side trips If desired to Antioquia and Sonson and to Manizales and Pereira. Return to Puerto Ber- rio ; by steamer of Colombia Navigation & Railway Co. to La • Dorada; by Dorada Railway to Ambalema or Beltran, via Honda. At Honda trains stop overnight, causing trip to take about 20 hours. There is an express train direct from La Dorada to Beltran, but only for the mail boats. From Ambalema or Beltran by steamer to Girardot (16 to 20 hours) ; by Girardot Railway to Facatatlva; by Sabana Railway to Bogota. (Time from Girardot to Bogota, 8 to 10 hours.) En Koute. — Side trips by small launches and steamers : From Nare. — For Ocana by mule back from Gamarra or Loma de Corredor on the Lebrija River. From Bodega Central.^— For Rio Lebrija. Frmn Banco. — To River Cesar and Valle de Upar. Note. — This Is the route generally followed and permits the trav- eler to visit the most important cities of Colombia with the excep- tion of CaU, on the west coast, which Is accessible only with extreme difficulty from the interior. TRIP TO BOGOTA, NO. 2. — From Barranquilla to La Dorada. (This is the head of navigation on the lower river; when water is high boats go to Bodega de Bogota, on right bank, 3 miles from Honda, below rapids.) Thence by Dorada Railway to Honda or Arrancaplumas, 22 miles (35 km.). Arrancaplumas Is a trifle be- 144297° — 20 — -18 274 GT7IDE TO LiVTIN AMERICA. yond Honda. Prom Honda there are several routes to Bogota; Mule road or trail via Guaduas; steamer (taken at Arrancaplumas) to Girardot, and thence by rail, via Facatativa ; steamer to Cambao, whence there is the Cambao carretera to Bogota. Average Time of Xtlpj — ^BarraaQquilla to La Dorada, about 6 days ; La Dorada^tO Beltraa (railrdad), 4 hoars; Beltran to Girardot, 14 hours; Girardot to . Facatativa, 8 hours ; Facatativa to Bogota, about 3 hours. Average time from the Atlantic coast to Bogota, 9 days; cost, abant $60. ■< SOUTHWARD IK THE IHTEaiOB.— Bogota to Facatativa, Girardot, Neiya, 1 1-'aramo de: Guanacos, La Blata, Popayan, Almague?, Pasto, Tuquerres, Ipiales, Barbacoas, and Tumaco. Note. — A hard, difficult trip is the one here outlined, but it permits the traveler to visit some places at which considerable business is done, including Popayan, Pasto,. and Barbacoas. The traveler can leave by way of Tumaco. NORTHWARD FROM BOGOTA.— Bogota; to Zipaquira, Tunja, Te- lez, Socorro. Bucaramanga, Pamplona, and Oucuta. Note.^— These towns north of Bogota are usually worked by sales- men who " make " the ;smaHer places. This trip also is a hard one. These. places are generally. jleft to the wholesale dealers of Bogota or Medellin to canvass. S'ROM CARTAGENA. — ^To Puerto Cesar; thence via the Atrato to Quibdo. Also from Cartagena via tlte^inu Blver, to Lorica, Mon- teria, and Cereta Note.— These places are tisuaUy left to the- houses of Cartagena and' Barranquilla. Occasionally th& traveler who works " very close" visits them. FROM THE PACIFIC SIDE. — ^1. Tumaco (port) to Barbacoas, Pasto, Tuquerres,, and Ipiales. Some steamers stop at Tumaco and permit the visiting of these towns, which are described elsewhere. ■ The nature of the traveler's line should determine whether these towns should be. visited. 2. Buenaventura (port) to Caldas and Call; thence (a) northward to Palmira, ; Buga, and Cartago; side trip, if desired, to Manizales and Sonson; or (6) southward to Popayan. The traveler who is going dovm the west coast via the Pacific Steam Navigation .Co. can stop at Buenaventura. Not aU steamship lines visife this port. From Buenaventura, Caldas, Call, and Cartago can easily be reached. EXTREME WESTERN PART.--^Bnter from Venezuela^ via Lake Maracaibo and Zulla River, to Puerto Villamizeir ; thenqe to Cucuta, Pamplona, Bucaramanga, and Puei^a Wilches. Also Cuemta to Bodega Centi-al. , , Note. — Cucuta, as ariil^, is c»,nvasseds from Lake Maracaibo. It cap only be reached wititi difficulty from the interior via Bucara- manga. DISTANCES PROM BOGOTA. — ^The follovping distances are in miles, with kilometer equivalents in parentheses; Ambalema, 74 (120, km.) ; AntiOQuia, 3^5- (572 km.) ; Barbacoas, 624 (1,005 km.) ; Barranquilla, 745 (1,206, km.); Bucaramanga, 227 (365 km.); Buenaventura, 343 (552 km,),; Buga, 252 (405 km.) ; Call, 298 (480 km.) ; Cartagena, 714 (14.5Q km.) ; Cartago, 196 (315 km.) ; Chi- quinquira,, 82, (132 km.) ; Oorozal,. 612 (985 km.) ; Facatativa, 25 (40 km.) ; Girardot, 76 (122 km.) ; Honda, 81 (130, km.).; Ibague, COLOMBIA. 275 112 (180 km.) ; La Dorada, 202 (326 km.) ; ManizaleS, 165 (250 km.); Medellin, 332 (535 km.); Mompos, 513' (825Mkm;) ; Neiva, 172 (277 km.) ; Ocana, 438 (705 km.) ; Palmira, 289 (465 km.); Pamplona, 211 (340 km.) ; Pasto, 510 (820 km.) ; Popayan, 354 (570 km.) ; Puerto Berrio, 208 (335 km.) ; Quibdo, 270 (435 km.)--; Rio Hacha, 891 (1,435 km.) ; Cucuta, 304 (490 km.) ;- Socorro, 162 (260 km.) ; SoBson, 183 (295. km.) ; Tumaco, 531 (855' km.) ; Tunja, 99 (160 km.) ; Zipaqulra, 34 (55 km.). Time of Trip^ Into Interior. — From Bogota to N^vay shortest route, 162 miles (261 km.), 9 days; Neiva to Popayan, 7 to 9 days; Popayan to Pasto, 7 to 9 days ; Popayan to the Pacific, via Oali, 4 days; Pasto t© Ipiales, 3 days; Pasto to Barbacoas, 9 days; Neiva to Ibague, 7 days ; Ibague to Manizales, 6 days ; Ibague to Oartago, 3 days j Popayan to Buga, 8 days ; Buga to Manlzales, via Oartago; 3 days; BMga to Call, 3 -days; Bogota to Ambalema, 3 days; Bogota to Honda, 3 days ; Ambalema to Manizales, 4 days; Points of Interest. — Colombia offers the traveler Xvpilderful sight- seeing opportunities, including glorious mountains, fertile valleys, ancient Spanish colonial architecture, and picturesque methods of transportation. Only a few of the chief items of interest are specified below. Cartagena': An extraordtafiry ancient walled city ; very pictur- esque type of Spanish colonial architecture; easily - accessible. Santa Mairta : Just outside is San Pedro Alejalidrino, the house in which the patriot Boll'var passed away; his monument is also near by; Saata Marta was founded in 1525. Banana plantations: Near Santa Marta are the great banana plantations of the United Fruit Co. ; also cofCee plantations in the Sierra Nevada. Magdalena River: One of the three most important rivers of South America, with numerous methods of transporta'tlon: Emerald mines : Near Muzo. Qnlndia Pass: One of the most wonderful passes through the entire Andes. Cauca Valley: A very fertile and beantiful val- ley; this is the region made famous by Jorge 'Isaacs in his novel "Maria." Bogota: Impressive GovernDient buildings ; statutes, and attractive mountainous environment. Popayan, Pamplona, and Tuquecres : Picturesque, delightful cities which were founded ' by the Spanish in colonial times. Snow mountains: Santa Marta, Huila, Tolima, and El Qxtindlo. Tequendema FallsT Near Bogota. Holidays.— The State religion being Roman Catholic, the chief feast days Of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended dn the holidays wnich are officially recognized. In addition to the church festivals, the following holi- days are officially observed : January 1, New Year's Day ; July 20, Independence Day ; July 24, birthday of Bolivar (not universally oftserved) ; August 6, founding of Bogota (at Bogota only) ; August 7, anniversary of the Battle of Boyaca; October 12, discovery of America; November 11, independence of Cartagena; December 25, Christmas DeLy. • CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. AlEBAIEIta, Depdrtment of Tolima ; altitude, 1,056 feet ; popula- tion, 8,000. An excellent port, located at the junction of the Recio and Magdalena Rivers. Temperature averages 80° F. Principal 276 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA, products : Tobacco, sugar cane, corn. Industry : Cigar making. Distant 74 miles (120 km.) from Bogota, three days' journey by cart road; 44 miles (70 km.) from Ibague; 20 miles (32 km^) from Honda ; 56 miles (90 km. ) from La Dorada. How Keached. — From La Dorada, by Dorada Railway. Note. — This place is famous chiefly for its tobacco market. It is easily reached from La Dorada by railroad, and may be canvassed by travelers on their way to Bogota or on the way out. ANII0Q1TIA, Province of ,Occidente, Department of Antioquia ; altitude, 1,880 feet; population, 9,000. At junction of , Cauca and Tonusco Rivers; 355 miles (572 km.) from Bogota; 279 miles (450 km,) from Cartagfflia. Climate, unhealtMul. Rain from March or April to June ; also September to November. Principal products : Vanilla, resin, cofEee, beans, corn, fruits, and medicinal herbs. In- dustries: Chiefly cattle raising, placer mining, manufacture of hats. How Beached. — ^From Medellin by Antioquia Railway, from which point it is best worked ; from Puerto Berrio by Antioquia Railway. Hotels. — El Ateato, Occidente. Note. — ^This is an important trading center of its kind ; It is some- what difloeult of access, but worthy, of a visit from those who can- vass the Antioquia Department. Some of the principal gdld-bearing mines are in this Department, including the Choco, Pato, and Fron- tina Bolivia. BABBACOAS, Department of Cauca; at junction of Guaqui and Telembi Rivers; population, 8,750,; Distant 100 miles (162 km.) from Pacific Ocean; 624 miles (1,005 km.) from Bogota; 140 miles (226 km.) from Quito, Ecuador; 99 miles (162 km.) .from Tu- querres. Climate, cool. Temperature averages 59° F. Principal product: Gold. How Beached. — From Tumaco by steamer, via Patia, Guaqui, and Telembi Rivers ; from Tuquerres bjf mule trail ; from Paste by road. Good roads connect this place witli Pasto, Tuquerres, and Ipiales. Note. — ^A good ; outfitting business is done with the neighboring Pjrovinces. The mineral wealth surrounding Barbacoas is very great. The town is visited by salesmen who canvass the smaller cities. Considerable business is done with Tumaco, Tuquerres, Pasto, and other towns. BABBANQUILLA, capital of the Department of Atlantico ; popula- tion, 49,000. Oil western bank of Hagdalena River, near the Carib- bean Sea; distant 745 miles (1,200 km.), from Bogota, 543 miles (874 km.) from La Dorada, 62 miles (99 km.) from Cartagena, 17 miles (27 km.) from Puerto Colombia, 6 miles (9 km.) from Boca de Ceniza (Boca del Magdalena). American consul in residence. Lloyd's agent, John Gillies. Principal products: Coffee, timber, ivory nuts, gold, silver, rubber, tobacco, and castor beans. Chief industries : Manufacturing of soap, perfumeries, candles, bricks, tile, boots and shoes; cotton ginning and weaving; breweries, flour mills, dry docks and foundries for river steamers and small craft. How Beached. — From Bogota, via La Dorada, regular steamer service ; from Puerto Colombia, by railway ; from Colon, Panama, by steamer, 24rhour trip ; from Cartagena, by ocean steamer, in 5 to 6 hours ; or by rail to Calamar and thence by river steamer, one day and night. Banks. — Banco Comercial de Barranquilla ; Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia; Credito Mercantil; V. Dugand e Hljo; COLOMBIA. 277 Pineda Lopez & Co. ; Banco de Bogota ; Banco Central ; Banco de Colombia ; Banco de Oredito ; Alzamora, Palacio & Co. ; National City Bank of New York. Hotels. — Gran Suiza, Pension Inglesa, La Marina, Caracas, St. German, Americano, Imperial, Gran. Note. — The chief customhouse of Colombia is located here and most of the imports pass through it. An agency may be established here to take care of the business along the coast. This city should be thoroughly canvassed. There Is daily service to Santa Marta by way of Cienaga, via the delta of the Magdalena ; time of trip to Cienaga, in small launches, 8 hours ; to Santa Marta, by rail, 2 hours. BOGOTA, Department of Cimdinamarca ; capital of the Republic; population, 138,000; altitude, 8,680 feet; 745 miles (1,200 km.) from Barranquilla and 332 miles (535 km.) from Medellin; climate, springlike and cool ; temperature averages 58° F. ; heavy rains, March to May ; frequent rains, September to November. Principal products : Those of the Temperate eind sub-Tropical Zones. Prin- cipal industries : Chocolate, cigarette, shoe, and soap factories ; glass and porcelain works; distilleries; flour mills; furniture fac- tories; blanket weaving; breweries. American legation. Lloyd's agent, George E. Child. New York Marine Underwriters' agent, Alexander Eoppel & Co. How Reached. — Prom Barranquilla, combined rail and water route (see p. 273) ; average time, 8 to 9 days; cost, about $60. From Medellin, combined rail and water route via Calamar. Bailways. — To Zipaquira, 3& miles (62 km. ), Northern Railway; to Facatativa, 25 miles (40 km.), Sabana Railway; to Sibate, 18 miles (29 km.), Ferrocarril del Sur. Baggage allowance, 50 kilos. Koads. — Gran Carretera Central del Norte, northward for about 214 miles (344 km.) through the Departments of Boyaca and Cundi- namarea. Over this road motor-bus service is operated for a part of the distance. This is one of the best roads in Colombia. Carretera de Cambao to the port of Cambao oa the Magdalena River. Distance, 130 miles (208 km.). Hotels. — Europa, Alemana, Froeser, Blume, Bogota, Bolivar, Cen- tral, Cundinamarca, Metropolitano. Banks. — ^Banco de Bogota; Banco Central; Banco de Colombia; Banco Hipotecario de Colombia ; Fould, Freres & Co. ; Banco Mercan- til Americano de Colombia; Banco de Exportadores ; Caja de Ar- rendadores ; National City Bank of New York. • Note. — ^This, the capital, is the most important city of Colombia. Numerous wholesale houses are located here. It is one of the best places in which to establish an agency. BTJCABAMANGA, Department of Santander del Sur; altitude, 3,150 feet; population, 25,000; temperature averages 75° ; on Lebrija River, 227 miles (365 km.) from Bogota. Lloyd's subagent. Prin- cipal products: Cacao, coffee, tobacco, cotton. Industries: Choco- late, cigar, fiber, and sandal factories ; breweries. How Reached. — From Florida, by a good road; from Ocana, by horse or mule back, several days' ride; from Puerto Wilches, on the Magdalena. Freight from Bucaramanga is carried to the Magda- lena River via the Rivers Lebrija and Sogamoso. The Lebrija Is navigable by large boats as far as Estacion Santander, from which place steamers of light draft carry freight to Bodega Central, where connection can be made with the Magdalena Biver boats. 278 GtriDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Banks. — Banco de- Mutualldad; Banco de San GU; Banco de Santander ; Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia. Hotels. — ^Bogota, Bolivar, Central, Continental. Note-^-Bucaramanga ie an important commesrdlal center in the midst of a very rich district. A. large business is done in coffee and other tropical jyrodncts. It is not difficult of access, as there is a good road from La Florida. BTTENAVEirTITRA, Department of Valle; altitude, 26 feet; population, 6,500 ; on I>agua River, 2i miles from mouth ; also on Pacific Railway; 348 miles (560 km.) from Panama City, Panama; 343 miles (552 km.) from Bogota; 71 miles (1-15 km.) from Caii. Temperature ayerages 80°. Hieavy rainfall in this vitSnity. Prin- cipal products; Coffee, cacao, lumber, rubber, -hides, l/loyd's agent, A. Pagnamenta & Co. Ameiican consular agent in residence. How Beached.- — From Balboa by Pacific Mail Steamship Oo. ; from Oali or Caldas by Pacific Railway. Banks. — B. Lopez & Co. ; Pagnamenta & Co. Note. — ^Buenaventura is the most important Colombian port on the Pacific and the entrepdt for the rich Cauea Valley. This port is easily reached from Panama. Accommodations are poor and travelers usually leave promptly for Call, which is the most Impor- tant business center In western Colombia. They also geaierally stop at Caldas, where a number of good firms are located. BTT-GA, 'Department of Valle; altitude, 3,280 feet; population, 12,500; on the north bank of the Guadalajara, an affluent Of the Cauca River, 252 miles (405 km.) from Bogota and 22 miles (35 km.) from Palmira ; temperature averages 80°. Principal prodticts: Coffee, cacao, sugar cane, and cattle. How Reached. — ^Fr«m Bogota, via rail to Girardot ; via Ibague and mule trail to Buga ; from Call, via Cauca River and mule trail ; from Palmira, by carretera. , Bank. — Banco Comercial. Hotels.— Hotel de Cauca, Hotel Moreno. Note. — This town is located in the famous Cauca Valley and is ■canvassed by those who work closely. It is growing in importance. CAII, Department of Valle; altitude, 3,400 feet ; population, 35,000 ; on the west bank of Call Riv;er; near Its junction with the Cauca, and on the Pacific Railway. Distant 198 miles (318 km.) from Medellin; 84 miles (135 Ijm.) froin Popayan; 298 miles (480 km.) from Bogota; 106 miles (170 km.) from Buenaventura; 208 miles (385 km.') from Oartago. Climate, subtropical; temperature averages 71° F. How Reached. — From Buenaventura, by Pacific Railway; from Cartage, by steamers, via Cauca River (discontinued in d!? season) ; from Bogota, by rail to Chlcoral, then mule back through Quindio trail to Cartage, thence by boat to Call; from Popayan, by mule trail. Banks. — V. Lopez & Co. ; Eder & Co. ; Banco Comercial ; GIrnlda & Garces; Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia'; American Foreign Banking Corporation. Hotels. — Europa; Central, Imperial, Gran, International; America, Club de Oall. Note.— Located in the heart of the Cauca Valley, this is a very important distributing point for the western part of Colombia. COLOMBIA. 279 Some good-sized towns are in this vicinity. Nearest port is Buena- ventura. On the way is Oaldas, where travelers may stop. Cali is a good place in which to establish an agency for this part of Colom- bia. Boute from Cali to Bogota. — Cali via Cauca River to La Fres- nada, the port of Cartago, and 3 miles (5 km.) distant from it; from Cartago to Ibague, 75 miles (120 km.), three to four days' journey, via the Quindlo trail; towns en route — La Balsa, Finlandia, Sa- lento ; from Ibague to Girardot to Bogota. The seasons of the Cor- dillera del Quindio are as follows : Bain during April, May, and June; short summer in July; rain during August, September, and October; long summer (dry weather), November to March. The best time to cross the Quindio trail is during January and Febru- ary. July is also a very good time. CARTAeENA, capital of Department of Bolivar; population, 36,600. Landing: Vessels lie alongside wharf. Distant 55 miles (89 km.) southwest from delta of Magdalena River; 62 miles (99 km.) from Barranquilla ; 1,021 miles (1,643 km.) from Port of Spain, Trinidad; 714 miles (1,150 km.) from Bogota; 65 miles (105 km.) from Calamar. Temperature averages 80° F; lightest rainfall, January to April. Principal products: Balsam, rubber, coffee, cacao, cedar, and other woods; tobacco, ipecac, ivory nuts, and resin. Manufactures are of minor; importance. American consul and vice consul in resldesnce. How Beached. — From Calamar, by Ferrocarril de Cartagena, daily train; time, six hours; bagga,ge allowance, 33 pounds i from Barranquilla, via steamers on Caribbean or river steamer to Cala- mar, and thence by rail; from Bogota, combined rail and water route (see ,p. 273). Local Steamship Service. — Steamers of Bmpresa Nacional de los Rios Sinu y Atrato : Fortnightly service to Rivers Sinu and Atrato ; daily service to River Sinu by launches. Steamers of Cla. de Nave- gacion. del Rio Atrato : Monthly service between Cartagena and Quibdo, at head of Atrato River. Atrato and Sinu River Trade. — From this point travelers start out for the Atrato and Sinu River towns. This is an important and growing trade. Customhouse Brokers.— Enrique Mendez, Jose Maria Lozano, Fer- nando Benedetl. Banks. — ^Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia (Mercantile Bank of the Americas) ; Banco de Bolivar; Banco de Cartagena; Banco Union; Pombo Hermanos. Hotels. — ^Americano, Victoria, Walters, Velez, Cartagena, New York. Note. — Travelers may start here for Bogota via Calamar. Ar- rangements should be made for close connections, as accommodations at Calamar are primitive. A very important business is done at Cartagena and this town should receive the careful attention of every traveler. Near here is the " Sineerln," the largest sugar mill in Colombia. CARTAGO, -Department of Cauca ; altitude, 3,165 feet ; population, 19,000. On west bank of Vieja River (affluent of the -Cauca), 99 miles (160 km.) southeast of Medellin, 196 miles (315 km.) from Bogota, 208 miles (335 km.) frojch Call. Principal products: Coftee, cacao, sugar cane, tobacco, gold, cattle. 280 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Reached. — From Tolima, horseback by Quindio trail; from Call, via steamers on Cauca River (Oompania de Navegaci6n del Rio Cauca ; going up, 38i hours ; going down, 22 hours ; navigation discontinued during dry season) ; from Pereira, by carretera. Note. — This is a city of grovring commercial importance. There is a considerable steamer traffic on the Cauca from Call. Bogota is accessible by way of the Quindio Pass, Ibague, and Girardot. This is a meeting place for roads to Caldas, Antioquia, Tolima, the Choco, and Buenaventura. CHiaUINaxriRA, Department of Boyaca; altitude, 8,365 feet; population, 18,000; temperature averages 60°. On west bank of Suarez River, 20 miles (32 km.) from Tunja, 82 miles (132 km.) from Bogota. Principal products : Cacao, coffee, sugar, gold, and salt. Industries: Brick and tile works, distilleries, breweries, soap and candle factories, sheep pasturing. . How Beached. — ^From Bogota, by rail to Nemocon ; thence by horseback, via Ubate; good road. Hotels.— -Casas, Escobar, Continental. Bank. — ^R. Calderon. Note. — ^This is an Important commercial center and the head- quarters of an important cattle country. In the neighborhood are also mines of various kinds, among them the famous " Muzo " emerald mines. Chiquinquira is a distributing center for the De- partments of Boyaca, Santander, and Cundinamarca. Weekly mar- kets of considerable importance are held. COBOZAL, Department of Bolivar ; altitude, 510 feet ; population, 11,000. 245 miles (392 km.) from Cartagena and 612 miles (985 km.) from Bogota. Principal products: Corn, tobacco, yucca (cas- sava), rice. Industries: Agricultural; grazing; textiles; cotton embroideries; hammock weaving. How Beached. — From Magangue, by camino de herradura; also from SIncelejo. Note.- — Corozal is the center of an important agricultural district and is visited by those who canvass closely. CirCrTA, Department of Santander Norte, Province of Cucuta; population, 21,000; altitude, 1,050 feet; mean annual temperature, 84 F. Situated on the Zulla River, at its confluence with the Pam- plonita;34 miles (55 km.) from Puerto Villamizar, 10 miles (16 km.) from San Antonio (Venezuelan frontier), and 304 miles (490 km.) from Bogota. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, tobacco, quinine, cinchona bark. How Beached. — From Venezuela, via Lake Maracaibo and Zulia River to Puerto Villamizar; thence by railroad. From Bucara- manga, via mule trail ; five days' trip ; very hard journey. From Bogota, via Central Northern highway. Hotels. — Central, International, Europa, Continental, Colombia. Bank. — Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia. Note. — This is a very important commercial community. The transportation companies on the Zulia River are controlled by houses in Maracaibo, which also have branch stores in Cucuta. PACATATIVA, Department of Cundinamarca ; altitude, 8,275 feet ; population, 11,000; climate, cool; temperature averages 52°. On the Cambao cart road, 25 miles (40 km.) from Bogota, 82 miles (132 km.) from Girardot. Principal products : Lumber, wl^eat, corn, barley. Industry: Iron foundry. COLOMBIA. 281 How Reached. — ^From Bogota, by Sabana Railway and also by carretera ; from Girardot, by Girardot Railway. Hotels.— Central, Bolivar. Note. — This place is of some importance, being on the road between Girardot and Bogota. As a trading center it is of secondary interest. GIRABDOT, Department of Cundinamarca ; altitude, 993 feet; population, 11,000 ; heavy rainfall ; temperature averages 88°. On east bank of Magdalena River, near mouth of Bogota River ; 25 miles (40 km.) from Juntas de Apulo; 75 miles (122 km.) from Bogota. Principal products: Tropical produce. How Beached. — ^From Juntas de Apulo, by rail; from Neiva, by river steamer ; from Call, via Central Cordillera to the Quindip Pass and the Cauca Valley ; from Ibague, by horseback to Chicoral, thence by rail. Kailways. — Ferrocarril de Tolima (the Bsplnal Railway) to Chicoral, 15 miles (25 km.) ; service irregular. Ferrocarril de Girardot (Colombia National Railway, Ltd.) to Facatativa, 82 miles (132 km.). Bank. — Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia. Hotel. — San German. Note. — Girardot owes its importance to the fact that it is the terminus of the railroad and an entrepSt to the famous Qulndio Pass, through which travelers go to the Cauca Valley via Ibague. It is a busy center for coffee buying and shipping. HONDA, Department of Tolima; altitude, 672 feet; population, 0,000 ; temperature averages 85° F. ; on Guali River, at its junction with Magdalena River, 21 miles (33 km.) from La Dorada, and 81 miles (130 km.) from Bogota. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, indigo, cinchona, and gold. Industries: Breweries, distilleries, and soap factories. Lloyd's subagent. How Beached. — From La Dorada, by rail ; from Arrancaplumas, by rail. Arrancaplumas is IJ miles farther up, the terminal port of the Upper Magdalena. Above Honda the rapids in the Magdalena prevent navigation. Above Arrancaplumas for 92 miles (148 km.) to Girardot the river is again navigable. Honda is a station on the La Dorada-Ambalema Railway. It is two hours from La Dorada to Honda by rail. Hotels. — ^America, Santander. Banks. — ^Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia ; Pineda Lopez & Co. ; "Palacio & Martinez Aparicio. Note. — This is an important transshipping place for trade between Barranquilla, Bogota, and the interior of Colombia, due to its loca- tion at the head of the navigation of the Lower Magdalena. It is the distributing center for the towns of the cordillera. IBA6ITE, capital of Department of Tolima ; altitude, 4,280 feet ; population, 25,000. Located in the valley of the Combeima, 37 miles (59 km.) from Girardot and 112 miles (180 km.) from Bogota. Climate, cool; temperature averages 60° F. Principal products: Coffee, rubber, tobacco, hides, vegetables, sugar. Industry: Cattle raising. How Beached. — ^From Girardot, by rail; from Cartago, via the Quindlo Pass, 11,000 feet high; from Bogota, by way of Girardot. Ibague to Cartago, 3 days' journey ; Ibague to Manizales, 6 days' journey ; Neiva to Ibague, 7 days' journey. 282 GUIDE TO lATIN AMERICA. Note. — ^This is an active commercial center. Ibague aets.a^ a distributing point for the valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers. A road is now being built to connect Ibague vyith.Bspinal and a port on Magdalena River. i lA DOKADA, on Magdalena River, 477 miles (768 fem.) abov« Calamar; 543 miles (874 km.) from BarranquiUa. How Beached. — From Ambalema, by Dorada Railway; from Bar- ranquilla, by steamers of Ccklombia Railway & Navigation Co. ; tjjne of trip, about 8 days; return trip, about 5 days; baggage allowance, 150 kilos. Note. — ^This is the terminus of the Dorada Railway, wJiich runs from ha Dorada to Ambalema, 70 miles (113 km.). This line was built to get arouind the rapids of the Magdalena. Any Importance the town possesses is due to its railway connections. XGBICA, Departaient of Bolivar j population, 20,000. . Liocated'^S4 miles (135 ki».) fr»m Cartagena, on ,Sinu River, about 20,mi|es from its mouth. Mining and agricultural district; also oil; some cattle. How Beached. — From Cartagena, by Sisw BiveFi Note. — ^Lorica owes its importance to the fact that it is the dis- tributing point for the rieighboring district and the Sinu Valley. It is canvassed from Cartagena. , The deyelflipnient of the country around it is rapidly progressing. 10ons4.d€a"abie tipiber is cut in this vicinity. The town is well worth a, visit from those who. canvass closely. MANIZALES, ca:pital of Department of Caldas4 altitude, 7,000 feet; population, 35,000. At junction of two well-traveled routes over Central Cordillera ; 1^5 miles (250 km.)^ fi:om Bogota. Climate, cool ; temperature averages 66°> Principal products : Coffee, cacao, gold, silver, and copper. Industries, chiefly agricultural. Lloyd's agent, Alejandro Gutierrez, How Beached. — From Bogota, Medellin, Ibague, or Ambalema, by mule trail. Two roads start here for Tolima, one to the nortjiern and another to the southern part of the Department. ^ Hotels.; — Colombia, Manizaleg. Banks. — Banco Mercantil Ainericano de Colombia; Banco de Oaldas ; Banco de Deposito ; Banco de Manizaies ; Banco del Ruiz ; Banco Credito Antioqueno ; Banco Industrial. Note.— This is a very important place which, although somewhat difficult of access, is visited by many traveling salesmen. It jnay be canvassed with good results. There are a number of houses here which can import directly. An aerial cable is to connect Manizaies with Mariquita. Eventually the Caldas Railway will connect tlw Department of Manizaies with the Department of Kl Valle. MEDELIiIN, capital of Department of Antioquia ; altitude, 4,860 feet; population, 72,000. On east bank of Force River, 117 miles (188 km.) from Puerto Berrio; 332 miles (535 km.) northwest of Bogota. Climate, temperate; temperature averages 70° F. Prin- cipal industries : Manufacture of cotton goods, Panama hsits, chemi- cals ; powder works ; copper foundries. Principal products : Coffee, hides, gold, silver. American consular agent in jresideufie. s Lloyd's agent, William '^rordon. How Beached, — From BarranquiUa, by steamers of Colombia Navi- gation & Railways Co. to Puerto Berrio ; thence Antioquia & Puerto COLOMBIA. 283 Berrio Railway to Medellln. Time, 5 days ; cost, about $60. Bag- gage allowance, 110 pounds. From Cartagena, by rail to Calamar ; thence steamer of Colombia Navigation & Railways Co. to Puerto Berrio ; Antloqula & Puerto . Berrio Railway to MedelUn. From Manizales, by mule trail, 5-days' journey. From Puerto Berrio, by Antloqula & Puerto Berrio Railway; time, 1 day; cost, about $20. From Caldas, by Amaga Railway. Hotels. — Europa, America, Marin, Lusitanla, Central, Pension de Famllia. Banks. — Banco de la Republlca, Ayacucho 106 ; Restrepo & Co. ; Banco de Sucre, Colombia 189 ; Vasquez Canea & Co. ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America (Ltd.) ; National City Bank of New York ; Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia (Mercantile Bank of the Americas). Note. — ^Medellln, the second city -ot Colombia in population, is a very important distributing center in a wealthy community. In the vicinity are numerous mines. This place should be visited by all salesmen. It is a good location for an agency. MOHFOS, Department of Bolivar ; altitude, 128 feet ; population, 14,000. On west bank of Magdalena River; 110 miles (176 km.) southeast of Cartagena; 513 miles (825 km.) from Bogota. Prin- cipal products : Cattle, tobacco. Industries : Soap and candle fac- tories ; foundries. How Beached. — From Cartagena, by Cartagena Railway to Cala- mar, and thence by river steamer ; from Barranquilla, by river steamer, transferring at Magangiie. Note. — This is an important distributing point in the Department of Bolivar. A considerable volume of trade is carried on with the neighborhood. Travelers who canvass closely may find it advan- tageous to call here. Baggage caTriers can make arrangements for furnished rooms and for nieals. ITEIVA, Department of Neiva; altitude, 1,515 feet; population, 22,000; temperature averages 83°. Located on right ^ore of the Magdalena at Its confluence with the Neiva River; 172 miles (277 km.) from Bogota; 76 miles (123 km.) from Glrardot. ' Principal products : Cocoa, cattle. Industries : Panama hats ; fiber hammocks, etc. How Reached. — From Bogota: Sabana Railway to Faeatativa; thence Girardot Railway to Girafdot; thence (9 days' journey) by mule trail to Neiva. During the rainy seasoii the journey is made by river steamer. Banks. — ^Pineda, Lopez & Co. ; Banco de Neiva. Hotels. — Calderon, Reyes, Trujillo. Note. — There is an important trade route from Neiva to Popayan through Guanacos Pass. The city is increasing in prominence. OCANA, Department of Santander; altitude, 8,820 feet; popula- tion, 17,000; temperature averages 70° F. On the Tavia River, an afBuent of the Catatumbo, 219 miles (352 km.) southeast from Car- tagena, 41 miles (66 km.) from Magdalena River, and 438 miles (70.5' km.) ftofn Bogota. Principal products : Coffee, cacao, ivory nuts, indigo, vanilla, com. Industries: Soap and candle factories, distilleries. How Beached. — ^From Magdalena River, by mule trail from Ga- marra or Loma de Corredor; from Bodega Central, by mule trail. 