HISTORY, PLAN AND SCOPE 
 
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 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
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 3 1924 104 089 432 
 
THE 
 
 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF 
 NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 O / 
 
THE 
 
 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF 
 NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 ITS ORIGIN, ITS HISTORY 
 THE GROWTH OF ITS DEPARTMENTS 
 
 TO DECEMBER 31, 1909 
 BY 
 
 HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN 
 
 PRESIDENT 
 
 WRITTEN WITH THE COOPERATION OF 
 MEMBERS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC STAFFS 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 1911 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE IRVING PRESS 
 
 1911 
 
 
Trustees' Edition, 50 copies, published February 14, 1910 
 CuRATOKS' Edition, 600 copies, published July 1, 1911 
 
 A 
 
 %l* 
 
ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924104089432 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 THIS outline of the History of the Museum has been prepared for 
 the benefit of the Trustees, Members and Scientific Staff. 
 The present edition is abbreviated from a full report pre- 
 sented to the Trustees February 14, 1910, and constituting the 
 Trustees' Edition. 
 
 The first manuscript History of the Museum was that written at the 
 request of the late President Morris K. Jesup by Mr. L. P. Gratacap. It 
 is still unpublished, but has yielded very valuable information. 
 
 The materials for the present History have been assembled chiefly by 
 Assistant Secretary George H. Sherwood and the Curators of the various 
 Departments, from the Minutes of the Meetings of Trustees and Exec- 
 utive Committee, the Annual Reports of the Presidents, and from the 
 records of the several Departments. The text of the historical sections 
 has been prepared largely under the direction of Mr. Sherwood by Miss 
 Els6 Grant Symonds. The editing and proof-reading of the manu- 
 script have been done chiefly by Curator Edmund Otis Hovey. 
 
 One of the chief objects of the History is to record our grateful ac- 
 knowledgments to the many scientiflc men and to the many patrons of 
 science as well as to the three past Presidents and their supporting Trus- 
 tees, who have guided the affairs of this great institution. 
 
 Doubtless there still remain many omissions despite the best efforts 
 at accuracy. The names and special services of some of our many 
 friends may have been unintentionally passed by or unrecorded. It is 
 hoped to remedy such omissions as are discovered in a third and fuller 
 edition of this History. Suggestions and corrections should therefore 
 be addressed to the Assistant Secretary at the Museum. 
 
 Henry Fairfield Osborn, 
 July 1, 1911. President. 
 
I. ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 IOUIS AGASSIZ, the great Swiss naturalist, came to this country 
 . in 1848 on a call to Harvard College, and his influence 
 -^ was immediate and far-reaching. One of his best gifts 
 was that of inspiring all who heard him with a love of natural 
 history. Among his many pupils at Cambridge was Albert S. Bick- 
 more, who studied under him for four years (1861-65) and who 
 caught his enthusiasm. Coming to New York in 1865 to arrange for 
 an exploring expedition into the Far East, funds for which had been 
 provided by New England friends, Mr. Bickmore made the acquaint- 
 ance of Mr. WUliam Earl Dodge, 2d, and broached to him his plan 
 for a great museum of natural history in the metropolis. Such a 
 museum had been projected by Agassiz for Harvard College. 
 
 After three years (1865-67) spent in the Dutch East Indies, 
 China, Japan, and Siberia, Mr. Bickmore, on his way home, stopped in 
 London where he showed Sir Richard Owen, Director of the British 
 Museum of Natural History, his plans for a natural history museum 
 in New York, which had been maturing during his long journey in the 
 East. Owen expressed general approval of the plan, thereby greatly 
 encouraging the young traveler. 
 
 This general conception of a very large and comprehensive museum, 
 as developed through the action of the Trustees and the original 
 architects, Calvert Vaux and J. Wrey Moulder, together with the 
 fortunate selection of the site of Manhattan Square, resulted in the 
 bold projection of the great American Museum building, one-third of 
 which is now completed. 
 
 On his return from London, Mr. Bickmore again called upon Mr. 
 Dodge, who at that time was too much occupied with other matters 
 to give his personal attention to the new project, and therefore sent the 
 young man with a message to Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., in whom 
 
 [9J 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 the museum project found a strong friend and energetic supporter. 
 Through Mr. Roosevelt and through Messrs. WilUam A. Haines, 
 Benjamin H. Field, and Robert Colgate, a remarkable group of men 
 was brought together which ultimately resulted in the establishment 
 of the first Board of Trustees. Mr. William A. Haines was both a 
 merchant and a student; he had brought together a large collection of 
 shells; he had in conversation and in correspondence emphasized his 
 hope of seeing a museum of natural history erected in New York, and 
 his talent as an organizer led to his taking a prominent part in the 
 movement and being elected chairman of the Executive Committee. 
 The Founders, or original Board, included the following: 
 
 John David Wolfe, William T. Blodgett, 
 
 Robert L. Stuart, Andrew H. Green, 
 
 Robert Colgate, Morris K. Jesup, 
 
 Benjamin H. Field, D. Jackson Steward, 
 
 Richard M. Blatchford, J. Pierpont Morgan, 
 
 Adrian Iselin, Moses H. GrinneU, 
 
 Benjamin B. Sherman, A. G. Phelps Dodge, 
 
 William A. Haines, Charles A. Dana, 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt, Joseph H. Choate, 
 
 Henry G. Stebbins, Henry Parish, 
 Howard Potter. 
 
 The steps in the organization of the Museum were as follows: The 
 first letter to the Commissioners of Central Park, dated December 
 30, 1868, with nineteen signers, received favorable response from 
 Mr. Andrew H. Green, as Comptroller of Central Park, dated January 
 13, 1869. The signers of the letter then took immediate steps to raise 
 a fund for the purchase of important collections which were then offered 
 for sale. 
 
 The Special Committee appointed to perfect the organization con- 
 sisted of 
 
 William A. Haines, Howard Potter, 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 [10] 
 
ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 This Committee nominated the Trustees of the new Museum. Mr. 
 John D. Wolfe was elected Chairman, and Mr. Howard Potter, Treasurer 
 pro tern. The next meeting of the Trustees was held at the residence 
 of Mr. Haines, and Theodore Roosevelt was made Secretary. A plan 
 for subscriptions was then considered, and this eventful meeting, the 
 results of which actually installed the first great museum devoted to 
 natural science in New York City, adjourned. 
 
 The conception of the Museum, its original purposes and its future 
 may be gathered from passages in the First Annual Report of President 
 Wolfe: "That, recognizing the necessity of such a Museum as a means 
 of education and recreation, and desiring its establishment upon a 
 scale commensurate with the wealth and importance of our great 
 city ... we have, if properly supported and aided with funds by 
 our fellow citizens, a guarantee of a prosperous future in the formation 
 of a Museum of Natural History that will be second to none, and which, 
 while affording amusement and instruction to the public, will be the 
 means of teaching our youth to appreciate the wonderful works of the 
 Creator." 
 
 The original oflScers were the following : 
 
 President 
 John David Wolfe 
 
 Vice-Presidents 
 RoBEET L. Stuaet William a. Haines 
 
 Secretary 
 A. G. Phelps Dodge 
 
 Treasurer 
 HowABD Potter 
 
 Chairman of the Executive Committee 
 William A. Haines 
 
 The original letter of application was sent to the Commissioners of 
 Central Park on December 30, 1868. The Commissioners accepted 
 on January 13, 1869, the responsibility of "the establishment of a 
 
 [IIJ 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Museum in the Park that shall become an aid in the Great Educa- 
 tional System of the City, concentrate and develop Scientific efforts 
 in all departments of Natural History, and at the same time be an 
 instructive and acceptable resort for the people of the city, and for 
 the throng of strangers that visit it." Under the presidency of John 
 David Wolfe and the able guidance of William A. Haines, Chairman 
 of the Executive Committee, the Musemn was incorporated April 6, 
 1869. The financial relations between the Trustees and the Gty were 
 laid down December 23, 1869, and finally became embodied in the 
 law relating to the Department of Parks. 
 
 A most fortunate circumstance in the educational history of the 
 City of New York was the discovery and embodiment in the Con- 
 tract with the City of a new idea in municipal government — namely, 
 the erection of the building and its maintenance by the munici- 
 pality, and the donation by Trustees and other citizens of all the col- 
 lections. This idea appeared in all the early correspondence, in the 
 first contract, and was finally and formally expressed in the contract 
 drawn up by Mr. Choate and Mr. Green when the Museum entered the 
 original building on Manhattan Square. 
 
 This reciprocal adjustment was stimulating both to public expendi- 
 ture and to private mmiificence; it formed the model on which the re- 
 lations of the American Museimi and of the Metropolitan Museum of 
 Art were established, and on which, in later years, the Botanical 
 Garden and the Zoological Park were founded. It is by far the wisest 
 and best adjustment which has ever been devised, since it has proved, 
 by experience, to be superior to exclusive mimicipal or state control, 
 or to private control. The essential features in these agreements are 
 as follows : 
 
 "The Trustees of the American Museum to employ their 
 own Curators for the care and arrangement of their collection, 
 and to pay them their salaries, all such persons to be subjected 
 to the regulations of the Park Commissioners. 
 
 "The collections already acquired and those which may 
 from time to time be acquired and so deposited, to remain 
 
 [12] 
 
ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 the property of the American Museum of Natural History, to 
 be removed by them immediately after the expiration of six 
 months' previous notice in writing to the Commissioners of 
 the Park, or within six months after receiving a written 
 notice from the Commissioners asking them to withdraw their 
 property from the Park." * 
 
 "The Board of Conmiissioners of the Department of 
 Public Parks in the City of New York is hereby authorized 
 to contract, direct, and to maintain in and upon that portion 
 of the Central Park, formerly known as Manhattan Square, 
 or any other public park, square, or place in said city, a 
 suitable fireproof buUding ... for the purpose of establish- 
 ing and maintaining therein ... a Museum of Natural 
 History, by the American Museum of Natural History . . . 
 and it shall be the duty of and lawful for the Comptroller 
 of the City of New York to create and issue in the manner 
 in this act provided such additional amounts of a public 
 fund or stock, to be denominated 'The Museums of Art 
 and Natural History Stock,' as shall be necessary to provide, 
 the money required for erecting said buildings, for an amount 
 not exceeding the aforesaid limitations."! 
 
 * Letter from W. A. Haines to Andrew H. Green, December 23, 1869. The 
 terms were accepted by Mr. Green, January 21, 1870. 
 
 t Act of the Legislature of the State of New York, passed April 22, 1876. 
 
 [13] 
 
II 
 HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 UNDER THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF 
 
 JOHN DAVID WOLFE 
 
 1869-1872 
 
 ROBERT L. STUART 
 
 1872-1881 
 
 MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP 
 
 1881-1908 
 
JOHX DAVID WOLFE 
 
 FIRST PRESIDENT 
 
 1869-1872 
 
 From Museum Portrait by Daniel Huntington 
 
PRESIDENCY OF 
 
 JOHN DAVID WOLFE 
 
 1869-1872 
 
 THERE was a universal predisposition to assist the new in- 
 stitution, and public administrators as well as individuals 
 welcomed its foundation, indorsed its aims, and promised 
 assistance. 
 
 It was almost immediately realized that the Museum, thus tenta- 
 tively organized, needed a charter, to give it corporate functions and 
 responsibility, and Messrs. Joseph H. Choate, William A. Haines, and 
 Howard Potter were made a committee to prepare a charter, suggest 
 a name and apply to the Legislature for the passage of an act of in- 
 corporation. 
 
 On February 26 a meeting of the Trustees was held at the resi- The charter, 
 dence of the President, and the committee appointed at the previous 
 meeting to prepare a draft of a charter presented their report, which 
 was adopted section by section and as a whole. 
 
 This charter, which first contained the name American Museum 
 of Natural History, was referred back to the committee under in- 
 structions to present it to the Legislature. 
 
 It was introduced to the Assembly by Mr. Kiernan, to the Senate 
 by Mr. William M. Tweed, read twice, and referred to the Committee 
 on Public Education — reported favorably from that committee, and 
 committed to the Committee of the Whole— and on April 6, 1869, it 
 had passed both houses of the Legislature. It was immediately ac- 
 cepted by the Trustees. This act, significant (by its prompt passage 
 by the Legislature) of general recognition of its utility, and signifi- 
 cant as emanating from a representative body quahfied to support the 
 claims it created, was hailed with general pleasure. 
 
 [17] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Constitution. The Trustees at once, on motion of Charles A. Dana, at the same 
 
 meeting in which the Act of Incorporation was accepted, appointed 
 a committee of three to draft a constitution. This committee was 
 composed of Messrs. Charles A. Dana, Theodore Roosevelt, and Joseph 
 H. Choate. 
 
 The Constitution of The American Museum of Natural History was 
 carefully framed and was adopted May 4, 1869, precisely as originally 
 drafted by lir. Choate. It was a document embodying fundamentally 
 the aim of the founders of the Museum to restrain and limit all gov- 
 ernment of the Museimi within the body of Trustees. This design 
 appears throughout the document, and its wisdom has been amply 
 illustrated in the whole subsequent history of the institution. The 
 Constitution was a simple and adequate fabric. It was purely regu- 
 lative, and its provisions have met the requirements of nearly forty 
 years. 
 
 Subscriptions. Meanwhile the financial outlook was unexpectedly promising, and 
 the response to solicitation generous. The personal prestige repre- 
 sented in its Trustees, their own pledges and the quick appreciation 
 of the educational purposes of the Museiun, established at once a basis 
 of appeal that was irresistible. By November of the first year (1S69) 
 of the Museum's corporate existence $44,500 had been subscribed. 
 
 Collections. Several large collections had been offered and negotiations were 
 
 opened for their purchase. The Trustees finally acquired the col- 
 lection of American birds of the ornithologist, D. G. Elliot, consisting 
 of about 2,500 specimens; the important collections of Prince Maxi- 
 milian of Neuwied on the Rhine above Boim, comprising 4,000 
 moimted birds, 600 mounted animals, and about 2,000 fishes and 
 reptUes mounted and in alcohol, and the principal parts of the Ver- 
 reaux and Vedray collections — the former embracing 2,800 mounted 
 birds, 220 moimted animals and 4,000 mounted skeletons of mammals, 
 birds, reptiles, and fishes, and the latter, 250 specimens of mounted 
 mammals and birds of Siberia. These four collections formed the 
 nucleus about which the Museum has grown. 
 
 [18] 
 
JOHN DAVID WOLFE 
 
 THE ARSENAL— THE FIRST HOME OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 At first there was no building, no hall or room for the exhibition 
 of the collections, and this urgency caused the President and Trustees 
 first to look to the Cooper Union, that hospitable center for all public 
 efforts in education and culture, and subsequently (December 30, 1868) 
 to the Commissioners of the Central Park, correspondence with whom 
 led later to the occupancy of the old Arsenal building in Central Park. 
 
 The Arsenal was an oblong structure of four stories with its corners 
 broken by four polygonal towers, and four more placed midway be- 
 tween them. The second and third stories were surrendered to the 
 Museum. New cases were furnished by the Commissioners, numerous 
 repairs effected, and, through the efforts of Professor Bickmore and 
 Dr. Holder, it was made attractive. In reality, the conjunction of 
 this first position of the Museum with the Park Menagerie, or Zoological 
 Gardens, in the midst of which it stood, was a fortunate coincidence. 
 It assisted greatly the Museum's popularity. 
 
 With the additions almost daily made to the collections, and the 
 complete absence of space for the accommodation of duplicates, and 
 preparation of specimens, as well as the obvious temporary and danger- 
 ous nature of the Arsenal building, the Trustees became more and 
 more impressed with the need of erecting a different and suitable struc- 
 ture. From the outset of this enterprise it was intended eventually to 
 erect a building which in its capacity and architectural features would 
 command attention, and by permitting a proper exhibition of its col- 
 lections lead to a scientific revival in New York. Messrs. Blodgett, 
 Roosevelt, and Morgan were therefore early (November 14, 1870) 
 appointed "to take in charge and procure such legislation as may be 
 necessary to promote the interests of the Museum." 
 ; ,y The moment was propitious. The sister Museum of Art, already 
 in its personnel partly identified with the Museum of Natural History, 
 wished also a better home than a wandering locus in private residences. 
 The movements combined. Their united strength was irresistible. A 
 great petition actually inclosing 40,000 names was prepared, a body 
 
 [19] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 The 
 Building. 
 
 The General 
 Design. 
 
 Discussion 
 as to Site. 
 
 of citizens made up of what was best and most valuable in New York 
 society. The petition begged for an appropriation sufficient to begin 
 the building of an Art and of a Scientific ]\Iusemn, and the unanimity 
 of the appeal and its extraordinary strength brought almost instant 
 acquiescence to this request. 
 
 The Legislature responded to this appeal, and passed an act 
 authorizing the Department of Parks to contract for, erect, and main- 
 tain in and upon that portion of the Central Park formerly known as 
 ilanhattan Square, or anj'- other public park, square or place in said 
 city, a suitable fireproof building for the purpose of establishing and 
 maintaining therein, under rules and regulations to be prescribed by 
 the said Board from time to time, a museum of natural history to be 
 occupied by the American ]\Iusevim of Xatm-al History. 
 
 Steps were taken to grade Manhattan Square and to prepare it for 
 the erection of the building. It is interesting to note that the original 
 committee, in preparing a report containing preliminary recommenda- 
 tions as a basis for the designs, was instructed to consider both the 
 Metropohtan Museum and the American Museum. The preBmiBajy 
 preparatory" stages toward the submission of designs for 1^ new 
 building were entered upon in earnest. Meetings of the Trustees Tfore 
 convened for a discussion of the location of the new building, ard 
 inspection trips were taken through the Park to consider this important 
 question in detail. At first there was an evident impression that the 
 site should be near the Menagerie or Zoological Gardens, that is. near 
 the Arsenal. The first position offered for the American Museum 
 was the site subsequently allotted to the Museum of Art. A special 
 Conmaittee on Site, composed of ^lessrs. Haines, Jesup, and Stuart, 
 was finally appointed to confer with the Department of Parks with 
 reference to selecting a site for the new building, either within Central 
 Park, Reserv'oir Square, or Manhattan Square. Thus the sites of the 
 iletropohtan Museum of Art and of the Xew York Public Librari- 
 were both originally considered by the American Musetmi, and we 
 must regard it as a most fortunate circimostance that both were re- 
 jected and that Manhattan Square was finally chosen. This, however, 
 
 [20] 
 
JOHN DAVID WOLFE 
 
 as described below, was not until after a site within the Park itself was 
 first selected. 
 
 The action regarding plans was most broad-minded. It was first The Plans, 
 resolved that Messrs. R. M. Hunt, Russell Sturgis, Jr., and Renwick 
 and Sands be invited to unite in furnishing designs. The united plans 
 were received by the Trustees on May 13, 1872, and again referred to 
 a Committee on Plans composed of Messrs. Haines, Steward, Blodgett, 
 and Roosevelt. At the same time, to insure a full discussion, it was 
 resolved that letters be written to prominent scientific gentlemen 
 asking their views in regard to the scope that should be comprised at 
 this day in a Museum of Natural History for the City of New York, 
 and Mr. D. G. Elliot was requested to communicate with Professor 
 Asa Gray and Professor Richard Owen, asking them to submit a 
 report furnishing a plan and a policy best calculated to promote the 
 success of the Museum. 
 
 In the midst of these promising steps toward the founding of a 
 great Museum, President Wolfe died on Friday evening. May 17, 
 1872, after a long and very honorable career of service to the city of 
 New York. His presidency covered only three years, but this forma- 
 tive period fixed the outhnes and assured the future of the Museum. 
 He lived long enough to see the prospect of its future greatness. The 
 Museum owes its foundation in large measure to his aid and wise 
 counsel, and wiU always count among its best treasures the name and 
 character of its First President. 
 
 [21] 
 
R 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF 
 ROBERT L. STUART 
 
 1872-1881 
 
 OBERT L. STUART was unanimously elected to succeed 
 Mr. Wolfe. His identification with the Museum had been 
 close from the start; he had been one of the first contributors 
 and his sympathies were thoroughly enlisted in its success. He was a 
 deeply interested observer of the beauties of nature, and his succes- 
 sion, influenced doubtless by considerations of his age and standing in 
 the community and his financial responsibilities, was natural. 
 
 Trustees. The Board of Trustees at that time included two men of some 
 
 scientific training, William A. Haines and D. Jackson Steward; the 
 former prominent as a collector, the latter skillful as a critic. A 
 few changes in the personnel of the Board occurred in 1872: five 
 of the Founders, Messrs. Blatchford, Grinnell, Dodge, Dana, and 
 Parish, retired, and to their places succeeded five Trustees who became 
 strong supporters of the Museum, namely, Messrs. Percy R. Pyne, 
 John B. Trevor, James M. Constable, WiUiam E. Dodge, 2d, and Joseph 
 W. Drexel, 
 
 Site. The plans of the new building, the purchase of new collections, 
 
 and the financial interests of the Museum principally engaged the at- 
 tention of the Trustees. Manhattan Square on the west side of the 
 Park, comprising eighteen acres of very rough land, quite inaccessible 
 from the lower part of the City, was assigned. It had been proposed 
 to make a Zoological Garden of this square, and extravagant plans 
 had been prepared. These plans, however, were pronounced immature 
 by the Park Department, and when the Museum proposition arose, 
 somewhat against the deliberate judgment of the Trustees, Manhattan 
 Square was chosen as its site. 
 
 [22] 
 
ROBERT L. STUART 
 
 SECOND PRESIDENT 
 1872-1881 
 
 FroTn Museum Portrait by Daniel Huntington 
 
ROBERT L. STUART 
 
 Calvert Vaux was selected as the architect. The grand design Original 
 offered by Mr. Vaux was accepted. It contemplated for the entire °^^'^"' 
 edifice a hollow square whose sides were to be formed of four great 
 buildings 700 feet long, ornate in material and detail, and distinguished 
 by large entrances of architectural dignity and strength. The whole 
 structure was intended to cover fifteen acres and fill a space three 
 times larger than the basement area of the British Museum. A build- 
 ing of this great size would embrace the most diverse and apposite 
 kingdoms of nature. The exact sciences might even find here a home; 
 and the technical applications in the arts, room for the exhibition of 
 their numberless adaptations. 
 
 On June 2, 1874, the corner stone of the first section of the Museum Dedication, 
 was laid with great ceremony. The President of the United States, 
 the Governor of the State, and the Mayor of the City were present. 
 The President was accompanied by three of his Cabinet. Joseph 
 Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, added a scientific 
 prestige and delivered a memorable address. Many other prominent 
 men were present. President Stuart's address recited the history of 
 the Museum, paying high tribute to John David Wolfe and to Albert 
 S. Bickmore, "whose services and devotion to the interests of the 
 institution and untiring industry in carrying out the wishes of the 
 Executive Committee, have done much to advance the prosperity 
 of the Museima." Mr. H. G. Stebbins, President of the Department 
 of Parks, spoke for the Park Commissioners in language which now 
 appears singularly prophetic: 
 
 "To the stranger who comes here to-day these rugged 
 foundation walls and these rough surroundings are not well 
 calculated to make a pleasant impression; but to us who 
 have watched the rapid growth northward of this City, and 
 who were familiar with the barren and rocky ground upon 
 which the Central Park has been created, it requires but little 
 strain upon the imagination to conceive of the speedy occu- 
 pation of all these vacant lots by substantial dwellings, and 
 to picture to ourselves the spot upon which we now stand, 
 known as Manhattan Square, as covered by the proposed 
 
 [23] 
 
HISTORY OF THE ilUSEUM 
 
 Museum of Natiu-al History, costing ere its final completion, 
 not less than $6,000,000, and embracing a collection of objects 
 of scientific interest second to none other in the world. . . . 
 WTiat nobler exhibitions could be given of the crowning 
 achievements of this mimicipality than those which this 
 Museum and its sister institution, the Art GraUen-, will 
 afford!" 
 
 Equipment. 
 
 Study 
 Collections. 
 
 From Jume 2, 1874, to December 22, 1877, was occupied in the 
 building and equipping of this section, the City having appropriated 
 §200,000 for the purpose. The new building was opened to the pub- 
 lic on December 22, 1877, and at this time a contract of great 
 importance was concluded between the Trustees of the Museiun and 
 the Department of Parks. This contract, or it might be called 
 Charter of the institution, was drawn by Messrs. Andrew H. Green 
 and Joseph H. Choate. It was entitled "Contract with the Dep^r:- 
 ment of Public Parks for the Occupation of the Xew Buil dirn g." 1' 
 recited the previous correspondence and legislation rekrzr^ -•: ie 
 respective rights and obHgations of the Musemn and of xhe Ijirsr. i nd 
 embodied all the previous provisions in a new and conTc^iieiiii^ie 
 document. It was adopted by the Park Commissioners JinBary 30, 
 1878. 
 
 The Museum's collections had now greatly increased in all depan- 
 ments of natural history'. A generous donation by Miss Catharine 
 L. Wolfe, in memory of her father, had established the Library. 
 in March, 1874. 
 
 The building up of the study collections, as distinguished from 
 the exhibition collections, had begim in 1873, and from this time on 
 the ^Iiiseum as a center of study and research became increasingly 
 prominent. The great collection of fossils of the State of Xew York, 
 brought together by Professor James Hall, was acquired. It had been 
 said by Louis Agassiz that "whoever gets Hall's collection gets the 
 Geological Collection of America." The Trustees acquired it for 
 §65,000, a sum which put a severe strain upon the finances of the 
 Museum for several years. 
 
 [24J 
 
ROBERT L. STUART 
 
 The question of maintenance was also a serious difficulty. The Maintenance. 
 City had not carried out its original agreement to maintain the insti- 
 tution, and in 1878, Messrs. Potter and Choate were appointed a special 
 committee to prepare a bill to enable a permanent contract to be made 
 between the Museum and the Department of Parks for adequate 
 annual maintenance. In 1879, Messrs. Auchincloss and Bickmore 
 solicited the Legislature for an increase in maintenance to $20,000. 
 The appropriation obtained for the Museums of Art and Natural His- 
 tory for a common maintenance had been $40,000. In 1875 they 
 received $1,390, and in 1876, $1,538. The growth of the mainte- 
 nance fund from the beginning to the present time is shown in another 
 part of this report. 
 
 The staff of the Museum at the opening of the year 1878, was as staff, 
 follows : 
 
 Professor Albert S. Bickmore, Superintendent. 
 
 Dr. J. B. Holder, Assistant. 
 
 Professor R. P. Whitfield, Curator of Geology. 
 
 The coming of Professor Whitfield added greatly to the scientific 
 strength and prestige of the Museum. Alliances had been formed with 
 the United States National Survey of the 40th parallel, and several 
 distinguished members of its Corps were housed in the Museum, includ- 
 ing Clarence King, Raphael Pumpelly, Arnold Hague, and others. 
 
 In 1875, the Museum lost one of its Founders, Mr. William T. 
 Blodgett, and in 1878, Mr. Theodore Roosevelt died in the forty-fifth 
 year of his age. In 1880, Mr. William A. Haines died in the fifty- 
 eighth year of his age. The Trustees recorded their great appreciation 
 of the services of these founders and active friends. 
 
 Manhattan Square, far beyond the residence district, was grad- 
 ually becoming approachable. The Park Board developed its walks 
 on the south side. It is of interest to record that the Trustees in 1876 
 petitioned the Legislature to allow them to establish an Aquarium 
 in connection with the Museum, of sufficient size to enable the public 
 to learn on a somewhat satisfactory scale the form and habits of a 
 
 [25] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 large class of marine fauna. The estimated cost was $50,000. In this 
 connection it was stated that the visitors to the Musemn at that time 
 exceeded by 2,000 per week the munber visiting the British Musemn 
 in London. This petition was one of the last acts of Mr. Stuart's 
 administration. 
 
 Mr. Stuart resigned the presidency on February 14, 1881. His 
 connection with the Museum had been made memorable by important 
 changes both in the erection of the building and in the equipment of 
 the collections. An increase in maintenance had been secured from 
 the City. It can be said that the Museum had entered in a way upon 
 its present scientific career. 
 
 [26] 
 
MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP 
 
 THIRD PRESIDENT 
 1881-1908 
 
 From Museum Portrait by Eastman Johnson 
 
PRESIDENCY OF 
 MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP 
 
 1881-1908 
 
 MR. JESUP was elected to the presidency on February 14, 
 1881, at a time both promising and critical. The prospects 
 of the Musemn were broadening, but the responsibihties 
 were increasing in the same proportion. The institution had out- 
 grown its original organization, and scientific and educational devel- 
 opment was needed, as well as more building space. The revenues 
 from the City were very inadequate, and the foundation of an endow- 
 ment fund was imperative. Little advance had been made in the 
 methods of display of the collections, or in meeting the real educational 
 needs of the public. 
 
 Mr. Jesup had been fitted for the office by his connection with the Experience. 
 founding of the Musevmi and by his long service on the Executive, 
 Auditing, Nominating, Legislative, and Building Committees. He 
 was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee on March 29, 1880, 
 and immediately qualified himself for this office by a thorough ex- 
 amination of the work of every department of the Museum: its col- 
 lections, its scientific officers, its methods of exhibition, and the im- 
 pression it was making upon visitors. His observations were embodied 
 in a report to President Stuart of April 13, 1880. He especially 
 observed that the grand collection of birds and mammals was not 
 exhibited in attractive form, and that it was desirable to show some 
 of the applications of science both in forestry and geology. As regards 
 income, he pointed out that the only fixed annual income of the Museum 
 was the City's appropriation of $15,000, and the interest from the 
 $55,000 of invested funds. 
 
 [27] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 The spirit of Mr. Jesup's administration is, perhaps, best expressed 
 in his own language in one of his later reports (1884) : 
 
 "It would appear to be very desirable to place the Museum 
 on such a permanent basis of maintenance that the annual con- 
 tributions of the Trustees and Members could be appropriated 
 exclusively to the purchase of objects of science. Valuable 
 collections, which the Museum needs, are continually being 
 offered us for sale, but we are obliged to decline their pur- 
 chase for want of funds. 
 
 "The great Musemns of Europe are chiefly sustained by 
 public funds, through the force of an enlightened public 
 sentiment both as to their educational and economic value. 
 
