QE 26; F9 v> ■C/'W ^)^^;^i ~v:^'^^vy^vVvWV\ .-;iE. Frankland, F.B.S. Idanufactures - - -J General Natural History - - T.H. Huxley, LL.D., F.E.S. Physics - - - - ?). F. Guthrie, F.E.S. Applied Mechanics - - - T. M. Goodeve, M.A. ■Metallurgy • »• » - « John Percy, M.D., F.R.S. Geology • » .. . - A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.E.S. Mining and Mineralogy " • ^^ W. W. Smyth, Jl.A., F.E.S., {Chairman), Mechanical Drawing » •• « J. H. Edgar, M.A. The Chemickl Lahoratory, tinder the direction of Dr« Frankland, and the Metallurgical Laboratory, under the direction of Dr, Percy, are open for the instruction of Students. A Prospectus and Information may be obtained on ^plication to '" . .. - Tbenham Re;£ks, Regisirat, Jermyn Street, Jjmipih S. W./, 91 N.W. MEMOIRS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SUEYET OF ENGLAND AND WALES. EXPLANATION OF QUARTER- SHEET 91 N.W., ILLUSTEATING THE GEOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE FURNESS DISTRICT IN NORTH LANCiSHIRE. BY W. TALBOT AVELINE, F.G.S. FTTDLISSES BY OBDSB OV TB£ IiOBCS C03I1II8SIOHEBS 01 HEE aA.IBBTi'a IBEABCBT. LONDON: PEINTED FOB HEE MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. FUBLISHED BT LONGMANS, GREEN, & Co. AND BT EDWARD STANFORD, 6. Charing Cross, S.W. 1873. [^Pricc Siacpence.'J GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES. EXPLANATION OF GEOLOGICAL MAP* 91 KW. The small area of land delineated on this quarter sheet forms a part of the district of Fumess, with the islands of Walney, Barrow, Peel, &c., in that portion of North Lancashire that lies on the west side of More- cambe Bay. A part of the celebrated ruins of Furness Abbey and the important town of Barrow-in-Fumess are situated within this area. The features of the land are for the most part undulating, rounded, smooth hills, varying in height on the mainland from 50 feet to 300 feet. The highest spot in the district is a hill south of Newton, which is 310 feet above the sea. On the Isle of Walney the hills vary in height from 25 to 50 feet. The cliffs along the south-east coast of the main- land rise in places to a height of between 40 and 50 feet. There are no rivers, but small brooks run through low flat tracts of land, and near the sea coast there are a few salt-water marshes. The following superficial deposits and stratified rocks are found in this district : — ,-r,, ,-, j [Blown Sand. Stjpeeficiai J Alluvium. Deposits, | Sand and Gravel. (.Boulder Drift. Permian / ^^ Sandstone. \ Magnesian Limestone. Caebonifekous f Yoredale Shales and Limestone. Sebies. \ Carboniferous Limestone. There is also one Trap Dyke. The stratified rocks are only exposed on the surface in a few places, nearly the whole of the country being covered by one or other of the superficial deposits named in the preceding list, and especially by the lowest, the Boulder Drift, or, as it is locally called by the miners, Pinel. This, the lowest and most important of the deposits in question, some- times reaching a thickness of over 500 feet, chiefly consists of clay, sand, or fine debris of rocks, containing boulders or fragments of rock of various sizes. Some of the boulders are very large, and are often striated, especially those derived from the Carboniferous Limestone. This deposit, together with the sand and gi'avel which sometimes lie over it, are only denoted by colour on a duplicate set of maps, it being considered important that one set of maps should simply show the geology of the country lying beneath the Drift ; but owing to the great thickness of the Drift so completely obscuring the rocks beneath, the boundary lines drawn on the map to separate one formation from another must in a great measure be considered as conjectural, or only approximating to die truth. They are therefore not engraved in con- tinuous lines, which indicate well defined boundaries, but by broken Mnes, which denote that the boundary in question is uncertain. The position and character of the strata below the Drift would be very doubtful indeed but fgr the many bore-holes that have been sunk in this district from time to time in search of iron-ore. These bore- holes penetrate the Drift into the stratified rocks beneath, and serve to * The geology on this map was surveyed on the six-inch ordnance maps of Lan- cashire. The following sheets from which this map is reduced, Nos. 21, 22, 27, 28, are geologically coloured, and may be seen at the Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street. 