284 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Bank. — Jacome Niz & Co. Hotel.' — Central. _ Note. — ^This place Is fairly important as the surrounding country is quite rich. Travelers often stop at Gamarra or Bodega Central, and go overland to Ocana. PALMIRA, Department of Valle; altitude, 3,053 feet; population, 25,000; temperature averages 80° F. Situated on a plain called Llanos de Malajana; 144 miles (233 km.) from Buenaventura; 20 miles (32 km.) from Call ; 288 miles (465 km.) from Bogota ; and 85 miles (136 km.) northeast of Popayan (Cauca River; Valley). Prin- cipal products : Tobacco, for which it is famous ; also coffee, cacao, rice, sugar cane, grain. Industries : Sugar refineries, cigar making. Hov7 Reached. — From Bogota, via Girardot Railv^ay to Girardot; thence by rail to Chicoral ; then mule back through Quindio trail to Cartago; thence steamer. From Call or Buenaventura, by Pacific Railway. Principal Hotels.— Americano, Cauca. Bank. — ^Banco de Cauca. Note. — ^This place is located in the center of the rich Cauca Val- ley. It may be worked to advantage, although somewhat difficult of access, from Bogota. Those who are not afraid of hard joiurneys will probably find it advantageous to visit Palmira. Near by is the sugar-cane plantation " La Manuelita," belonging to an American citizen. PAKPLONA, Department of Santander del Norte; altitude, 7,200 feet; population, 16,000. Situated on west bank of Tachira River, 79 miles (127 km.) from Bucaramanga, 211 miles (340 km.) north- east of Bogota. . Climate, cool ; temperature averages 60° F. Prin- cipal products : Dyewoods, resin, gums, coal, gold, mica, coffee, cacao. Industries: Distilleries and breweries. How Reached. — From Bucaramanga, by mule trail ; from Bogota or Cucuta, by Central Northern highway. Bank, — Banco de Pamplona. Note. — ^A considerable volume of business is done in this place. PASTO, Department of Narino; altitude, 8,442 feet; population, 28,0(X) ; climate, very cqol ; temperature averages 65° F. Situated at the foot of Pasto Volcano, 220 miles (354 km.) from Tumaco (near- est port), 510 miles (820 km.) from Bogota, and 50 miles (81 km.) from Tuquerres. Principal products: CofCee, vanilla, cacao, rice. Industries: Cotton and woolen weaving, mining. ; .• , How Reached. — From Tumaco, via local steamersi , to Barba- coas; thence mule trail (hard trip; time of journey, 6 to 7 days) ; from Tuquerres, by mule trail ; from Popayan, 9 days' journey ; difficult trip. Banks. — ^Banco del Sur ; J. Alexander & Co. ; Zaroma & Astor- quiza. Hotels. — Central, Concordia, Victoria. Note. — ^This city is located on a high plateau, with a cold climate. Population consists chiefly of Indians. Many home industries are conducted here. A considerable volume of business Is transacted, much merchandise being brought in from Quito, Ecuador," via Tulcan. POPAYAN, capital of Province of Popayan, Department of Cauca ; population, 20,000; altitude, 5,740 feet. Situated on a tributary of COLOMBIA. 285 the Cauca River; 84 miles (135 km.) from Call, and 354 miles (570 km.) from Bogota; has no railroad connection. Climate, cool; tem- perature averages, 65°. Principal products : Gold, silver, platinum, copper, and other minerals. Industries: Brick works, tanneries, shoe factories, woolen mills. Lloyd's subagent, Pardo & Hurtado. . How Beached. — From Pasto, by mule trail ; a difficult trip of a week's duration; from Call, by mule trail, 3 days' journey. Koutes from Popayan to Bogota. — Direct over the Paramo de Guanacas to La Plata, and thence to Neiva ; from Cartage to Ibague via Quindlo Pass ; by Manizales and passes leading to Ambalema or Honda. Hotel. — Colon. Banks. — ^Banco del Estado ; Banco de Popayan.' ITote. — An old-f&shioned community with numerous traditions. Frequent local storms, sometimes very severe, occur in this vicinity. Some business is transacted here, but it is not as good a point as Tuquerres or Pasto. Most of the trading here is done with Call. There is not much intercourse with Pasto, which is between seven and eight days distant. PUERTO BEBEIO, Department of Antioquia; altitude, 542 feet; population, 4,6(X). Situated on west bank of the Magdalena River ; 496, miles (798 km.) from Barranquilla, 42 miles (67 km.) from CaracoU, 208 miles (335 km.) from Bogota. How Keached. — From Barranquilla, by steamers of Colombia Railway & Navigation Co., 4 days' journey ; from Calamar, by steamers of Colombia Railway & Navigation Co. ; from Medellin, by rail to Botero, thence by road over crest of hill 12 miles (20 km.), and thence again by rail to Puerto Berrio; time of trip, about one day. Note. — ^This place owes its importance to the fact that most of the trade of Medellin passes through it. A large business is done here. QtriBDO, Department of Choco ; altitude, 140 feet ; population, 16,000. Situated on the east bank of the Atrato River, 220 miles (354 km.) above its mouth; 270 miles (435 km.) from Bogota, 90 miles (145 km.) from Medellin. Temperature averages 82° to 88°; annual rainfall, about 200 inches ; wet season, March to December, Principal products: Gold, rubber, vegetables, vegetable ivory, coco- nuts, lumber. Industries : Platinum and gold placer mining. How Keached. — From Cartagena, steamers for Atrato River points leave Cartagena about once every three weeks, Quibdo being the terminus of the service. (See Cartagena.) Quibdo Road. — This road leads to Bolivar, Department of Antio- quia. Character of Merchants. — The merchants are chiefly of Turkish nationality, although there are also some Colombian houses. Note. — This place is worked from Cartagena by steamer. It is an important place for outfitting and much barter is carried on. The Atrato River is rich in placers. Quibdo is somewhat difficult of access on account of the time required to reach it. It is canvassed chiefly by houses in Cartagena and Barranquilla. RIO HACHA, Department of Magdalena ; population, 9,500. Situ* ated at the mouth of the Rio Hacha. Landing : Vessels lie ofEshore. 286 GrriDE to latiii America. Distant 890 miles (1,435 km.) from Bogota, 39 iniles (64 km.) from Santa Marta. Temperature averages 85°. Principal products : Cat- tle, horses, rubber, vegetables, gold dust, hides, and timber. How Beached. — ^From Barranquilla by local steamers and small trading schooners. No regular service. Note. — This is a very Irusy trading center for the portion of Colombia in which it is located. Considerable pearl flBliiag is done In the neighborhood. ■ SANTA MARTA, capital of the Department of Magdalena; popu- lation, 8,500; Caribbean port, at mouth of Manzanares; landing, from steamer to wharf; 48 miles (77 km.) east of mouth of Ma^ dalena, 110 miles (176 km.) northeast of Cartagena; on the Santa Marta Railway. Temperature averages 86° F. Princi>pal products : Bananas, coffee; cinchona. Industries : About 20 sugar mills ; also sawmills and distilleries. American vice consul In residence. Samples cleared by American consul. Lloyd's agent, C. H. C. Bow- den. '<' How Reaeied.— Prom Cartagena, by Santa Marta Railway, via Calamar ; from Barranquilla, by regular steamer service (princi- pally United Fruit Co.). - Hotels.— International, Oriente, Flores, Central, 'Gran, Santa Marta. ,;. .- . . Note. — ^Thls place has a well-protected harbor, with channel hav- ing a depth of 36 feet at mean low water. Railway extends to quay., Santa Marta is becoming Increasingly Important because of the development of the surrounding country by the United Fruit Co., which operates a commissary here. Near by is the famous San Pedro Alejandrino, where the liberator, Bolivar, sdied. . SOCOBBO, Province of Socorro, Department of Santander; popu- lation, 12,000; altitude, 4,120 feet; on the Suarez River, 162 miles (260 km.) from Bogota. Temperature averages 83° F. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, rice, cotton, indigo, and hides. Industries: Sugar mills, candle and soap factories, breweries, weavin^sof; coarse cloth, and manufacture of straw hats. How Beached. — From Buearamanga, by mule trail; from Bogota, by mule trail (hard trip). Bank.^-Banco d€ Socorro. . Note. — Socorro is growing in prominence. A considerable volume of business is done in the neighborhood. Salesmen who canvass closely may make this place with advantage. . , SONSON, Department of Antloqula; altitude* 8,258 feet; popula- tion, 80,0(X); climate, cool.; temperature averages 65° F. On, east bank of SonsoB River; 75 mites (120 km.) from ..Med€l4m, 80' miies (128 km.) from Sofia (nearest railway station), and 183 miles (295 km. ) from Bogota. Principal products : Coffee, corn, beans, cereals. Industries: Flour mills; cotton and woolen weaving mills; cattle raising ; gold, silver, and, salt mining. -How Reached. — From La Dorada, Medellin, or Manizalps, by mule trail. ,, Note.— Sonson is visited by those who canvass the smaller tfiv;iis. TTIMACO, capital of Province of Nunez, Department of Narino; population, 12,000; situated on an island; ships anchor immediately in front of town,; distances, 201 miles (324 km.) from Buenaventura and 531 miles (855 km.) from Bogota. Climate, unhealthful; tem- COLOMBIA. 287 perature averages 78°. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, tobacco, and vegetables. Lloyd's subagent, William Jarvla. Steamship Connections. — Witltt Buemaventura and Panama to the north and with Guayaquil, Ecuador, and Chilean and Peruvian ports to the south. Launch service via the Patie Telemble to Bar- baeoas; thence mule trail to the interior. Note. — Tumaco is the most southerly port of Colombia on the Pacific. To reach the southeastern portion of Colombia, this port offers the proper starting point. It is growing in importance. TUNJA, Department of Bd^aca.; altitude, 9,200 feet; population, 9,500. Distant 99 miles (160 km.) from Bog<»ta. Climate, cool; temperature averages 58°. The principal products are agi-icultural and mineral ; coal mining is one of the chief industries. How Beached. — From Zipaquira, on road to Santa Rosa; from Bogota or Cucuta via Central Northern Highway. Banks. — ^Banco Boyaca, Banco Occidente. Hotels. — ^Boyaca, Republicano. Note. — This is the center of a very extensive agricultural and commercial district. Coal is also mined in the vicinity. Certain important fairs are held here which are largely attended. The place is easily reached from Bogota. ZIPAftUIBA, Department of Cundinamarca ; altitude, 8,410 feet; population, 9,600; distant 34 miles (55 km.) from Bogota. Climate, cold; tempei'ature averages 55°. Principal products: Salt, coal, iron,' salphuP, lead. Miming Is the chief indtistry. How Reached. — ^From Bogota, by Ferrocarril del Norte. Hotels .^Pedraza, Villareal. Note. — This place is famous for its salt mines. Coal is also mined. It Is visited by salesmen who canvass the smaller towns. ' TOWNS OF LESS IMPORTANCE. Occasionally direct importations are made by firms or companies located in certain of the following places. It is advisable to inquire in the nearest large town as to trade possibilities. Ahejorral, Department of Antioquia ; population,. 17,508 ; altitude, about 7,000 feet. Situated near a tributary of Cauca River ; 62 miles (100 km.) from Manizales; 88 miles (144 km,) from Puerto Berrio, on Magdalena River (nearest station). Reached from Medellin by camino de herradura. Products: Salt, agricultural produce, gold, sugar, and coffee. Aguadas, Department of Caldas ; population, 26,400 ; altitude, 7,255 feet: reached from Medellin and Manizales by camino de herradura. Products : Sugar cane, coflee, gold, silver. Industry : Manufacture of Panama hats. Aipe, Department of Huila; population, 6,600; altitude, 1,214 feet ; on Magdalena River, between Purificacion and Nelva. This is p. cattle-raising and agricultural center. Almaguer, Department of Cauca; population, 10,900;. altitude, 7,434 feet; reached from Popayan and Pasto by qamino de herra- dura.. Agricultural and mining centOT. Amalfi, Department of Antioquia ; population, 10,400 ; altitude, about 6.000 leet; distant 75i miles (120 km.) from Medellin and 81 miles. (130 km.) from Paras (nearest station). . Reached from Bar- ranquiUa by boat to Puerto Berrio ; tlienco train to Estacion Sofia ; 288 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. then mule train. Climate, pleasant. Agricultural and gold-mining district. Andes, Department of Antioquia ; population, 18,400 ; on San Juan River ; reached from Medellin by camino de herradura. Chief in- dustries : Cattle breeding, gold and salt mining. Angostura, Department of Antioquia ; population, 8,200 ; altitude, 5,313 feet ; on west bank of Nechi River ; reached from Medellin by camino de herradura. Auolaima, Department of Oundinamarca ; population, 14,400 ; alti- tude, 4,650 feet; on railroad from Girardot to Facatativa and Bo- gota. Products : Sugar, lead, limestone. Apia, Department of Caldas ; population, 3,000 ; altitude, 6,100 feet ; near carretera to Rio Sucio. Products : Coffee and tobacco. Aranzazu, Department of Caldas; population, 4,350; altitude, 6,165 feet. Reached from Manizales by carretera. Products : CofCee, cat- tle, etc. Arauca, Territorio Nacional del Meta ; population, 3,000 ; altitude, 640 feet ; on Arauca River, opposite Venezuelan town Amparo ; 12 miles (20 km.) from Guadualito, Venezuela (reached by camino de herradura). Products: Corn, cocoa, sugar, rice, and cattle. Arbelaez, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 5,900. Reached from Bogota via Sibate. Situated in an agricultural dis- trict. . Coffee and corn are the chief products. Arboledas, Department of Santander del Norte ; population, 9,700 ; altitude, 2,994 feet; 40 miles (65 km.) from Cucuta. Products: Coffee, cocoa, corn, rice, sugar. Arjona, Department of Bolivar; population, 10,200; altitude, 344 feet ; on railroad from Cartagena to Calamar. Situated in an ag- ricultural and cattle-breeding district. Armenia, Department of Cauca ; population, 3,000. Carretera to Cartago, via El Roble. Products : Coffee and tobacco. Bank, Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia. Banco, Department of Magdalena; population, 5,200; port on Magdalena River ; reached by river steamers. This is a commercial and agricultural center. Products : Rtim, dried fish, mangrove, and the mats called " esteros de Chingale " or " petates.'' Baranoa, Department of Atlantic© ; population, 5,324 ; reached from BarranguIUa. Products: Cotton and yucca. Industry: Cot- ton weaving. Barhosa, Department of Antioquia; population, 10,960; altitude, 4,247 feet; 2J miles (4 km.) from Medellin, on railroad between Medellin and Puerto Berrio. Products : Gold, sugar, and salt In- dustries: Cattle breeding and mining. Barichara, Department of Santander ; population, 11,336 ; altitude, 5,200 feet; reached from Bucaramanga by camino de herradura. Products: Tobacco, cotton, henequen. Industry: Manufacture of straw hats. Baudo, Department of Choco; population, 7,000; on the Baudo River, a short distance from Pizarro (at its mouth), and 124 miles (200 km.) southeast of Medellin. Alluvial gold industry. Sugar, tobacco, and corn are the chief products. Baudo is four hours' travel from the coast. Belen, Department of Boyaca ; population, 6,164; altitude, 8,860 feet ; reached from Bogota via camino de herradura. Cattle-breed- ing district. COLOMBIA. 289 Bituima, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 5,000; alti- tude, 3,756 feet. Agricultural and mining center. BoUvar, Department of Santander; population, 12,410; altitude, 6,435 feet; distant 7 miles (12 km.> from Velez; reached from Bucaramanga by camino de herradura. Products : Coffee, preserves, amethysts. Center of agricultural region. Caceres, Department of Antioquia ; population, 2,210 ; altitude, about 650 feet ; on left bank of the Oauca River, 408 miles (650 km.) from Bogota. Camino de herradura to Yarumal. Reached from Barranquilla, via Cauca and Nechi Rivers, to Zaragosa ; thence mule trail. Industries : Gold dredging, coal mining. Calamar, Department of Bolivar; population, 6,350; situated on west bank of the Ma.gdalena. This is the terminus of the Cartagena Railway, and is also connected by canal vrith Cartagena. Products : Cotton, tobacco, balsam, dlvi-divl, lumber. Campo Alegre, Department of Huila ; population, 5,138 ; altitude, 1,800 feet; carretera to Neiva. Products: Sugar cane, maize, ba- nanas, cocoa. Industry: Gold mining. Canasgordas, Department of Antioquia; population, 8,100; near headwaters of Sucre River; reached by camino de herradura from Antioquia or Medellin, Candelaria, Department of Valle; population, 8^900; altitude, 3,152 feet. Camino de herradura from Buga. Products: Maize, ba- nanas, sugar cane, cocoa. Caqueza, Department of Cundinamarca; popuiation, 10,000; alti- tude, 5,785 feet; located midway between Sabane de Bogota and Llanos of Meta; carretera to Forneque; distant 25 miles (40 kjn.l from Bogota (nearest station). This is a commercial and agricul- tural center. Coffee, com, honey, wax, and textiles are its chief products. Carmen, Department of Bolivar ; population, 16,350 ; altitude, ,492 feet; on a small tributary of TVIagdalena River, 59 miles (96 km.) from Cartagena. Products: Tobacco, corn, coffee, riee, plantains, yucca. Carmen, Department of Choco; population, 8,315; altitude, 6,916 feet. Reached from. Medellin by camino de herjraduj^a. Agri- cultural center. Carmen de Caru, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 7,650 ; altitude, 9v745 feet; located 60 miles (98 km.) from Bogota, in a coal-mining and agricultural district. Cerete, Department of Bolivar ; population, 4,265 ; situated 180 miles (^0 km.) from Cartagena, at a point wltere Sinu River sepa- rates in two branches. Carretera to Lorlca and Sincelejo. This is a commercial district. Products : Cattle, hides, and balsam. Cerrlto, Department of Valle; pojmlatlon, 6^00; altitudCj 3,063 feet ; on Cerrlto River. Carreteras to Buga and to Candelaria. Ag- ricultural center ; sugar cane and cattle are chief products, - Gbaparral, Department of Tolima; population, 7,266; situated on Magdalena River, 43 miles (70 km.) from El Guano (nearest sta- tion). Carretera to Ataco, which is on Saldana River. Products: Coffee, cereals, rice, caoutchouc. Mines of gold, silver, and copper ; asphalt deports. Gharala, Departm^it of Santander; population, 9,900 j altitude, 4,751 feet; on a tributary of Suarez River. Carretera to Bucara- 144297°— 20 19 290 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. manga and Zapatoca. Products: Cacao, sugar, cotton, and cattle. Industries: Tanneries, blanket manufacturing. Cliinacota, Department of Santander del Norte ; population, 8,213 ; altitude, 6,320 feet ; situated on east bank of Tachira River, ID miles (16 km.) southeast of Bochalema, which is on carretera to Cucuta. It is also on Central Northern highway from Bogota to Cucuta. Agricultural center. I CMnu, Department of Bolivar; population, 12,000; reached from Mangangue, via Sincelejo ; also by camino de herradura from Lorica. Products: Cattle,' yucca, corn, and rice. Chiriguaua, Department of Magdatena ; population, 6,500 ; situated near Cesar Biver, 25 miles (40 km.) east of Cartagena. Reached from El Bonico, on Magdalena, by camino de herradura via Chi- quinquira and Boyaca; from Bogota, via Zipaquira^ by camino de herradura from latter place. Products: Cattle, cocoa. Choconta, Department of Cundlnamarca ; population, 9,900; alti- tude, 8,732 feet; 48 miles (78 km.) from Zipaquira and 62 miles (100 km.) from Bogota. Roads to Tunja, Suesca, Nemocon, and Bogota. Products : Cereals, asphalt. Industry : Harness making. Cienaga, Department of Magdalena; population, 14,600; situated on east shore of Cienaga de Santa Marta. Beached from Santa Marta by railroad; from Puerto Viejo by steamers; coasting trade. Products : Cotton, tobacco, bananas, cocoa. Cienaga de Ore, Department of Bolivar ; population, 9,750 ; situated on Martinez River; reached from Monteria, on Sinu River, by camino de herradura. Resources: Agricultural products, alluvial gold mines, cattle. Concordia, Department of Antioquia ; population, 10,000 ; altitude, 3,000 feet; situated on Cauca River. Reached from Medellin by camino de herradura. Products : Corn, tobacco, coffee, sugar, cattle. Convencion, Department of Santander del Norte; population, 8,250; distant 802 miles (1,294 km.) from Bogota and 22 miles (^6 km.) from Cucuta. Carretera de Ocana to Puerto de la Gloria, on Magdalena River. Products: CofEee, cacao, caoutchouc, com. Coyaima, Department of Tolima; population, '5,500 ; altitude, about 1,100 feet ; on right bank of Saldana River, near El Suamo. Prod- ucts: Cattle, yucca, and plantains. Cumbal, Department of Narino; population, 5,300 ;•. altitude, 12,297 feet ;, halfway between Ipiales and Tulcan, Ecuador,- in an agri- cultural region. Duitama, Department of Boyaca ; population, 10.000 ; altitude, 8,239 feet; carreteras to Belenand to Ramiqulri. via Tunja. Re- sources: OrchaTds; manufacture of esparto matting. Evejioo, Department of Antioquia ; population, 4,802 ; altitude, about 2,200 feet; located near Sopetran. Envigado, Department of Antioquia; population, 8,900; a river port; on Amaga Railway; 6 miles (10 km.) from Medellin by carre- tera. Coffee is the chief source of wealth, Espinal, Dejiartment of Tolima; population, 16,300; altitude, 1,085 feet; on Espinal railroad to Girardot; 3 miles (5 km.) from west bank of Magdalena River. Reached from Girardot and Ibague. Chief product; Tobacco. Pottery is made here. COLOMBIA. 291 Fomeqne, Department of Cundlnamarca ; population, 6,700; alti- tude. 6,467 feet; oa the road to the Territorio de Meta, 21 miles (35 km.) from Bogota; agricultural center. Fruits and vegetables are among the products of the region. Fredonia, Department of Antioquia ; population, 18,176 ; altitude, 6,060 feet; on railroad, 28 miles (45 km.) from Medellin, 68 miles (110 km.) from Providencia. Products: Sugar, coffee, coal. Frontino, Department of Antioquia ; population, 4,000 ; altitude^ 5,100 feet. Located 42 miles (67 km.) from Bogota, on an affluent of Sucio Elver, not far from the carretera to Antioquia. Products : Ivory nuts, rubber, woods, gold, coffee, and sugar. This is an Im- portant cominerciai center. Gacheta, Department of Cundlnamarca; population, 12,500; alti- tude, 5,643 feet. Distant 31 miles (50 km.) from Zipaquira and 37 miles (60 km.)- from Bogota. Oarretera to Bogota, via Guasoa. Products: Agricultural, cattle, sulphur, and salt. Garagoa, Department of Boyaca ; population, 7,950 ; altitude, 5,200 feet. Products : Cacao, cattle, asphalt. Industry : Blanket weaving. Garzon, Department of Huila ; population, 10,800 ; on east bank of Magdalena River. Carretera to Gigante, Campo Alegre, and Neiva. Products : Cacao, caoutchouc, etc. Girardota, Department of Antioquia; population, 8,110; altitude, 4,590 feet; on railway, 2 miles (3 km.) from Medellin. This is a port on Medellin River. Products : Sugar, bananas, and gold. Guaca, Department of Santander ; population, 5,000 ; altitude, 8,400 feet ; southeast of Bucaramanga, 10 miles (16 km.) from San Andres,: which is reached by carretera. Industry: Manufacture of woolen fabrics. Guadiias, Department of Cundlnamarca ; population, 10,650 ; alti- tude, 3,368 feet; near the Magdalena River, on the route from Bo- gota to Honda. Carretera to Facatativa. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, tobacco, indigo, cotton, coal, asphalt. Industries: Sugar mills and cigar factories. Gnamo, Department of Tolima ; population, 15,350 ; altitude, 1,094 feet; near junction of Magdalena and Saldana Rivers, 11 miles (18 km.) from Ibague; accessible by railway via Bspinal. Products: Yucca, com, rice, and aniseed. Industry : Manufacture of aguar- diente (brandy). Ipiales, Department of Narino ; population, 14,615 ; altitude, 3,081 feet ; situated near south bank of Male River. Carretera to Paste This is an industrial center, having tanneries and cabinetmaking' establishments. A customhouse is located here, and the town has. commerce with Ecuador. i • ■ , Istimina, Department of Choco; population, 11,100; reached front Buenaventura or Quibdo. This is one of the chief markets for platinum from Rivers Condoto, Iro, and others. Ituango, Department of Antioquia ; population, 4,530 ; northwest of Yarumal and west of Cauca River; on carretera. Agricultural center. Jamundi, Department of Valie ; population, 3,250 ; altitude, 3,365> feet. Railroad to Call, 12 miles (20 km.) north. Products: Maize, bananas, cocoa. Jardin, Department of Antioquia ; population, 7,850. ; Oarretera north to Jerico. Products : Gold, silver, coffee, bananas, and sugar. 292 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Jenezano, Department of Boyaca; population, 7^60; altitude, 7,107 feet; situated on Jenezano Elver, 3 miles (5 km.) from Ramiriqui, with which it communicates by carretera. Beached from Bogota via Nemocon. Fruit-growing and cattle-raising district. Jerico, Department of Antioquia ; population, 15,191 ; altitude, 6,790 feet. Distant 43 miles (69 km.) from Medellln by camlno de herradura; 100 miles (160 km.) from Pavas (nearest station). Products: CoHee,, cattle. Industries: Weaving mills, breweries. Jesus Maria, Department of Santander ; population, 13,230 ; alti- tude, 6,326 feet. Located in an agricultural district, near Puwte Nacional, which is on carretera to Chiquinquira. Junln, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 11,758 ; altitude, 5,975 feet. Carretera to Chipaque and Bogota. Agricultural dis- trict. la Ceja, Department of Antioquia; population, 3,870; altitude, 2,200 feet. Carrateras to Sonson and La Aguada. La Cruz, Department of: Santa,nder; population, 8,000; altitude, 1,405 feet; southeast of Ocana. Carretera to Ocana, San Pedro, and Bucaramanga, via Cachira. La Cruz, Department of Narino ; population, 3,600 ; altitude, 7,889 feet. Carreteras to La Union and to Almaguer, via Bolivar de Cauca. Products of cold zones grow here. La Mesa, Department of Cundinamarca; population, 20,250; alti- tude, 4,205 feet; on north bank of Bogota River, 34 miles (55 km.) from Bogota. This town is reached from Bogota via Facatativa by railway, and is on road from Bogota to upper Magdalena. Prod- ucts : Cereals, coffee, cacao, salt. Distributing center for agricul- tural produce, straw hats, etc. La Palma« Department of Cundinamarca; population, 6,0()0; alti- tude, 4,781 feet. Carretera to Pacho and Facatativa. Agricultural district. Magangue, Department of Bolivar; population, 7,534; altitude, 175 feet ; on left bank of Cauca River, near its confluence with Magda- lena. Carretera to Since, Sincelejo, and Lorica.; Trade is con- ducted with Cartagena and BarranquUla. Textile mills are located liere. Fairs are held In February, June, and September. Bank, Banco' Central. , . . Malaga, Department of ' Santander ; population, 7,630 ; altitude, 7,262 feet; distant 62 miles (100 km.) from Bucaramanga and 93 miles (150 km.) from Puerto VtUamlzar; on Central Northern high- way running from Bogota to Cucuta. Products: Com, wheat, cop- per, lead, mercury. , Manta, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 10,000 ; altitude, 1,870 feet; located 53 miles (85 km.) from Bogota, near Machenta and Choconta. Manzanares, Department of Tolima ; population, 1,423 ; mining and agricultural center ; on railway to Honda ; carretera to Mariquita. Marmato, Department of Caldas ; population, 2,800 ; altitude, about 4,000 feet ; reached from Puerto Berrio by rail to Sofia, thence by mule train. This is a rich gold-mining center ; mines are leased to Oolombian Mining & Exploration Co. of London. Miraflores, Department of Boyaca; population, 16,150; altitude, 4,340 feet; reached from Bogota; camino de herradura to Zipa- quira. COLOMBIA. 293 Mogotes, Department of Santander; ^population, 8,314; altitude, 5,582 feet. Carreteras to Charala and Soata, and to Bucaramanga via Zapatoca. Industries : Coal mining and preserving of fruits. . Moniquira, Department of Eoyaca; population, 10,764; altitude, 5,797 feet; on bank of Moniquira River,. 34 miles (55 km.) from Tunja. Products: Sugar cane, cotton, fruits, copper mines. In- dustries : Fruit preserving. • llonteria. Department of Bolivar; peculation, 8^000; on the Sinu River, near Gtenaga ofBetanci, which is navigable. Carreteras to Lorica, via Cerete, and to Cienaga. ' Communication by steamboat and gasoline craft with Cartagena, Products: Ivory nuts, lumber, cattle, gold, and rica Natagaima, Department of Tollma; population, 6,823; altitude, about 1,650 feet. Products: Bananas, yucca, rice, sugar, gold, and copper. Industries : Manufacture of hammocks and blankets. Neiva, Department of Caldas; population, 8,060; altitude, about 5,200 feet. Carreteras to Manizales in the south and to Salamina in the north. This is a cattle-raising center. Onzaga, Department of Santander; population, 7,450; distant 87 miles (140 km.) from Bucaramanga. Products: Cotton, cacao, wheat, bananas, sugar, timber. Sulphurous, springs, are found here. Ortega, Department of Tolima ; population, 7,650 ; located 17 miles (28 km.) west of Guamo and 20 miles (32 km.) southwest of Espinal. Resources : Cattle, raising, yucca. " , ' - Pacho, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 13,750 ; altitude, 6,076 feet; near the source of Rio Negro, 15 miles (25 km.) from Zipaquira. Carretera to Facatativa. Sources of wealth: Iron s.nd coal mining, if on foundries ; also agricultural products. Paoora, Department of Caldas; population, 6,612; altitude, 5,475 feet. Carretera: to Aguadas and to Salamina. Products: Cattle, gold, and silver. Faez, Department of Cauca ; population, 7,744. Distant 261 miles (420 km.) from Bogota. Paipa, Department of Boy aca ;, population, 8,877; altitude, 7,869 feet; near Suarez River; 31 miles (50 km.) from Santa Rosa. Nearest station, Zipaquira ; thence by camino de herradura to Paipa. Carretera to Sotaquira and Tunja. Cotton and woolen weaving are the chief industries. Fensilvania, Department of Antioquia ; population, 4,409 ; on La Miel River, over 30 miles (48 km.) southeast -of Sonson. Agri- cultural and mining center. Pereira, Department of Caldas; population, 633; altitude, 4,765 feet ; situated on Ostun River. Carreteras to Santa Rosa d© Cabal and Cartago. This is a cattle market. Semiannual fairs are held here. Pesca, Department of Boyaca; population, 10,702; altitude, 8,735 feet ; on Pesca River. Carreteras to Tola and Miraflores. Pesca is a market for wool and cereals. Piedecuesta, Department of Santander; population, 11,950; alti- tude, 3,312 feet; on Rio de Oro, 12 miles (20 km.) from Bucara- manga, which is reached by carretera ; also reached from Zapatoca by carretera, via Lebrija. Products : Cocoa, cofBee, cotton, tobacco, fruit. Industries: Straw hats, cigars, preserves, leather. 