 "The value of what you have already accumulated in your 
 halls rises to a large figure commercially, but it is a difficult 
 task to estimate the money value of what belongs to science 
 and scientific institutions. To their value must be added 
 their ameliorating power, their educational force, and the 
 scope they afford the higher faculties of man to apprehend 
 the wonderful phenomena of Nature, and to master and 
 utilize her great forces. 
 
 "To the multitude shut up in stone walls, to whom are 
 denied an acquaintance with the beauty of natural objects, or 
 the study of nature in its usual aspects and conditions, the 
 advantage of your Museum is, that it affords opportunity; and 
 out of a great number who look on vaguely and experience 
 only the healthful excitement of a natural curiosity, one here 
 and there may be found endowed with special aptitude and 
 tastes. Perhaps some child of genius, whose susceptibili- 
 ties and faculties once aroused and quickened, will repay 
 in the field of discovery and science, through the force of 
 some new law in its manifold applications, all your expendi- 
 ture a hundredfold. 
 
 "Commercial values and purely scientific values meet 
 often on common ground; but their essential life belongs 
 to opposite poles. To some it appears necessary to vindicate 
 the employment of large amounts of public money in such 
 an institution as that which you control from the charge 
 of extravagance; their ideas of value appear to be limited to 
 
 [28] 
 
J. PIERPONT MORGAN 
 
 A FOUNDER AND TRUSTEE 
 
MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP 
 
 that which is exchangeable in the current coin of the market; 
 but the highest results of character and life offer something 
 which cannot be weighed in the balances of the merchant, 
 be he ever so wise in his generation." 
 
 This remarkable series of sentences contains the secret of Mr. 
 Jesup's administration which crowned it with success: his sympathy 
 with the ideals of science, his dominant desire that they should be 
 brought within the comprehension of all classes of people, his firm 
 conviction that truth values are higher than money values, his love 
 of the beautiful. It does not, of course, indicate the other qualities 
 of character which enabled him to carry these ideals into effect, namely, 
 his business instinct, his incessant energy of mind, his excellent judg- 
 ment, his liberality. 
 
 The Board of Trustees at the opening of his administration was Trustees, 
 constituted as follows : 
 
 Morris K, Jesup, James M. Constable, 
 
 Robert L. Stuart, William E. Dodge, 2d, 
 
 Robert Colgate, Joseph W. Drexel, 
 
 Benjamin H. Field, Andrew H. Green, 
 
 Adrian Iselin, Frederick W. Stevens, 
 
 J. Pierpont Morgan, Abram S. Hewitt, 
 
 D. Jackson Steward, Charles Lanier, 
 
 Joseph H. Choate, Hugh Auchincloss, 
 
 Percy R. Pyne, Oliver Harriman, 
 
 John B. Trevor, Cornelius Vanderbilt. 
 
 Many of these Trustees contributed largely both of their time 
 and of their means to the support of the administration. 
 
 Among Mr. Jesup's first acts was the establishment of the Depart- 
 ment of Woods and Forestry, under the direction of Professor Charles 
 S. Sargent, of Cambridge, the leading authority on this subject. The 
 opportunity of making the collection arose in connection with the 
 preparation of the Tenth Census of the United States, which embodied Woods, 
 the plan of a report upon the wood resources of this country. Parties 
 
 [29] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Stones. 
 
 Bulletins, 
 
 Sunday 
 Opening. 
 
 Taxidermy. 
 
 Exploration. 
 
 were sent to all parts of the United States to gather the woods, and 
 the services of Mrs. Sargent were engaged to add the element of beauty 
 to the collection through her paintings of the leaves, flowers, and fruits. 
 
 At the same time the collection of Building Stones forecast the 
 ultimate development of an economic department which should em- 
 brace the ores and industrial products of the earth, and give also 
 sections of mines and the products and systems of metallurgy. After 
 thirty years this project is in the way of being put into execution. 
 
 A rapid review of the chief steps in this administration will, per- 
 haps, give the best idea of Mr. Jesup's originality and of his high ideals 
 for the scientific future of the Museum. The year preceding his ap- 
 pointment, popular lectures in natural history had been instituted 
 by Professor Bickmore. In 1881 came the issue of the first number 
 of the Scientific Bulletins. In 1884 Professor Joel A, Allen, a dis- 
 tinguished zoologist and pupil of Agassiz, was appointed as head of the 
 Department of Zoology. To systematize the free lecture courses the 
 Department of Public Instruction was organized under Professor 
 Bickmore. 
 
 In 1885 began the agitation for the Sunday opening of the public 
 museums. This was a step regarded by many as hostile to religion, and 
 led to the withdrawal of certain financial support. Mr. Jesup was at 
 first opposed to Sunday opening because of his religious convictions, but 
 his breadth of view is shown by the fact that, when the resolution in favor 
 of Sunday opening was finally adopted by the Board of Trustees, he de- 
 voted his energies to making the movement a success. This change took 
 effect in August, 1892, with the result that more visitors, especially 
 among the laboring class, were attracted than ever before. 
 
 The first step toward the artistic display of the collections of 
 zoology was taken in the engagement of Mrs. Mogridge, an English 
 lady, from the British Museum, who introduced the first bird groups 
 and accessories. This opened the way for the perfected series of 
 Habitat groups in which the American Museum now leads the world. 
 
 A new policy of exploration in the field was instituted in 1888 by 
 an expedition for the fast-vanishing bison, supported by Messrs. Jesup 
 
 [301 
 
JOSEPH H. CHOATE 
 
 A POUNDER AND TRUSTEE 
 
MORRIS KETCHUM JESOT 
 
 and Constable. This was the first step toward an exploring policy 
 which has now developed (as the history of the various departments 
 shows in subsequent pages of this report) into the sending of expedi- 
 tions to all regions of the world. 
 
 In 1888 the economic importance of insect life was emphasized in 
 the appointment of Mr. Beutenmiiller as Curator of Entomology and 
 in the beginning of a collection of economic entomology showing the 
 relations of insect life to forestry. The naturalistic methods introduced 
 in the bird, and mammal department were followed here with equal 
 success. 
 
 In 1891 Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn was called from Princeton vertebrate 
 as Curator of Mammalian Palaeontology, and the Museum entered on a P*i*°"'°'°gy- 
 new line of scientific development in the long history of the vertebrate 
 life of the earth, in which it has now attained first rank. Mr. Jesup 
 contributed liberally to the purchase of three great collections and to 
 the dispatching of an expedition to Africa. 
 
 In the mean time the spirit of hospitality to various scientific insti- scientific 
 tutions of the city and country, and of cooperation with other institu- Societies. 
 tions, led to the opening of courses of lectures both by Columbia 
 University and by the Board of Education, in addition to the multi- 
 plying courses given in the Museum's Department of Public Instruction. 
 
 The year 1895 was noteworthy as marking the first effort to bring peary. 
 Robert E. Peary home from the Arctic regions. In response to an 
 appeal from Mrs. Peary, Mr. Jesup fitted out a relief expedition, and 
 thus began his interest in the work of the explorer, which was con- 
 tinued in successive contributions to Peary's expeditions, finally result- 
 ing in the discovery of the Pole. Indirectly the Museum has benefited 
 by becoming the depository of all of Peary's remarkable collections, 
 including several animals new to science. 
 
 The most noteworthy scientific feature of Mr. Jesup's administra- Anthropology 
 tion was the establishment of the Department of Anthropology on a 
 commanding basis, under the inspiring direction of Professor Frederic 
 W. Putnam, of Cambridge. The beginning of the Department dates 
 back to the inception of the Museum and includes the acquisition of 
 
 [31] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 many valuable collections which were now rounded into more complete 
 form under the direction of a remarkable group of men, including 
 Messrs. Putnam, Boas, Saville, Bandelier, Lumholtz, Smith, Jochelson, 
 Bogoras, and others. The financial and scientific cooperation of 
 Messrs. Hyde, Loubat, Villard, and others was enlisted, and the Museum 
 sprang into the front rank, both of exploring and of special institutions 
 in the field of archaeology and ethnology. British Columbia, the Plains 
 region, the Southwest, Mexico, Colombia, and Peru were visited by 
 special parties and rich collections brought back. 
 Jesup The central feature of this great work was the North Pacific Expedi- 
 
 Pacific tion, which began in 1897 and which bore Mr. Jesup's name. In his 
 
 Expedition, annual report of that year, Mr. Jesup says: "In closing my reference 
 to the work of this Department it is proper to add a few words regard- 
 ing a subject of great interest, not only to the student of Anthropology, 
 but also to persons interested in scientific research in other fields. I 
 refer to the theory that America was originally peopled by migratory 
 tribes from the Asiatic continent. The opportunities favorable for 
 solving this problem are rapidly disappearing, and I would be deeply 
 gratified to learn that some friends of the Musemn may feel disposed 
 to contribute means for the prosecution of systematic investigation 
 in the hope of securing the data to demonstrate the truth or falsity 
 of the claims set forth by various prominent men of science. A map 
 of the localities which should be covered by such system of research 
 appears in this report." His interest in this purely scientific problem 
 of the origin of American races, like that in the discovery of the Pole, 
 illustrates Mr. Jesup's enthusiasm for pure scientific investigation and 
 exploration. 
 
 During the closing years of Mr. Jesup's administration, he was 
 reheved of much detail and his labors were lightened by the appoint- 
 ment of Professor Hermon C. Bumpus, of Brown University, as Scien- 
 tific Director of the Museum. The institution of this office had 
 been strongly urged by Professor Osborn, who for some years had 
 been closely associated with the President in the administration of 
 the Museum. 
 
 [32] 
 
MORRIS KETCH UM JESUP 
 
 Summary of Mb. Jesup's Gifts to the Museum Gifts. 
 
 Collection of North American Woods and Forestry, 1884-1908. 
 
 Collection of Building Stones, 1886. 
 
 Portraits of Audubon and of von Humboldt. 
 
 Anthropological Collection from southern Mexico, 1894. 
 
 Materials from the Peary Arctic Expeditions, 1896-1908. 
 
 Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897-1903. 
 
 Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1899-1908. 
 
 Anthropological Collection from Colombia and Costa Rica, 1899. 
 
 Anthropological Collection from the Plains Indians, 1899. 
 
 Cope Collection of North American Fossil Vertebrates, 1902. 
 
 Robinson Collection of Prehistoric Copper Implements, 1902. 
 
 Anthropological Collection from the Philippine Islands, 1905. 
 
 Japanese Reception Room, 1905. 
 
 Series of ten marble portraits in the Foyer, 1906. 
 
 Egyptian Fayum Expedition, 1906-1907. 
 
 Anthropological Collection from Amazonas, 1907. 
 
 Robley Collection of Maori Heads, 1907. 
 
 Altogether Mr. Jesup contributed upward of $450,000 to the 
 Museum, and in his will he left a bequest of $1,000,000. 
 
 The material development of the Museum; the growth of its build- Growth 
 
 . of the 
 
 ings from one wing to the magmtude shown m the present report; the institution, 
 increase of its maintenance by the City from $10,000 a year to $160,- 
 000 a year; the increase of its endowment fund from $55,000 to $1,047,- 
 750; the increase of its annual attendance from 250,000, in 1884, to 
 537,000 in 1907; the extension of the influence and example of the 
 Museum to every part of the country, were the results of the continuous 
 effort of the President and of the generous cooperation of several of 
 the Trustees. 
 
 The conscientious administration of public funds is notably illus- 
 trated in the economic construction of the Museum itself. The build- 
 ing, up to the close of Mr. Jesup's administration, cost the City $4,838,- 
 
 [33] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 000; owing to the xdse expenditure of this fund, a total floor space 
 of 438,859 square feet had been secured, and a total exhibition space 
 of 262,236 square feet. 
 
 The natural satisfaction which the President felt in the growth of 
 the Museum is simply expressed at the close of his Report for the 
 year 1905: 
 
 "In concluding this my quarter of a century of service 
 as President of the American Museum of Natural History, I 
 cannot refrain from referring to the Report of twenty-five 
 years ago, when the Trustees stated that 'they most respect- 
 fully appeal to the generous citizens of New York, to aid in 
 the effort to make our Metropolitan City the center of the 
 highest scientific culture in our land, and to join in adding 
 new collections and new departments to the admirable 
 nucleus which has been already secured.' As your President 
 it has been my constant effort to fulfill the desires, as expressed 
 by the Trustees, which were so clearly formulated at the time 
 of my appointment, and when we view the stately building in 
 Manhattan Square, when we wander through the exhibition 
 halls and study the priceless collections therein displayed, 
 when we realize that thousands of the people of our City are 
 assembling here to listen to prominent educators, that school 
 children are here receiving their first love for nature and their 
 first taste of science, and that the influence of this institution 
 is being felt throughout the civilized world, truly we can say 
 that the appeal of 1881 to the generous citizens of New York 
 has not remained unanswered." 
 
 Bequest. Mr. Jesup's death occurred January 22, 1908. The terms of his 
 
 bequest set forth his views as to the relations of the public funds and 
 of the private funds in the support of the work of the Museum: 
 
 I give and bequeath to The American Museum of Natural 
 History in the City of New York one million dollars (11,000,- 
 000), to constitute a permanent fund, the principal to be in- 
 vested and kept invested, and the income to be applied and 
 appropriated to the general purposes of the Museum, other 
 than alterations, additions, repairs or erection of buildings, 
 
 [34] 
 
MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP 
 
 the purchase of land or the payment of salaries, or for labor 
 or for services of any kind, ordinarily considered under the 
 item of maintenance. 
 
 I wish to explain that I have bequeathed this sum of one 
 million dollars ($1,000,000) to The American Museum of 
 Natural History, and that I have made for it the other be- 
 quests and provisions contained in my Will because of the 
 fact that I have been identified with the Museum from its 
 Act of Incorporation to the present time. I have been its 
 President since 1881. Since that time I have devoted a great 
 part of my life, my time, my thoughts and my attention to its 
 interests. I believe it to be to-day one of the most effective 
 agencies which exist in The City of New York for furnishing 
 education, innocent amusement and instruction to the people. 
 It can be immensely increased in its usefulness by increasing 
 its powers. The City of New York, under its contract with 
 the Museum, is to provide buildings and to maintain them, 
 but the buildings must be filled with specimens. This means 
 that for the purpose, the necessary amount must come from 
 individual donors. It is in order that the means for this pur- 
 pose may be helped, as the Museum must grow in additional 
 buildings by the City, and in view of its great possibilities for 
 the future, that I make for the Museum the bequests and pro- 
 visions contained in my Will, relying upon the Trustees of 
 the Museum to do their share, by looking after the invest- 
 ment of the funds, the use of its income and by carefully 
 watching over, and wisely planning for the best interests of 
 this great institution. 
 
 [35] 
 
Ill 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 THE DEPARTMENTS 
 
STAFF OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 THE MUSEUM HAS AN ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF 
 AND A SCIENTIFIC STAFF. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF 
 
 THE original Administrative Staff of the Museum was under the 
 direction of Professor Albert S. Bickmore, who was likewise a 
 member of the Scientific Staff. In 1884, on assuming the head 
 of the Department of Public Instruction, Professor Bickmore resigned 
 his general administrative duties, after a service of fifteen years, and 
 President Jesup gave personal and detailed attention to the adminis- 
 tration of the Museum. Under him were Mr. John H. Winser, Sec- 
 retary and Assistant Treasurer, and Mr. William Wallace, Superinten- 
 dent of Buildings. 
 
 The growth of the Museum was such that in 1899 Mr. Jesup invited 
 Professor Osborn to act as Assistant to the President and to give his 
 attention to general administration. Professor Osborn introduced a 
 number of new methods of systematizing the work of the Museum, es- 
 pecially in the requisition system, in standard systems of casing and of 
 labeling, in stated meetings of the Scientific Staff, in stated meetings of 
 the Publication Committee, as well as other changes in the scientific and 
 administrative departments. He also outlined the present adminis- 
 trative system for the Rules and Regulations of 1902. 
 
 The rapid development of the Museum and the expansion of its 
 business affairs, however, pointed to the necessity of selecting an officer 
 to give his entire time to the supervision both of the scientific and admin- 
 istrative work of the Museum. Accordingly, Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus, 
 Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Brown University, a member of 
 the U. S. Fish Commission Staff and one of the trustees of the Marine 
 
 [39] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, experienced both in biological 
 research and in administration, was appointed Assistant to the Presi- 
 dent, and assumed office January 1, 1901. He entered immediately on 
 a most thorough examination into all the affairs of the Museum, both 
 financial and scientific, and introduced a number of changes in adminis- 
 trative methods. 
 
 In February, 1902, the Trustees created the office of Director, and 
 unanimously elected Dr. Bumpus thereto. The powers given the Direc- 
 tor made him the chief administrative officer of the Museum. 
 
 Following the death of Mr. Winser in 1906, Mr, George H. Sherwood, 
 a graduate of Brown University, was appointed Assistant Secretary and 
 Assistant Treasurer. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 At the beginning of Mr. Jesup's administration the Scientific Staff 
 consisted of four persons. At the close of Mr. Jesup's administration 
 the Museum building had grown eightfold, namely, from one wing or 
 section including four exhibition floors and one laboratory and research 
 floor, to eight sections, including twenty-nine exhibition halls, five 
 laboratory and research halls, one hall devoted to the administrative 
 offices. The Scientific Staff increased accordingly, and now (1909) is as 
 follows : 
 
 Scientific Director 1 
 
 Curators 12 
 
 Associate and Assistant Curators 11 
 
 Curators Emeritus 2 
 
 Honorary Curators 5 
 
 There are in addition a number of scientific assistants whose names 
 do not appear in the Annual Report. 
 
 The appointment of a Scientific Director gave an impulse to the 
 Museum which was felt in every department, and additional men of 
 university training and distinction as university professors were at- 
 tracted to the Museum to take charge of various departments. At the 
 
 [40] 
 
STAFF OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 same time the Scientific Staff, through the continued appointment of 
 highly trained men, has enjoyed an increased prestige in this country and 
 abroad, and an appointment has come to be regarded as an honor equal 
 to a collegiate or university professorship. 
 
 Several scientific experts who have gratuitously rendered conspic- 
 uous service to the Museum in their various departments of research 
 have been appointed Honorary Curators. 
 
 [41] 
 
GEOLOGY AND FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES 
 
 Holmes 
 Collection. 
 
 Haast 
 Collection. 
 
 James Hall 
 Collection. 
 
 AN important collection illustrating the geology of Palestine and 
 /\ Sinai was given to the Museum in 1869, the first year of its 
 ■^ -^ existence, the Holmes Collection of Post Pliocene fossils from 
 South Carolina was purchased in 1873, and the Haast Collection of 
 New Zealand Moa bones in 1874. The acquisition of this material, 
 together with other valuable acquisitions, led the Trustees in 1875 to 
 direct special effort "toward estabhshing the Geological Department 
 upon such a basis, both as to its extent and authority, as to render it 
 of high and permanent scientific value." 
 
 The first step toward this end was the purchasing of the collection 
 of fossils and other geological material belonging to Professor James 
 Hall, of Albany. This material was collected almost entirely by Pro- 
 fessor Hall, with whose investigations as State Geologist it is iden- 
 tified, much of it having been gathered during the Survey of New York 
 State. Large collections had also been made from the Western States 
 for the purpose of fixing the New York geological nomenclature. It 
 comprised 80,000 to 100,000 specimens, including about 7,000 types and 
 figured specimens. The acquisition of this collection placed the Museum 
 in the lead among American institutions in respect to Paleozoic fossils. 
 Especially noteworthy in the Hall Collection, aside from the New York 
 series, are the Potsdam fossils from Minnesota; Trenton forms from 
 Wisconsin and Iowa; Niagara fossils from Indiana; corals from the 
 falls of the Ohio River; crinoids from Burlington, Iowa; and the Lower 
 Carboniferous fauna of Spergen Hill, Indiana. The price paid for the 
 Hall Collection was $65,000, $40,000 of which was specially subscribed 
 by the Trustees and friends of the Museum. The dupUcates were 
 separated into the collections, some of which were sold, others used in 
 exchange for other material. 
 
 [42] 
 
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GEOLOGY AND FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES 
 
 The Holmes Collection of fossils of South Carolina, vertebrate and Holmes 
 invertebrate, from the Pliocene and Postpliocene periods, was purchased 
 in 1873 from Professor Francis S. Holmes. It included the types of 
 the species described in Tuomey and Holmes's works. 
 
 In 1878 valuable geological material was received from Professor 
 C. H. Hitchcock in exchange for two series of Hall duplicates. It Hitchcock 
 contained a complete set of Vermont and New Hampshire rocks, ° ^"^"""^ 
 numbering about 2,000, illustrating the geological survey of those 
 States under the direction of Professor Hitchcock; types of Tertiary 
 plants from Brandon, Vermont; also rocks and fossils from Maine. 
 
 The collection of rocks and fossils gathered by the United States 
 Survey of the 40th parallel was received on deposit in 1878. It con- 
 tained 3,523 fossils, 3,880 rocks, and also 2,800 microscopic sections 
 of rocks. 
 
 The Department of Geology was greatly enlarged in 1886 by the 
 acquisition of the series of building stones. This series, a duplicate Building 
 of that collected under the direction of the 10th Census Commission, 
 was prepared at the expense of Mr. Morris K. Jesup, and contained 
 1,053 four-inch blocks, polished on the face and variously dressed on 
 the other sides. The specimens represent nearly every State and 
 contain samples of all rocks used for building and ornamental purposes. 
 
 A group of important fossils from the Calciferous and Chazy forma- 
 tions of Vermont was received in 1886 as a donation from Professor 
 H. M. Seely, President Ezra Brainerd, and other members of the faculty 
 of Middlebury College. 
 
 The Tyrrell Collection of Placoderm fishes from the Devonian 
 rocks of Ohio was presented in 1899 by Mr. William E. Dodge, 2d. 
 
 Some of the collections acquired by purchase or exchange, besides 
 those mentioned previously, are the series of plants of the Devonian 
 age, received in 1882 in exchange for one series of Hall duplicates; 
 Palestine fossils purchased in 1886 from Rev. Dr. William Bird 
 of Abeih, Syria; collection of Utica Slate fossils, comprising about 200 
 specimens purchased in 1890; collection of Silurian fossils of Ohio, 
 purchased in 1904; the Woodman collection of fossils, corals, and shells 
 
 [43] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Meteorites. 
 
 "Ahnighito." 
 
 "Woman." 
 
 "Dog." 
 
 "Willamette' 
 Meteorite. 
 
 from Iowa and Illinois purchased in 1878, and the Braun Collection of 
 fossil crinoidea, purchased in 1880. 
 
 The Museum's collection of meteorites in 1896 represented twenty- 
 six falls and finds, thirteen of which were aerosiderites (iron meteorites), 
 seven aerosiderolites (iron-stone meteorites), and six aeroUtes (stone 
 meteorites), discovered in various parts of the world, and received 
 with the Bailey Collection of minerals, and through individual purchases 
 and gifts. 
 
 The Ward-Coonley Collection of meteorites was deposited with the 
 Museum in 1901. This collection is said to be the largest in the world 
 and to be exceeded in value only by that of Vienna. It contains 1,600 
 specimens, representing 603 falls and finds. 
 
 The meteorites now in the Foyer belonging to the Museum collec- 
 tion are: Canon Diablo, from Arizona, weight 1,087 lbs.; Brenham 
 (two masses, 75 and 52.5 lbs.), from Kansas; Forest City (75 lbs.), 
 from Iowa; and Long Island (86 lbs.), from Kansas. 
 
 The Tucson meteorite is a reproduction in cast iron, the original 
 of which was found in Arizona and is now in the National Museum of 
 Washington. The model was presented by the Smithsonian Institution. 
 The weight of this cast is the same as that of the original, 1,400 lbs. 
 
 The three meteorites from Cape York, Greenland, known as "Ahni- 
 ghito," or "The Tent," "The Woman," and "The Dog," were visited 
 by Commander Peary in 1894 and 1895, and brought to New York in 
 1895 and 1897. "Ahnighito," the largest and heaviest meteorite 
 known, weighs 36.5 tons and was obtained by Commander Peary in 
 1897. "The Woman," which weighs 6,000 lbs., and "The Dog," 1,100 
 lbs., were brought back in 1895. All were acquired by the Museum 
 in 1909 as the gift of Mrs. Jesup. 
 
 "Willamette," the gift of Mrs. William E. Dodge, 2d (cost, $20,600), 
 is the largest meteorite ever found in the United States and one of 
 the three largest known. It weighs 31,107 lbs., and was discovered 
 in 1902 near Portland, Oregon. With the acquisition of "Willamette," 
 in 1906, the Museum's collection of meteorites became one of the finest 
 known to science. 
 
 [44] 
 
GEOLOGY AND FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES 
 
 " Selma," the largest entire stone meteorite known, was found in "Seima." 
 Alabama in 1906 and purchased for $1,200. It weighs 306 lbs. 
 
 The latest addition to this department was the "Guffey" meteorite, " Guffey." 
 weighing 682 lbs., and purchased in 1909 for $1,500. 
 
 EXPEDITIONS 
 
 The various expeditions by Associate Curator Hovey added greatly 
 to the value of the department, both in extent of collections and the 
 scientific data obtained. The publication of the investigations of 
 the volcanic phenomena following the eruptions in Martinique and 
 St. Vincent in 1902 placed the name of the Museum among the leading 
 contributors to volcanology. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 Professor Robert Parr Whitfield has been in the active service of 
 the Museum since 1877. The Museum's report for that year states 
 that " the purchase of the Hall Collection has made the Departments 
 of Geology and Palseontology so important that the services of a special 
 Curator have been required and Professor R. P. Whitfield has been Robert Parr 
 employed to take charge of that part of our collections." He has am*'*'^' 
 served the Museum continuously as Curator of the Department of 1877-1909. 
 Geology and Invertebrate Palseontology since that time, devoting 
 himself assiduously to the cataloguing and arranging of the collec- 
 tions. It was chiefly at his suggestion that the Bulletin was estab- 
 lished as a medium for publishing the scientific research of the 
 Curators, and he himself has made many valuable contributions to it. 
 The Department of Marine Invertebrate Zoology was also under his 
 charge from 1890 until 1901, when it was established as a separate 
 Department under Dr. Bumpus. Professor Whitfield was Curator of 
 Mineralogy and Conchology also until they were made a separate 
 department in 1901. 
 
 [45] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Louis Pope Mr. Louis Pope Gratacap has been associated with the Museum 
 
 Ph^Rn.B. since 1876. He was appointed Assistant Curator of Mineralogy in 
 AM. 1880. This department was placed under Geology in 1882, and Mr. 
 
 Gratacap became Assistant Curator of Geology. In 1901 he was made 
 Curator of Mineralogy, in charge also of Conchology, and in 1902 
 Curator of the Department of Mineralogy and Conchology, which 
 office he still holds. 
 Edmund Otis Dr. Edmund Otis Hovey has been associated with the Museum 
 p^^^' ■ " since January, 1894. He came at that time as an Assistant Cura- 
 1894- tor in the Department of Geology, Mineralogy, Conchology, and 
 
 Marine Invertebrate Zoology, and in 1901 was appointed Associate 
 Curator of the Department of Geology and Invertebrate Palaeontol- 
 ogy. Dr. Hovey conducted investigations at the volcanoes of Mt. 
 Pel6 and La Soufriere for the Museum in 1902, 1903, and 1908, and 
 the published results of his research have been valuable contributions 
 to our knowledge of the phenomena. 
 
 BENEFACTORS— DONORS OF SPECIMENS TO VALUE OF 
 $200 OR MORE— 1869-1909 
 
 Beirut Protestant College, Delaware, Lackawanna and West- 
 Bod well Granite Company, ern Coal Company, 
 
 H. Booth, Sidney Dillon, 
 
 T. B. Brooks, D. Stuart Dodge, 
 
 Calumet and Hecla Mines Com- William E. Dodge, 2d, 
 
 pany, Mrs. William E. Dodge, 2d, 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada, James Douglas, 
 
 Central Pacific Railroad Company, State Geological Survey of Georgia , 
 
 James M. Constable, William C. Greene, 
 
 Copper Queen Consolidated Min- John P. Haines, 
 
 ing Company, James Hall, 
 
 E. Leonard Coming, Morris K. Jesup, 
 
 Sir William Dawson, Mrs. Morris K. Jesup, 
 
 [46] 
 
GEOLOGY AND FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES 
 
 MacDonald, Field and Company, 
 
 Jules Marcou, 
 
 O. C. Marsh, 
 
 E. A. Mearns, 
 
 J. Pierpont Morgan, 
 
 State Geological Survey of New 
 
 Jersey, 
 Francis C. Nicholas, 
 J. W. Powell, 
 Raphael Pumpelly, 
 A. L. Rawson, 
 Rutland Marble Company, 
 Henry M. Seely, 
 
 Samuel Sloan, 
 
 Charles E. Slocum, 
 
 D. Jackson Steward, 
 
 Robert L. Stuart, 
 
 Frank Springer, 
 
 Augustus Taber and Brothers, 
 
 James Terry, 
 
 U. S. Fortieth Parallel Survey, 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey, 
 
 A. W. Vogdes, 
 
 William Wallace, 
 
 R. P. Whitfield, 
 
 Joseph Willcox. 
 
 [47] 
 
MINERALS 
 
 Bailey 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $4,000. 
 
 J. Pierpont 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Collections. 
 
 Bement 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $100,000. 
 
 THE mineral collections began with the purchase of the Bailey 
 Collection, the acquisition of which at once led to the estab- 
 lishment of a Department of Mineralogy. 
 
 The Bailey Collection of Minerals contained 7,000 cabinet specimens 
 and was purchased in 1874 for $4,000. It was stored in the Arsenal 
 until transferred to the Geology Hall in 1882. 
 
 The minerals exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition 
 by the Governments of Canada, Spain, Brazil, Tasmania, and New 
 Zealand, were given to the Museum in 1876. 
 