31137. A 2 4! show both the thickness and nature of the beds through which they pass, and thus afiford a clue to the underlying geology which would otherwise be unattainable. The spots where these bore-holes were made, the depths, and the rock that was reached, will be given after mention has been made of the few places where the stratified rocks are exposed at the surface. Places in the District where Kock mat be seen. At High Cocken, north of Barrow, the southern part of the Hawcoat Eed Sandstone quarries (Permian). In the grounds of Furness Abbey there are old sandstone-quarries, which yielded the stone (Permian) from which the Abbey was built. The Abbey Tunnel is made through this rock, and it is to be seen again by, the side of the railway one mile south of the Abbey. At Old Holebeck there are quarries of magnesian limestone of Permian age. At the top of the shaft sunk north of Stank, dark shales (Yoredale Shales) are seen. Eoadside at Gleaston Mill, dark shales (Yoredale Shales). Near Gleaston Castle there are quarries of dark encrinital limestone and dark shale (Yoredale Limestone and Shale). In a quarry about a quarter of a mile north-west of Scales Park dark coloured fossiliferous limestone (Yoredale Limestone) is seen. At Scales Park there is some oolitic limestone supposed to belong to the Yoredale series, but this is not certain. In the cliff north of Aldingham there is an exposure of grey lime- stone (Carboniferous Limestone). At Gleaston a Trap-dyke is exposed, with some reddish shales, which are probably Yoredale Shales altered by the Trap-dyke, a little way to the east of which is a small quarry of unaltered Yoredale Shale. The small arrows at some of the places where the rock is exposed show the direction in which the beds dip or are inclined to the horizon there, and the figure by the side of the arrow indicates the amount of that inclination in degrees. The white lines indicate lines of fault or dislocation in the strata. Shafts and Boke-Holes. At Park House iron-mines many shafts and bore-holes have been put down, all of which commenced in the Pinel or Drift and lie in a space of 400 yards in length from north to south and 200 yards wide. Thoy show not only the great thickness of the Drift in some of the sinkings, but also the great variation in the thickness in so small a space. They also show the existence of a large north and south Fault, bringing the red sandstones of the Permian against Yoredale Shales and Carbo-^ niferous Limestone ; and from the position in which these two last formations lie with reference to each other the Fault appears to be of considerable width, or it may be regarded as a double Fault,, the Yore- dale Shales being wedged in between the Carboniferous Limestone and Permian beds. The following are the details* of the sinkings at the Park House mines, of which Fig. 1 is a plan, showing the relative position of the pits and of a section across them : — FT. INS. No. 1. Pinel, or Boulder Drift - 36 Limestone - - - - 9' )> 2. Pinel - 39 Limestone - - 12 * Giveu me by Mr. Bolton, of Taik House. No. 3. Pinel Limestone - „ 4. Pinel Black Shale „ 5. Pinel - „ 6. Pinel Red Sandstone „ 7. Pinel Bed Sandstone „ 8. Pinel Black Shale Limestone -- „ 9. Pinel Black Shale „ 10. Pinel Limestone - „ II. Pinel Bed Sandstone „ 12. Pinel Bed Sandstone FT. INS. - 51 - 51 - 306 - 24 - 162 - 225 O - 54 - 195 - 165 - 114 - 72 - 12 - 249 - 120 - 369 - 3 - 88 - 12 - 537 - 330 Flan showing the positioB of t)oriags at Park House Mines. "I I joioj 1^1 "Is 70 ' o fs A 111 z o f- n ui £ SECTION LINE. i IS' B ■ PJUBK HOUSE 5 .2 / Si BOWSE? SE/^IELO. 3/ k/j J^ y V />^ .^^■ at a spot about 140 yards to the west of Boggart Bridge— Pinel ----- No information. Red Sandstone (Permian) - - feet. Stopped in Magnesian Limestone at - 336 „ No. 2. On the south side of the same road, at a spot 200 yards north- east of Boggart Bridge — Pmel ----- 29 feet. Red Sandstone (Permian) - - 39 „ No. 3. On the north side of the same road, 140 yards N.N.E. from the last bore-hole — Pinel ----- 46 feet. Red Sandstone (Permian) - - 19 „ No. 4. About 300 yards north-east from the last bore-hole, and on tha same side of the road — Gravel ? - - - - - 9 feet. Red Sandstone (Permian) - - 20 „ No. 5. About 100 yards north of a point near the centre of the Tillage of Gleaston — Pinel ----- 12 feet. Sand - - - - - 6 „ Red Pinel - - - - 15 „ Red Shale (Yoredale Shale) - - 26 „ No. 6. At a spot about 300 yards north of the village of Gleaaton — Pinel Sand Pinel - 30 „ ^Drift - - 44 feet. Gravel ? Pinel Grey Shales (Yoredale Shale) - - 16 No. 7. At a spot between bore-holes Nos. 5 and 6 — Pinel - 7 feet~ . Sand - 12 Pinel - 15 Gravel - 8 Pinel - 8 _ Grey Shales (Yoredale Shales) -• - 68 „ Limestone (Yoredale Limestone) - - 7 „ Grey Shales (Yoredale Shales) - - 258 „ No. 8. This bore-hole ^s north of Gleaston, either on the border of the district or just without it— Pinel ----- 42 feet. Grey Shales (Yoredale Shales) - - 105 „ To the north and north-west of Gleaston Park several bore-holes have been made, of which no separate details were kept, but the Pinel was found to be from 36 feet to 42 feet thick, and to overlie black shale. This latter (Yoredale Shale) was penetrated to an average depth of 66 feet without arriving at any other rock. * Commanicated by Miss £. Hodgson, of Ulrerstoa. VDrift - - 50 feet. Carbonifehotts Limestone. Tills is the lowest formation in the area now under consideration, and is only exposed at one spot, namely, on the sea coast north of Aldingham, .unless the^oolitic limestone at Scales Park be the lower Carboniferous Limestone, and not the higher, or Yoredale Limestone. This, however, is a doubtful point. .