294 GUIDE TO LATIN^ AMERICA. Sitalito, Department of HuUa; population, 4,800; altitude, about -4,100 feet; on an affluent of tlie Magdalena. -Carreteras to Garzon -and to Oeja and San Augustin. IPuebloviejo, Department of Boyaca ; population, 9,000. Carreteras to Tota and Pesea, add to Mlraflores via Ohameza. Agricultural district. ; : 1 ... . - , Puerto Colombia, Department of Atlantic© ; population, 2,500 ; near mouth of Magdalenp. River; seaport of Barranquilla, 17 miles (27 km.) up the river. .I{.allway tb Barranquilla, two trains dally except Sunday.. Landing: Steamers lie alongside pier. ■ Puerto Wilches; Department of Santander ; a port on Magdalena River; terminus of Puerto Wilches Railway to Bucaramanga; Purificacion, Department of Tolima-; population, 8,758 ; altitude, 2,650 feet. Situated near Magdalena River, about 10 miles (16 km.) southeast of Guamo. Bamiriqui, Department of Boyaca; population, 6,485; altitude, 2,270 feet; distant 87 miles (140 km.) from Bogota. , Carreteras to Tunja and to Jenezano. Industries : Coal mining, manufacture of blankets and cloaks, cattle raising, etc. '■ Ricaurtey Department of Cundlnamarca; population, 5,950; alti- tude, 1,093 feet; distant 3 miles (5. km.) from Glrardot (nearest station). Products: Tobacco, cattle. Industry.: Cigar manufactur- ing. - ... ' .' . Rio Negro, Department of Antioquia; population, 11,800; altitude, 1,250 feet; on west bank' of Pantanilla River, 27 miles (44 km.) from Marinilla. Carretera to Medellin (northwest). Industry: Tanning. :.. Rio Negro, Department of Santander ; population, 17,600 ; altitude, ■3,175 feet; on LebWja River, which is ntivigable; 3t2 miles (20 km.) from Bucaramanga. Products : OofEee> - caoutchouc, gold, and as- phalt. Rio' Sucio, Department of Caldas; population, 6,689 ; altitude, 5,942 feet; distant 32 miles (52 km.) from Manizales. Principal •product, coffee, which is exported from Buenaventura. Industries : Gold, silver, and coal mining. Roldanillo, Department of Valle ; population, 9,200 ; altitude, 3,152 feet; distant 155 miles (250 km.) from Cordoba (nearest station). Carretera to Buga via Tulua. Products: Cacao, sugar, hides, fiber cloth. ' ' ■: Sabaiialarga, Department of Atlantico; population> 10,230; alti- tude, about 350 feet. Carretera to Barranquilla. Products : Cattle, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, corn, beans. Saboya, Department of Boyaca; population, 6,937; altitude, 9,194 feet f near Suarez River. Carretera to Puerto Nacional and Bolivar de Santander; also to Chiquinquira and Facatativa. Agricultural district. ' Sahagiin, Department of Bolivar ; population, 10,000 ; altitude, 406 feet. Reached by camino de herradura from. Magangue via Sin- -celejo; also by caralno de herradura from Monteria via Rio Sinu. Agricultural and cattle-raising district. Salamina, Department of Caldas ; population, 9,116 ; altitude, 1.812 feet; distant 31 miles (50 km.) from Manizales. Carreteras to Pa- cora and to Arazanzu and Manizales. Agricutural and cattle-raising district. COLOMBIA. 295 Salazar, Department of Santander del Norte; population, 11,070; altitude, 2,797 feet; on Salazar River, southwest of Cueuta. Prod- ucts: Coal; coffee. An annual fair is held. Samaniego, Department of Marino; population, 2,758; altitude, 4,560 feet. Carretera to Tuquerres. Gold and quartz are mined. San Andresi Department of Santander ; population, 16,000; altitude, 6,808 feet ; on Guaca River, near Lago Ortices. Cartetera to Guaca. Agricultural center. Coconuts constitute an important product. San Andres Island; population, 2,244; located 51 miles (83 km.) south of Providencia. Sandona, Department of Narino; population, 3,000; near Pasta. San Francisco, Department of Caldas; population, 971; distant 6 miles (10 km.) from Manizales, from which it is reached by carre- tera. Agricultural and cattle-breeding district. San Gil, Department of Santander ; ipopulation, 10,000 ; altitude, 3,62? feet; on San Gil River, 290 miles (466 km.) from Bogota. Carretera to Barichara and Zapaitocai Products: Tobacco, cotton. Industries: Manufacture of cotton sheeting, blankets, and hats. San Juan, Department of Bolivar ; population, 3,814. Carretera to Calamar (railway station) and to Carmen. Agricultural district. San Onbfre, Department of Bolivar; population, 11,298; near Tolu, on Gulf of Morrosquillo (Tolu is reached from Cartagena).: San Palilo, Department of Narino; population, 1,759; altitude, about 3,500 feet. Carretera to Barbacoas (on the northwest). San Koque, Department of Antioquia ; population^ 3,000 ; distant 53 miles (85 km.) from Medellin. Carretera to Medellin via Mari- nilla. Route : Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio ; thence by railroad to Sofia; thence mule train. Santa Ana, Department of Tolima; population, 2,641; altitude, 3,000 feet ; near Honda. Santander, Department of . Cauca ; population, 8,869 ; altitude, about 3,500 feet; distant 50 miles (ISO km.) from Popayan and 77 miles (125 km.) from Buenaventura. Products: Cacao,, coffee, hides, gold. Distributing center. Santa Barbara, Department of Antioquia ; population, 6,034 ; alti- tude, about 4,950 feet ; east of Abejorral and Sonson. Products : Tobacco, coffee, coal, salt, limestone. Santa Kosa de Cobal, Department of Caldas; population, 4,000; altitude, 5,576 feet; located 42 miles (68 km.) from Bogota (nearest station). Carretera to Pereira and Manizales. Mines of iron, sil- ver, and cinnabar are found here. Other industries : Weaving of blankets and manufacture of Panama hats. Santa Kosa de Osos, Department of Antioqiiia ; population, 10,060 ; altitude, 5,800 feet ; between Medellin and Puerto Berjio, 40 miles of Nechi River; 31 miles (50 km.) from Medellin, '93 miles (150 km.) from Cacoli (nearest station), and 6 miles (9 km.) from Val- divia (port on Cauca River). Resources: Alluvial gold, copper, iron, precious stones. Best reached by steamers from Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio; thence train to Sofia j thence mule train to Taru- nito and Santa Rosa. Santo Domingo, Depiartment of Antioquia ; population, 9,000 ; altitude, 5,800 feet; between Medellin and Puerto Berrio, 40 miles (65 km.) from Medellin ; carretera to Medellin. Mining and agricul- 296 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. tural center. Eoute : Steamers from Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio ; thence railroad to Estacion Sofia; then mule train. Santuario, Department of Caldas; population, 5,000; altitude, 6,894 feet ;^ near Marmato. Agricultural and eattle-ralsing district. San Vicente, Department of Antioquia.; population, 5,728; altitude, 2,123 feet. Carreteras to; Sanito Domingo and to Marinilla and Medellin via Eio Negro. < San Vicente, Department of Santander; population, 3,000; alti- tude, about 1,550 feet. Distant 10 miles (16 km,), west of Zapatoca, in an agricultural district. Silvia, Department of Cauca; population, 6,043; altitude, 8,275 feet; distant 22 miles (35 km.) from Popayan; carreteras to Quili- chao and to Popayan. Products: Cattle, cereals, etc. Since, Department of Bolivar; population, 16300; reached from Magangue by camino de herradura. Products; Coffee, sugar,_ rice, com, cereals, and fiber manufactures. This Is a center of trside. Sincelejo, Department of Bolivar ; population, 14,000 ; altitude, 722 feet ; on tributary of San Jorge River. Good roads to Tolu, on Gulf of Morrosquillo, and to Magangue, on the Magdalena. Beached by steamer from Cartagena to Tolu, on Bahia de Aspata; thence by camino de herradura. Distances : To Corozal, 15 miles (25 km.) ; to Cartagena, 261 miles (420 km.). Products: Sugar, honey, cattle. Industry : Distilleries. Bank ; Arturo Garcia e Hijos. Soacha, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 3,590 ; altitude^ 8,436 feet; distant 10 miles (16 km.) from Bogota, on Southern Eallway. ^ Soata, Department of Boyaca^ pdpraJattcJft, 13,650 ; altitude, 6,710 feet. Carretera to Pamplona and Mogotes via San Andres. Prod-, ucts: Sugar, dates, etc. This Is a commercial town. Sogamoso, Department of Boyaca; population, 14,647; altitude, 8,320 feet ; commercial town on Sogamoso River. Products : Hides, cereals, copper, silver, mercury, -coal. Carretera to Pesca and Miraflores. Sopet.rau, Department of Antioqilia ; population, 7,865 ; altitude, about 2,250 feet ; located near Caijca' River. Carretera to Antioquia and Medellin. Products : Gold, coal, and agricultural produce. Industry :. Manufacture of straw hats. This is the trade center of an agricultural arid grazing district. Sucre, Department of Bolivar; population, 8,058; on Mogana River ; reached from' Magangue. Tambo, Department of Cauca; population, 4,471; altitude, about 5,560 feet. Mining and agricultural district. Carreteras to Popa- yan, and to Call via Jamundl. Tamesis, Department of Antioquia; population, 5,460; altitude, 4,820 feet; soutl^east of ^erico, near Valparaiso. Carretera to Santa Barbara and La.Ceja. Products: Gold, silver, cofEee, cattle. Tibana, Department of Boyaca ; population, 9,073 ; altitude, 8,256 feet; near Jenezano. Carretera to EamiriqHi and Tunja. Manu- facturing and agricultural district. Timbio, Department of Cauca; population, 4,471; altitude, about 5,400 feet. Carretera to Popayan, about 10 miles (16 km.) north- east. Agricultural and mining district. COLOMBIA. 297 Timbiqui, Department of Cauca ; population, 1,441 ; altitude, about 20 feet; on Timbiqui River (near the Pacific Ocean). Gold mines are located here. Titribi, Department of Antioquia; population, 13,725; altitude, 5,187 feet ; reached from Medellin by camino de herradura. Indus- tries : Gold, silver, coal, and iron mines with good output ; also Iron foundries. Important mines near by; Zanzudo, Segovia, Frontino. Tocaima, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 5,783 ; alti- tude, 1,416 feet; northwest of Girardot, on railway, 56 miles (90 km.) from Bogota; near the road to Ricaurte, Agija de Dios, and Vlota. Sulphur springs are found here. Tulua, Department of Valle; population, 4,256; altitude, 3,320 feet ; on Tulua River. Carretera to Buga and to Call, via Palmira. Products: Cocoa and cattle. Reached from Bogota and Cucnta by the Central Northern Rallvyay. Tuquerres, Department of Narino; population, 7,195; altitude, 3,150 feet; carreteras to Pasto and to Barbacoas; climate, cold. Products: Gold and salt; also sulphur. Industrial and agricultural center. Distances : From Tumaco, 120 miles (194 km.) ; from Bogota, 350 miles (562 km.). Turbo, Department of Aatioquia ; population, 916 ; near west coast of Uraba Gulf ; carretera to Antioquia via Canasgordas. Platinum -is found here. TJbate, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 9,597 ; altitude, 8,469 feet; carretera to Zipaqulra; agricultural and cattle-raising district. Tlrrao, Department of Antioquia ; population, 6,330 ; altitude, 6,326 feet; on Penderisco River, 20 miles (32 km.) from Antioquia. Valle de TJpar, Department of Magdalena ; population, 7,301 ; alti- tude, 436 feet; on Guatapuri River. Products: Silver, copper, lead. Velez, Department of Santander ; population, 9,481 ; altitude, 7,190 feet; carretera to Bolivar de Santander and Puerto Nacional. Products: Coffee and guava preserves. Weekly ferias (bazaars) are held. Yammal, Department of Antioquia; population, 21,250; altitude, 7,372 feet; distant 28 miles (45 km.) from Medellin; communicates with ports of Valdivia and Randal (on Cauca River), and Is reached from these points by mule trail. Products: Coffee, corn, beans, cat- tle, gold, and silver. This is a commercial and mining center. Tolombo, Department of Antioquia; population, 2,618; altitude, 4,823 feet. Carretera to Santo Domingo, Marlnilla, and Medellin. Route : Steamers from Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio ; thence rail- road to Estacion Sofia ; then mule train. Zapatoca, Department of Santander ; population, 10,600 ; altitude, 8,700 feet; on west bank of Sogomoso River, 217 miles (350 km.) from Bogota. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, caoutchouc, indigo, rice, tobacco, com, lead. Industry: Manufacture of Jlpijapa hats. Camino de herradura to Puerto de Bananca-Bermeja on Magdalena River; carretera to Piedecuesta and to Socorro. About 50 miles (80 km. ) distant are several oil wells operated by the Tropical Oil Co. VENEZUELA. Maps Nos. 8, 9, and/ll. Location; — ^A Republic of northern . South America, dying whoUy within the Tropics. Bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, on the east by British Guiana and Brazil, on the south by. Brazil, and on ■the westrbyiColooibia. , ,, Area and Population.^The area is officially estimated at 394,000 square miles... The coast line is about 2,000 miles in/ length. Ac- cording to the official estimate of population, December 31, 1918, there were about 7 inhabitants per square mile. Detailed statis- tics by States are as follows : ' state. Population. Capitals. ;, I V. Population. Apure Aragua Anzoategui Bolivar Carabobo Coiedes Falcqn Guarico Lara ,. Monagas.. -..--,-..--. Merida :..^1....'. Miranda -•:. Nueva Esparta Portuguesa Sucre Tachjra Trajillo Yaracuy Zamora ZuUa Tenltorio Amazonas. Delta Amacuro Federal District 113,333 16058 69:312 I9s,a9a 104,262 169,393 220,644 231,189 90,415 113,400 172,874 61,121 11,4,559 116,142 132,020 183,481 102,280 75,493 185.320 45^097 9,213 100,000 San Fernando de Apure... . La Victoria Barcelona Ciudad BoUvar Valencia San Carlos Coro Calabozo J . . - Barqmsimeto Maturin Merida Ocumare del Tuy La Asuncion Guanare Cumana San Cristobal Trajillo San Felipe ; Barinas Maracaibo..i San Fernando de Atabapo. Tucupita.. Caracas 7,000 ■I 7,800 16,000 - IS, 000 54,000 10,760 14,000 4,0QO 35,000 5,000 13,000 10,000 3,300 5,000 15,000 16,000 11,000 7,000 6,000 60,000 5,500 3,000 100,000 Total. 2,789,154 Topography. — The country may be roughly divided into four sec- tions: First, the Guiana highlands, covering: the. territory south and east of the Orinoco River; second, the great central. plains and river valleys of the Orinoco Ba#n, knoiwn as the llanos; third, the north- eastern chain of thfi great Andean cordillera, forming the north- western portion of the Republic and bounding the llanos on the northwest ; fourth, the dry, healthful tablelands or plateaus of the north and northwest, bordering on Lake Maracaibo. The llano's of the Orinoco cover about 108,000 square miles. The population other than Indian tribes is very sparse, and much of the territory is almost unknown. 298 VENEZtTELA. 299 The northwestern Andean section covers about 42,000 square miles. Here are many high peaksv including La Columna (26,350 feet) and six other peaks whose altitude exceeds 13,600 feet. The Lake Maracaibo region covers about 28,000 square miles. Kivers and Lakes. — ^The chief river is the Orinoco, which, with its affluents, provides a great system of waterways. Other important rivers are the Aroa, Tocuyo, Zulia, Escalante, Palmar, Mltare, Unare, Apure, J^jrtuguesa, and Yaracuy. The principal lake is Maracaibo, which covers an area of about 8,000 square miles and is navigable in its entirety. It is connected with the Gulf of Vene- zuela and the Caribbean Sea by a strait 34 miles (59 km.) in length and 5 to 9 miles (8 to 15 km.) in width. Lake Valencia Is between Valencia and Caracas and is navigable by small steamers. Climate. — The climate varies from the tropical heat of the low- lands and llanos to the mild temperatures of the plateaus and moun- tain section. . There are in reality three zones : The coast, or warm lands, up to 2,000 feet, which is the altitude limit of cacao and coco- nuts; second, the temperate zone, ranging from. 2,500 to 6,500 feet above sea level; third, the tierra fria, or cold cregion, above 6,500 feet. Seasons. — ^The rainy or winter season on the llanos lasts from Aprir to October; the dry or summer season from November to March. In the temperate regions the climate is exceedingly de- lightful and healthful. The seasons here are rainy and dry, as in the lowlands, but not so definitely marked. The temperature aver- ages between 50° and 77° F. Principal Products. — Venezuela is very important from an agricul- tural standpoint. The chief crops are cofEee, cacao, and sugar ; others are tobacco, cotton, maize, and rubber. Stock Kaising. — ^The cattle and meat industries are of the utmost importance. The national herd numbers about 3,500,000 head. Hides, refrigerated beef, etc., are important items of commerce. Forest Besonroes. — ^Venezuela has forest resources which are prac- tically unlimited. Probably 50 per cent of the entire area of Venezuela Is under timbet. Hardwoods of many varieties abound. Manufacturing. — ^Much of the manufacturing, with the exception of the cotton textile industry, is of a minor character. There are tan- ning plants, shoe factories, breweries, flour mills, sugar refineries, soap and candle factories, and cigar and cigarette factories. Mineral Wealth. — -Venezuela is very rich in minerals. Copper, silver, iron, coal, gold, oil, and magnesite are mined. Salt is now mined by the Government in various places. The mines at Aroa are important. There are large deposits of asphalt in the Maracaibo region ; also petroleum. Inhabitants. — The racial elements are completely intermixed. There are a few pure whites, but a very large percentage of the population is mestizo — mixed Spanish and Indian. There is also a considerable amount of Negro blood. TRAVEL ROUTES. LIXES FROM NEW YORK. Red D linfe. — ^Bliss, Dallett & Co., agents, 82 Wall Street. Sail- ings from Pier 11, Montague Street, Brooklyn. Departures for La 300 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Guaira and Maracaibo weekly ; for Puerto Cabello fortnightly ; "for La Vela de Coro every alternaje week — transshipment at Curacao, Dutch West Indies. Fare from New York to La Guaira, $70-$85; New York to Puerto CabeUo, $75-$90; La Guaira to New York, $80-$95 ; Puerto Cabello to New York, $70^85 ; Curacao to ~La> Guaira, $11. Trinidad line. — Trinidad Shipping & Trading Co., . 29 Broadway. Sailings from Pier 24, Eobinson Stores, Brooklyn. Departures fort- nightly for Trinidad, Windward Islands, thence by connecting steamer for Ciudad Bolivar (Angostura). i Compaguie 6£n6ra]!e Traasatlantlque. — Fortnightly sailings. AVEEAGE TIME OF TRIPS. — New York to La Guaira, 8 days; New York to Puerto Cabello, 11 days ; Curacao to La Guaira, 1 day ; Curacao to Maracaibo, 1 day; San Juan, Porto Rico, to La Guaira, 4 days ; San Juan, Porto Rico, to Puerto Cabello^ 6 days ; La Guaira to Maracaibo, 2 days ; La Guaira to Puerto Cabello, 1 day ; Port of Spain, Trinidad, to Ciudad Bolivar, 2 to 3 days. OTHER LINES VISITING VEKEZUELAN PORTS. Harrison and Leyland Lines. — Monthly service from Liverpool. Steamers leave Liverpool for Barbados, Trinidad, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Curacao, and Cartagena ; thence to a United States Gulf port, and return to Europe. Compania Trasatlantica de Barcelona. — One steamer per month; Cuba; Italy; Barcelona, Spain; San Juan, Porto Rico; Habana, Cuba; Port Limon* Costa, Rica; Puerto Colombia, Colombia; Cura- cao^ Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela ; thraice back to San Juan, TenerlfEe, and Spain. Con^iagnie Ginerale Transatlanti^ue. — Monthly sailings from St. Nazalre, France, to Guadeloupe, Martinique, West Indies ; La Guaira and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; Puerto Colombia and Cartagena, Colombia ; and Colon, Panama ; and return. Also monthly sailings from Havre (Bordeaux), France,, to Santander, Spain; Guadeloupe; Martinique ; Trinidad ; Carnpano and La Guaira, Venezuela ; Colom- bia, Colombia ; Port Llmon, Costa Rica ; and return. These services alternate fortnightly. la Velooe, — Monthly steamers to Colon, via Port Limon, Costa Rica, and to Italy via Trinidad and Barbados. Boyal Mail Steam Packet Co. — Fortnightly service from Halifax to British West Indies and Demerara, British Guiana. Connecting steamers at Port of Spain, Trinidad, for ports in Venezuela; NOTE. — Travelers should make careful Inquiry of steamship agents regarding prospective arrivals and departures of European and American vessels. By being on the alert it is often possible to take advantage of an unscheduled sailing and thereby gain a day or two. COASTWISE SERVICE. Red " D " line. — Steamers Caracas and Philadelphia leave La Guaira every fortnight alternately on Saturday at 6 p. m., arriving at Curacao, D. W. I., Sunday, 6 a. m. To "go to Maracaibo it is necessary to transfer to the steamer Merida, which arrives at Maracaibo Monday afternoon. Steamers Maraoaibo And Zulia leave VENEZUELA. 301 La Guaira every fortnight alternately on Friday at 6 p. m., touching at Curacao on Saturday morning and arriving at Maracaibo on Sunday, 1 p. m. Government Steamship Service. — Between Maracaibo and Ciudad Bolivar — steamers Manzanares and Venezuela — ^touching en route at La Vela, Cumarebo, Tucacas, Porlamar, Carupano, Kio Caribe, Colon, Tucupita, Barrancas, and San Felix. Fares from Maracaibo : To Puerto Cabello, .?14; to La Guaira, $18; to Cumana, $26; to Colon, $36 ; to Ciudad Bolivar, $45. Baggage allowance : First-class passengers are allowed 50 kilos (110 pounds) free. Excess baggage charges are made at the rate of $2 per 100 kilos (220 pounds). Compania Andnima Venezolaua de Navegacion. — Steamer Delta leaves Ciudad Bolivar on alternate Saturdays, arriving at Port of Spain, Trinidad, the following Monday ; leaves Port of Spain alter- nate Thursdays, arriving at Ciudad Bolivar the following Saturday. Compania Andnima de ITavegacidn Fluvial & Costanera. — Service between La Guaira, Curacao, and Maracaibo. Time between La Guaira and Maracaibo, two days ; to interior points of the cordillera region, via lake steamers, six days. Typical itinerary : Leave La Guaira Monday, arrive at Maracaibo Wednesday ; leave Maracaibo Friday, arrive at La Guaira Monday. Stops ai'e made both coming and going at Curacao. These boats connect with lake steamers at Maracaibo. LAKE SEKVICE. Government Steamship Service. — Steamer Progreso, between Mara- caibo and Bncontrados, leaving on Saturdays and returning on Tuesdays ; steamer Nuevo Fenix, between Maracaibo and lake ports of La Celba, Bobures, and Santa Barbara, leaving Saturdays and returning on Thursdays. Passenger fares from Maracaibo : To La Ceiba, about $8 ; to Santa Barbara, about $10 ; to Encontrados, $15 ; from mouth of Escalante to Santa Barbara or La Ceiba, $5. Bag- gage allowance: First-class passengers are allowed 50 kilos (110 pounds), free; the excess baggage rate is about $2 per 100 kilos (220 pounds). Telegraph Eates. — ^Messages from 1 to 10 words in length, 1 bolivar ($0,193) ; 11 to 15 words, 1.25 bolivars ($0.24) ; 16 to 20 words, 1.50 bolivars ($0.29) ; 21 to 25 words, 1.75 bolivars ($0.34) ; every additional five words, 0.25 bolivar ($0.05). These rates are doubled on messages sent from 7 p. m. to 6 a. m., and on Sundays and holidays. Cable Sates. — Compagnie Francaise des Cables Telegraphiques : To United States, east of Mississippi Biver, 5 bolivars ($0,965) per word; west of Mississippi River, 5.25 ($1.01) ; Habana, Cuba, 5.70 ($1.10) ; Curacao, 1.20 ($0.23) ; Colon, Panama, 7.50 ($1.45) ; Porto Rico (San Juan or Ponce), 8.25 ($L59). Quarantine Kegulations. — There are no quarantine regulations in Venezuela against passengers from the United States. If a pas- senger shows signs of suspicious illness, he may be detained. Vaccination against smallpox is obligatory. Documents. — A passport, visaed by consul of Venezuela at port of departure, is exacted of all travelers. 302 GUIDE TO LATIN" AMERICA. SALESUEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples of no commercial value, such as small pieces of fabrics and wall paper not exceeding 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) In length are admitted free of duty to an amount of 25 kilos (55 pounds).' Samples of fabrics In excess of that amount are dutiable at $3.43 per 100 pounds, gross weight. Bond. — On samples admitted free of duty a bond is required guaranteeing their reexportation within one year. If duties have actually been paid they can not be refunded. Duties are collected upon any portion of samples not reexported within the time specified. Eeexporting Samples.^Samples may be reexported through any- port of the Republic, but the traveler must present the bill of lading of the coasting steamer (poliza de cabotaje) on which the samples have been sent to the customhouse where exportation is to be made, and the items must agree exactly with the samples pre- sented by the traveler and with the Ust of samples as made out upon their entry. The " poliza de cabotaje " must be obtained when the traveler gives the original bond. It should be carefully preserved. Time BecLuired for Clearance.— As a rule, when samples are brought as baggage they can be cleared within a few hours. Sam- ples having no commercial value can be cleared without difficulty, but a customs broker will be able to expedite the clearance of sam- ples having a definite value. Duties on Advertising Matter. — Catalogues, as such, are free of duty. Printed matter used for advertising purposes, such as pam- phlets, calendars mounted on lithographed boards, etc., must pay a duty of $1.37 per 100 pounds gross weight. Advertising matter with lithographed or printed designs bearing no advertisements (printed matter) pays a duty of $17.13 per 100 pounds gross weight. Baggage Kates. — To avoid excess baggage charges, it is desirable to send baggage from La Gualra to Caracas by freight, which costs 58 cents per 100 kilos ($0.26 per 100 pounds). If carried as excess baggage it costs $1.93 per 100 kilos ($0,875 per 100 pounds). Travelers' Taxes. — There Is no travelers' tax of any kind, either national or municilral, In Venezuela. Travelers may proceed to do business unhampered by any rules or regulations. Best Visiting Time.— While there Is no very great difference in the seasons, it is found desirable to visit Venezuela in the months from November to March. In most lines the salesman must arrange his visit in accordance with his particular business. As in other Latin- American countries, dealers generally (especially In the Interior) desire to be provided with good stocks of merchandise for Christ- mas, Easter, and the national holidays. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. Railways. — Communication on the whole is not highly developed. There are no Important railway lines, and the most extensive line In operation Is 111 miles (179 km.) long. The total mileage of oper- ated track in Venezuela is only 530. This is due largely to the sparseness of the population and its distribution In a long, narrow strip of territory. Boads. — ihe character of the roads has Improved greatly in recent years, and there are now good roads for vehicles from Caracas to La Gualra and-Macuto; from Caracas to Valencia (to be continued to VENEZUELA. 303 San Cristobal) ; from Caracas to Guatire (construction to be con- tinued to Cludad Bolivar). In the more remote sections of the country the chief method of transportation Is still by means of mule carts, pack animals, etc. Steamship Lines. — The chief dependence Is still upon steamers which skirt the coasts and connect Lake Maracaibo with points on the Orinoco River. The Compafila Andnima Venezolana de Navega- cion has a very complete service. Orinoco River Points. — The distance from Caracas or La Guaira to Cludad Bolivar, on the Orinoco, is very great. As a result, the trade of the latter with Port of Spain, Trinidad, is considerable. Vessels from the United States touch at Port of Spain and many travelers transfer there to the light-draft steamers which maintain service to Cludad Bolivar. Caracas Region. — The chief city of Venezuela and its most im- portant commercial point is Caracas, about an hour's ride fron La Guaira. In Caracas are located many of the important business houses of Venezuela, and a number of these maintain branches In some of the more distant cities of the Republic, which serve as dis- tributing centers for their respective regions. Haracaibo Beglon. — Maracaibo, on Lake Maracaibo, is also located at a considerable distance from Caracas. From this region Zulia, on the Zulia River, and the flourishing city of Cucuta, in Colombia, are reached by way of Vlllamlzar. Trujillo and Merida, in this section, are also important commercially. Routes to Follow. — Many commercial travelers go directly from the United States to La Guaira and thence to Caracas, where they can best decide which way to continue their trips. In any event, the important commercial regions can be reached either by steamer or train. These Include places on the coast, in the Orinoco region, and the Maracaibo district. Other Suggestions. — Travelers who wish to work the eastern region of Venezuela first can leave New York for Port of Spain, Trini- dad, and transship there for Cludad Bolivar, which is reached by the steamers of the CompaMa Anonima Venezolana de Navegacion. If the traveler wishes to canvass this section, he can go by other steamers along the coast, reaching eventually La Guaira. If it is desired to canvass thoroughly the western region before making Caracas and La Guaira, the traveler can sail from New York to Curacao and take steamer there to Maracaibo. Various other combinations are possible as can be seen by reference to the steam- ship routes outlined on previous pages. SUGGESTED ITINERARIES. Maracaibo Region. — New York to Curacao ; local steamer to Mara- caibo ; steamer via the Catatumbo River to Santa Barbara ; Ferro- carril de Santa Barbara to El Vigia ; by cart road to Merida. From Maracaibo, by steamer to Puerto Villamizar; thence liy Cucuta Railway to Cucuta, Colombia. From Maracaibo, by local steamer to La Ceiba ; thence by Gran Ferrocarril de La Ceiba to Trujillo. From Maracaibo, by steamer to Coro; Ferrocarril de La Vela y Coro to La Vela; steamer to Tucacas; Bolivar Railway to Bar- quisimeto. 304 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Caracas Region. — From Tucacas by steamer to Puerto Cabello; Puerto Cabello & Valencia Railway to Valencia; Gran Ferrocarril (Je Venezuela to Caracas; La Gualra & Caracas Railway to La Guaira. From Caracas by Central Railway to Santa Teresa. From La Guaira, by steamer to Guanta; Ferrocarril de Guanta a Naricual to Barcelona. From Guanta by steamer to Cumana ; thence to Carupano. Region of Ciudad Bolivar. — From New York by the Trinidad Line to Port of Spain, Trinidad; steamer to Ciudad Bolivar; steamer from Ciudad Bolivar, if desiued, to Carupano, Cumana, Guanta, and La Guaira. Travelers coming to Ciudad Bolivar from New York may reverse the itineraries suggested above. DISTANCES. — ^From Caracas to: Barcelona (in miles), 155 (250 km.) ; Barquisimeto, 164 (264 km.) ; Ooro, 248 (4(K> km.) ; Cumana, 248 (400 km.) ; La Guaira, 23 (37 km.) ; Maracaibo, 572 (920 km.) ; Merida, 466 (750 km.) ; Valencia, 112 (180 km.). From Puerto Ca- bello to: La Guaira, 65 (104 km.) ; Tucacas, 40 (64 km.) ; Valencia, 34 (54 km.). From La Guaira to Ciudad Bolivar, 286 miles (461 km.). FRIHCIPAL BAILBOABS. — From Valencia to Puerto CabeUo— Valencia & Puerto Cabello Railway, 34 miles (54 km.) ; Caracas to Valencia — Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela, 111 miles (179 km.) ; Caracas to La Guaira — ^La Guaira & Caracas Railway, 22 miles (36 km.) ; Guanta to Barcelona — Ferrocarril de Guanta a Naricual, 11 miles (IS km.) ; Caracas to Santa Tereza — CJentral Railway of Venezuela, 37 miles (60 km.) ; La Ceiba to Ronacayolo— Gran Ferro- carril de La Ceiba, 50 miles (81 km.) ; La Vela to Coro — ^Ferro- carril de La Vela y Coro, 8 miles (13 km.) ; Tucacas to Aroa — Bolivar Railway Co., 55 miles (88 km.) ; Puerto Bolivar to Bar- quisimeto--Bolivar Railway Co., 101 miles (163 km.) ; Santa Bar- bara to El Viga — Ferrocarril de Santa Barbara y Rl Vigia, 37 miles (60 km.) ; Encontrados to La Uraca — Gran Ferrocarril del Tachira, 71 miles (115 knj.). Consignments.-^ — Under the customs regulations it is not permis- sible to consign goods " to order." Banks, therefore, can not re' ceive consignments. Drafts. — Salesmen should not instruct their houses to send drafts to banks with documents attached. This method offers the foreign seller no protection, as the consignee named in the invoice can, for a small fee, secure copies of the necessary documents from the cus- tomhouse. Hotel Kates. — In the larger cities the rates for the best hotels (American plan) range from $2 to $3.50 American gold. Hotels of secondary importance and those in the smaller towns charge less, from $1.50 to $2.50 i)er day. Travelers should patronize the best grade of hotels for the sake of business prestige. Health Precaution. — ^Travelers are urged to take all possible pre- cautions when visiting the region around the south shore of Lake Maracaibo, as this part of the country is Infested with malaria. Holidays. — ^The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are scinipulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays officially recog- nized, except in the smaller towns. The following are legal holi- VENEZUELA. 