 The development of the Department of Mineralogy since the 
 Bailey Collection was secured has been due largely to the generosity 
 of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, to whom the Museum is indebted for its 
 gem collection and the Bement Collection of minerals. The first part 
 of the Tiffany gem collection was presented in 1890, and consists of 
 the exhibits made by the Tiffany Company for display at the Paris 
 Exposition of 1889. Especially noteworthy are the series of sapphires, 
 topazes, beryls, garnets, and tourmalines. The gem collection was 
 more than doubled in 1900 by the acquisition of the Tiffany Exhibit 
 at the Paris Exposition of 1900, comprising 1,453 entries, which was 
 purchased by Mr. Morgan (estimated value $100,000) and presented 
 to the Museum. The Tiffany gem collection has been continuously 
 increased by gifts from its founder, until to-day it ranks first in size, 
 value, and importance in the country. 
 
 The Bement Collection of minerals was presented to the Museum 
 in 1900 by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan (estimated value $100,000). 
 This collection was brought together by Mr. Clarence S. Bement, and 
 had long had the reputation of being the finest private collection of 
 exhibition specimens in the world. It contained 12,000 specimens, 
 including many rare species. 
 
 [48] 
 
MINERALS 
 
 As part of the Bement collection the Museum received a series of 
 meteorites, containing representatives of nearly 500 falls and finds. 
 
 Another important collection in the Department of Mineralogy Copper 
 is the series of specimens of malachite and azurite, which was pre- so^MTted"" 
 sented by the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company and added Mining com- 
 
 pany 
 
 to by Messrs. William E. Dodge, D. Willis James, and Professor James collections. 
 Douglas. 
 
 The acquisition of the Spang collection of minerals added a large Spang 
 
 1 ~ . ,1 1 1 . , . Collection, 
 
 number oi new species, and also made a general improvement m many $9^000. 
 groups. It was purchased in 1891 for about $9,000. 
 
 In 1904 an endowment of $10,000 for the Department of Mineralogy 
 was received from Miss Matilda W. Bruce. The income from this fund 
 has made possible the purchase of many desirable minerals. 
 
 CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 MINERALOGY 
 
 GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE 
 
 Hugh Auchincloss, 
 
 George S. Bowdoin, 
 
 Matilda W. Bruce, 
 
 Brazilian Commission of Centen- 
 nial Exposition, 
 
 Copper Queen Consolidated Min- 
 ing Company, 
 
 James M. Constable, 
 
 William E. Dodge, 
 
 James Douglas, 
 
 Edward L. Dufourcq, 
 
 A. E. Foote, 
 
 James B. Haggin, 
 
 D. Willis James, 
 
 Morris K. Jesup, 
 
 Mrs. Morris K. Jesup, 
 
 M. S. Mepham, 
 
 J. Pierpont Morgan, 
 
 New York Mineralogical Club, 
 
 Minas Pedrazzini Company, Arizpe, 
 
 Sonora, Mex., 
 Ernest Schernikow, 
 Robert L. Stuart, 
 Mrs. Robert L. Stuart, 
 
 D. Jackson Steward. 
 
 [49] 
 
SHELLS, INSECTS, INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 CONCHOLOGY 
 
 Early 
 Collections. 
 
 Jay 
 Collection. 
 
 Crooke 
 Collection. 
 
 Steward 
 Collection. 
 
 COLLECTIONS of shells were among the first gifts to be received 
 by the Museum in the early days at the Arsenal, and they 
 soon became one of the chief sources of attraction in the 
 Museum. Early in 1870 one hundred specimens, representing fifty 
 species, were presented by Mr. Albert Storer, and during the same 
 year a collection of land and fresh water shells from Switzerland 
 and Wiirttemberg were received from Mr. Frank Daulte; a collection 
 of shells and alcoholic moUusca collected by Professor Bickmore in 
 the East Indian Archipelago; and the conchological collection gathered 
 and presented by Mr. Coleman T. Robinson, containing about 1,000 
 species represented by about 4,000 specimens. 
 
 These collections formed the nucleus of a Department of Conchology, 
 which in 1874 was firmly established by the acquisition of the Jay 
 Collection of shells, presented by Miss Catharine L. Wolfe as a memorial 
 of her father. It numbered 50,000 specimens and contained 10,000 
 species and many varieties. This collection, with the rare concho- 
 logical library, together known as the "Wolfe Memorial," was formed 
 by Dr. John C. Jay, from whom it was purchased by Miss Wolfe for 
 $25,000. It was exhibited in the Arsenal until the opening of the new 
 building, where it was prominently displayed on the first floor. 
 
 The number of species in the Conchological Department was 
 greatly increased in 1890 when Mr. John J. Crooke presented his valu- 
 able cabinet of land and fresh-water shells, containing about 3,000 
 specimens and 2,300 species. 
 
 A series of marine shells, notable for the beauty and perfection of 
 the specimens, and containing a large number of very rare examples, 
 was presented in 1890 by Mr. D. Jackson Steward. 
 
 [50] 
 
SHELLS, INSECTS, INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 The acquisition of the Haines collection of shells greatly added to "^'"^^ 
 
 Collection. 
 
 the quality and scope of this Department. It consisted of marine, 
 fresh-water, and land shells, being especially rich in the last-named. 
 The collection contained 3,891 species, and was purchased in 1895 
 for $12,000. 
 
 Nearly 18,000 specimens of land and fresh-water shells, with 1,000 ^°p^ 
 
 •^ ' ' Collection. 
 
 species, were received in 1898 from the estate of Professor Edward D. 
 Cope. 
 
 A collection of shells important to the Museum, because of the f}°l" . 
 
 ^ ' Collection. 
 
 more showy genera, was presented by Mr. Albert H. Storer in 1904. 
 It comprised about 3,500 specimens. 
 
 To Mr. F. A. Constable the department is indebted for many fine Constable 
 specimens of shells, principally from China and Japan. Between 
 the years 1901 and 1905 he presented 737 species from Japan, 464 
 specimens from China, besides 18,000 specimens representing 4,000 
 species from other localities. 
 
 The collection of shells from the Philippine Islands numbers about Philippine 
 5,530 specimens, 700 of which were gifts from Colonel C. A. H. ■''^°'*'- 
 McCauley and Dr. Hugh M. Smith, the remainder, containing 477 
 species and varieties, being received through an exchange. 
 
 The specimens now in the Conchological Department number 
 about 200,000, embracing over 16,000 species, and representing local- 
 ities all over the world. 
 
 CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 CONCHOLOGY 
 
 GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE 
 
 Albert S. Bickmore, Coleman T. Robinson, 
 
 John J. Crooke, D. Jackson Steward, 
 
 Fred. A. Constable, Albert H. Storer, 
 
 E. D. Cope, R. A. Witthaus, 
 
 Frank Daulte, Mrs. M. Witthaus, 
 
 Rev. Richard B. Post, Miss Catharine L. Wolfe. 
 
 [51] 
 
ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 Osten-Sacken 
 Collection. 
 
 Robinson 
 Collection. 
 
 First Study 
 Collection. 
 
 Drexel 
 Collection. 
 
 Southwick 
 Collection. 
 
 Jesup Col- 
 lection of 
 Economic 
 Entomology. 
 
 The collections of insects presented to the Museum in 1870 by 
 Baron Osten-Sacken and Mr. Coleman T. Robinson were so important 
 that Mr. Robinson was made curator of them, serving without salary 
 till his death in 1872. The number of specimens in the department 
 was about 20,000. A large part of these collections was subsequently 
 destroyed by pests, so that in 1886, when a separate Department of 
 Entomology was again established, the total number of specimens was 
 less than 30,000, and many of these were in poor condition. 
 
 The collection presented by Baron Osten-Sacken in 1870 comprised 
 about 3,800 North American insects of all orders except Lepidoptera, 
 and contained 2,000 specimens of beetles, representing 1,000 species. 
 
 The series of American and European lepidoptera presented by 
 Mr. Coleman T. Robinson in 1870 consisted of about 10,000 specimens, 
 representing 3,000 species. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. R. A. Witthaus gave a collection of American coleoptera 
 containing about 8,000 specimens, and 2,000 species, desiring that it 
 should form the nucleus of a cabinet to be devoted exclusively to the 
 use of persons especially interested in entomology. This gift marked 
 the beginning of the study collections. 
 
 A collection numbering 2,235 specimens of insects, butterflies, 
 and moths was the gift of Mr. Joseph W. Drexel, in 1880. 
 
 About 5,600 insects collected in New York and New Jersey by 
 Mr. E. B. Southwick were presented by him in 1886. 
 
 The material acquired previous to 1889 was almost entirely through 
 gift. Since 1889 the additions by gift, purchase, and expedition have 
 gained for this Department an enviable reputation, especially in its 
 collections of lepidoptera, formicidse, and diptera. 
 
 The insect groups in the Jesup Collection of economic entomology, 
 begun in 1889, represent the life history and other phases of insects 
 injurious to trees, and are illustrated by their food plants made in 
 wax, showing the injury done to the trees by the insects. These 
 
 [52] 
 
ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 groups, of which there are fifty-three, were prepared at the expense of 
 Mr. Morris K. Jesup. 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA— BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS 
 
 The present collection of lepidoptera contains about 100,000 speci- 
 mens, representing 10,000 species. 
 
 One of the most important gifts to this section of the department, 
 and one which extended over several years, is the collection of butter- 
 flies presented by the Very Reverend Eugene Augustus Hoffman, D.D., 
 LL.D. Dr. Hoffman's desire was to extend the Museum's collection Hoffman 
 so as to include the more important species of the world. He began, 
 in 1897, by purchasing (1508) a series of the butterflies found in 
 America north of Mexico, containing 1,650 specimens, representing 
 475 species. The next year he added 2,250 specimens collected in 
 Mexico, Central and South America, and during the following four 
 years purchased and presented various collections, containing over 
 2,500 specimens from South America, Australia, and Asia. 
 
 Dr. Hoffman also provided funds for Museum expeditions to the 
 Black Mountains, North Carolina, in 1900, 1901, and 1902. The 
 material thus obtained numbered fully 13,200 specimens of various 
 insects, among which were many butterflies and moths. 
 
 After the death of Dr. Hoffman in 1902, many additions were made 
 as the result of expeditions by Curator Beutenmiiller, the expenses 
 for which Dr. Hoffman had provided. 
 
 Since 1902, Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman has generously continued the 
 work begun by his father, the Very Reverend Eugene A. Hoffman, 
 in his efforts to extend the butterfly collection. His contributions ^ 
 
 include 364 African butterflies, 3,600 specimens of North American Hoffman 
 and exotic lepidoptera, and a coUection presented in 1908 of specimens 
 from Mexico, Brazil, Japan, and Africa. 
 
 The collection which had been gathered by Dr. S. Lowell Elliot 
 was presented to the Museum by Mrs. Elliot in 1890. It contained ^yy^ot 
 6,600 butterflies and moths in absolutely perfect condition, almost Collection. 
 all of which were bred specimens, with many of the rarer types repre- 
 
 [53] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Angus 
 Collection. 
 
 Edwards 
 Collection. 
 
 Schaus 
 Collection. 
 
 Sachs 
 Collection. 
 
 sented by entire broods showing the variation and intergradation of 
 the species. 
 
 About 13,000 butterflies, moths, beetles, grasshoppers, wasps, etc., 
 were contained in the collection presented by Mr. James Angus in 1891. 
 
 The Harry Edwards collection was one of the largest private col- 
 lections in the world. It numbered 150,000 specimens (60,000 lepidop- 
 tera), many of which were types, and 20,000 species, gathered from 
 all parts of the globe. It was purchased in 1892 for $15,000, $9,600 
 of which was received from friends of Mr. Edwards in response to an 
 appeal from a committee headed by Mr. A. M. Palmer, which had been 
 organized to secure the collection for the Museum. 
 
 The Schaus collection comprises some 31,000 specimens of butter- 
 flies and moths and was presented by Mr. William Schaus in 1897 
 and 1906. About 5,000 specimens of the collection representing the 
 principal known genera of Old World moths were gotten together 
 by Mr. Schaus as a study collection for comparison with New World 
 forms. It contains many type specimens and species authentically 
 determined by comparison with British Museum types, a feature 
 making the collection highly useful to specialists and students. (Esti- 
 mated value of Old World Collection, $10,000.) Some 26,000 speci- 
 mens were gathered by Mr. Schaus during three years' search in Mexico 
 and Central and South America. 
 
 A series of butterflies and moths from Africa, India, and other 
 parts of the world was presented by Mr. William Sachs in 1900. It 
 contained about 300 specimens, many of which were very rare. 
 
 About 500 butterflies were collected in Sumatra in 1895 by Mr. 
 Rudolf Weber. Almost all of them were new to the Museum collec- 
 tions. Seven hundred and fifty were collected by Mr. F. C. Nicholas 
 in Honduras and U. S. of Colombia in 1895. 
 
 DIPTERA— FLIES 
 
 The Museum's collection of diptera attained the first rank of scientific 
 importance in 1903, through the addition to its collection of over 
 8,000 North American flies, containing more than 1,000 species and 
 
 [54] 
 
ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 170 types. The collection was the gift of Dr. William Morton 
 Wheeler. 
 
 A collection containing 400 specimens of North American diptera 
 was purchased in 1906. 
 
 FORMICID^— ANTS 
 
 The collection of ants numbers not less than 50,000 specimens and 
 3,000 species, received largely through gift and expeditions. 
 
 To Professor Auguste Forel the Museum is indebted for a large Forei 
 and valuable collection of ants presented in 1907. It contains 3,519 
 specimens, representing 1,385 species. 
 
 The largest collection of formicidse in this country, and one of 
 the three largest in the world, was presented in 1908 by Dr. William wheeier 
 Morton Wheeler. It contained many types and cotypes, and nearly ^°''^'="°"- 
 every species is represented by long series of specimens — often many 
 hundreds in number. 
 
 The large termite nests and ant hills on exhibition were collected 
 by Mr. Francis Child Nicholas in Hayti and U. S. of Colombia, and pre- 
 sented in 1897 by Mr. Henry C. Pratt. 
 
 On a collecting trip to Florida and the Bahamas in 1904 Professor Bahamas. 
 Wheeler obtained a practically complete series of the ants of Andros 
 and New Providence Islands, containing about fifty species, together 
 with a fine series of moUusks, myriapods, arachnida, etc. 
 
 An extensive collection of the ants of Culebra and Porto Rico, Porto Rico, 
 containing about 5,000 specimens and representing about 60 species 
 and subspecies, was obtained by Dr. Wheeler on an expedition in 1906. 
 
 A collection of Madagascar formicidse purchased in 1904 contains 
 373 specimens and 83 species. 
 
 COLEOPTERA— BEETLES 
 
 The present collection of beetles has been acquired through ex- 
 peditions and field work of Curator Beutenmiiller, as well as by gift 
 and purchase. Among those received as gifts are the 2,000 specimens 
 
 [55] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 collected by the late Mr. George D. Bradford, and presented by his 
 mother in 1895; 500 North and South American beetles, presented by 
 Mr. William Menzies, also in 1895; a fine collection from Mt. Kinabalu, 
 British North Borneo, presented in 1904 by Messrs. G. A. Goss and 
 A. D. Dodge. 
 
 The collection was greatly enlarged in 1907 through the generosity 
 of Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, a well-known English scientist and author 
 Godman of the famous work "Biologia Centrali- Americana." The collection 
 
 contains more than 4,000 specimens from Mexico and Central America, 
 representing 1,679 species, many of which were -described new to 
 science in the "Biologia." It is of great scientific importance, since 
 it is part of the material upon which the Coleoptera section of the 
 "Biologia" was based. 
 
 Several thousand beetles, containing many new to science, also 
 many extremely rare specimens, were collected on the Curator's 
 various trips to the Black Mountains of North Carolina. 
 
 The additions to the beetle collection by purchase are : 2,000 speci- 
 mens of European beetles, purchased in 1895, and 300 tiger beetles 
 purchased in 1907. 
 
 EXPEDITIONS 
 
 The expeditions by Curator Beutenmiiller to the Black Mountains 
 of North Carolina in 1895, and between 1900 and 1906, yielded an 
 immense amount of insect material. On the last six trips over 31,000 
 specimens were collected, among which were many new as well as 
 very many rare species. 
 
 The funds for the trips made in 1902, 1903, and 1906 were provided 
 by the Very Rev. E. A. Hoffman and Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman. 
 
 Through local field work by the Curator, many thousand insects of 
 various orders have been obtained, as well as a large collection of 
 insect galls, and through the cooperation of expeditions sent out by 
 other departments of the Museum, the Department of Entomology 
 has received valuable collections from many localities— especially 
 
 [56] 
 
ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 Sumatra, where 1,600 specimens were collected, and Siberia, Africa, 
 Patagonia, Jamaica, W. I., Mexico, Bolivia, and various parts of the 
 United States. 
 
 The accessions of collections through gift, besides those previously 
 mentioned, include: 5,000 specimens of various orders, collected by 
 George Dexter Bradford, and presented in 1896 by his mother; a 
 valuable collection of gall insects, containing several thousand speci- 
 mens and many types donated in 1903 by Mrs. Margaret Bassett; a 
 collection of more than 1,000 vials of spiders from the United States, 
 the work of the young naturalist, Horace Britcher, donated by his 
 mother and friends; 2,600 butterflies, bees, wasps, beetles, etc., from 
 the State of Amazonas, Brazil, presented in 1907 by Mr. Morris K. 
 Jesup. 
 
 Among other important collections purchased in recent years are: 
 3,000 insects from localities within fifty miles of New York (1894) ; 
 5,000 insects from Merida, Venezuela (1904); collection of Orthop- 
 tera, containing 825 specimens and representing 255 species (1905); 
 700 Cuban insects (1907). 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 Mr. Coleman T. Robinson gratuitously served as Curator of Ento- coieman t. 
 
 Robinson. 
 1870-1872. 
 
 mology from 1870 until his death in 1872. His work was in connection '*°'""^°"- 
 
 with the large collection of Lepidoptera which he had presented. 
 
 Baron Osten-Sacken gave valuable assistance in arranging the Baron osten- 
 coUection of insects which he presented in 1870. i87o^" 
 
 Dr. E. B. Southwick was in charge of the Department of Entomology e. b. South- 
 from July, 1886, to 1887. His attention was devoted to the classifica- J^^' 
 tion and placing on exhibition of the specimens. Dr. Southwick 
 collected in the vicinity of New York in 1886. 
 
 Mr. William Beutenmiiller joined the Museum in 1888 and since wiiiiam 
 1893 has been associated with it as Curator of the Department of fggg!"'"""^'^' 
 Entomology. He has made frequent expeditions to the Black 
 Mountains of North Carolina in search of insects, the published 
 
 [57] 
 
Raymond 
 Lee Ditmars. 
 1891-1897. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 results of which formed valuable contributions to the knowledge of 
 entomology. 
 
 Mr. Raymond Lee Ditmars, the present Curator of Reptiles in the 
 New York Zoological Park, served the Museum as Assistant Curator 
 of Entomology from 1891 until 1897. He also prepared the Museum's 
 Guide Leaflet on "Reptiles of the Vicinity of New York City," which 
 was published in 1905. 
 
 INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 Protozoans. 
 
 The present Department of Invertebrate Zoology was established 
 in 1901. The departments of Conchology and Entomology were 
 merged in it in 1909. The collections in Invertebrate Zoology, except 
 in regard to shells, developed slowly through the first years of the 
 Museum's life, though many gifts of corals, sponges, sea urchins, etc., 
 were received before the Arsenal was vacated. In 1885 this material 
 was brought over to the new building where, because of lack of space, 
 only the most important specimens were exhibited, the remainder 
 being stored in the basement, where it remained until about 1890. 
 Most of the collections, excepting the models of the lower invertebrates, 
 which were made at the Museum, have been acquired through gift and 
 expeditions. Until 1901 Prof. R. P. Whitfield served as curator of 
 these collections. 
 
 The first important accession to this Department was the collec- 
 tion of corals presented in 1885 by Mr. Percy R. Pyne. 
 
 Invertebrate material ranging from moUusca and crustaceans 
 through the lowest branches of the animal kingdom, from the Atlantic 
 and Pacific waters, have been received at various times since 1873 as 
 a result of the deep-sea dredgings conducted by the United States 
 Fish Commission. 
 
 Many of the animals in the various groups of invertebrates are so 
 minute, or their anatomical structure is so compUcated, that it is not 
 practicable to place the original specimens on exhibition. In order 
 
 [58] 
 
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 05 
 
 1^ 
 
 H 
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 Q 
 
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 CO 
 
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 w 
 
 
INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 to bring out more clearly the structure of these animals, and their 
 relation to man, large models, carefully constructed, have been pre- 
 pared. This is especially true in the lowest group of the animal king- 
 dom, namely — ^the Protozoans. The models are constructed in wax and 
 glass, and are worked out with the most careful detail. 
 
 The sponge collection represents extensively the forms found in 
 Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Japan. Almost all of this material, 
 excepting that from Japan, was collected by Professor R. P. Whit- Sponges, 
 field. A series of siliceous sponges from Japan, containing exception- 
 ally fine examples, was purchased in 1901. The collection contained 
 thirty-seven specimens, representing twenty-six species. 
 
 The superb collection of corals is representative of the forms found 
 in the East and West Indies, Bermudas, Bahamas, Hawaiian Islands, 
 New Zealand, and Florida, and have been acquired largely through 
 the generosity of Mr. Percy R. Pyne, Mrs. R. P. Dana, Mr. D. Jackson 
 Steward, the Pacific Mail S. S. Company, Dr. D. Bryson Delavan, and 
 Professor R. P. Whitfield. One hundred and twenty-five unusually 
 fine specimens from Florida and the Pacific Ocean were given by Mr. Corais 
 Pyne in 1885. Some beautiful forms were contained in a collection 
 from the West Indies, given by Mrs. R. P. Dana, and from the 
 East Indies by Mr. D. Jackson Steward. Most of the corals from 
 Florida, Bermuda, and the Bahamas were collected, and many 
 presented, by Professor R. P. Whitfield. Of special note is the 
 specimen of Madrepora palmata, which is probably the finest ever 
 collected, and the unusually large and perfect specimen of Orbicella 
 annularis. 
 
 A representative series of corals from the Hawaiian Islands was 
 obtained on an expedition by Dr. J. E. Duerden in 1905, when 1,500 
 specimens representing between thirty and forty species were col- 
 lected, forming probably the largest collection of Hawaiian corals ever 
 made. 
 
 An expedition to the Bahama Islands in 1908 under Dr. William 
 Morton Wheeler in search of material for use in a coral reef group 
 yielded many choice specimens of corals, including an exceptionally 
 
 [59] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Echinoderms, 
 Annulates, 
 Arthropods, 
 MoUusks. 
 
 Malaria 
 Mosquito. 
 
 Marine 
 
 Habitat 
 
 Groups. 
 
 fine example of Madrepore coral, measuring ten feet across and weigh- 
 ing nearly two tons. 
 
 A series of hydrozoans and actinozoans, containing forty-seven 
 specimens mounted in alcohol and representing the marine life of the 
 Bay of Naples, was received in 1896 as a gift from Mr. William E. 
 Dodge, 2d. 
 
 The other groups of invertebrates, namely, the echinoderms, an- 
 nulates, and arthropods (aside from insects) are represented by typical 
 specimens, although our collections are not extensive. The structure 
 and anatomy of the more complicated invertebrates, such as the clam 
 and the oyster, are shown by models enlarged six to seven diameters. 
 
 Models have also been prepared showing the consecutive stages 
 in the development of the eggs of different forms, namely: moUusk, 
 brook trout, frog, and lancelet. These series, in each case, embody 
 the researches of investigators in their particular subjects and are 
 prepared under their supervision or from their published works. 
 
 To bring out more clearly the relation between man and the lower 
 animals, a series of models, illustrating the development and structure 
 of the Malaria Mosquito and the life cycle of the Malaria Organism, 
 has been prepared. 
 
 The Marine Habitat Groups represent the typical life of several 
 marine species. These include sea urchins, brittle stars, land crabs, 
 and sponges. 
 
 Marine invertebrate material acquired through expeditions, in 
 addition to those previously mentioned, includes many species of sea 
 fans, gorgonias, crustaceans, etc., from Bermuda, and echinoderms, 
 sea anemones, sea cucumbers, starfish, etc., from the Bahamas, all 
 collected and presented by Professor R. P. Whitfield; actinians and 
 alcyonarians from the West Indies, collected by Dr. J. E. Duerden; 
 sea fans, etc., from the Bahamas, collected by Professor William 
 Morton Wheeler; sea urchins, etc., from Newfoundland, collected 
 by Mr. L. P. Gratacap; and other invertebrate material from Massa- 
 chusetts, Florida, New Mexico, Alaska, Patagonia, Siberia, and the 
 Philippine Islands. 
 
 [60] 
 
INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF 
 INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE 
 
 J. A. Britcher, M. M. Metcalf, 
 
 Mrs. Richard P. Dana, Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 
 
 D. Bryson Delavan, Percy R. Pyne, 
 
 William Earl Dodge, 2d, D. Jackson Steward, 
 
 Oilman A. Drew, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 
 
 Auguste Forel, W. M. WTieeler, 
 
 Edward H. Harriman, R. P. Whitfield, 
 
 Morris K. Jesup. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 In 1901 Dr. H. C. Bumpus became Assistant to the President and 
 was also placed in immediate charge of the Department of Invertebrate Hermon 
 Zoology. His time was so fully occupied with administrative work Bumpus, 
 as Assistant to the President that he could devote very little time to ^^■^■< Sc-D 
 
 •^ 1901-1902. 
 
 the development of this Department. Accordingly, in 1902, Dr. 
 William Morton Wheeler succeeded him as Curator of the Department, 
 Dr. Bumpus having been appointed Director of the Museum. 
 
 Dr. "VSTieeler served until 1908, when he resigned, having been wiiiiam 
 appointed to the Professorship of Economic Entomology in Harvard Morton 
 
 Wheeler, 
 
 University. The Museum at this time made him Honorary Curator Ph.D. 
 of Social Insects, and as such he will continue to be identified with the ^^'^2-i908. 
 
 ' Honorary 
 
 work. Dr. WTieeler was elected a Patron of the Museum in 1908 in curator, 
 recognition of his gift of his collection of formicidse. 
 
 The present Curator of this Department is Dr. Henry E. Cramp- Henry e. 
 ton, who assumed his work January 1, 1909. Dr. Crampton is well Crampton, 
 known as a writer and investigator and for several years has held the 1909- 
 Chair of Zoology at Barnard College. 
 
 Mr. Louis Pope Gratacap has had charge of the moUusca since L^uig p^pg 
 1880. In 1901 he was appointed Curator of Mineralogy, in charge Gratacap, 
 
 Ph.B., A.B., 
 
 also of Conchology, and in 1901 Curator of the latter also. His a.m. 
 present title in this Department is Curator of MoUusca. '^^°" 
 
 [61] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 George 
 Herbert 
 Sherwood, 
 A.B., A.M. 
 1901- 
 
 J. E. Duer- 
 den, Ph.D. 
 1902-1906. 
 
 B. E. Dahl- 
 gren, D.M.D. 
 1902-1908. 
 
 Roy W. 
 Miner, A.B. 
 1905- 
 
 Frank E. 
 Lutz, A.B., 
 A.M., Ph.D. 
 1909- 
 
 Mr. G. H. Sherwood was appointed Assistant Curator of Inverte- 
 brate Zoology in November, 1901. During the curatorship of Dr. 
 Bumpus he attended to the routine work of the Department, but par- 
 ticularly carried out the idea of the Director for bringing about a more 
 intimate relation between the Museum and the educational system 
 of the City. This included the development of the circulating col- 
 lections which was begun in December, 1903, and the inauguration 
 of the lectures for school children. With the retiring of Professor 
 Bickmore from active service in 1905, Mr. Sherwood was appointed 
 Curator of the Department of Public Instruction. In 1906 he was 
 appointed Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer. 
 
 Dr. J. E. Duerden was identified with the Museum as Honorary 
 Curator of Ccelenterates from 1902 until 1906. He has contributed 
 several papers to the Bulletin. 
 
 Dr. B. E. Dahlgren joined the Museum in 1902 as an Assistant in 
 the Department of Invertebrate Zoology. He was appointed Curator 
 of the Department of Preparation and Installation when it was es- 
 tablished at the beginning of 1903, and served in this capacity imtil 
 1906, when he was appointed an Assistant Curator of the Department 
 of Invertebrate Zoology. Dr. Dahlgren was especially interested in 
 the preparation of biological models. He served till 1908. 
 
 Mr. Roy W. Miner has been associated with the Museum since 
 1905 as Assistant Curator in the Department of Invertebrate Zoology. 
 He has given special attention to the installation of the collections 
 on exhibition and is carrying on researches on the sponges and myria- 
 pods. 
 
 Dr. Frank E. Lutz was appointed Assistant Curator in this Depart- 
 ment in 1909. Dr. Lutz has been a research assistant in the Carnegie 
 Institution at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, and has published a 
 number of papers on the general subjects of Inheritance and Variation. 
 
 Other specialists who have served the Museum through this Depart- 
 ment are Professor Verrill, who was engaged in 1894 to identify un- 
 determined invertebrate material; Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, who iden- 
 tified and catalogued the fishes received from the Aquarium in 1898; 
 
 [62] 
 
INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 Mr. Frederick M. Holbrook, who identified and catalogued turtles in 
 1898, and Dr. L. W. Williams, who made the large model of the com- 
 mon squid in 1906. 
 
 The present Scientific Staff of this Department includes also three 
 Honorary Curators: Professor William Morton Wheeler, Dr. Alexander 
 Petrunkevitch, and Professor Aaron L. Treadwell. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Petrunkevitch, an authority on American spiders, Alexander 
 
 ' J ^ ' Petrunke- 
 
 became an Honorary Curator of Arachnida in 1909. Dr. Petrunkevitch vitch, Ph.D. 
 has rendered valuable service to the Museum through correspondence, 
 
 ° ^ ' Aaron L. 
 
 exchange, and the general enrichment of the collections. Treadweii, 
 
 Professor Aaron L. Treadwell, of Vassar College, was appointed pho/^'^" 
 Honorary Curator of Annulata in 1909. '909- 
 
 [63] 
 
FISHES, REPTILES, AND BATRACHIANS 
 
 U 
 
 'NTIL 1901, there were practically no batrachians and fishes 
 on exhibition, and very few reptiles. Lack of space had 
 made this necessary, and the accumulations of the preced- 
 ing thirty years found storage room only. The collection of reptiles 
 and batrachians up to this time consisted of specimens received from 
 the Department of Parks and the Zoological Society, a number col- 
 lected on Museum expeditions to Florida, Mexico, and Cuba, thirty- 
 seven reptiles and batrachians from the Island of Trinidad, twenty- 
 five from Utah, Wyoming, and Nebraska, and 110 collected in 
 Sumatra. Fifty snakes, 40 lizards, and 125 embryos of loggerhead 
 turtles, collected in Florida, were presented by Dr. Charles Stover 
 Allen in 1893. In 1899 Colonel Nicholas Pike presented his large 
 collection of reptiles and batrachians containing about 1,300, mostly 
 from Long Island, New York. 
 