^The limestone ^on the coast is a grey or greyish- brown coloured, thick-bedded, hard rock,, and such -is its general cha- racter throughout the Furness and Ulverston districts. This formation will be treated of more fu)ly i*i the Explanation of 98 S.W., the map immediately north of the- Oee now under consideration, where it is extensively exposed and largely 'quarried, and where the principal iron ore workings are situated, - YoEEDAiL'E Limestone and Shale. ii "• - -. , ■ The Yoredale Limestone is' a dark-coloured rock, full of corals and encrinites. It is to be seen _at the ^quarries near Gleaston Castle, where it is between 30 and_'35 feetjn 'thickness, but the thickness of this lime- stone is probably somewhat variable. Dark shales underlie thp limestone in the nortfe quari'y, and thel'e are dark shales above it in the south quarry. In a'^uarry north of Scales there i« also some very dark lime- stone full Jdf corals- and encrinites.- This -is probably also Yoredale Ldmestdne, but if so a considerable fault must occur immediately to the a«rth o'f the 'quarry, for within a few yafds to the north of it there is another limestone which is undoubtedly the grey limestone of the Lower Carboniferous beds. _ At Scales Park there is the doubtful oolitic lime- stone, and the reason for placing it in the Yoredale series is that it is underlaid by some dark coloured limestoae. Of Yoredale Shales there. is a considerable thickaess in this district, over 340 feet, as may be seen from the section given of the sinking of the pit at Stank. They coiisist, for the most part, of dark argillaceous shale, with bands of ironstone, inferior limestone,' and saildstone. There are very few natural sections of tbese shailes, anj if it had not been for the sinking at Stank, aad Ihe numerous bofe-holes which have been made, no knowledge of their thickness and extent would have been arrived at. At Gleasttsn, in contact with the Trap-dyfee, these shales assume a red colour, but whether from som-e alteration produced by the dyke, or whether they are stained through having been a,t , one time o^verlaid by the red Permian Sandstone, is not very dear. There have been found in these red shales -a few small Lingulae, all of species common to the Yoredale rocks. Fossils are not very plentiful in the Yoredale Shales of this district, but in sinking the shaft at Stank they were met with occasionally* Plant- remains chiefly found in the shales. Pekmian. There are two divisions of the Permian series t/o be found in this distriet, the Magnesian Limestone and a thiffls formation of red sand- stone that lies above it. These latter are the Middle and Upper Permian rocks of the north-west of England, the Lower Permian or Penrith Sandstones being absent.* In this district the true relation of the "■ Without the red and white freestone found in the boring at Bampside below what was supposed to be Magnesian Limestone should be the Penrith sandstones. In that case, as this formation nowhere crops out from beneath the Magnesian Lime- stone in the P'urness district^ it must be overlapped by the latter formation, which would show that the Perraiaiis were deposited against cliffs or sloping shores of the Carboniferous rocks. But much of this supposition depends on the a,ccuracy rif the details of the Bampside boring. Magnesian Limestone to the Red Sandstone was unknown till it was pointed out by Sir Boderick Murchison and Professor Harkness, who were also the first to state them to be of Permian age, and to collate them with similar limestones and red sandstones in the Yale of Eden. Magnesian Limestone. In speaking of the Magnesian Limestone at Old Holebeck, south of Stank, Sir Roderick Murchison and Professor Harkness consider it to be Middle Permian, but there is nothing to show its relation with the sandstones of Furness Abbey, and very probably it is the lowest member of the Permian Series in this district. They say : — " The exposure of rocks is, however, by no means satis&ctory, consisting of a small portion of an old quarry, now mostly covered up with soil or with brushwood. The rock is a yellow cellular magnesian limestone, which was formerly used in the village of Stank as a building stone."