305 days*. January 1, New Year's Dayj April 19, first movement for independence ; June 24, Battle of Carabobo ; July 5, Ind^endence Day ;- October 28, Bolivar Day ; December 19, national holiday ; De- cembMT 25, Christmas Day. j CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. BARCEIONA, capital of the State of Anzoategui; altitude, 46 feet f population, 16,000. Situated on west bank of Never! River, 3 miles (5 km.) from ocean; 11 miles (17 km.) from Guanta ; 155 miles (250 km.) from Caracas; 62 miles (100 km.) from Cumana. Mean annual temperature, 80° F. Principal products: Cattle, cot- ton, cacao, sugar, tobacco. Industries:, Jerked beef, cattle raising; near by are coal and salt mines. Lloyd's ageAt, J. Marcos EafCetti. Customhouse broker, E. Dominici e Hijps (Suca). , How Eeaohed.— From G-uanta, by Ferrocarril de (Juanta a Nari- cual ; from La Guaira, by steamers. Banks. — Banco de Cavacas ; Banco de Venezuela. Hotels. — Oriental, Nacional, Vesubio. Npte.TT-This is a very good trading center, with a rapidly growing business. There are a number of importing wholesalers ; also some retailiers who import direct. Considerable business is transacted with the neighboring cities. BAEauiSIMETO, State of Lara; population, 35,000; altitude, 1,722 feet ; on the Barquisimeto River. Climate temperate (region of valleys). Temperature averages 78° F. Distant 164 "miles (264 km.) from Caracas, 90 miles (145 km.) from Puerto CabeUo. Prin- cipal products: Coffee, cacao, sugar, copper, iron, sulphur, and rum. Industries : Manufacture of fiber hammocks, bags, etc. ; stock raising. How Beached. — ^From Puerto Cabello, by railroad by way of Hacha and Tucacas. (Bolivar Railway de Tucacas to Barquisi- meto.) Roads start from Barquisimeto to Tocuyo, Cojedes, Portu- guesa, San Felipe, Aroa, Carona. Principal Hotels.— Sucre, Vesubio, Venesuello. Note. — ^This city should be visited by salesmen, as it is not difii- cult of access. A large distributing business is conducted with the surrounding country. Sugar Central Rodeo is located here. CARACAS, capital of the Republic; altitude, 3,000 feet; popula- tion, 100,000. Distant 23 miles (37 km.) from La Guaira ; 112 miles (180 km.) from Valencia; 29 miles (47 km.) from Oharallane; 37 miles (59 km.) from Santa Lucia. Climate: Although it is in the tropical section, Caracas enjoys constant springtime weather, due to its situation and altitude. Temperature averages 68° F. De- cember to April are the driest months and July, September, and October are the wettest. Principal products : Cacao, cofBee, tobacco, etc. Industries: Lumber, cigar and cigarette, soap and candle, Portland cement, paper, and textile factories. American minister and American consular agent in residence. How Keached. — From Valencia and Puerto Cabello, by Central Bailway of Venezuela ; from La Guaira, by Caracas-La Guaira Railway. Banks. — ^The National City Bank of New York and the Mercantile Bank of the Americas maintain branches here ; Royal Bank of Can- 144297°— 20 20 306 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ada; Commercial Bank of Spanish America; Banco de Caracas; Banco de Veneauela; H. L.Boulton & Co. Hotels. — Gran Hotel Klindt, Gran Hotel, Gran Hotel Continental, Alemania, America, Barcelones, Filadelfia, New, Universal, de Fa- milla, Italia. Customhouse Brokers. — H. L. Boulton & Co.; Perret & Co. Kote.^This is the most important commercial center In Venezuela. There are numerous importing wholesale houses; also some retailers who are in a position to make direct importations. A number of these firms maintain branches in some of the more distant cities of the Republic.' An agency could well be located here. Some houses appoint two agents, one here and one at Mara- calbo. A number of the more important cities of Venezuela are usually made from this point. CARrPANO, State of Sucre ; altitude, 23 feet ; on Caribbean Sea ; landing, open roadstead ; population, 13,000 ; temperature averages 81° F. Distant 12 miles (19 km.) from Rio Caribe; 64 miles (103 km.) from Guariqiien; 28 miles (45 km.) from Coiguar; 40 miles (65 km.) from Cumana. Principal products: Cacao, cofEee, sugar, cotton, woods; minerals. Industries: Manufacture of straw hats, fiber weaving, rum distilleries. Lloyd's agent, Santos Erminy. How Beached: — From La Guaira and Maracaibo, by steamers Manstanares and Venezuela. Hotels. — Victoria, Itrocchia, Vensulio. Banks. — ^Banco de Venezuela (A. Lucca e Hijos, agents) ; Banco de Caracas (J. Orsini e Hljos, agents). Customhouse Brokers.-^Santa Ermini, J. Orsini e Hijos. Note. — Carupano is a thriving city in the eastern part of the Republic; quite accessible, and is being visited by an increasing number of salesmen. A number of concerns here are in a position to make direct importations. The chief trade is with La Guaira. ClUDAD BOIIVAR, capital of the State of Bolivar ; population, 18,000 ; altitude, 186 feet. Situated on right bank of Orinoco River, 372 miles (600 km.) from its mouth. Landing: Vessels lie along- side quays. Climate, tropical (region of plains) ; temperature aver- ages 85°. Distant 590 miles (950 km.) from Caracas; 300 miles (483 km.) from Port of Spain, Trinidad; 286 miles (461 km.) from La Guaira. Industries: Manufacture of cigars; cattle raising. Principal products: Gold, silver,' mercury, tobacco, sugar, cofEee, woods, hides, cattle. American consular agent in residence. Lloyd's agent, Robert Henderson, jr. Customhouse broker, J. Carranza. How Reached. — Prom Puerto Cabello and La Guaira by local steamers Manzanares and Venezuela; from Port of Spain, by weekly steamer, making points on Orinoco River. Banks. — ^Banco de Venezuela (J. Boecardo & Co., agents) ; Dalton & Cp.'s Successors; Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — Bolivar, Gran, Manoni, Venezuela, D'Annello, Chiarelli, Union, Central. Steamship Service; — ^During the wet season, May to December, the Welcome Steamship Co. (Ltd.) operates a monthly service to Deme- rara, Paramaribo, Cayenne, and Trinidad. The Cia. de NavegaciOn Fluvial y Oostanera de Venezuela maintains service to Trinidad, VENEZUELA. 307 where connections are mSde with the Royal Mail Steam Packet Oo. and the Trinidad lilne. Notes. — Cludad Bolivar is the center of the Orinoco River trade. Local steamers and sailing vessels maintain cornmunication between Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, Quanta, Cumana, Oarupand, and Ciudad Bolivar. Many coastwise lines include calls at Curacao and Port of Spain. Navigation above Ciudad Bolivar during high water from June to November by large boats; other months by small craft only. Small steamers also ply between Ciudad Bolivar and San Fernando ; time of trip, six days. Numerous houses here are in a position to make direct importations. C0£0, capital of the State of Falcon ; altitude, 100 feet ; popula- tion, 14;000; temperature averages 82°. Situated at the head of the Gulf of Coro,>wlilch affords good anchorage. . La Vela de Coro is 6 miles distant on other side of neck of land. Distant 248 miles (400 km.) from Caracas; 56 miles (90 krn.) from CuraCao. Prin- cipal products : Coffee, corn, lumber, construction wood, minerals, and hides. Industries : Cattle raising ; manufacture of aguardiente. Customhouse brokers, I. A. Senior e Hijo. How Reached.— From La Vela, by La Vela-Coro Railway (8 miles) ; from New York, by steamers of Red D Line, via Curacao. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela (I. A. Senior e Hijo, agents). Hotels. — Coriano, Occidental. Note. — Coro is a very Important city in the northern part of Venezuela. Accessible from Maracaibo or Caracas. A good dis- tributing business is done with the surrounding country. A num- ber of merchants make direct importations. CUMANA, State of Sucre; population, 15,000. Landing: Vessels lie alongside wharf. Located on both banks of Manzanares River, 1 mile above its mouth; 248 miles (400 km.) from Caracas and 62 miles (100 km.) from the sea. Temperature averages 86°. Principal products : Coffee and tobacco ; beans, sugar, hides. Indus- try : Manufacture of cotton goods. Customhouse broker, Jose Gab- riel Minez. How Beached. — ^From La Guaira and Carupano by steamers Manzanares and Venezuela. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela. Note. — The Cumana and Carupano Pier & Tramway Co. operate pier 830 feet long; warehouse at end of tramway. This is a grow- ing town. A general distributing business is done here and there are some wholesale and retail firms who import direct. IiA OITAIBA, Department of Vargas, Federal District ; population, 14,000 ; on Caribbean Sea. Landing : Good piers ; vessels lie along- side. Distant 65 miles (104 km.) from Puerto Cabello; 23 miles (37 km.) from Caracas (but less than 3 miles by air line). Teih- perature averages 85° F. Principal products: Coffee, cocoa, hides, and skins. Industries : Manufacture of hats and shoes ; small sugar mills. American consul and vice consul in residence. Lloyd's agent, Albert Wallis. How Reached. — From Caracas, by Caracas-La Guaira Railway; from Puerto Cabello, by steamers Manzanares and Venezuela; from Maracaibo and (3uracao, by steamer Merida of the Red D Line; from Macuto and Maiquetia, by railroad. ,308 GUIDE TO JjATim AMERICA. : Customhouse Prijkers.-rr-E;, pA.raiiaga & Son ; J. Boceardo .& Co. ; A. Dupony & Co. ; Fred Eraso ; R. Escobar, Hijo ; Eruest Krogh ; I^egerburji Hnos. y Cig., ; B, Mfirtnret & Co. ; Peruet y OiP- Baaks.-r-BaiiCO l^ercaijtil Aiperlcano ; Banco de Venezuela ; H- L- Boulton & Co. ^otiels, — ^Neptnnp, Bspanol, Alemanis, Pension La Mejor, Familia. ifort and 3agg!tge P?e?,--The Corporation of the Port of La iSuaira (officp opposite station of railroad, jjaiquetia to Macuto) fiiakes the following charges : Ship's passengers arriving or depart- ing, 2 boUvargs ($0.3a) each ; passengers conducte4i to or from steamer in boat, each persop, 3 bplivares ($0.58) ;,, baggage to or from abrqad, per 100 kilos (2;S0 pounds), 2 boliyares; *aggage>to or fti'om other .ports in tlie Eepublic, per 100 kilos .(220 pounds) or fraction thereof, 1 boUvfir ($0,193) ;.thesp rates include transporta- tion o( baggage to' customhouse. The corporation has no authorized agents, and paynjents shpuJd be ijiade direct .and receipt obtained. Hote, — La Guaira is the chief port of entry of Venezvfela- Prac- tically all of the business for the central part of the Bepublic passes through this port Owingfvto the p?;G9SSiye heat the traveler should expedite his bu^ness here as much as. ppssible, UABAG Also,, capital of State of Z^IJa ; altitude, 25 feet; popula- tion, 60,000 ; landing, f roxa steamer to wharf. Distant 572 miles (920 km.) from Caracas. Temperiati|re averages ,§6° F., T^'^armest moiiths are July and August,. Principal products: Asphaltum, marbJe, cinchona, coffee, cocoa, copaiba, .sugar. Industries;: Fine rum, sugar, flour, and chocolate. ; American consul and vice consul ■ in residence. Lloyd's agent, John Robertson (acting). JIow Beached. — From La Suaira, by coastwise steamer service (La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, La Vela, and Maracaibo) ; from Merida, by Zulia and Tachira Railway, to Santa Barbara pr La Ceiba ; thence steamers to J^Iaracajbo. There is an electric tramway to Maracay. Customhquse BjjpSers. — BT. L, Boulton & Co.; .Oliva Ribali &Co. ; Pinedp & Co, Steamship Service. — ^To Encontrados, on Catatumbo River ; to San Carlos, on EJscaJaute River, by way of Lake Maracaibo, Hotels. — ^Los Andes, Zulia, Americano Lago, Bismarck, Colon. Banks. — The Mercantile Bank of the Americas has a branch here ; Royal Bank of, Canada ; Banco de Jlaracaibo ; Banco Gomerpial ; Banco de Venezuela ; National City Bank of IVew York j li. L. Boulton & Co. Note. — This, city has a chamber oi commerce. Active trade is carried on by large steamers between Maracaibo and La Ceiba. iSlaracaibo is sometimes chosen as a place to establish an agency or subagency when the principal office is located in Caracas. A large volume of trade is carried on with the surrounding country and even initb eastern Colombia via the Zulia River. Exports of cofEee amount to about $5,000,000 to ,$6,000,000 annually, This is the cljief distributing point for the States of Lara. Merida, Tachira, Trujillo, Zulia, and Santander. MABfiAIWTA ISJ.AND, situated off the north coast; area, 444 square miles ; 45 miles Ipng, 5^to 20 miles wide ; population, 60,000 ; c^lefiport, iPorlamar. Juan Griego is the principal town. There is a custoDdhouse at Pampatar. The island is visited by steamers of the Venezuela Costanera & Fluvial Co. ; also by sailing vessels from VENEZUELA. 309 Carupano, Cumana, and Quanta. Peafl fishing iS the chief fadustry. There is a large export of pearls to EuTope. At times as many as 6,000 men have beeti engaged in the industry. Other pitoducts are hides, goatskins, divi-divi, and a famous hafldmade hammock. Mag- nesite is produced by an American company. MERIDA, capital of the State of MetidS; population, 13,000; altitude, 5,303 feet ; located in the heart of Sierra Merida, 466 miles (750 km.) from Caracas. Climate, cool and moist (feglon of val- leys and mountains) ; temperature averages 75°. Pilncipal prod- ucts : Coffee, cacao, rice, wheat, gold, copper, coal, salt. Industries : Preserving of fruits ; carpet weaving ; matiufacture of cotton and woolen goods. How Reached. — From La Gilaira via Lake Mafacaiho. leading Hotels. — ^Los Andes, Br'iceno, Mertda. Note. — ^Thls is a very important town in western Venezuela, usually made in connection with Maracalbo. It is easily reached by local service from La Guaira or Caracas and is a good business place with considerable direct importing. PUERTO CABELLO, State of Carabobo ; population, 20,000 ; land- ing, vessels lie alongside quays. Situated on a narrow peninsula north of Golfo de Trieste, 65 miles (104 km.) west from La Guaira, 34 miles (54 km.) from Valencia; 40 miles (64 km.) from Tucacas, 27 miles (44 km.) from Urama. Temperature averages 80°. Prin- cipal products : Coffee, cacao, copra, woods, hides, and skins, indus- tries : Corn-grinding mills, cotton-cloth mills, sawmills, marble works, and cigarette factories. American consul and vice consul in residence. Lloyd's agent, Ramirez Tirado (acting). How Reached. — From Valencia by Ferrocarfil Ingles (3 hours) ; from La Guaira by steamers Manzanareg and Venezuela,' from Barquisimeto, by rail or steamer; fi'om Caracas, by fail (12 hours). Customhouse Brokers. — H. L. Boulton & Co. ; Rivas, Hermanos & Co. ; E. Berrizbeitia & Co. ; Pedfo Ramirez Tirado & Co. ; Oapiiles y Torres Guerra. Hotels. — Bafios, Universal, de France. Banks. — Banco de Venezuela ; Sioyal Bank of Canada ; Banco Mer- cantil Americano. Wote. — Puerto Cabello owes its importaiiCe to its excellent harbor. It is visited by a number of steamship lines and tilefe is good com- munication with the rest Of Venezuela. Some of the principal houses of Caracas have branches here. There are a number of wholesale firms hef e, also some fetailefs who- are in A position to make purchases abroad. A highway rtifls to Macuto and iS!fara:c&.y ; the time of trip by automobile to Macuto 8 hours, and to MafaCfty 5 hours. TUCACAS, State of Falcon ; population, 2,000 ; on the Shore of the Caribbean Sea, north of the mouth of the Aroa Riter, Landing: Steamers lie alongside quays. Distant 54 miles ($7 ktfr.) from tfie Aroa mines, 102 miles (163 km.) from Barqttisimetfr, 40 miles (64 km.) from Puerto Cabello. Products: Coffee, cattle, stigar, etc. How Reached. — From Puerto Cabello, by local steamers Mdiixor nares and Venezuela; from Barquisimeto, by Bolifftr Rail'ft'ay. Note. — Tucacas owes its importance chiefly to the mites of La Aroa. It is usually canvassed from La GUalra. 310 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. VALENCIA, capital of the State of, G^rabobOr; altitude, 1,581 feet; population^ 54,000. Situated on west bank of Cabriales, 3 miles from its mouth, near Lake Valencia; distant 56 miles (90 km.) from Tucacas, 34 miles (55 km.) from Puerto Qabello, and 112 miles (18() km.) from Caracas. Temperature averages 80 F. Principal products: Coffee, cocoa, sugar, hides, tobacco, beans, etc. Industries : Cattle .raising, cotton mills, sawmills, and foundries. How Eeacbed. — From Puerto, Ciibello, by Puerto Cabello Railway (six stations) ; time, three hours.. From Caracas, via Central Railway of Venezuela. There is an automobile service to Nirgua. Principal Hotels. — ^Lourdes, Ottolina, Oliyares. Sauks. — Banco de Caracas * (Th. Gosewisch, agent) ; Banco de Venezuela (Berrizbeita & Co., agents). note. — Valencia has numerous, wholesale and retail firms who are in a position to import direct, Sugar Central Tacarigua, the largest in the district, is located near by. TOWNS OF LESS IMPORTANCE. Occasionally direct importations are made by firms or companies located in certain of the following places. It is advisable to Inquire in the nearest large town as to trade possibilities. Alta Gracia, State of Zulia ; population, 7,000 ; opposite Maracaibo, on Lake Maracaibo; reached by sailboat from Maracaibo (one hour's sail). Agriculture and fishing are the chief industries. -The town has a considerable commerce. Aragua, Slate of Anzpategui ; population, 9,000 ; distant 44 miles (71 km.) from Santa Rosa, 36 miles (58 km.) from San Lorenzo, and 38 mileg (60 km.) from Zaraza (via Carneseco). Products: Sugar, fruits, lumber. ,. Industries :• Aguardiente, hammocks, mantas, and shawls. Aragua is chiefly dependent on Caracas. Asuncion, State of Nueva Esparta.on Margarita Island; popula- tion, 3,300; situated on Copey River, 6 miles (10 km.) northwest of Pampatar. ., Bailadores, State of Merida; population, 4,300; altitude, 5,500 feet; 19 miles (30 km.) from Guaraque, and 63 miles (101 km.) from Merida. (iarretera to Merida. Products: Peas, sugar, pota- toes, tobacco,,, coffee, corn. Barinas, capital of Zamora; population, 6,000; on south bank of Santo Domingo River. Steamer communication with Ciudad Boli- var. Products: Coffee, cacao, sugar cane, tobacco. Distant 30 miles (48 km.) to'San Silvestre, 91 miles (146 km.) to Nutrias (on the Apure) . i Betijoque, State of Trujillo; population, 10,000; altitude, 2,400 feet; distant 8 miles (14 km.) from Sabana de Mendoza (carretera), 9 miles (15 km.) from Esque (carretera), and 17 miles (27 km.) from Valera. Products : Coffee, cacao, sugar, and fruits. Bocouo, State of Trujillo ; population, 15,000 ; altitude, about 4,100 feet; climate, temperate; reached by carretera from Truiillo, 27 miles (44 km.) ; also from Guanare, 68 miles (109 km.). Products: CofCee, wheat, sugar, fruits, salt, and coal. , Cagua, State of Aragua ; population, 4,000 ; in the midst of a rich agricultural region, on the railroad from Caracas to Valencia. Some timber is cut in this vicinity .~ VENEZUELA. 311 Calabozo, capital of State of Guarico; population, 4,000; on the left bank of the Guarico River, in a cattle-raising district. Reached from Caracas by carretera connecting with Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela. Two roads lead to San Fernando, the shorter being 74 miles (119 km.) in length. There is also a carretera to Ortiz, Pao de Cojedes, El Sombrero. Camaguan, State of Guarico; on Rio Portuguesa, near San Fer- nando de Apure ; reached from the latter place by camlno de herra- dura; also by boats; distance, 12 miles (19 km.). Calabozo is 67 miles (108 km.) distant. Camatagua, State of Aragua ; population, 6,000 ; distant 61 miles (99 km.) from Caracas. Chief industries: Cattle and horse rais- ing. Products, agricultural. ' earache, State of Trujillo ; population, 9,000 ; altitude, about 3,650 feet; on west bank of Carache River. Carreteras to Trujillo, ,32 miles (51 km.>, and Tocuyo, 48 miles (78 km.). Products: Coffee, cotton, sugar, wheat, and fruits. Carora, State of Lara; population, 9,000; altitude, about 1,050 feet. Distances: To Guarico, 77 miles (125 km.) ; to Bartuisimeto, 76 miles (122 km.). Products: Coftee, fruits. Industries: Stock raising and tanning. This is a distributing center for a large district. Coriaco, State of Sucre ; on Caricuao River. Its export- trade is conducted through the ports of Cumana and Oarupano. Churugnara, State of Falcon ; population, 2,500 ; altitude, about 3,100 feet. Distance to San Luis, 31 miles (50 km.). Carretera to Coro. Products: Coffee, sugar, woods, fruits.. : - Cura, Villa de, State of Aragua; populationi, 12,000; altitude, 1,600 feet; on carretera Guarico to San Juan and San Sebastian, near Lake Valencia. Products : Coffee, cacao, indigo, sugar, cotton. Distance to La Victoria, 25 miles (.4^0 km.) ; to Cagua (nearest station), 7 miles (12 km.). Suaca, State of Lara, located 27 miles (44 km.) from Lara, on railway from Barquisimeto to Tucacas. Products: Coffee, cacao, cotton, cereals. El Sombrero, State of Guarico; altitude, about 520 feet; on Guarico River; 28 miles (45 km.) from El Calvario, 67 miles (108 km.) from Chaguaramas, 51 miles (82 km.) from Calabozo; and connected with these towns by carreteras. Products : Cattle, hides, sugar, fruit. Industry : Manufacture of hats. El Ortiz, State of Guarico; population, 5,000; altitude, about 400 feet; on Paya River (affluent of Guarico) ; 60 miles (96 km.) from Calabozo, 22 miles (35 kn^.) from Mesa de Paya, and 66 miles (106 km.) from Pao de Cojedes. Products: Cattle, cheese, hides, coffee, tobacco. El Palmar, State of Bolivar; population, 5,000. Distant 50 miles (80 km.) from Orinoco River. Carretera to San Felix and to Caruachi on CaronI River. Guanare, capital of Portuguesa; population, 5,000; altitude, 450 feet; located 2^ miles (4 km.) from Guanare River, communieatii^g with Ciudad Bolivar and towns on the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Products : Coffee, cacao, cattle, iron. Ospino and Chabasquen are each 32 miles (52 km.) distant, and Bocono de Barinas 22 miles (35 km.). 312 GUIDE TO lATIN AMERICA. Juan Ofiiego, State of Nneva Esparta ; north of Santa Ana ; northwest of Fampatar. This is an Important town of Margarita Island and trades with the continent. Shipbuilding is its chief industry. Lagunillas, State of Merida; population, 4,500; altitude, 3,175 feet. Located 22 miles (35 km.) southwest of Merida and 14 miles (23 km.) from Bstangues. ' . la Vnion, State of Zamora ; on right Bank of Portuguesal River ; reached from Ciudad Bolivar via Portuguesa and Orinoco Rivers ; in summer It has communication with Caracas and Vailencia. Products : Cattle,' hides, cheese, feathers. la Vela, State of Falcon ; population, 2,500 ; port of Ooro, 8 miles (12 km.) distant, and connected with it by La Vela & Coro Railway ; reached from Maracaibo by Government steamers^. la Victoria, State Of Aragua; populaition, 7,800; altitude^ 1,500 feet; on east bank of ' Aragua River; 62 miles (99 km.) southwest of Caracas, 19 miles (31 km.) from Maracay ( railway X-, 25 miles (40 km.) from Villa dei Cura, 31 miles (50 km.) from San Sebastian, and 59 miles (96 kra.) from Camatagua. It is connected with Valencia and Caracas by railway. Products: Cereals, vegetables, copper, iron, coffee, sugar, etc. Industries: Cigars, soap, hemp. Hotels : Inglesias, Otolimo, Suarez. Iios Teques, State of Aragua. Situated in an agricultural region, on railroad from Caracas to Valencia. Maracay, State of Aragua ; population, 6,000 ; altitude, 1,.510' feet. Distant 19 miles (31 km.) from La Victoria, by railway; 53 miles (85 km.) from Caracas; on railway from Caracas to Valencia. This town is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, the chief products being coffee and sugar cane. There is also some cattle raising anfl timber cutting. Katurin, capital of Monagas; poulation, 5,000; altitude, 250 feet; distant 17 miles (27 km.) from Chaguaranal, 28 miles (.45 km.) from Aragua, 32 miles (51 km.), from Caieara, and 34 miles (54 km.) from Santa Barbara. Products: Tobacco, cotton, cacao, cof- fee, rice, cereals, maize, cattle, starch, aguardiente. This is an im- portant commercial centef,' MuGnelUes, State of Merida; popiilatlon, 5,000; altitude, 7,250 feet; near Cbamas River, 21 miles (35 km.) from Merida; 7 miles (12 km.) from Mucuruba ; 26 miles (41 km.) from Timotes; all of which towns are reached by carretera. Products: Wheat, oats, potatoes, peas, cattle. Nirgua, State of Taracuy; popalation, 3,000; altitude, 2,250 feet; on the Buria River, 43 miles (7© RmO from San Felipe via Cen-o Santa Maria; 56 miles (90 tem.) from Valencia, which is reached by automobile service. Products : Coffee, cacao, sugar, cotton, aguardiente, cattle, copper, iron, salt, coal. ' OWspos, State of Zamora; population, 4,000; on Santo Doming River, which is navigable at all seasons by small craft; distant 10 miles (16 km.) from Earinas, 33 miles (53 km.) from Santa Rosa, and 27 miles (43 bin.) from La Luz. Products: Coffee, cacao, in- digo, cotton, sugar, and medicinal plants. Ocumare del Tuy, capital of Miranda ; population, 10,000-; altitude, 675 feet; near Tuy RiTer, 30 miles (49 km.) from Caracas, which is reached by carretera. Products ; Coffee, cacao, sugar, cereals. VENEZtTELA. 313 Onoto, State of Anzoategui; population of district, 11,000; situ- ated on Unare River, wliicli is navigable in winter season; distant 87 miles (140 km.) from Barcelona, via Piritu, and 77 miles (125 km.) via Caigu^s. Products: Corn, cotton, sugar, yucca, beans, rice, wo6ds, hides. Palma Sola, State of Falcon ; oh the Bolivar Railway to Tucacas, Marinete, Barquisimeto. A branch has been projected to San Fer- nando, which will be of great importance. Pampanito, State of Trujillo ; population, 3,000; altitude, about 1,900 feet ; on river formed by the Castan and Niocoy ; 11 miles ( 17 km.) from Trujillo, and 9 miles (14 km.) from Molotan (railroad station). Products: Cacao, sugar. Pampatar, State of Nueva Esparta ; population, 1,000 ; on south- eastern part of Margarita Island, near Punta Ballena; 6 miles (10 km.) from Asuncion; 58 miles (94 km.) from Cumana; 86 miles (139 km.) from Barcelona; 161 miles (260 km.) from Trinidad; 46 miles (75 km.) from Carupano. There is steamer communication With Carupano. Petare, State of Miranda ; population, 2,000 ; situated about 10 miles (16 km.) east-southeast of Caracas, on way to Santa Lucia; reached from Caracas, via Guatire, by electric cars or carretera. Products: Coffee, woods, honey, and wax. Industries: Paper fac- tories, sugar central. Restaurant Caracas in Los Dos Oaminos, IJ miles (2 km.) from Petare. Pirittt (de Barcelona) , State of Anzoategui ; population, 1,400 ; on shore dt Caribbean Sea. Port open to domestic commerce. Agri- culture and fishing are the chief industries. Distances : From gaii Pablo and Caigua, each, 19 miles (31 km.) ; from Barcelona, 30 miles (48 km.). lorlamar. See Margarita Island, page 308. Kio Caribe, State of Sucre; population, 7,000; altitude, 20 feet; 4 miles (6 km.) from Puerto Santo, 14 miles (22 km.) from Caru- pano by sea, and 20 miles (32 km.) from Tunapui. This is a port of call for Government steamers, Mansanares and Venezuela, plying between Maracaibo and Ciudad Bolivar. Rio Chico, State of Miranda ; population, 4,000 ; port for general coasting trade; near mouth of Tuy River, on railway from Port Caranaro to El Guapo; 93 miles (150 km.) from Caracas, and 19 miles (31 km.) from Caranaro. Regular steamship service to La Guaira. Bubio, State of Tachira ; population, 12,000. Principal products : Coffee, agriculture, etc. This town is reached from Maracaibo. San Carlos, State of Cojedes; population, 10,700; altitude, 384 feet ; on east bank of Madrina River, and on railway to Vigia ; 12 miles (20 km.) from Tinaco, 65 miles (105 km.) from Barquisimeto, and 21 miles (33 km.) from Cojedes. San Cristobal, capital of Tachira; population, 16,0()0; altitude, 2,800 feet. Located on railway to fincontrados, which is 108 miles (174 km.V distant; and on carretera to Uraca, 81 miles (50 kmO distant; 21 miles (35 km.) from San Antonio (hear railroad to Cucuta and Puerto Villamizar), and 42 miles (67 km.) from Tachira River. Products: Coffee, sugar, vegetables, coal, iron, and petroleum. Hotels. Central, Paez, Victoria. Roads to San Antonio, 314 GUmE TO LATIN AMERICA. to the llanos down the Turbas and Quaramain valleys, and to Uraca. San Felipe, State of Taracuy; population, 7,000; northeast of Lara, on east bank of Yaracuy River ; 28 miles (44 km.) from Area (via El Cerro), 32 miles (51 km.) from Urama, B miles (13 km.) from Guama, 4 miles (7 km.) from Alvarico, and 22 miles (35 km.) from Palmacola. This town is on a branch line of the Bolivar Railway. There is a road to Barquisimeto. Products : Coffee, cacao, cotton, sugar, rice, corn, fruits, lumber, hides, copper, nickel, coal. San remando, capital of Apure ; population, 7,000 ; altitude, about 200 feet ; on south bank of Apure River, near mouth of Portuguesa River ; port of call for steamers on the Orinoco and Apure Rivers ; regular steamer service to Ciudad Bolivar. Products : Cattle, hides, feathers. San Jose de Rio Chico, State of Miranda ; population, 4,000 ; distant 2 miles (3 km.) from Rio Chico. Products; Sugar cane, etc. Santa Lucia, State of Aragua; population, 4,000; 25 miles (40 km.) from Caracas, on railway from Valencia to Caracas. Prod- ucts : Coffee, sugar cane, etc. San Sebastian, State of Aragua ; 50 miles (81 km.) southwest of Caracas. Products: Coffee, etc. Tariba, State of Tachira; populatiop, 9,000; altitude, 2,650 feet; distant 3 miles (5 km.) from San Cristobal, and 34 miles (55 km.) from Uraca. Products : Sugar, coffee, tobatseo, coal, sulphur. Tinaquillo, State of Cojedes; population, 3,400; distant 29 miles (48 km.) from Pao; Carreteras to Valencia, 34 miles (55 km.), and to San Carlos, 34 miles (55 km.). Products: Cattle and coffee. Tocuyo, State of Lara; population, 7,100; altitude, about 1,950 feet; on right bank of Tocuyo River, 44 iniles (72 km.) from Bar- quisimeto (railroad station), and 65 miles (106 km.) from San Felipe (via Guama). Trujillo, capital of Trujillo; population, li,000; altitude, S,275 feet; distant 19 miles (31 km.) from Motatan (railroad station) ; carreteras to La Ceiba, San Lazaro, Guanare, Ttmotes. Products: Cacao, sugar, coffee, tobacco, corn, coal, petroleum, asphalt. Auto- mobile service to Sabana de Mendoza and La Ceiba on Lake Mara- caibo; . , Tuoupita, State 6f Guaricp; population, 3,000; located a short dis- tance from Zaraza, in an agricultural and cattle district; reached by Government steamers from jyiaracaibo. tfpaita, State of Bolivar ; population, 5,000'; situated at confluence of Carpni and Orinoco Rivers. Carretera to Puerto Tablas. Gold is mined here. Valera, State of Trujillo; population, 5,500; distant 60 miles (99 km.) from La Ceiba (railway), and 24 miles (39 km.) from Tru- jillo. Products: Coffee, cacao, sugar,^ fruits. Zaraza, State of Guarlco; population, 2,900; on TJnare River, which is navigable to this point. Products : Cattle, tobacco, fruits. Distant 72 miles (117 km.) from Chaguaramas by carretera. BRITISH GUIANA. Map No. 12. Location. — The only British colony in South America. Located in the northeastern part of the continent ; bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Dutch Guiana, on the south and south- west by Brazil, and on the west by Venezuela. Area and Population. — Area, 90,277 square miles, exceeding that of England, Scotland, and Wales combined. The coast line Is 270 miles long. The population is estimated at over 300,000, or about 3.5 inhabitants per square mile. Topography. — ^The chief characteristic of this country is a high- land or great area of upland prairie, varying in altitudes, but aver- aging 3,200 feet. This rises from the lowlands of the coast. There is one very high peak, known as Mount Roraima. Rivers. — The principal rivers are: The Demerara, navigable for about 80 miles (128 km.) ; the Berbice, navigable for about 87 miles (140 km.) ; the Essequibo, with certain tributaries, and the Corentyn. There are some other rivers also, but, generally speak- ing, numerous rapids and falls render them unnavigable. Climate.— Tropical. The mornings and evenings are sometimes chilly in the interior, but there is never any really cold weather. The rainfall averages about 90 inches annually. Seasons.