 The collection of fishes was very small, and consisted mainly of 
 painted wax and plaster models, which resembled but slightly the 
 fish in nature. Most of these were received in a collection purchased 
 from the Smithsonian Institution in 1886 ($727). It contained 
 colored casts of eighteen species of fish and fourteen species of rep- 
 tiles. A series of fishes collected by Professor Agassiz was presented 
 by the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, in 1876, and 
 other specimens were received from time to time through the United 
 States Fish Commission. 
 Fishes. When the present Department of Invertebrate Zoology was es- 
 
 tablished in 1901, the collections of fishes and reptiles were placed in 
 its charge. Exhibition space was assigned for them, and efforts 
 toward an attractive exhibition series were at once begun. All known 
 methods of preserving and exhibiting fishes were unsatisfactory, so 
 experiments along this line were begun, and have continued with 
 
 [64J 
 
FISHES, REPTILES, AND BATRACHIANS 
 
 very satisfactory results. The present exhibition series of fishes 
 comprises 125 casts, models, and mounted skins, together with about 
 the same number of colored plates of the various families. To the 
 New York Aquarium the Department is indebted for very many 
 specimens, also to the United States Fish Commission. From the 
 latter, twenty specimens — types and cotypes of new genera and 
 species of fish from the Philippines — were received in 1903, and in 1904 
 a collection of 200 Hawaiian fish, besides various smaller collections 
 received from time to time. 
 
 The exhibition series of reptiles numbers in specimens and groups : Batrachians 
 of turtles, 54; batrachians, 28; lizards and snakes, 62. About 150 Reptiles, 
 specimens have been received from the Zoological Society, and over 
 fifty from the Department of Parks. 
 
 Four hundred and sixty batrachians, representing every species 
 of the United States but one, were presented in 1905 by Miss 
 Mary C. Dickerson. In 1907 eighty-two exotic lizards from various 
 localities were given by Mr. A. Hermann; and thirty-eight reptiles and 
 batrachians from Brazil were presented by Mr. Morris K. Jesup. 
 
 The expeditions sent out by other departments of the Museum 
 have added many specimens to the study collections from Mexico, 
 Porto Rico, Alaska, Patagonia, Fayum Desert (Egypt), and Siberia. 
 In 1906 an expedition sent to New Mexico and Arizona for reptiles 
 returned with 1,000 specimens. Another trip to Colorado in 1908 
 yielded fifty-one specimens. 
 
 A new Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology was estab- 
 hshed in July, 1909, and Dr. Bashford Dean appointed its Curator. 
 
 CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHES, 
 REPTILES, AND BATRACHIANS 
 
 GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE 
 
 Cleveland H. Dodge, Alessandro Fabbri, 
 
 Ernesto Fabbri. 
 
 [65] 
 
MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
 
 Maximilian 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $7,500. 
 
 Elliot 
 Collection 
 of Birds, 
 $7,351.62 
 
 Verreaux 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $16,000. 
 
 Vedray 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $1,000. 
 
 North 
 Atlantic 
 Right Whale. 
 
 SHORTLY after the Museum's Charter was granted, in 1869, 
 the Trustees began the purchasing of collections, and by 1870 
 had secured the Elliot, the Maximilian, the Vedray, and 
 Verreaux collections. 
 
 The most important was that of Prince Alexander Philipp Maxi- 
 milian of Wied, which was purchased for £1,500 sterling. It con- 
 sisted of 4,000 mounted birds, 600 mounted mammals, and about 
 2,000 fishes mounted and in alcohol. Prince Maximilian visited 
 Brazil in 1815, 1816, and 1817, exploring it through ten degrees of lati- 
 tude, and gathering specimens for his collection. He came to the 
 United States in 1832, when little was known of the Far West, and as 
 an experienced naturalist visited the region between the Rocky Moun- 
 tains and the Mississippi. His collection, containing many types, was 
 regarded as the most important in Europe. 
 
 The Elliot Collection of Birds consisted chiefly of North American 
 species and comprised over 2,500 specimens, and was purchased from 
 Dr. Daniel Giraud Elliot for $7,351.62. 
 
 The Verreaux Collection, placed on the market because of the 
 death of its owner, Edward Verreaux, of Paris, at that time the largest 
 dealer in specimens in the world, was purchased for $16,000. It 
 comprised 220 mounted mammals, 2,800 mounted birds, and 400 
 skeletons of mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes. 
 
 Two hundred and fifty specimens of mounted mammals and Siberian 
 birds were purchased from M. Vedray, also of Paris, for $1,000. 
 
 The skeleton of the North Atlantic right whale was one of the 
 first gifts of importance received by the Trustees for the new Museum. 
 This whale came ashore off Long Island, and the bones were purchased 
 by the Honorable Peter Cooper for use in Cooper Union. They proved 
 too cumbersome, however, and were stored in the basement until, 
 
 [66] 
 
o 
 
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 1^ 
 
 w 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 
MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
 
 upon the organization of the new Museum, they were presented to the 
 Trustees by Mr. Cooper. The specimen was mounted in the Arsenal 
 and first exhibited in 1883. 
 
 Before the mammals and birds were transferred from the Arsenal 
 to the new building early in 1878, there were many additions, principally 
 the mounted specimen of the extinct great auk, the gift of Mr. Robert 
 L. Stuart in 1870, a collection of birds' nests given by the Smithsonian 
 Institution in 1874, and 11,000 skins of North American birds presented 
 in 1875 by Dr. Daniel G. Elliot. 
 
 After the new building (north wing) was opened, the collection of 
 mammals and birds was constantly enlarged by various gifts. 
 
 Several mounted mammals, among them an elk, a moose, tapir, 
 camel, and an ostrich, which had been exhibited at the Centennial ward 
 Exhibition in Philadelphia, were purchased by a number of the Trustees co",ection' 
 and presented to the Museum in 1878. They were considered to $i,896. 
 represent the finest taxidermy of the time, and formed one of the 
 chief attractions to the Museum in the early days. 
 
 The first material for study collections was given by Dr. E. A. Beginning 
 Mearns in 1882, consisting of skins and eggs of North American and collections. 
 European birds. 
 
 The gift of Mrs. Robert L. Stuart made possible the series of 37 
 groups showing the nesting habits of our native birds, the first of First Bird 
 which were exhibited in 1887. The Museum is also indebted to Mrs. Mammal" 
 Stuart for the series of groups of the smaller species of mammals found Groups, 
 within the vicinity of New York. 
 
 A valuable collection of humming birds, numbering 2,000 speci- Eiiiot 
 mens and representing 400 species, was the gift of Dr. Daniel G. Elliot Humming" 
 in 1887. That same year Dr. E. A. Mearns presented 2,235 specimens B'rds. 
 
 Mearns 
 
 of birds collected in Arizona. Collection. 
 
 The Snowden Howland Collection of Eggs of North American snowden 
 Birds, numbering 3,000, was the gift of Mr. Clarence King in 1889. JoiilSn 
 
 Another collection received in 1889 was that of a number of mam- Bridgman 
 mals and birds and a small collection of eggs and nests from South Collection. 
 Africa, collected by Dr. B. N. Bridgman and presented by Mr. D. 
 
 [67] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Dutcher 
 Collection. 
 
 Cetaceans. 
 
 Willis James, Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Mr. Charles Smith. In 
 1890 about 440 bird skins and the skins and skulls of 55 mammals 
 collected in Florida were given by Mr. W. E. D. Scott. 
 
 The five specimens in the habitat group of orang-outangs, collected 
 in Borneo in 1878-81 by Mr. W. T. Hornaday, were presented to the 
 Museum by Mr. Robert L. Colgate. 
 
 Mr. James A. Bailey was a frequent contributor to the depart- 
 ment. A chimpanzee and a two-horned rhinoceros, as well as the 
 skeleton of "Jumbo," all of which are on exhibition, were his gifts. 
 
 The skeleton of "Samson," an Asiatic elephant, was presented by 
 Mr. W. W. Cole in 1887. 
 
 A collection of 2,500 bird skins from India Was presented by Mr. 
 James M. Constable and Mr. William E. Dodge in 1894. 
 
 In 1895 the Linnsean Society of New York contributed the William 
 Dutcher Collection of birds, containing about 2,000 specimens, most 
 of which were collected in Long Island. 
 
 Through the cooperation of the Park Commission and the Zoological 
 Society, the department has received many additions to its collection. 
 " Tip," the Asiatic elephant received in 1894, the Indian rhinoceros, 
 and the chimpanzee "Kitty," all on exhibition, are among those re- 
 ceived from the Central Park Menagerie. Since January, 1904, the 
 accessions from that source have numbered 272 mammals and 341 
 birds. During the same period 282 mammals and 41 birds were re- 
 ceived from the Zoological Society. One of the best-known specimens 
 is "Hannibal," the African lion, presented to the Zoological Park by 
 Miss Carnegie, which was given to the Museum in 1905. 
 
 The development of the series of Cetaceans has been largely through 
 the generosity of Mr. George S. Bowdoin. In 1907, through funds 
 provided by him, three skeletons were purchased: Gray's whale, a 
 bottle-nose whale, and a rare ziphioid whale, which proved to be a 
 new species and was named in honor of Mr. Bowdoin. The Museum 
 is also indebted to Mr. Bowdoin for the skeleton of the finback whale, 
 and the model of the sulphur - bottom, which was prepared from 
 photographs and measurements. The exhibition series also contains 
 
 [68] 
 
MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
 
 models of the blackfish, harbor porpoises, and common dolphins. 
 In the study series there are skulls and skeletons of the narwhal, 
 and skulls of the white whale, collected by Commander Peary and 
 presented by the Peary Arctic Club. 
 
 Two North Atlantic right whales, captured off Amagansett, Long 
 Island, were obtained by Mr. Roy Chapman Andrews and Mr. James 
 L. Clark in 1907. One of these whales was the largest specimen of 
 which there has been definite scientific record. The sum paid for 
 the two skeletons and a complete set of baleen was $3,278, also the 
 gift of Mr. Bowdoin. 
 
 Eight specimens of the fur seal for a group illustrating a seal rookery North Pacific 
 were presented to the department in 1908 by Mr. D. 0. Mills. The ^^ '^°"''' 
 specimens were collected at the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. 
 
 Among recent gifts of special interest are the following : 
 
 The skins and skeletons of the rare Solenodon paradoxus, which 
 were obtained in Haiti by Mr. A. H. Verrill and presented in 1907 by 
 President Jesup; the small but valuable collection of mammals from 
 the border of Tibet, received in 1908 through the generosity of the 
 Honorable Mason Mitchell (the takin, mounted in 1909, was in this 
 collection) ; the group of Paradise birds, numbering 75 specimens and 
 containing 46 species, the gift of Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. 
 
 MAMMAL AND BIRD COLLECTIONS BY PURCHASE 
 
 A number of important accessions to the department have been 
 purchased by the Museum. 
 
 ■ In 1882 two contracts were made with Professor H. A. Ward, of 
 Rochester — one to supply mounted specimens of such mammals of 
 North America north of Mexico as were necessary to complete the ij^rard 
 Museum's collections, not to exceed the value of $8,000 — the other Collection, 
 
 $15,000. 
 
 to procure for the Museum specimens of all the monkeys in the world. 
 In the first four years following the drawing up of these contracts a 
 large number of specimens was sent in, a few were delivered in 1888, 
 and the last received in 1892. The funds for the first contract were 
 
 [69] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Bailey 
 Collection of 
 Nests and 
 Eggs, $2,000. 
 
 H. H. Smith 
 Collections. 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $9,000. 
 
 Rusby 
 Collection. 
 
 Sennett 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $4,500. 
 
 Price 
 Collection. 
 
 provided by Mr. Jesup personally, and for the second, which amounted 
 to over $7,000, by Mr. Robert Colgate. 
 
 The H. B. Bailey Collection of nests and eggs, considered at that 
 time one of the finest in the country, was purchased in 1885; $1,500 
 of this was given by Mrs. Robert L. Stuart. 
 
 A collection of 4,000 bird skins, several hundred eggs, and several 
 hundred sterna, collected by Mr. Herbert H. Smith in Brazil, was 
 purchased from him in 1887. On an expedition to South America in 
 1898-99 Mr. Smith was authorized to collect mammals for the Museum 
 to the value of about $3,000. In 1904-5, an additional 656 speci- 
 mens of mammals, together with 714 birds, eggs, and nests, collected 
 by Mr. Smith in Colombia, were purchased. 
 
 The Lawrence Collection of American Birds was purchased in 1887 
 for $9,000 and added to the collections about 12,000 specimens, mostly 
 from Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies, 
 containing 4,000 species and 300 original types. They were the result 
 of the life work of the ornithologist, Mr. George N. Lawrence. 
 
 A collection of 400 Bolivian birds, containing several new to science, 
 and collected by Dr. H. H. Rusby, was purchased in 1888. 
 
 With the acquisition of the George B. Sennett Collection of birds in 
 1903, the study collection was increased to over 80,000 specimens. 
 This collection contained about 8,000 birds, several hundred nests, 
 and several thousand eggs, largely from Mexico and Texas. 
 
 The Price Collection of birds contained 3,918 specimens from Cali- 
 fornia and Mexico, and was purchased in 1904. 
 
 An extensive series of Phihppine birds, containing 1,000 specimens, 
 was purchased in 1905. 
 
 In 1906 the department acquired 79 specimens of mammals from 
 China, most of which had been heretofore unrepresented. In 1907 
 another collection from China, containing 55 specimens, was purchased. 
 
 [70] 
 
MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
 
 EXPEDITIONS 
 
 In addition to the material acquired through gift and purchase, Bison Group. 
 the various expeditions sent out in the interest of this department 
 have procured many valuable specimens which have contributed to 
 both the exhibition and the study series. The first organized expedi- 
 tion sent out from the Museum was the one from this Department in 
 1886, when Dr. Daniel G. Elliot and Mr. Jenness Richardson went to 
 Montana in search of material for the Bison group. 
 
 Of the six specimens in the Moose group, completed in 1895, two Moose Group. 
 were obtained on expeditions to Maine in 1888 and New Brunswick 
 in 1884. One was presented by Mr. John L. Cox, and another by Dr. 
 E. A. Mearns, while the other two were purchased. 
 
 The specimens for the Wapiti group, with the exception of the Wapiti 
 large male, were collected in the Olympic Mountains in Washington 
 in 1900 by Mr. C. Lincoln Free. This group was completed in 1906. 
 
 The Collared Peccary group, mounted in 1905, was obtained in Coiiared 
 Sinaloa, Mexico, by Mr. J. H. Batty on his expedition in 1902. On the Group, 
 same expedition he also collected the material for the California mule- California 
 
 iWuIc Deer 
 
 deer group, which was mounted in 1905. Group. 
 
 Grant's caribou was discovered by Mr. Andrew J. Stone on an ex- Grant's 
 pedition to Alaska and British Columbia in 1901-3. The specimens Q^"yp" 
 for this group, completed in 1902, were obtained in the extreme west- 
 ern end of the Alaskan peninsula. This expedition also provided the 
 specimens for the Dall sheep group, completed in 1909, as well as a Daii sheep 
 large and important collection of other mammals. Especially note- ^°^^' 
 worthy are the series of the golden lemming, Osborn caribou, and 
 the Stone sheep, both of the latter being species new to science. 
 
 Through the expeditions of this department a fine series of mam- 
 mals, both large and small, were received in addition to material for 
 the groups mentioned above. 
 
 A large collection of mammals from Arctic America was brought 
 back by Captain George Comer in 1902, and comprised, besides a 
 
 [71] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 number of small mammals, specimens of the Barren Ground caribou, 
 musk ox, and a few bearded seals. 
 
 On an expedition to Central and Southern Mexico in 1902, under 
 Mr. J. H. Batty, an extensive collection of mammals and birds was 
 obtained. 
 
 The mammals collected in Eastern Siberia during 1900 and 1901 
 by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition numbered over 500 specimens, 
 representing 30 species, about one-thipd of which proved new to science. 
 
 Through the Tjader Expedition to British East Africa in 1906 and 
 
 1907, about 450 specimens of mammals and birds were received, 
 among which were a number of Grant zebras. 
 
 Through the Peary Arctic Club the Museum has acquired a large 
 number of mammals and birds collected by Commander Peary on his 
 expeditions to the Far North. Among the specimens brought back 
 on one of the earlier expeditions were the musk oxen, now mounted in 
 a habitat group. These were collected on Bache Peninsula in October, 
 
 1908. About 100 specimens, among them an especially fine polar 
 bear, were received when Commander Peary returned in 1902. 
 
 The material brought back in 1906 added a large number of speci- 
 mens to the collections from the Far North, the most important being 
 a herd of a new species of white caribou (the Peary caribou) and 
 nearly 70 specimens of musk oxen. 
 
 The latest and largest addition to the Arctic mamma] series was 
 
 received when Commander Peary returned from his expedition of 
 
 1908 and 1909. It contained about 250 specimens, among them a 
 
 very large series of musk oxen and Peary caribou. 
 
 Habitat One of the unique features of the Department's collection of birds 
 
 Groups of • J 1 • r 1 1 • 
 
 North IS the series of habitat groups of North American birds which have 
 
 American recently been completed. These groups not only depict typical bird 
 life of North America, but the backgrounds painted from nature also 
 show typical American scenery. To bring together the material for 
 this exhibit, many expeditions have been sent into the field during 
 the last fifteen years, under the direction of Curator Chapman, who 
 has traveled more than 65,000 miles to secure the necessary data. 
 
 [721 
 
Professor 
 A. S. Bick- 
 
 MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
 
 For these groups the Museum is directly indebted to Mr. John L. 
 Cadwalader, Mrs. Morris K. Jesup, Mrs. Philip Schuyler, Mi^s. John 
 B. Trevor, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Mr. F. Augustus Schermerhorn, 
 Mr. H. B. HoUins, Mr. Henry Clay Pierce, Mr. Henry W. Poor, Mr. 
 Courtney Brandreth, Mr. James C. Carter, Mr. Charles Lanier, and 
 Miss Caroline L. Morgan, to whose subscriptions an equal sum has 
 been added from the funds of the Museum. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 As Superintendent of the Museum, Professor A. S. Bickmore had 
 general charge of the mammals and birds during the early develop- more, i869. 
 ment of this department. In 1872 Dr. J. B. Holder was appointed a ^r. J. b. 
 
 Holder, 
 
 general assistant to Professor Bickmore and devoted his attention to 1872-1888. 
 the zoological collections. He was made Curator of Zoology in 1881. 
 In 1885 the Department of Zoology was divided into two departments 
 — ^that of Mammals and Birds, and Marine Zoology. Dr. Holder was 
 Curator of the latter, which position he held until his death in 1888, 
 having been in the service of the Museum for seventeen years. Dr. 
 Holder was an associate of Professor Agassiz and Professor Baird and 
 had made important investigation on the fauna of New England waters 
 and later in Florida. He was a voluminous writer, and made many 
 important contributions to science. 
 
 In 1885 Dr. J. A. Allen was made Curator of the Department of 
 Mammals and Birds. Dr. Allen had studied under Agassiz, and served ^^- J- ^■ 
 
 Allen, 
 
 as an assistant in ornithology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology isss- 
 at Harvard. He had already become an authority in several lines of 
 research. When Dr. Allen assumed charge of the Department, the 
 collection of mammals numbered not far from 1,000 mounted skins, 
 and about 300 mounted skeletons. The collection of birds numbered 
 about 10,000 mounted specimens, and about 300 unmounted skins, 
 besides several hundred mounted skeletons. Through Dr. Allen's 
 efforts the Department of Taxidermy was established in 1886. He also 
 started the first study collections, which a year after his appointment 
 numbered 6,000 skins of birds, and from his department also the first 
 
 [73] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Mr. F. M. 
 Chapman, 
 
 1888- 
 
 Mr. R. C. 
 
 Andrews, 
 
 1907- 
 
 Mr. W. De W. 
 
 Miller, 
 
 1903- 
 
 Advisers 
 
 and 
 
 Specialists. 
 
 expedition organized for collecting and exploring was sent out. Under 
 his guidance this department has had continuous growth, and at the 
 present time the collections comprise more than 30,000 mammals and 
 90,000 birds in the exhibition and study series. Dr. Allen is recognized 
 as one of the foremost authorities on mammals and birds, and his 
 numerous contributions to systematic zoology are widely recognized 
 as of the highest merit. Besides carrying on his numerous researches, 
 in recent years he has devoted much of his time to editing the scientific 
 publications of the Museum. 
 
 In 1888 Mr. Frank M. Chapman was appointed Assistant Curator 
 in this Department. His attention has been given primarily to orni- 
 thology, in which branch of zoology he has attained preeminence. 
 It is in a large measure through his untiring energy and careful field 
 work that the Museum is indebted for the effectiveness of its bird 
 groups, which competent observers have declared to be second to none. 
 
 At the present time the Scientific Staff of this department includes 
 Mr. Roy Chapman Andrews, Assistant in Mammalogy, and Mr. W. 
 De W. Miller, Assistant in Ornithology. 
 
 From time to time the Museum has availed itself of the services 
 and advice of scientists who have specialized in particular groups of 
 the mammals and birds, for the proper identification, classification, 
 and installation of the material. Foremost among these should be 
 mentioned Dr. Daniel Giraud Elliot, who served as scientific adviser 
 to the Trustees in the purchase of the first collections secured. It 
 was on his recommendation that the Verreaux and Vedray collections 
 were acquired. A few of the others who have assisted in the develop- 
 ment of the collection of mammals and birds are : Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, 
 U. S. A., who in 1883 identified, labeled, and catalogued a large col- 
 lection of European birds; Dr. A. K. Fisher and Dr. J. Dwight, Jr., who 
 in 1885 gratuitously labeled and catalogued the Elliot collection of 
 birds, and Mr. E. G. Lewis, who gave gratuitous service in the 
 Department of Ornithology in 1888. 
 
 [74] 
 
MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
 
 CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS 
 
 AND BIRDS 
 
 GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE 
 
 James A. Bailey, 
 
 P. T. Barnum, 
 
 J. H. Batty, 
 
 George S. Bowdoin, 
 
 Courtney Brandreth, 
 
 John L. Cadwalader, 
 
 James C. Carter, 
 
 W. W. Cole, 
 
 Robert Colgate, 
 
 James M. Constable, 
 
 Peter Cooper, 
 
 Department of Parks, New York 
 
 City, 
 Rev. D. Stuart Dodge, 
 William E. Dodge, 
 William Dutcher, 
 Daniel G. Elliot, 
 Madison Grant, 
 H. B. HoUins, 
 D. Willis James, 
 
 Morris K. Jesup, 
 
 Mr's. Morris K. Jesup, 
 
 Clarence King, 
 
 Linnaean Society of New York, 
 
 Edgar A. Mearns, 
 
 D. O. Mills, 
 
 Hon. Mason Mitchell, 
 
 New York Zoological Society, 
 
 Peary Arctic Club, 
 
 Henry Clay Pierce, 
 
 Henry W. Poor, 
 
 F. Augustus Schermerhorn, 
 
 Mrs. Philip Schuyler, 
 
 George B. Sennett, 
 
 Mrs. Robert L. Stuart, 
 
 Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis, 
 
 Miss Phebe Anna Thorne, 
 
 Samuel Thorne, 
 
 Mrs. John B. Trevor, 
 
 Mrs. Robert Winthrop. 
 
 [75; 
 
T 
 
 FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 
 
 |HE Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology was established by 
 President Jesup in May, 1891, with Professor Henry Fairfield 
 Osbom as Curator. 
 
 Plan The plan of the department, as outlined by Professor Osbom in 
 
 the Annual Report for 1892, was to form representative series from 
 the successive horizons of the West, in order to present a historical develop- 
 ment of the Evolution of the Mammals in North America. It was ex- 
 panded subsequently to cover the evolution of the vertebrata in 
 general, but its chief aim, and since 1909 its specified limitation, has 
 been to present the Evolution of the Land Vertebrates, primarily of 
 North America, but incidentally of other parts of the world. 
 
 These plans have met with a substantial success that places this 
 department among the foremost in the world in this branch of science, 
 not merely in the size of its collections, but in their quality, and in 
 the high standards of scientific accuracy, thoroughness, and artistic 
 excellence maintained in all its work. The generous support received 
 from Trustees and friends of the Museum and the interest and appre- 
 ciation shown by the people of New York have warranted expanding 
 the original plans to a much larger scale than at first contemplated. 
 Where eighteen years ago a single hall seemed adequate to present 
 the evolution of the mammalian life of North America, the exhibits 
 already require three times this space; and we look forward to pre- 
 senting the broad succession of vertebrate life of land and sea, from 
 its inception far back toward the beginnings of the geological record, 
 down to its culmination in the appearance of man, in a succession 
 of halls corresponding to the great periods of geology. The materials 
 for this larger plan are rapidly accumulating, and will be prepared 
 for a splendid presentation before the space is available for their 
 exhibition. 
 
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FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 
 
 COLLECTIONS 
 
 The collections in this department are mainly from three sources, 
 namely, Expeditions, Exchange, Purchase. 
 
 First, and most important, are the collections brought in year by collections 
 year by expeditions sent out by the Museum to explore various fossil- Expeditions, 
 bearing horizons in the United States and other parts of the world. 
 Fifty-two expeditions have been sent out in this department between 
 the years 1891 and 1909 inclusive, at a total cost of upward of $1 10,000. 
 The expense of these expeditions is borne partly by the General 
 Endowment Fund provided by the Trustees, partly by the special 
 annual fund of $2,000 provided by Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, 
 and in some instances by funds for special explorations which have 
 been provided by the late President Jesup, by Mrs. Jesup, by the 
 late William C. Whitney, by Messrs. Percy R. Pyne, J. P. Morgan, Jr., 
 Frank K. Sturgis, Henry Fairfield Osborn, and George J. Gould. More 
 than half of the collections, both in number and value, have been 
 obtained through Museum expeditions. 
 
 Field Exploeations. — Beginning in 1891, the various geological 
 horizons and countries have been explored in the following seasons : 
 
 Permian, Texas, 1902, 1906, 1908. 
 Triassic, North Carolina, 1894, 1895. 
 Upper Jurassic, Wyoming, 1897-1905; Montana, 1903. 
 Marine Cretaceous, Kansas, 1897; S. Dakota, 1903. 
 "Laramie" Cretaceous, Wyoming, 1892, 1900; Montana, 1902-9. 
 Judith River Cretaceous, Montana. 
 
 Paleocene (Puerco and Torrejon), New Mexico, 1892, 1896. 
 Lower Eocene (Wasatch), Wyoming, 1891, 1896; New Mexico, 1896. 
 Lower Eocene (Wind River), Wyoming, 1891, 1896, 1905, 1909. 
 Eocene (Huerfano), Colorado, 1897. 
 Middle Eocene (Bridger), Wyoming, 1893, 1903-6, 1909. 
 Middle Eocene (Washakie), Wyoming, 1893, 1895, 1908. 
 Upper Eocene (Uinta), Utah, 1894, 1895; Wyoming, 1909. 
 Oligocene (Fayum), Egypt, 1907-9. 
 
 [77] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Oligocene (White River), South Dakota, 1892, 1894, 1902. 
 
 Oligocene (White River), Colorado, 1898, 1901. 
 
 Oligocene (White River), Montana, 1902; Wyoming, 1909. 
 
 Miocene, Montana, 1902. 
 
 Miocene (Santa Cruz), Patagonia, 1899. 
 
 Lower Miocene, S. Dakota, 1905-7; Nebraska, 1907-8. 
 
 Middle Miocene, Colorado, 1898, 1901-2; Nebraska, 1908. 
 
 Upper Miocene, S. Dakota, 1894, 1902-3; Kansas, 1898. 
 
 Upper Miocene, Texas, 1899-1901. 
 
 Lower Pliocene, Nebraska, 1908. 
 
 Middle Pliocene, Texas, 1899-1900. 
 
 Lower Pleistocene, Nebraska, 1893, 1897; Texas, 1899-1901. 
 
 Lower Pleistocene, Arkansas, 1903-4; Alaska, 1907-8. 
 
 Hall 
 Collection. 
 
 Cope 
 Collection 
 of Fossil 
 Mammals. 
 
 Cope 
 
 Pampean 
 
 Collection. 
 
 Second, but first in point of time, is the collection of vertebrate 
 fossils obtained by Messrs. White and Meek for Professor Hall and 
 purchased with the rest of the Hall Collection for the Museum by the 
 Trustees in 1878. 
 
 Third, the collection of North American Fossil Mammals brought 
 together by Professor E. D. Cope between 1872 and 1890, and pur- 
 chased for $32,000 by subscription of Mr. Morris K. Jesup, Mrs. William 
 H. Osborn, Messrs. Henry Fairfield Osborn, W. E. Dodge, J. Pierpont 
 Morgan, James M. Constable, Theodore A. Havemeyer, D. Willis James, 
 John D. Crimmins, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Adrian Iselin, Charles Lanier, 
 Frederic E. Church, and an unnamed friend of the Museum. In 
 this collection of about 7,000 specimens, is included a great num- 
 ber of skeletons and skulls of extinct mammals of the American 
 Tertiary formations, some of them unique, and all of great value 
 in illustrating the history and evolution of the mammalia in North 
 America. 
 
 Fourth, the Cope Pampean Collection, obtained in the Pampean 
 Formation of the Argentine Republic by Messrs. Ameghino, Larroque, 
 and Brachet, exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1878, and pur- 
 chased by Professor Cope. It was purchased from his estate for the 
 
 [78] 
 
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FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 
 
 Museum at a cost of $10,000 in 1899 by Messrs. Havemeyer, Dodge, 
 James, Iselin, Constable, and Osborn, Trustees of the Museum. This 
 collection contains a fine series of skeletons of ground-sloths, glyptodons, 
 saber-tooth tiger, and other extinct South American mammals, of high 
 exhibition value. 
 