* Since the above was written the old quarry on the west side of the road has been reopened, as well as a new quarry on the opposite side of the road, showing a thick-bedded and rather compact yellow limestone, with lines of cellular structure parallel to the bedding. In this respect, and in its general structure, it resembles many beds of the typical Magnesian Limestone of Yorkshire. A few imperfect fossils were found h'^e, which have been ascertained by Mr. Etheridge to be Schizodus ; and a small Area. In the quarry on the west side of the road the limestone was found to rest on shales which, from their resemblance to those at Stank, no doubt are a part of the Yoredale series ; and they also contain small plant^impressions. This shows that the Magnesian Limestone is, at this spot, the lowest member of the Permian series. On the east side of the road, where the beds are higher than those on the west, the dip being between S.E. and S.S.E. from 10° to 15°, the top bed is covered with Boulder Drift, so that the total thickness of the Magnesian Lime- stone cannot be ascertained, but the thickness from the highest exposed bed of limestone to the Yoredale Shales is about 63 feet, and I am much inclined to believe this is not far from its total thickness, although at the Rampside boring it is said to have been pierced to the depth of 267 feet. I have previously expressed my doubts as to the accuracy of that statement, and it is quite certain that at these quarries not more than 1-^ miles from the Rampside boring, no red sandstone underlies the Limestone. Evidence derived from a boreihole made by common boring-rods must, however, be received with extreme caution. Upper Pbrmian Sandstone. This sandstone was formerly considered to belong to the Bunter division of the New Red Sandstone, and it was only through the re- searches of Sir Roderick Murohison, Professor Harkness, and Mr. E. Binney that the true geological horizon of these sandstones was made known. Sir Roderick Murchison and Professor Harkness considered that the Sandstone-beds around Furness Abbey belong to the Upper Permian Group. They say — " Around Furness Abbey there are many fine exposures of the Upper Permian Sandstone, adding greatly to the beauty of the scenery, and at Hawcoat, about a mile-and-a-half wist of the noble ruin, the sandstones are largely worked, and are the materials which have been used in the construction of Furness Abbey ."f * Quart Journ., vol. xx., p. 156. f Quart. Joom., vol. xx., p. 1S9. 10 There is nothing in this district to show to what part of the Permian formation these beds belong, owing to their being faulted against the Carboniferous Series, but the same authors say — "The Upper Permian Sandstones of the Fumess area in Lancashire have the same mineral type as those of Cumberland." They also add that— " The Upper Permian Sandstones have a well marked lithological structure. They have a deeper and duller red colour than the Lower Permian Sandstone, but they occasionally exhibit whitish and light coloured layers. They have a much finer grain than the lower series, and the thin red shales or way-boards which are associated with them, is a feature absent from the Lower Penrith Sandstones, &c., &c. Froin what I have myself subsequently seen in the Eden Valley, at St. Bees, and elsewhere, I can fully vouch for the truth of these state* ments. The Red Saindstone is now being very extensively worked in the Hawcoat quarries, and is used in the construction of the docks and buildings at Barrow. The Gleaston Tkap Dyke. This Trap Dyke exposed on the Green on the east side of the village of Gleaston, is a very peculiar rock, differing from any other trap dyke in the Lake District, and has attracted much attention. Mr. E. Binney has written a paper upon it,* and was at first of opinion that it might be an ash-bed of Permian age, but on farther investigation he became con- vinced that it was a true dyke breaking through the Carboniferous Shales. It is a dark red rock speckled with white, composed of micro- scopic crystals of anorthic felspar, granular augite, and a dark mineral, the nature of .which is as yet undetermined. It is an exceedingly hard rock, but easily decomposing into a soft earth. Mr. Binney had three specimens of the dyke 'analysed by Professor Boscoe, who found their chemical composition to be as follows : — No. I. No. 2. No. 3. Silica - - . . - 46-54 50-96 51 -10 Peroxide of iron ... 24-76 24-20 21-58 Alumina .... 7-70 14-48 9-40 Lime - . ~ . . 13-84 7-32 6-24 Magnesia ... 0-57 0-55 1-33 Carbonic acid - . 2-78 1-90 2-70 Alkalies, water (by difference) . 4-82 0-59 7-65 100-00 100-00 100-00 , Mr. Binney also submitted small specimens of the rock to Mr. David Forbes with the above analyses, and the latter was inclined to think that it was an intrusive Dolerite of Carboniferous age. The Dyke can only be traced for a short distance ; it is a few yards in length on the Green, and is seen again in the bank on the opposite side of the stream. At the latter place on the south side of the Dyke is a brecciated rock composed chiefly of quartz which has also been noticed by Mr. Binney who speculates as to its being Permian ; but it has much the appearance of a lode or breccia filling up a fissure. The red shales in connexion with the Dyke have been proved by fossils found in them to be of Carboniferous age. They ai-e probably altered shales. * Proceedings. of the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Society, Vol. vii., p. 148. 