^The year is supposed to have two seasons. . From April or May to .July or August the precipitation is very heavy. A fur- ther rainy season extends from November to February. These two seasons, however, are by no means clearly defined. The hottest months are August, September, and October, and should be avoided. The coolest months are December to March, and are pleasant. Some of the remaining months are occasionally favored by cool climatic conditions. Inhabitants. — The inhabitants are chiefly of mixed blood, with a large percentage of Negroes. There are also a great many East Indians. The percentage of pure whites is small. Products. — The chief crop of British Guiana is sugar, there being a large export of this, and of rum, a by-product. There is also a considerable amount of rice cultivated. Other products are cacao, coconuts, coffee, small grains, timber. The forests of British Guiana 'contain a good deal of dyewood, hardwoods of various kinds, etc. An important product is balata, the export of which has increased materially. The chief mineral export is gold, and Of second Im- portance, diamonds. There is considerable placer. mining. iiive Stock. — Grazing has been Increasing, and the outlook is promising. Various kinds of cattle, including goats, sheep, etc., are raised. Language. — English exclusively. Currency.— Prices are usually quoted in dollars and cents. The current coins are English silver, together with silver 4-penny pieces, known locally as " bltts," and English coppers. Every coin has the 315 316 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA, same nominal value as In England. Therefore, a simple decimal system of calculation is combined with the use of English money. ($l=4s. 2d.=100 cents. One cent=vjd.) - , Weights and Measures. — English. Postage. — ^Letters to and from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Parcel post to United States, 12 cents per pound. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW TOftK. Trinidad line. — Trinidad Shipping & Trading Co., 29 Broadway. Sailings from Pier 24, Robinson Stores, Brooklyn. Departures every two weeks for Grenada, Trinidad, and Demerara (George- town). Distance to Demerara, 2,210 nautical miles; time, about 12 days, including stops; approximate fare, $100. Distance from Port of Spain, Trinidad, to Demerara, 365 nautical miles ; time, 36 hours. ftuebec Steamship Co. — Fumess, Withy & Go., agents, 32 Broad- way. Departures from Pier 47, North Kiver (West Tenth Street). Sailings about every two weeks for Martinique, Barbados, and Demerara (Georgetown). Time, Including stops, about 16 days; fare, about $95. OTHER LINES VISITING BRITISH GUIANA. Compagnie G6n6rale Uransatlantique. — Service every 28 days; connects with Martinique, Trinidad, Paramaribo,, and Cayenne. Hoyal Mail Steam Packet Co. — Fortnightly service from Halifax to British West Indies and Demerara. Fare between Port of Spain, Trinidad, and Demerara, $18.75. The Booker line. — From Liverpool, about every three weeks. The Demerara and fierhlce iteamship Co. — From England to Georgetown, and Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. The Direct line of Steamers. — Fortnightly sailings from England to Grenada, Trinidad, and Demerara. SAIiESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples are admitted free of duty under bond for subsequent exportation. Baggage Allowance.— Commercial travelers" samples are charged at the rate of 12 cents per 100 pounds on the railroad from George- town to Amsterdam. The allowance for personal baggage on first- class ticket is 110 pounds. Commercial Travelers' license. — No license fee is charged commer- cial travelers, , CANVASSING THE REPtTBlIC. — Only one city is generally visited by traveling salesmen. This Is the capital — Georgetown. Here are located the principal wholesale houses which distribute to the in- terior and supply the small dealers. There are also a number of retailers who are accustomed to Import direct, both from the United States and jSurope. If it Is found necessary, the traveler can visit Berbice (New. Amsterdam), which Is but a short distance from Georgetown and easily covered by railroad. BRITISH GUIANA. 317 Agencies.— 1£ it is desirable to establish an agency, Georgetown, is a satisfactory laoation, Prom Georgetown the traveler can also ar- range to, visit Dutch Guiana by local steamer. Transportation Facilities.-— British Guiana has two railway lines. The most important is the Denierara Railway, operating 79 miles (lines from Georgetown to Resignol and from Vreed-en-Hoop to Parlka). Another line is operated by Sproston's Ltd,), from Wis- mar to Eockstone, about 19 miles. The total mileage in the colony is a little less than 100. The navigable length of rivers is about 450 miles; canals about 40 njiles. Tlie gppd roads mileage is about 822. ... .., ,:,, , ,.,'-,.' Local Transportation Service.— Georgetown to Mount Everard, via Morawhanna; weekly service ; leave rGeorgetown Thursdays and re- turn on Saturdays. Georgetown io New Amsterdam, semiweekly night service; steamer leaves Mondays and Thursda,ys and returns on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Up the Berbice Eiyer, 125 miles (200 km.).^ semiweekly service; steamer leaves New Amsterdam Mondays and Thursdays and returns on Wednesdays and Fridays. Combined steamer, rail, and launch service to interior : Steamer leaves Georgetown for Wismar, up the Demerarja River, on Tues- days, Thursdays, and Saturdays, retoi-ning oh Mondays, "Wednes- days, and Fridays; from Wismar, by railroad across country, to Kockstone, on the- Essequibo River, distance 19 miles (31 km.); from Rockstone, launch service to Tumatumari, on the Potaro River (a tributary of the Essequibo), distance 81 miles (131 kmi) ; at Tumatumari, owing to rapids with a drop of 60 feet, a portEige has to be made across the river to above the falls, after vsiiich the journey is continued by another launch for, 15 fliiles (25^ km.) to Potaro Landing, the starting place for the gold fields. From Wis- mar there is another launch service up the Upper Demerara River to the foot of the Mallali Falls, distance 45 miles (72 km.). Note. — Because of the tropical conditions which prevail, it is im- portant to conserve one's energy during the great heat of the day. Particular care should be taken in this respect. It is also advisable to avoid coming to this country during the hot period, at which time the conditions are not very desirable. Chief Items of Interest. — The museum and botanical gardens at Georgetown; Tumatumari Falls, on the Essequibo River; Etaballi Falls, reached from Rockstone ; Mount Roraima ; Kaieteur Fall, on upper branch of the Potaro River, a tributary of the Essequibo. (This is said to be a very imposing and beautiful fall. It is reached by way of Wismar, Rockstone, Tumatumari, and Kangaruma). Holidays. — The following are the chief holidays of -British Guiana, which are generally observed : January 1, New Year's Day ; June 3, birthday of the King ; August 5, bank holiday ; December 25, Christ- mas Day ; December 26, boxing day ; also Good Friday, Easter Mon- day, and Whit Monday. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. GEOBGETOWN, capital of the colony ; population, 60,000 ; situated just within mouth of Demerara River. Landing: Steamers Ue off- shore ; small boats are used. Distances : From Paramaribo, Dutch 318 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Guiana, 214 miles (344 km.) ; from New Amsteiyam; 61 miles. (99 km.) ; from Port of Spain, Trinidad, '363 miles (584 km.) ; from Cayenne, French Guiana, 395 miles (636 km.). Principal products: Agricultural, sugar, gold, diamonds. Industries: Mining-, tropical agriculture. American consul in residence. Lloyd's agent, Booker Bros. • ' How Beached. — Fi'om Paramaribo, by steamers; from Port of Spain, by steamers, 36 hours' sail ; from New Tork, by steamers of Quebec Steamship Co. and Trinidad Line. Tramcars. — There is tramcar service to various parts of the city. Principal Hotels. — ^Park, Tower, Victoria, lee House ; rates, $2.50 to $3 per day. r ■ . Banks. — British Guiana Bank; Colonial Bank. Note. — ^This Is the principal city of British Guiana and agencies may properly be established here. It is often canvassed in connec- tion with Trinidad. The chief commercial houses are established here, and there is a good volume of trade. Considerable mining is carried on and a number of the mining companies have their offices in Georgetown, NEW AMSTERDAM, population, 9,000; situated 3 mileS (5 km.) up the Berbice River, 61 miles (99 km.) from Georgetown. Land- ing: Steamers lie alongside wharf. How Reached. — From Georgetown, by Sprostons' steatners, 6i hours' journey; or by railroad to Rosignal (3 hours), thence ferry- boat (i hour). Fare, about $3.10. £anks. — British Guiana Bank ; CoWnial Bank. Hotels. — Strand, Blairgowrie. Note. — This place is easily reached from Georgetown. A number of Georgetown houses have branches here, arid the town is not generally canvassed by foreign salesmen. TOWNS OP LESS IMPORTANCE. Baramanni, Northwest County; on Waini River, with artificial waterway to Moruka River. Steamer and launch service to George- town. Barima, Northwest County ; near mouth of Barima River. Baritka, capital of Essequibo County; important lumber-shipping point ; also an outfitting center for miners. Regular steamer service to Georgetown. Communication with Brazil via the Essequibo and Amazon ; with Venezuela via Mazarunl, Cuyuni, and Orinoco Rivers. Beterverwagting, population, 2,400 ; distant 9 miles (15 km.) from Georgetown, on Georgetoyvn-New Amsterdam Railway. Buxton, population, 5,200; on the coast; on Georgetovm-New Amsterdam Railway, 12 miles (19 km.) from Georgetown. Fellowship, population, 2.400; distant 39 miles (64 km.) from Georgetown, which is reached by road. Greenwich Park, Demerara County ; on west bank of Demerara River, 19 miles (31 km.) from Vreed-en-Hoop. Route: Railway to Vreed-en-Hoop ; opposite (Georgetown. Good Intent, population, 1,150; distant 8 miles (14 km.) from Vreed-en-Hoop; opposite Georgetown. BRITISH GUIANA. 319 Hope Town, population, 2,000 ; on a tributary of Demerara River, 57 miles (91 km.) from Georgetown by road. Uorawhanna, Northwestern District; on Barlma River, near its junction with Waiml River. Steamers to Georgetown and Bara- mannl. Flaisance, Demerara County ; population, 3,500 ; on railway from Georgetown to New Amsterdam. Kockstone, on Essequlbo River, 18 miles (30 km.) from Wlsmar. Route : Railway to Wlsmar ; thence steamer to Georgetown. Roslgnol, Berbice .County ; opposite New Amsterdam, on Berbice River; railway to Georgetown, 61 miles (99 km.) distant; ferry to New Amsterdam. Skeldon, Berbice County ; near mouth of Corentyn River, 48 miles (78 km.) from New Amsterdam, by road. Springlands, port, near mouth of Corentyn River. Sugar planta- tions. Tuschen, Essequlbo County ; on Essequlbo River, opposite Leguan. Steamer to Georgetown. Windsor Forest, Demerara County ; on Demerara River, 66 miles (107 km,) from Georgetown (reached by steamer), and 18 miles (30 km.) from Rockstone. . Wismar, Demerara County. Distances: From Georgetown, 66 miles (107 km.) — regular steamer service ; from Rockstone, 20 miles (32 km.), by railway. Vreed-en-Hoop, on western bank of Demerara River, opposite Georgetown ; terminus of West Coast Railway to Greenwich Park ; ferry to Georgetown. DUTCH GUIANA (SURINAM). Map No. ,12. location. — ^The pnly IDutch possession in Soixth America. Bounded on the nortli by the Atlantic Oceani on the east by French Guiana, on the south by Brazil, and on the west by the Cortatyn River, which separates it from British Guiana- Area.— About 46,000 square miles, approximately equal to the area of the land su^rface of New York State. • Inhabitants.^— The population Is about 91,000. A very large per- centage of the people are colored. They Include about 11,000 Mohammedans and' 18,000 Hindus. There are some Negroes and comparatively few whites. Topography. — ^There is a low coastal region which rises greatly to savannas and hills covering most of the interior of the country. Here the forests are practically Impenetrable. Climate. — ^Tropical. The first wet season extends from May to August. Then there is a short dry season, September to October, fdlGwed by a second wet season, November to February ;, then the second dry season, March to April. The annual rainfall Is exces- sive, averaging 140, inches. Rains occur about 180 days of the year. Some years the precipitation is much heavier than others. At Paramaribo the mean annual temperature is about 7.5° P. Principal Rivers. — ^The Corentyn is navigable for about 70 miles, and small vessels can go up for 150 miles. The Surinam is navi- gable for about 100 miles for vessels up to 10-foot draft. The Maroni River Is navigable for 40 miles. Agricultural Products. — Sugar is the most important crop. Then follow bananas, coffee, rice, maize. Rum and molasses are also produced. Cacao is increasing in importance. Forest Wealth. — There is some timber cutting, but the forests re- quire exploiting. Balata is produced. mining. — ^Thls is chiefly of gold, largely obtained from placer mines. Language. — Dutch ; but English is much used. Currency. — Dutch. Weights and Measures. — Dutch. Postage. — Letters from the United States, 5 cents for the first ounce, and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fractional part thereof. STEAMSHIP ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. auebec Steamship Co. — Furness, Withy & Co., agents, 32 Broad- way. Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street). Departures about every two weeks for Martinique, Barbados, and Demerara, British Guiana. Local steamer from Demerara to Para- maribo. Time, including stops, about 17 days. 320 DUTCH GuaNA. 321 Royal Dutch West India Mail Line. — ^Messrs, Fundi, Edye & Co., agents, 10 Bridge Street. Departures from Pier 3, Bush Terminal, Forty-seventh Street, Brooklyn, for Paramalribo, via Haiti, Ctiracao, etc. Service about every two weeks.: Time, Includliig stops, about 24 days ; fare, $125. j OTHER LINES VISITING DUTCH GUIANA. Compagnie 66n£rale Transatlantique.— Steaniers plying between Martinique and Cayenne, French Guiana, call at Paramaribo olice a month. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Government Steamship Service. — Weekly sailingSj f rom Paramaribo to Burnside, Nickerie, and Georgetown; also steamer about every two weeks from Paramaribo to Cattice, Albina, etc. , , Sailing, vessels also ply from Paramaribo up the Surinam River and along the coast to Burnside and Nickerie. CANVASSING THE COUNTRY.— The only town of primary im- portance is the capital, Paramaribo. Here are located the principal wholesale houses. The trade is naturally of a limited character, and the wholesale business is not on a large scale. Some of the re-, tailers are accustomed to import direct. Certain of the firms in Paramaribo also conduct a business in Georgetown, British Guiana. The country is in the main quite undeveloped ; but it is possessed of great natural wealth, and is destined to increase in commercial importance. Agencies. — If a separate agency is desired, it may be satisfactorily established in Paramaribo. However, it should "be noted that some firms prefer to grant the agency to a representative in George- town, who is expected to cover British, Dutch, and French Guiana. The theory of combining these three territories Is to enable the representative to obtain a larger volume of business. Periodical visits are made by agents to Paramaribo and Cayenne, which can easily be reached by local steamship service. When an agent has a number of lines, as is usually the case, he is justified in remaining the required time in each of these cities to transact the necessary ^•olume of business. Travelers' License. — No license is required, except by those who deal in liquors. Samples. — Those of no commercial value may be imported without any diflaculty. Those subject to duty can be brought in if security is given to guarantee their reexportation, which may be accom- plished by the payment of duties on any part of the samples left in the country. No time limit is fixed. Note. — Owing to the excessive moisture, it is well to guard against damage to luggage from that cause. Hotel Rates. — The rates of hotels in Paramaribo range from $3 to $5, American plan, which is the plan usually followed. Holidays. — The following are the chief holidays of Dutch Guiana : January 1, New Year's Day ; August 31, Queen's birthday ; December 25, Christmas Day ; December 26, day after Christmas ; also Good Friday, Easter Monday, The Ascension, and Whit Monday (mov- able dates). 144297°— 20 21 322 GUIDE TO LATIN AJWEEICA. COMMERCIAL CENTERS. fABAKL&BIBOy eai^t^lr ofiButeh Guiana; populajtiK)n, SSjldl. Situated pn wes« bank of Surinam River, 10 miles (16 km.) from its mouth; 214 miles (344 km.) from Georgetown, British Guiana; 2,338 nautical miles from New York. Landing : Vessels lie alongside wharf. Produet»: Balatsij sttgaw, goM, cacao, i^nepican consular agent in residence. Lloyd's agent, W. L. Kissack. Customhouse brokers : Bl ];)ranger & Co. ; S. Benjamins ; A. Shields. Hotels : Belleviie, Central, Van Emden. Boarding houses: Mackintosh, Waller, Horst. Bank : Surinamische Bask. Paramaribo Is the only e'ntrepSt and port of export of Dutch Guiana. AliliinSy on west bank of Maroni- River, opposite St. Laurent, French ■ Guiana. Produtts: Lumber, gold. Route- Fortnightly steamers from Pantwnaribo. Bumside, on the northwest coast ; population^ 2,160. Ca«a« is the chief product. Route: Steamer from Paramaribo or G«orge- town. NiclEetFte; near the mouth of Nickeirie River, popQlatSsii, 6,225. Landing: Vessels lie alongside wharf. Prodiucts:^ 6ax;ao, caout- chouc, and lumber. Weekly steamer service from Paramaribo and Georgetown. FRENCH GUIANA. Map No. IZ. location. — Cayenne, or French Guiana,, the- only Fuench posaessioiri In Souto Ameniea, Is bounded on the north, by the Aitlantle ©ceoni on the east and south by Brazil, on the west by Dutchi Guiana. Aiea. and Ptopulation.^— Area, abaut 32,060 square miles, OBe-thiid. as large as France. Population, 5G,G00. Physical Features. — The coast is a lowland, rising to savannas or plains. At about 50 miles inland the hi^lands commence. There is a great forest region in the Interior. The entire area is broken by numerous ridges- and low mountains. There are many valleys and rivers. Inhabitants. — Of the inhabitants of French Guiana, there is a considerable number of convicts and persons* who have been de- ported from France and from other French colonies. They occupy the district known as the convieb territory, and W),00fr> to> 15»000- of them are in the gold-mining region and are not individually eon- fined. Climate. — Tropical, with excessive rainfall. At Gayenne the' aver- age is 130 inches yearly. In the interior rain occurs on 160 to 175 days of the year. Seasons. — Ibese are not clearljt defined, but, uoughly, are as- fol- lows: First wet season^, fromi Mas *<=> August; than a short dry period, September to October r second wet season, November to February ; second dty season, March to Aprii. Health conditions, as a rule, ace not good,, and; there is much fever. Agricultural Products. — These are not of great importance.. 'She chief ones are sugajc, coffee, and cacao.. For IffleaL consumption bananas, sweet potatoes, manioc, tobacco, Indian corn, and vege- tables are grown. Eoiest Ejesouxces.: — ^The forests are of great extent, but as yet hardly touched, due to the lack of roads. The: ohiefi produetst 3,ve rosewood, extract of rosewood,, balata gum, etc.. Mineral Resources, — The mineral resources are the most ii;n- portant. The chief mines are those of gold,, woEked griJicipally bp the cooM^iets. Means of Gommuaioation. — Th© means of communication, are lim- ited. Thfire are' no railways. A few roads connect the capital with the centers «f population in the- ifitemor.. ■. ItanguaiS^- — French. CiMarenoy.!— Same as in France; Bank notes aad coias are of dif- ferent design, but in general are similar to those which are used ia France. The franc is the uni* of value, equal to about $0,193. Postage. — The letter rate from the TTnited States is 5 cents for the flist ounce, and 3. cents foj: each additional ounce or fi;actional pant thereof. 323 324 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. STEAMSHIP ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW YORK. Trinidad Line. — Trinidad Shipping & Trading Co., 29 Broad- way. Sailings from Pier 24, Robinson Stores, Brooklyn. Departures every two weeks for Grenada, Trinidad, and Demerara (George- town), British Guiana. Local steamer from Demerara to Cayenne. Distance, New York to Cayenne, 2,443 nautical miles; Demerara to Cayenne, 477 nautical miles. 01161)60 Steamship Co. — Purness, Withy & Co., agents, 32 Broad- way. Departures from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street), for Barbados and for Demerara (Georgetown), British Guiana. Local steamer from Georgetown to Cayenne. OTHER LINES VISITING CAYENNE. Compagnie G6nerale Transatlantique. — Service every 28 days ; con- nects with Martinique, calling at Paramaribo, Demerara, and Trini- dad. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Taney & Co. — Coastwise service; also between Cayenne, Para- maribo, Demerara, Trinidad, and Martinique. There is also service by small vessels from Cayenne to the Safety Islands and Maroni River. CANVASSING THE COTTNTET.— The only city of any importance Is Cayenne, the capital. Here are located the importing houses which supply the interior. Th» trade is necessarily restricted, as the number of inhabitants is not large. Practically all wholesale importers also engage in retail business. Most travelers visit French Guiana in connection with Dutch and British Guiana. Agencies. — If it is desired to establish an agency for French Guiana exclusively, Cayenne is the logical place. As stated in the description of British Guiana, an agent is often appointed in George- town who is expected to " work " Cayenne and Paramaribo as well. Transportation Facilities. — The commerce of the coast is chiefly carried by sailing vessels. The main highways are from Cayenne westward along the coast to St. Laurent du Maroni and from Ca,yenne eastward to the mouth of the Aparogue. Commercial Travelers' license. — ^No licenses are required. SAMPLES. — Arrangements can be made for the importation of samples under bond, which is canceled upon reexportation. Holidays. — The population being largely Roman Catholic, the feast days of the church are generally observed. In addition, the following holidays are officially recognized : January 1, New Year's Day ; July 14, Fete Nationale (Fall of the Bastile) ; December 25, Christmas Day. COMMERCIAL CENTERS. CAYENNE; population, 13,500. Situated at the mouth of Cayenne River, on an island of the same name. Landing : Steamers anchor close to the town. Distant 260 nautical miles (482 km.) from Para- FRENCH GTJIANA. 325 maribo, Dutch Guiana, and 477 nautical miles (884 km.) from Georgetown, British Guiana. Temperature averages 80° F. An- nual rainfall is at least 100 inches. Routes : From Georgetown and Paramaribo, Tby local steamers"; from Martinique by Regular steamer service. Lloyd's agent, B. Antier. Principal hotels: Grand, De France, De I'Avenir. Bank : Banque Colonial de la Guyane. Approuague, on Approuague River; reached by road from Cay- enne. Gulzanbourgne, Apronague Commune ; population, 650 ; on east bank of Apronague River. Iracoubo; population, 600; on Iracoubo River, near its mouth; 78 miles (125 km.) fi-om Cayenne, which is reached by road. Kaw (Cauz) ; population, 250"; near mouth of Kaw River ; road to Cayenne. KouTou; population, 650; at mouth of Kourou River. Mana; population, 900; on west bank of Mana River, 11 miles (17 km.) above Its hiouth. Montslnery; population, 3-50; near Montsinery River. St. (xeoiges, customs station ; population, 1,000 ; near mouth of Oyapok River. St. laurent du Maroni; population, 1,350; on Maroni River, 9 miles (15 km. ) from St. Jean ; reached by steamers from Cayenne. Siunamari; population, 1,100; on east bank of Sinnamarl River. Tonat (Macouria); population, 800; chief town of Macouria Commune. WEST COAST OF SOTJTH AMERICA. ECUADOR. Maps Nos. 10 and 13, Location. — ^Ecuador is a Eepublic in norihweetem SpuOi America, stretching from the .Pacifijc O^ean (^ t^e upper valleys of the Ama- zon. It is bounded on the noBth antropical, but influenced largely by altitude and local conditions. It Is ' most salubrious be- tween 7,500 and 9,000 feet. The plains and hills extending from the coast to the first range of mountains enjoy a warm climate for the greater part of the year. Seasons. — Generaly speaking, there are two seasons^ — the rainy or winter from December to June, and the dry or summer from July to December. In the vicinity of Guayaquil there is a rainy season during January, February, and Macch. The remainder of the year is dry and sumny. In the intermountain section the days are warm and the nights quttfe^ cool. There is also a rainy season Im this sec- tion that corresponds somewhat closely to the rainy season of the coast. Temperature of the coastal j^gigns ranges from a minimum of 70° F. to a maximum of 90° F. In the interior the temperature averages 65° F., the minimum being;B2° F. It should be especially noted that the rainy season is broken by a short period of dry weather shortly after December ^, called the veranillo, and the dry season is broken 'by a ishort period of rainy weather shortly after S^tember 21, called the inveranillo. ' - ■ Principal Products. — ^The agricultural wealth Is great. Ecuador is especially iainous for cacao, its most important product, There are some very large plantations in the Provinees: of Manabi, Guayaquil, and El Oro. Coffee is second iu Importance, and rubber tliird. Other tre^flijal products ace bananas, lemons, icotton,' oranges, etc. On the upliaaids are grown the crops common to the Temperate Zonfe. Industries.- — The manufacturing which is carried on in Ecuador is of a very minor character. The most important plant is a shoe factory, besides which there are 7 flour mills, 6 cotton and woolen mills, 11 breweries, 24 ice plants, several tanneries, and a few fac- tories devoted to the making of chocolate, furniture, etc. The Panama bat industry, especially in Jiie citieg^ of Jipijapa, Monte Christi, and Cuenca, Is very important. Cattle calsittg fs increasing in prominence and there is some exportation of hides, ;?klns, wool, etc. Mineral Resources. — The %gold mines are most important, par- ticularly the Zaruma mines, In southern Ecuador. Gold Is chiefly found in the Provinces of El Oro and- Esmeraldas. There are cop- per-deposits In hoja; lead, coal. Iron, silver, sulphur, and platinum also exist. The petroleum development on the Santa Elena Penin- sula is promising. Inhabitants. — Most of the inhabitants of Ecuador are Indians ; the pure whites are comparatively few. There is a fair percentage of mestiaos. Language,— Spanish Is the official language, but a great number of the people in the interior of the country gpeaik the Quichua lan- guage. ■ Currency. — The sucre is the unit of value, equivalent to $0,487 in United States currency ; 100 centavos equal 1 sucre ; 10 sucres make 328 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. a condor, which. is equivalent to 1 pound sterling. The coins are as follows: Gold, 1 condor (10 sucres)i i candor (5 sucres) ; silver, 1 Sucre, 1 peseta (20 eentavos), 1 real.ilO centavos), and a medio real ; nickel, 5, 2, 1, and i centavos. Weights and Measures.-^The metric system is generally used in the larger cities. Old Spanish weights, however, are still in use :in. 2,200 miles (15 days). Quarantine Regulations. — There are no quarantine regulations against passengers from the United States. Passengers leaving Ecuador for Colon or Panama are subject to a quarantine at ECUADOR. 329 Panama. Travelers who arrive in Ecuador with suspicious illness are subject to quarantine. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples are admitted free into Ecuador if they are small articles of no value, or if rendered unsalable by mutilation. Samples of value are admitted tmder bond, subject to being reexported within 90 days. This bond can usually be given over the signature of a reliable commercial house. The details caij be attended to by a customhouse broker. Reexportation. — Samples carried by commercial travelers may be admitted through one port and reexported through another. It is, however, necessary to obtain a document from the customhouse at port of entry to identify the samples satisfactorily to the customs officials at the port of reexportation. Time Eequired for Clearance. — This depends solely upon the quan- tity of the samples carried and whether they are free or require a bond. In the latter event the time necessary for preparing the papers is about all that is necessary. When samples are plainly entitled to free entry tiiere Is no delay, particularly if they are carried by the traveler. ' Duties on Advertising Hatter. — When a traveling sa.lesman car- ries advertising matter which is plainly for distribution and not for resale, there is no difficulty about its admission, and no duty is charged. Commercial Travelers' Tax. — ^There i§ no escaping the tax on com- mercial travelers. Almost all salesmen enter by way of Guayaquil; In any event salesmen, who carry trunks must obtain a license at the customhouse on the wharf before the baggage and samples are cleared. This license is vaUd during the entire period that the traveler remains in Ecuador and permits him to sell to anyone. The fee for this license is 100 sucres ($48.67). Municipal Permits. — Certain municipalities require registration of the salesman, but exact no fee for Issuing a. permit to do business. Should the traveler desire to use his license not only in Guayaquil, but in other places, it Is necessary to so indicate to the customs officials and have them particularly specify this on the back of the license ; otherwise the traveler may be called upon for further pay- ments. As an example, he might obtain a license at Guayaquil, and for failure to have proper notation made on the license, another fee would be exacted when he entered Esmeraldas. Best Visiting Time. — Because of climatic conditions at Guayaquil, It is best to choose the dry season for visiting. This extends from May to December. During that time the, climate is very agreeable and yellow fever Is rare. Health Precautions. — ^Travelers to the coast of, Ecuador, particu- larly Guayaquil, should observe unusual precautions in their per- sonal habits and In their general hygiene. Extraordinary care should be taken to guard against contagion. When the new sani- tary system of Guayaquil is completed the possibility of infection wiU be greatly reduced. In the past bubonic plague has been one of the diseases very frequent in Guayaquil. TEAWSPOBTATION FACILITIES.