 Fifth, the Cope Collection of Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians, and Cope 
 Fishes of North America, presented to the Museum in 1902 by Presi- possii 
 dent Jesup at a cost of $20,000. It includes magnificent skeletons of Reptiles, etc. 
 the amphibious, carnivorous, and duck-billed dinosaurs, a splendid 
 series of the ancient reptiles and amphibians of the Permian Period, 
 and other specimens of high scientific and exhibition value. 
 
 Sixth, the Whitney Collections of Fossil and Recent Horses, ob- Whitney 
 tained and prepared in 1901-3 by Western expeditions sustained colCction. 
 through a special fund of $15,000 provided by the late William C. 
 Whitney. This includes a splendid series of skeletons, skulls, etc., 
 of extinct and living horses, illustrating the Evolution of the Horse 
 in Nature and under Domestication. This exhibit has since been 
 much expanded and improved by specimens presented or through 
 funds provided by Messrs. Randolph Huntington, James R. Keene, 
 Frank K. Sturgis, George J. Gould, Arthur Curtiss James, Percy R. 
 Pyne, Francis R. Appleton, and Henry F. Osborn. 
 
 Seventh, the Warren Collection, brought together by Professor Warren 
 J. Collins Warren of Harvard University in 1840-55, and purchased 
 for the Museum from his heirs by J. Pierpont Morgan in 1906 at a cost 
 of $30,000. It includes the famous Warren Mastodon, the most per- 
 fect skeleton of an extinct elephant ever discovered; also a skeleton 
 of the extinct cetacean Zeuglodon, a collection of Dinosaur footprints, 
 and other valuable specimens. 
 
 Eighth, various choice specimens of fossil vertebrates from Kansas, Sternberg 
 Wyoming, and Texas, purchased from Mr. Charles H. Sternberg and 
 presented by Mrs. Morris K. Jesup, Mr. Charles Lanier, and others, or 
 purchased through general endowment funds. The most remark- 
 able of these specimens are the mummified skeleton of a duck-billed 
 dinosaur, a fine skull of the horned dinosaur, a skeleton of the great 
 
 [79] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Ichthyosaur 
 Skeletons. 
 
 Exchange 
 Collections. 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 Gifts and 
 Purchases. 
 
 Value of 
 Collections. 
 
 Cretaceous fish, Portheus, and of the toothed bird Hesperornis. 
 Their aggregate cost is $5,787. 
 
 Ninth, a skeleton of Ichthyosaurus with the outlines of the body- 
 preserved, from Holzmaden, Wiirttemberg, purchased for $1,000 and 
 presented by Mrs. Jesup in 1908. Three other fine skeletons of the 
 same species have also been purchased. 
 
 Tenth, specimens and collections of fossil vertebrates received in 
 exchange from various European and other foreign museums in 1896 
 to 1909, notably those of London, Paris, Munich, Stuttgart, Tiibingen. 
 Basle, Leipzig, Darmstadt, Lyons, Christiania, Bucharest, Buenos 
 Ayres, Adelaide, and in the United States with the Yale, Princeton, 
 University of Kansas, University of California, and other museums. 
 The most important fossils received in this way are skeletons of Ich- 
 thyosaurus (with seven young), Pterodactylus, Ophthalmosaurus, Crypto- 
 clidus, saber-tooth tiger, giant wolf, and casts of skeletons of Hippidium, 
 Macrauchenia, Halitherium, etc. Estimated value, $6,000. 
 
 In addition to these collections are miscellaneous minor gifts and 
 purchases of an aggregate value of probably $5,000. 
 
 The aggregate cost of the collections in this department, not in- 
 cluding the cost of preparation, is as follows, so far as obtainable 
 from the records of the Department: 
 
 Field expeditions 
 
 Cope collections 
 
 . . . $110,000 
 
 . . . 32,000 
 
 . 20,000 
 
 . . . 10,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 5,787 
 
 . . 6,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 $233,787 
 
 If to these should be added the cost of preparation of the speci- 
 mens (which has in past years been largely carried on endowment 
 
 [80] 
 
 Whitney Collections (including preparation) . 
 
 Warren Collection 
 
 Sternberg Collections ... 
 
 Exchange Collections 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 
 
 funds), the present value of the collections would be between four and 
 five hundred thousand dollars, and the expenditures of the Trustees 
 thereupon would amount to about $300,000. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 The total number of catalogued specimens is over 18,000, of which 
 14,000 are mammals. These specimens, it is estimated, represent 
 about 2,000 distinct species. They include an exceptionally large 
 number of type specimens and casts of types. There are 403 original 
 type specimens of valid species of fossil mammals from the North 
 American Tertiary formations; the total number of type specimens 
 (originals and casts) of fossil vertebrata is estimated at over one 
 thousand. 
 
 The collections include forty-nine complete mounted skeletons of summary of 
 extinct mammals, twenty-four of extinct reptiles and amphibians, and 
 one extinct bird. There are in addition many complete or nearly 
 complete skeletons which have not yet been mounted for exhibition, 
 many hundreds of skulls of extinct vertebrates, and thousands of 
 jaws, feet, or other portions of skeletons, only a small part of which 
 (some two thousand specimens) are placed on exhibition. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 The scientific staff of the department at its organization consisted 
 of Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, Curator, Dr. Jacob L. Wortman, 
 Assistant Curator, and Mr. Charles Earle, Assistant. Professor 
 Osborn has contributed his services to the Museum for fifteen years 
 without salary. Mr. Earle remained with the department until 1894. 
 
 In 1895 the Cope Collection of Fossil Mammals was presented by 
 a number of the Trustees, and Dr. W. D. Matthew was engaged in w. d. 
 connection with its cataloguing and arrangement. In 1899 Dr. i895_ 
 Wortman resigned his position with the American Museum to take 
 charge of vertebrate palaeontology in the Carnegie Museum, and Dr. 
 
 [81] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 0. P. Hay, 
 1900-1907 
 
 Bashford 
 
 Dean, 
 
 1903- 
 
 Field Staff. 
 
 Museum 
 Staff. 
 
 Matthew was appointed Assistant and subsequently Associate Curator 
 in Dr. Wortman's place. 
 
 In 1900 Dr. O. P. Hay joined the staff as Assistant Curator, sub- 
 sequently as Associate Curator of Chelonia in connection with the cata- 
 loguing of the Cope Collection of Fossil Reptilia, and from 1904-7 
 took especial charge of the arrangement and exhibition of the col- 
 lections of extinct chelonians, while engaged upon his monograph 
 upon this order of reptiles. 
 
 In 1903 Dr. Bashford Dean was appointed Honorary Curator of 
 Fossil Fishes, and in 1909 the living and fossil fishes were transferred 
 to a distinct department under his charge. 
 
 The field work of the department was at first in charge of Dr. J. 
 L. Wortman assisted by Mr. O. A. Peterson and others. Since 1898 
 Professor Osborn has exercised a general supervision over all field 
 exploration, and he took personal charge of the Fayum Expedition in 
 1907. The various expeditions in the Western States and elsewhere 
 have been conducted by Messrs. Barnum Brown, Walter Granger, 
 W. D. Matthew, J. W. Gidley, Albert Thomson, E. C. Case, Charles 
 H. Sternberg, and L. S. Quackenbush, assisted by Messrs. Peter Kaisen, 
 George Olsen, Paul Miller, F. B. Loomis, R. S. Lull, Handel T. Martin, 
 H. W. Menke, William Stein, W. J. Sinclair, Roy L. Moodie, Harold 
 J. Cook, Charles S. Mead, W. K. Gregory, A. E. Anderson, G. R. 
 Wieland, J. D. Irving, Norman Grant, C. Forster Cooper, D. D. Streeter, 
 and others. 
 
 Since 1893 the laboratory work has been in charge of Mr. Adam 
 Hermann, who has introduced and improved year by year the careful 
 and skilful methods of preparation first employed by Professor Marsh. 
 Under his training has grown up a staff of expert laboratory assistants. 
 
 Mr. W. K. Gregory joined the staff in 1900 as research assistant. 
 Mr. A. E. Anderson as Department photographer, Albert Thomson in 
 field photography, Erwin Christman, Mrs. L. M. Sterling, and Miss 
 Helen Cox in illustration have also contributed to the success of the 
 department. 
 
 In 1895 Mr. Charles R. Knight commenced a series of restorations 
 
 [82] 
 
FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 
 
 of extinct animals executed for the Museum under the direction of 
 Professor Osborn and provided for by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. These 
 restorations have been a most successful and generally attractive 
 phase of the work of the Department. 
 
 Since 1902 Mr. S. H. Chubb has been engaged, in connection with 
 the evolution of the horse studies, in the collection and preparation of 
 the material illustrating the osteology of the modern horse. A splen- 
 did series of mounted skeletons and preparations of skulls are the 
 result of the work. 
 
 The collections of the Department afford unsurpassed opportunities 
 for research in this branch of science. Many preliminary and a few Research. 
 monographic studies have been completed and others are in progress. 
 The published studies include two volumes of Memoirs (Vols. I and 
 IX) and 119 articles in the American Museum Bulletin from 1892 to 
 1909, besides miscellaneous articles in other publications, by Professor 
 H. F. Osborn, Professor Bashford Dean, Dr. J. L. Wortman, Dr. 0. 
 P. Hay, Dr. W. D. Matthew, Mr. Barnum Brown, Mr. Walter Granger, 
 Mr. J. W. Gidley, Dr. L. Hussakof, Mr. Charles Earle, and Mr. W. K. 
 Gregory of the Museum Staff, and Dr. F. B. Loomis, Dr. J. H. McGregor, 
 Dr. E. C. Case, Mr. Earl Douglass, and Dr. W. J. Sinclair. 
 
 CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF 
 VERTEBRATE PALiEONTOIiOGY 
 
 GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE 
 
 Francis R. Appleton, Edward Henry Harriman, 
 
 Frederic E. Church, Henry Osborne Havemeyer, 
 
 James M. Constable, Theodore A. Havemeyer, 
 
 John Daniel Crimmins, Randolph Huntington, 
 
 Cleveland Hoadley Dodge, Adrian Iselin, 
 
 William Earl Dodge, Arthur Curtiss James, 
 
 George Jay Gould, Daniel Willis James, 
 
 [83] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Morris Ketchum Jesup, William Henry Osborn, 
 
 Mrs. Morris Ketchum Jesup, Mrs. William Henry Osborn, 
 
 James Robert Keene, Percy Rivington Pyne, 
 
 Charles Lanier, Mrs. Robert L. Stuart, 
 
 John Pierpont Morgan, Frank Knight Sturgis, 
 
 John Pierpont Morgan, Jr., Cornelius Vanderbilt, 
 
 Henry Fairfield Osborn, William Collins Whitney. 
 
 [84] 
 
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ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 THE Department of Anthropology was formed in 1873. It re- 
 ceived a fresh impetus through the appointment of Professor 
 F. W. Putnam as Curator in 1895. Its collections increased 
 so rapidly — by purchase and donation alike — that until the west wing 
 was ready, the question of exhibition and storage room was a most 
 serious problem. 
 
 Miscellaneous archaeological material, especially Indian implements, 
 had been received from the very beginning of the Museum's history, 
 but the first accession of importance was a collection of rare imple- „ 
 
 ^ ^ Porto Rican 
 
 ments made by the aborigines of Porto Rico, purchased and presented Collection, 
 by the Trustees in 1873. The following year the E. H. Davis Arch^eo- f*^^' ^ . 
 
 ° "^ E. H. Davis 
 
 logical Collection, containing many typical and rare forms of pre- Collection, 
 historic workmanship from the mounds of Ohio, was purchased. »i.80o. 
 
 The collection of rare antiquities gathered by Hon. E. G. Squier Squier 
 during his several years' search in Central and South America was $2,000. 
 acquired by purchase in 1875. 
 
 In 1878 over 200 pieces of Missouri mound pottery were received Marquand 
 
 1 . Collection. 
 
 as a gift from Mr. H. G. Marquand; a very important collection con- 
 taining 3,000 implements used by the prehistoric men of the valley 
 of the Somme, France, was purchased and presented by the President, stuart 
 Mr. R. L. Stuart; and by purchase the Museum acquired the Bement 
 
 Bement 
 
 Collection illustrating the Stone Age of Denmark. Collection, 
 
 The next large collection acquired was that gathered by Colonel **^°' 
 Charles Jones among the Indians of the southern United States. It Jones 
 represented their art, religion, and industries. Two thirds of this $7,500.'°" 
 collection was purchased by the Museum in 1877, the remainder being 
 presented by Mr. Robert L. Stuart in 1881. 
 
 All of these were the collections which comprised the Department 
 
 [85] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Collections 
 Exhibited 
 when the 
 Building was 
 Opened. 
 
 Sturgis 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $39,001. 
 
 Terry 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $29,744. 
 
 of Anthropology in the early part of 1877, when the material was 
 being removed from the Arsenal. 
 
 The collections exhibited when the new building was opened on 
 December 22, 1877, besides those brought from the Arsenal, included 
 the following: a series of stone implements of Ireland, presented by 
 Mr. T. W. U. Robinson; three cases of stone and bronze implements 
 and pottery from the Swiss Lakes, and bones and stone implements from 
 the Dordogne Caves of southern France, deposited by Mr. G. L. 
 Feuardent; Indian and Eskimo dresses and implements from Hudson 
 Bay, the gift of Mr. Hugh Auchincloss. The collection gathered by 
 Mr. A. W. Sturgis illustrating the island life of the Pacific and Indian 
 oceans was also exhibited. This was on deposit only, but was finally 
 (in 1891) purchased for the Museum by the Trustees. This collec- 
 tion, which surpassed all the combined public collections of this class 
 in the country, contained 2,200 specimens illustrative of the arts, 
 customs, dress, ornaments, and weapons of the people of the Hervey 
 Islands, Mangara, Samoa, and Solomon Islands. 
 
 In 1880, Mr. James Terry also deposited with the Museum the great 
 collection, comprising nearly 26,000 catalogued specimens, which he 
 had obtained during his extended researches. This was purchased 
 by the Museum in 1891. The collection, while especially rich in 
 material pertaining to the native races of the west coast of North 
 America, between Mexico and British Columbia, contained over 500 
 vessels of great ethnological interest from the Mississippi Valley; 
 stone pipes and implements from Tennessee; copper weapons from 
 Wisconsin; 2,500 specimens from Long Island, Westchester County, 
 and Staten Island, and many objects from Maine, Connecticut, and 
 northern New York; also sculptures of great antiquity from the Co- 
 lumbia River Valley. The large series of archaeological material from 
 California is especially important, since it illustrates the prehistoric 
 culture condition of the Indians of Southern California more com- 
 pletely than any other. The collection also embraces interesting 
 objects from Alaska and the South Seas. 
 
 Another valuable archaeological collection brought to the Museum 
 
 [86] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 at about this time was that of Mr. Andrew EUicott Douglas. It num- Andrew 
 bered 23,000 specimens, arranged to show synoptically the various Douglas 
 types occurring in North America. Mr. Douglas donated his entire Collection. 
 collection to the Museum in 1901. 
 
 In 1882 Mr. Heber R. Bishop presented a valuable collection il- Bishop 
 lustrating the ethnology of British Columbia, gathered at his expense 
 by Dr. J. W. Powell, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in that Province. 
 It contained costly dresses, implements, carvings, etc. The large 
 Haida canoe from the Bella Bella Indians, on exhibition at the Museum, 
 was received in this collection. 
 
 The collection of Lieut. G. T. Emmons, U. S. N., was presented to Emmons 
 
 First 
 
 the Museum by the Trustees in 1888. It contained nearly 1,300 speci- collection, 
 mens illustrating the ethnologj^ of Alaska. Each specimen was ob- 5'2,ooo. 
 tained by Lieutenant Emmons himself and was accompanied by 
 records and full notes regarding the use made of each object by the 
 natives. 
 
 This collection was supplemented in 1894 by the "Emmons Second Emmons 
 Collection," numbering 2,966 specimens, among them about 500 from coii°ection 
 the Bering Sea and Siberia. $25,000. 
 
 The Department of Anthropology was reorganized in 1894, "in 
 order to illustrate the history of man in the same way as we are show- 
 ing the history of animal life." The Emmons and Bishop collections, 
 together with those of Sturgis and Terry, formed the most complete 
 collection of anthropological material in this country. The develop- 
 ment of the Department, however, had been somewhat neglected, for 
 Professor Bickmore, who was nominally in charge of it, had been en- 
 gaged in the development of the Department of Public Instruction 
 since early in the eighties. 
 
 In 1894 the exhibition collection relating to man was confined to 
 what is now the "Shell Hall" on the fifth floor, and the western half of 
 the Bird Gallery on the third floor. There had been no systematic ex- 
 plorations, no scientific publications. The Department has grown until 
 at the present time the collections overflow eight large exhibition halls 
 and twenty-five storage rooms, and the scientific publications fill a 
 
 [87] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Jesup North 
 
 Pacific 
 
 Expedition, 
 
 1897-1903, 
 
 $60,070. 
 
 Publications 
 Jesup North 
 Pacific 
 Expedition, 
 $25,000. 
 
 score of volumes. Its growth is largely due to the many expeditions 
 which have carried on research work throughout America and parts 
 of Asia. First among these is the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 
 which was organized by Mr. Morris K. Jesup, in 1897. Mr. Jesup 
 provided the means for a thorough investigation of the tribes of the 
 North Pacific coast of America and Asia, to determine their early 
 relations with each other. Between 1897 and 1903 a number of ex- 
 peditions were sent into the field, and the tribes of the North Pacific 
 coast, beginning in the west with the Amur River in Siberia, including 
 the various native tribes between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Arctic 
 Sea, and the peoples of Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington 
 were investigated. The collections brought home by the eleven 
 collectors make up a very considerable portion of the ethnological 
 collection of the Department. The scientific resiilts are extensive, 
 and important contributions to our knowledge of these tribes have 
 been published in the "Memoirs" of the Museum. The publica- 
 tions, which will fill twelve volumes, were also provided for by 
 Mr. Jesup. 
 
 The following summary gives by locality the principal collections 
 which the Museum now possesses : 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 New York 
 State. 
 
 ArCH/EOLOGY 
 
 The accession of the Terry Collection of 26,000 specimens, the 
 Douglas Collection of 23,000, together with the Davis and Jones Col- 
 lections, and other smaller ones, provided excellent general archseo- 
 logical material from several localities, but it did not represent the 
 archaeology of any definite area exhaustively, so one of the first under- 
 takings was to send collectors to carry on researches in a few typical 
 fields. 
 
 Archaeological investigations in New York State— more particu- 
 larly in the vicinity of New York City— were begun in 1895 and carried 
 on for a number of years. Much of the expense of this work was 
 
 [88] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 defrayed by friends of the Museum: Mr. Theodore Cooper provided 
 the funds for the explorations at Pelham Bay in 1899, and Mr. William 
 R. Warren the same year provided for the other local work. Other 
 contributors toward the field work were Mr. Charles Pryer, Mrs. 
 Esther Herrman, and Mr. Henry E. Pickering. 
 
 In the material obtained are found collections of human remains, 
 implements, utensils, etc., from an Indian burial place in Tottenville, 
 Staten Island; Indian skeletons, pottery, stone implements, and vari- 
 ous objects of Indian make from an Indian burial place at Croton 
 Neck; various objects from shell heaps and Indian village sites in 
 Westchester and Rockland counties; implements, etc., from Indian 
 sites in Schoharie County; Indian skeletons and other material from 
 village sites and burial places on Long Island. The collectors in the 
 field at various times were Messrs. George H. Pepper, 1895; M. Ray- 
 mond Harrington, 1899-1903; Alanson Skinner, 1902. 
 
 A recent accession to the New York State series is the Booth Booth Archa 
 Archaeological Collection, numbering 1,154 catalogued specimens, pre- collection, 
 sented by Mr. Henry M. Booth. It was gathered almost entirely 
 from the Hudson River valley between Croton and Albany, and well rep- 
 resents the prehistoric culture of the Algonkin Indians of that region. 
 
 Explorations were carried on along the Delaware River near 
 Trenton, New Jersey, for several years, to investigate carefully the New Jersey. 
 question which had arisen regarding the antiquity of man in the 
 Deleware vaUey. 
 
 The most important discoveries were the remains of several skele- 
 tons unearthed from clay belonging to the glacial deposits and a human 
 femur in the vicinity of which were also found an elk bone and frag- 
 ments of the musk-ox. In addition to these there were discovered 
 several pieces of stone which show evidence of human workmanship 
 that cannot be doubted. All these discoveries seem to establish the fact 
 that America was inhabited by men during Glacial time. The research 
 was begun in 1893 by Mr. Ernest Volk with funds provided by the Duke 
 of Loubat, and continued from 1898 to 1903 through the liberality of 
 Dr. F. E. Hyde. 
 
 [89] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 Ohio and ^he mounds and burial places in Mason County, Kentucky, were 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 explored by Mr. Harlan I. Smith in 1895, while similar work was 
 carried on in Licking County, Ohio, by Dr. George A. Dorsey, and 
 in Hamilton County by Mr. C. L. Metz in 1895, resulting in the ad- 
 dition of an important series from these regions. 
 
 The largest collection of Michigan archaeological remains in any mu- 
 seum was collected in the Saginaw Valley by Mr. Harlan I. Smith and 
 was presented by him in 1896. 
 
 The ancient inhabitants of the pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona, 
 and the cliff dwellings of Colorado and Utah are well represented in the 
 Museum's collections. For this material the Museum is largely in- 
 fn/p^E"^''' debted to the Messrs. B. Talbot B. Hyde and Frederick E. Hyde, Jr., 
 Hyde, Jr., whose desirc that the Museum should have an extensive and authentic 
 collection from the cliff houses, ancient pueblos, burial caves, and 
 mounds led to their supporting expeditions in New Mexico, Arizona 
 Utah, and Colorado, covering a period of several years. The result 
 included a large series of archaeological objects from the pueblos and 
 skeletons from the prehistoric Pueblo Bonito and other ruins and 
 burial places of New Mexico, and from burial caves in Utah. The field 
 work was in charge of the Curator of the Department of Anthropology 
 Prof. F. W. Putnam. Members of the expedition at various times were 
 Mr. F. E. Hyde, Jr., Mr. Richard Wetherell, Prof. R. E. Dodge, Dr. A. 
 Hrdlicka, F. W. Putnam, G. H. Pepper, and W. Orchard. In addition 
 to the results obtained by their expeditions, the Messrs. Hyde have pur- 
 chased and presented several important collections; one of great scien- 
 tific interest was that collected by Mr. Richard Wetherell from the cliff 
 houses and caves of the Grand Gulch region of Utah. It contained 
 mummies and funeral objects of a people evidently distinct from, and 
 who probably preceded, the builders of the ancient stone pueblos and 
 Southwest. cliff houses. The accessions from the southwest also include a collec- 
 tion of pottery from the modem pueblos, gathered by Mr. Pepper on an 
 expedition in 1903, which was financed by Messrs. B. T. B. Hyde, F. 
 E. Hyde, Jr., and Mrs. Robert W. de Forest. 
 
 [90] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 Ethnology 
 
 Researches among the Indian tribes of North America were begun ^orth 
 in 1899 under the North American Research Fund which was estab- American 
 
 Indian 
 
 Ushed through the Uberahty of Mrs. Morris K. Jesup, Mr. C. P. Hunt- Research 
 ington, and Mr. Henry Villard. Later the funds for continuing this ^^"edition 
 work were provided by Mr. Archer M. Huntington, Mrs. Arabella i899-i906. 
 Huntington, and Mr. Morris K. Jesup. Special attention was given 
 to the ancient customs which were rapidly disappearing. The decora- 
 tive art was also carefully studied by all the collectors, and the Museum 
 now possesses an unrivaled collection illustrating primitive art. Col- 
 lections were obtained from the Eskimo of Baffin Bay and Hudson 
 Bay, and the following tribes in western United States, Canada, and 
 British Columbia; the Sioux, Sauk, Fox, Comanche, Ute, Blackfoot, 
 Nez Perce, Sarcee, Kootenai, Gros Ventres, Assiniboine, Maidu, Arap- 
 aho, Pitt River, Shasta, Yurok, Crow, Alsea, Shoshone, Ojibwa, and 
 Iroquois. 
 
 Another important investigation — the study of the Shoshone 
 and Algonkin tribes — was carried on jointly for the Museum and 
 the Bureau of American Ethnology, by Mr. H. St. Clair and Dr. Wm. 
 Jones. The ethnological work was done for the Museum, while the 
 linguistic researches, largely based on records of tribal traditions, 
 were made for the Bureau of Ethnology. 
 
 The collections from the Plains Indians have been made largely Indians of 
 from the point of view of illustrating their decorative art and cere- ^^^ Plains. 
 monials. The tribes included in the Plains culture are the Blackfoot, 
 Cheyenne, Arapaho, Gros Ventres, Sioux, and Shoshone. The ex- 
 hibition series from the Arapaho is especially complete and contains 
 among other things life-sized models of the Arapaho dressed in the 
 regalia used in certain dances. Of special interest in the Blackfoot col- 
 lection is the Medicine Man's tepee, which was obtained by Dr. Clark 
 Wissler in 1904. 
 
 The culture of the Indians of California is shown particularly by ^^^^^^^ „, 
 their baskets, of which the Museum has gathered a very extensive California. 
 
 [91] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Briggs 
 Collection. 
 
 collection— the exhibition series alone taking up half of one of our 
 exhibition halls. One of the largest gifts to the basketry collection 
 was received in 1901 from Mr. George Foster Peabody. It contained 
 435 baskets made by the Indians of California, Oregon, Washington, 
 Alaska, and British Columbia, constituting what is known as the 
 "Briggs Collection." 
 
 Other large contributors are Messrs. Archer M. Huntington and 
 J. G. Phelps Stokes, and Mmes. Frank L. Cross, T. K. Gibbs, and C. P. 
 Huntington. The tribes by which the baskets were made are the 
 Maidu, Pomo, and Mission, baskets from each of which fill several 
 cases, also the Moquehumnian, Yana, and Wylakie, Yokuts, Shasta, 
 Pitt River, and Hat Creek, Modoc, and Hupa. Other material was 
 collected from the California Indians under the North American Re- 
 search Fund. 
 
 Jesup North 
 
 Pacific 
 
 Expedition. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 The extensive collections of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition 
 embrace specimens illustrating the archaeology of the interior and 
 the coast of British Columbia, and the ethnology of the most im- 
 portant tribes of that region — the Thompson River Indians, the 
 Bella Coola, the Kwakiutl, and the Nootka. 
 
 The archaeological survey of the Thompson River Region was 
 begun by Mr. Harlan I. Smith for the Jesup North Pacific Expedition 
 in 1897 and continued through 1899. Extensive excavations were 
 conducted near Kamloops and Lytton, where numerous remains of 
 previous inhabitants were discovered. Almost all of the finds ante- 
 date the advent of the whites, and give an excellent insight into the 
 culture of the early people. The shell mounds on the Lower Frazer 
 River, and prehistoric stone monuments of Vancouver Island, were 
 also studied by Mr. Smith, resulting in many valuable additions to 
 the Museum's collection. 
 
 The ethnological research among the Indians of British Columbia 
 was carried on by Dr. Franz Boas and Messrs. Livingston Farrand and 
 Harlan I. Smith, assisted by the Messrs. James Teit, George Hunt, 
 
 [92] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 Filip Jacobsen, Roland B. Dixon, and John R. Swanton. The in- 
 formation which they succeeded in obtaining regarding the art, 
 traditions, ceremonies, and industries, together with the large col- 
 lections to illustrate them, form a valuable contribution to our 
 knowledge of the peoples of that region. 
 
 The collection from the Tsimshian and the Haida of northern 
 British Columbia contains many paintings and models of totem 
 poles which illustrate fully the use of the crest and the representa- 
 tion of family traditions. There are also many masks and other 
 ceremonial objects. The material collected from the Haida sup- 
 plements that presented by Mr. Heber R. Bishop in 1882, which 
 together form a very complete collection, illustrating the ethnology 
 of the Queen Charlotte Islands. In the collection from the Bella 
 Coola of Central British Columbia there is a fine set of ceremonial 
 masks illustrating all the important deities of the tribes. A very full 
 collection from the Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island contains a large 
 number of ceremonial masks, together with objects illustrating the 
 industries, fishing implements, etc. The Nootka and Coast Salish of 
 Vancouver Island are also well represented. From the latter we have 
 a fine collection of basketry. 
 
 ARCTIC AMERICA 
 
 The ethnology of the Tlingit Indians of southern Alaska is fully 
 illustrated in the 4,000 specimens acquired through the purchase of 
 the Emmons Collection, already noted. The collection from the 
 Tlingit contains numerous masks and other ceremonial objects, and a 
 great number of excellent old pieces of superior workmanship. A 
 recent addition to the Tlingit collection was the gift of Mr. Adolph 
 Lewisohn. This comprises a number of baskets and a complete sha- 
 man's outfit. 
 
 The Athapascan Indians of the Lower Yukon region are repre- 
 sented in the collections made under the North American Research 
 Fund by Mr. John W. Chapman, a resident missionary of Anvik, 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 [931 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Eskimo 
 Collection. 
 
 Peary Relief 
 
 Expedition, 
 
 1895. 
 
 Stefahsson- 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Expedition. 
 
 This Museum stands preeminent among all institutions along the 
 lines of ethnological research amid Arctic peoples. The whole culture 
 of the Eskimo tribes, with the exception of East Greenland, is repre- 
 sented in the collections. Material from the Siberian Eskimo was 
 secured by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition; the tribes from the 
 northwest coast of Alaska are represented in the Emmons Collection; 
 a collection from the Mackenzie River region was obtained by Mr. An- 
 drew J. Stone; Captain George Comer made extensive collections in King 
 William Land, the north coast of Hudson Bay, Melville Peninsula, 
 Baffin Land at the extreme north end of Fox Channel, and South- 
 ampton Island. The Cumberland Sound region of Baffin Land is 
 represented in the Mutch Collection. The material from Grant Land, 
 EUesmere Land and North Greenland was collected by Commander 
 Peary, while Holstensborg and Discoe Islands off the southwest shore 
 of Greenland are represented in a collection presented by Mr. G. Fred- 
 erick Norton. 
 