11 Boulder Dioft. • This may be considered to be the chief superficial deposit of this district, where it occupies by far the largest portion of the surface of the land, and is in places of great thickness. This foi-mation is well known in the Furness and Ulverston districts by the name of Pinel, It consists of a vast accumulation of boulders derived from vaiious rocks, many from the Xjake District to the north, such as Granite, Por- phyries, Volcanic Ashes, Coniston Grits and Slates, &&, &c. These are mixed with the local rocks of Carboniferous and Permian age. These boulders, many of which are of large size, are disseminated through a matrix of finer material that is sometimes a stiffish clay, but generally varying according to the nature of the rocks on which it lies, or wbich occur in the immediate neighbourhood. It is veiy probable that most of the sandy drift that is spread over the surface of the country round about Rampside and Leece may be of the same age as the Boulder Drift with a matrix derived from the soft red sandstone below, though there is undoubtedly a reddish gravel overlying the Boulder Drift in those parts, which could hot be separated from a red sandy Boulder Drift by any distinguishing surface characters. Over the chief part of the Yoredale Shales the matrix of the Boulder Drift is a stiff clay, and it varies in character and appearance where it is spread over the Carboniferous Limestone. There are many good exposures of the Boulder Drift along the coast. The first is in a cliff north of Aldingham. Here it is a stiff blue clay containing boulders and fragments of various rocks, and near Moat Hill, south of Aldingham, there is a cliff from 40 to 50 feet high of the same nature. The greatest number and the largest of the boulders being Carboniferous Limestone. At Leonard Hill, South of Newbiggin, there is another cliff of Boulder Drift, and another at the Point of Comfort. At Bank-House-Close Point the matrix of the Boulder Drift is a reddish loam. On Barrow Island the Boulder Drift foi-ms the cliff on the south-west side ; the matrix here is a reddish-coloured stiff loam. There are some good sections of Boulder Drift to be seen in the cliffs ou the west coast of the Isle of Walney. It is made up of a red or brownish-red sandy-clay containing boulders of Granite, Porphyry, various Silurian rocks. Carboniferous Limestone, Permian Sandstone, &c. &c. Some of the Carboniferous Limestone boulders are very large and most of them striated. There is some drift which seems to be of doubtful age, it being uncertain whether it belongs to the true Boulder Drift, or is more connected with the higher drift of sand and gravel. This is the drift, or the same, at least, in part, through which the Park House Iron mine borings were sunk. It is exposed in a pit to the south-east of Fumesa Abbey, and also on the south side of the Abbey Tunnel ; it has a roughly stratified appearance, and has, in places, one or two thin irregular layers of sand. The drift is made up like the ordinary Boulder Drift of partially rounded boulders some two or three feet in diameter, many being striated. These are mixed up with fine pebbles, and in this respect and in the roughly stratified appearance which it presents, it differs from the ordinary Boulder Drift of other localities ; but at the same time it is not like the Sand and Gravel Drift to be next described, and it is certainly in its nature a true Boulder Drift. Sand and Gra-vbl Deift. One of the best exposures of this Drift is at the north end of Eoose- eotu Brow, a steep bank, once the sea-cliff. Here the bank has been 12 - cut into, and a face of sand about 50 feet in height and 300 yards in length has been laid bare ; nearly the whole of this cliif is composed of a fine yellow sand accumulated in thin irregular layers (false-bedded) witli a few short wedge-shaped beds of gravel. The gravel is composed of water- worn fragments and pebbles derived from various rocks, both of the neighbourhood and from the Lake District to the north, the pebbles from the Eskdale Granite being very numerous. The pebbles composing the gravel are chiefly small in size, but there axe a few boulders as much as a foot long by 3 in. or 4 in. diameter. The sand is largely worked for the Barrow Iron and Steel works. This Sand Drift must extend inland, the ground round Leece and Eampside being sandy. In the Rampside boring much quicksand was met with besides gravel, but whether the whole of the 74 feet given there for Pinel belong to the Sand and Gravel Drift, or if any of the lower part be contemporaneous with the true Pinel or Boulder Drift is uncertain. There are sections of sand and gravel in the cliffs near Rampside on the Isle of Barrow, and Old Barrow Island, and on the Isle of Walney in the low cliff south of Walney church. The drift of doubtful age near Furness Abbey and Park House mines has already been mentioned. Boulders. Boulders, some of large size, are found lying on the surface of the ground over the area occupied by the Sand and Gravel Drift, as well as other parts. At Moor Head there is a boulder, apparently derived from a quartz rock, measuring 5J feet x 3 x 3, and another large boulder of Greenstone, and one of Porphyry, together with many smaller ones, which lie scattered over the fields. The presence of these boulders seems to indicate the occurrence of