— -There Is but one important railroad in Ecuador, that from Guayaquil to Quito. The entire mileage of the Republic is about 400 (644 km.). Most of the roads are of the character of bridle paths and are frequently impassable iS30 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. during the ralhy season. Navigation ' is available throughout the chief agricultural districts, via the Guayas, Daule, and Vinces Rivers. The Vinces Is navigable during the rainy season for a distance of about 200 miles '(^22 km.). River transportation is effected chiefly by side-wheel and screw steamers of "very low draft. It should be tooted that in Ecuador, as in some of tiiie other countries of South America, while the chief cities can be reached by steamer or railroad, a number of important commercial points are remote and can only be rea(aied by pack animals. Prinolijial Railways. — From Guayaquil to Quito, Guayaquil & Quito Railway, 286 miles (459 km.) ; from Bahia de Oaraquez to Calceta, Compagnle Francaise de Ghemins de Fer de L'Equateur, 34 miles (55 km.),; from Bahia de Oaraquez to Ohone, Compagnie Francafse de Ghemins de Fer de L'Equateur, 15 miles (25 km.) ; from Manta to Portoviejo, Central Railway o* Ecuador, 30 miles (48 km.); from Puerto Bolivar to Machala, Pasaje, and Guabo, Machala Railway, 19 miles (80 km.). Baggage Rates. — The Guayaquil & Quito Railroad Co. makes a special red^ction of 25 per cent to commercial travelers on excess baggage w'Ken "shipped over its line as express. This is the line most frequently used by travelers. ' CANVASSING THE REPUBLIC— The places of chief interest to commercial travelers visiting Ecuador are Guayaquil and "Quito. At Guay4quil are located most of the important wholesale houses which supply the merchants In places of less importance on the coast as well as the interior. Quito has a larger population (80,000), but' as a distributing and importing center it is secondary. In theSe cities there are retailers who make direct Importations. In some of the less Important towns there are many firms who also deal directly with foreign houses. ■ Routes to Follow. — Almost without exception, travelers who vi.sit Ecuador enter by way of Guayaquil. Here they can obtain a much better Idea of the commercial situation prevailing at the time of their visit, the outlook fpT business, and general conditions. The 6ua,yaquil & Quito Railroad can be taken for Quito. In most cases the travelers visit Quito direct, and on their return, if the heeds oi their business "justify it, stop at Ambato and Riobamba. There ate other rich and developing sections which are accessible frqpi Guayaquil alone by local steamers. Among these are Machala, from which point Ciienca may be visited, and Manta, from which Plierto yiejo may be made. In the northern part of Ecuador is the port of Bsmeralflas, the entrepM for a very rich district. AgPfloies.— When appointing agencies for Ecuador, it is customary to name a re^ir^s^ntatlve , in Guayaqiiil. This Is due to the Sict thEi,t ij: Is more accessible by steamers, and from that point a strategic approach 4:o the coast as well as to the Interior is more easily made. Hotel Rates. — In the larger cities, such as Guayaquil and -Quito, the rates in the best hotels range from $3 to $4 gold, American plan. It is on this plan that most hotels are conducted. In the smaller towns the rates are somewhat less, averaging from ?2 to $3 gold. The second-class hotels of the larger cities charge about the same. Traveling salesmen should patronize the best hotels, not only because of the added comfort, but for the sake of business prestige. ECUADOR. 331 SUGGESTED ITINERARIES. If coming from the north the traveler may stop at Esmeraldas, if he feels justified in waiting ior the next steamer southward, whieh may be from 4 to- lOidays. (From Esmeraldas by steamer to Bahla, Manta, Cayo, or Maehalilla, Bahia de Caraquez; from here by train of ithe Compagnie Francaise de Chemins deFer de L'Equa- teur to Oalceta and Chone. The latter is the center of a Tich caoao- growlng district. From Bahia de Garequez by steamer to Jflanta ; iiere the traveler can take train of the Central Railway jof Ecuador to Portoviejo and Santa Ana. A side -trip by horseback or auto- mobile may also be made to Jipijapa, headquarters of the Panama hat industry. From Manta by steamer to GuayaquU; by the Guaya- quil & Quito 'Railway to Quito, stopping on the way at Ridbamba, Amtoato, and Ijatacunga. ' Trips from Guayaquil Southward.^-By steamer to.- Puna and Puerto Bolivar; by Machala Railway to Pasaje, Guabo, and Machala; side' trip' iby mule back to Ouenca and Loja. Southward by coastwise steamer to Puna and Naranjal ; thence via Balao to the Pueblo of Balao ; tti,ence mule trail to Ouenca. O'werland to Quito : Guayaquil to Duran, by ferryboat, 1 hour (10 miles) ; Biuran to Rlobamba, by rail, 11 hours (ISO miles) ; Riobamba to Ambato, by rail, 3 hours <64 miles); Ambato to Ijatacunga, by rail, 2 hours (30 miles):; Latacunga to Quito, by rail, 3i hours (61 miles). Total distance, 315 miles (507 km.). Trip from ttniio Northward. — Quito to Tulcan, 138 miles (223 km.). Time of journey four to five days. The route most often followed is this :. iDirectly across the canyon portion of the Guailla- bamba and the Paramo of Mojando to Otavalo, Ibarra, and Tulcan. When this road is very wet for a part of the trail the alternative is the Cayambe route via the Mojando cross range below the level of the Earamo to San Pablo, Ibarra, and Tulcan. From Tulcan the traveler may proceed to Ipialee and Pasto, ^jolombia. Distances. — <5uayaq«il to: Babahoyo (Bodegas), 40 miles (64 km.) ; Cuenca, 70 miles (112 km.) ;. Esmeraldas, 302 miles (486 km.) ; Jipijapa, 80 miles (129 km.) ;i Latacunga, 227 miles (365 km. ) ; PoBtQV'iejo, 109 miles ( 175 km. ) ; Quito, 286 miles ; (460 km. ) ; Riobamba, 140 miles (225 km.). Quito to: Ambato, 81 miles (130 km.) ; Cuenca, 190, miles (306 km.) ; Esmeraldas, 90 miles (144 km. ) ; , Lataounga, -65 mdies (105 km.) ; Loja, 317 miles (-510 hm.) ; Portoviejo, 400 miles (645 km.) ; Riobamba, 144 miles (232 km.) ; Tulcan, 100 miles (161 km.). Bahia de Caraquez to Manta, 28 miles (44 km.). Puerto Bolivar to Machala, 4 miles, (7 km.). Chief Items of Interest. — Guayaquil : The plazas are very attrac- tive with their luxuriant tropical foliage. Tropical regions : Many famous cacao ,plantationSi Jipijapa : From this place and Monte Christi come ^e majority -of the Panama iats ; the natives of this region display rgceat ability in making .them. Quito : Ancient capi- tal; very interesting architecture and Government buildings. In- dians : The Indians of Ecuador in the uplands are very picturesque ; at -the market-places where ttey gather M\ere !« a wealth of color. Mount Pichincha: At its foot lies Quito; eleva,tiQB, about 16,000 feet ; from the summit may be seen 20 snow-clad mountains, ranging 332 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. in height from 15,000 to 20,000 feet. Cotopaxi : Active volcano, near Latacunga ; particularly famous. Chlmborazo : One of the most famous volcanoes of the world. Route from Guayaquil to Quito : The railroad passes through a very wonderful mountainous country ; beautiful views ; highest point en route, Urbina, 11,000 feet above sea level. Holidays.^-The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking; business is suspended on the holidays officially recog- nized, with the exception of retail stores In the smaller towns, par- ticularly in the interior. The following are legal holidays : Janu- ary, New Tear's Day ; February , 14, national holiday ; May 24, -Battle of Pichincha ; August 10, Independence of Quito ; September 18, Independence of Chile; October 9, Independence of Guayaquil; October 12, Discovery of America ; November 2, All Souls' Day ; December 25, Christmas Day. CITIES OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. f AUBATO, capital of Province of Tunguragua ; altitude, about 9,000 feet ; population, 12,000 ; on the Ambato River, near northern foot of Chimborazo Volcano, 81 miles (130 km.) from Quito. Cli- mate, very pleasant. Principal products: Maize, wheat, barley, cochineal, fruit, hides, etc. Industries : Wine and leather. How Reached. — From Quito or Guayaquil by Guayaquil & Quito Railway ; from Riobamba by Riobamba branch line to Luisa, thence main line of Guayaquil & Quito Railway. The Ambato-Curaray Railway is In course of construction; 22 miles (35 km.) have been completed; two trains per week. Hotel.^Victoria. Bank.— 'Samaniega y Cia. Note. — ^As a rule, Ambato is canvassed by the Importers of Guaya- quil and Quito. It is a very attractive place and worthy of a visit. BABAHOYO (BODECrAS), capital of Province of Los Rios; popula- tion, 5,G00; on the south bank of Bodegas River; 40 miles (64 km.) from Guayaquil; 13 miles (20 km.) from Yaguachi (nearest railway station). Principal products: Cacao, sugar cane, rice, com, wax, lumber, gold, silver, and mercury. Industries: Sugar mills and stock raising. How Keached. — ^From Guayaquil, by daily steamer service. No chdrge for baggage In any reasonable quantity. Note.-^Located at the head of navigation on the Guayas River. Babahoyo Is a transshipping point between Guayaquil and the inte- rior. Important mines are in the vicinity. The town is chiefly dependent upon Guayaquil for its supplies. BAHIA DE CARAaTTEZ (MAN ABI), Province of Manabi; altitude, sea level; population, 8,000. Landing: Vessels lie offshore; small boats carry passengers to shore. Located 28 miles (44 km.) north of Manta. Products: Cacao, ivory nuts, sugar, coffee, hides, etc. American consular agent in residence. Lloyd's agent, M. Pierre Discomps. How Beached. — From Manta or Esmeraldas by steamers; from Quito by carretera. Bank. — ^Banco Comtercial y Agrlcola. ECUADOR. 333 Customhouse Brokers. — Sucrs. de Alejandro Santos. Hotels. — Alejandro Santos, Gregoria Usivovlch. Note. — A considerable volume of coconuts and ivory nuts is ex- ported through this port. It owes its importance to the fact that it is the entrepot for a rich district. There is some direct importing done, but in general the trade depends upon the hduses of Guaya- quil. From Bahia a railroad runs into the interior to Calceta and Chone. C1JENCA, Province of Azuay; altitude, 8,468 feet; population, 40,000; on the Matadero River, 70 miles (112 km.) from Guayaquil, and 190 miles (306 km.) south of Quito. Principal products: Rub- ber, hides, sugar, cofCee, cascarilla, cereals, cinchona, etc. Indus- tries : Manufacture of straw hats, cheese, embroideries and lace, and coarse cloth. r How Heached. — From Guayaquil by railway to Huigra, thence carretera ; from Machala by railway to Pasaje, thence earretera ; from Naranjal, via Molleturo and Sajausi, by camino de herradura. Banks.— Banco de Azuay; Merchan y Cia. Hotel.: — Continental. Note. — Commercially this town ranks third in the Republic. It is extremely difficult of access. Though worthy of a visit, it is seldom included in the itinerary of most salesmen. When the railway now being constructed to Huigra, on the Amazon, is completed, Cuenca will rank second only to Guayaquil. Huigra is now the central station of the Guayaquil-Quito Line. DTTRAN, Province of Guayas ; population, 1,000 ; on east bank of Guayas River, opposite Guayaquil, from which it is 7 miles (12 km.) distant. How Keached. — From Guayaquil by ferryboat. Note. — From this point the railroad runs to Quito. ESMERALDAS, Province of Esmeraldas ; population, 6,000 ; a port 2 miles from mouth of Esmeraldas River. Vessels lie offshore ; landing by small boats. Distant 90 miles (144 km.) northwest from Quito; 302 miles (486 km.) north from Guayaquil. Principal prod- ucts: Tobacco, India rubber, cacao, and ivory nuts. Industry: Gold mines in vicinity. American consular agent in residence. Lloyd's agent, M. A. Quintero. How Beached. — ^From Buenaventura, by steamers of Pacific Steam Navigation Co. ; from Guayaquil, by steamers. Customhouse Brokers. — ^Ricardo Delgado ; Dumarest Bros. & Co. ; Plascencio Trujillo. Note. — ^This is the entrepSt for an extremely rich agricultural sec- tion. There is a cable station. Several large Importing houses and a number of important mining companies have headquarters here; GUATAGUIL, Province of Guayas; population, 80,000; located 35 miles (56 km.) up the River Guayas. Landing: Vessels lie close to port; tenders are used. Distant 616 miles (992 km.) from Panama, 302 miles (480 km.) from Esmeraldas by sea, and 286 miles (460 km. ) from Quito. Principal products : Cacao, cofEee, cotton, rubber, and hides. Industries : Fishing, sugar mills, breweries, distilleries, soap and candle factories, sawmills, tanneries, and shipbuilding. American consul general and vice consul in residence. Lloyd's agent, Milne, Williamson & Co. 334 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Beached. — From Guamote, by railway, 112 miles (181 km.) ; from Quito, by Guayaqail & Quito- Railway (two days' journey, trains dw not run at nlgbjt) ; from Paita, Pern, by steamer. , Seasons. — Rainy season, JaiQuary, February, March, and April ; dry season. May to December; cool months,. June to November; wa-rm months-. December to May. Banks; — ^Banco- Comercial y Agrieola ;: Banco de Credlto Hipote- cario ; Banco del Ecuador ; Banco Territorial ; Caja de Ahorros de GflaayaQUil; eommereial Bank of Spanist America (Ltd.)*; Mercan- tile Bank of the Americas. Customhouse!' Brokers.; — L.. Guzman & Sons ; Alvarado: y Bejarario. Hotels. — ^Parisj Guayaquil^ GraU' Vlctouia,, Mediterranio, Capricho, Cosmopolltai Wellington. Note. — Guayaquil is the most important port of Elcuador and should be visited by all salesmen. There are- great business possi- bilities here; If It iS! desired to establish an agency In Eijuador, G«iay.a Departures every week for Colon, Panama. Average tlnie, 5 days; fare, direct, $92. LINES PROM SAN FRANCISCO. Paojflc Mail Steamship Co.^Offlce, 508 California Streeb De- partures semimonthly for Balboa, Panama ; thence via Pacific PERU. 343 Steam Navigation Co., Peruvian Line, Compafifa Sudamericana de Vapores, or United States and Pacific Line. Approximate fare to Callao, $302. (See also p. 36.) >;.■'• Toyo Kisen Kaisha (Oriental Steamship Co.)-^DepartureS about twice a montli for Calla© and Mollendo. Other lines Visiting Peruvian Ports.^-Booth Steamship Co. ; Oom- pagnle G6nerale Transatlantique ; La Veloce; Leyland Line; Harri- son Line; Elder & FyfEe Lines; BrauU & Blancliard Line (Chilean). EAILROADS IN PERU. Mileage. — ^The total mileage of railroads in Peru is about 1,724 (2,775 km.). This is entirely inadequate in comparison to the area of the country. There are two lines reaching from the coast Into the mountains; these are the Southern Railway of Peru and the Central Railway. In the mountains there is one important line, the Cerro de Pasco Railway, which connects with the Central at Oroya. The mileage of the principal lines is given below, with kilometer equivalents in parentheses : The Peruvian Corporation: Paita to Piura, 59 (97 km.) ; Pacas- mayo to Chilete, 84 (135 km.) ; Salaverry-Trujillo-Chocope-Ascope, 51 (82 km.) ; Trujillo to Menocucho, 16 (26 km.) ; Chimbote to Tablone, 35 (57 km.) ; Lima to Ancon, 23 (38 km.) ; Callao to La Oroya, 138 (222 km.) ; La Oroya to Huancayo, 76 (123 km.) ; Pisco to lea, 46 (74 km.) ; Mollendo to Arequipa, 107 (172 km.) ■ Arequipa to Puno, 218 (351 km.) ; Juliacato Sicuani, 123 (198 km.) ; Sicuani to Checacupe, 27 (43 km.) ; Checaeupe to Ouzco, 62 (100 km.) ; Ilo to Moquegua, 62 (100 km.). Elmpresa Ferrocarril Catacoas: Piura to Catacoas, 6 (10 km.). Empresa Ferrocarril y Muelle de Eten : Eten-Chidayo-Ferrenafe, 61 (98 km.) ; Chiclayo to Patapo, 15 (24 km.). Cia. Ferrocarril de Chiclayo, Pimentel-Chiclayo-Lambayeque, 15 (24 knf.). Railway & Works Co., Lima to Huacho, 113 (182 km.). CompaHIa del Ferrocarril Ingles: Lima to Chorillos, 7 (12 km.) ; Lima to Magdalena de Mar, 5 (8 km.) ; Lima to' Callao, 9 (14 km.). Cerro de Pasco Railway, Cerro de Pasco to La Oroya, 82 (132 km.). Ba^age Rates. — Free baggage allowances vary greatly, from one small handbag on the road from Trujillo to Menocucho to 155 pounds on the railway from Mollendo to La Paz, Bolivia. The charges for excess baggage increase with the distance traversed, and, in general, may be said to range from one-half to two-thirds of the passenger fare per 100 kilos. Steamer Service on lake Titicaca. — ^Leave Puno, Peru, Friday night, arrive Guaqui, Bolivia, Saturday morning; leave Puno Sun- day night, arrive Guaqui Tuesday night. Leave Guaqui Thursday night, arrive Puno Saturday morning; leave Guaqui Sunday night, arrive Puno Monday morning. Steamers make connection in Guaqoii with trains to La Paz, and in Puno with trains' to Arequipa. The Sunday steamer from, Pimo and the Thursday steamer from Guaqui afford passengers an opportunity to view the lake during daytime. 344 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CANVASSING PERU. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples^ of any character which are not prohibited by the customs laws may be temporarily imported duty free for a period oif three months, with possible extension to six nionths upon application to the cnstoms authorities. The law re- 4uires that only one article of each kind may, be imported, unless fiiere is a difEerence in the quality, ^hape, size^' jweight, or color. , - Bond. — ^As a guaranty that the samples imported will not be sold or changed in any way, -the tr«veMBg salesman may either deposit an amount equivalent to the duty on the samples or give a bond for their reexportation. It is htghljr important that there be no change In weight or quantity of samples submitted for reexporta- tion. Eeexportation Through Other Pbrts.-^This is permitted, but foi- prAeticsil purposes it is best to reexport samples thFoiigh the same port in which they were entered. la any event, it is necessary to supply to the customs authorities ' at port tff reexportatioil a docu- ment which carefully corresponds in every tietall with the samples. Time Required. for Clearahce;-^^Sa?mples whiteh have no commercial value and are carried by the traveler ca:n usually be cleared without difficulty. If samples have a value, a bond must be giyesi,- which may take several days, depending upon the quantity and- charactefr of the goods. When bond must be given, matters will be expedited if handled through a customs broker.' ' ' Duties on Advertising Matter. — Peruvian authorities permit trav- elers to carry with them, and admit free of duty, a limited amounf of advertising matter, such ■ as catalogues, Calendars, etc. Occa- sionaJlyj if articles have a definite value, even though apparently for free distribution, there may be some question as to the payment of duty, this being decided by the appraiser. • Best Visiting: Time. — The best seasons for a traveler to visit Peru are August to October and April and May. But conditions prevail- ing in his individual line wHl govern Ms choice of time to a large extent. The rainy season lasts from November to April. Baggage Rates.— No special concessions are granted to eomtnercial travelers byithe railroads. ■ . . Commercial Travelers' Tax. — ^There is no Government tax on com- mercial travelers, but certain miinitipalities Impose taxes; for ex- ample, Arequipa charges 25 soles (about $12) quarterly, and Ouzco, 50 soles (about $24) for each' visit. f DISTANCES IN PERm*-From Lima to ; Arequipa, 750 miles (1,200 km.) ; Ayacucho, 360 miles (580 kin.) ; Cajamarca, 482 miles (768 km.) ; Callao, 8 miles (13 kin.) ; Cerro de Pasco, 110 miles (176 km.) ; Chiclayo, 517 miles (827 km;) ; Cuzco,'600' miles (960 km.) ; Huanuco, 258 miles (412 ton.) ; Huaraz, 218 miles (348 km.) ; lea, 92 miles (147 km.) ; Iquitos, 1,387 miles (2,040 km.) ; Pacas- mayo, 42 miles (67 km.) ; Paita, 508 miles (814 km.) ;■ Puno, 825 miles Kl,320 km.) ; Trujillo, 300 miles (485 km.). From Mollendo to: Arequipa, 107 miles (172 ktn.) ; Cailao, 480 miles :(770 km.) ; Cuzco, 506 miles (816 km.) ; JuHa also mines of silver, etc. Bankers and brokers: Jorge M. Rosenthal & Co. PEEU. 357 Guadalnpe, Department of La Libertad; 26 miles (40 km.) from Pacasmayo, by Pacasmayo & Guadalupe Railway. Huacho, Department of Lima ; population, 10,000; a port, 112 miles (180 km.) from Lima and 70 miles (115 km.) from Callao. Reached from Lima by railway via Ancon ; also railway to Huaura and Sayan. Products : Salt, sugar, cotton, rum, cereals, and cattle. Hualgayoc, Department of Oajamarca ; population, 3,000 ; 41 miles (66 km.) from Oajamarca and 52 miles (83 km.) from Yourma; on Pacasmayo Railway;, important mining center; the output of ore is large. Here is located the famous Socavon mine, as well as many other mines of copper, silver, antimony, etc. A brisk supply trade is carried on. Huanta, Department of Ayacucho; population, 2,500; near Enca- lada River; 10 miles (16 km.) from Ayacucho by camino de her- radura. Products: Cereals, coffee, cacao, potatoes, sugar, gold, and silver. Janja, Department of Junin ; population, 8,000 ; on railroad to Huancayo, Oroya, and Lima. Products: Cereals and live, stock.- Morococha, Department of Junin; altitude, 14,814 feet; 106 miles from Lima ; reached from Callao, Lima, Oroya, and Huancayo by Central Railway, via Ticlio, 10 miles (15 km.) distant. This is a very famous copper-mining district with a large output; deserves the attention of most salesmen. A great supply and outfitting business is done. Moyobamha, Department of Loreto; population, 5,000; altitude, 2,900 feet; reached from Chachapoyas, 105 miles (169 km.) distant; also from Yurimaguas, on Huallaga River, 103 miles (168 km.) dis- tant Chief products : Bananas, cacao, and coconuts. Mines : Gold, iron, and sulphur. Oroya, Department of Junin ; population, 500 ; altitude, 12,180 feet; on Mantaro River; 81 miles (131 km.) from Cerro de Pasco,. 77 miles (125 km.) from Huancayo, 140 miles (225 km.)- from Callao, and 129 miles (208 km.) from Lima. Tills is the junction point of the Central Railway and the Cerro de Pasco Railway. Hotel, Junin. Otuzco, Department of La Libertad ; population, 10,000 ; 50 miles (80 km.) from Trujillo by railroad; east of Menocucho. Products: Lead, coal, silver, gold, cattle, corn, wheat, and oats. Palpa, Department of lea; population, 8,000; 43 miles (70 km.) from lea by camino de herradura. Products: Cotton, cereals, vsdnes. Pauoartambo, Department of Cuzco; population, 27,000; 40 miles (65 km.) from Cuzco and 62 miles (100 km.) from Sicuani. Prod- ucts: Cattle, coca, cacao, coffee, potatoes, wheat, and corn. Puerto Bermudez, on Pichis River. This is the extreme point to which steamers ascend on the Pichis River; time required for launches to Iquitos, 10 days down and 12 days up. On the road from Iquitos to Oroya. There is a commissary here. Puerto Maldonado, capital of Department of Madre de Dios; population, 3,000; steamship service, via Madre de Dios River, to the Amazon. Also reached via MoUendo to Tlrapata, thence by road to Astellero, and from that point by canoe ; time of trip, 20 to 22 days. Chief products : Rubber, coffee, gold, and silver. Hotels : Manuel Useglio and David Schiaflnno. 358 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ■ Santa, Department of AnCachs ; population, 5,500 ; oin Santa Kiver. Products : Salt, rice, etc. Railway communication with Kecuay. Santa Ana, Department of Guzco; population, 19,870; 97 miles (156 km.), northwest of Guzco.- Products: Sugar, coca, cacao, coffee, tobacco, rice, and caoutchouc. San Vicente de Canete, D.epartment of Lima ; population, 14,000 ; 121 miles (195 km.) from Lima. Products: Sugar, corn, rice, beans, fruits, cotton, and wines. Railway to neighboring haciendas. Santo Xomas de Chumbivilicas, Department of Guzco ; population, 33,940; 70 miles (112 Jim.) from Santa. Rosa; on Santo Tomas River. Products : Oereals, gold, silver, iron, and lead. Sicuanl, Department of Guzco ; population, 15,000 ; altitude, 11,650 feet; on Vilcanota River; on Southern Railway, 87 miles (140 km.) from Guzco, 6 J hours' trip; 123 miles .(197 km.) from Juliaca, 74 hours' trip. Products : Wheat, corn, potatoes, and wool. Supe, Department of Lima ; population, 6,310 ; a port, 140 miles (226 km.) from Lima and 21 miles (34 km.) from Huacho. Railroad to PativUca and to Alpas. Products: Sugar, cereals, cotton, and cattle. Gonnected by public highway with Huacho, San Nicolas, and Barranca. Tarma, Department of Junin ; altitude, 10,000 feet; population, 10,500;'56 miles (90 km.) from Cerro de Pasco and 20 miles (33 km.) from Oroya. Reached by road. Ghief products: Silver, cop- per, and other minerals ; coffee, sugar, etc. Cattle raising is car- ried on to some extent ; also some manufacturing. Tnmbes, capital of the littoral Province of Tumbes ; population, 3,000; port on Tumbes River. Chief products, tropical produce. Hotel, Bl Oriente. , TTrubamba, Department of Guzco; population, 25,600; 17 miles i(28 km.) from Guzco. Products: Sugar, coffee, cereals, potatoes, silver, and copper. Hotels: Umberto and Roma. nrcos. Department of Guzco; population, 38,325; altitude, 10,236 ieet ; on Vllcaconga River ; 20 miles (32 km. ) fr«m Ouzco ; on South- ern Railway, Products : Gold, silver, copper, corn, wheat, potatoes, and cattle. BOLIVIA. Maps Nos. 18, 21, and 22. Location. — The third largest country of South America ; bounded on the north and east by Brazil, on the south by Paraguay and Argentina, and on the west by Chile and Peru. Area and Population. — The area Of Bolivia is variously estimated at 473,560 to 708,195 square miles. The latter figure, if correct, would give Bolivia a surface 14 times the size of New York and two and two-third times the size of Texas. The population is esti- mated at from 2,500,000 to 2,889,970, or approximately 5.6 inhabi- tants per square mile. The following table gives the estimated area and population by Departments and Territories : Departments and Territories (capitals). Area, square miles. Population, 1915. Population per square mile. La Paz (La Paz) Cochabamba (Ck)chabamba) Potosi(Potosi) Santa Cniz (Santa Cruz) Cbuc[uisaca (Sucre) Tarija (Tarija). ■- Oruro(Oruro) El Beni (Trinidad) El Chaco (Yacuiba) .1 . . Colonial Territories (Cobija) Total 40,686 2S,288 4S,031 144,941 •86,132 31,667 20,667 95,354 46,661 27,938 514,155 726,367 534,901 530,748 341,640 333,226 164,704 140,891 52,450 13,086 51,968 2,889,970 17.8 21.2 11.8 2.3 9.2 5.2 6.8 .5 .3 1.8 5.6 Topography. — The chief physical feature of Bolivia is the vast central plateau, over 500 miles (800 km.) in length, at an average altitude of 12,000 feet. Thisplateau lies between two great chains of the Andes which traverse the country from north to south. From the two main ranges numerous smaller ones branch in all directions. Three of the highest peaks of the Western Hemisphere, Illampu, or Sorata (21,490 feet), immani (21,204 feet), and Sajama (21,047 feet), are found in Bolivia. In the northern part of Bolivia the table-land falls toward the Yungas, the fertile valleys of the Beni River Basin; in the east there is a precipitous slope toward the Tierra Oaliente, or hot lands, of Santa Cruz and the <5haco. Elvers. — Bolivia has a network of navigable rivers. The Para- guay is navigable for about 1,050 miles (1,680 km.) for steamers of 8 to 10 foot draft; the Itenez for 1,000 miles (1,600 km.); the Beni 1,000 miles (1,600 km.) for steamers of 6-foot draft; while the Pilcomayo, Mamore, Madre de DIos, Itonama, Sara, Orton, Baures, Inambari, Plrai, Chapare, Paragua, Abuna, Yucuma, and Desaguadero Rivers are navigable for light-draft vessels for dis- tances from 200 to 1,000 miles (300 to 1,600 km.). 359 360 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. The total length of navigable rivers in Bolivia is 5,600 miles (9,020 km,), all excepting the Desaguadero flowing in the direction of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Amazon or the Paraguay, a tributary of the Plate Elver. Lakes. — The principal lake of Bolivia is Titicaca, having an area of 4,000 square miles (over 10,000 sq. im.) , situated at a height of 12,900 feet. It i? tjie highest steam-navigated lake in the world and one of the largest on the American continents. Lake AuUagas Is connected with Lake Titicaca by the Desaguadero Elver. The chief ports on .Lake Titicaca are Guaqui, Puerttf Perez, Hnata, Ancoralmes, Carabuco, and Bscoma. Climate. — Owing to the difference in altitude between the lowlands of the Amazon and the central pla,teau region, the climate varies greatly. The mean temperature of the lowlands, up to about 5,006 feet, is 7^° F. Between 5,000 and 9,000 feet, in the. valleys, the climate is moderate, the temperature averaging 63° F. On the Puna or central plateau, froni 9,000 to 13,000 feet, the temperature ranges from 50° to 54° F, The evenings are cool and the climate healthful. Seasons, — The wet or rainy season extends from Decranber to May and the dry' season from June to November. The summer months are November, December, and January, and the winter months Juije, July, and August. There is a great variation in raiur fall, whiqh is influenced by altitude. . Products. — ^Agriculture is in a comparatively undeveloped state; the chief products are sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco, cacao, and rice. From the eastern section come incresising quantities of rubber, clAchona bark, dyewoods, and mahogany. Some cattle are raised and there is a consideraijle export of wool, and of the hides and skins of goats, sheep,' alpacas, and llamas. Industries. — Manufacturing is of a very minor character and the chief plants are devoted to supplying small local requirements. Coarse cloth is woven by the Indians. There are shoe, soap, and cigarette factories, sugar refineries, and breweries. llineral Wealth. — The chief dependence of Bolivia Is upon its mineral wealth. Bolivia is one of the world's greatest sources of tin. Other important mineral products are copper, antimony, wolfram, bismuth, lead, and molybdenum. The Bolivian tin mines are famous throughout the world. , Inhabitants, — The papulation is composed largely of Indians, over half being of that blood. The next important eljament is the mestizo, or mixed, white and Indian. The number of pure whites. is com- paratively small. The Negro element is Insignificant. *' Gholo " Indians.-^These constitute such an important element of the Bolivian population as to merit special consideration. They number more than half a million, have peculiar and picturesque dress, and possess customs which are highly unique. language, — Spanish is the official language of the Eepublic. Currency. — ^Bolivia has a gold standard. The boliviano is the unit of value, being equivalent to $0,389 in United States currency ; 12i bolivianos are equivalent to fl sterling. English and Peruvian pounds circulate freely and are legal tender. Paper money is al§o in circulation. There are silver coins of 20, 50,. and 100 centavos, BOLIVIA. 361 and minor coins of 10, 5, 1, and i centavos (100 centavos=F=l boliviano). Weights and Measures. — ^The metric system is official. In the interior, however, old Spanish weights are still used. Telegraph. — Although the telegraph service is largely controlled by the Government, there are also some private lines. Wireless. — There are wireless stations at La Paz, Riberalta, Cobija, Trinidad, Santa Cruz, and Puerto Suarez, communicating with the capitals of adjoining countries. Postage. — The first-class letter rate from the United States Is 5 cents for the first ounce and 3 cents for each additional ounce. There is also a parcel-post arrangement with the United States. TRAVEL ROUTES. Bolivia has no coast. It is easily reached, however, from the Peruvian port, MoUendo, and froin the ports of Anfofagasta and Arlca, Chile. It can also be reached from Buenos Aires, Argentina, and from Para, Brazil. The various routes are given below. For steamship lines visiting the ports mentioned above, see pages 342, 377, 408, and 462. From MoUendo, Pern. — ^By Southern Railviray of Peru to Are- quipa and thence to Puno ; from Puno by steamer across Lake Tlticaca to Guaqul, Bolivia, and from Guaqui to La: Paz by the Guaqui & La Paz Railway. Distance, 525 miles (844 km.) ; time, 46J hours ascending, 31^ hours descending ; fare, $25. Trom Antofagasta, Chile. — ^By the Antofagasta & Bolivia Rail- way, via Uyuni, to Oruro, Bolivia ; thence by Bolivia Railway to Viacha; thence to La Paz. Distance, 727 miles (1,163 km.) ; time, 43 hours ascending, 38 hours descending; approximate fare, $20. From Arica, Chile. — ^By railway to Viacha, Bolivia ; thence to La Paz. Distance, 274 miles (440 km.) ; time, 22 hours ascending, 20i hours descending; fare, about $13. From Buenos Aires. — ^Via Valparaiso & Antofagasta, Chile : Train leaves Buenos Aires (Station Retiro) Sunday; transfer at Men- doza, arriving at Valparaiso Monday; time, 39 hours. Another train leaves Buenos Aires Wednesday, arriving in Valparaiso Fri- day, stopping over night in Mendoza ; time, 56 hours. From Val- paraiso the journey is continued to Antofagasta by steamer (2 days) ; thence by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway to La Paz. Total time, about 7 days; total distance, 1,674 miles (2,695 km.). Via Valparaiso and Arica, Chile: From Buehos Aires to Val- paraiso, same as above; thence steamer to Arica (3 days) ; then Arica & La Paz Railway to La Paz. Via La Quiaca: From Buenos Aires by Argentine Railways (Sta- tion Retiro, F. O. O. A.) Tuesdays and Fridays (F. C. C. C), arriving at La Quiaca, on the Bolivian frohtier, on Thursdays and Mondays. Time, direct journey, 2 days. From La Quiaca to Atocha by automobile stage (8 hours) ; thence by Bolivia Railway to La Paz, via Uyunl^ Rio Mulato, and Oruro. Total time, about 6 days ; fare to Uyuni, $66.25. Via Corumba, Brazil: Departures from Buenos Aires on Sun- days and Wednesdays, with transshipment at Asuncion to the steamers Asvncion and Corumba, which leave Asuncion every 362 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Wednesday and return from Corumba every Thursday. Stops are made at intermediate ports, including Villa Goncepcion,. Guarany, etc. From Corumba, 4 miles across the border, to Puerto Suarez ; thence 391 miles (630 km.) by pack train to Santa Cruz, the chief commercial center of eastern Bolivia. Santa Cruz is 227 miles (365 km.) by wagon road from Potosi. From Montevideo, ¥ruguay. — ^Via Plata, Parana, and Paraguay Rivers to Corumba, Brazil, which is 11 miles from Puerto Suarez, Bolivia; thence by pack train to Santa Oruz, 391 miles (630 km.), and then by wagon road to Potosi, 227 miles (365 km.). From Para, Brazil. — Up the Amazon and Madeira Rivers to PortO Velho ; thence Madeira Railway to Villa Bella and Guajara Merim ; then by river and mule back to La Paz, via Riberalta, on Beni River, and Rurrenabaque. ■ , ■ PRIITCIPAL BAILWAYS. — The Peruvian Corporation: Guaqui to El Alto, 56 miles (91 km.) ; El Alto to La Paz, 6 miles (10 km.). Arica & La Paz Railway: Arica, Chile, to Viaeha, Bolivia, 144 miles (233 km.). Bolivia Railways: Viacha to Oruro, 125 miles (202, km.) ; Oruro to Cochabamba, 125 miles (202 km.) ; Rio Mulato to Potosi, 108 miles (174 km.). Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway: Antofagasta, Chile, to Oruro, Bolivia, 302 miles (487 km.).. Private railroad: Uyuni to Huanchaca, 21 miles (33 km.). Baggage Rates. — No differentiation Is made by the railroads be- tween ordinary baggage and travelers' samples. The rates for ex- cess baggage are very high. Character of Railway Service. — The service from Antofagasta, Chile, to La Paz is very satisfactory, and includes sleeping cars and dining service. As in all Latin-American countries, it is important to make arrangements as far in advance Of departure as possible in order to secure the best accommodations. Distances in Bolivia. — From La Paz to: Cochabarnba, 285 miles (459 km.); Corocoro, 78 miles (125 km.); Guaqui, 60 miles (97 km.) ; Oruro, 150 miles (242 km.) ; Potosi, 375 miles (603 km.) ; Riberalta, 963 miles (1,550 km.) ; Santa Cruz, 581 miles (936 km.) ; Sucre, 316 miles (508 km.) ; Tarija, 60.4 miles (972 km.) ; Tupiza, 436 miles (702 km.) ; Uyuni, 342 miles (550 km.). From Cochabamba to Oruro, 125 miles (200 km.) ; Potosi to Oruro, 236 miles (380 km.) ; Potosi to Uyuni, 125 miles (200 km.) ; Santa Cruz to Puerto Suarez, 391 miles (630 km.) ; Sucre to Potosi, 75 miles (121 km.) ; Potosi to Rio Mulato, 109 miles (176 km.) ; Cochabamba to Santa Cruz, 275 miles (443 lErii.). SAIiESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples having no commercial value may be imported duty free. It is the custom- of the officials "to mutilate samples in such a manner that they may be unsalable but not destroyed. This applies to shoes, as outlined for Chile oil page 380. If samples have a commercial value, it is necessary to give a bond, furnished either by a customs broker or signed by a reliable merchant. This bond is canceled upon reexportation of the samples within 90 days, with a possible extension of 30 days. Reexportation, — Samples may be reexported through another office than that by which they were entered. BOLIVIA. 363 Time Required, for Clearance. — This depends upon the character of the samples carried, number of trunks, etc. When samples are plainly of no value, the procedure is simple and easily adjusted. When the matter is more complicated^ from one to three days may be required. Duties . on Advertising Matter. — Printed circulars, cards, pam- phlets, calendars, catalogues, etc., carried by travelers for com- plimentary distribution, are dutiable as follows: Advertising mat- ter made of pasteboard, tin plates, or brass, is subject to a "rate of $0,015 per pound. For advertisements made of paper, loose or in pamphlets or books, bound or not, and uncolored, the rate is $0.03 per pound, and those with colored cuts are dutiable at $0,046 per pound. On advertisements in frames of wood or pasteboard, of any finish, the duty charged is $0,076 per pound. Gross weight is the basis for duty on all advertising matter. Best Visiting Time. — ^The most agreeable time to visit Bolivia is during the dry season. This lasts from May to December. How- ever, as in the case of all Latin American countries, the traveler must govern the time of his visit by the conditions which affect his special line of business. Latin American dealers desire to have good stocks of novelties, etc., for the Christmas and Easter seasons and for the national holidays. Seasonable merchandise, particu- larly in the Temperate Zones, is required in reverse time order to that which prevails in the United States. CANVASSING THE REPUBLIC. The chief development of Bolivia has been on its great central plateau. Here are located almost all of the Important mines and the cities of greatest prominence. These are now pra:ctically all reached by rail. The chief lines are from Antofagasta, Chile, to La Paz, and from Mollendo, Peru, to La Paz. La Paz can also be reached by rail from Arica, Chile, and from Argentina by way of La Quiaca. Other cities accessible by rail are Gochabamba, Oruro, Potosl, and Uyuni. Among the places that can be reached only from the west by pack animal are Sucre, the nominal capital of Bolivia; Santa Cruz, in the Beni River district ; Suarez, Villa Bella, and Biberalta. Business' Districts. — Bolivia falls naturally into two business regions : First, that of the Andes, and, second, the Amazon or Beni River district. The latter is growing in importance and includes Puerto Suarez, Villa Bella, Biberalta, Trinidad, and Santa Cruz. Although the relations between Cochabamba and the Beni district have become more intimate, a great deal of the business heretofore has been done direct by way of the Amazon River. The communi- cation overland by means of pack train from COchabamba to the Santa Cruz country is obviously difficult, being approximately 400 miles (645 km.). The district is, however, one of great promise. TRAVELERS' TAXES. — ^Bolivia offers considerable difficulty to traveling salesmen because of the very high local taies. There are freqtient attempts at evasion and many difficulties with municipal authorities have resulted. The system generally followed by the various municipalites is to auction off to the highest bidder the 364 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. collection of the tax. In this manner the municipality obtains a fixed sum and avoids the trouble^ of making collectionsj although the municipal police is compelled to lend every possible assistance. Auction of the right to the collection of taxes takes place annually, and the price paid for the preceding year is taken as the basis for the lowest bid. Sometimes, however, the municipality itself takes charge of these collections. < ; . License Pees. — ^The license fees levied in various municipalities of Bolivia are given below. Licenses are good for one year and the fees are levied regardless of the number of firms represented or the line of goods carried: Potosi, Tarija, Tupiza, 200 boUvian<)s (ap- proxlmatedy $80) ; La Paz, Oruro, Uyuni, 250 bolivianos (approxi- mately $100) ; Sucre, 300 bolivianos (approximately $120) ; Go- chabamha, 1,000 bolivianos ($400) ; Santa Cruz, 400 to 800 bo- livianos ($160 to $320). Before visiting Bolivia the traveler should consult business houses at other points, as well as fellow travelers, to obtain the benefit of their experience. Travelers sometimes ar- range with local firms to act as their representatives. Seasons for Traveling. — ^Those who intend to visit the eastern part of Bolivia, in the Beni River district, should select the dry season (May to December). Even at the best the climatic condi- tions are not pleasant. During the wet season many of the rivers of Bolivia are crossed by a wire cabla This is stretched from, one side to the other, and on it runs an "aroyo" (pulley), suspended from which is a basket. The traveler must use this primitive means to cross. The rainy season presents particular dlfflculties and it is unwise to travel at that time. Diligence Service. — The diligencias, as a rule, are operated only during the months of July to December. The distance covered averages about 45 miles per day, the mules being changed about every 18 miles on certain, routes. On some roads the diligencias are run every fourth day ; on others every eighth day. The baggage is generally carried by a vehicle which follows the dillgencia. Outfit. — ^For those who are compelled to travel under the difficult conditions outlined, it is important to provide the outfit described on page 26. Cost of Traveling. — ^This is in relation to the journey and the equipment. In any event it is Indispensable to strike a bargain with the " arriero," or muleteer, so that there may be no question in regard to any item. In most instances a portion of the cost must be paid in advance. Experienced travelers recommend that details of such payment and agreements be arranged in the presence of a police magistrate. The legal tariff in Bolivia on the more Im- portant roads is 2 reals, or 20 centavos per league per mule, and 1 real for the Indian. The mules are obtained 'at the " postas " or relay stations. It is not always possible to obtain these animals, and it Ip therefore advisable to hire mules from private companies. Arriero's Outfit. — The " arriero " generally has an assistant and six mules. He usually pays for his ovm food and that of his as- sistant, and must also look after the feeding of the animals. Iioadiug. — ^A pack mule can generally carry about 250 pounds of freight, 125 pounds, on each side. Overloading is inadvisable, since an overloaded mule can not keep pace with the rest of the com- pany. BOLIVIA. 365 Distance Covered. — ^A tenderfoot who Is not accustomed to travel- ing in this manner can not cover more than 25 to 30 miles. One who has done a great deal of such traveling can make 40 to 45 miles a day. Accommodations. — The accommodations on almost all the Bolivian roads are very limited. Inasmuch as there is a marked difEerence in the temperature between night and day^the diurnal variation ranging from 82° F. to below freezing — suflftcient warm bedding niust be carried. The houses are not heated, and the traveler should be provided with overcoats and wraps. Holiday Travel. — On the f§te days of Bolivia' traveling is out of the question. These days are the 24th of June and the 24th of December. On such days it is highly important not to make any effort to travel. Health Frecaiitions. — Some travelers incur risk of mountain sick- ness on account of the great heights. This is sometimes avoided by making a stop en route. On the way to Bolivia the town usually selected is Calama, Chile, which has an altitude of 6,825 feet. Are- quipa, Peru, is sometimes selected. Pood. — In making trips overland it is important to be well sup- plied with provisions. Often it is impossible to obtain these from the natives who, while they may have them, are frequently unwill- ing to supply them. Passport. — In the interior a passport is very useful. There should also be obtained a letter of instructions from Government officials demanding that the local authorities aid one in. getting around and that they render such service as may be required. Business Hours.-^The retail shops are generally open from 8 a. m. to 7 p. m. In the smaller towns, however, they often do not close before 9 or 10 p.. m. Luncheon hours are between 11.30 and 1.30, during which time many stores are closed. Punds. — The traveler should make certain in advance that the money carried by him will be acceptable in the interior. In some places there is a hesitancy to accept bills of certain banks. This can be determined at the outset of a journey by a conference with those who know. Hotel Eates. — In the larger cities of Bolivia the rate is from $3 to $6 per day. This includes two regular meals and the usual morning bread and coffee. Special rates for the week are generally obtainable. In the srnaller towns the accommodations are not quite so good as in the best hotels of La Paz. The rates are also some- what lower, ranging from $2 to $3.50 per day. SUGGESTED ROUTES. From la Paz Southward. — By Bolivia Railway to Corocoro, Viacha, Oruro, and Cochabamba; by trail to Santa Cruz and Puerto Suarez. From Oruro. — ^By Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway to Uyuni; by private railroad to Huanchaca. By Bolivia Railway to Potosi ; by automobile service to Sucre. By Bolivia Railway to Challapata ; thence camino de herradura to Cblquechaca, Sucre, and Potosi. 366 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. From TJyuni. — ^By Bolivia Railway to Atocha; thence by auto- mobile to Tupiza, by cart road to Tarija. Thence (a) by cart road to La Quiaca, and by railroad to Jujuy, Argentina; or (6) from Tarija return to Uyuni, and thence by Antofagasta & Bolivia Rail- way to Calama and Antofagasta, Chile. From La Paz. — ^Northward by mule back to Canaviera, Coroico, and Puerto Pando; thence to Rurenabaque by trail or steamer; thence by steamer to Riberalta. Points of Interest. — La Paz, the capital: Very picturesque and ancient city ; old Spanish architecture ; numerous Government build- ings. The markets: Of absorbing interest, particularly on the feast days. Lake Titicaca: The highest fresh water lake in the world; the boats, called balsas and callapos, used by the Indians on the lake, are also very Interesting. Volcanoes: lUimani and Sorato are among the highest in the world; Illimani is a snow mountain of great beauty. Inca ruins : Those of Tiahuanaco, a short distance from La Paz, are world famous. Sucre: Famous as the capitaL Cochabamba : Very picturesque town. Bolivian mines : The most famous are those of Potosi, from which fabulous amounts of ore have been removed ; others are those of Huanehaca, Oorocoro, Oruro, and Ohuquisaca. Lake Poopo: This is a large salt lake, on the route from Chile to Oruro. Prehistoric ruins near Cuzco : These include some very interesting ones at Xucay and Pisac. Ruins of Vilanota and Choquequirua. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. COCHABAUBA, capital of Department of Cochabamba ; altitude, 8,435 feet; population, 35,000; 125 miles (200 km.) from Oruro, 188 miles (303 km.) from Sucre, 283 miles (455 km.) from La Paz, 56 miles (90 km.) from Chimore; climate, mild; temperature aver- ages 66° F. ; frequent rains, November to April. Principal products : Corn, barley, wheat, wines. Industries: Chiefly agricultural; woolen goods, leather, soap, and earthenware are manufactured to some extent. How Beached. — From Oruro by Bolivia Railway, 10 hours; from La Paz by Bolivia Railway, via Oruro ; from Santa Cruz, overland, by pack train. Banks.— Banco de la Nacion Boliviana; Banco Francisco Argon- dona; Banco Hipotecario Nacional; Banco Mercantil; Banco Na- cional de Bolivia ; Banco Industrial ; Banco Agricola ; Banco Credito Hipotecario de Bolivia. Hotels. — ^Union, Sucre, Americano, Gran, Continental, Comercio, Central. Note. — ^This is a city of much importance owing to the rich agri- cultural district in which it is locatejJ. There is considprable trade with the surrounding country. Here are located some excellent houses that do a direct importing business, Large trade also with El Beni and Santa Cruz. This is a promising place tor future trade. COBOCOBO, Department of La Paz; altitude, 13,119 feet; near the Desaguadero River; population, about 6,000; climate, cold; distant 78 miles (125 km.) from La Paz, Principal products: BOLIVIA. 367 Copper, silver, sugar cane, barley, and potatoes. Industries: Min- ing and agricultural. How Beached. — From La Paz, via Arica & La Paz Railway. Hotel. — Grand Hotel Corocoro. Note. — A large business is done in outfitting. The mines of the Corocoro Co. are located here. GUAaTJI, Department of La Paz; altitude, 12,024 feet; situated on Lake Titicaca, near mouth of Desaguadero River ; 60 miles (97 km.) from La Paz, and 350 miles (563 km.) from MoUendo, Peru. How Keached. — From La Paz: By Guaqui & La Paz Railroad; trains leave La Paz Sundays and Thursdays; time, 31 hours, Trains leave Guaqui for La Paz on Saturdays and Wednesdays ; time, 4 hours. Trains connect with steamers on Lake Titicaca. From Puno, Peru; By steamers across Lake Titicaca, leaving Puno Friday night, arriving at Guaqui Saturday morning- also Sunday night, arriving at Guaqui Tuesday, night. Steamers leave Guaqui for Puno Sunday night and Thursday night, arriving at Puno on Monday morning and Saturday morning, respectively. Hotel. — Guaqui. Note. — Such importance as Guaqui possesses is due to the fact that it is the headquarters for the Guaqui & La Paz Railway. The volume of business done is not large. HUANCHACA, Department .of Potosi ; altitude, 13,500 feet ; popu- lation, about 4,000; 22 miles (35 km.) from Uyuni and 191 miles (308 km.) from Oruro. Principal products; Silver, - sulphur, salt. Industry : Mining. How Reached. — ^From Oruro, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway to Uyuni, thence by private railroad ; f roin Uyuni, by private railroad ; from Potosi, by Bolivia Railway to Uyuni, thence by private road. Note. — ^The great silver mines of the Companla Minera de Huan- chaca are located here. Besides these are other mines of great im- portance. The company has. its own commissary, and no private shops are permitted. lA PAZ, Department of La Paz ; population, about 100,000 ; alti- tude, 12,470 feet; on the Chaupuiapa River, 61 miles (99 km.) from Guaqui; 525 miles (844 km.) from Mollendo, Peru; 274 miles (440 km.) from Arica, Chile; 727 miles (1,163 km.) from Antofagasta, Chile. Climate, temperate; temperature averages 50° F., with ex- treme diurnal variations; snow during June and July. Principal products: Tin, gums, resin, cocoa, coffee, rubber. United States minister, consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Arthur G. Thompson. How Reached. — ^From Mollendo, Peru, by railway to Puno; steamer across Lake Titicaca to Guaqui ; thence Guaqui & La Paz Railway to La Paz ; 46i hours' journey. Trains leave on Thursday and Saturday. Fare, 50.30 soles (about $25) ; baggage aUowance, 155 pounds. , . , ^ . „„, From Arica, Chile, by railroad, 22 hours' journey ; return trip, 20i From Antofagasta, Chile, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway ; 43 hours' journey ; trains leave Tuesdays and Saturdays. From Buenos Aires, by railway to La Quiaca; thence stage to Atocha, and thence raihroad to La Paz (6 days). Hotels. ^Paris, Guibert, Whitehouse, Hartlieb, Park, Sportsman, Gran. 368 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA, Banks. — Banco Francisco Argondona;, Banco Mercantil; Banco de la Nacion Boliviano ; Banco Nacional de Bolivia ; W; R. Grace & Oo. ; Oredito Hipotecario de Bolivia ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America. - Brokers and rbrwarders.-^W. R. Grace & Co.; Cazorla Hnos; B. Romecin; Juan Bergelund. Kote. — Although Sucre is the legal capital, the seat of the Govern- ment is at La Paz, it being more accessible. This is the most im- portant business city of Bolivia and should be visited by all sales- men. Heavy importations are made and there is great prosperity. La Paz Is the logical place to establish an agency for Bolivia. Those who can not withstand high altitudes should remember that La Paz is one of the highest cities in the world. From Bl Altt), near La Paz, may be «een the peaks of lUimani, Potosi, and Mururato. OBITBO, capital of Department of Oruro ; population, 26,000 ; alti- tude, 12,000 feet; near the Desaguadero River; 150 miles (242 km.) from La Paz, 125 miles (200 km.) from Cochabamba, and 65S miles ( 1,052 km.;) from Antof agasta, OMle j climate, cool ; temperature averages 42° P. ; wet season, December to March. Principal prod- ucts : Silver, tin, copper, antimony, wolfram. Industry : Mining ; the famous Socavon mine is near by. United States vide consul. Lloyd's agent, Alexander Cameron Quln. How Beached. — From La Paz, by Bolivia Railway, 8 hours ; from Antof agasta, Chile, by Antof agasta & Bolivia Railway, 36 hours; from Cochabamba, by Bolivia Railway, 12 hours. Hotels. — ^Metropol, Comercio, Terminus El Tagarete, Francia, Quintanal, AUeman, Union, Banks. — Banco Mercantil ; Banco Nacional de Bolivia ; Banco de la Nacion Boliviano; Banco Francisco Argandona; Banco Anglo- Sudamericano. Customhouse Brokers and forwarders. — Guaqui Agencies, Nitrate Agencies (Ltd.), W. B. Grace & Co.^' B. Romecin, Juan Bergelund, Oscar M. Barrios. Note. — This is the commercial center of the tin-mining district ; junction point for railroad running north and south and also east- ward to Cochabamba. Since th& completion of the railroad it is easily accessible. ' A very large business is done, as Oruro is grow- ing in importance. In the immediate vicihity are numerous mines of silver, tin, wolfram, copper, etC; The famous properties of Simon I. Patino and others are in the neighborhood. FOTOSI, capital of Department of Potosi; population, 27,000; altitude, 14,000 feet; on affluent of Pilcomayo River; 375 miles (603 km.) from La Paz, 75 miles (121 km.) from Sucre, 125 miles (200 km.) from Uyunl, and 236 miles (380 km.) from Oruro; cli- mate, cold ; temperature averages 48° F. and is rarely above 59° F. Principal products : Silver, cobalt, tin. Industries : Mining and re- fining of minerals. Brokers and forwarders, A. Viano y Cia. How Beaohed.^-From Sucre, by cart road ; from Oruro, by Anto- fagasta & Bolivia Railway to Bio Mulato, thence Boli\»a Railway (21 ' hours) ; from Antofagasta, Chile, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway. Banks. — ^Banco Mercantil; Banco de Potosi; Banco de la Paz; Banco Francisco Argbndona ; Banco de la Nacion Boliviano ; Banco Nacional de Bolivia ; Oredito Hipotecario Nacional. BOLIVIA. 369 Cnstomhouse Brokers. — Vargas & Ramos. Hotels. — Esplendld, Internaclonal, Frances, Central, Colon, Paris. Note. — ^Thls Is one of the richest mining centers of the world. The mineral exports of this city constitute about 68 per cent of the total exports of Bolivia. Potosi has been famous fbr hundreds of years. An important volume of trade is still done. PTJERTO SUAREZ, Department of Santa Cruz; situated on the Paraguay River; 1,000 miles (1,610 km.) from La Paz (overland), 391 miles (630 km.) from Santa Cruz, 11 miles (17 km.) above Co rumba (Brazilian port), and 1,733 miles (2,790 km.) from Buenos Aires, via La Plata, Parana, and Paraguay Rivers. Climate, hot in daytime, nights cool. Products : Rubber, cacao, etc. How Beached. — From Santa Cruz, by cart road; from La Paz, by small river boats and pack animals; from Corumba, Brazil, by steam launch (twoliours' journey). Steamship Service. — Monthly steamship service between Puerto Suarez and Rosario, Argentina. Steamer Maria is operated by Lara & Co. This line navigates the Parana, Paraguay, and Up- per Paraguay Rivers. Merchandise is carried by mechanical tractors from Puerto Suarez to Santa Cruz. For other service to Corumba see page 452. Note.— This is an important supply port for the surrounding^ dis- trict ; it is rapidly developing, owing to the great wealth of the contiguous region. BIBEB.AI.TA, Department of Beni ; population, 1,500 ; situated on the Beni River, 4 miles west of confluence with the Madre de Dios ; 964 miles (1,550 km.) from La Paz and 125 miles (200 km.) from Villa Bella ; temperature averages 75° F. Principal product, rubber. How Beached. — From La Paz : To Canaviera, Goroico, and Puerto Pando, by mule back (203 miles) ; thence to Rurenabaque (150 miles by river or 60 by land) ; thence by steamer to Riberalta (575 miles). Banks. — Suarez Hnos. ; BralUard & Co. Note. — There are some important houses established here that do a general import as well as export business. The chief source of wealth is rubber. This town is rather difficult of access ; usually canvassed from the Atlantic side. SANTA CBTIZ, capital of Province of Santa Cruz; altitude, 1,450 feet; population, 22,000; 582 miles (936 km.) from La Paz, 275 miles (443 km.) from Cochabamba, 391 miles (630 km.) from Puerto Suarez, 323 miles (519 km.) from Sucre, and 227 miles (365 km.) from Potosi (wagon road). Climate, warm; temperature averages 80° F. Principal products: Sugar, alcohol, petroleum, gold, tin, and antimony. Industries : Cigar and chocolate factories, tanneries, and sugar refineries. How Beached. — From Cochabamba by mule back; from Sucre, by mule back or bullock ; from Puerto Suarez, by cart road. Banks. — ^Banco de la Naclon Boliviano; Banco Nacional de Bo- livia ; Banco de Potosi. Principal Hotels. — Continental, Gomercio. Ifote. — ^This is^ the center of a rich mining and agricultural dis- trict, but, owing to lack of traveling facilities, little business is done' in proportion to its natural resources. It trades with Argen,- 144297° — 20 24 370 GUIDE TO liATIN AMERICA. tina, via Taculba, by means of the Central Northern Railway of Argentina. There are a number of important houses here, both exporters and importers. STTCKE, Department of Chuquisaca; altitude, 9,600 feet; popula- tion, 25,000; 127 miles (205 km.) from Oochabamba, 316 miles (508 km.) from La Paz, 75 miles (121 km.) from Potosi, and 211 miles (339 km.) from Ohallapata. Principal products, agricultural. How Beached. — ^From Oochabamba, by diligence. From Potosi, by automobile service (12 hours). From La Paz, by ^railway to Ohalla- pata, thence diligence to Sucre ; about 5 days' journey ; fare, $18 to $25; baggage allowance, 24 pounds; excess baggage, $8 to ipiO per 100 pounds. By muleback, trip takes about 8 days. From Anto- fagasta, by Antofagasta Railway to Rio Mulato; thence Bolivia Railway to Potosi; then by automobile. Hotels. — Hispano-Americano, Bspafia, Colon, Uyuni, Japones, Burgos. Banks. — Banco Francisco Algondona; Banco Hipotecario Garan- tizador de Valores ; Banco Mercantil ; Banco de la Nacion Boliviano ; Banco Nacional de Bolivia. Note. — ^Although the seat of government is La Paz, the official capital is Sucre. A good volume of business is carried on, owing to the mines and agricultural developments in the vicinity. A number of important houses do an Import as well as export bu^ness; Sucre is not so difficult of access as formerly. TARIJA, capital of Department of Tarija ; altitude, 6,312 feet ; on the Tarija River, affluent of the Bermejo River; population, 9,000; climate,' mild, healthful; temperature averages 64° F. Distant 605 miles (972 km.) from La Paz, 85 miles (136 km.) from Tupiza, 85 miles (136 km.) from La Quiaca, Argentina. Principal products: Cattle, hides, tobacco. Industries: Stock raising and agriculture. How Beached. — From Tupiza, via cart road, by muleback, 2 days ; from Lg. Quiaca, Argentina, via cart road, by diligence, ij days. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Boliviano; Banco Mercantil; Banco Nacional de Bolivia. Hotels. — Social, 16 de Julio, Gran, Nacional. Note. — This city is located on the proposed railroad from La Paz to Jujuy, Argentina, in the heart of a rich agricultural region. A considerable volume of business is carried on, owing to the immense natural wealth iti the immediate vicinity. There Is a large trade In cattle and hides. More accessible from Argentina than from Bolivia. TBINIDAD, capital of Department of Beni ; population, 6,000 ; on River Mamore; 520 miles (837 km.) from La Paz, 445 miles (716 km.) from Villa Bella. Products: Sugar, rice, cotton, com, bana- nas, cacao, cattle, alcohol. How Beached. — From La Paz, by road and river. Bank. — Suarez Hnos. Note. — Because of the great wealth of the surrounding country, this place, like Villa Bella, is assuming larger prominence. A large trade is already being carried on and is constantly growing. TTJPIZA, Department of Potosi; population, 5,000; altitude, 9,859 feet; 436 miles (702 km.) from La Paz; 288 miles (464 km.) from Jujuy, Argentina; 65 miles (105 km.) from La Quiaca, Argentina; 85 miles (136 km.) from Tarija; 188 miles (302 km.) from Sucre. BOLIVIA. 371 Climate, mild, very delightful ; July and August, cold. Principal products : Silver, gold, tin, bismuth, lead, wheat, barley, com, alfalfa. Industries: Agriculture and mining. How Reached. — From Jujuy, Argentina, by railroad to La Quiaca, thence cart road ; from Tarija, by cart road ; from Sucre, muleback. Hotels.^Espafia, Metropol, Central, El Argentina. Banks. — Banco Mercantil ; Banco Nacional de Bolivia ; Banco de la Nacion Boliviano. Note. — This town is located in a rich agricultural section ; will soon have railroad connection with La Paz and also with Jujuy, Argentina ; a place of growing importance and destined to have a very bright future. Some rich mines are located in the immediate vicinity. The production of bismuth, silver, tin, and lead is increas- ing. A number of important houses are established here. TmjNI, Department of Potosi ; population, 5,000 ; altitude, 12,008 feet; 124 miles (199 km.) from Tuplza, 125 miles (200 km.) from Potosi, 191 miles (308 km.) from Oruro, 379 miles (609 km.) from Antofagasta, Chile, and 342 miles (550 km.) from La Paz. Prin- cipal products : Tin, silver, bismuth. How Beached. — ^From Oruro, via Antofagasta & Bolivia Rail- way (8i hours) ; from Antofagasta, Chile, via Antofagasta & Bo- livia Railway (12 hours) ; from. Potosi, by Bolivia Railway to Rio Mulato, thence Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway (13 hours). Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Boliviano ; Banco Nacional de Bo- livia. Customhouse Brokers and Forwarders. — Delgado, Ramallo & Co. ; J. Orlandini. Hotels. — French,; Union, Uyuni. Kote. — This is the most easterly station on the Antofagasta Rail- way; customhouse located here. There are some excellent house.s here. Huanchaca is 22 miles (35 km.) distant. Here are located the famous Pulcayo silver mines. TILLA BELLA, Department of BenI; population, 2,500; climate, damp and hot ; situated at the confluence of the Beni and Mamore Rivers; 125 miles (200 km.) from RIberalta, 1,010 miles (1,626 km.) from La Paz, 445 miles (716 km.) from Trinidad, via River Ma- more, and 2,152 miles (3,463 km.) from Para. Products: Cacao^ rubber, etc. Banks. — Braillard & Co. ; Suarez Hnos. ; B. Arnold & Co. Note. — The surrounding country is extremely rich, and with its development Villa Bella will assume still greater importance. The trade already being done is of a considerable volume. Some of the houses of Cochabamba have branches here. TOWNS OF LESS IMPORTANCE. Occasionally direct importations are made by firms or companies located in certain of the following places. It is advisable to in- quire In the nearest large town as to trade possibilities. Achacachi, Department of La Paz; population, 8,600; near Lake Titicaca; 50 miles (80 km.) from La Paz. Carreteras to Sorata and La Paz. Camargo, Department of Cochabamba ; population, 2,500 ; between Sucre and Tarija, in an agricultural and wlne-producIng district; 372 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. gold mines near by. The chief firms here are branches of houses in Sucre and Tarija. Capinata, Department of Cochabamba ; population, 3,50O; 28 miles (45 km.) from Cochabamba; 9 miles (15 km.) northwest of Arque, which is on railroad to Oruro. Products : Cereals, cotton, grapes, timber, woods, lead, copper, marble. Industries : Wines and liquors, cotton and woolen textile mills, and hats. Challapata, on the railroad from Uyuni to Oruro, 69 miles (111 km.) from Oruro.' In the neighborhood are numerous mines, to which shipments are made from this station. Chttlumani, Department of La Paz ; population, 2,500 ; altitude, 5,440 feet; 90 miles (145 km.) east of La Paz; carretera to La Paz via Coripata. Products : Quinine, coca, coffee, and cacao. The Rio de los Sajones mines are located here. Goroico, Department of La Paz ; population, 1,580 ; altitude, 6,500 feet; 93 miles (149 km.) northeast of La Paz and 186 miles (300 km.) northwest of Oruro; reached by camino de herradura via Coripata. Products: Coffee, rice, sugar, corn, bananas, oranges, gold, and silver. Colqiiechaca, Department of Potosi ; population, 8,000 ; 124 miles (200 km.) from Potosi; carreteras to Sucre, to Challapata (on the railroad to Oruro), and to Potosi. Gold, silver, and tin mines. Bank, Banco de Potosi. Hotel, De Europa. Cotagaita, Department of Potosi; population, 1,796'; on Cbtagaita River; 106 miles (170 km.) from Potosi and 109 miles (175 km.) from Uyuni ; carreteras to Sucre and Potosi. " Products : Cereals, vegetables, fruits, silver, lead, and antimony. Inquisivi, Department of La Paz; population, 2,000; 93 miles (150 km.) from La Paz; carreteras to La Paz via Chulumani, and to Cochabamba via Palca. Products : Cacao, coffee, coca, gold, lead, and tin. Laguuillas, Department of Santa Cruz; population, 1,500; 217 miles (350 km.) from Santa Cruz and 402 miles (750 km.) from Uyuni. Products : Cereals and cattle. Carreteras to Saiiees, and to Oharaguja via Choretio ; also to Uyuni. ' Luribay, Department of La Paz ; population, 3,000 ; climate, va- ried, dry; 93 miles (150 km.) from La Paz and 93 miles (150 km.) from Oruro ; west of Ayoayo, which is on the railroad from Oruro to La Paz. Products : ■Cerieals, vegetables, vrines, alcohol, and gold. Uocomoco, Department of La Paz ; population, 1,500 ; 160 miles (258 km.) from La Paz. Products: Cereals, sugar, alcohol, silver, gold, lead, and tin. Fadilla, Department of Chuquisaca; population, 3,500; 123 miles (198 km.) from Sucre; carreteras to Sauces and Lagunillas, via San Pedro, and. to Vallegrande. Products: Cereals, tobacco, sugar, coffee, and woods. Puerto Perez, Department of La Paz ; jwpulation, 1,200 ; on Lake Titicaca, 43 miles (70 km.) northeast of La Paz; climate, hot; mineral • products ; carretera to La Paz. Hotel, Gran. Custom- house broken Luis Ernest y Cia. Puna, Department of Potosi; 30 miles (48 km.) southwest of Potosi; on carretera from Sucre to Cotagaita. Silver is mined here. Although Puna is only 30 miles from Potosi, in order to reach it from the latter point one has to go to Yotala, south of Sucre, BOLIVIA. 