 Captain George Comer has been collecting ethnological material 
 for the Museum during his extensive whaling cruises. His last ship- 
 ment, received in 1908, consisted of 308 specimens which he had 
 gathered around Eclipse Sound and Baffin Bay. 
 
 Through Mr. Jesup's relation with the Peary Relief Expedition of 
 1895, the Museum received the anthropological material gathered by 
 Commander Peary in the Arctic. The collection, which provided mate- 
 rial for several groups, contained canoes, sleds, sealskin tents, costumes, 
 and implements used in the chase and in the daily life of the Eskimo. 
 
 The material brought back in 1906 was the gift of the Peary Arctic 
 Club. The sledge which Mr. Peary had christened the "Morris K. 
 Jesup," by the use of which he reached the then farthest north record, 
 was received in this collection. 
 
 The Eskimo along the shores of the Beaufort Sea and among the 
 islands east of the mouth of the Mackenzie River are being studied by 
 Mr. V. Stefd-nsson and Dr. R. M. Anderson, who left on a Museum 
 expedition in the spring of 1908, to remain in the field for two or three 
 years. 
 
 [94] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 One of the prominent features of the Eskimo Hall is the mural JlJ"*"*' . 
 
 "^ Decorations. 
 
 decoration, the funds for which have been generously contributed by 
 Mr. Arthur Curtiss James. The paintings on the northern end of the 
 hall, but recently completed, are the work of Mr. Frank Wilbert 
 Stokes, who, as a member of the Peary Relief Expedition of 1892 and 
 of the Peary North Greenland Expedition of 1893 and 1894, made 
 careful studies of the Eskimo people and their country. On the 
 north wall is the largest picture of the series, a continuous panorama 
 sixty feet long, on which is portrayed the artist's conception of the 
 Eskimo myth of the "Sun and the Moon." The three panels on the 
 east wall represent Eskimo life as it goes on during the Arctic night, 
 while three more on the west wall picture it during the long Arctic day. 
 
 In 1908 the Museum sent Dr. Robert H. Lowie to the Athabascan 
 region, in the northernmost part of the province of Alberta, Canada, 
 a region which had not been investigated and which was not repre- 
 sented in the collections. Dr. Lowie secured data on the mythology 
 and prehistoric culture of the Chippewyan Indians. 
 
 James Bay and western Labrador were visited by Mr. Alanson 
 Skinner on an expedition in 1908. This was the Museum's first ex- 
 pedition into this field. An interesting ethnological collection, num- 
 bering 149 pieces, was obtained from the Cree Indians, together with 
 much new and valuable information regarding their religious and 
 social customs. 
 
 MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 
 
 Archeology 
 
 Through the interest and generous support of the Duke of Loubat 
 and the expeditions and purchases of the Museum, the Museum has 
 gathered a collection of Mexican and Central American archaeology 
 which offers unrivaled opportunities for the study of the ancient 
 civilization of this portion of America. 
 
 The exhibition material occupies an entire hall — named the Loubat 
 Hall, in honor of the Duke of Loubat. It is arranged to illustrate the 
 six different cultures — all pre-Columbian — the Mayan, the Nahuan or 
 
 [95] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Loubat 
 Collection. 
 
 Museum 
 Collection. 
 
 Mexican 
 Concession. 
 
 Loubat and 
 Museum 
 Expedition, 
 1896. 
 
 Loubat 
 Expedition, 
 1898, 
 1900-3. 
 
 "Aztec," the Mixtecan-Zapotecan, the Tarascan, the Totonacan, and 
 the South Central American. 
 
 The gifts of the Duke of Loubat include casts of prehistoric sculptures 
 from the Valley of Mexico, Chiapas, Yucatan, Guatemala, and Hon- 
 duras; pottery and other antiques from Mexico and Guatemala; 
 reproduction of books of ancient Mexican picture writing and hiero- 
 glyphics, among them a photographic copy of the "Codex Legislatif," 
 an ancient Aztec book preserved in the Library of the Chamber of 
 Deputies, Paris, and heretofore practically inaccessible for reference; 
 and the restoration of the Sanctuary of the Temple of the Cross, at 
 Palenque, Mexico. 
 
 Among the collections which the Museum has acquired through 
 its expeditions and purchases, are terra-cotta figures and stone idols 
 from West Central Mexico; original stone sculptures, principally from 
 the ruins of Copan, Honduras; pottery vessels, terra-cotta figures, 
 sculptured stones, weapons, and ornaments from Mexico and Central 
 America, and a collection of copper, gold, and carved jadeite objects 
 which surpasses that in any other museum. 
 
 A concession was granted by the Mexican Government early in 
 1896 enabling the Museum to establish archaeological research in 
 Mexico and Yucatan. By the terms of the contract, the Museum 
 was permitted to retain all objects found which were duplicates. 
 The explorations under this concession were in charge of Mr. Marshall 
 H. Saville, who secured scientific data and exhibition material of great 
 importance. The ruins of Mitla were explored, also thosp of Xoxo 
 and Monte Alban in Oaxaca, and Xochicalco in Morelos. The casts 
 taken provided the Museum with the splendid series of reproductions, 
 made at the expense of the Duke of Loubat, which show the art of 
 stone carving and the mythology as illustrated in the sculpture of 
 the various cultures. 
 
 The Duke of Loubat maintained an expedition in Mexico during 
 1898 and in 1900-3 under the direction of Mr. M. H. Saville. It 
 was during this time that the Cruciform Structure Guiaroo, near the 
 ruins of Mitla, a model of which is at the Museum, was explored. 
 
 [96] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 Explorations among the Indian tribes of the Sierra Madre Mountains Lumhoitz 
 
 Expeditions, 
 
 in Mexico were carried on for almost four years by Dr. Carl Lum- 1 892-1 900, 
 holtz. Material was collected illustrating the life and customs of the *^^•^^''• 
 Cora, Huichol, Tarasco, Tarahumaras, and Tepehuana Indians. A 
 full series of ceremonial objects was obtained, together with data 
 showing their meaning. Photographs illustrating the types and 
 ceremonies, together with graphophone records of seventy Indian 
 songs, made the collection complete and of great value. In 1898 
 Dr. Ales Hrdlicka accompanied Dr. Lumholtz to collect material for 
 comparative study of the past and present tribes of western Mexico. 
 He made a series of anthropometrical records and observations on 
 the physical character of several of the Indian tribes. Plaster casts 
 were taken of twenty-six Tarahumaras and Huichols, and a number 
 of human skeletons and skulls secured from burial places and caves. 
 The notes and records obtained on this expedition proved of great 
 value and interest and formed the basis for two Memoirs and various 
 Bulletin articles. These explorations were begun with funds given by 
 Mr. Henry Villard, and later continued through the help of several 
 friends of the Museum, among them Messrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, 
 Austin Corbin, Henry Marquand, James H. Jones, and Dr. William 
 Pepper. 
 
 COSTA RICA 
 
 The Musemn has an excellent exhibit illustrating the archaeology 
 of Costa Rica. The nucleus of it was the collection made by Dr. 
 Francis C. Nicholas on an expedition in 1899, which was financed by 
 Messrs. William Mack, Willard Brown, L. McI. Strong, and R. P. 
 Doremus. Through an exchange in 1908 the collection was enriched 
 by the addition of over 150 specimens of pottery and stone objects, 
 among which are some very rare forms. Another exchange with the 
 Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh added a few new forms and furnished 
 a rather complete series of small stone objects, especially amulets, 
 beads of jadeite, and other stones. 
 
 The ethnology of the Costa Rican Indians is illustrated in a col- 
 lection obtained by Dr. Nicholas in 1901. 
 
 [97] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Joint Ex- 
 pedition of 
 Peabody 
 Museum and 
 American 
 Museum of 
 Natural 
 History, 
 1894. 
 
 HONDURAS 
 
 An expedition to Honduras was made in cooperation with the 
 Peabody Museum of Cambridge, the Peabody Museum having a con- 
 cession from the government of Honduras permitting archaeological 
 researches. The work, which was in charge of Mr. George Byron 
 Gordon, was carried on at the prehistoric ruins of Copan, and as its 
 portion of the finds the Museum received a number of interesting 
 sculptures in stone, besides a collection of small objects in pottery 
 and stone. A series of molds were taken of the sculptures and hiero- 
 glyphs of the great stairway of the temple in Copan, and facsimiles 
 made for this Museum through funds provided by the Duke of Loubat. 
 The Museum's share of the expedition's expense was subscribed for 
 by the Duke of Loubat and Messrs. William C. Whitney and Morris K. 
 Jesup. 
 
 OTHER COUNTRIES 
 
 Through the interest and generous support of the patrons of the 
 Department of Anthropology, the Museum has acquired important 
 collections from South America, northeastern Siberia, China, Africa, 
 the Andaman Islands, the Philippine Islands, and the islands of the 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Expedition 
 to Colombia, 
 1899-1901. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 The collections from South America are particularly rich in material 
 illustrating the culture of the prehistoric peoples of Peru and Bolivia. 
 The recent acquisition of a collection from the Indians of the Amazon 
 River region greatly increased our representation of the modern 
 tribes, so that now our collections illustrate, to some degree, at least, 
 South American ethnology from Colombia to Terra del Fuego. 
 
 The collections from Colombia include a general exhibition series 
 arranged to show the fife and industries, and a large collection of 
 objects in pottery, stone, and shell, a great part of which was collected 
 by Dr. Francis C. Nicholas on an expedition maintained by Mr. Morris 
 
 [98] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 K. Jesup in 1899-1901. A large number of archaeological specimens 
 from ancient tombs in Santa Marta, and interesting material from the 
 Goajira Indians were in the collection made by Dr. Nicholas. 
 
 The entire collection made by Mr. Hermann Schmidt and Mr. Schmidt- 
 
 ■' . , Weiss First 
 
 Louis Weiss among the Tukano Indians along the Rio Caiary-Uaupes, collection, 
 the most important tributary of the Rio Negro, was secured for the ' ' " 
 Museum by Mr. Jesup in 1907. The collection contains five hundred 
 ethnological specimens, an extensive vocabulary of the languages, 
 drawings of the painted figures found on rocks, and a number of folk 
 tales. In the collection are about 300 pieces of feather work, such 
 as head dresses, waistbands, ornaments for the legs and arms, and 
 plumes to be carried in the hand. There are also spears, shields, 
 bows, arrows, blow -guns with their poisoned arrows, fish traps of 
 basketry, and a variety of baskets and pottery vessels, together with 
 various musical instruments. 
 
 The representation of the modern tribes of Colombia was very 
 recently increased by the purchase of the second Schmidt- Weiss col- Schmidt- 
 
 Weiss 
 
 lection. It was gathered among the Indians of the Isana River region, second 
 and numbers almost 300 pieces. Collection. 
 
 The archaeological series was greatly enlarged in 1908 by an ex- 
 change with the Carnegie Museum. The accessions from Colombia 
 also include 150 pieces of curious black ware, gathered by Mr. Frederick 
 F. Sharpless from graves on ancient burial sites in the Cauca Valley, 
 and a few pieces of the same type given by Dr. Francis C. Nicholas. 
 
 From ancient Peru, which comprised what is now the Republic of Expedition 
 
 . . . to Peru, 
 
 Peru and the greater part of Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile, has been i892-i903. 
 gathered a wonderful collection which illustrates the highest stage of 
 civilization attained in prehistoric time in South America. The col- 
 lection is the result of eleven years' field work by Dr. Adolph F. Bande- 
 lier. The expedition was begun in 1892 under the patronage of 
 Mr. Henry Villard, and continued since 1894 by the Museum. The 
 pottery obtained from ancient graves along the coast and interior of 
 Peru, Bolivia, and ChUe fills several cases, while several more are 
 filled by a general collection showing the industries, decorative art, 
 
 [99] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Garces 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $4,072. 
 
 Gaffron 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $3,200. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Ecuador, 
 
 Bolivia, 
 
 Chile. 
 
 Paraguay. 
 
 amusements — especially musical instruments — and burial customs. 
 There are many skulls of the ancient Peruvians showing various forms 
 of trepanation, artificial deformation, the effects of injuries and 
 pathological conditions, and normal forms. 
 
 From prehistoric sites on the Islands of Lake Titicaca, in Peru, and 
 at Copacabana, Bolivia, was gathered the valuable Garces Collection, 
 which was received in 1896 as a gift from Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. 
 The collection numbered about 500 pieces, and contained objects 
 in gold, silver, copper, and bronze, pottery vessels, wooden vases, 
 and garments. 
 
 The importance of the Peruvian exhibit was greatly increased 
 by the acquisition in 1901 of the Gaffron archaeological collection, the 
 gift of Mr. Morris K. Jesup. It is especially rich in textile fabrics, 
 in feather work, ornaments of silver and gold, vessels of beaten silver, 
 and pottery. 
 
 Brazil, both ancient and modern, is illustrated in the accessions 
 from that country. Three of the present-day Indian tribes— the 
 Tukano, the Karaja, and the Mundruchu, are represented. 
 
 The culture of the ancient inhabitants of Ecuador, Bolivia, and 
 Chile is shown in a general collection illustrating the home life, in- 
 dustries, amusements, decorative art, modes of personal adornment, 
 and religious and other ceremonies. 
 
 Of special interest among the specimens are the shrunken human 
 heads— war trophies of the Jivaros Indians of Ecuador— and the 
 mummified body from Chile, which was found in a copper mine at 
 Chuquicamata. A very large collection of ancient pottery has been 
 gathered from Bolivia, and some from Ecuador. 
 
 Paraguay is represented by an interesting collection of feather 
 work, basketry, ornaments, and weapons. 
 
 Among the collections from the southern extremity of South 
 America are several pieces of feather work made by the Canoe 
 (Yakgan) Indians of Terra del Fuego, and a painted "capa" from Punta 
 Arenas, the latter recently given by Dr. Charies H. Townsend. On a 
 Museum expedition in 1899-1900 Mr. Barnum Brown collected material 
 
 [100] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 which illustrates, to some extent, the culture and physical character- 
 istics of several rapidly diminishing tribes of Patagonia and Terra Patagonia 
 del Fuego, from the Onas, Yakgan, and especially the Tehuelches, who ^"f J^"l 
 are noted for their height. 
 
 SIBERIA 
 
 Extensive collections from the isolated tribes of northeastern 
 Siberia were acquired through the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Jesup North 
 The tribes studied by Mr. Waldemar Jochelson and Mr. Waldemar Expedition 
 Bogoras, to whom this part of the work was intrusted, include the Collections. 
 Chukchee of the extreme northeastern part of Siberia, the Koryak 
 of the north coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and along the Bering Sea, the 
 Kamchadal of the Peninsula of Kamchatka, the Yukaghir and 
 Tungus along the Arctic Ocean, the Yakut in the Lena River region, 
 and the Tungus along the Sea of Okhotsk, also the Yukaghir and 
 Churantzep. 
 
 The collections obtained embrace some 8,000 objects illustrating 
 the life, customs, beliefs, and culture of the various tribes; seventy- 
 four plaster casts of faces; skulls and archaeological specimens from 
 graves and abandoned village sites; also 450 tales and traditions, 
 texts in the various languages, phonographic records, and hundreds 
 of photographs. 
 
 CHINA 
 
 For the Chinese exhibit the Museum is indebted to the members 
 of the East Asiatic Committee, which was organized in 1901 for the East Asiatic 
 purpose of acquiring and disseminating knowledge of the peoples of 
 eastern Asia. The formation was initiated by Mr. Morris K. Jesup 
 and Mr. Jacob H. Schiff. The plan included extensive research among 
 the Chinese, and collections and studies on the products and culture 
 of the Philippine Islands and the Malay region in general, and the 
 publication of studies relating to East Asiatic subjects. The sum of 
 $18,000 was donated by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff for making collections 
 and investigations in China, and a further sum of $6,850 was con- 
 
 [101] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Jacob H. 
 
 Schiff 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Expedition, 
 
 1901-1904, 
 
 $18,000. 
 
 tributed for the other work by Messrs. Edward D. Adams, Cornelius 
 N. Bliss, Henry C. Frick, Edward H. Harriman, George A. Hearn, 
 Morris K. Jesup, Clarence H. Mackay, Jacob H. Schiff, James H. 
 Smith, and Samuel Thorne. The funds subscribed for the work in 
 the Philippines were insufficient and therefore were devoted toward 
 making available the material collected in China. With the $18,000 
 provided by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff the work of making collections and 
 investigations in China was begun in 1901, Dr. Berthold Laufer having 
 been appointed to carry out the plans of the committee. Dr. Laufer 
 remained in China nearly three years and made a systematic col- 
 lection which covers the various aspects of the social and industrial 
 life, and gives a comprehensive view of Chinese culture. The col- 
 lections, now installed in the Southwest Corner Hall, are arranged 
 so as to illustrate the industrial and domestic life of the Chinese, their 
 amusements, religion, and arts. 
 
 From Chef 00, China, comes a collection of about 150 specimens, 
 acquired through exchange in 1902. It contains a large number of 
 painted scrolls, besides wearing apparel and ornaments, and objects 
 used in religious ceremonials. 
 
 Andaman 
 Islands. 
 
 Seton-Karr 
 Collection. 
 
 INDIA 
 
 The life and industries of the natives of the Andaman Islands, in 
 the Bay of Bengal, are illustrated in the Anderson collection, which 
 was presented by Mrs. Morris K. Jesup in 1908. Among the 251 
 pieces in the collection are various implements of war and the chase, 
 specimens of basketry, pottery, and ornaments, and a fine example of 
 a Ghost House. 
 
 A recent accession from India is a series of 71 paleolithic imple- 
 ments from the Madras Presidency, India. They were found and 
 presented by Mr. H. W. Seton-Karr, and are interesting as coming 
 from a country archseologically little known. In addition to these 
 are some axes from the vicinity of Banda, also received through the 
 kindness of Mr. Seton-Karr. 
 
 [102] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 A valuable collection of silver work from the Central Provinces of ^'°^*^ 
 
 Collection. 
 
 India was presented in 1906 by Mr. J. G. Phelps Stokes. 
 
 KOREA 
 
 The Museum has an interesting collection illustrating the ethnology 
 of Korea, which was gathered by Dr. C. C. Vinton at various times. 
 More than 275 specimens were received in his shipments of 1907 and 
 1908. 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 A very complete representation of the culture of the Ainu, from 
 the Island of Yezo, Japan, has been acquired, largely through the 
 liberality of ]\Ir. Arthur Curtiss James. A collection presented by 
 him in 1898 included ornaments, utensils, weapons, and other objects 
 illustrating the custums of the Ainu. It was supplemented in 1901 
 by the material gathered by Prof. Bashford Dean and purchased by 
 Mr. James. It comprised religious and ceremonial specimens, and a 
 series of photographs relating to the Ainu. Other Ainu material 
 was collected by Dr. Laufer while at work for the Jesup North Pacific 
 Expedition. 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 The African material which the Musemn possesses comprises col- 
 lections which will probably, in a comparatively few years, be unique 
 and of inestimable value. 
 
 As a result of negotiations carried on early in 1907 the Belgian 
 Government has presented to the Museum four large collections from 
 the Congo Free State, containing more than 3,908 specimens illus- The Congo, 
 trating the customs, culture, and development of the natives of the 
 Congo. It contains many examples of native ironwork, basketry, 
 wood-carving, musical instruments, and many fetiches, masks, and 
 other objects illustrating the beliefs and observances of the aborigines. 
 
 [103] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 British 
 South Africa. 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $5,000. 
 
 British 
 East Africa. 
 
 Western 
 Africa, Raff 
 Collection. 
 
 Bowdoin 
 Collection. 
 
 Archaeology. 
 
 Another large collection for the African hall was acquired in 1907 
 through the generosity of Messrs. Percy R. Pyne, Cleveland H. Dodge, 
 and Arthur Curtiss James. It was gathered by Mr. Richard Douglas 
 on an expedition to Barotseland, South Africa, and contains about 
 5,000 specimens illustrating the basketry, weaving, pottery, musical 
 instruments, weapons, etc., of the natives. 
 
 More than 200 ethnological specimens from British East Africa, 
 gathered by Mr. Richard Tjader, were received in 1907. Metal work, 
 bead work, wearing apparel, household objects, musical instruments, 
 and a large number of baskets make up the collection. 
 
 The Raff Collection of wood-carvings from the tribes of western 
 Africa was acquired by purchase in 1902. The objects are mostly of 
 religious or ceremonial character. 
 
 The fast-disappearing culture of some of the tribes of Central 
 Africa is illustrated in a collection which was received in 1903 as a 
 gift from Mr. George S. Bowdoin. It contained implements of war- 
 fare, idols, fetiches, and masks, clothing, baskets, and musical instru- 
 ments, household utensils of bamboo, ornaments of beads, shell, and 
 brass, and seven carved ivory tusks. 
 
 Among the objects from Benin, East Africa, there are many bronze 
 figures, ornaments, and tusk stands. Of great interest and value are 
 the four carved ivory tusks, presented by Mr. Archer M. Huntington 
 in 1908. 
 
 From Mediterranean Africa, the Museum has long possessed a 
 representative series of flaked material, secured by Mr. Andrew E. 
 Douglas through the kindness of M. Jacques de Morgan. In addition 
 there are a few stone implements from Somali Land, presented by 
 Mr. H. W. Seton-Karr. Recently this nucleus has been augmented 
 by a series of prehistoric flints from ancient village sites in the Fayiim 
 Desert, apparently belonging to a later period, probably the Neolithic. 
 
 [104] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 
 
 The Museum's collection illustrating Philippine ethnology is the Philippine 
 
 I slflnd ""I 
 
 largest and most complete in existence. Most of it was contained collection. 
 in the Philippine Exhibit at the St. Louis Exposition, a large part of 
 which was purchased by Mr. Morris K. Jesup and presented to the 
 Museum in 1905. The collection represents the life and industries 
 of all the important tribes. It includes clothing and textile fabrics, 
 household utensils, agricultural implements, fish and game traps, arms, 
 houses, articles of manufacture, and boats and other means of trans- 
 portation. 
 
 The Philippine Exhibit was further enlarged in 1908 by 113 speci- 
 mens collected by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, and a large collection of swords, 
 knives, and spears, presented by Mr. Charles H. Senff. 
 
 The most important specimen in the Hawaiian material is an Hawaiian 
 elaborate feather war cape, known as the "Curran Cape," presented j^soo 
 by Mr. George S. Bowdoin in 1908. 
 
 A small ethnological collection was made by Mr. Rudolf Weber 
 on a Museum expedition to the east coast of Sumatra in 1894. 
 
 A general idea of the culture of the Samoan Island peoples is shown Samoan 
 
 ° ^ ^ Islands. 
 
 in the Zimmermarm collection containing 99 specimens, purchased in 
 1906. Among other things it contains a complete outfit for the manu- 
 facture of "tapa" cloth, several handsome pieces of finished cloth, and 
 a number of costumes, household utensils, and other implements. 
 
 The life and customs of the various tribes in Central Australia Australia, 
 are represented by 200 specimens which were gathered on the Spencer- 
 Gillen Expedition of the National Museum of Melbourne, and acquired 
 by this Museum through exchange. 
 
 One of the most interesting exhibits from New Zealand is the New 
 Robley Collection of Maori heads, which was presented to the Museum 
 in 1907 by Mr. Jesup. Major-General G. Robley of the British Army, 
 who made the collection, took an active part in the Maori campaign of 
 1864-66 and spent several subsequent years in the country. Gen. 
 
 [105] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Robley 
 Collection of 
 Maori Heads, 
 $6,088. 
 
 Fijian 
 Collection. 
 
 Finsch 
 
 Collection, 
 
 $3,000. 
 
 Bismarck 
 Archipelago. 
 
 Schroeder 
 Collection. 
 
 New 
 
 Hebrides 
 and New 
 Caledonia. 
 
 Robley was an enthusiastic collector, and was especially interested 
 in everything that related to the old-time method of tattooing. He 
 succeeded in bringing together thirty-three very fine examples of the 
 tattooed heads, with the implements, pigments, funnel, and all other 
 accessories used during the process, making this the largest and most 
 complete collection in existence illustrating the ancient art of "Moco" 
 or Maori tattooing. The practice of tattooing among the Maori ceased 
 to exist over a generation ago, and the heads are now extremely scarce, 
 so that Mr. Jesup's gift was one of special scientific interest and im- 
 portance. 
 
 An ethnological collection from the Fiji Islands was received in 
 1908 through the liberality of Mrs. Morris K. Jesup. It was gathered 
 by Mr. John William Waters during forty years' residence on the 
 Islands, and is especially valuable in that it represents the life of the 
 Fijians before they had become acquainted with iron and its uses. 
 The collection comprises about 1,800 specimens, including household 
 utensils and implements of war and the chase, made of stone, turtle- 
 shell and wood. 
 
 A good insight into the culture of the natives of New Guinea, New 
 Ireland, and Marshall Islands is obtained from the Finsch Collection, 
 the work of Dr. Otto Finsch, which was purchased in 1898. It num- 
 bers 2,144 pieces, and includes casts of faces and samples of hair of 
 the natives, besides about 300 explanatory drawings. 
 
 Interesting ethnological material from various islands in the 
 Bismarck Archipelago, brought together by Professor Eugene Schroeder 
 during many years as a resident there, was purchased in 1908 with 
 funds provided by Mrs. Morris K. Jesup. Among the most valuable 
 and striking objects in the collection are several idols from a Ghost 
 House; an ancient death drum, and several ceremonial masks. The 
 collection also contains implements of war and the chase, musical 
 instruments, personal ornaments, clothing, and household utensils. 
 
 A fairly representative collection from the Islands of New Hebrides 
 and New Caledonia was received in the Engler Collection, presented 
 by Mrs. Morris K. Jesup in 1908. It contains something over 100 
 
 [106] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 specimens, such as bows, arrows for war and hunting, spears of many Engier 
 forms, decorated lances, clubs, model of a boat, paddles, baskets, 
 cloth, pottery, dishes, ornaments, etc. 
 
 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 A series of expeditions devoted to the physical anthropology of 
 southwestern United States and northern Mexico was carried on for 
 the Museum by Dr. A. Hrdlicka, the means for which were generously 
 furnished by Mr. Frederick E. Hyde, Jr. The main object was the 
 acquisition of knowledge of the physical features of the present as 
 well as the ancient Indian populations over the territory covered 
 before the advent of the whites by the Cliff Dwellers, Pueblos, and 
 branches of the Nahuas. The territory covered extends uninter- 
 ruptedly from southern Utah and Colorado in the United States to 
 the State of Morelos in Mexico. The material obtained on the four 
 expeditions comprises measurements of and observations on nearly 
 3,000 individuals, more than 1,500 photographs, about 300 skulls 
 and skeletons, 120 facial casts, and about 3,000 ethnological and 
 archaeological specimens. 
 
 The Museum now has a collection of types from the North Pacific 
 Coast, California, Dakota, Smith Sound, New York, Mexico, the 
 Southwest, Siberia, and Japan. 
 
 An extensive series of typical portrait busts has now been as- 
 sembled, more than 500 molds having been taken from the various 
 living types. They represent typical individuals of the North American 
 tribes, including the Eskimo of the Arctic regions, also the Ainu, the 
 Chinese, the Japanese, and several Siberian tribes. Molds from the 
 Philippine, African, and South American native tribes who were at 
 the St. Louis Exposition were added in 1904. 
 
 Several thousand plaster casts of the palates of feeble-minded 
 and normal children and adults were presented by Dr. Walter Chan- 
 ning in 1908. They are of great value in the study of racial characters. 
 
 [107] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Demuth 
 Collection. 
 
 SPECIAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 One of the special collections in the Department of Anthropology 
 is the Demuth Collection of pipes and smoking materials, brought 
 together through the generous support of Mr. William Demuth, to show 
 the various kinds of pipes and smoking materials used throughout 
 the world. 
 
 A. S. 
 
 Bickmore, 
 
 1873-91. 
 
 James Terry, 
 1891-94. 
 
 Frederick 
 Starr. 
 
 Frederic W. 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 1894-1903. 
 
 Franz Boas, 
 1895-1906. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 Professor Albert S. Bickmore was in charge of the collections in the 
 Department of Anthropology from the time of its establishment in 1873, 
 and served as Curator from 1885 until he resigned in 1891 to give all his 
 attention to the Department of Public Instruction. He was succeeded 
 after a few months by Mr. James Terry, the Department in the mean- 
 time being in charge of Dr. Frederick Starr, who had been engaged to 
 label and arrange the Bishop and Emmons collections. Mr. Terry had 
 been with the Department since June, 1891, and served as Curator from 
 1892 until 1894. 
 
 In 1894 the Department was reorganized with Professor Frederic W. 
 Putnam as Curator. He served in this capacity until the close of 1902 
 when he resigned to accept an appointment as Director of the Depart- 
 ment of Anthropology at the University of California. He continued to 
 be identified with the Museum through 1903 as Advisory Curator of 
 Archaeology. 
 
 After the retirement of Professor Putnam, the Department of An- 
 thropology was separated into two distinct departments — those of Eth- 
 nology and Archaeology. 
 
 Professor Franz Boas joined the Museum's Staff in 1895 as Assistant 
 Curator of Ethnology in the Department of Anthropology. He was 
 made Curator in 1901, and Curator of the new Department of Ethnology 
 when it was established as a distinct Department in 1902, and held this 
 office until he resigned in 1906. Professor Boas is an anthropologist 
 of international reputation, who has contributed largely to the scientific 
 literature of this subject. He directed the field work of the Jesup 
 
 [108] 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 North Pacific Expedition, and was himself a member of several ex- 
 peditions. 
 
 Professor Marshall H. Saville was appointed Assistant Curator when JJa''s''»" 
 the Department was reorganized in 1894. He served as Assistant Cura- SaviUe, 
 
 1394-1907 
 
 tor of the Archseological Division from 1896 until 1901, when he was ap- 
 pointed Curator of Mexican and Central American Archaeology, and 
 Associate Curator of Archaeology from 1905 until he resigned early in 
 1907. He continued to serve the Museum as Honorary Curator of 
 Mexican Archaeology until 1909. While connected with the Museum, 
 he spent several years exploring and collecting in Mexico. 
 