ice-action at a period sub- sequent to the deposition of the Sand and Gravel Drift. Faults. There are two Faults of considerable magnitude in this district, one a north and south Fault, running between Furness Abbey and Newton, with a downthrow on the west and bringing the Permian beds against the Carboniferous Limestone and Yoredale Shales. This Fault has been proved in the pits and borings of the Park House Iron mines, and judging from the information obtained, there must be a considerable width of broken ground, limestone, shales and sandstone being all found within a few yards of each other. The other Fault is a W.N.W. and E.S.E. one, Jiaving a down-cast to the south, and throwing down the Yoredale rocks against various beds of the Carboniferous Limestone. But the chief evidence as to the existence of this Fault is in the district north of the one under consideration, and where it traverses this district by Scales Park and Aldingham the ground is obscure, and its exact course is doubtful, it being uncertain, as has been already men- tioned, as to what formation the oolitic limestone at Scales Park can be referred. Note on the Isle of Walney, Barrow Island, ^c. No stratified rock whatever is to be found on the Isle of Walney, the surface of which is composed of Boulder Drift, sand and gravel, Allu- vium, Blown Sand, and shingle. It is very probable that the Permian Sandstone lies at a great depth below the surface, and it was with great hesitation that the places wholly occupied by the Boulder Drift were coloured as Permian. ~ The mass of the island is in fact Boulder 13 Drift, the hills consist of it, and it is exposed to view in the sea-cliffs. It is overlaid by a small patch of the sand and gravel deposit, and in other parts by either Alluvium, Blown Sand, or sfingle. Barrow Island also consists of a Boulder Drift overlaid by the Sand and Gravel Drift. On Old Barrow Island, only the Sand and Gravel Drift is to be seen. But as the Sand and Gravel Drift and the Boulder Drift are omitted in order to show the nature of the underlying rocks of the country beneath the superficial deposits, the geological colouring of the islands was obliged to be made to harmonize with that of the main- land. The Island of Peel has a little Sand and Gravel Drift on the south-east side, but the other parts consist of shingle. The other islands Koe, Foulney, and Sheep Island are of shingle only. Ieon-Oee. A description of this district would not be complete without some notice of the iron-ore mines, although the great mass of ore lies to the north of the dittrict, where all the principal mines are situated. All the great masses of iron-ore have been found to lie in pockets or cavities in the lower Carboniferous Limestone, known also by the names of the Great Scar and Mountain Limestone. It will be seen on referring to the map that a very small area of the surface of the ground is occupied by that formation, but being the lowest rock in the district it passes under and is continued beneath the other formations. Where it is coloured on the map, it forms either the surface or lies immediately below the drift. It is on one of these small areas that the Park House mines already mentioned (page 5) are actively at work, the shaft traversing the drift with sometimes a small thickness of Yoredale Shales, and penetrating the Carboniferous Limestone, from which the ore is being extracted. Numerous trial-boreholes for iron-ore have been made in this district, a list of most of which has already been given ; some of these have been BUfik in the Yoredale Shales and others in the Permian rocks, but all without success, none that I am aware of having reached the Lower Carboniferous Limestone, and so set at rest the question as to whether these deposits of iron-ore are to be found in this formation, when it is overlaid by a great thickness of other rocks. This question has been lately partly solved, for in the shafts sunk for co^ at Stank, after sinking through 146 yards of Yoredale Shales, the Lower Car- boniferous rocks were reached, and shortly after a rich body of iron- ore, showing that it may be found below other rocks than the Permian, the supposition being that the inm-ore was formed in the Lower Car- boniferous Limestone when overlaid immediately by the Permian ; the iron from the latter taking the place of the limestone as it was dissolved away. But this theory is not altogether refuted by the discovery of ore at Stank, inasmuch as the body of iron-ore at that locality is not more than a quarter-of-a-mile from the Park House mines, and cavities in the limestone might easily have extended that distance. But facts and theories regarding the iron-ore must be reserved for consideration in the explanation of sheet 98, S.W. LONDON: Printed by Geoegb E. Etke and William Spottiswoodb, Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. [P. 16U.— 250.— 10/73.] LIST OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS, SECTIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGIC AL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. ''™ J!?