373 and then turn south again, a total distance of about 124 miles (200 km.). Punata, Department of Cochabamba; population, 8,000; 25 miles (40 km.) from Cochabamba; carretera to Cochabamba. Products: Cereals, coca, gold, lead, and iron. Sorata, Department of La Paz; population, 2,000; altitude, 9,000 feet; climate, damp ; 93 miles (150 km.) from La Paz; carretera to La Paz via Achacachi. Products : Cereals, cofEee, cacao, gold, sil- ver, and rubber Pacific coast is reached via Lake Titicaca and railroad to MoUendo, Peru. Tapacari, Department of Cochabamba ; population, 2,500 ; 32 miles (52 km.) from Cochabamba, on Tapacari River; carretera to Co- chabamba and Oruro. Tarata, Department of Cochabamba ; population, 3,500 ; commer- cial town on a plain southeast of Cochabamba ; carretera to Cocha- bamba. liahuanaco, Department of La Paz ; population, 300 ; on the rail- road from Guaqul to La Paz. Near here are famous Inca ruins. Products: Potatoes, quinine, and alfalfa. VaUegrande, Department of Santa Cruz de la Sierra ; population, 6,000; 93 miles (150 km.) from Santa Cruz. Products: Rice, sugar, wheat, tobacco, quinine, woods, and cattle Carreteras to Taperas, San Isidoro, and Pampagrande. Viacha, Department of La Paz ; population, 2,(X)0 ; altitude, 13,700 feet; 18 miles (30 km.) from La Paz. Junction point of the dif- ferent railroad lines to La Paz, Oruro, and Lake Titicaca. Prod- ucts : Potatoes, barley, and live stock. Hotel, Arica. CHILE. Maps Nos. 21, 24, 26, 28, and 29. Location. — Chile Is a Kepublic on the western coast of South America, famous for its length. It is bounded on the north by Peru, on the east by Bolivia and Argentina, and on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The coast line is about 2,700 miles. Area and Population. — ^Area, 292,419 square miles. The width of the country varies from 65 miles (104 km.) to nearly 250 miles (402 km.) ; average width, 87 miles (139 km.) ; widest at Antofa' gasta. Population, 3,870,023 ; approximately 13 inhabitants per square mile. There are many inhabitants of pure blood — descend- ants of Spaniards and Europeans. There has also been some in- termarriage between these people and the Indians. Topography. — ^The crest of the Andes marks the eastern boundary and the Pacific Ocean the western boundary of Chile. The Kepublic Is traversed by two mountain chains, the Cordillera de la Costa and the Andes. Between these two chains lies the central valley, the great agricultural section. The country may be divided into four zones : 1. Desert, from 18° to 27° south latitude. Here are found the nitrate deposits. This zone extends from the northern border to about Copiapo, and includes the ports of Iquique, Taltal, Antofa- gasta, and others. It is rainleSs and sterile. 2. Mineral zone, from 27° to 33° south latitude. In this region the Andes reach their highest point. Gold, silver, copper, cobalt, nickel, lead, etc., are found here. This zone is generally arid ; there is a fair amount of cultivation in the central valley. 3. Agricultural zone, from 33° to 42° south latitude, known as the central zone. The Andes gradually dimmish in height until they reach one-third the height of the second zone. Between the coast mountain range and the Andes there is an exceedingly fertile val- ley, known as the central valley of Chile, watered by numerous rivers. It is about 60 miles (98 km.) in length. This zone also contains coal, other minerals, and considerable timber. 4. Southern or island zone, south of Puerto Montt, from 42° to 56° latitude, where the central valley falls away and the coast range is transformed into a large archipelago, extending along the coast as far as Cape Horn and Including the island of Tierra del Fuego and the Territory or Magallanes. It Is but thinly populated, although there is an enormous area suitable for sheep grazing. Eivers. — ^Whlle numerous rivers flow from the mountains to the coast, but few are navigable. Among these are the MauUin, naviga- ble for small vessels for about 30 miles; the Bueno, navigable for about 50 miles ; the Calle-Calle, or Rio Valdivia ; the Cautin, navi- gable for about 30 miles ; the Blo-Blo, about 100 miles long, naviga- ble by flat-bottomed boats; and the Maulle, navigable for about 75 miles by small vessels. Climate. — The climate of the coast may be said in general to resemble that of the Oallfornian coast ; it varies, however, accord- 374 CHILE. 375 Ing to the latitude and natural conditions. In the first zone there is scarcely any rain; in the second there is more, but it Is not abundant; in the third zone the rains are frequent; and in the fourth zone the precipitation is very heavy, in some places as much as 130 inches per year. The climate is also influenced by the Hum- boldt Current, by the high mountains, etc. The average tempera- ture at Santiago is 56° F. ; the highest in the north is 91° and the lowest in the south is 17° F. In the north the weather is hot and dry but cool at nigbt. In tbe mountains there is considerable dif- ference between day and night temperatures. Here snowstorms are frequent, especially during the winter, when they sometimes reach the central valley. Seasons. — The seasons are chiefly distinguished by frequency or lack of rain. In the north there is no rain in any month. Between latitudes 30° and' 40° the winter is the rainy season, while the summer is the dry season. South of 40° latitude the weather is rainy and during the summer there is heavy precipitation. Around Santijigo there is a long dry season, and in southern Chile a long rainy season. Because of its position south of the Equator, the seasons are the opposite of those of the United States: Spring, September 21 to December 21 ; summer, December 21 to March 21 ; autumn, March 21 to June 21 ; winter, June 21 to September 21. mining. — The chief source of Chilean wealth is mining. This includes almost every variety of mineral, but certain kinds are of outstanding importance. Witrate Industry. — ^The most important industry of Chile is that of nitrate. Owing to the demand for this mineral during the European war, the Republic enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. The export tax from this source alone amounted to over $30,000,000 in 1916. More than 70 companies are conducting operations. The nitrate deposits lie chiefly between Pisagua and Taltal, a distance of about 450 miles (725 km.), between the coast range and the higher Andes. Copper. — This industry is very important, being developed by capital from the United States. The mines Include those of the Chile Copper Co.^ at Chuquicamata, and the Braden Copper Co., in the neighborhood of Sewell, Province of O'Higgins. Other copper mines are those of the Naltagua Copper Co. (French) . Another group of mines in the Province of Coquimbo, between Ovalle and Tongoy, is about to be developed. Gold and Other Minerals. — Gold, silver, and salt mines are im- portant, as is also coal, which is found in the southern portion of Chile, near Talcahuano and Coronel, there being about 130 coal mines in that vicinity. The output in 1915 reached almost 1,171,564 tons. Salt, gypsum, etc., are also exploited. Agricultural Products.^ — ^Agriculture has been highly developed in the rich central valley, where the products of the Temperate Zone, including grains, fruits, and vegetables, are grown. There has been some export. Grape culture is very important and there are numer- ous vineyards as far south as Concepcion. Wine making is a prominent industry in the Provinces of Santiago, O'Higgins, and Colchagua. Other products are barley, rice, beans, peas, lentils, and potatoes. Dairy farming is increasing in importance. 376 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Industries, — 'Manufacturing has been growing in importance and numerous manufacturing enterprises have been developed. The fol- lowing table Indicates the relative importance of the different plants : jOlass of establisbments. Breweties Qlasa Tnaniifacturers MiUs,.* -.:...,, -^ Sug3rriefineries*,.r.. , r M^tcarc^landverxnicelll factories BisBultifactories.. .■.^: Sjtait cannenes and naamSaetaieTS of fruit prod- VLmtm&oiiesl'.'.iL..:.'.':'.'.: " — flWpyaBds . u« .*?.. f.^ ..„.:. -. Hatbctories Corset manufacturers ..«,,--, 3Puriiltui'«faoteies.i.l.'..'. - SawAiiUSi..i-:.i ;...;a,. Oementfac3tories..'>.w.:.i. Teitiletnills..... ..;.:.'..*. Uanuf^turers of industrial and agricultural ma- ditnery.-i..., '...^^ Maniilactureraof railway cars Pniiters arid publiShei's Tanneries Shoain^ufiioteuiers ; ,■ Powder msnulacturets Soap manuitoturers. . . .' , Total Estab- lish- 40 12 ,24 6 32 11 6 134 296 2 4 302 129 45 1,391 Capital in- Paper -peso?. , 32,004,187 3,499;0S9 73,160:603 25,967^501 5,354,981 2,274,874 8,975,033 948,000 5,575 543 0,545,651 1,643,438 28,965,458 17,687,722 4,868,000 14,456,562 4,580,000 2,155,913 26,218,181 30,698,491 20,988,120 146,434 10,432,395 326,536,146 Production. Paver pesos. .,19,*96,541 2,747,973 87,217.319 29,602,420 4,699,066 3,870,340 3,623,852 1,050,543 3,339,110 4,974,794 2,185,262 30,264,626 10,209,769 2,703,000 12,584,655 3,800,000 3,645,446 36,154,862 29 617,205 26,366,961 830,681 12,284,984 331,269,189 FoKest Products. — In the forest regions of Chile several thousand sawmills have been established and there is considerable business In mairge Canturrios. Lloyd's agent, J. G. Sheriff. Some Hotels.— -Central, International, Chanaral, Ingles. Note. — This is an important port in the Province of Atacama. In the vicinity are numerous mines and important smelting works, 144297°— 20 ^25 386 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. principally for .copper, which, Is shipped through this port. Not generally canvassed by fereign salesmen, the merchants largely dc pending upon the prinxjlpal importers of Antofagasta. - CHILIAN, Province of Nuble; altitude, 375 ffeet; population, 40,000; _oii Nuble Biver;: 247 miles (397 km'.) from Santiago -by railroad, and^ 93 miles (148 km.) from Talca. Principal products: Wine, wheat, and cattle. Industries : Tanneries, flour mills, land breweries. . . ;. ,. iH&»c E,eached.:^Ff om iTalCa, by railroad (Chilean National), 3i hours; from Concepcion, by railroad; from Santiago, by railroad; fare, 22.20 Chilean pesos; baggage, 7.70 pesos per 100 kilos; time, 8t hours Banks.— Banco Anglo-Sudamericano ; Banco de Chile; Banco de Nuble ; Banco Espiiifiol de Chile; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Hotels. — Central, Fi-ance, Comerclo, Royal, Nuevo Leon. Note. — ^This place owes its importance to the fact that there is considerable agricultural wealth in the vlciuity. A large volume of business is carried on. in fruits, cereals, wines, etc. Good connec- tion by railroad with Concepcion to the. south west, with Talca and Valparaiso to the north, and with Valdivia to the south. CHUftTTICAMATA, , Province of Antofagasta ; on branch line of Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway; 14 miles (23 km.) from Calama and 162 miles (281 km.) from Antofagasta. Products: Chiefly cop- per. . ^ ,,,;.;;-., How Reached. — From Antofagasta, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Ball- way; from Calama, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, l^-hour trip, two trains daily.. Note. — Here are the great copper mines of the Chile Copper Co. This is an exceedingly important mining town, having an out- put of over 7,000,000 pomids of copper monthly. The population is rapidly increasing; and is expected soon to number between 15,000 and 20,000. The copper company, which is an American corpora- tion, has a commissary here. CONCEPCION, capital of Province of Concepcion; altitude, 50 feet; pppulatipn, 100,000; on Bio-Bio Blver, 6 miles (10 km.) from its mouth; 9 miles (13 km.) from Talcahuano, its port; 10 miles (16 km.), from Penco; 354 miles (571 km.) from Santiago. Climate, mild; temperature averages 56° F. Principal products: Wine, corn, fruits, leather, wool, and hides. Industries : Breweries, tan- neries, flour mills, woodvrorking plants, coal mining, copper smelting works, etc. How .Beached. — From- Talcahuano, by railroad or electric car, half-hour trip ; from Santiago, by railroad, 12 hours (29.50 Chilean pesos; baggage, 9.17 pesos per 100 kilos); from Coronel, by rail- road, 3. hour ; from Valparaiso, by railroad. Customhouse -brokers, Franklin & Co. and Talcahuano Agencies Co. Lloyd's agent, Gibbs & Co. Banks. — Banco Anglo-Sudamericano; Banco Espafiol de Chile; Banco de Concepcion ; Banco de Chile ; Banco Hipotecario Agrlcola ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Hotels. — Wachter, France, Bolsa, Cosmopollta, Aleman, Colon, Medici, Visconte, Royal. Note. — ^A very important modern town in southern Chile. Its re- cent growth has been very rapid. It is one of the most important CHILE. 387 distributing points in tlie soutliern portion of the Republic. There is great agricultural wealth, while the raising of sheep, cattle, and other live stock is an important element in its prosperity. This place is well worthy of a visit from all salesmen, as there are numerous important business houses here. COPIAPO, capital of Province of Atacama; altitude, about 1,000 feet; on the Copiapo River; population, 11,000; 50 miles (81 km.) from Caldera, 617 miles (990 km.) from Santiago. Temperature averages 61° F. Principal products: Copper, gold, silver, wheat, barley, hay, etc. — ' How Beached. — From Caldera, by railway; train leaves Copiapo at 9.10 a. m. and arrives at Caldera at 11.15 a. m. ; leaves Caldera at 1.30 p. m. and arrives at Copiapo at 3.45 p. m. ; reached from Santiago by Longitudinal Railway. Some Leading Hotels. — ^Atacama, Ingles. Banks. — Banco Anglo-Sudamericano ; Banco de Chile ; Caja de Ahorros. .> 3fote. — ^A tovra midway between Antofagasta and Coquimbo, noted chiefly as a mining town. There are some very important copper mines in the vicinity, including those of the American Smelting & Refining Co. and Copiapo (Ltd.). It Is connected by rail with its port, Caldera. A considerable business is carried on. Not gen- erally visited by American travelers, except those who canvass the smaller places, dependence being chiefly on the importers of Val- paraiso, Santiago, and Antofagasta. GOQ.TTIjiIBO, Province of Coquimbo ; altitude, 90 feet ; population, 10,900. Pacific port; vessels anchor about one-fourth mile from shore. Distant 9 miles (15 km.) from La Serena, capital of Co- quimbo, 198 miles (320 km.) from Valparaiso, 32 miles (51 km.) north of Ovalle, 357 miles (575 km.) from Santiago. Climate, mild ; moderate rainfall^ temperature averages 60° F. Principal prod- ucts : Copper, iron, goats, chinchilla skins, fruits, vegetables, alfalfa. Industries: Copper mining and smelting, planing mills, furniture, etc. American consular agent. Customhouse brokers: Alvarez Hnos. & CJa. ; J. R. Alvarez y Cla. ; Ruperto Alvarez y Cla. ; Morgado & Bahamondes ; F. C. Sievers & Co. ; C. Videla y Cla. ; Coqulmbo Agencies. Lloyd's agent, Huth & Co. How Reached. — ^From Valparaiso and Caldera, by steamer or rail- road (Chilean National) ; from La Serena, by railroad, one-half hour. Steamship Service. — Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and Cla. Sud Americana de Vapores, joint service weekly, northbound Sundays, southbound Mondays ; Wiegan & Cla., weekly service to Valparaiso and Iquique and Intermediate ports. Some Hotels. — ^Rosario v. de Cordovez; Luksic & Sparcic; Jose Tomas Molinas. Banks. — Banco Anglo-Siidaraericano; Banco de Chile; Banco Espanol.de Chile; CaJa Nacional de Ahorros. Uote. — ^A port midway between Antofagasta and Valparaiso. Owes its importance chiefly to the copper and iron mines in the vicinity and to the smelting works of large American and other com- panies." There is considerable export of native products, including wool hides, skins, etc. Growing in importance and a large business 388 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Js- done. Easily reached from Valparaiso by railroad or local steamers. OOKOITEL, Province of Ooncepcion ; population, 14,000. Principal coalltg port on the coast ; vessels lie close to shore. Distant 372 miles (599 km.) from Santiago, by rail, 5 miles (8 km.) from Lota, 17 miles (28 km.) from Ooncepcion, 41 miles (65 km.) from Talca- huano. Products: Coal, cereals, cotton, wine, timber. Customhouse brokers : Coronel Agencies Co. ; FrankUn & Co. ; Luis Jacobsen. Lloyd's jagertt, Franklin & Co. How Beached. — From Concepcion and Santiago, by railroad. Pacific Steam Navigation Co. furnishes fortnightly service. Note. — ^In the vicinity are the most important coal mimes of Chile. CimiCO, Province of Curico ; altitude, 690 feet; population, 18,000; 115 miles (185 km.) south of Santiago. Products: Grapes, cereals, and timber. Industries: Tanneries, flour mills, breweries, soap and candle factories. How Beached. — ^From Santiago, by Central Railway; fare, 11.30 pesos ; baggage, 5.12 pesos per 100 kilos ; time, Si to 4 hours. Some HoteJs.'-Castillo, Comereio, Lopez, Gutierrez, Gran Hotel Central. Banks. — Banco de Curico ; Banco Comercial de Curico ; Banco de Chile; Banco Espa&ol de CSiile; Caja' Nacional de Ahorros; Banco Comercial de Curico. ITote. — ^Located in the center of a rich agricultural district. Littie direct importing, depending chiefly upon Santiago. CBUZ OBANSE, situated on a small gulf of the same name; 30 miles (48 km.) north of Coquimbo, 130 miles (208 km.) north of Valparaiso. American consular agent. How Beached. — By coasting steamers. Note. — ^This is the shipping point for Tofo, near which lie the Iron deposits of the Bethlehem Steel Co. The mines are about 15 miles (25 km.) from the dock, connected by electric railway. This promises to be one of the most important ports of Chile, because of the enormous quantity of ore already in sight. HTTASCO, Province of Atacama; population, 3,000; Pacific port; vessels lie about one-half mile oifshora Distant 537 miles (866 km.) from Santiago, 93 miles (149 km.) south from Garrizal Bajo, and 30 miles (48 km.) from Vallenar. Principal products: Com- pressed hay, cattle, copper, silver, and gold; also wine. Industries: Copper smelting works ; mining districts of Huasco and Santa Rosa. Customhouse brokers : Craig, Vance & Co., Torres & Co., and Wie- gan & Cla. Lloyd's agents, Craig, Vance & Co. How Beached. — From Caldera, by steamer ; from Coquimbo, by steamer or railroad via Vallenar; train leaves Vallenar at 8.30 a. m. and 2.45 p. m. ; arrives at Huasco 11.45 a. m. and 5.25 p. m. Steamship Service. — Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and CJa. Sud Americana de Vapores, joint weekly service; Puerto Montt-Iqulque Line, three times a month; Wiegan & CJa., weekly service north and south. Note. — This port is midway between Copiapo and Coquimbo. Can- vassed generally by the houses of Santiago and Valparaiso. IQIIIQITE, capital of Province of Tarapaca; population, 70,000; port ; vessels lie about half a mile offshore ; landing by shore boat, CHILE. 389 charge $1 per person aad $1 pei- ordinary package. Distant 784 nautical miles from Valparaiso, 74 nautical miles from Arica, 225 nautical miles from Antofagasta, and 1,327 miles (1,974 km.) from Santiago. Climate, mild; never i-ains (as in all nitrate countries) ; temperature averages 66° F. Principal products: Nitrates, iodine, and salt. American consular agent. Customhouse brokers: J. de Aguirre, A. Anthony, J. N. Bravo, Hector Canavaro, Mareial Velez, Manuel J. Masalias. Lloyd's agents, Ghibbs & Co. How Beached. — From Valparaiso, by steamer or railroad; from Arica, by steamer Chancay, two trips weekly ; from the north, by nitrate railroads. Banks. — Banco Anglo-Sudamericano ; Banco de Chile; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Qaja Nacional de Ahorros ; Banco Italiano. Some Hotels. — Salon Americano, Phoenix, Sud America, Conti- nental, Geneva,, Europa, Ingles, Suisse, Espanol Fornos, Central, Chile, Universal, KoyaL Note. — ^This is the chief port of Chile north of Antofagasta ; owes its importance to the nitrate industry, much of this material being shipped from the surrounding country. Many salesmen find it ad- vantageous to stop oflE at Iquiquei owing to the large number of im- portant houses established here. XA S£B,£KA, capital of Province of Coquimbo ; population, 17,000 ; 9 miles (15 km.) from Coquimbo, 62 miles (100 km.) from Ovalle, 35 miles (56 km.) from Vicuna, and 364 miles (586 km.) from San- tiago. Temperature averages 60° F. Products: Gold, silver, cop- per, etc. Industries: Olive-oil factories, soap making, tanneries, mining, and metal work. How Beached. — ^From Coquimbo, by railroad; from points north and south, by Longitudinal Railway. Banks. — Banco Anglo-Sudamericano ; Banco de Chile ; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Some Hotels. — Santiago, Gran, Serena. Note. — Heavy exports of copper, gold, and silver. In tlie neigh- borhood is considerable agricultural wealth. Chiefly a retail cen- ter, the houses depending upon Santiago and Valparaiso. IINAEES, Province of Linares; altitude, 475 feet; population,. 14,700; 186 miles (301 km.) from Santiago and 31 mUes (51 km.) from Talca. How Beached. — ^From Talca and Parral, by Longitudinal Rail- way ; from Santiago, by Longitudinal Railway ; 6 hours ; fare, 17.50 pesos ; baggage, 6.70 pesos per 100 kilos. Some Hotels. — ^Panimavida, Lazari, Mardones, Francla. Banks. — Banco Espanol de Chile ; Banco de Talca ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Note. — ^This is a town of growing importance, with a fair volume of business. Canvassed by those who make the smaller places. LOS ANDES, Province of Aconcagua ; altitude, 2,675 feet ; popula- tion, 10,474; terminus of Transandine Railway; 87 miles (141 km.) from Santiago, 83 miles (132 km.) from Valparaiso, 26 miles (41 km.) from Llai-Llai, and 10 miles (16 km.) from San Felipe de Aconcagua. Temperature averages 61° F. Products: Cereals, to- bacco, wine, cattle, silver, and copper. 390 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Reached. — From Mendoza, Argentina, by Trausandihe Itail- way, time about 12 hours; from Valparaiso, by railroad, time 4 hours ; from Santiago, by railroad, 4 hours, fare 9.10 pesos. Some Hotels. — Sudamericano, Central, France, Del Oomercio, Transandino, Ingles, Italia. • - Banks. — Banco de Chile; Banco Espafiol die Chile; Oaja de Ahorros. note. — ^This is not a very important commercial center, but on ac- count of the railway connection between Chile and Ajgentina it Is growing. LOTA, Province of Concepcion; population, 12,000. Port on Bay of Arauco ; vessels lie ofEshore ; landing by shore boats, 36 cents. Distant 5 miles (8 km.) from Coronel, 21 miles (37 kin.) from Con- cepcion, 377 miles (608 km.) from Santiago.. Principal products: Coal, copper, hides, bricks. How Reached. — From Coronel, by railroad, one-half hour ; from Concepcion, by railroad, 1^ hours. ■ Some Hotels. — Gran Maury, Del Comercio, Ingles. Note. — Its importance is due chiefly to the heavy production and shipment of coal. Salesmen who canvass Concepcion are in easy reach of this place. MEJILLONES, Province of Antofagasta ; population, 4,000. Port ; vessels He one-fourth mile offshore. On a branch of the Antofagasta Railway to Bolivia, 57 miles (91 km.) from Antofagasta, 1,003 miles (1,616 km.) from Santiago. Principal products: Nitrate, borate, copper, tin. How Reached. — ^From Antofagasta, by Antofagasta Railway daily except Sundays ; time, 2| hours. Steamship service to the north and south weekly by Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and Wiegan & Cla. Customhouse brokers: Nitrate Agencies (Ltd.) ; M. Balados. Lloyd's agent, Barnett & Co. Some Hotels. — Colon, Francla, Ingles. Note. — ^A port which owes its chief Importance to shipments of ■nitrate and copper. The merchants are chiefly branch houses of firms located in Valparaiso, Antofagasta, etc. Canvassed by those who " work " small places. PISAGITA, Province of Tarapaca ; population, 4,500. Port ; vessels lie about one-half mllp ofEshore; shore boats used, charge 40 cents per passenger. Distant 39 miles (64 km.) from Iquique, 1,292 miles (2,083 km.) from Santiago, 74 nautical miles from Arica. Prod- ucts: Nitrate, iodine. Climate, hot. How Reached! — ^From Iquique, by steamers and by nitrate railroad (Ferrocarril Salitrero) ; from Arica, by steamer Cfiancay, twice weekly. Banks.— Banco de Chile ; Caja de Ahorros. Customhouse brokers ; Cla. Comercial y Salitrero " La Aguada ; " Mariano Terrazas. Lloyd's agent, Wilfred .D. Pettie. jlote. — ^The most northerly nitrate port of the Republic. Owes its entire importance to the nitrate Industry, there being many mines in the vicinity. Canvassed usually by those who visit the smaller towns. Easily reached by steamers plying along the coast and by the nitrate railway from Iquique. CHILiE. 391 PUERTO MONTT, capital of Province of Llanqxilhue; on Gulf of Reloncavi; population, 8,000. Landing: Vessels anchor offshore. Distant 671 miles (1,080 km.) from Santiago, 12 miles (20 km.) from Lake Llanquihue. Principal products: Potatoes, timber. Industries: Fishing, stock raising, breweries, shoe factories, sash and door factories, flour mills. How Beached. — From Concepcion, by railway ; from Punta Arenas and from Talcahuano, by Braun & Blanchard steamers ; from San- tiago, by Longitudinal Railway ; fare, 44 pesos Chilean currency ; baggage, 13.25 pesos per 100 kilos. Customhouse brokers: Braun & Blanchard; Puerto Montt Agen- cies Co. ; Jose Ignacio Maldonado. Banks. — ^Banco de Chile ; Banco Lanquihue ; Banco Osorno y La Union ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Some Hotels. — ^Miramar, Heln, Gran Hotel Chile, Central. Note. — An important port of middle southern Chile. It is easily reached from the south by steamers and from the north by railroad. A good business is carried on with Valdivia. As a rule, canvassed only by those who visit the smaller towns ; dependence chiefly on the importers of Valparaiso and Concepcion. PTTNTA ARENAS, Territory of Magallanes ; population, 35,000. Port on the Strait of Magellan ; vessels anchor about three-fourths mile ofEshore ; launches are used ; cost, $1.50 per person, $1 per package. Distant 1,300 miles (2,093 km.) from Santiago, 1,445 nautical miles from Valparaiso, and 1,355 nautical miles from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Climate, cool ; rain about 150 days a year ; temperature averages 43° F. Principal products : Sheep, fur, skins, wool, whale products, and coal. Industries : Refrigeration and preservation of meat, sheep growing, and timber cutting. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers: Jose Manuel Vega, Bmilio Blaya, F. Valverde, and Diaz, Contardi y Cla. Lloyd's agent, Capt A. Merrick. How Reached. — ^From Rio Gallegos, Argentina, by steamers ; from Ancud and Buenos Aires by steamers. There is a railroad to the coal fields of Loreta. Steamship Service. — Pacific Steam Navigation Co.; Lamport & Holt Line, fortnightly sailings; Braun & Blanchard Line, steamer every three weeks between Punta Arenas and Valparaiso. Socia- • '-"- Gorbea, Province of Valdivia ; population, .4,02r) ; altitude, 300 feet; 93 miles (15i km.):from Valdivia, by Longitudinal' Railway; 456 miles (735 km!) from Santiago (fare 35.30 iChilean pesos, bagr gage 10.49 pesos per 100 kilos). Timber and agricultural products. Graaeros, Province of O'Higgins ; population, 1,270 ; altitude, 1,650 feet; on Central Railway, 7 miles (12 km.) from Rancagua, 44 miles (71 km.) from Santiago (fare 4.50 Chilean ■ pesos, baggage, 2.95 pesos per 100 kilos). Hospital, Province of O'Hlgsins; population, 1,352 ; altitude, 1,275 feet; on Central Railway, 29 miles (48 km.) from Santiago (time IJ hours, fare 3.20 Chilean pesos, baggage 2.38 pesos per 100 kilos) ; 21 miles (35 km.) from Rancagua. Huara, Province of Tarapaca ; population, 2,252 ; altitude, 3,500 feet; on Longitudinal Railway, 11 miles (18 km.) from Tarapaca. Daily train service to Galeta Buena, time 2i hours. Illapel, Province of Coquimbo ; population, 3,360 ; altitude, 1,020 feet; on Central Railway, 196 miles (316 km.) from Santiago, 198 miles (320 km.) south of Serena, 49 miles (79 km.) from Los Vilos, 5-hour trip by rail. Hotel : Arturo Prat. Bank : Banco de Chile. Jnnin, Province of Tarapaca ; minor port, 11 miles (18 km.) south of Pisagua. Chief export : Nitrate. Reached by Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and Ola. Sud Americana de Vapores steamers frdm north and south. Train service to Santa Catalina, 25 miles (40 Ian.) distant, time 4 hours. La Calera, Province of Valparaiso ; population, 4,200 ; altitude, 680 feet; 45 miles (73 km.) from Valparaiso, reached by railway; 73 miles (118 km.) from Santiago (fare 7.70 Chilean pesos, baggage 4.02 pesos per 100 kilos). Branch line starts from here to La Ligua. Banks: Banco de Chile, Banco Bspanol de Chile, Caja de Ahorros. Hotels: Central, Comercio. Lautaro, Province of Cautin; population, 14,000; altitude, 710 feet; on Longitudinal Railway; 17 miles (28 km.) from Temuco; 411 miles (663 km.) from Santiago (fare 32.90 Chilean pesos, bag- gage 9.91 pesos per 100 kilos). Banks: Banco Espafiol de Chile and Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Hotels: Dafmendrail afid Ver- scheure. Lebu (Port), Province of Arauco; population, 9.000; on southern bank of Lebu River, near its mouth; 45 nautical miles south of Lota; 462 miles (746 km.) from Santiago, on Sauces and Lebn branch of Santiago Railway. Also reached by coasting steamers from Coronel and Talcahuano. Products: Coal, timber, and agri- 400 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. cultural. Hotels: Central, Rivera, and Aleman. Bank: Banco de CWle. Xigua, Province of Aconcagua ; population, 2,400 ; on Ligua Kiver and Calfiro-Cabllde branch railroad; 69 miles (112 km.) from San FiUpe; 113 miles (181 km.) from Santiago (fare 10.80 Chilean pesos, baggage 4.97 p'esos per 100 kilos, time 4 hours). Products: Oats, potatoes, copper silver. Industries: Smelting works. Bank: Banco de Chile. Llmache, Province df Valparaiso; population, 3,800; altitude, 295 feet; 27 miles (44 km.) from Valparaiso by railroad (time, li hours) ; 89 miles (144 km.) from Santiago