 In 1905 all the anthropological work was placed under one head, and 
 Dr. Clark Wissler was appointed Acting Curator. The following year he c^^rt Wissier, 
 was promoted to the Curatorship, which position he now holds. Dr. 
 Wissler had previously served the Museum as an Assistant and later as 
 Assistant Curator in the Department of Ethnology. His researches 
 have been chiefly among the North American Indians, especially the 
 tribes of the Northern Plains, and on anthropometric problems. 
 
 In 1909 the scientific staf¥ was augmented by the appointment of Dr. 
 Pliny E. Goddard as Assistant Curator. Dr. Goddard was formerly en- P- E.Goddard, 
 gaged in anthropological work for the University of California, making 
 a special study of Athapascan speaking peoples. 
 
 Mr. Harlan I. Smith has been connected with the department since Harlan i. 
 1894, and in 1900 was appointed Assistant Curator of Archaeology. Mr. i^4_.' 
 Smith has specialized in North American archaeology, and as a member 
 of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition made extensive archaeological 
 explorations in British Columbia and later in several of the Western 
 States. 
 
 In 1903 Dr. Livingston Farrand was appointed Assistant Curator of Livingston 
 Ethnology and served for two years, when he resigned to accept a posi- fs^^-im 
 tion as Executive Secretary of the National Association for the Study 
 and Prevention of Tuberculosis. Dr. Farrand at various times since 
 1897 had carried on field work for the Museum in the West. 
 
 Robert H. 
 
 Dr. Robert H. Lowie and Dr. Herbert J. Spinden were appointed Lowie, i909- 
 Assistant Curators in 1909. ^^^^^^ /g^g, 
 
 [109] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Advisers 
 
 and 
 
 Specialists. 
 
 Those who have served on the scientific staff as assistants are : 
 
 Dr. Berthold Laufer, 1904-6. Dr. Laufer had conducted work in 
 Siberia and Japan in connection with the Jesup North Pacific Expedi- 
 tion, and was in charge of the work of the East Asiatic Committee in 
 China. 
 
 Charles W. Mead, 1905- 
 
 George H. Pepper, 1905-8. 
 
 Alanson Skinner, 1909- 
 
 The scientific work of the Department has been especially advanced 
 by the researches of Dr. Adolf F. Bandelier in Peru and adjacent South 
 American countries; by those of Dr. Ales Hrdlicka in physical anthro- 
 pology; by those of Mr. Waldemar Jochelson and Dr. Waldemar Bo- 
 goras in Siberian ethnology; and of Professors A. L. Kroeber and R. B. 
 Dixon among the Indians of California. Among other distinguished 
 anthropologists who have made investigations for the Department are 
 Professor Albert E. Jenks, Dr. John R. Swanton, Dr. William Jones, Dr. 
 Frank G. Speck, Mr. H. H. St. Clair, Jr., Mr. Ernest Volk, and Dr. Carl 
 Lumholtz. 
 
 CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF 
 ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE 
 
 H. E. Bard, 
 Belgian Government, 
 Mrs. Albert Bierstadt, 
 Heber R. Bishop, 
 Henry M. Booth, 
 George S. Bowdoin, 
 Barnum Brown, 
 Dr. Walter Channing, 
 Christian Missions, 
 Miss E. H. Cotheal, 
 Mrs. William de Forest, 
 
 [110] 
 
 WiUiam Demuth, 
 Cleveland H. Dodge, 
 Andrew EUicott Douglas, 
 James Douglas, 
 Lieut. G. T. Emmons, 
 Government of Nicaragua, 
 Archer M. Huntington, 
 C. P. Huntington, 
 B. T. B. Hyde, 
 Dr. F. E. Hyde, 
 F. E. Hyde, Jr. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 Arthur Curtiss James, 
 Morris K. Jesup, 
 Mrs. Morris K. Jesup, 
 James H. Jones, 
 Dr. Robert H. Lamborn, 
 Adolph Lewisohn, 
 Duke of Loubat, 
 Henry G. Marquand, 
 E. P. Mathewson, 
 Clarence B. Moore, 
 J. Pierpont Morgan, 
 
 Henry 
 
 Francis C. Nicholas, 
 George Foster Peabody, 
 Dr. Wm. Pepper, 
 Percy R. Pyne, 
 Charles H. Senff, 
 Ernest Shernikow, 
 Jacob H. Schiff, 
 Alanson Skinner, 
 Harlan I. Smith, 
 J. G. Phelps Stokes, 
 Robert L. Stuart, 
 Villard. 
 
 [lllj 
 
PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 THE increasing importance of the relation of man to the lower 
 animals, particularly in matters pertaining to health and 
 disease, and the importance of a knowledge of the functions 
 of the organs of the human body, led to the establishment of the De- 
 partment of Physiology in 1902. These were subjects which could not 
 readily be illustrated with known Museum methods of exhibition so 
 that a great deal of experimentation in methods of preparation was 
 necessary before the subject of physiology could be presented to the 
 public in an interesting and non-repellent way. 
 
 The demand for exhibition space for the various departments of 
 the Museum has been so great that it has not been possible to assign 
 an exhibition hall to this department. Laboratory work, however, 
 has progressed very satisfactorily and the Museum's preparation of 
 anatomical material has been examined and approved by visiting 
 scientists. Specimens of the heart have been prepared in such a way 
 that the action of the ventricular valves is clearly shown. Another 
 model with a preserved specimen of lungs shows the action of the 
 diaphragm and its relation to the lungs in the usual process of respira- 
 tion. Another model in wax and glass demonstrates the function of 
 the kidney, while a large amount of material illustrating the com- 
 parative anatomy of man and the lower animals has been pre- 
 pared. 
 
 The increasing attention that is being given to questions of sani- 
 tation and spread of contagious diseases by municipal, state, and 
 federal bodies, as well as by many philanthropic organizations, will 
 result in making a physiological exhibit an integral part of a modern 
 museum. 
 
 [112] 
 
PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 Professor Ralph W. Tower was appointed Curator of the new 
 Department of Physiology upon its organization in 1902. He has Ralph w. 
 directed the experimentation in the preservation of anatomical speci- A°MrPh.D.i 
 mens and has also developed the method of preparing skeletons by ^^'^^-■ 
 the digestion process. 
 
 In his laboratory work, Professor Tower was ably assisted by Dr. Cari w. f. 
 Carl W. F. Miinchehofe, who was an assistant in this Department jyj"^'^ ^ ° ^ 
 from 1904 to 1908. Dr. Miinchehofe had had much experience in i904-8 
 laboratory methods, having worked under Virchow, Huxley, and other 
 important European scientists, and had acquired a technic especially 
 applicable to this kind of work. Especially noteworthy are his 
 corrosion preparations of kidneys, lungs, etc., and the specimen and 
 apparatus showing the action of the valves of the heart. 
 
 [113] 
 
PUBLIC EDUCATION 
 
 Lectures 
 on Zoology. 
 
 Work under 
 Grants from 
 the State. 
 
 THE Department of Public Instruction, although not formally 
 estabhshed until 1884, began its work in 1881. Its first 
 Curator, Professor Albert S. Bickmore, was one of those in- 
 strumental in the foundation of the Museum, and it was he who con- 
 ceived and planned the system to make the Museum a factor of large 
 usefulness by taking an active part in the education of the pupils of 
 our public schools. 
 
 In 1880 the Trustees addressed a letter to the Commissioner of 
 the Department of Education, offering a course of lectures, delivered 
 by Professor Bickmore, in the Museum and at the Museum's expense, 
 to the principals and teachers of natural history in the Primary 
 Schools. The idea met with the hearty approval of the Department 
 of Education, and in January, 1881, Professor Bickmore was authorized 
 to prepare a course of lectures on zoology. A small workroom on 
 the "attic floor" — Number 11, now used by the Department of Orni- 
 thology — was fitted up as a lecture hall. In 1881 the first lecture in 
 the teachers' course was delivered by Professor Bickmore before a 
 class of thirty — all that could be accommodated. This system of 
 visual instruction, as it was called, proved so successful that the 
 Museum was requested to provide room for more teachers. The 
 partition separating an adjoining workroom was removed, which 
 allowed the class to be increased to 150. 
 
 A law passed in 1884 placed the work under the State Department 
 of Public Instruction, with an appropriation of $18,000, "to establish 
 and maintain a course of free lectures to the teachers of the common 
 schools of New York City and to the teachers of the common schools 
 and normal schools throughout the State, who wish to avail themselves 
 of this training." The Department of Public Instruction was at this 
 
 [114] 
 
PUBLIC EDUCATION 
 
 time officially created, and ten lectures on physiology, zoology, and 
 botany prepared for the first course in the autumn of 1884. 
 
 The law as reenacted in 1886, with an appropriation of $18,000 
 annually for two years, authorized Professor Bickmore to deliver at ^** "' *^^^ 
 least one lecture a year at each of the normal schools, normal colleges, 
 and training schools in the State, and further provided that the lec- 
 tures at the Museum should be repeated to "artisans, mechanics, and 
 other citizens." The latter part of the contract, however, was not 
 complied with until 1890, when the new lecture hall was in use. 
 
 Professor Bickmore traveled abroad extensively to gather the il- 
 lustrations and data for the series of lectures on travel, the first of 
 which was given in 1887. They were appreciated to such an extent 
 that the Trustees had to hire Chickering Hall for the autumn course, 
 and here Professor Bickmore delivered his lectures before audiences 
 averaging more than 1,300. 
 
 By the law reenacted in 1888, $15,000 annually was appropriated Lawof isss. 
 for the next two years, and the privileges accorded the other institu- 
 tions were extended to the Teachers' Institutes of the State. 
 
 A new lecture hall, seating 1,002, was opened in the latter part of 
 1889, and in the following year Professor Bickmore delivered the 
 first series of the lectures known as the "Members' Course," and also 
 those to the general public, which were given on holidays. 
 
 The law providing for the support of the Department failed to be 
 reenacted in October, 1890, but the work was continued by the 
 Trustees until January, 1891, when the State made an appropriation Lawof i89i. 
 of $15,000 annually for the next four years, and at the same time 
 entered into an agreement with the Museum by which the Museum 
 received an extra allowance of $700 per month. In 1893 this was 
 increased to $750 per month, and the State appropriation for the next 
 four years was increased to $18,000. The following year, 1894, an 
 extra $18,000 was appropriated to supply deficiencies of former years. 
 
 The system was broadened in 1895 by an act to provide the "Visual Law of i895 
 Instruction Method" to the free common schools of the State, thus 
 permitting the school superintendents in all towns and villages to use 
 
 [115] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Law of 1901. 
 
 George H. 
 Sherwood, 
 Curator, 
 1906-. 
 
 Circulating 
 Collections. 
 
 the lectures given by Professor Bickmore at the Museum; $25,000 an- 
 nually was appropriated for the next four years. The whole system 
 of Visual Instruction was at this time placed under the supervision of 
 Professor Bickmore, and a compensation of $1,000 a month granted 
 for the expenses of inspection, supervision, shipment of material, etc. ; 
 $18,000 annually with $1,000 a month extra was appropriated for four 
 years beginning with 1897, but this was increased to $20,000 annually 
 in 1899; $12,666.66 was granted in 1900 for deficiencies occasioned 
 by the transferring of the appropriation bill. 
 
 The allowance of $1,000 extra a month was extended for four years 
 from January, 1901; $38,000 was appropriated for the year 1902, 
 and the same for 1903. This was the last appropriation made by the 
 State for the work. The Saturday morning lectures to teachers were 
 discontinued the following year, and in 1905 Professor Bickmore was 
 appointed Curator Emeritus, his ill-health necessitating a lightening 
 of his duties. He was relieved of all active charge in 1906, and Mr. 
 George H. Sherwood was appointed Curator. 
 
 In the Department of Public Instruction is centered all those features 
 of the Museum work which are instrumental in articulating the work 
 of the Museum with the public at large and especially with the educa- 
 tional system of the City. Under this heading are the nature study 
 collections which are loaned to public schools, the lectures for school 
 children, the free lectures on holidays, the lectures in conjunction with 
 the Board of Education, and the opportunities afforded to educators for 
 work at the Museum and Museum extension work with public libraries 
 and similar institutions. 
 
 With the placing of nature study as a part of the curriculum laid 
 down by the Board of Education, numerous requests were made to 
 the Museum by teachers for material to illustrate the course in Nature 
 Study. To meet these demands the Museum prepared a number of 
 cabinets of natural history specimens and instituted a system whereby 
 these were loaned to the schools of the City. When this work was 
 begun, only ten collections were available, but the demand for them 
 has become so great that now the Museum has more than 400, and is 
 
 [116] 
 
PUBLIC EDUCATION 
 
 supplying nearly 400 of the City schools. The collections include birds^ 
 insects, moUusks, crabs, starfishes, worms, sponges, corals, minerals, 
 and woods. 
 
 Museum messengers deliver the collections in a sequence agreeable 
 to the teacher and call for them at the expiration of the loan period. 
 In the course of a year, this material reaches from 500,000 to 800,000 
 school children. 
 
 Pursuant to a request of the New York City Teachers' Association, 
 the Museum in 1904 arranged for a series of informal lectures to school Lectures to 
 children, the purpose of which was to supplement the classroom work ^^?f 
 in geography, history, and natural science. These lectures have been 
 attended by thousands of pupils and have now become a regular part 
 of the Museum's educational work. 
 
 Further privileges have been extended in connection with the 
 use of the lantern slides and lecture room. Including the collection of 
 lantern slides deposited by Professor Bickmore, the Museum possesses 
 a collection of slides nimibering 35,000, of which fiilly 12,000 are 
 beautifully colored. Teachers are allowed to select from these slides 
 
 •11- Special 
 
 to illustrate some topic in connection with their work and arrange Lectures. 
 for special lectures to their pupils. 
 
 The free lectures to the public, under the joint auspices of the 
 
 the Public. 
 
 Lectures to 
 
 Museum and the Board of Education, were begun in October, 1900. 
 
 The first lecture to the public on holidays was given under the Lectures to 
 State Department of Public Instruction on Thanksgiving Day, 1890. on Holidays. 
 They have been continued since 1904 by the Museum. 
 
 The lectures in cooperation with Columbia University were begun y^Jj" ^^''jljy 
 
 in 1892. Lectures. 
 
 In 1906 the Museum appointed an instructor, whose duty it is to instructor. 
 meet classes visiting the Museum and explain to them the exhibits, 
 thus enabling them to use their time to the best advantage. A large 
 number of the schools are making use of the Museum in this way. 
 Another feature of this work is the children's room, which was es- 
 tablished in 1908, and which is under the immediate supervision of the 
 instructor. 
 
 [117] 
 
WOODS AND FORESTRY 
 
 COLLECTION OF NORTH AMERICAN WOODS 
 
 ONE of the first steps taken by Mr. Jesup, after his election as 
 President of the Museum, was toward the establishment — 
 at his own expense and as a gift to the Museum — of a col- 
 lection showing the natural history and economic features of all 
 the trees of the United States that could be used for commercial 
 purposes. 
 
 An especially opportune time for making this collection arose when 
 the Tenth Census of the United States embodied in its work the plan 
 of a report upon the wood resources of our country. Professor Charles 
 S. Sargent was engaged as special agent, and Mr. Jesup fortunately 
 secured his cooperation in the preparation of the collection for the 
 Museum. 
 
 The collection of 420 species was formally presented to the Museum 
 in 1891, about twelve years having been required to bring it together. 
 A number of species were at that time lacking, but an expedition sent 
 out in the fall of 1891 secured all but a very few unimportant ones, 
 so that the present collection of 3,092 specimens, of which 505 are 
 on exhibition, is practically complete in its representation of the native 
 woods of North America, north of Mexico. The trunks of the trees 
 in the exhibition series are of an average height of five feet, and cut 
 so as to show vertical, horizontal, and oblique sections, half of each 
 section being polished. 
 
 The foliage, flower, and fruit of each species are illustrated by a 
 water-color sketch, the work of Mrs. Mary Robeson Sargent, and some 
 also by artificial sprays in natural size and color. 
 
 The sections of the California redwood tree and the giant sequoia 
 
 [1181 
 
o 
 a 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 'A 
 < 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 N 
 
 o 
 
 En 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 N 
 hJ 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 Q 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 <1 
 
WOODS AND FORESTRY 
 
 on exhibition in the Darwin Hall were presented by Mr. C. P. Hunt- 
 ington in 1891. 
 
 A flawless plank of the California redwood, measuring six feet in 
 width and seventeen feet in length, was added to the collection by Mr. 
 Jesup in 1905. 
 
 Specimens of foreign woods were among the very early accessions 
 of the Museum. They were received in 1876, being portions of ex- 
 hibits of the different countries at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposi- 
 tion. Jamaica and Bermuda presented their entire exhibit, containing 
 a rich display of tropical woods. Brazil, Argentine Republic, and 
 Mexico presented a number of specimens from their exhibit, while 
 others were received from Japan, Turkey, and the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC STAFF 
 
 The Jesup collection of North American woods was brought to- 
 gether under the supervision and direction of Professor Charles Sprague charies 
 Sargent, of Harvard University, under whose charge Mr. Jesup placed ^prague 
 the Department of Economic Botany, when it was established in 1880. ll.d., 
 Professor Sargent was at that time preparing a report for the Tenth 
 Census of the United States on "The Forest Wealth of the United 
 States." Professor Sargent is an arboriculturist of note. He was 
 appointed Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard in 1873, and 
 since 1879 has been Professor of Arboricuture there. 
 
 Mrs. Mary Robeson Sargent executed the water-color sketches Mrs. Mary 
 which illustrate the foliage, flower, and fruit of the trees in the Jesup swgent" 
 collection of woods. 
 
 Mr. C. G. Pringle and Mr. A. H. Curtiss were engaged to collect c. g. Pringie. 
 specimens for the wood collection. It was as agents for Mr. Jesup that ^- "• Curtiss. 
 Mr. Pringle increased the existing knowledge of the trees of Arizona 
 and Southern California, and Mr. Curtiss that of the semitropical 
 forests of Southern California. 
 
 [119] 
 
Wolfe. 
 
 T 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 jHE Founders of the Museum in their Articles of Incorporation 
 provide for the establishment and maintenance of a Musemn and 
 Library of Natural History, and it is a well-recognized fact that 
 a thoroughly equipped library is a necessary adjunct to an institution 
 devoted to scientific research. Since the incumbency of the present 
 Curator, Prof. R. W. Tower, in 1902, it has been the aim of the 
 administration to build up an exhaustive library of natural history 
 rather than a large general library. 
 
 In 1902 the Museum possessed a good nucleus of standard scientific 
 works, which had largely been received through the gifts of friends of 
 the Museum. Among those of special importance are the following : 
 The first important gift was the John C. Jay conchological library, 
 presented in 1874 by Miss Catharine L. Wolfe. It contained about 
 850 bound volumes and many pamphlets, gathered at a cost of over 
 $10,000 and forming what was considered the finest library of its 
 kind in America. 
 Brevoort. The Carson Brevoort hbrary on fishes and general zoology, on 
 
 deposit since 1879, was presented by Mr. Robert L. Stuart. It num- 
 bered 2,083 volumes and over 1,000 pamphlets, and included almost 
 all important works on ichthyology up to 1870. 
 
 A library of voyages and travel, numbering about 350 volumes, 
 Jewett. was received in 1886 as the gift of Mr. Hugh J. Jewett. Among them 
 
 were many rare original editions. 
 Elliot. The ornithological hbrary of Daniel Giraud Elliot, containing 
 
 987 volumes and 675 pamphlets, and ranking third of its kind in the 
 United States, was purchased and presented to the Museimi in 1887 
 by Mr. CorneUus Vanderbilt and Mr. Percy R. Pyne. 
 
 The largest addition, in point of numbers, which has been received 
 
 at any one time is the library which was gathered by the late Dr. S. 
 
 Elliot. Lowell Elliot and presented in 1891 as a memorial by his widow, 
 
 [120] 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 Mrs. M. Schuyler Elliot. It consisted of 9,500 volumes and 3,500 pam- 
 phlets on insects, fishes, birds, general zoology, geography, and history. 
 
 The Harry Edwards entomological library of 500 volumes and Edwards. 
 1,200 pamphlets was received with the Edwards Collection of butter- 
 flies, which was acquired in 1892, partly through the generosity of 
 friends of Mr. Edwards. 
 
 The Marcou collection of works on geology was presented to the Marcou. 
 Museimi in 1898 by Mr. John Belknap Marcou and Dr. Philippe Marcou. 
 It was brought together by Professor Jules Marcou, an eminent au- 
 thority on geology, and comprises about 3,000 volumes, 5,000 pam- 
 phlets and 1,200 maps. It had the distinction of being, with one ex- 
 ception, the largest private library of geology and palaeontology in 
 America. 
 
 A collection of 1,200 volumes, 960 numbers of serial publications, 
 1,833 pamphlets and 66 valuable maps, was presented in 1900 by 
 General Egbert Viele. To this gift he later added 676 volumes and a vieie. 
 number of pamphlets. 
 
 Over 200 volumes on conchology were given by Mr. Frederick A. 
 Constable in 1901. constable. 
 
 Following the reorganization of the Library Staff the books on 
 hand were catalogued and made available for reference. The Library 
 was extended through subscriptions to the important scientific periodi- 
 cals, through exchange and through purchase. The New York 
 Academy of Sciences deposited its library with the Museiun Library New York 
 in 1905 under arrangements which permitted of the merging of the two. sciences!^ ° 
 This library numbers about 10,000 volumes and is especially rich in 
 the publications of foreign societies, a branch of scientific literature 
 which had been but poorly represented in the Museum. 
 
 Following the example of the New York Academy, other scientific 
 bodies have presented or deposited their libraries with the Museum, 
 so that at the present time the Museum's Library is the recognized 
 center in the City for publications on natural science. 
 
 Special attention was given to the matter of exchanges, and with Exchanges. 
 the publications of the Academy of Sciences in addition to the large 
 
 [121] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 American 
 
 Ethnological 
 
 Society. 
 
 Allen. 
 
 Wheeler. 
 
 Bumpus. 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 Osborn. 
 
 series of the Museum publications available for this purpose the Museum 
 now annually receives an extensive list of periodicals on natural 
 science. 
 
 The enormous expense attached to the publication of researches 
 has led the Museum to reduce the edition of its publications, but it 
 gives them wide distribution by gratuitously depositing complete sets 
 of the publications in a hundred of the important learned centers 
 throughout the world. At the present time the Library contains 
 40,000 volumes and 20,000 separata, all completely catalogued and 
 available to all who may desire to consult them. 
 
 Since 1902 the Library has been enriched by many gifts, the most 
 important of which are as follows : 
 
 The Library of the American Ethnological Society was permanently 
 deposited with the Museum in 1903. It numbers 750 volumes and 
 270 pamphlets, mostly on ethnology and archaeology. 
 
 In 1904 Dr. J. A. Allen presented his private library of about 
 3,800 separata on zoology. 
 
 The Wheeler collection was also acquired in 1904. It consists of 
 121 books and pamphlets on arachnida, and many articles on 
 entomology in general brought together and presented by Professor 
 William Morton Wheeler. His library of 571 works on North American 
 Diptera was purchased by the Museum. 
 
 Another accession of special interest in 1904 was the gift by Dr. 
 H. C. Bumpus of his entire scientific library. It is especially rich in 
 works on comparative anatomy and contains 311 volmnes, 1,661 bound 
 and 1,050 unbound pamphlets, among which were many valuable 
 volumes and rare reprints new to the Museum's Library. 
 
 A copy of "Audubon's Birds of the United States of America," 
 published in 1834 and valued at |3,000, was received in 1904 as a gift 
 from Mr. Archibald Rogers. 
 
 A recent accession of great importance is the palaeontological 
 library of Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, which he presented to 
 the Museum in 1908. It contains between 6,000 and 7,000 volumes, 
 valued at between $10,000 and $12,000. 
 
 [122] 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 During the earliest years of the history of the Museum the hbrary 
 was comparatively of small importance, but when the institution 
 took possession of its own building in 1877, the collection of books 
 began to grow. At first it was placed under the care of Dr. Anthony 
 Woodward, then Assistant in Geology. In 1882 Dr. Woodward was 
 made Librarian, a position which he held until 1902 when he was made 
 Curator of Maps and Charts. Beginning with 1902, Prof. R. W. 
 Tower has been Curator of the Department of Books and Publications, 
 a position which carries with it the duties of Librarian. Professor 
 Tower has devoted special attention to increasing the library, and its 
 present efficiency is largely due to his persistent efforts in this direction. 
 
 [123] 
 
PUBLICATIONS 
 
 THE publications of the American Museum of Natural History- 
 consist of the "Annual Report," the "Bulletin," the 
 "Memoirs," "Anthropological Papers," an " Ethnographical 
 Album," and the "American Museum Journal." 
 
 Bulletin. The "Bulletin" is a strictly scientific publication in which are pub- 
 
 lished the shorter articles embodying the results of the research work 
 of the various departments of the Museum. These papers are less 
 voluminous and of more general interest than those which appear in 
 the "Memoirs." The first number was issued in December, 1881 — 
 the first year of President Jesup's administration — and the first volume 
 was completed five years later. Since 1892 a complete volume has 
 been issued every year. Each volume contains about twenty-four 
 articles, published separately during the year, which relate about 
 equally to Geology, Palaeontology, Mammalogy, Ornithology, and Ento- 
 mology. It is octavo in size, and contains 400 to 975 pages, with many 
 plates and text figures. It has an edition of 750 and is distributed 
 mainly to other scientific institutions in exchange for their publica- 
 tions, and is thus an important means for the increase of our Library. 
 
 Memoirs. The "Memoirs," like the "Bulletin," are strictly scientific, but are 
 
 devoted to special articles requiring more exhaustive treatment. 
 The issue of "Memoirs" was suggested by Professor Osborn in 1892. 
 Each part forms a separate and complete monograph, usually with 
 numerous plates. The " Memoirs " are quarto in size, and have been 
 published in parts at irregular intervals since 1893. The present edi- 
 tion is 600 copies. 
 
 The amount of material brought in and the observations made by 
 the parties at work under the Jesup North Pacific Exploration Fund 
 made necessary the establishment in 1898 of a special series of pub- 
 lications in the " Memoir " form. At first these were issued by the 
 Museum, but since 1904 they have been published by E. J. Brill Ley- 
 
 [124] 
 
PUBLICATIONS 
 
 den, Holland, under a favorable contract. This firm also publishes 
 the "Ethnographical Album." 
 
 The "Anthropological Papers" are really a part of the "Bulletin," Anthropoiog- 
 devoted exclusively to the results of field work and other research "^^ p^p^"- 
 conducted by the anthropological staff of the Museum. They are 
 published in octavo volumes of about 350 pages each, issued in parts 
 at irregular intervals. The first issue was in 1907. The present 
 edition is 600. 
 
 The publication of the "American Museum Journal" was begun American 
 in April, 1900, at the suggestion of Professor Osborn. The "Journal" is Jo"^rn"aT 
 a popular record of the progress of the Museum. It was started to give 
 to the members and the public the Museum news in popular and interest- 
 ing form, and as a medium for the prompt acknowledgment of gifts and 
 for making widely known the needs of the Museum. The "Journal" 
 has an edition of 3,000 and is issued monthly from October to May. 
 
 It has been the policy of the administration of the Museum so to 
 label the exhibits that visitors would have the information desired 
 without the use of a voluminous general guide. The interest of the 
 public, however, in various collections led Director Bumpus to suggest 
 the publication of Guide Leaflets on these special subjects. These Leaflets 
 leaflets, now thirty in number, appear irregularly and in editions which 
 vary with the popularity of the subject matter discussed. 
 
 Prof. R. P. Whitfield, Curator of Geology, established the form and 
 character of the "Bulletin" through- the first four articles, which were 
 contributed by him and published in 1881 and 1882, but there was no 
 definite editor until Prof. J. A. Allen assumed the editorship with the 
 issue of Vol. I, Part 5, in 1884. Professor Allen became editor of the 
 "Memoirs," likewise, when they were established in 1893. Prof. 
 Franz Boas has been the editor of the special series of memoirs pertain- 
 ing to the Jesup North Pacific exploration since it was begun. Dr. 
 Clark Wissler is the editor of the "Anthropological Papers." Mr. W. 
 K. Gregory was made editor of the "American Museum Journal," when 
 that was estabhshed in 1900, but since October, 1901, Dr. Edmund 
 Otis Hovey has been editor of the "Journal" and the Guide Leaflets. 
 
 [125] 
 
FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF 
 THE EXHIBITIONS 
 
 THE wonderful growth of the American Museum, which gives 
 it a rank second only to the British Museum, which places 
 it among the first of our educational and research institu- 
 tions in this country, which relates it to the college and university 
 system not only of New York but of the entire United States, 
 should encourage us not to stop, but to go on with increased vigor 
 and intelligence. If this is to be a truly great country, its intel- 
 lectual growth must keep pace with or in advance of its material 
 prosperity. 
 
 It is important to realize that only a beginning has been made; 
 that the new methods which have been developed in certain depart- 
 ments should be extended to all departments; that some of our col- 
 lections, as compared with those of the British Museum, or even of 
 other American museums, are in their infancy; that certain depart- 
 ments of science, which properly belong to a natural history museum, 
 have barely been suggested; that everywhere the lack of sequence in the 
 arrangement of the collections is most confusing to the visitor. Finally, 
 while gratifying progress has been made in connection with the public 
 educational system of the City, we should render even greater service 
 than we have been doing to the common schools, the high schools, 
 the colleges and the universities. In other words, the Museum, 
 through its influence on teachers and on pupils, should become a 
 more vital part of the educational system of the City, which alone 
 will justify increased appropriations for maintenance and will justify 
 the Trustees in their appeal to liberal-minded citizens for an increased 
 endowment. 
 
 [126] 
 
FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS 
 
 Briefly, these various objects may be summarized as follows; 
 
 1. Closer relations with the system of Public Education. 
 
 2. Extension of the exhibition system to pure science, as- 
 
 tronomy, physics, geography, physical geography, ocean- 
 ography. 
 
 3. Applications of science to public health, economic forestry, 
 
 economic zoology, mines and mining. 
 
 In the new Department of Public Health, for example, we should xhe Depart- 
 pursue the fine beginning which has been made and show the relation mentot Public 
 of the simpler forms of animal and plant life to germ and protozoan 
 diseases along the lines begun in the mosquito exhibit. 
 