^i ^ thoM of the Ordnance Svarvey, geriosicaUy colonred by the Geological Snrre* of Great Bribdn and Ireland, 5"25« Supennttandonce of Sir Eodbkiok Impbt Mubohiboit, Bart, K.CJB, F.^S., SirectoivGenend. The variouii Fohnations are traced and coloured in »U their Subdirigiona. ' '^ ENBLAND AND WALES.— (Scale on&4nch to a mile.) * SIS' ^™" ? ^.*\' *i **' P^"® **• **• ea«l^ ^'■'i 'lie exceptions of 2, 10, 33, 24, 27, 28, 39, S3, 38, 39, 53, it. each. i„"^sl ¥7'Sf*25^r ^W anai^ie". U N.W., N.B, S-W., 8.JEi.), 43, «, «, 46, 53, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, (59 N.K.. 8. K.), 60, 61, 62. 6S, ?^w*o^atl?v£??af' •„*I^^-''^2,'™'80.8l.82-8S,89,105 (87 Jf.K, S.E.), 88 (90 8JB., 3!f.B.), (91S.W.. 98S.W,kw.), (98 KiBi, 8,B.), (109 8.B.) Price 8», Except (57 N.W.), 76 (N.),(7T N.B.) Price l».6d. SCDTLANDt— Uapa 8, 7, li, 22, 24, 32, S3, 34, 40, 41, 6». each. Haps 1, 13, is. IRELAND.— Maps 21, 39, 36, 87, 48, 49, SO, 61, 73, 74, 75, 78 to 93, and ftom 95 to 205, price 3«. each, with the exception of ^, 50, 73, 82, 122, 131, 140. 150, 169, 160, 170, 180, isi, 182, 189, laO, 196, 197, 303, 203, 30 i 205, price 1». 6d. each. BOUXZOtrrJLt. SSCXZOVS, niurtriMvenfih» Geological Jtapt. Ito 86, England, price 6<. each. 1 to 4, Scotland, price 5<. each. 1 to 21, Ireland, price 5>. each. VBXTICAXi SBCTZOWB. Ithutralive of /Torimntal SectioM and Mapt. 1 to 44, England, price 38. 6(;. each. 1, Ireland, price 3<. 6i2. rto 3. Scotland, price 3«. 6d. Memolra of ttae Ceologlcal Burvey and of tbe Masetun «f Practical OeoloeT> EBPOET on C011NWAI,L, UBVON, and WEST SOMKBSKT. By Sir H. T. Us La Bbcub. F.lt-S., Ac. 8vo. 14.. MviURISB and UBSCIllP'riONS of the PAL/EOZOIC FOSSILS in the above Ooimlies. By Pbofkssoe Phillips, F.R.S. ' 8vo. (Out of print,) THE MB.\101RS of the n^iOLOaiOAl, SURVEY of GREAT BRITAIN, and of the MUSEUM of BCONOMIC GEOLOGY of U) VDO.V. 8v6. Vol. 1. 21».; Vol. 11- (in 2 Parts), 42«. The GEOLOGY of NORTH WALES. By Pbopessob RAMSiT, LL.D. With an Appendix, by J. W. Salteb, A.L.S. Price 18i. boards. (Vol. IH., Memoinr, Ac.) (0«« of print.) The GEOLOGY of the LONDON BASIN. Part I. The CSialk imd the Eocene Beds of the Southern and Western Tracks. By W. Whitakbe, B.A. (l>arts by H. W. BBiarow, P.a.S., and T. Mc K. Hugubs, MJ4..) Price 13s. boards. Vol. IV. BBITISH OUUANIU BISMAINS. Ueiades 1. to Xlli., iritli 10 Clates each. Mohookafii No. 1. On tlie Genus Pteryijotns. Bt Pbopebsob Hux^et, F.U.8., and J. W. Salteb, P.G.S. KoyaMto. 4if.6i<.: or roval 8vo.3(.6<<. each Uevade. MoirosBAFH No. 2. On tlie Structure of Bclemnitidfc. By Pbopebsob Hcxlet, LL.D., Ac if. 6d. EECOltDS Of the SCHOOL OF UIN'ES and of SOIENUE applied to the ARTS. Vol. I., in four Paru. CATALOGUE of SPECIMENS in tlie Museum of Practical Geoloxy, illustrative of the Composition a'tiJ Manufacturo of British Pottery and Porcelain. By Sir Hbnbt db la Bkcub, aud TsBHtiAM Rbbks, Curator. 8va. 156 Woodcuts. 2nd Edition, by Tbehham Beees and F. W. R^dleb. Price 1». 6 Fobbbb, F.E.8. Illus- trated with a Map and Plates of Fossils, Sections. Ac. Price a«y On the GEOLOGY oftho COUNTRY around CHELTENHAM. Tllustratirig Sheet 44. By E. Hull. A.B. rrice2».6. WlthanAfipendIxonthePossibbvJ.W.8AiXEE,AJi.8. „. ,„„ Tha GEOLOIJY of part of the TOBKBHTBE COAL-FIELD (88 BJB.) By A. H. Gbeei H-A., J. B. Dakyeb, H.A., and The'OTM.^ oftte OOTOraiT*between tlVBEPOOL and 80UTHP0RT («0 8.E.) By C. B. Db Bahcb, F.G.8. The OEOLOOTof the COUNTBT around SOUTHPOBT, LTTHAM, and SOUTH SHORE. By 0. E. Db Bakcb. P.G.8. Thl GEOLOGY rfthe OABBONIFBROUS SoCKB NORTH and BAST of LEEDS, and the P^^MIAN and TBf ASSIC 1^3KsXut TADcStEB. By W. T. Atbm|IS,F.GA, A. H. Gbebk,M.A, J. B. Dahthb, M.A, J. a Wabc.F.G.R, 'Hia'SBraSGY'rftliS^IGHBOUBHOOD of KIBKBT LONSDALE and KENDAL. By W. T. AvsjaHB, P.&S, •P StaK?HuOHBS, M.A- F3JI.., and B. H. TlDDBHAK, B.A. Price a». •Fhe GBOI^OT ofWe NBlGHBdUBHOOD of KBNDAL, WINDEBMEBE, SEDBEBGH, and TEBAY. By W.I. ^KlliraBrF.G3,«ndl!.MoK.HTOHBS.MA,F.8JL Price 1*. 6* THE COAL-FIELDS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM ARE ILLUSTRATED BY THE FOLLOWING PUBLISHED MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. aOAUIELDS OF UMITED KINGDOM. (lllBstrated by the following Maps.) Anglesey, 78 (SW). Bristol and Somerset, 19, 33. CoulbrooH Dale, 61 (NE & SB). Clee Hill, 53 (NE, NW). Denbighsliire, 74 (ITE & SE), 79 (SE). Derby and Yorkshire, 71 (N W, NE, & SB), 82 (NW & SW), 81 (NE), 87 (NE, SE), 88 (SE). Tlintshire. 79 (NE & SB). Forest of Dean, 43 (SE & SW). Forest of Wyre, 61 VSE), 55 (NE). •Lancashire, 80 (NW),81 (NW), 89 (SE,NB,i SW), 88(&W), (For corresponding six-inch Maps, see detailed list.) •Leicestershire, 71 (SW), 63 (NW). Newcastle, 105 (NE & SB). •North StaffordshuB, 72 (NW),7Z (SW),7S (NE),80 (SE), 81 (SW). •South Staffordshire, S4 (NW), 62 (SW). Shrewsbury, 60 (NE), 61 (NW ft SW). •South Wales, 36,87, 38, 40, 41, 42 (SB. SW). •Warwickshire, 62 (NE & SE),6S (NW « SW), 54 (NB), 68 (NW). i Torkshire, 88, 87 (SW), 93 (SW). * SCOTLAHO. •Edinburgh, 32, 33. •Haddington, 32, 33. Pife and Kmross, 46, 41. IRELAND. •KantuTk, 174, 175. •Castlecomer, 128, 137. •Killenaule (Xipperary), US. (For Sections illustrating th^e Maps, see detailed list.) • With descriptive Memoir. GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. Scale, six inches to a mile. The Uoalfields of Lancashire, Northumberland, Durham, Torkshire, Edinburghshire, Haddingtqn, iCifeShire, and Ayrshire are being surveyed on a scale of six inches to a mile. Price 6r. Xttmeasbire. 