 In the Department of Woods and Forestry, we should display conservation, 
 the principles of conservation and teach the lessons of economy rather 
 than of waste in the natural resources of our country. 
 
 In the pure sciences, astronomy has never found its way into any 
 natural history museum until the present admirable beginning made 
 in this institution, to the instruction and delight of thousands of visi- 
 tors. It is obvious from the laws of the unity of nature, taught by Astronomy. 
 Humboldt and Darwin, that all causes are ultimately astronomic and 
 physical. Certain temporary exhibits of solar, lunar and stellar 
 photographs from the Yerkes and other observatories have proved both 
 fascinating and instructive to the public. We already have the 
 promise of the superb photographs which are now being secured by 
 Professor Hale of the Carnegie Institution at Pasadena. These 
 display the evolution of worlds, the corona of the sun, the vortical 
 nature of the sun spots. Other astronomers in our observatories, 
 which now lead the world, will be glad to send us their latest negatives. 
 Displayed in a darkened room, with transmitted light, these negatives 
 give a perfect vision of the heavens as they appear through our largest 
 telescopes. Such an exhibition could be arranged at comparatively 
 small expense on the first floor of the new Rotunda. 
 
 Similarly, in Physical Geography, we are promised the hearty physical 
 co-operation of Professor Davis of Harvard University, the leading Geography. 
 
 [127] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Geography. 
 
 Oceanog- 
 raphy. 
 
 student of this subject. He is ready to plan a hall which shall be 
 devoted to the great surface phenomena of the earth, to the mountains, 
 the rivers, the glaciers, the snow peaks, the volcanoes, the valleys, the 
 canons and all the other wonderful features of the earth's surface 
 which be may displayed through photographs and through models. 
 
 The beginning which has been made by the Museum in geography 
 in the projection of the Arctic and Antarctic regions has attracted so 
 much attention and such close study by visitors that it is clear that the 
 way is open for a complete geographic exhibit. Already, through an 
 arrangement with the American Geographical Society, under President 
 Huntington, a typical globe, embodying the very latest results of 
 geographical research, has been prepared, which will serve as the basis 
 on which can be recorded not only all the geographical and physical 
 features of the earth, but the distribution of plants and animals and 
 of the races of men. It is obvious that geography is the subject above 
 all others through which we may get into close touch with the work 
 of the public schools; that advanced museum methods of geography, 
 such as we shall adopt, will be a great aid both to teachers and to pupils 
 — in fact, it will put the whole science on a new basis in the City of 
 New York. 
 
 Oceanography is another of the new subjects which it is proposed 
 to develop, both on its physical side — the content of the sea and of the 
 geographical sea bottom — and on its living side — the marvelous and 
 peculiar forms of sea life. America has been one of the leaders in this 
 subject, through the voyages of the "Blake" and of the ''Albatross," 
 under Alexander Agassiz and others. At the present time, the "Alba- 
 tross" has been offered to the Museum by the United States Depart- 
 ment of Fisheries for use in the Antarctic, which '^will enable the 
 Museum to secure its first oceanographic collections and train its first 
 observers in this field. 
 
 The following conspectus of the present and future scope of the 
 exhibitions is the taking' stock of what we have and of what we need 
 to carry out these plans. 
 
 [128] 
 
FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS 
 
 CONSPECTUS OF THE PRESENT CONDITION AND THE 
 FUTURE SCOPE OF EXHIBITIONS 
 
 Astronomy 
 
 Solar and planetary system Exhibitions begun. 
 
 Earth and the moon as planet and satellite Exhibitions begun. 
 Star system and evolution of the worlds. . No exhibitions ready. 
 Meteorites Creditable collections. 
 
 Physical Sciences Practically no exhibi- 
 tions ready. 
 Earth Sciences 
 
 Geography Preliminary exhibitions 
 
 begun. 
 
 Physical Geography Preliminary exhibitions 
 
 begun. 
 
 Geology and Palseogeography Exhibitions and collec- 
 tions begun. 
 
 Mineralogy and Mines Minerals extensive ; no 
 
 exhibitions of mines 
 
 ready. 
 
 The Sea Sciences 
 
 Oceanography Creditable beginning on 
 
 abyssal forms of life. 
 The Life Sciences 
 
 Woods and Forestry Full exhibitions. Meth- 
 ods of Forestry to be 
 
 added. 
 Zoology and Palceontology 
 
 Invertebrates 
 
 Shells Extensive series. 
 
 Other invertebrates Incomplete collections. 
 
 Vertebrates 
 
 Fishes Very incomplete exhibi- 
 tions and collections. 
 
 [129] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Zoology and Palceontology — Continued 
 Amphibians 
 
 Reptiles. 
 Birds — 
 
 Mammals. 
 
 Anthropology, Archceology, and Ethnology 
 America 
 
 North America 
 New York and Atlantic coast Indians. 
 Central States, Mound Builders ... 
 
 Indians of the Plains 
 
 Indians of the Southwest . . 
 
 California 
 
 North Pacific Coast, British Columbia 
 
 and Alaska 
 
 Eskimos 
 
 Mexico and Central America 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Yucatan 
 Honduras 
 Guatemala 
 Costa Rica 
 
 South America 
 Ecuador 
 Bolivia 
 Colombia 
 Peru 
 Chile 
 
 Eastern Coast of South America . 
 
 [130] 
 
 Very incomplete exhibi- 
 tions and collections. 
 
 Very incomplete exhibi- 
 tions and collections. 
 
 Complete exhibitions. 
 Much to be done. 
 
 Fair collections. Much 
 to be done. 
 
 Fair collections. 
 Abundant collections. 
 Growing collections. 
 Growing collections. 
 Small collections. 
 
 Creditable collections. 
 Extensive collections. 
 
 Fair collections. 
 Scanty collections. 
 
 Little ethnology; more 
 of archaeology. 
 
 No collections. 
 
FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS 
 
 Anthropology, Archaeology, and Ethnology — Continued 
 Europe and Asia 
 
 Siberian tribes 
 
 Origin of civilized races 
 
 Europe ... .... 
 
 Asia 
 
 China 
 
 Japan 
 
 Korea 
 
 Philippines 
 
 Indo-Malayan Islands 
 
 Borneo 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 Australia 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 Africa 
 
 Native races 
 
 From Central Africa . 
 South Pacific Islands 
 
 Hawaii. ... 
 
 Polynesia 
 
 Man and Nature 
 Anatomy. . 
 Physical Anthropology 
 
 Physiology . . . . 
 Public Health . 
 
 Extensive collections. 
 A fair beginning has 
 
 been made. 
 Scanty collections. 
 
 Fair general collections. 
 Practically nothing. 
 Little of note. 
 Creditable collections. 
 
 Practically nothing. 
 Practically nothing. 
 Practically nothing. 
 Initial collections. 
 Initial collections. 
 
 Creditable collections. 
 
 Practically nothing. 
 Fair collections. 
 
 A few exhibitions ready. 
 A beginning has been 
 
 made. 
 Exhibitions begun in 
 
 1904. 
 Exhibitions begun in 
 
 1904. 
 
 [131] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 SEQUENCE AND ARRANGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS 
 
 The natural sequence of the exhibitions in each hall and in suc- 
 cessive halls is an educational principle of very first importance. It is 
 as important in natural history as it is in art. Visitors to the Berlin 
 Museum will recall the educational advantage of the arrangement 
 of the picture galleries according to the sequence of schools in various 
 countries. Exactly the same idea applies to a museum of natural 
 history. Yet with the exception of the Agassiz Museum in Cambridge, 
 no large museimi, to our knowledge, has grasped the idea of the natural 
 grouping of halls or the natural sequence of subjects. 
 
 There are two principal ideas in sequence, namely : 
 
 Geographical Arrangement. — In this the visitor passes from country 
 to country, as he would in traveling. In American anthropology, for 
 example, he passes from East to West and studies the tribes of New 
 York, of the Central "West, of the Plains region, of the Southwest, of 
 Mexico, and of Central America. Such lines of travel furnish a very 
 desirable arrangement for certain classes of exhibits, both in anthro- 
 pology and in zoology. 
 
 Evolutionary Sequence. — ^This is the sequence of development. The 
 visitor compares primitive races with more civilized races. He fol- 
 lows the progress of eolithic, palaeolithic, and neolithic man, or he traces 
 the first steps of nature, the lower into the higher forms of plant and 
 of animal life. He begins with the simple organisms of the water 
 and traces the evolution step by step into the higher organisms of the 
 earth and of the air. 
 
 Briefly, it may be said that both the geographical and evolutionary 
 arrangements, or kinds of sequence, are necessary in a great museum. 
 Sometimes the geographical arrangement is better; sometimes the 
 evolutionary, and sometimes both may be more or less combined. 
 One thing is absolutely essential : a well-ordered museum shovdd present 
 a natural arrangement which the visitor can grasp and which wUl have 
 the same influence on the mind as travel or the direct observation of 
 evolutionary objects in the'state of nature. 
 
 [132] 
 
77 ™ Sr/rre-T 
 
 Jaw. /5/0. 
 
 Basement. Mechanics, Painters, and Carpenters. 
 
 [133] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Fortunately the original plan of the American Museum by Calvert 
 Vaux in 1873, of a great square with intersecting transepts, admirably 
 provides for such sequence — both geographical and evolutionary. In 
 fact, with all the advance which has been made in the construction 
 and design of museum buildings, within the last thirty years, nothing 
 superior to the ground plan of the American Musemn has been devised. 
 This is a most fortunate circmnstance. It was undoubtedly arrived 
 at accidentally — one of those happy accidents which relieves the Trus- 
 tees of a mass of difficulties and embarrassments from which other in- 
 stitutions have suffered. 
 
 BASEMENT. — ^The new Basement Entrance provides not only for 
 the central distribution of fuel, but also for a receiving and distributing 
 department of everything which enters and leaves the Museum, replac- 
 ing the present South Entrance. A level trolley and track system will 
 connect the receiving department with the entire basement area, and 
 thus with all the stairways and elevators which may be constructed. 
 In the basement all the work of mechanics, painters, carpenters, and 
 joiners is provided for, as well as comfortable rooms for the employees 
 between hours. Provision is made also for the reception and storage 
 of large collections, casts, etc., in a rough state, and certain rough 
 grades of preparation work. The heating and lighting plant will be 
 placed economically south of the West Transept. 
 
 FIRST FLOOR.— The first floor wiU be devoted on the east side 
 to certain physical and biological branches of science, and on the 
 west to American Anthropology especially of North America. It will 
 be appropriate to devote the FOYER, after the removal of the meteor- 
 ites and the planetary system, entirely to memorials of the Trustees, 
 of prominent members of the Scientific Staff, and of men distinguished 
 in the history of American science. 
 
 The scientific sequence of this floor will be understood by beginning 
 with ASTRONOMY in the Rotunda, in which, in a darkened hall, 
 photographs of the heavens will be displayed by transmitted light, as 
 explained above. The adjoining East Transept and East Entrance 
 
 [134] 
 
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 V / 
 
 A NTMROPOLa Y 
 
 f^ Bl " Street f\ 
 
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 THE pRijMiTiYe: ANO PCRiveo ij^ou^TRies 
 
 — Li 
 
 INDIANS 
 
 OP- TMe 
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 CALirORNiA 
 
 ANO 
 
 SOUTH PACiriC 
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 INDIANS 
 OF NEW YORK 
 AND 
 EASTETRN COAST 
 
 77 '■*' 5r/?e-£-T 
 
 THE CARTM 
 
 THE BEQINNING-S 
 OF- THE WORLD 
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 ANIMAL 
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 F^HYSIOLOa' 
 
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 GEOLOGY 
 
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 ALASS05R/ 
 
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 RWItM HALL 
 SYNOPTIC 
 
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 Ani-heopology 
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 FiEST Floor. 
 
 The Heavens, The Eaeth, The Sea, 
 The Forests, Lower Orders of Life. 
 
 [135] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Pavilion may be devoted appropriately to the sciences of the earth, to 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, and MINERALOGY. This 
 floor and the space under the entrance steps leading to the second floor 
 entrance lends itself to the display of sections of mines and sections of 
 the interior of the earth. In the adjoining Southeast Wing the visitor 
 will pass into OCEANOGRAPHY — the geography and physical 
 constitution of the sea bottom and sea water — as an introduction to 
 the LIFE OF THE SEA, which, in turn, will lead into the Southeast 
 Pavilion devoted to a synopsis of the ANIMAL KINGDOM, especially 
 the lower forms of life, a hall which was dedicated to the memory of 
 Charles Darwin on the one hundredth anniversary of his birth. The 
 communicating South Hall will be devoted to WOODS AND FOR- 
 ESTRY, an extension of the already remarkable Jesup Collection, into 
 the domain of Applied Forestry. Passing through the MEMORIAL 
 HALL we enter the South Transept, which will be devoted entirely 
 to the North Pacific Tribes of Indians from British Columbia to Alaska 
 the Eskimo Exhibit to be removed to the floor above. 
 
 Passing from the Memorial Hall to the west we enter the South 
 Hall devoted to the INDIANS OF NEW YORK, of the eastern coast 
 of the United States, and the CENTRAL STATES, including the 
 Mound Builders. This is a natural geographic introduction to the 
 INDIANS OF THE PLAINS, which may occupy the Southwest 
 PaviHon and lead naturally into the Southwest Hall devoted to the 
 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST, especially to the splendid col- 
 lections assembled by the Hyde Expeditions and the present Hunt- 
 ington Expeditions. 
 
 A grand feature of the Museum wiU be the new West Entrance 
 PaviHon, devoted to MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN 
 ARCHAEOLOGY, a two-story haU with gallery, suitable for the re- 
 ception of reproductions of portions of the great temples, altars, and 
 stelse of the Aztec, Zapotecan, and Mayan cultures, in which the native 
 art and architecture of America reaches its high-water mark. It is 
 proposed to add to the Loubat Collection by fresh expeditions in 
 Mexico, and to secure by exchange and purchase other collections now 
 
 [136] 
 
FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS 
 
 in this country, so that it is beUeved this grand hall will be completely 
 filled, and constitute one of the finest features of the Museum. Studies 
 are being made for the architectural and mural decoration of the hall 
 in keeping with its contents, so that it will be for all time the anthro- 
 pological gateway to the Museum and the main evening entrance. 
 
 Adjoining this hall will be two smaller auditoriums capable of 
 seating three hundred persons each, for the use of public school teachers 
 and pupils, the New York Academy of Sciences, and other affiliated 
 societies. 
 
 The West Transept may be devoted to the ARCHAEOLOGY AND 
 ETHNOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA and the South Pacific coast. 
 
 SECOND FLOOR.— The second, or main floor of the Museum 
 may be devoted on the east to the Geographic or Faunistic arrange- 
 ment of the Higher Animal Life of the World, and on the west to a 
 continuation of American Anthropology and Ethnology. The Rotunda 
 will be occupied by an elaboration of the PLANETARY SYSTEM 
 which is now placed in the Foyer. A grand new East and West 
 Transept connecting the East Entrance Hall with the West Entrance 
 Hall will provide space for the permanent display of the relative 
 distances of the remote planets. 
 
 The entrance point of the second floor will be the grand new East 
 Entrance Hall, a two- or possibly three-story opening surrounded by 
 galleries. Facing the visitor will be the East Transept Hall devoted, 
 to the LIFE OF AFRICA, for which collections are now being made 
 in British East Africa, in the Uganda Protectorate, and in the Congo, 
 in addition to the already considerable collections in the Museum. It 
 is proposed here to give the visitor an impression of the entire life of 
 Africa, of its most distinctive mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes, as 
 well as types of man. Supplementing these exhibits will be photo- 
 graphs and transparencies of characteristic African scenery. Models 
 will display the principal geographic and physiographic characters. 
 In brief, a visit to the African Hall will resemble as nearly as is possible 
 in a museum a visit to Africa itself. This method of treatment is 
 
 [1371 
 
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 Zoology. 
 
 Mammals, Bieds, Reptiles, Amphibians 
 
 AND Fishes in Geographic Order. 
 
 Second Floor (Main). 
 
 [ 138;] 
 
FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS 
 
 entirely practicable. Through our expeditions and through the gifts 
 of the late King Leopold of Belgium we shall soon be able to give a 
 complete synthetic treatment of this remarkable country. At the end 
 of the hall may be an exhibit of the entirely unique LIFE OF AUS- 
 TRALIA, its vegetation, its peculiar mammals, birds, and fishes, and 
 its inferior human tribes. Unfortunately the Museum possesses few 
 materials for this exhibit at present. 
 
 Halls arranged on the same principle will extend in geographic 
 sequence around this entire floor. Thus the visitor passes, in the 
 Southeast Hall, into the SOUTH ASIATIC LIFE, materials for which 
 are already in the Museum and will be amplified in the course of the 
 next few years; this life is closely akin, in fact, it was only in recent 
 geologic time detached from, that of Africa. In the same hall we next 
 pass into the LIFE OF NORTHERN ASIA, which is closely akin to 
 that of the northerly region of America; and thus by an entirely natural 
 transition we enter the BOREAL LIFE OF ALASKA AND BRITISH 
 COLUMBIA, vast materials for which are already in the possession 
 of the Museimi or on exhibition. 
 
 Passing around we enter the NORTH AMERICAN LIFE of the 
 South Hall, an extension of the collections already displayed there, 
 which may extend into the South Central Pavilion. This will lead 
 the visitor naturally into the Life of the Southern Portions of North 
 America, the so-called Sonoran Zone, which, in turn, will introduce us 
 naturally into the SOUTH AMERICAN LIFE, from the Andes to 
 the Pampas, Patagonia, and Terra del Fuego. Materials for the 
 exhibits are partly in the Museum, partly to be collected through our 
 proposed expeditions in South America. The remainder of this hall 
 may be devoted to the CIRCUMPOLAR LIFE, or LIFE OF THE 
 ARCTIC and ANTARCTIC regions, connecting with the LIFE OF 
 THE ESKIMO, which may be removed from the floor below. Superb 
 materials for the exhibits of Arctic life are already in hand through 
 the Peary expeditions. It is proposed to enter actively upon Antarctic 
 exploration to supplement our decidedly limited materials from this 
 
 region. 
 
 [139] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 This circle completes the circuit of the world and will be equivalent 
 to a great journey around the globe and from pole to pole. 
 
 The anthropological section to the west may include two halls 
 devoted to AMERICAN ARCILEOLOGY extending into the South- 
 west Pavilion, rich materials for which are already in the possession 
 of the Museum. From this we pass into the Southwest Hall, which 
 may be devoted to the Archseolog}' and Ethnology of ECUADOR 
 AND COLOMBIA, in which our materials are at present very limited. 
 This naturally connects with the gallery floor of the MEXICAN AND 
 CENTRAL AMERICAN HALL, and leads into the PERUVIAN 
 HALL in the West Transept, in which our collections are particularly 
 rich through the gifts of Mr. Henry Villard and others. 
 
 THIRD FLOOR.— The third floor may be devoted on the east 
 to the Animal Kingdom, arranged by natural affinity or classification, 
 and on the west to the Anthropology of Europe, Asia, Indo-Malaya, 
 and Australia. 
 
 If the second floor is especially devoted to the needs of the general 
 student, the third floor may be arranged especiaUy for the needs of 
 special students of zoology of high school, college, and university 
 grade, as well as for animal lovers. On this floor we enter the South 
 Transept with its beautiful HABITAT GROUPS OF BIRDS, im- 
 proved by the widening of the galleries. We pass into a SYSTEM- 
 ATIC COLLECTION OF BIRDS arranged according to affinity in 
 the Rotunda Gallery and also in the East Transept, and extending, if 
 necessary, into the gaUeries of the grand Entrance Hall. This leaves 
 four halls for the SYSTEMATIC COLLECTIONS OF MAMMALS. 
 One may be devoted appropriately to a SYNOPTIC COLLECTION, 
 or key to the classification of mammals, another to a COLLECTION 
 OF WHALES. The Central South Pavilion may be devoted perma- 
 nently to the Collection of MONKEYS AND APES, extended to 
 include the Transition to Primitive Man. 
 
 This hall will naturally connect with that devoted to the RACES 
 OF MEN on the west, a subject of the utmost importance which we 
 
 [140] 
 
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 Amphibians and Fishes in 
 
 Order of Kinship. 
 
 Third Floor (Gallery). 
 
 [141] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 have hardly begun to treat. It is important to observe that this 
 floor will give us the History of the Origin of Civilization. We shall 
 have a passage from the anthropoid apes to the most primitive races 
 of men, and be able to trace the successive human cidtures, as dis- 
 played only in Old World remains. Valuable collections are already 
 in the Museum illustrating these culture stages, but we need to sup- 
 plement them by others, and to give the entire collection arrangement 
 under the best scientific authorities. The subject is naturally one 
 where the American Museum for the first time touches the historian. 
 ASIATIC ANTHROPOLOGY and ARCHEOLOGY wiU naturally 
 lead out of the European. Here again our collections are very limited, 
 Similarly we have only made a beginning in the INDO-MALAYAN 
 ARCHIPELAGO and in AUSTRALIA, which will complete this 
 Anthropological Circuit. 
 
 FOURTH FLOOR.— The Fourth Floor is the finest in proportions 
 of any of the floors and best lends itself to the display of objects of 
 large size requiring considerable vertical space. It is therefore pecu- 
 liarly suited to the display of the PAST HISTORY OF THE EARTH, 
 on the east side, and of the anthropological collections of Africa, 
 Polynesia, the Philippines, China and Japan, and the Siberian tribes, 
 on the west side. Again, the circular arrangement of the halls in the 
 completed south plan enables us to present a perfect evolutionary 
 sequence on the east, and a natural geographic sequence on the 
 west. 
 
 The Past History of the Earth, as told by fossils, begins with the 
 PALtEOZOIC, or age OF MOLLUSKS, provided for by the great James 
 Hall Collection and additions which have been made to it, in its present 
 location, namely, the South Transept Hall. The collections await re- 
 arrangement, the elimination of certain parts which more properly 
 belong elsewhere, and the addition of palaeogeographic maps showing 
 the past history of the American continent, based upon the researches of 
 Professor Schuchert of Yale University and others. The student at 
 this point begins with the first stages of life in the Cambrian and pre- 
 
 [142] 
 
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 "V 
 
 \ 
 
 ANTMROPOLOQY 
 
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 HEIaVj LlG-hx AND ELECTPjlClTfY' 
 
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 o 
 
 5»iBeKtArM 
 
 -TRIBES 
 
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 _r 
 
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 77 " S-r/^e-CT 
 
 Jaw I^/o. 
 
 Anthropology. 
 Uncivilized Races, Old World. 
 
 Fourth Floor. 
 
 The Life History of the Earth 
 Paleontology. 
 
 [143] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 Cambrian, estimated at 40,000,000 years ago. He passes into the 
 gallery surrounding the Rotunda and is introduced to the AGE OF 
 FISHES by a collection of living fishes, which, in turn, will lead him 
 into the East Transept devoted to later Palaeozoic times, or close of the 
 Age of Fishes. Here the Museum is rich in the Newberry Collection, 
 deposited by Columbia University, and, through the Dodge Fimd, 
 is in a position to acquire and arrange most instructive exhibits of the 
 life of this great period of time. 
 
 The East Entrance Hall may be partly devoted to exhibits of the 
 larger fishes of modern times and to the Carboniferous and Permian 
 periods, when the AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES first make their 
 appearance on the earth. This is the Age of the Coal Formations, and 
 mural decorations, illustrating the Carboniferous or Coal Period and 
 its rich flora, will be appropriate. Following this is the Permian in 
 which we have unsurpassed collections. The next hall in the Southeast 
 Wing leads us into Jurassic times and may be known as the FIRST 
 HALL OF DINOSAURS, for which imposing materials have already 
 been assembled, namely, the great Brontosaurus and other giant reptiles 
 of this period. Splendid specimens of these animals, as yet unmounted, 
 from the Museum's expeditions and from the Cope Collection pre- 
 sented by Mr. Jesup, await the space which a new hall will afford. In 
 the south end of the same hall one may pass into that long period of 
 time known as the Middle Cretaceous, when the Rocky Mountain 
 region was beneath a series of shallow seas which swarmed with 
 MARINE REPTILES, over which hovered various types of flying 
 reptiles and primitive birds. Again, the collections now in the Museum, 
 those unprepared and those being brought together by our western 
 expeditions, are ready to fill a considerable space. The visitor now 
 passes into the Southwest Pavilion, which will be known as the 
 SECOND HALL OF DINOSAURS, and which will portray the second 
 and final great period of dinosaur life in North America. Here we are 
 now ready to make a most imposing display of Iguanodons, giant carniv- 
 orous reptiles, or Tyrannosaurus, great horned dinosaurs, and the small 
 forms of life^rom this remarkable period. The flora of this period is 
 
 [144] 
 
FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS 
 
 also known and may be splendidly shown both in transparencies 
 and in large mural restorations. 
 
 At this time the first small mammals were discovered and gave 
 transition to the Csenozoic life of the South Hall, which will be devoted 
 to the TERTIARY MAMMALS. This hall, which represents the 
 results of twenty years of exploration and purchase, is now overcrowded, 
 and it is proposed to move the Quaternary mammals into the Pavilion 
 Hall beyond, the ample proportions of which lend themselves admirably 
 to the crowning forms of LIFE OF PLEISTOCENE times, the great 
 elephants and mastodons of North America, as well as the ponderous 
 forms of South America, assembled in our Pampean Collection. 
 
 This will complete the circuit of the Past History of Life in a 
 maimer which will be unrivaled in any museum in the world, and it is 
 peculiarly appropriate to present in mural paintings on the walls here 
 the Pleistocene man as a hunter of these great mammals in Europe and 
 North America and as the artist who depicted forms with rare fidelity 
 on the walls of caves in Europe. This PLEISTOCENE Hall, there- 
 fore, like that below it, connects perfectly the zoological with the 
 anthropological section to the west, and gives us a perfect sequence. 
 
 The Hall of AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGY, to the west, is rapidly 
 being prepared for the munificent gifts of the late King of the Belgians, 
 through a number of important purchases, through photographs 
 donated to us by several explorers, and through our own expeditions 
 in various parts of Africa. It is one of the halls in which a splendid 
 arrangement and exhibition is already in sight. The visitor then 
 passes into the Southwest Pavilion displaying the anthropology of 
 the PACIFIC ISLANDS, of POLYNESIA, of HAWAII, where our 
 collections are still in the initial stage. 
 
 In the adjoining hall of the Southwest Wing, however, we enter the 
 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, where our collections are really very rich 
 and promise to be nearly complete in the course of a few more years. 
 The next section west of the Entrance Pavilion brings us naturally 
 to CHINA AND JAPAN, from which we have already secured, through 
 the East Asiatic Committee, gifts from Mr. J. H. Schiff, Mr. Edward D. 
 
 [145] 
 
17 ™ Z>T/^etrr 
 
 Jam. tsio. 
 
 Fifth Floor. Administration, Preparation, Storage. 
 
 [146] 
 
FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS 
 
 Adams, and others of very rich materials from the earhest stages of 
 culture in these countries, and some ethnological and archaeological 
 material of note. From here we pass into the West Transept Hall, 
 which will be devoted to the SIBERIAN TRIBES. It may be said 
 that the collections from these tribes are superb, again through the 
 generosity of the East Asiatic Committee. 
 
 FIFTH FLOOR.— The Top, or Fifth Floor, of the Museum will be 
 devoted to administration, to preparation and research rooms of the 
 Scientific Staff, to storage rooms and to the great MUSEUM LIBRARY 
 AND READING ROOM, which it is now proposed to place in the 
 center of the Rotunda. The Library has already attained the rank of 
 one of the first scientific libraries of the country, through the co- 
 operation of the New York Academy of Sciences, as already set forth. 
 It should be made both a working library for all departments of 
 the Museum, and a reference library in most of the branches of science 
 embraced in the future Museum. Certain subjects, however, like 
 astronomy, physics, and physiology will naturally be left to the New 
 York Public Library and to Columbia University, as it is proposed 
 only to develop the educational and exhibitional sides of the subjects 
 rather than the theoretical. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 The above proposed plan of arrangement is an exposition of what 
 may be done rather than a deliberate and thoroughly considered 
 plan of what shall be done, and it is subject to careful discussion by 
 the Trustees, by the members of the Scientific Staff, also to advice 
 which we shall welcome from experts at home and abroad in the 
 various subjects involved. It has the advantage of definitely present- 
 ing a plan which can be understood, criticised and doubtless improved 
 through prolonged study and consideration. 
 
 [147] 
 
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM 
 
 MUSEUM EXTENSION 
 
 The Museum has already entered upon a method of Museum 
 Extension which reaches the entire school system of the City through 
 the circulation of small traveling museums. Within its walls there 
 has been established a CHILDREN'S ROOM, which promises to 
 become a more important feature as time goes on. Children's Rooms 
 have been successfully established in the Brooklyn Museum of Arts 
 and Sciences, and the Smithsonian Institution at Washington. The 
 American Museum has also made a beginning in reaching the blind 
 through a MUSEUM FOR THE BLIND, the first of its kind to 
 our knowledge. 
 
 The final recommendation of this volume is that the Trustees and 
 Members should be willing to consider the advisability of establishing 
 an 
 
 EAST SIDE BRANCH MUSEUM 
 
 placed in the most congested district of the City, in the center of a 
 population eager for education and keenly appreciative both of the 
 Branch Library and of the Free Lecture Systems. The attendance at 
 the Aquarium, which is within easy reach of the congested East Side 
 district, amounting to more than three millions a year, gives some idea 
 of the number of people, both old and young, who could be reached 
 and educated through a branch. Such an institution should be the 
 gift of some special benefactor and philanthropist. It should be amply 
 endowed, so as not to be a tax on the parent institution. It should 
 enjoy a maintenance fund from the City which would provide merely 
 for its upkeep and administration, but not for its collections. The 
 parent Museum could contribute to such a branch, without sacrifice, 
 many admirable educational exhibits. Such a branch would be a great 
 force in the pubUc education of the newcomers of all lands who are 
 crowding into the East Side of the City. Similar undertakings in 
 London have met with extraordinary success and popular approval. 
 
 [148]