48. Colne, Twiston Moor. 49.'Laneshaw Bridge. Horiz. Sect. 63, partly illustrates 56. Haggate. 6s. Horiz. Sect. 62, 8S. this sheet. *7. Winewall. 62. Balderstone, &c. 63. Accrington. «*. Burnley. . 65. Stiperdeu Moor. is. 70. Blackburn, &e. 71. Hastingden. 72. Oliviger, Bacup, &e. 73. Todmorden. 4r. 78. Bolton-le-Moors, 79. Entwistle. 80. Tottington. tl. Wardle. 69. • • Horiz. Sect. 66. Illustrate* 84. Ormskirk, St. John's, &c. the sheet. 86. Standish, &c. 116. Adlington, Horwick, Ac. • „ 68. „ 87. Bolton-le-Moors - - „ 67. „ 88. Bnry Heywood - - „ 66. „ , ^'S9. Bochdale, &e. • - „ ' 66. „ ^2; Bickerstaffe, Skelmersdale. sp3. Wigan, Up Holland, &o. - „ 68. „ • m*. West Houghton, Hindley, Atherton - - - * j 95. Badcliffe,FedSwinton,&c 96; Middleton, Fiestwioh, &c. 97. Oldham, &c. 100. Enowsley, Bainford, ka. 101. Billinge, Ashton, &c. • 102. Leigh, Lowton 108. Ashley, Eccles 104. Manchester, Salford, 4c. ■ 105. Ashton-under-Lyne • 106. Liverpool, &e. - • • 107. Presoott, Hnyton, 4e. — 108. St. Helen's, Burton Wood 109. Warwick, &c. 6». 111 . Cheedale, part of Stockport, Sus. 112. Stockport, 4c. 4«. US. Part of Liverpool, 4c. 4«. .,,.... . ^ Sheets 84, 85. 92, 93, 100, and 101 areinelnded in tbeone-inch Map 89 SW. and are described in the "Memoir of the Geology of the Country around Wigan." Second edition. Price 1«, 66-fl7i 66. 64. 67-68, es. 67. 66. 64-65. 6M6. 67. ftattcasUre— con(. Sheets 86, 87, 89 (in part), 94, 95, 96 (in part), 102, 108, 104 (in part), are included in the one-inch Map 89 BE., and aie described in the "Memoir on the Geology of the Country around Bolton-le-Moors." Sih'oets 107, 108, are' included in the one-inch Map 80 NW., and are described in the " Memoir ou the Geology of the Country round Preseott.'' Sheets 88, 89. 96, 97, \(H, lOS, 111, 112, on the six-inch scale, are included in 88 Sw., and are described in a Memoir on the Geology of tlie Country around Oldham. in(^aing MancHestei' and its Suburbs. 3>urhaiii. Scale, six inches to a mile. Sheet. 10. Bdmond Byers. 4f. 1. BfftoB, M. 11. Ebchester. 2. Gateshead, it. 13. Chester-le-Street;' 6«. 3. Jarrow. it. 14. Chester-le-Street. 4. S. Shields. 4*. 17. Waskerley. 5. Greenside. M, 19. Lanchester. 6». Tertical 6. Winlaton. -Section, 89. 7.-Waahington. 20. Hetton-le-Hole; 8. Sunderland. 25. Wolsingfaam. 9. ^ 4s. 26. Brancepeth, ' Wortlniinberlanil. Scale, six inches to a mile. 47. Coquet Island. 49; 66, Druridge Bay, 4c. 6$. Newbiggin. is, 68. Belingham; 69. Kedesdale. 72. Bedlington. 73. Blyth. is. 77. Swinburn. 78. Ingoe. 6>. 80. Cramlington. 81. EarsdoB. 84. Newborough. 85. Chollerton. 86. Matften. -». '■ 87. Heddon-on-the-^all. 88. Long Benton. 89. ICynetnouth. . , 95. Corbridge. - 96. Horsley; 4«. - *• - 97. Newcastleron-Tyne. '^. 98. Walker, is. 109. Shofleyfleld. These Sheets are included in 106 KB., One inch. • TorksUre. 274. Bamsley, 281. Lang8e]I. 287. Low Bradford. 293. Hallam Moors. . is. m. Bini . 24«. Hnddersfield. 260. Honley. 272. HolmArth. 273. Penistone. SCOTLAND. Scale, six inches to a mile, BOlnbnrKlialilre. 2. Edinburgh, 4c 12. Penicnick, Coalfields 0; 3. Portobello, Mussel- La«Bwade, 4c buigh, &c. 13. Temple, 4c. 6. Gilmerton, Surdie 14. Pathead. is. House, 4o. 17. Brunston Colliery, 4c 7. Dalkeith, 4c 18. Howgate. 8. Preston Hall. 4». , j* These Sheets are included in Sheet 32, One-inch scale, . 8. Preston Hall, 4c. 14. Pala, &c, Haddingtonsblrea Six iiudies to ajnile. 8. Frestonpans, 4c Price H, 9. Tienent, Oladsmuir, 4a Price 6*. 13. Elphinstone, 4c. Piiii|li^4>. 14. Ormiston, East Saltotf^o. These Sheets are incluaw in Sheet 32, One-inch scale Horiicaital Sections 32, 63, and Vertical Seetum 28 iUustis'te these Six-inch Maps, 26. SO. 31. 19. 26. 27. 30. 81. 34. Markinch, 4e. Sooonie, 4o. Beath, 4c Auchterderran. Dysart,4c. Newmilns. Glenbuck. is. Monkton, 4c Tarboltoh, 4c Aird'vMoss. Mttirkvk. 4t. Ayij 4c Coylton. Fifbctalre. Six inches to a mile. 33. Buckhaven. 36. Dunfermline. 36. Kinghom. is. 37. Kinghom. it. Ajrisbire. Six indies to one mile. 36. Grieve Hill. 40. Chiltrec 41. Dalleagler. 4i2, New Cumnock. 416. Dalmellingtolia 47. Benbeoek, ?', 60. Daily. <: 62, Glenmoat. MINERAL STATISTICS. Bmbracing the produce of Tint Copper, Lead, ISilver, Zinc, Iron, Coals, and other Minerals. By B.OBEBT.HTnra,<;F^B.S., Keeper of Mining Secot'ds. Prom 1863 to 1867, inclusive, l*.6(i. each. 1868,fart/.,l<.6(2.; i>ar«2/.,6«. 1869,l«,Cd., 1860;39.6d., 1861,2*.; and Appendix, 1>. 1862,2«.«d'. 1863,2«.6rdshiTe.-l<.il<<> ^ mmmfi^r^r^ '■' ' ' f If li if '.'df^A^ ftr\ffl(2\©.( ^■^^^:^/§^Aa8^^ jAflfr^Fsl 1^' 1 f i' 1 ^nnm^n'f^fKfs^^